Effect of 8-week Intake of 2S-hesperidin on Performance, Body Composition and Biochemicals Markers in Amateur Cyclists
Condition: Power; Metabolic Disturbance; Change, Body Weight; Changes Fatty; Muscle Loss; Oxidative Stress; Inflammatory Response; Oxygen Deficiency; Acid-Base Imbalance; Electrolyte Disturbance
MeSH terms: Acid-Base Imbalance; Body Weight; Hypoxia; Body Weight Changes
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      This clinical study evaluates the effect of 500 mg of 2S-hesperidin for 8 weeks on
      performance (power generated in different metabolic zones), body composition (fat and muscle
      mass) and biochemical (antioxidant, inflammatory status) and metabolic (capillary blood in
      finger) markers in amateur cyclists. Our hypothesis is that chronic intake of 2S-hesperidin
      can improve performance (maximum power generated). To justify this hypothesis, we measured
      the parameters mentioned above, which could establish a cause-effect relationship between
      2S-hesperidin intake and possible yield improvement.
    

Detailed description: 
      Participants

      All participants were informed about the procedures and provided signed informed consent. The
      study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration for Human
      Research and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Catholic
      University of Murcia (Code: CE091802).

      Study design

      Cyclists were instructed to take the supplement along with breakfast and to continue their
      usual diet and training schedule. Subjects in both groups were instructed not to consume
      foods high in citrus flavonoids (grapefruit, lemons or oranges) for 5 days prior to and
      during the study, this was verified by diet recalls records.

      Procedures

      Participants visited the laboratory on seven occasions. Visit 1 consisted of a medical
      examination and blood extraction to determine health status. On visits 2 and 5, a 24-hr diet
      recall and a Wingate test were performed. On visits 3 and 6, another 24-hour diet recall was
      conducted, followed by an incremental test until exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. On visits 4
      and 7, the 24-hour diet recall was repeated, and participants performed a rectangular test on
      the cycle ergometer. Prior to each testing session (visits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), a
      standardized breakfast composed of 95.16 g of carbohydrates (68%), 18.86 g of protein (14%)
      and 11.30 g of lipids (18%) was prescribed by the sport nutritionist.

      Pre and post evaluation test

      Pre-intervention visits: 1,2,3 and 4 Post-intervention visits: 5,6 and 7

      Visit 1:

      Health status blood analysis: A general analysis will be performed both in the pre and
      post-supplementation period. The extraction will be done by venous via. (Fasting)

      Medical examination: A clinical history of family and personal history, a resting
      electrocardiogram (ECG) and a medical examination (auscultation, blood pressure measurement,
      etc.) will be taken to certify that the person is healthy and not at risk to participate in
      the study. (Fasting)

      Visits 2 and 5:

      Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR): A resting test will be performed with the ergospirometer to
      determine macronutrient supply at rest and caloric expenditure. (Fasting)

      Body composition by absorptiometric densitometry (DXA): A body composition test will be
      performed by the dual energy absorptiometric densitometry technique (X-ray), with the
      objective of to determine parameters of fat mass, fat-free mass and fat percentage. In
      addition, anthropometry was also used to determine changes in body composition (fat and
      muscle mass). (Fasting)

      Anaerobic power and mechanical power production: After a standardized breakfast, a Wingate
      test was performed on a cycloergometer. Wingate test (WAnT) consisted of an all-out 30-s
      sprint on a cycloergometer (Monark Ergomedic 894E Peak Bike, Vansbro, Sweden). Breaking
      resistance was held constant at 7.5% of each individual's body mass. All participants were
      verbally encouraged to pedal as fast as possible during the entire sprint.

      Visits 3 and 6:

      Incremental step with final ramp test was performed on a cycle ergometer using a metabolic
      cart (Metalyzer 3B. Leipzig, Germany) to determine maximal fat oxidation zone (FatMax),
      ventilatory thresholds 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max).
      Participants began cycling at 35W for 2 min, increasing then by 35W every 2 min until
      RER>1.05, initialling then the final ramp (+35W·min-1) until exhaustion. The estimated
      functional threshold power (FTP) was calculated using the following equation [16]:

      FTP (W) = Pmax (W) x 0.865 - 56.484.

      Visits 4 and 7:

      Rectangular test was performed on a cycle ergometer using the power output values resulting
      from the maximal test (FatMax, VT1 and VT2). Participants exercised continuously from FatMax,
      to VT1 and to VT2 for 10 min, without rest. Cardiorespiratory variables (VO2, VO2R,
      carbohydrate oxidation (CHO), fat oxidation (FAT) and cycling economy) were determined for
      each metabolic zones.

      Urine samples

      Main hesperidin metabolites were analysed in participants' urine. Urine samples,
      corresponding to 24 h urine collection from each participant before and after the
      supplementation, were frozen in liquid nitrogen after collection and thawed for its analysis.

      All the data of the subjects who participated in the study were stored under a computer
      system with a security key. In addition, a record was also made of some of the paper data
      that was saved under key, and to which only the researchers of this project had access.
    

Intervention name(s): 2S-hesperidin; Placebo
Intervention type(s): Dietary Supplement; Dietary Supplement
Intervention description(s): Cardiose® is a natural orange extract that due to its unique manufacturing process, maintains most of the natural hesperidin isomeric form (2S); Microcellulose was used, this molecule was selected to avoid affecting the glycemia, as it can occur with dextrose or maltodextrin.
Other intervention name(s): Cardiose®; Microcellulose
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: A randomized parallel study was conducted, where 40 amateur cyclists were divided into 2 groups: one group took 500 mg of 2S-hesperidin (n= 20) and the other group took 500 mg of placebo (microcellulose) (n= 20). All participants completed the study.
Masking: Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Flavonoids; Polyphenols; Power; Endurance sports; Ergogenic aids; Inflammatory markers; Antioxidant markers; Body Composition; Ventilatory Thresholds; Nutrigenomic