Investigation of the Rewarming og the Fingers After Cooling and the Autonomic Nervous System in Raynaud's Phenomenon
Condition: Raynaud Disease; Raynaud Phenomenon; Hand and Arm Vibration Syndrome; Diabetes Mellitus; Parkinson Disease; Glaucoma; Autonomic Neuropathy; Autonomic Imbalance
MeSH terms: Parkinson Disease; Nervous System Diseases; Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome; Glaucoma; Raynaud Disease
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Patients with Raynaud's disease have an increased tendency of chest pain and migraine, and
      studies indicate that the disease might be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity
      and mortality. Furthermore, a certain hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system has
      been demonstrated in these patients. Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is known
      to cause decreasing heart function, regardless of the underlying disease.

      The cardiac autonomic nervous function and thermographic parameters will be assessed in
      patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon and glaucoma as well as in patients
      diagnosed with autonomic dysfunction such as diabetics and patients with Parkinson's disease
      in order to compare the function of the cardiac autonomic nervous system and the peripheral
      response to cold exposure. Potentially, this will lead to a better understanding of the
      cardiac autonomic nervous function in Raynaud's phenomenon. Moreover, it might give rise to a
      new perception of the condition and its association to cardiovascular disease.

      At the Department of Clinical Physiology, the current method of detecting Raynaud's
      phenomenon is time-consuming and unpleasant to the patient due to cooling for several
      minutes. Another aim of the PhD study is to implement infrared thermography as a gentler and
      possibly more sensitive method to replace the currently applied method.

      The project will also include an epidemiological study based on data obtained from the
      National Patient Registry, among others. Raynaud's phenomenon will be paired with diagnostic
      codes of conditions such as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma, and
      cardiovascular disease.
    

Detailed description: 
      Raynaud's phenomenon:

      Raynaud's phenomenon is defined by vasospasms occurring in the fingers, toes, nose, ears or
      tongue lasting for minutes to hours. The attacks of vasospasms are provoked by cold exposure
      or stressful emotions and present themselves as well demarcated pallor of the skin and may
      include desensitization of the discolored area. Then cyanosis and eventually redness occur
      due to post ischemic hyperemia, which also can give rise to paresthesia and pain.

      The phenomenon can be divided into a primary, idiopathic form - Raynaud's disease - that
      represents up to 90 % of all cases of Raynaud's phenomenon, is seen primarily in patients
      less than 40 years, and is usually considered benign. While the secondary form is often
      associated with rheumatic disorders such as scleroderma, it is also seen connected to other
      diseases, including vibration injury, external compression (e.g. a neck rib), medication, and
      vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis.

      The prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon varies among studies according to diagnostic criteria
      and geography as the climate affects the occurrence: In Northern Europe 15-20 % of the
      population is affected while the prevalence is 2-5 % in Southern Europe. An increased
      prevalence of migraine, chest pain, including Prinzmetal's angina, has been demonstrated in
      patients with Raynaud's disease. A study with 3,442 participants found an association between
      Raynaud's disease and cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease, intermittent
      claudication, heart failure and cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, an increased mortality
      has been found in Caucasian patients with Raynaud's disease. Consequently, Raynaud's disease
      might be a sign of or a precursor to cardiovascular disease.

      Documentation of Raynaud's phenomenon:

      Infrared thermography is a method of detecting infrared energy and converting it into a video
      signal. The method is non-invasive; in fact the method requires no contact between the camera
      and the investigated object. Previously, the method has been compared to reference methods
      for demonstrating Raynaud's phenomenon and has been evaluated in extensive reviews. Infrared
      thermography is a gentler and potentially more sensitive method of demonstrating Raynaud's
      phenomenon. It may replace the method of systolic blood pressure with cold provocation
      resulting in a less unpleasant examination to the patient.

      The nervous system:

      The exact mechanism of Raynaud's phenomenon is yet to be clarified. However, the sympathetic
      nervous system plays an important role in the process. A lack of habituation of the
      sympathetic response to a sound stimulus has been demonstrated in patients with Raynaud's
      disease compared to healthy participants who demonstrated normal habituation. Furthermore, a
      sensitization of the physiologic response to cold has been proposed, advocating an altered
      central control of the peripheral nervous system. A certain hyperactivity of the sympathetic
      nervous system has been demonstrated in patients with Raynaud's disease, supporting the
      theory that an autonomic abnormality might accompany Raynaud's disease.

