Turkish Version of The Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire
Condition: Chronic Pain
MeSH terms: Chronic Pain
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      The Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire (COPAQ), has been presented to the literature in
      order to evaluate the concept of pain in children and its psychometric properties. This
      scale, which was developed by Salvat et al., is stated as a tool that consists of a total of
      15 items and is easy to administer and respond to. The total score is calculated with the
      correct or incorrect answers given by the children to these items, and the higher this score,
      the better the child's understanding of the concept of pain. Moreover; it has been shown that
      the scale has good fit and internal consistency. In Turkey, there is no valid and reliable
      scale to evaluate the concept of pain in a child with chronic pain.

      The aim of this study is to create the Turkish version of "The Conceptualization of Pain
      Questionnaire (COPAQ)", which evaluates the concept of pain in children with chronic pain,
      and to question the Turkish validity and reliability of this scale.
    

Detailed description: 
      Chronic pain is a debilitating health problem often seen in children and adolescents.
      Although the prevalence rate varies between 11% and 38%, this rate increases with age (1).
      Clinical guidelines recommend that healthcare professionals help children with chronic pain
      understand their pain experience (2). Studies have shown that there is a relationship between
      the quality of the information children receive and their adaptation to and coping with pain
      (3). For this reason, studies in the field of pediatrics have turned to pain neuroscience
      education, which provides the reconceptualization of pain through education (3). Pain
      neuroscience education provides the basis for understanding the mechanisms of chronic pain by
      focusing on the biopsychosocial markers of pain (3). A pain neuroscience training protocol
      called 'PNE4Kids' specific to children has been introduced in the literature and it has been
      explained how this training should be applied to children (4). The effectiveness of the
      "PNE4Kids Program" has been investigated with new studies and it has been proven that it has
      a positive effect on the concept of pain in children and increases their knowledge of pain
      (5). However, there are very few scales evaluating the effectiveness of these treatments and
      especially the level of pain knowledge in children (6). Recently, a new scale, The
      Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire (COPAQ), has been presented to the literature in
      order to evaluate the concept of pain in children and its psychometric properties. This
      scale, which was developed by Salvat et al (6), is stated as a tool that consists of a total
      of 15 items and is easy to administer and respond to. The total score is calculated with the
      correct or incorrect answers given by the children to these items, and the higher this score,
      the better the child's understanding of the concept of pain. Moreover; it has been shown that
      the scale has good fit and internal consistency (6). In our country, there is no valid and
      reliable scale to evaluate the concept of pain in a child with chronic pain. The aim of this
      study is to create the Turkish version of "The Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire
      (COPAQ)", which evaluates the concept of pain in children with chronic pain, and to question
      the Turkish validity and reliability of this scale.

      References

        1. King S, Chambers CT, Huguet A, et al. The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and
           adolescents revisited: a systematic review. Pain 2011;152(12): 2729-2738.

        2. Palermo TM, et al. "Assessment and management of children with chronic pain: A position
           statement from the American Pain Society. Chicago, IL: Am Pain Soc" 2012.

        3. Robins H, Perron V, Heathcote LC et al. Pain neuroscience education: state of the art
           and application in pediatrics. Children 2016;3(4):43.

        4. Pas R, Meeus M, Malfliet A, et al. Development and feasibility testing of a Pain
           Neuroscience Education program for children with chronic pain: Treatment protocol. Braz
           J Phys Ther 2018;22(3):248-253.

        5. Rheel E, Ickmans K., Wauters A, et al. The effect of a pain educational video
           intervention upon child pain-related outcomes: A randomized controlled study. Eur J Pain
           2021;25(10):2094-2111.

        6. Salvat I, Adillón C, Andrés E M et al. Development of the conceptualization of pain
           questionnaire: A measure to study how children conceptualize pain. Int J Environ Res
           Public Health 2021;18(7):3821.
    

Intervention name(s): Turkish validity and reliability
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Contact with developers and formation of steering committee Translation from English to Turkish Back translation from Turkish to English Comparison of translation Review of translated versions. Reaching consensus and development of pilot version Testing in clinical setting Revision of pilot version Testing of final version
Observational model: Other
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Participants who refferred to Pamukkale University Rheumatology Clinic will be examined by
        one of the researchers (specialist in rheumatology) for inclusion and exclusion criteria.
      
Keywords: pain; chronic pain; attitudes and beliefs; children