The Relationship Between Cervical Hypolordosis and Pain, Phone Addiction, and Nomophobia
Condition: Neck Pain
MeSH terms: Neck Pain; Behavior, Addictive
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between the degree of neck straightening
      and pain, phone addiction and nomophobia in young adult patients who applied to the clinic
      with the complaint of neck pain and were diagnosed with neck straightening as a result of
      radiological examinations.

      120 patients who applied to the clinic with the complaint of neck pain and were diagnosed
      with cervical hypolordosis by radiological examination will be included in the study. After
      giving the necessary verbal and written information about the study, a link will be sent to
      the phones of the patients whose informed consent was obtained. Patients will access
      evaluation questions and survey questions via this link. Personal information with the
      Sociodemographic Data Form prepared by us; pain severity by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS);
      phone addiction level with the Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire (Young Population);
      nomophobia levels will be evaluated with the Nomophobia Scale.
    

Detailed description: 
      Indication or complications Patients between the ages of 18-35, diagnosed with neck
      flattening and who agreed to participate in the study will be included in the study. Patients
      under the age of 18 and older than 35, who cannot cooperate verbally and/or auditory, and who
      cannot cooperate psychologically and/or perceptually will be excluded from the study.

      120 patients who applied to the clinic with the complaint of neck pain and were diagnosed
      with cervical hypolordosis by radiological examination will be included in the study. After
      giving the necessary verbal and written information about the study, a link will be sent to
      the phones of the patients whose informed consent was obtained. Patients will access
      evaluation questions and survey questions via this link. Personal information with the
      Sociodemographic Data Form prepared by us; pain severity by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS);
      phone addiction level with the Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire (Young Population);
      nomophobia levels will be evaluated with the Nomophobia Scale.

      Sociodemographic Data Form: With the form, participants' name, surname, gender, age, height,
      weight, education status, marital status, smoking, alcohol, exercise habits, average daily
      sleep and smartphone usage time, screen usage time in the last 7 days, how many years smart
      phone usage information and contact information will be recorded.

      Visual Analog Scale (VAS): participants are asked to select the point where they feel pain on
      a 10-centimeter (cm) horizontal line. 0 - no pain, 10 - unbearable pain. Pain conditions are
      evaluated separately at night, during activity and at rest.

      Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire (Young Population): The scale consists of 33 questions and
      7 sub-parameters. Sub-parameters Functioning Impairment, Withdrawal Symptom, Positive
      Expectation, Virtual Directed Relationship, Overuse, Social Network Addiction, and Physical
      are symptoms. As the score increases, the level of addiction increases. Nomophobia Scale: It
      has 20 items and 4 dimensions in total. These four dimensions, in order, are not being
      online, losing communication, not feeling comfortable, and not being able to access
      information. Each of the 20 questions in the 5-point Likert-type scale is scored by the
      participants as 1 point-strongly disagree, 7 points-strongly agree. If the total score is 20,
      it is graded as no nomophobia, 21-59 as mild nomophobia, 60-99 as moderate nomophobia, and
      100-140 as extreme nomophobia.

      Statistical analysis SPSS version 25 will be used in the analysis of the data. It will be
      evaluated whether the data are suitable for normal distribution. Descriptive statistics will
      be shown as mean ± standard deviation for variables with normal distribution, and median (min
      - max) for variables with non-normal distribution. Correlation tests will be used to check
      whether there is a relationship between the data.

      For the relationship between independent variables, Spearman Correlation test or Pearson
      Correlation analysis will be performed according to the normal distribution and the level of
      significance will be accepted as p<0.05. If the correlation coefficient is r<0.2, it will be
      interpreted as very weak correlation or no correlation, between 0.2-0.4 as weak correlation,
      between 0.4-0.6 as moderate correlation, between 0.6-0.8 as high correlation and 0.8> as very
      high correlation.

      Chronic neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. The cervical region
      contains many structures that can cause pain when damaged, such as muscles, ligaments,
      vertebrae, facet joints, intervertebral discs, spinal nerves. In addition, being the most
      mobile region of the vertebral column makes the cervical region vulnerable to possible
      traumas.

      In the literature, it has been shown that long-term and repeated use of a smartphone while
      the neck is flexed causes neck pain. When using a smartphone, the device is usually held
      below eye level, one or both hands grasp the device, and the thumb is actively used to tap
      the screen and switch between apps. Prolonged protraction and flexion posture of the neck
      causes a spatial change between the spine and the line of gravity, causing overload in the
      muscles and connective tissues, leading to many problems such as discomfort, pain, reduction
      in cervical lordosis in smartphone users.

      Technological developments in the last year have led to a significant increase in the use of
      mobile technology. According to the Household Information Technologies Usage Survey of the
      Turkish Statistical Institute, it was revealed that 96.9% of the households have mobile
      phones and smart phones in 2016. Especially the easy portability of smart phones, the
      increase in internet networks, and the easy access to information and entertainment content
      have increased the usage rates even more. Along with the Covid-19 Pandemic, young people,
      like all individuals in the society, had to stay away from their school, work and social
      circles within the scope of quarantine measures and have to stay at home. The use of on-line
      methods has increased in education and training activities, in the working system of many
      workplaces, in communication with family relatives and social environment. Whether this level
      of use has reached the level of addiction should be investigated. In addition to all these,
      the investigators observe that neck pain complaints increase due to the decrease in physical
      activity, the increase in the time spent with a smartphone, and the lack of attention to
      ergonomic principles during smartphone use. As far as the investigators know, there is no
      study in the literature examining the relationship between neck straightening, pain, phone
      addiction and nomophobia. Therefore, the investigators think that study will contribute to
      the literature.
    

Intervention name(s): radiological examination, pain, nomophobia, phone addiction
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): 120 patients who applied to the clinic with the complaint of neck pain and were diagnosed with cervical hypolordosis by radiological examination will be included in the study. After giving the necessary verbal and written information about the study, a link will be sent to the phones of the patients whose informed consent was obtained. Patients will access evaluation questions and survey questions via this link. Personal information with the Sociodemographic Data Form prepared by us; pain severity by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); phone addiction level with the Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire (Young Population); nomophobia levels will be evaluated with the Nomophobia Scale.
Observational model: Other
Time perspective: Cross-Sectional
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Patients who applied to the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Beylikdüzü State
        Hospital with the complaint of neck pain and were diagnosed with cervical hypolordosis by
        radiological examination.
      
Keywords: neck pain; Nomophobia; phone addiction