Eating Behavior in Children
Condition: Eating Behaviors
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      This study will explore the eating habits of children and determine if eating behavior is
      linked to genetics.

      Children between 8 and 17 years of age may be eligible for this study. It will include
      children who have experienced loss of control over eating, children who report overeating
      without loss of control, and children who report experiencing neither of the above.
      Candidates will be screened with the following:

        -  Medical history and brief physical examination, including height, weight, and body fat
           measurements. Body fat is measured using a device called a Bod Pod. The child sits
           inside the device for about 5 minutes and the machine determines body fat by measuring
           air movement. The child must wear a tight-fitting swimsuit for this test.

        -  Urine test to look for sugar or protein in the urine and to test for pregnancy in
           females.

        -  Blood tests for routine chemistries and for gene studies related to eating behaviors.

        -  Questionnaires and interviews about the child's general health and eating habits.

        -  Acclimatization to test meal conditions for the study. The child is given a yogurt shake
           to drink and fills out rating scales before and after the drink.

      Participants will come to the Clinical Center two times at 8:30 a.m. for laboratory meal
      testing. At each visit, the child will do the following:

        -  In the morning, eat a breakfast of apple juice and a buttered English muffin.

        -  Between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., pursue activities at the Clinical Center recreation facility
           or the NIH classroom, but may not eat or drink anything that contains calories.

        -  At 2 p.m., fill out rating scales about his or her hunger level.

        -  At 2:30 p.m., eat from a food buffet that will be made available.

        -  After eating, repeat rating scales about hunger level.

      The procedure for both visits will be the same, except at one visit the child will be
      instructed to eat as much as you would eat at a normal meal, and at the other visit, the
      instruction will be to let yourself go and eat as much as you want.
    

Detailed description: 
      Little is known about the eating habits of children under laboratory conditions. In this
      exploratory study, we aim to examine the relationships between measured food intake during
      meals, binge eating behaviors as assessed by interview, and polymorphisms in genes believed
      to be involved in the regulation of energy intake. We will study children who report they
      have experienced loss of control over eating, children who report overeating without loss of
      control, and children who report neither of these episodes, and assess the impact of two
      different meal instructions on their eating behavior. We will ask children to eat a meal in
      the laboratory setting on two occasions. The only difference between the two meals will be a
      pre-meal instruction: Participants will be asked either to eat 'normally' (the 'normal meal'
      instruction) or to 'let yourself go' (the 'binge meal' instruction). Participants will be
      assessed for affective state; degree of hunger, fullness, and desire to binge; presence of
      overeating or loss of control; eating attitudes and dieting; and general school and social
      adjustment. Participants' DNA will be sequenced to seek polymorphisms in genes relevant for
      appetite, such as the leptin and melanocortin 4 receptor genes, to examine whether genetic
      variation in the leptin signaling pathway can account for variation in reported or actual
      eating behaviors. Samples will also be obtained for hormones believed to be relevant for food
      intake. By accurately describing eating behavior in children in relation to their age,
      weight, history of dieting and/or overeating behavior, and genetic variation, we can refine
      current theoretical models of disordered eating.
    

Keywords: Binge Eating; Food Intake; Obesity; Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene; Child; Macronutrient Composition