Assessing the Link Between Smoke Carcinogen Biomarkers and Lung Cancer Risk - 1
Condition: Tobacco Use Disorder; Lung Cancer
MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms; Tobacco Use Disorder
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Currently it remains
      impossible to predict which smokers will get cancer. Each puff of a cigarette delivers a
      mixture of over 60 known carcinogens. Biomarkers that quantify carcinogen levels and
      metabolism are a useful tool and available to use. The purpose of this study is to assess the
      link between tobacco smoke carcinogen biomarkers and the risk of developing lung cancer.
    

Detailed description: 
      Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Approximately 90% of
      lung cancer is caused by cigarette smoking. While most lung cancer cases occur in smokers or
      ex-smokers, only 15-25% of smokers will get lung cancer. Currently it remains impossible to
      predict which smokers will get cancer.

      Each puff of a cigarette delivers, along with nicotine, a mixture of over 60 known
      carcinogens. Most of these carcinogens require metabolic activation before they can
      negatively affect cell DNA and cause cancer. Biomarkers that quantify carcinogen levels and
      metabolic activity of carcinogens are a useful tool and available to use. The purpose of this
      study is to assess the link between tobacco smoke carcinogen biomarkers and the risk of
      developing lung cancer.

      This observational case-control study will involve a random selection from a group of smokers
      who are participating in the Prostrate, Lung, Colon, and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) Screen Trial.
      The chosen cases will include 300 incident lung cancer cases and 300 controls (participants
      who have had no diagnosis of lung cancer). Demographic and baseline data from the PLCO
      database will be obtained. Prior baseline blood samples from the PLCO trial will be obtained
      as well. Based on age, sex, and smoking history, participants will be grouped into triplets
      in order to pool their blood samples. These samples will then be analyzed to determine
      whether distributions of biomarker levels in lung cancer participants differ from those in
      non-lung cancer participants. This study will not involve recruitment of any participants, as
      data and samples from the PLCO trial will be used and no new blood samples will be obtained.
    

Intervention name(s): Non-intervention
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Measured total NNAL and PheT as biomarkers of exposure
Other intervention name(s): NNAL-glucuronide, phenanthrene tetraol
Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Retrospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Case-control study nested within the Prostate Lung Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening
        Trial. Subjects consisted of screening arm subjects who were smokers at baseline and who
        contributed biorepository samples at the first screening visit.
      
Keywords: Lung Cancer; Cotinine; NNAL; Carcinogens; Case-control; SNPs