Feature of Reflex Pathway Activated by WBV and Voluntary Contraction
Condition: Vibration; Exposure; Muscle Physiology
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Whole-body vibration (WBV) has beneficial neuromuscular effects on muscle strength increase.
      Supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral mechanisms have been proposed to explain these beneficial
      effects. The most commonly proposed explanatory mechanism is spinal segmental reflexes.
      However, the neuronal circuit and receptors of the reflex response have not been defined
      precisely. A group of researchers found that the reflex system is the Tonic vibration reflex
      (TVR) under the neuromuscular effects of WBV; Other researchers claim that WBV activates a
      different spinal reflex than TVR.

      Tonic vibration reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that occurs as a result of muscle spindle
      activation, in which more than 100 Hz vibrations are applied to the belly or tendon of the
      muscle.

      A group of researchers argues that WBV activates the spinal reflex response, but this reflex
      response is different from TVR. According to them, WBV-induced reflex (WBV-IR) response
      latency is longer than TVR latency. WBV activates TVR at very attenuated amplitude; WBV
      activates a different spinal reflex with longer latency at medium and high amplitude
      vibration. They reported that although the H-reflex, T-reflex, and TVR latency was longer in
      the spastic soleus muscle than normotonic soleus muscle, where the muscle spindle and Ia
      afferent pathway were hyperactive. However, the WBV-IR latency was similar in both spastic
      and normotonic soleus muscle.

      According to hypothesis of the present study , the reflex system activated by WBV changes
      depending on whether there is voluntary contraction or not: if the vibration is applied
      during voluntary contraction, the tonic vibration reflex is activated; In the absence of
      voluntary contraction (when the muscle is at rest), the bone myoregulation reflex is
      activated. The purpose of this research is to test this hypothesis.
    

Detailed description: 
      Subjects will be performed WBV in a semi-squatting position and standing upright, and soleus
      reflex latency will be detected by surface EMG during WBV. TVR latency will be measured by
      performing Achilles tendon vibration. Achilles tendon reflex latency will also be measured.

      The WBV will be applied with the PowerPlate® Pro5 (London UK). The vibration amplitude will
      be 4 mm. The vibration frequency will be 30, 35, 40 Hz. Each vibration frequency will be
      applied for the 30s. A 10s rest period will be applied between vibrations of 30 seconds. This
      test vibration application will be performed in a semi-squatting position and standing
      upright. Subjects will be administered WBV for familiarisation prior to administration of WBV
      for testing purposes.

      A surface EMG recording will be taken from the right soleus muscle belly. A pair of
      self-adhesive Ag/AgCl (KENDALL® Covidien, Massachusetts, USA) self-adhesive electrodes will
      have adhered to the skin. The surface EMG recordings will be made with a PowerLab ®
      (ADInstruments ADInstruments, Oxford, UK) data recorder with a sample rate of 40 kHz. EMG
      recordings will be analyzed offline with LabChart7 Pro® version 7.3.8 (ADInstruments, Oxford,
      UK).

      For reflex latency calculation, piezo-electric accelerometers (LIS344ALH, ECOPACK®,
      Mansfield, TX, USA) will be fixed on the WBV device platform and on the right Achilles
      tendon. The acceleration data will be recorded with the PowerLab (ADInstruments London) data
      acquisition simultaneously with the EMG recording. Acceleration recording will be made with a
      sample rate of 40 kHz.

      An electronic reflex hammer (Elcon, Germany) was used to determine T-reflex latency.

      WBV-IMR and TVR latencies were then calculated by using the cumulative average method. All
      latencies were normalized to the body height of each participant. Latency was expressed as
      milliseconds (ms).
    

Intervention name(s): vibration
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): whole-body vibration and soleus tendon vibration will be applied to participants
Intervention model: Single Group Assignment
Intervention model description: Parallel group study design
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Basic Science
Keywords: muscle strength; vibration; reflex pathway