The Effects of Virtual Reality and Kaleidoscope
Condition: Fear; Pain
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      In literature review, many studies have been found to support the positive effects of various
      nonpharmacological methods in the alleviation of pain and fear created by invasive
      procedures.This study was carried out to determine the effects of kaleidoscope and cartoon
      watching using the virtual reality glasses on the pain and fear states of children during
      blood draw procedure.
    

Detailed description: 
      This study was carried out to determine the effects of kaleidoscope and cartoon watching
      using the virtual reality glasses on the pain and fear states of children during blood draw
      procedure.

      H0: There are no significant differences in the mean pain and fear scores of the children who
      used kaleidoscope and cartoon watching using virtual reality glasses methods.

      H1: Mean pain and fear score of the children who used kaleidoscope during blood draw
      procedure is lower than the ones who did not.

      H2: Mean pain and fear score of the children who used virtual reality glasses during blood
      draw procedure is lower than the ones who did not.

      This study was carried out with 7-12 year old children who were admitted to blood draw unit
      of a hospital in Turkey between January 21-April 21, 2020. Sample size was calculated as 156
      including 52 individuals per each group in the study (52 in the kaleidoscope group, 52 in the
      virtual reality group and 52 in the control group). However, 2 children were lost in all
      groups due to the inability to draw blood with one entry and data were completed with a total
      of 150 children. Groups were generated by using randomization method. Participant Information
      Form: This form included sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, presence of chronic
      disease) of the children.

      Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Visual Analog Scale, which is used to measure severity of pain
      consists of a horizontal or vertical ruler at a length of 10 cm or 100 mm which has "no pain"
      on one side and "the most severe pain possible" on the other side. While there is "no pain"
      expression on the left side of the ruler, there is "unberable pain" expression on the right
      side. VAS is described as understandable and easy-to-use for the children over 7 years old.
      Its validity and reliability have been shown in the previous studies. 14-16 Wong-Baker FACES
      Pain Rating Scale (FACES): This scale is used for children aged 3 years and older in order to
      rate severity of pain. In this numerical rating scale, scores given by the child range
      between 0 and 10. Faces show emotions from smiling (0= very happy/no pain) to crying (10= the
      most painful).17 In this study, children were assessed by the researcher and nurse in the
      clinic during post-procedure. Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (FACES) is a commonly used
      scale to evaluate pain in pediatric group in Turkish population. 11,18 The Children's Fear
      Scale (CFS): This is a one-item self-report scale which is used to measure pain-associated
      fear. This one-item scale is composed of five neutral faces in terms of sex. There is a face
      showing no fear on the left and a face showing extreme fear on the right. The response of the
      evaluator shows the level of fear. It can be used by the parents and researchers before and
      during the procedure for the children aged 5-10 years old.19,20 The directions of Children's
      Fear Scale was changed in line with the fear-related word capacity of the children
      developmentally.19 Psychometric properties of the scale in Turkish population were carried
      out by Gerceker, Ayar, Ozdemir et al. 20 Fear scale was assessed before and after the blood
      draw procedure by the child, parent and researcher during the study.

      'VR BOX 3D' virtual reality glasses compatible with smartphones were used in the study. While
      using VR, there is no need for any power or connection unit other than the phone. All
      children in the study were made to watch the same video (Puss in Boots The Three
      Musketeers/Looney Tunes Road Runner) recommended by the experts based on children ages. Five
      children between 7-12 years old were made to watch selected videos before starting the study.
      There was no negative feedback
    

Intervention name(s): Kaleidescope; Virtual Reality
Intervention type(s): Behavioral; Behavioral
Intervention description(s): watching kaleidescope; wearing virtual reality glasses
Other intervention name(s): distraction methods; distraction methods
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care