Unplanned Shifting to Online Distance Learning: Nursing Students' Perception and Achievement
Condition: Distance Learning-Online Learning; Traditional Classroom-Based Learning; Coronavirus Disease Social Distancing Measures; Nursing Students' Perception and Achievement
MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Online Distance Learning (ODL) is an educational delivery system that helps students to join
      in an educational opportunity without physically existing in the same setting as the teacher.
      Online learning is known as the education that takes place over the Internet, often referred
      to as e-Learning, web-based training (WBT), distance learning, or asynchronous learning. When
      learners participate in an online learning course at different times, it is known as
      asynchronous learning. online learning involves the umbrella term for any learning that takes
      place across distance and not in a traditional classroom. WHO recommends Implement social
      distancing practices that may include; Staggering the beginning and end of the school day and
      Use of online/e-learning strategies? The coronavirus pandemic has changed how millions around
      the globe are educated. new shifts in education approaches could widen equality gaps. As of
      March 13, the Organization for Economic Co-operation estimated that over 421 million students
      are affected due to school closures announced or implemented in 39 countries. Most faculties
      in affected areas are finding stop-gap solutions to continue teaching, but the quality of
      learning is heavily dependent on the level and quality of digital access.

      Therefore, the current study aimed to assess Nursing students' perception and achievement
      regarding unplanned shifting the Traditional Classroom-Based to Online Distance Learning as a
      result of (COVID-19) social distancing measures.

      H1: Learning perception is lower for nursing students who learned by unplanned Online
      Distance Learning (μ1) than for those who learned by Traditional Classroom-Based learning
      (μ2), (H1: μ1 < μ2).

      H1: Scholar achievement is greater for nursing students who learned by Traditional
      Classroom-Based learning (μ1) than for those who learned by unplanned Online Distance
      Learning (μ2), (H1: μ1 > μ2).

      A quasi-experimental research design will be utilized in the current study with a comparative
      approach.

      A purposive sample of adult male and female bachelor's students of nursing will be asked to
      participate in the current study.

      Three tools will be adopted to collect data relevant to the current study.

        1. A brief demographic self-administrated questionnaire

        2. Students' Learning Perception Questionnaire (SLPQ),

        3. Modified McVay's Readiness for Online Learning Questionnaire
    

Detailed description: 
      Online Distance Learning (ODL) is an educational delivery system that helps students to join
      in an educational opportunity without physically existing in the same setting as the teacher.
      Online learning is known as the education that takes place over the Internet, often referred
      to as e-Learning, web-based training (WBT), distance learning, or asynchronous learning. When
      learners participate in an online learning course at different times, it is known as
      asynchronous learning. Online learning involves the umbrella term for any learning that takes
      place across distance and not in a traditional classroom.

      The reason for much of the growth in distance education programs in recent years is the
      development of the Internet and the improvement of technologies that support online learning
      environments. Despite the rapid growth in (OLD) use, there is a need to continuous assessment
      of its effectiveness. Numerous studies comparing traditional classroom-based instruction with
      technology-supported instruction have found no significant differences in critical
      educational variables such as learning outcomes and student satisfaction.

      Students prefer certain methods of learning more than others. These traits, referred to as
      learning styles, form a student's unique learning preference, and aid teachers in the
      planning of small-group and individualized instruction. If optimal student learning is
      dependent on learning styles, and these styles vary between distance and equivalent on-campus
      students, then faculty should be aware of these differences and alter their preparation and
      instructional methods accordingly. Knowledge of student learning preferences can aid faculty
      in-class preparation, designing class delivery methods, choosing appropriate technologies,
      and developing sensitivity to differing student learning preferences within the distance
      education environment. Many communication skills required of the (ODL) instructor are similar
      to those needed for effective classroom teaching. On the other hand, the online instructor's
      role does require a paradigm shift regarding instructional time and space, virtual management
      techniques, and the ability to engage students through virtual communication.

