Speed-specific Training and Ultrasound
Condition: High-Intensity Interval Training; Resistance Training
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The investigators propose to compare the effects of a 12-week load resistance training
      program to a velocity resistance training program on ultrasound measures of quadriceps muscle
      quality in a healthy, older adult population. As secondary measures, The investigators
      propose to compare the effects of these exercise programs on maximal strength, power, and
      functional movements such as the chair sit-to-stand and gait speed. Further, The
      investigators will evaluate the impact of each protocol on cognitive function.
    

Detailed description: 
      Resistance training has been shown to have a significant impact on strength, power,
      cognition, functionality, activities of daily living, and quality of life throughout the
      aging process(Hunter et al., 2004; Peterson et al., 2010; Wen et al., 2011). Specifically,
      power training is especially beneficial to older adults to combat the age-related slowing of
      movement that occurs. and changes in age-related cognitive decline. However, in evaluating
      these measures and prescribing a power training program, the deficit on either the load or
      velocity end of the power spectrum unique to these individuals is often overlooked.
      Therefore, the evaluation of these components coupled with a custom training program to fit
      their needs on either the load end or velocity end of the spectrum may provide significant
      benefit to the functionality of older adults. Additionally, sleep quality has been shown to
      have a significant impact on cognitive performance(Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007) and may
      impact the changes in cognition that The investigators observe with a resistance training
      program.

      Further, muscle mass has been shown to decrease with aging as a result of a variety of
      physiological changes that occur in the body, including the reduction in motor units and
      muscle fibers and these changes have a significant impact on the mobility of older
      adults(Charlier et al., 2016; Evans & Campbell, 1993). Resistance training has been shown to
      have an impact on the progression and development of sarcopenia and has been supported in the
      research with both the use of power and strength training programs(Balachandran et al., 2014;
      Roth et al., 2000). Ultrasonography evaluation of muscle quality can provide valuable
      information on the changes to the musculature that occur with training programs in older
      adults(Pardo et al., 2018).

      While the impact of power and strength training on muscle quality has been shown(Ivey et al.,
      2000; Nogueira et al., 2009), the impact of a unique load velocity design to target power
      deficits on muscle quality is prohibitive. Therefore, this research is designed to evaluate
      the impact of load training and velocity training on muscle quality in healthy, older adults
      as well as changes in functionality, cognition, and sleep.
    

Intervention name(s): High-velocity interval training; Resistance training
Intervention type(s): Other; Other
Intervention description(s): For the velocity training protocol, the 11 exercises will be completed at 40% of their 1RM. In the first three weeks of training, the loading volume will be increased gradually. During week one participants will complete one set of each exercise. Week two will consist of two sets, and weeks 3-12, three sets. Keiser pneumatic resistance machines are interfaced with a laboratory computer, which allows the transfer and analysis of data including force, velocity, and power.; For the load training protocol, the 11 exercises will be completed at 79% of their 1RM. In the first three weeks of training, the loading volume will be increased gradually. During week one participants will complete one set of each exercise. Week two will consist of two sets, and weeks 3-12, three sets. Keiser pneumatic resistance machines are interfaced with a laboratory computer, which allows the transfer and analysis of data including force, velocity, and power.
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Compare velocity-based interval resistance training to load-based resistance training
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment