Immunization With Plasmodium Falciparum Sporozoites Under Chloroquine Versus Mefloquine Prophylaxis
Condition: Malaria; Plasmodium Falciparum
MeSH terms: Malaria
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Malaria is one of the major infectious diseases in the world with a tremendous impact on the
      quality of life, significantly contributing to the ongoing poverty in endemic countries. It
      causes 800.000 deaths per year, the majority of which are children under the age of five. The
      malaria parasite enters the human body through the skin, by the bite of an infected mosquito.
      Subsequently, it invades the liver and develops and multiplies inside the hepatocytes. After
      a week, the hepatocytes burst open and the parasites are released in the blood stream,
      causing the clinical phase of the disease.

      As a unique opportunity to study malaria immunology and efficacy of immunisation strategies,
      a protocol has been developed in the past to conduct controlled human malaria infections
      (CHMIs). CHMIs generally involve small groups of malaria-naïve volunteers infected via the
      bites of P. falciparum infected laboratory-reared Anopheline mosquitoes. Although potentially
      serious or even lethal, P. falciparum malaria can be radically cured at the earliest stages
      of blood infection when risks of complications are virtually absent.

      The investigators have shown previously that healthy human volunteers can be protected from a
      malaria mosquito (sporozoite) challenge by immunization with sporozoites (by mosquito bites)
      under chloroquine prophylaxis (CPS immunization). Interestingly, sterile protection in 100%
      of the human CPS immunized volunteers was achieved by a relatively miniscule dose, i.e. a
      total of 45 infectious mosquito bites, strikingly 20-fold more potent than the 1000 bites
      needed in a model using irradiated mosquitoes. One possible explanation for this efficient
      induction of protective immunity, is the immune modulating effect of chloroquine. The
      investigators aim to assess this possible immune modulating effect in CPS immunization by
      comparing immunization with P. falciparum sporozoites under chloroquine with immunization
      under mefloquine prophylaxis, which has the same antimalarial effect, but not the immune
      modulating effects known from chloroquine.
    


Intervention name(s): Chloroquine prophylaxis; Mefloquine prophylaxis; Immunization; Controlled Human Malaria Infection; Malarone
Intervention type(s): Drug; Drug; Biological; Biological; Drug
Intervention description(s): Standard prophylactic regime: a loading dose of 300 mg on day 14 and day 17 and then 300 mg once a week, starting on day 21, for a total duration of 13 weeks. On day 0, day 3, day 7 and day 10, this group will receive a placebo.; Mefloquine prophylaxis, starting with a loading regime of split doses during the first three weeks: 125 mg on day 0, day 3, day 7, day 10, day 14 and day 17 and 250 mg once a week from day 21 onwards for a total duration of 13 weeks.; Group 1 and 2 will receive three immunizations with Plasmodium falciparum infected mosquito-bites. Group 3 will receive an equal number of uninfected mosquito-bites.; Exposure to the bites of 5 Plasmodium falciparum infected mosquitoes.; When thick smear positive, of ar day 21 after challenge, all volunteers will be treated with malarone.
Other intervention name(s): atovaquon/proguanil
Intervention MeSH terms: Chloroquine; Mefloquine; Proguanil; Atovaquone, proguanil drug combination
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Basic Science