Bilateral Erector Spinae Plane Block After Elective Cesarean Section
Condition: Postoperative Pain
MeSH terms: Pain, Postoperative
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The aim of work is to assess and compare the analgesic efficacy of bilateral erector spinae
      plane block with that of bilateral transversus abdominis plane block after elective cesarean
      section.
    

Detailed description: 
      Inclusion criteria:

      - Parturients aged 18 - 40 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status І
      or ІІ, scheduled for elective cesarean section via a low transverse abdominal incision
      (Pfannenstiel) and receiving intrathecal anesthesia without sedation.

      Exclusion criteria:

        -  Patient refusal.

        -  Contraindications to regional anesthesia.

        -  Known allergy to the study drugs.

        -  Severe cardiovascular, renal or hepatic diseases.

        -  Bleeding disorders.

        -  Local infection.

      Participants will be randomly divided into two groups:

      Group A will receive bilateral Erector spinae plane block. (n=30) Group B will receive
      bilateral Transversus abdominis plane block. (n=30) Simple randomization will be performed by
      computer-generated random numbers that will be placed in separate opaque envelopes that will
      be opened by responsible anesthesiologist just before the intrathecal block.

      Routine preoperative investigations including electrocardiogram (ECG), complete blood
      picture, renal function tests, liver function tests, and coagulation profile will be done.
      All parturients will fast for 8 h preoperatively. IV access will be obtained (one peripheral
      venous cannula 18G) and standard monitoring including pulse oximetry, ECG and noninvasive
      blood pressure will be placed for measurement of the hemodynamic variability.

      Ten ml.kg-1 of Ringer lactate solution will be infused over 15 minutes as a preload. The
      parturient will be asked to turn into sitting position where the skin on the back will be
      sterilized and spinal anesthesia will be performed via a midline approach into the L4-5
      interspaces using a 25 gauge Quincke spinal needle after giving 3 ml of lidocaine 2% as a
      subcutaneous infiltration. After confirming free CSF flow through the needle, a 10mg of
      hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5 % will be slowly injected for both groups.

      The parturient will be placed in the supine position with 15° left tilt, and an oxygen mask
      will be applied at 2 L.min-1. The surgical procedure will start after sufficient anesthesia
      level is obtained, with continuous hemodynamics monitoring and recording.

      After delivery of the fetus, 10 units of oxytocin will be given by IV infusion. By the end of
      the surgery, patients in group (A) received bilateral ESP block. First in the supine
      position, sham TAP block was done then the patient was turned into the lateral position to
      receive ESP block and after

      proper skin sterilization then the vertebrae were counted from cephalad to caudal direction
      until T9 spinous process was reached as the first palpable spinous process is C7 and at this
      level a linear ultrasound (US) transducer (Phillips Saronno Italy) was placed vertically 3cm
      lateral to the midline to visualize the back muscles superior to the transverse process. -A
      22-G short bevel needle (spinocan, B.Braun, melsungen AG, Germany) was inserted in
      cranial-caudal direction until it make contact with the transverse process. Confirmation of
      the correct position of the tip of the needle was by injection of 1 ml saline causing
      hydrodisscetion between the erector spinae muscle and the transverse process. After careful
      aspiration to exclude vascular puncture, 20 ml 0.25 % bupivacaine was injected. The same
      procedure was done on the other side of the back. -Patients in group (B) received bilateral
      TAP block. First in the supine position a linear ultrasound (US) transducer (Phillips Saronno
      Italy) was placed transversally on the anterolateral abdominal wall in the midaxillary line
      between the iliac crest and the costal margin identifying external oblique, internal oblique
      and transversus abdominis muscles. The TAP is between internal oblique and transversus
      abdominis. -A 22-G needle (spinocan, B.Braun, melsungen AG, Germany) was introduced
      anteriorly to the transducer and advanced to reach the TAP between internal oblique muscle
      and transversus abdominis muscle. After careful aspiration to exclude vascular puncture, 20
      ml 0.25 % bupivacaine was injected causing an elliptical separation of the two muscles. The
      same procedure was done on the other side. Then the patient was placed in the lateral
      position to do sham ESP block.

      The patients will be instructed to notify us if they have experienced any signs of systemic
      toxicity as circumoral or tongue numbness, dizziness, visual and auditory disturbances as
      difficulty focusing and tinnitus.

      Spinal level will be assessed and recorded before both blocks in all patients, then they will
      be transferred to postoperative anesthesia care unit (PACU) with standard monitoring.

      After surgery the patient will receive paracetamol 1gm IV infusion/8 hours, ketorolac 30 mg
      IV/12hours as a multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain.

      Postoperative pain will be assessed by Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain (ranging from 0 to
      10, where 0 no pain and 10 the worst possible pain) at time intervals at 0 hour, 4hours, 8
      hours, 12hours and 24 hours. Postoperative mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate will
      be assessed and recorded.

      Time for the first request to analgesia and total analgesic consumption will be recorded in
      the first 24 hours after surgery. Any complications as nausea and vomiting will be recorded.

      Sensory block by a pin prick test will be assessed (0: normal sensation, 1: decreased pain
      sensation, 2: loss of pain sensation). The duration of the sensory block which is the time
      interval between performance of the block and complete resolution of anesthesia will be
      assessed and recorded every 2 hours.

      Patient satisfaction with analgesia will be assessed as (0: poor, 1: good, 2: excellent).
    

Intervention name(s): ESPB and TAP block
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): bilateral TAP block: while the patient in the supine position, a linear ultrasound (US) transducer (Phillips Saronno Italy) is placed transversally on the anterolateral abdominal wall in the midaxillary line between the iliac crest and the costal margin identifying external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. The TAP is between internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
A 22-G needle (spinocan, B.Braun, melsungen AG, Germany) is introduced anteriorly to the transducer and advanced to reach the TAP between internal oblique muscle and transversus abdominis muscle. After careful aspiration to exclude vascular puncture, 20 ml 0.5 % bupivacaine is injected causing an elliptical separation of the two muscles. The same procedure is done on the other side.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Prevention