      123I-MIBG scintigraphy: The cardiac sympathetic activity can be visualized by a radio tracer,
      the norepinephrine-analogue metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) marked with Iodine-123. An
      increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system is visualized by a decreased late
      heart/mediastinum ratio and an increased washout rate. This method is not widely applied in
      the clinical setting, and it is primarily employed in research projects involving patients
      with heart failure whose sympathetic nervous system is chronically hyperactive leading to
      progression of heart failure. However, it has been demonstrated that the method is also able
      to visualize abnormal sympathetic nervous activity in patients with preserved ejection
      fraction, to distinguish reversible and irreversible cardiac autonomic neuropathy in
      diabetics [15;16], and to act as a sensitive marker of autonomic dysfunction in patients with
      Parkinson's disease.

      Autonomic dysfunction:

      Diabetes Mellitus and Parkinson's disease often give rise to autonomic dysfunction. Cardiac
      autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a type of abnormal autonomic nervous function that precipitates
      abnormal heart frequency and blood pressure. CAN is present in approximately 20 % of
      diabetics. In the 1970s, David Ewing developed various tests to demonstrate autonomic
      dysfunction in diabetics. The relation between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
      nervous system can be further demonstrated by analyzing the heart rate variability (HRV)
      during rest. This is a simple measure of altered cardiac autonomic control and seems to be a
      good predictor of cardiovascular disease. Initially, CAN causes an increased heart frequency
      due to decreased parasympathetic activity. Subsequently, sympathetic tone decreases; the
      heart frequency decreases accordingly and remains stable without its normal variability. With
      further progression CAN leads to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

      Glaucoma:

      The relationship between normal-pressure glaucoma and autonomic dysfunction measured by
      perimetry and heart rate variability, respectively, was evaluated in a study where
      parasympathetic activity was found to be decreased, and the sympathetic activity as well as
      the interrelating ratio increased in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma compared to
      healthy age-matched participants. These findings indicate that the sympathetic activity in
      patients with normal-pressure glaucoma is raised above normal.

      Purpose of the project:

      The overall purpose of the project is to elucidate the peripheral and the central parts of
      the autonomic nervous system and to demonstrate their contribution to different diseases -
      diseases that are generally perceived as either peripheral or central in origin.

      The investigation will be done by means of thermography, tilt table test, blood samples,
      physiological tests, scintigraphy of the heart, and test of tactile sensitivity.

      For example, in Raynaud's disease the vasospasms of the fingers or toes are the main feature.
      However, in the literature there seems to be an association between these peripheral attacks
      and vasospasms in other organs such as the heart and the brain, assumingly causing
      Prinzmetal's angina and migraine, respectively. Furthermore, a certain hyperactivity of the
      sympathetic nervous system in Raynaud's disease has been reported in the literature and
      should be further studied.

      While 123I-MIBG has been demonstrated to be able to detect sympathetic hyperactivity in
      various patients, supposedly, 123I-MIBG has never been performed in patients with Raynaud's
      disease. Abnormal findings applying this method as well as the autonomic tests of Ewing in
      these patients would be a strong indication of a general imbalance of the cardiac autonomic
      nervous system.

      Ultimately, it will question the general perception that Raynaud's disease is a harmless
      condition. An association with autonomic dysfunction could be the link between Raynaud's
      disease and the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality suggested in these patients
      in the literature.

      Objectives:

      The overall objectives of the project is partly to implement the method of infrared
      thermography as a new method of detecting Raynaud's phenomenon, and partly to investigate
      whether Raynaud's disease is part of a generalized autonomic neuropathy giving rise to not
      only peripheral vasospasms. During the project, the cardiac autonomic nervous system will be
      investigated in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, in patients diagnosed with autonomic
      dysfunction as well as in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma as they similarly to
      patients with Raynaud's disease supposedly have an increased sympathetic activity.

      Additionally, the project will include an epidemiologic study based on data obtained from
      e.g. the National Patient Registry where Raynaud's phenomenon is paired with conditions such
      as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma, and cardiovascular disease in an attempt
      to estimate their respective relationship to Raynaud's phenomenon.

