Allopurinol as a Possible Oxygen Sparing Agent During Exercise in Peripheral Arterial Disease
Condition: Peripheral Arterial Disease
MeSH terms: Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 4

Summary: 
      Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common condition that arises due to the build up of
      atheroma in the arteries supplying blood to the peripheral muscles and other tissues. This
      imbalance between oxygen supply and demand becomes particularly apparent when patients with
      the condition are walking. The pain and weakness they experience (mainly in the calf but less
      commonly in the thigh) is known as intermittent claudication and resolves upon cessation of
      exercise.

      It is an important disease to study as it is (i) common (est. prevalence of symptomatic
      intermittent claudication in Scotland of 4.5%) and (ii) those with it have a 1.6 times higher
      relative risk of ischaemic heart disease. These patients also have a significantly higher
      mortality than age-matched controls at around 12% per year.

      There are two main aims of therapy - (i) to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events by way
      of standard secondary prevention measures (smoking cessation, anti-platelet,
      anti-hypertensive and cholesterol-lowering therapy, diabetic control) and (ii) to treat
      symptoms.

      Supervised exercise therapy has been shown to be beneficial in improving walking time and
      distance in selected patients with leg pain from intermittent claudication with an overall
      increase in walking distance of approximately 150 metres at three months.

      There are numerous drug treatments available for consideration in PAD patients (mainly
      cilostazol in the UK), but many of these have either undesirable side effects or no clear
      evidence of benefit. The range of increase in walking distance on cilostazol was reported to
      be a 50-76% increase over three months compared to 20% with placebo with some significant
      improvements in Quality of Life (QOL) indicators, although with a significant number of
      adverse effects (16% vs 8% on placebo) limiting therapy. The current cost (March 2010) is
      £35.31/month.

      Other options for therapy include angioplasty and bypass surgery. At present these are only
      recommended for patients who fail to respond to medical therapy and have severely disabling
      symptoms (in the absence of significant exercise-limiting comorbidities).
    

Detailed description: 
      The investigators will recruit 50 patients with peripheral arterial disease for a randomised,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study to see if allopurinol prolongs time to
      leg pain and maximum walking distance as assessed by treadmill testing and the six minute
      walk test. Recruitment will take place in Dundee, i.e. a single-centre trial. Treatment will
      last for 24 weeks.

      Participants will be recruited from current and past attendees at the vascular laboratory and
      both the intermittent claudication clinic and other outpatient clinics at Ninewells.

      Participants will be allowed to continue all their usual medication throughout. After two
      baseline treadmill tests, they will be randomised to either allopurinol or placebo in a
      parallel group study and in a double blind fashion. Each participant will be on-study for 24
      weeks (which is the standard time for all PAD medical intervention trials). The ultimate dose
      of allopurinol will be 300 mg BD, which is the dose known to work in angina. However, for
      safety purposes, the initial dose will be 100 mg/day for two weeks, rising to 300 mg/day for
      four weeks, followed by 600 mg/day for the next 18 weeks. Participants and their bloods (UE,
      LFT, FBC) will be monitored at weeks 0, 6, 18 and 24 weeks and medication stopped or reduced
      in dose if concerns arise. If study drug dose is reduced, they will stay in study. If study
      drug needs to be stopped, they will stay in study in order to do an "intention to treat"
      analysis.

      Double blind medication (allopurinol or placebo) will be prepared and packaged by Tayside
      Pharmaceuticals. The medication will come labelled as "Participant 1", "Participant 2", etc.
      and will be distributed to the participant by the research fellow according to their sequence
      number. The blinded treatment code will be kept by the Clinical Trials Pharmacy Department,
      Ninewells, who operate a 24 hour emergency unblinding facility (as necessary) and in a sealed
      envelope in a locked fireproof cabinet accessible by a responsible member of University of
      Dundee staff not directly involved in the study.

      The following is the programme of visits involved in this study (list taken from the
      participant information sheet) -

        -  Visit 1 (week 0) - screening visit 1

             -  Consent - answer any outstanding questions you may have and complete the consent
                form.

             -  Measurement of blood pressure in arms and legs

             -  Treadmill test

             -  Blood samples

        -  Visit 2 (week 0) - screening visit 2

             -  Treadmill test - if this is stable and similar to the previous test then you are
                able to continue in the study

             -  Six minute walk test

             -  Measurement of blood vessel 'stiffness'

             -  Supply of initial study medication along with instructions.

             -  Two questionnaires - Walking Impairment and Quality of Life

        -  Visit 3 (week 6) - progress visit

             -  Check how you are doing on the medications

             -  Blood samples

             -  Supply of study medication for the remainder of the study

        -  Visit 4 (week 12) - progress visit

             -  Treadmill test

             -  Six minute walk test

             -  Check how you are doing on the medications

             -  Two questionnaires - Walking Impairment and Quality of Life

        -  Visit 5 (week 18) - progress visit

             -  Measurement of blood vessel 'stiffness'

             -  Check how you are doing on the medications

             -  Blood samples

        -  Visit 6 (week 24) - final visit

             -  Measurement of blood vessel 'stiffness'

             -  Treadmill test

             -  Six minute walk test

             -  Measurement of blood pressure in arms and legs

             -  Check how you are doing on the medications

             -  Blood samples

             -  Two questionnaires - Walking Impairment and Quality of Life
    

Intervention name(s): Allopurinol; Placebo
Intervention type(s): Drug; Drug
Intervention description(s): Participants will be given blinded medication and asked to take one tab/day for the first six weeks (100mg strength for two weeks then 300mg strength for four weeks) followed by two tabs/day for the remaining 18 weeks; Same appearance/dosing as active drug.
Intervention MeSH terms: Allopurinol
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Peripheral arterial disease; Allopurinol