Study to Estimate Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks From Radioactive Fallout From the Trinity Nuclear Test
Condition: Cancers
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Background:

      The first nuclear bomb test took place in New Mexico in July 1945. This was called the
      Trinity test. Researchers want to learn how it affected the health of people who lived in New
      Mexico at the time of the test. To do this, they want to learn about the diet and daily life
      of those people at that time. They want to study Native Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, and
      non-Hispanic/Latino whites.

      Objective:

      To learn about the health risks for people who may have been exposed to radiation from the
      Trinity nuclear test.

      Eligibility:

      People who:

        -  Are Native American, Hispanic/Latino, or non-Hispanic white

        -  Are age 70 and older

        -  Lived near the fallout region of the Trinity test and know about lifestyle and dietary
           patterns in New Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s

      Design:

      Participants will be screened with a questionnaire.

      Participants will answer questions in an interview or a focus group. This will be at a place
      like an office, tribal or community center, or library. It will take up to 2 hours. The
      interview or group session will include:

        -  Questions about their and their family members activities and eating habits in the 1940s
           and 1950s

        -  A card-sorting exercise: There will be cards with pictures and names of certain foods.
           They will sort the cards into 2 piles: those that were consumed and those that were not.

        -  Filling out a chart of their family members and the foods they ate

      If participants give permission, their interview or group session will be recorded.

      ...
    

Detailed description: 
      Over the last four decades, assessments of health risks based on estimated radiation doses
      received by the public have been completed for all major U.S. nuclear testing sites and
      nuclear fuel cycle facilities in the U.S. except for the Trinity test. This research plan is
      for a radiationrelated cancer risk projection study for the residents of the state of New
      Mexico (NM) potentially exposed to radioactive fallout from the Trinity nuclear test
      conducted in 1945. Data to be collected on diet and lifestyle from the three main ethnic
      groups in NM (white, Hispanic, and Native American) via focus groups and key informant
      interviews will be used to derive means and ranges of exposure-related parameters for a dose
      assessment and risk projection. As preliminary work to this proposal, in 2014 we conducted a
      pilot study to obtain information from 9 key informants (maximum number allowed under OMB
      regulations prior to clearance) determined that the elders could recall the relevant time
      period and relevant lifestyle practices. This work established that it is possible to: 1)
      locate elderly representative of the ethnic groups, 2) assemble groups of members of tribal,
      a n d Hispanic/Latino communities in New Mexico who were alive in 1945 at the time of the
      test to participate in focus groups, and 3) obtain lifestyle and diet information to be used
      for refining focus group interviewing tools. Due to the successful completion of the pilot
      phase, here we are proposing a second phase to collect data, on a larger scale, via focus
      group and individual interviews, on lifestyle and diet from up to 150 Native American,
      Hispanic/Latino, and non-Hispanic white participants living in New Mexico who were alive at
      the time of the Trinity detonation (currently greater than or equal to 70 years old). The
      data collected in the proposed study will allows us to estimate exposure-related parameter
      values that can be used in fallout dose assessment models to estimate external and internal
      radiation doses to representative persons in all counties in New Mexico by ethnicity, gender,
      and age. Those doses will be used with published risk models and coupled with
      literature-derived parameters on risk/unit dose to project the excess cancers (per 1,000
      persons within each strata) expected. Endpoints are leukemia, thyroid cancer, stomach cancer,
      and colon cancer.
    

Observational model: Ecologic or Community
Time perspective: Retrospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Residents of the state of New Mexico (NM) potentially exposed to radioactive fallout from
        the Trinity nuclear test conducted in 1945.
      
Keywords: Dietary Radioactivity; Dietary Assessment; Retrospective Recall; Focus Group