The Effect of Music, White Noise and Heart Sound on Neonatal Pain
Condition: Neonatal; Pain
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Infants are exposed to many painful procedures during their stay in the Neonatal Intensive
      Care Unit (NICU). Some epidemiological studies report that infants experience an average of
      7.5-14 painful procedures per day per infant during the first 14 days of their
      hospitalization.

      The most significant problem encountered in understanding pain in infants is the lack of
      verbal expression of pain. Newborns express their pain with nonverbal behavioral expressions.
      Therefore, any pain assessment is based on the ability to recognize the pain symptoms of
      others. The pain experienced may cause physiological imbalances and abnormalities in brain
      development and stress response in infants in the short and long term. It can negatively
      affect family-infant communication, as well as cause emotional and psychosomatic problems
      later in life.

      Today, music therapy has positive effects on reducing stress, reducing pain, oxygen
      saturation level, and peak heart rate values in providing individualized developmental care
      of the infant in neonatal intensive care units. Heart sound, babies hear the mother's heart
      sound the most during the intrauterine period in the womb. Therefore, when babies hear the
      sound, they are familiar with in the womb, they will feel safe and a sense of relaxation will
      occur in the baby. Several studies have proven that playing heartbeat sounds to newborn
      babies can positively affect their physiological indicators, feeding, length of hospital stay
      and pain outcomes. The current literature shows that the presence of rhythmic sound can
      positively affect the neurobehavioral development of the infant and reduce pain. Rhythmic
      sounds have healing/positive effects on newborns; listening to white noise reduces preterms'
      pain scores, stabilizes vital signs, and plays an active role in preterms' sleep-wake period.

      In line with all this information, this study was carried out as a randomized controlled
      experimental study in order to determine the effects of music played during heel spear
      application, white noise and heart sound in infants.
    

Detailed description: 
      The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of white noise, heart sound, and music on
      reducing neonatal pain during heel lance.

      The design of the study is a randomized controlled experimental design. The sample of the
      study consisted of 84 infants with a gestational age of 28-42 weeks. The infants were exposed
      to white noise, heart sounds, or the music that the mother listened to most frequently during
      pregnancy for 10 minutes before the heel lance, during, and 20 minutes after the procedure.
      The pain of the infants before, during, and after the procedure was measured using the
      Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (NIAPAS). Also, the duration of the procedure and
      the crying time were evaluated.
    

Intervention name(s): White noise; Heart sound; Music
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Each baby was listened to white noise 10 minutes before, during and 20 minutes after the painful attempt.; Each baby listened to heart sounds at an average rate of 70 beats 10 minutes before, during and 20 minutes after the painful procedure.; Each baby was listened to the music that the mother listened to the most during pregnancy restriction 10 minutes before, during and after the painful attempt.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single (Investigator)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: Music; Neonatal; pain; white noise; heel lance; heart sound