Mindfulness-based Psychoeducation and Defense Mechanisms, Mindful Awareness
Condition: Mindfulness; Psychoeducation; Defense Mechanisms; Awareness
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Purpose: Nowadays, it is seen that there is an increasing interest in mindfulness-based
      therapies. Such practices can be beneficial by contributing to the personal and professional
      development of nursing students. In the study, the effect of mindfulness-based
      psychoeducation applied to Turkish nursing students on defense mechanisms and mindfulness was
      evaluated.

      Method: The research was designed as a quasi-experimental study with a control group. The
      population of the study consisted of 96 newly enrolled students in the nursing department of
      a foundation university, and the sample consisted of a total of 72 students who met the
      inclusion criteria of the study. In the sample, while 33 students formed the intervention
      group, 39 students formed the control group. Mindfulness- Based Psychoeducation was given
      online in 16 sessions in 8 weeks. Data were collected using the Defense Style Questionnaire
      and the Awareness Scale.Percentage distributions were used in the analysis of the data,
      t-Test and Chi-Square test were used in the comparison of the intervention and control
      groups, and the paired-samples t-Test was used in the comparison of the intervention and
      control groups within the group.
    

Detailed description: 
      Population-Sample It was conducted with 96 nursing students enrolled in the Faculty of Health
      Sciences of a state university in the east of Turkey in the 2020-2021 academic year. 86
      students who met the research criteria (being a first-year student, being over the age of 18,
      not having any psychiatric diagnosis, volunteering to participate in the study, not having
      received mindfulness training before, not a foreign national) were included in the study. It
      was deemed appropriate to participate in the study by first-year students who were at the
      beginning of their nursing education and had not yet taken a course related to personal
      development (such as introduction to psychology, interpersonal relations and communication).
      Among these students, the intervention and control groups were formed after detailed
      information about the research process was given according to students' requests, without
      being randomized. Those who wanted to receive training and believed that they could attend
      the training continuously were determined as the intervention group (45), and those who did
      not want to participate in the training and were unsure were determined as the control group
      (41). However, the research was completed with 33 students in the intervention group and 39
      students in the control group. 12 students from the intervention group left the research
      because they could not attend the sessions regularly, while 2 students in the control group
      left the research without stating a reason for their request. In the power analysis of 72
      students participating in the research.

      Data Collection and Program Application Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, nursing education was
      continued in our institution in the 2020-2021 academic year with a distance education called
      DEP(Distance Education Platform). This situation necessitated online psychoeducation to be
      given as part of the research. The Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation program was conducted
      via DEP(Distance Education Platform)between 08.03.2021 and 30.04.2021 after obtaining the
      necessary permission and support from the institution. The scales created by the researcher
      through "Google Form" were shared with the students in the Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation
      Program at DEP(Distance Education Platform)and the pretest data were collected in the first
      session, whereas the posttest data were collected two weeks after the last session. On the
      first page of this form, the purpose of the research was explained, the confirmation icon
      indicating that they voluntarily accepted to participate in the research, why they had to
      give name or code information, and the response time (30 minutes) for the forms were stated.

      Data Collection Tools This study, Personal Information Form, Defense Style Questionnaire
      (DSQ-40), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used.

      Personal Information Form It consists of questions about the sociodemographic characteristics
      of the students (age, gender).

      Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) In the scale, which determines the appearance of defense
      mechanisms at the level of consciousness and behavior, and consists of 40 items, 20 defenses,
      and 3 sub-dimensions (mature, neurotic, and immature), each item is evaluated between 1-9
      (absolutely inappropriate - absolutely appropriate). Mature defenses are; suppression,
      anticipation, sublimation, and humor. Neurotic defenses; subversion, counter-reaction,
      idealization, and artificial altruism. Immature defenses are; passive aggression, expression,
      projection, isolation, denial, division, devaluation, autistic fantasy, displacement,
      dissociation, rationalization, and somatization. The scale is scored on defenses or
      sub-dimensions, not on the total score. Total score or arithmetic mean is used while
      calculating each defense or sub-dimension. As the score increases, the use of the
      defense/sub-dimension also increases. In the Turkish adaptation study of the scale, the
      Cronbach's Alpha values were 0.70, 0.61, and 0.83, respectively, according to the mature,
      neurotic, and immature sub-dimensions whereas in this study, it was 0.65, 0.71, and 0.82.

      Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) The scale has a 15-item and 6-point Likert feature
      that measures the differences in the ability to be aware of what is happening in the moment
      and to pay attention to them. The scores obtained from the scale vary between 15-90 points. A
      high score indicates a high level of mindful awareness. While the Cronbach Alpha value of the
      scale was 0.80 in the Turkish adaptation study, it was 0.82 in this study.

      Mindfulness-based psychoeducation program Mindfulness-based cognitive therapies are
      evidence-based psychoeducation. Psychoeducation was organized in 2 consecutive sessions once
      a week for 8 weeks, and each session was 60 minutes, in total 16 sessions. The content of the
      psychoeducation program was explained in detail, and techniques such as presentation and
      question-answer narrative techniques, video, audio recording, mindfulness assignments for the
      next session were used in the training. A Whatsapp group was created to remind and share
      materials with students participating in psychoeducation. It was stated that the students
      should be very careful, observant, and patient while doing the practices to get to know
      themselves, be aware of their emotions, thoughts, bodily sensations and focus. The
      applications were performed online-live in DEP(Distance Education Platform)and recorded by
      the system. The researcher's camera was turned on and the students' camera was also left to
      preference. The privacy of all participants was given importance and it was stated that the
      existing recordings would not be used anywhere else, that the participants would not be able
      to take recordings, and that the sharing in the sessions should be kept confidential. The
      students were able to access the records at any time during the day that the psychoeducation
      started and for 15 days after the end of the psychoeducation. In the days when there is no
      psychoeducation, reminder messages were sent twice a week via and DEP(Distance Education
      Platform) applications for home applications.

      Evaluation of Data The coding and analysis of the data were done via the SPSS-23( Statistical
      Package for the Social Sciences-23) program, and the significance level was accepted as
      p<0.05. Percentage distributions were used in the analysis of the data, t-Test and Chi-Square
      test were used in the comparison of the intervention and control groups, and the
      paired-samples t-Test was used in the comparison of the intervention and control groups
      within the group.

      Declarations The necessary institutional permission and support for the research were
      obtained from the Deanery of the Faculty of Health Sciences. In addition, ethical permission
      was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Health Sciences of the University.
      (Decision dated 27.01.2021 and numbered 2021/18). Oral and written informed consent was
      obtained from the students participating in the research and the research was conducted
      following the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
    

Intervention name(s): mindfulness-based psychoeducation program; ongoing life
Intervention type(s): Behavioral; Behavioral
Intervention description(s): Mindful awareness is a mind and body practice that involves increasing attention to what is happening at the moment and accepting what is perceived without judgment. Mindfulness includes awareness and attention; Awareness is the mechanism that constantly controls the of the state of consciousness. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapies are evidence-based psychoeducation. Psychoeducation was organized in 2 consecutive sessions once a week for 8 weeks, and each session was 60 minutes, in total 16 sessions. The content of the psychoeducation program was explained in detail, and techniques such as presentation and question-answer narrative techniques, video, audio recording, mindfulness assignments for the next session were used in the training.; The control group continued with their lives without any intervention. Only pre-test and post-test were applied. While the program was applied to the experimental group, no intervention was made to the control group.
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: This study was designed as a quasi-experimental study with a control group.
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care