      Subjects and methods:

      Participants:

      The project will involve the following groups of participants:

        1. Patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon/Raynaud's disease

        2. Patients with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, primarily vibration-induced

        3. Patients suspected of having Raynaud's phenomenon, referred for examination

        4. Patients with diabetes mellitus

        5. Patients with Parkinson's disease

        6. Patients with normal-pressure glaucoma

        7. Healthy participants, preferably age- and gender-matched with the respective groups of
           patients

      To be able to obtain statistical power, 20 patients will be included in each of the groups
      1-6. Some of the groups are dominated by a certain gender and/or age range. Accordingly, 40
      participants will be recruited to the group of healthy participants (group 7) to be able to
      match the other groups by age and gender.

      Examinations:

      The project consists of various examinations as described below. Infrared thermography,
      physiological examinations, sensitivity test, and blood samples will be performed on all
      groups of participants. In addition, 123I-MIBG will be performed on patients with Raynaud's
      disease only.

        1. Infrared Thermography This method should be able to detect Raynaud's phenomenon by
           recording the ability of the fingers to recover baseline temperature after cooling.

           Initially, the baseline temperature of the hands is recorded by taking a thermographic
           picture. The participant's hands are immersed in cold water (10 °C) for 1 minute, and
           the infrared camera records the temperature recovery in a video sequence.

           The temperature recovery will be analyzed by at least 10 different variables (curve
           analysis and visual inspection).

        2. Physiological examinations All patients will be examined applying

           - Ewing's tests: Deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, active standing, and sustained
           handgrip. During the tests, heart rate and blood pressure will be measured continuously.

             -  Five minutes of resting during continuous measurements of heart rate and blood
                pressure.

             -  Tilt table test After resting in a supine position the patient is tilted to 60° for
                15 minutes during which heart rate and blood pressure are measured continuously.
                Blood samples are drawn before and after the tilt in order to analyze the hormonal
                stress response.

        3. Sensitivity test Sensitivity to vibration in the fingers is examined using the
           Vibrosense Meter®. Vibration with seven different frequencies is applied to the fingers,
           each with alternating intensity, and the threshold for vibration for each patient can be
           assessed as the participant removes his/her finger from a button when vibration is no
           longer perceptible.

        4. Blood samples On the day of the examinations the blood samples will be drawn via the
           Department of Clinical Biochemistry. These blood tests are intended to rule out possible
           differential diagnoses to abnormal physiological or sensitivity tests. The blood samples
           will be assayed for hemoglobin, long-term blood sugar, C-reactive protein, sodium,
           potassium, magnesium, albumin, TSH, vitamin B and D, and ionized calcium. Patients with
           suspected Raynaud's disease will be tested for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) to screen
           for underlying rheumatic illness.

           Blood samples will also be drawn during tilt table testing and assayed for plasma
           catecholamines. At the same time, a sample of plasma and serum will be drawn for
           possible future analysis. A research biobank is created for this purpose.

        5. 123I-MIBG 123I-MIBG scintigraphy will be performed on patients with Raynaud's disease to
           visualize whether the cardiac sympathetic nervous system is in fact affected by this
           disease.
    

Intervention name(s): Examination of vibration perception threshold in fingertips; Ewing's tests; Tilt table test; Thermography; 123I-MIBG; Blood samples
Intervention type(s): Diagnostic Test; Diagnostic Test; Diagnostic Test; Diagnostic Test; Diagnostic Test; Diagnostic Test
Intervention description(s): Vibration perception threshold is examined for 7 different frequences. All fingers are examined except for the thumbs.; A battery of tests invented to diagnose the cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetics. Heart rate and blood pressure are measured during Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing, active standing and prolonged handgrip.; Blood pressure and heart rate are measured continuously while the participant is brought to a 60 degree position and held there for 15 minutes.; An infrared thermographic camera is applied to record temperature of the fingers of the participant before and after cooling in 10 degree water for 1 min.; 123I-MIBG is injected into a vein, and an early and a late scan is performed. Regions Of Interest are selected for the heart and mediastinum, and the ratio as well as well as the Washout Rate can be determined. MIBG is a noradrenaline analogue and the examination is performed to visualize a potential imbalance of the autonomic nervous system of the heart.; The blood samples will be assayed for hemoglobin, long-term blood sugar, C-reactive protein, sodium, potassium, magnesium, albumin, TSH, vitamin B and D, and ionized calcium.
Patients with suspected Raynaud's disease will be tested for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) to screen for underlying rheumatic illness.
Blood samples will also be drawn during tilt table testing and assayed for plasma catecholamines.
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Diagnostic
Keywords: Raynaud Phenomenon; Hand and Arm Vibration Syndrome; Autonomic Imbalance; Thermography