Root Coverage in Miller Class III Recessions by Perio-ortho Treatment
Condition: Gingival Recession
MeSH terms: Gingival Recession
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      To predict root coverage in Miller class III gingival recessions in chronic periodontitis
      patients using interdisciplinary orthodontic-periodontal surgical treatment as compared to
      periodontal surgical treatment alone.
    

Detailed description: 
      INTRODUCTION Gingival recession is defined as the displacement of the gingival margin apical
      to the cementoenamel junction with exposure of the root surface to the oral environment.The
      resulting root surface exposure often causes aesthetic concerns, dentin hypersensitivity and
      increased susceptibility to root caries.

      In 1985, Miller proposed a classification of gingival recession and according to Miller, root
      coverage is more predictable and more successful with class I and class II defects (upto
      100%). However, only partial coverage can be obtained with Miller class III (50-70%) and no
      coverage can be done in class IV defects (0-10%). Miller class III recession is defined as
      marginal tissue recession which extends to or beyond the mucogingival junction. There is bone
      or soft tissue loss interdentally or malpositioning of the tooth.

      The two primary etiological factors in the pathogenesis of gingival recession are periodontal
      diseases and mechanical trauma. Other predisposing factors associated with this condition are
      labial orthodontic tooth movement, bone dehiscence and fenestration, thin gingival biotype
      and malpositioning of the teeth.Among the numerous orthodontic treatment procedures and
      modalities, the proclination of incisors outside their dentoalveolar envelop has been
      considered as a source of gingival recession for years. It has been assumed that presence of
      bony dehiscence before the beginning of orthodontic therapy is a prerequisite for the
      development of gingival recession.However, there are very few clinical studies that have
      actually investigated the relationship between orthodontic tooth movement and gingival
      recession. Some of them have shown gingival recession to be associated with proclination of
      mandibular incisors, whereas others have found no such correlation.

      Successful coverage of exposed roots for aesthetic and functional reasons has been the
      objective of various mucogingival surgeries. Pedicle soft tissue grafts (double-papillae,
      coronally and laterally positioned flaps), free gingival grafts, subepithelial connective
      tissue grafts, guided tissue regeneration and acellular dermal matrix allografts combined
      with coronally positioned flaps are the main surgical techniques that have been used to
      obtained the root coverage. Certain orthodontic movements such as bodily movements have been
      found to be effective at improving gingival recession.However, it is necessary to have a
      sufficient amount of keratinised gingiva for orthodontic movement to contribute to reduction
      of gingival recession. According to Wennstrom et al., the width of keratinised tissue
      influences the outcome of root coverage; thick tissues and large amounts of keratinised
      tissue have a favourable prognosis.Historically, gingival augmentation was done to recreate
      the zone of attached gingiva. Many still believe that attached gingiva is more suitable to
      withstand the trauma of mastication and tooth brushing. Huang et al. concluded that the
      initial gingival thickness is the most decisive factor regarding the accomplishment of
      complete root coverage.Management of gingival recession in orthodontic patients remains
      unclear, since no higher level of evidence is available. According to Cortellini et al.,
      there is no information as to whether tooth position (buccal or lingual) might influence the
      outcome of surgical mucogingival procedures.Esteibar et al. stated that it seems likely that
      the attainment of complete root coverage in cases traditionally classified as Miller class
      III and considered less severe would not occur by chance, but rather be a response to some
      preoperative clinical variables and intraoperative measures.Therefore, an interdisciplinary
      treatment approach is imperative for some of the challenging and complex dental situations in
      order to improve aesthetics and prognosis.

      Predictable coverage of deep isolated Miller class III anterior gingival recessions is one of
      the most challenging endeavors in plastic-aesthetic periodontal surgery and limited data is
      available in the literature. Furthermore, most studies have only evaluated treatment of
      Miller class I and II isolated mandibular recessions, and limited information is available on
      the treatment of isolated mandibular Miller class III defects.A thorough search of literature
      revealed a very modest level of evidence -one study with prospective and retrospective data
      collection and the other one is a retrospective study. In both of the studies, gingival
      augmentation surgery was carried out before the orthodontic intervention. It is obvious that
      a well designed clinical trial needs to be conducted so as to explore this issue. Therefore,
      the current study has been designed so as to predict how much root coverage could be achieved
      by interdisciplinary orthodontic and periodontal surgical treatment approach in comparison to
      periodontal surgical procedure alone in Miller class III gingival recession.

