The Effect of Perioperative Medications on the Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Condition: Cardiac Diseases
MeSH terms: Heart Diseases
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      This study will be a retrospective study. The patient data from the electronic medical
      records and existing database will be collected and analyzed. Primary endpoints will be
      postoperative mortality (within 30 days) and overall complications and length of hospital
      stay. The secondary endpoints will be myocardial infarction, cardiac death, CHF, arrhythmia,
      ischemia, stroke, neurological complications, length of ICU stay, re-admission rate,
      infections, pulmonary complications, length of intubation time, length of ventilation time,
      and acute renal failure.
    

Detailed description: 
      Each year about 694,000 Americans have open-heart surgery including valve repairs, valve
      replacements, heart transplants, and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery [1]. The
      reported incidence of perioperative complications in these cardiac surgery patients is 4.5%
      while the prevalence varied from1.6% to 14.1% [2,3]. As the population ages, increased
      numbers of elderly patients with more advanced cardiac diseases and comorbidities are being
      referred for cardiac surgery. For these patients, postoperative cardiovascular complications
      (cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia, congestive heart failure (CHF),
      arrhythmia, stroke, and acute renal failure (ARF)) represent the major postoperative
      complications [4-6]. These complications translate into increased mortality, prolonged
      hospital stay and estimated costs exceeding $20 billion annually [7].

      These events may be triggered by surgical stress responses that result in increased plasma
      levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine [8], myocardial oxygen supply demand imbalance, and
      plaque rupture [9].

      Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, alfa2-agonists, Aspirin, statins, nitrates, anti-platelet
      medications and anticoagulation medications have been widely used in patients with coronary
      artery disease, hypertension and other heart diseases. Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and
      Aspirin statins have also been shown to have a positive impact on the outcomes of surgical
      and non-surgical treatments [10-11]. However, there are other studies which were unable to
      demonstrate the positive results of these medications on post-operative outcomes.

      Based on the previous studies referenced above, we propose that the use of perioperative
      medications (Betablockers, ACE inhibitors, alfa2-agonists, Aspirin, statins, nitrates,
      anti-platelet medications, and anticoagulation medications) may provide cardiac protection
      for cardiac surgical patients. The specific aim of this study is to retrospectively
      investigate whether perioperative medication use is associated with decreases in the
      incidence of postoperative cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing elective
      cardiac surgery.

      This study will be a retrospective study. The patient data from the electronic medical
      records and existing database will be collected and analyzed. Primary endpoints will be
      postoperative mortality (within 30 days) and overall complications and length of hospital
      stay. The secondary endpoints will be myocardial infarction, cardiac death, CHF, arrhythmia,
      ischemia, stroke, neurological complications, length of ICU stay, re-admission rate,
      infections, pulmonary complications, length of intubation time, length of ventilation time,
      and acute renal failure.
    

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Retrospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Cardiac surgical patients
      
Keywords: Perioperative medications; cardiac surgery; outcomes