      The coronavirus pandemic has changed how millions around the globe are educated. WHO
      recommends implementing social distancing practices that may include; staggering the
      beginning and end of the school day and use of online/e-learning strategies . New shifts in
      education approaches could widen equality gaps. As of March 13, the Organization for Economic
      Co-operation estimated that over 421 million students are affected due to school closures
      announced or implemented in 39 countries. Besides, another 22 countries have announced
      partial "localized" closures. These risk-control decisions have led millions of students into
      temporary 'home-schooling' situations, these changes have certainly caused a degree of
      inconvenience, but they have also prompted new examples of educational innovation. To help
      slow the virus' spread, Academic 2.7 Million students in Egypt started to learning at home,
      in February 2020, via interactive apps, and other faculties got further simpler asynchronous
      online learning tools (such as reading material via Google Classroom, ZOOM, sending lessons
      and assignments via the official website, WhatsApp or email) augmented with synchronous
      face-to-face video instruction, to help preempt school closures.

      Most faculties in affected areas are finding stop-gap solutions to continue teaching, but the
      quality of learning is heavily dependent on the level and quality of digital access.
      Moreover, the less affluent, digitally understanding, and low socioeconomic are factors
      affecting the student's achievement. For anyone who has taught face-to-face classes, making
      the transition to fully online may feel completely overwhelming. Course writers and
      instructors alike might find themselves asking questions such as, "How will I translate my
      classroom materials-activities or laboratory experiences-in a way that will benefit the
      online student? How will I generate discussion and engagement between students? Assessment of
      students' perception toward provided learning methods was growing in recent years because the
      best way of confirming quality in academic education is obtaining feedback from
      undergraduates . Many studies examined students' perception as a solo dimensional scale, such
      as self efﬁcacy, behavioral response, or effective response. While, in the current study the
      researcher prefers to utilize a comprehensive, widely used, valid, reliable, and
      multi-dimensional tool additionally avoid too-much items to prevent respondents fatigue.

      Although the implementation of Online Distance Learning will be established as a result of
      (COVID-19) social distancing measures suddenly without any plan of action, one question
      remains a need for the answer; how prepared students are for successful Online Distance
      Learning? Whatever the answer may be, the new method of e-learning will be administrated for
      the student. The researcher believes that addressing the preparedness and rate the important
      competencies required by students for effective Distance Learning performance of the student
      is the first and important step. Although a number of the online learning readiness scales
      have been developed to assess the readiness of students to be online learners, very few of
      these scales provide an assessment concerning the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students
      might require as online learners. In many of the preparedness scales, there is the tendency
      to describe what students have to be (e.g., self-directed, self-aware) rather than what
      students need to do . In 2000, McVay developed a Readiness for Online Learning questionnaire
      that used attitudes and behaviors as predictors of online student learning readiness.

      Therefore, the current study aimed to assess Nursing students' perception and achievement
      regarding unplanned shifting the Traditional Classroom-Based to Online Distance Learning as a
      result of (COVID-19) social distancing measures:

      Theoretical framework Teachers must examine students' traditional perspectives and adopt a
      comprehensive perspective framework of learning environments that is appropriate for online
      teaching. Specific aspects of adult learning theory guided the development of the pedagogical
      model that was used to develop the online learning environment. Johnson, 1997 suggests a
      combination philosophy of learning theories rather than be confined to one preferred
      perspective such as; behavioral, Cognitive, and social learning theories. Quality online
      learning environments should be made up of elements of behavioral learning theory e.g. using
      positive reinforcement and repetition. Cognitive learning theory (for example, addressing
      Multiple senses, presenting new information in motivating ways, limiting the amount of
      information presented, and connecting new information to prior knowledge), and social
      learning theory (for example, encouraging group interaction, peer assessment, and personal
      feedback). These three theories were synthesized into integrated seven general principles
      that appear to be crucial for online learning environments. The current study adopting that
      the powerful online learning environments need to contain a combination of these principles:
      (1) address individual difference, (2) motivate the student, (3) avoid information overload,
      (4) create A real-life context, (5) encourage social interaction, (6) provide hands-on
      activities, and (7) encourage student reflection. These principles for online instruction
      will be attempted to apply all as a framework while facing the challenge of dramatical,
      situational, and unplanned application.

      Research Hypothesis H1: Learning perception is lower for nursing students who learned by
      unplanned Online Distance Learning (μ1) than for those who learned by Traditional
      Classroom-Based learning (μ2), (H1: μ1 < μ2).

      H1: Scholar achievement is grater for nursing students who learned by Traditional
      Classroom-Based learning (μ1) than for those who learned by unplanned Online Distance
      Learning (μ2), (H1: μ1 > μ2).

