GCF Galectin-3 and Interleukin-1beta Levels in Periodontitis.
Condition: Periodontitis; Periodontal Inflammation
MeSH terms: Periodontitis; Inflammation
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      This study aims to evaluate gingival crevicular fluid Galectin-3 and Interleukin-1beta levels
      in different grades (B and C) of stage 3 periodontitis, concurrently, and also to investigate
      their discriminative efficiencies in periodontal diseases. A total of 80 systemically healthy
      and non-smoker individuals, 20 stage 3 grade C periodontitis 20 stage 3 grade B
      periodontitis, 20 gingivitis and 20 periodontally healthy were enrolled. Clinical periodontal
      parameters were recorded and GCF Galectin-3 and interleukin-1 beta total amounts were
      measured by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristics curve was used for estimating the area
      under the curve.
    

Detailed description: 
      A total of 80 systemically healthy and non-smoker individuals, 20 stage 3 grade C
      periodontitis 20 stage 3 grade B periodontitis, 20 gingivitis and 20 periodontally healthy
      were enrolled.

      Periodontal clinical measurements including the probing depth, clinical attachment loss, the
      dichotomous recording (present/absent) of bleeding on probing, gingival index, and the plaque
      index at six sites (distobuccal, buccal, mesiobuccal, distopalatinal/lingual,
      palatinal/lingual, mesiopalatinal/lingual) on all teeth, except third molars, were performed
      by a graded periodontal probe.

      According to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the 2017 International Workshop on the
      Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions18 participants were
      classified into four distinct groups based on their periodontal conditions: 1) 20 patients
      with generalized stage 3 grade C periodontitis; 2) 20 patients with generalized stage 3 grade
      B periodontitis; 3) 20 patients with gingivitis; and 4) 20 periodontally healthy individuals.

      Gingival crevicular fluid was sampled from the buccal aspects of two non-adjacent
      interproximal sites in single-rooted teeth. Standardized absorbent paper strips were used for
      sampling. In periodontitis groups, samples were taken from two deepest pockets of
      single-rooted teeth. Samples were obtained from the sites with visible signs of inflammation
      in patients with gingivitis and without bleeding on probing in the healthy controls. The
      absorbed fluid volume was measured by a precalibrated electronic device.

      Galectin-3 and interleukin-1 beta levels in gingival crevicular fluids samples were measured
      by the ELISA via commercial kits in line with the manufacturer's guidelines. Protein
      concentrations were calculated from the standard curve. Gingival crevicular fluid results for
      two analytes were expressed as total amounts at two samples per sampling time.

      Normality of the data was checked by Shapiro Wilk's normality test. Comparisons of clinical
      parameters and gingival crevicular fluids biomaker levels among the study groups were
      performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's test (with Bonferroni correction) was used to
      pairwise comparisons for non-normally distributed variables. Receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the ability of two analytes for
      diagnosis of periodontitis. Statistical significance was considered at p< 0.05 for all the
      tests.
    

Intervention name(s): Periodontal clinical measurements and gingival crevicular fluid sampling
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Periodontal clinical meaurements including the probing depth, clinical attachment loss, the dichotomous recording (present/absent) of bleeding on probing, gingival index, and the plaque index at six sites (distobuccal, buccal, mesiobuccal, distopalatinal/lingual, palatinal/lingual, mesiopalatinal/lingual) on all teeth, except third molars, were performed using manuel periodontal probe.
Standardized absorbent paper strips were used for gingival crevicular fluid sampling. A sterile paper strip was gently inserted into the gingival sulcus/periodontal pocket until mild resistance was felt and were kept in place for 30 seconds. The absorbed fluid volume was measured by a precalibrated electronic device.
Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Cross-Sectional
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        A total of 80 systemically healthy and non-smoker individuals (36 males and 44 females)
        aged 25-52 years were consecutively included.
      
Biospecimen description: 
      Gingival crevicular fluid