Carbon Monoxide and Oxidative Stress in Waterpipe Smokers
Condition: Waterpipe Smoking; Oxidative Stress
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Waterpipe is a tool for smoking tobacco, which is thought to be less harmful than cigarette.
      Unfortunately, there aren't adequate studies about its harms to health that are threatening
      the young generation all over the world today. The objective of this study was to show the
      carbon monoxide (CO) levels in waterpipe smokers' breaths, whether can be used or not to
      reflect the changes of oxidative stress for this reason to predict harmful effects on the
      pulmonary functions.
    

Detailed description: 
      Waterpipe or hookah uses a different kind of tobacco, which is available in most Balkan
      countries, Middle East and South Asia. Popularity of smoking waterpipe among European,
      Canadian, and American young people has shown a dramatic rise over the past decade. The
      growing popularity of waterpipe use among U.S. teens and adults is evidenced by media reports
      and the recent rapid proliferation of waterpipe establishments (bars, cafes, or restaurants)
      in large cities and near college campuses. Typical waterpipes have the following components;
      a bowl where the tobacco is placed and heated, usually with burning embers or charcoal, a
      vase or smoke chamber which is partially filled with water, a pipe or stem connecting the
      bowl to the vase by a tube that carries the smoke down into the water, and a hose with a
      mouthpiece through which the smoke is drawn from the vase. As the smoker inhales, the tobacco
      smoke is sucked down from the bowl and then bubbles up through the water into the air of the
      smoke chamber and then through the hose to the smoker. At the end of a smoking session, the
      dirty water is thrown away and the waterpipe vase is refilled for the next user. Although
      each smoking session generally lasts about 45 to 60 minutes, it can also continue for several
      hours.

      There is a misconception about smoking waterpipe that it is less harmful than cigarettes, and
      that's why smoking waterpipe is dramatically increasing especially among young people. While
      the adverse effects of smoking cigarette are widely described, there are just a few
      investigations about waterpipe and its effects. This study was designed to investigate the
      effects of smoking waterpipe on pulmonary functions and oxidative stress parameters.
    

Intervention name(s): Breath carbon monoxide; Pulmonary function tests.; Oxidative stress and antioxidant status.
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): Breath carbon monoxide measurement.; Measurement of lung functions by blowing through a tube which measures flow and volumes of participant's lungs.; Measurement of parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in blood samples.
Other intervention name(s): Spirometry
Intervention MeSH terms: Antioxidants; Carbon Monoxide
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Diagnostic
Keywords: carbon monoxide; oxidative stress; waterpipe smoking; cigarette smoking; pulmonary function test