      Subjects and Methods

      Research Design:

      A quasi-experimental research design will be utilized in the current study. The study group
      will be learned (prospectively) the selected courses by Online Distance method with following
      certain principles for effective online learning environments as a result of (COVID-19)
      social distancing measures in comparison to the control group of nursing students who
      (retrospectively) learned the same courses by the Traditional Classroom-Based learning. Both
      study and control groups will be assessed for students' perception and scholar achievement as
      a dependent effect. However, subjects of the current study will not randomly be assigned to
      either the experimental or the comparison group.

      Participant:

      A purposive sample of adult male and female bachelor's students of nursing who studying
      health assessment (clinical) and research in nursing courses will be asked to participate in
      the current study. The participant students will be divided into study and control groups.
      Students who studied in autumn Semester (Official started in September 2020) will be selected
      as a study group. While the control group will be selected as the students who studied the
      same courses in the autumn semester (started in 2019 September 21 to 2020 January 9). The
      estimated sample size is 180 participant, estimated by (G Power analysis) (independent
      t-tests - One tail, Effect size = 0.5, α = 0.05, Power (1-β) = 0.95, balanced allocation
      ratio 1:1). The students who studying the selected courses (expected to be 500 students) as
      well as have corresponding to the following inclusion criteria will included in the current
      study:

        -  None of the participants had previously taken the online-based course.

        -  The same educational background.

        -  Passed all pre- requisite courses.

        -  Full-time enrollment.

      Instruments of Data Collection:

      Three tools will be framed to collect data relevant to the current study.

        1. A brief demographic self-administrated questionnaire was constructed to collect
           information on aspects such as the participant's gender, age group and enrollment level
           in addition to students' GPA, it will be collected from the student affairs of the
           college to measure the students' scholar achievement as a dependent variable.

        2. Students' Learning Perception Questionnaire (SLPQ), will be utilized in the current
           study to measure students' perception as a dependent variable, (SLPQ) was adopted,
           inventory and metric instrument to assess the effectiveness of provided learning methods
           as perceived by the students, its reliable tool with Cronbach's Alpha 0.76 which reflect
           the degree of internal consistency among variables. It covers two inventories; students'
           perceptions of the teaching-learning environment (TLE) (22 items) and students'
           approaches to learning (SAL) (12 items). [12-13]. Six factors emerged from the 22 items
           measuring different aspects of the teaching-learning environment (TLE): (Teaching for
           understanding, Alignment, Staff enthusiasm, and support, Interest and relevance,
           Constructive feedback, and Support from other students). [14]. While, students'
           approaches to learning (SAL) measure three broad approaches to learning: deep approach
           to learning, surface approach to learning, and organized studying, each with four items.
           (SLPQ) Items will be scored on a five-point Likert scale ("Totally disagree (1)" to
           "Totally agree (5)") [12-14]. The scores of each students will be summed for
           interpretation, those who obtained less than (25%) will considered as having an low
           perception, while who obtained (26 - 75%) will considered as a moderate perception, and
           finally who get more than (75%) will considered as a high perception level.

           The instrument will be provided as its original language of English because the students
           learned and examined all courses in the English language. Arabic translation will be
           available to students if they faced difﬁculty in understanding any statement. Data will
           be collected from participants through an electronic questionnaire online using email
           (for control and experimental group).

        3. Modified McVay's Readiness for Online Learning Questionnaire. Watkins et al. (2004)
           developed a 27 items adopted scale that used attitudes and behaviors of the participants
           as predictors of students' preparedness for online learning and e-learning environments,
           its reliable tool with Cronbach's Alpha 0.82. This self-administrated instrument
           identified six dimensions: Technology Access (3 items), Online Skills and Relationships
           (9 items), Motivation (3 items), Online Audio/Video (3 items), Internet Discussions (4
           items) and Importance to your success (5 items). The instrument consisted of a 5-point
           Likert-type scale response format (1- Completely Disagree, 2-Strongly Disagree, 3- Not
           Sure, 4-Strongly Agree, 5-Completely Agree).

