FTO rs9939609 and PPARy rs1801282 Polymorphisms in Mexican Adolescents
Condition: Metabolic Syndrome; Insulin Resistance
MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome; Insulin Resistance
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Background and Aims: The presence of the FTO rs9939609 and PPARy rs1801282 polymorphisms
      suggests changes in energy metabolism; this variation may be responsible for the development
      of various diseases including obesity. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of
      these polymorphisms in Mexican adolescents with overweight and obesity at high risk for
      developing diabetes. Methods and Results: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, where
      71 healthy adolescents (average age of 16) were included. Anthropometric measurements, Body
      mass index, as well as the determination of glucose, insulin and HOMA index were calculated
      from all the patients. The FTO rs9939609 and PPARy rs1801282 polymorphisms were determined by
      real-time PCR.
    

Detailed description: 
      Study Population Students without known disease, between 14 and 18 years from the "Lic.
      Adolfo Lopez Mateos" Preparatory school of the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico
      (UAEMex), were invited to participate.

      Anthropometry The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m)
      squared with conventional stadiometer; dividing the results in normal, overweight and obesity
      according to the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), specifically for
      adolescents by gender and age.

      Laboratory 3 mL of venous blood (Vacutainer tubes) were taken in fasting. The concentration
      of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were
      determined by enzymatic methods (Randox Laboratories Ltd, County Antrim, UK); whereas leptin
      and adiponectin concentrations were determined by the immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Invitrogen
      MR Frederyck MD USA). A sample remained frozen at -70°C (900 series Thermo Scientific) until
      DNA extraction.

      Genotyping DNA extraction was performed in the Magna Pure LC 2.0 Instrument (Roche, Germany)
      using the MagNA Pure LC DNA Isolation Kit 1 (Roche, Germany). After extraction, the DNA was
      quantified using a NanoPhotometer (Implen GmbH, Germany), reporting concentration (μg/ml) and
      purity (260/280 absorbance). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Life
      express thermal cycler (Bioer, China). The primers and conditions for each polymorphism are
      listed in Table 1.

      The oligonucleotides were designed using the Primer Quest web tool (Integrated DNA
      Technologies, Inc., CA, USA) and synthesized at the Synthesis and DNA Sequencing Unit of the
      National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Institute of Biotechnology (Cuernavaca,
      Morelos, Mexico). A search was performed in BLAST to verify the correct hybridization. The
      final products were visualized in 2% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide, and
      visualized under an UV transilluminator (Gel Logic 212 Pro, Carestream, USA). To confirm the
      detection of polymorphisms sequencing was performed at the National Institute of Genomic
      Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City.
    

Observational model: Ecologic or Community
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Mexican adolescents with overweight and obesity at high risk for developing diabetes.
      
Biospecimen description: 
      3 mL of venous blood (Vacutainer tubes) were taken in fasting. A sample remained frozen at
      -70°C (900 series Thermo Scientific) until DNA extraction.

      Genotyping DNA extraction was performed in the Magna Pure LC 2.0 Instrument (Roche, Germany)
      using the MagNA Pure LC DNA Isolation Kit 1 (Roche, Germany).
    
Keywords: prevalence