The Benefits of Consuming Hummus as an Afternoon Snack
Condition: Appetitive Behavior
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The investigators propose a randomized snack study in normal to overweight adults that will
      test whether the consumption of different afternoon snacks will have different effects on
      appetite, mood, blood sugar control, and food intake.

      Aim 1: To examine whether the addition of hummus as part of an afternoon snack will improve
      diet quality, particularly through assessments of daily:

        -  Vegetable consumption

        -  Snacking behavior

        -  Energy intake

        -  Food choices

      Aim 2: To examine whether the addition of hummus as part of an afternoon snack will improve
      appetite control and satiety including assessments of:

        -  Appetite Control (hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption)

        -  Cravings (sweet, salty, savory)

        -  Satiety (fullness)

        -  Eating initiation

      Aim 3: To examine whether the addition of hummus as part of an afternoon snack will improve
      free-living glycemic control.

      Aim 4: To explore whether the addition of hummus as part of an afternoon snack will improve
      mood/energy states
    

Detailed description: 
      Experimental Design: For 6 consecutive days/treatment, the participants will consume either
      hummus and pretzels, granola bars, or no snack between 2-4 pm and refrain from eating
      anything else during this time. On day 7, the participants will consume a standard breakfast,
      at home, and will come in to the investigator's facility 1 h prior to their habitual lunch
      time. The participants will be placed in a comfortable room, void of all time cues and a
      standardized lunch will be consumed. At 3 h after lunch, the participants will complete
      baseline appetite, satiety, and mood questionnaires. The respective snack will be given to
      the participants, and they will have 20 minutes to eat the snack. Snack palatability will
      also be assessed. The participants will continue to complete the previous questionnaires
      until they voluntarily choose to eat (again). At 3 h after snack, they will be presented with
      ad libitum dinner and evening snacks. They will be permitted to eat as much or as little as
      they would like to eat over the remainder of the day. In addition, from day 3 to day 8 of the
      testing week, continuous glucose monitoring will be completed to assess glucose control.
    

Intervention name(s): Snack; No Snack
Intervention type(s): Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Hummus and Pretzels- The study participants will be provided with a hummus and pretzels snack to consume every day for a week. The energy content of the hummus and pretzels will be ~240 kcal. The hummus and pretzels contain 6 g protein, 27 g carbohydrates, 0 g sugar, 4 g fiber, and 12 g fat.
Granola Bars- The study participants will be provided with two granola bars to consume every day for a week. The energy content of the two granola bars will be ~240 kcal. The two granola bars contain 4 g protein, 38 g carbohydrates, 16 g sugar, 2 g fiber, and 9 g fat.; The study participants will not be provided with any snack and will be told to consume nothing from 2-4pm for a week.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Intervention model description: tightly-controlled, randomized cross-over design
Masking: Single (Investigator)
Primary purpose: Prevention