Effects of Exercise on Metabolic Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Condition: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Diabetes is considered an epidemic disease with the 463 million affected patients (between
      20-79 years) and it is estimated that 578 million people will have diabetes by 2030 [1].
      According to The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reports, 4,2 million adults were
      considered to die due to diabetes and its complications in 2019. Because of this situation,
      diabetes treatment is so important. The recommendations for the treatment of DM include
      medications and lifestyle management, which includes physical activity (PA), medical
      nutrition therapy, smoking cessation counseling, and psychosocial care. PA is an important
      aspect of management that directly under the control of the patients. So the investigators
      want to interrogate the effect of exercise on blood parameters, blood pressure, body
      compositions.
    

Detailed description: 
      The data of the participants who came to the sports center where is prepared for the diabetes
      patients in the hospital will be collected from the past registration files on the electronic
      system.

      Sociodemographic data, blood values and bio-impedance measurements of each patient are
      collected coming to the sports center, routinely.

      Patients who had missing data, patients who did not complete the 3-month exercise program
      were excluded from the analysis. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package
      for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. 0 for Windows. Data are expressed as mean ±
      standard deviation. The one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to assess the
      distribution of data. Due to their distribution, numerical variables in different subjects
      were compared with the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of variables before and
      after the exercise program were compared by the paired t-test (parametric variable) or
      Wilcoxon test (non-parametric variable). Probability values were two-tailed, and a p-value of
      less than 0.05 was considered as significant.

      All assessments were performed in the clinic at baseline and end of the 3rd month. The blood
      samples were collected. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured
      with an automatic arm BP monitor before and after every session. Body mass and body
      composition, including percent body fat, fat and fat-free mass, were determined using a
      bioelectric impedance system with the electrodes in contact with soles and heels of both
      feet. At the baseline and end of the third month, the same person repeated all assessments.

      Patients had recruited 3 sessions a week for 3 months (Monday/Wednesday/Friday). Every
      session consisted of aerobic exercise protocol and warm-up, cooldown period. Patients aerobic
      loading capacity was calculated before the every session using by Karvonen formula as
      submaximal loading.
    

Intervention name(s): Aerobic exercise
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): The aerobic exercise protocol was performed 3 times a week for 3 months on the treadmill. Loading periods were performed according to the heart rate maximum using the Karvonen formula (%60-80 Heart rate maximum)
Intervention model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Exercise; Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus treatment; Body Composition; Blood Samples; Blood Pressure