      Material and Methods

      STUDY DESIGN SETTING :

      The present prospective, analytical, randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted
      in the Department of Periodontology in collaboration with the Department of Orthodontics,
      Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak.

      STUDY PERIOD: February 2020 to April 2021

      STUDY SUBJECTS: Systemically healthy individuals having slight crowding in the anterior
      region, with at least one tooth having gingival recession in the same region.

      SAMPLE SIZE: A sample size of total 32 participants was calculated by using basic formula of
      sample size calculation with an effect size of 1 (0.5 mm of improvement in mean levels of
      gingival margins with a standard deviation of 0.5 in the selected population), α = 0.05 and
      power = 0.80. In order to compensate for any possible attrition of participants during the
      course of the study, a total of 36 participants will be recruited for the present study.

      METHOD OF RECRUITMENT:

      Participants will be enlisted from the regular outpatient department of the Department of
      Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Department of Orthodontics and Department of Oral
      Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology after screening on the basis of inclusion and exclusion
      criteria and their consent for study treatment plan. All participants will be given an
      outline of the study design and all patient-specific considerations and concerns will be
      properly addressed. All participants will be required to provide written informed consent.

      RANDOMIZATION:

      All patients enrolled in the study will be further randomly divided into the following two
      groups using the random allocation software system by block randomization of 2X2.

        1. Root coverage procedure along with orthodontic treatment (Test group) - scaling and root
           planing will be performed and after resolution of periodontal inflammation, root
           coverage will be done using subepithelial connective tissue graft. Orthodontic treatment
           will be initiated 3 months following the grafting procedure.

        2. Root coverage procedure only (Control group) - scaling and root planing will be
           performed and after resolution of periodontal inflammation, root coverage will be done
           using sub epithelial connective tissue graft.

      INTERVENTION:

      SCALING AND ROOT PLANING: Full mouth scaling and root planing will be performed using
      ultrasonic instruments and hand instruments as needed.

      PERIODONTAL SURGICAL PROCEDURE:

      After administration of local anaesthesia, recipient bed will be prepared in the recession
      region and connective tissue graft will be procured from the palate or tuberosity area for
      root coverage procedure. The palatal wound will be sutured to obtain primary wound closure.
      The connective tissue graft will then be placed on the denuded root surface and sutured to
      the periosteum using resorbable sutures. This will be followed by periodontal dressing
      placement.

      POST-OPERATIVE CARE:

        -  Suitable antibiotics and analgesics will be prescribed for 5 days.

        -  Instructions will be given for gentle brushing with a soft toothbrush and reinstructed
           for proper oral hygiene maintenance.

      The dressing and sutures will be removed after 7-10 days. The patient will be recalled for
      examination weekly for upto 1 month after surgery and again at 3 months, 6 months and 9
      months or till the end of levelling and alignment in test group.

      ORTHODONTIC PROCEDURE: All the patients will be treated with the same fixed mechanotherapy.
      Alignment and levelling will be done using MBT 0.022 slot with wire sequencing as follow:
      0.014 NiTi, 0.016 NiTi, 0.018 NiTi,0.018 SS, 0.017*0.025 SS. Biomechanics will include the
      application of light continuous and well-balanced forces. Oral hygiene motivation and
      maintenance will be done during the entire course of orthodontic treatment. Once the
      levelling and alignment (approximately 6-8 months) of teeth has been completed, parameters
      will be recorded for both test group and control group.

      FOLLOW UP: After enrollment, participants will be instructed about oral hygiene maintenance
      and undergo nonsurgical periodontal treatment in the form of scaling and root planing. All
      baseline parameters will be recorded 4-6 weeks after SRP (once gingival inflammation is
      resolved). Placement of subepithelial connective tissue graft will be done in the Test group
      and participants will be recalled after 3 months for recording all parameters. This will be
      followed by initiation of orthodontic treatment. Among the Control group participants,
      subepithelial connective tissue graft will be placed after resolution of gingival
      inflammation (4-6 weeks after SRP). Both groups will be re-evaluated and undergo recording of
      all parameters at the end of final treatment.
    

Intervention name(s): Periodontal plastic surgery procedure and orthodontic treatment; Periodontal plastic surgery procedure
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): subepithelial connective tissue graft and orthodontic tooth levelling and alignment; subepithelial connective tissue graft procedure
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Care Provider)
Primary purpose: Treatment