Patient Doctor Lies
Condition: Patient Lying; Privacy Statements; Risk Statements; Benefit Statements; Patient Lie Detection
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Accurate patient information disclosure is critical to provide optimal treatment. Methods
      that can detect and then increase the truthfulness of information are relatively unknown.

      To investigate the impact of communication about privacy, benefits, and risk on patient
      truthfulness, the investigators test two new methods to detect patient truthfulness and
      demonstrate the effects of privacy notices (e.g. HIPPA statements).

      Participants include a national online sample randomly assigned to one of six treatment
      statements that might be typically given before health information was requested. The
      assigned treatments include one or mix of the following: privacy notice, statement of the
      benefits of accurate disclosure, and statement of the risks of inaccurate disclosure and
      control of no statement before being asked typical health questions.

      The investigators propose that based on elaboration likelihood model, statements reminding
      participants of their privacy will increase lying.

      The investigators hypothesis the use of a new biometric mouse movement lie detection method
      and answer adjustment can measure patient lies.

      The investigators hypothesis that reminders of the risk of not telling the truth will reduce
      lying due to risk aversion.

      Lastly the investigators hypothesis that statements of benefits of answering truthfully will
      increase truthfulness.
    

Detailed description: 
      After agreeing to an IRB-approved modified consent form designed to hide the true purpose of
      the study to detect lying, all participants will complete the CESD-10 depression scale. This
      validated measure of depression was used in order to simulate the false pretense of the
      experiment.

      This online survey randomly assigns participating adults to one of six intervention
      statements after which they are asked eight typical questions about their health. The
      statements include:

        1. control (no stimuli)

        2. benefit (statement about the benefits of accurate information disclosure)

        3. risk (statement about the risks of inaccurate information disclosure)

        4. privacy (a traditional medical privacy notification and seal image)

        5. privacy + benefit

        6. privacy + risk After this intervention participants are asked to disclose eight items of
           personal health information, including their weight, height, alcohol intake, illegal
           drug use, prescription drug abuse, smoking, exercise, and sexual activity. We do not
           assess these actual numbers. They will be the basis for assessing truthfulness by answer
           adjustment or biometric mouse-movement.

      An example of an intervention benefit statement followed by a health question about weight
      reads: "What is your weight? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a
      correct diagnosis." A risk statement reads: "What is your weight? Inaccurately answering this
      will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis." A privacy statement read: "What is
      your weight? We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will
      comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."

      The dependent variable - patient truthfulness, will be measured in two ways.

        1. First measure of truthfulness will be a biometric mouse-movement measure. As
           participants answer the health care questions coded programming will measure the
           mouse-movement arc distance and time to response for biometric lie detection. This
           measurement is completed when participants move to their response to each health
           question.

        2. Second measure of truthfulness will be the answer adjustment method. Participants will
           be given a summary of their answers from their health questions in a read-only format
           and asked to indicate how OVER of UNDERSTATED each initial response was (e.g., "You
           indicated that your current weight is 185 lbs. How overstated or understated is that
           value?") on a scale from -5 (understated) to 5 (overstated). The absolute value of their
           scaled response represents the extent to which participants' initial response deviated
           from the truth. This the unit of measure to be used in analysis.

        3. The answer adjustment values and the mouse tracking results provide a more holistic
           measure of truthfulness than one alone.

      No personal identifiers are collected. Age and gender are collected.
    

Intervention name(s): Benefit statement; Risk Statement; Privacy Statement; Benefit + Privacy; Risk + Privacy
Intervention type(s): Behavioral; Behavioral; Behavioral; Behavioral; Behavioral
Intervention description(s): The participant reads this statement after asked one of eight health questions
What is your height in inches?
What is your weight in pounds?
How many days out of the last 2 weeks did you drink alcohol?
How often a month do you use other substance such as marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, or other drugs
How often a month do you use Rx or non-Rx medications to excessive amounts?
When was the last time you smoked a cigarette?
How many days in the last 2 weeks did you engage in more than 30 min exercise?
How many times did you engage in sexual activity in the last month with another individual? . The statement reads: Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.
An example of this with one of the 8 health questions is... What number of days in the last 2 weeks you engaged in >30 minutes of exercise? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.; The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health questions.
The statement reads: Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis.; The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health question for example. "We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."; The statement reads "Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."; The statement reads "Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Participants are randomly assigned one of 1 intervention statements and then asked health care questions. This is a between subject 6 cell study, the dependent variable is the amount of lying as measured by answer adjustment and biometric mouse-movement under each intervention statement.
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: patient lies; lie detection; privacy; risk; benefits