      Ethical Consideration:

      Participation in the study is voluntary; each participant has the right to withdraw from the
      study when he or she wants. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants.
      Confidentiality and anonymity of the subjects are assured through coding of all data.
      Collected data will be used for the research purpose only and will not be reused in another
      research. All information taken will be protected and will not affect students' annual
      appraisal by any means. The formulated database and the result of the current study will be
      incorporating into the plan of education in the college.

      Procedure:

      Once the official permission and ethical approval are granted to proceed to the proposed
      study, the implementation will be applied in two parts:

      The first Part will be initiated by reviewing the selected students' data who are studying
      the selected courses in semester (autumn- 2019) and (autumn -2020). The contact information
      of the students who will correspond to the inclusion criteria will be obtained. Then, they
      will be invited by sent phone messages to participate in the current study. The student who
      willing to participate in this study will be divided into paired study and control groups.
      The students who will study in the (autumn- 2020) will be operated as a study group, also the
      students who are previously completed autumn 2019 semester will be manipulated as a control
      group. The excepted number of participants will be 500 students. The purpose, nature, and
      benefits of the study will be explained to the participants. A pilot study will be conducted
      on 10% = 18 students to estimate the needed time for data collection, and to test the
      feasibility, objectivity, and clarity of the study instruments. All queries of students
      regarding the meaning of the statements and how to ﬁll in the answers will be discussed via
      email and addressed before the actual study will start.

      Second Part will be started by sending (instrument 1, 2) to the control group (students who
      were learned by Traditional Classroom-Based Learning) via electronic online survey system
      (Jot form) to fill out, the link of the created form was
      (https://www.jotform.com/help/408-understanding-your-account-usage-and-limits). These
      collected data will be considered as baseline data pertinent to the current study. About the
      study group (students who learned by online distance way) they will be asked first to fill
      out (instrument 1, 3) then, The following actions implemented while online learning will be
      processing;

      (1) Address and consider the students' differences in online learning application as a new
      experience. Provide Content in Multiple Formats. use of various communication technologies.
      Lectures are audio streamed and synchronized with the applicable PowerPoint presentation.
      lectures are also transcribed and posted on the course Web site. Utilize links to outside Web
      sites that provide supplemental material on the current topic.

      (2) Allow for Individual Locus of Control. Access the content through links or a graphical
      organizer. Access to organize the course material as students need. Students may even move
      through the course topics in random order.

        -  Encourage active and collaborative interaction. In light of the idea that the whole is
           greater than the sum of its parts, each course is designed with activities that are both
           individual- and group-based.

           (3) Motivate the student:

        -  Maintain students' attention by providing an environment that is engaging and
           participative. Make the students feel that the course material is relevant. Incorporate
           Games into the Online Environment. Use Multimedia When Appropriate.

           (4) Avoid information overload,

        -  Limit the Amount of Content and Number of Activities. Organize Instruction Around
           Learning Cycles. Provide a Graphic Organizer for the Course.

           (5) Create A real-life context,

        -  Create Virtual Learning Teams. Simulate Reality Using Appropriate Case Studies. Require
           Collaborative Projects (6) Encourage social interaction,

        -  Create a Personal Connection with Students. Peer Review and Feedback. Facilitate
           Interaction (7) Provide hands-on activities,

        -  Organize Online Courses Around Projects. Think-Pair-Share in a Virtual Environment. Use
           Small-Group Discussions During Synchronous Sessions.

           (8) Encourage student reflection.

        -  Provide Extensive and Timely Feedback and encourage online Diaries or Reflective
           Journals.

      At the end of the current semester, the students of the study group will be asked to complete
      an electronic online survey system using (Jot form) (instrument 2). Also, the GPA of all
      participants in the study and control group will be collected from the student affairs.
      Finally, the researcher will compare the data of the study dependent variables to the
      collected baseline data (control group).

      Data Analysis Upon completion of data collection, descriptive and inferential statistics will
      be utilized to test for differences among the study and control group subjects, using the
      SPSS program.
    

Intervention name(s): impliminting Online Distance Learning
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): as a result of (COVID-19) social distancing measures, the Online Distance Learning will be implemented without prior planning for undergraduate nursing students
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Online Distance Learning with certain principals will be implemented for the study group and control group who learned by Traditional Classroom-Based will be selected retrospectively as baseline data, students' perception and achievement will be measured for both.
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Other