Intensive Care Unit Procedure Related Infections
Condition: Infections
MeSH terms: Infections; Communicable Diseases
Study type: Observational [Patient Registry]

Summary: 
      Objectives: To identify the rate and predictors of procedure related infection, the most
      causative organisms and the effect on ICU stay and in hospital mortality. To show the
      validity of NEW score in predicting mortality.

      Methods: Prospective observational study of 1040 patients admitted to the ICU without any
      signs of infection. All patients were subjected to one or more of the most used procedures in
      ICU (Intubation & mechanical ventilation, Central line insertion and Urinary catheterization)
      for at least 48 hours. Then, they were followed for any signs of infection either clinically
      or laboratorial.
    

Detailed description: 
      AIM OF THE WORK

        -  To identify the rate and predictors of procedure related infections in ICU after
           application of all preventive measures and to identify most causative organisms.

        -  Identification of the effect of procedure related infections on ICU stay and in hospital
           mortality.

        -  To study the validity of NEW score in predicting mortality in comparison to APACHE II
           score .

      PATIENTS AND METHODS

      Study design:

      This was a prospective observational study carried out at medical and cardiac intensive care
      units (ICUs) of 3 secondary and tertiary care hospitals from July 2022 to June 2023 and
      included 1040 patients.

      Inclusion criteria:

      All consecutive adult patients admitted to ICU who had been subjected to the following
      procedures:

        1. Urinary catheterization.

        2. Central venous catheter (CVC) insertion.

        3. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.

      Exclusion criteria:

        -  Patients with evidence of infection prior to ICU admission.

        -  Procedures done before ICU admission.

      All patients were subjected to the following assessment:

      A) On admission:

        -  The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score.

        -  New early warning score 2 (NEWS2): NEWS ranges from 0, indicating the lowest severity of
           illness, to a maximum value of 20.

        -  Detailed history including age, sex, medical history.

        -  Complete clinical examination.

        -  Chest x-ray.

      B) ICU stay:

      • Laboratory investigations include Complete blood count (CBC), C reactive protein (CRP),
      renal and liver chemistry after 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 days.

      Blood, urine and sputum cultures if infection was suspected.

      • Chest x-ray if chest infection suspected.

      C) FOLLOW UP :

        -  Length of mechanical ventilation

        -  Length of ICU stay

        -  Length of hospital stay

        -  Morbidity & mortality

      Primary outcomes:

        1. Identification of rate and predictors of procedure related infections.

        2. Identification of the most causative organisms.

      Secondary outcomes:

        1. Identification of the effect of procedure related infections on ICU stay and in hospital
           mortality.

        2. The validity of NEW score in predicting mortality

      Definitions:

      Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP): was defined as pneumonia occurring >48 hours following
      endotracheal intubation when a new or progressive lung infiltrates, consolidation, or
      cavitation on chest X-ray develops in a patient with:

        -  New onset of purulent bronchial secretions with leukopenia (white blood cells <4×109/L)
           or leukocytosis (>12×109/L)

        -  Core temperature ≥38.5°C or ≤36°C without other cause, significant positive culture from
           blood, or endotracheal aspirate, broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), or culture from another
           relevant site of infection [10].

      Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): A patient must meet all three criteria
      below:

        1. Patient had an indwelling urinary catheter that had been in place for >2 days on the
           date of event (day of device placement=day 1) and was either present for any portion of
           the calendar day on the date of event or removed the day before the date of event.

        2. Patient has at least one of the following signs or symptoms:

           fever (>38.0°C); suprapubic tenderness; costovertebral angle pain or tenderness; urinary
           urgency; urinary frequency; dysuria.

        3. Patient has a urine culture with no more than two species of organisms identified, at
           least one of which is a bacterium of ≥105 cfu/mL.

      Central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI): A patient with a central venous
      catheter who has a recognized pathogen isolated from one or more blood cultures after 48 h of
      catheterization; or with the same skin commensals cultured from two or more blood cultures
      drawn on separate occasions; the pathogen is not related to an infection at another body
      site; and the patient has one or more of the following signs or symptoms: fever (≥38⁰c),
      chills, or hypotension, CLABSI was confirmed.

      Statistical analysis SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc., an IBM Company, Chicago, IL) was used to perform
      the data analyses.

      Baseline differences among rates were analyzed using the chi-square test for dichotomous
      variables and a t-test for continuous variables. 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P values
      were determined for all outcomes.

      Outcomes measured during the surveillance period included the incidence of overall DAIs,
      VAPs, CAUTIs, and CLABSIs.

      DAI rates per 1,000 device-days were calculated by dividing the total number of DAIs by the
      total number of specific device-days and multiplying the result by 1,000 (16).

      Device utilization ratios were calculated by dividing the total number of device-days by the
      total number of patient-days.

      Device-days are the total number of days of exposure to the device (ventilator, urinary
      catheter, or central line) by all of the patients in the selected population during the
      selected time period.

      Patient-days are the total number of days that patients are in an ICU during the specified
      time period.

      Discrimination of scoring systems was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic
      (ROC) curve analysis for calculating the sensitivity and specificity of each score and the
      corresponding area under the ROC curve.

      Correlations between quantitative variables were done using Spearman correlation coefficient.

      Crude excess mortality of DA-HAI equals crude mortality of ICU patients with DA-HAI minus
      crude mortality of patients without DA-HAI.

      Crude excess LOS of DA-HAI equals crude LOS of ICU patients with DA-HAI minus crude LOS of
      patients without DA-HAI.

      Qualitative variables were presented as number and percentage (%).
    

Intervention name(s): monitor signs of infection
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Prospective observational study of 1040 patients admitted to the ICU without any signs of infection. All patients were subjected to one or more of the most used procedures in ICU (Intubation & mechanical ventilation, Central line insertion and Urinary catheterization) for at least 48 hours. Then, they were followed for any signs of infection either clinically or laboratorial.
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        all ppopulations