Relationship of Reduced Arterial Stiffness and Hs-CRP With GDM.
Condition: Gestational Diabetes
MeSH terms: Diabetes, Gestational
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Research hypotheses

        1. The arterial stiffness in pregnant women with gestational diabetes is reduced compared
           to healthy pregnant women.

        2. The values of highly sensitive CRP in pregnant women with gestational diabetes are
           higher compared to healthy pregnant women.

        3. The arterial stiffness in test subjects with previous gestational diabetes was reduced
           compared to test subjects with a previously normal OGTT during pregnancy.

        4. The values of highly sensitive CRP in subjects with previous gestational diabetes are
           higher compared to subjects with previously normal OGTT during pregnancy.
    

Detailed description: 
      Gestational diabetes is a growing problem at the global level, and it brings with it numerous
      perinatal and maternal complications. In addition, it is associated with a higher risk of
      developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. However, the mechanisms
      by which this happens have not been fully elucidated, which is why the possibilities of
      prevention are limited. Insulin resistance is recognized as a cause of GDM and associated
      with a decrease in arterial elasticity due to its pro-inflammatory pathogenesis, which is
      manifested by an increase in pro-inflammatory biomarkers, such as hs CRP. However, the
      application of these findings has not yet taken root in practice.

      It is necessary to find reliable methods of screening pregnant women with GDM who have an
      increased risk of developing complications both during pregnancy and later in life.

      Reduced arterial elasticity is recognized as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases, and its
      measurement is recommended to be introduced into clinical practice. On the other hand,
      measuring hsCRP is simple and available, but its practical application is still questionable
      and additional research is needed. Several studies have attempted to link GDM with reduced
      arterial elasticity and/or increased hs CRP, but the conclusions are contradictory, probably
      due to the small number of subjects. On the other hand, I did not find studies that measured
      the mentioned parameters just after delivery for the purpose of predicting cardiovascular
      risk (80-82 ref from MR).

      This research will try to prove the association of GDM with reduced arterial stiffness and
      elevated hsCRP values. The results will attempt to justify the introduction into clinical
      practice of measuring arterial elasticity and hsCRP in order to find pregnant women at risk
      of developing complications during and after pregnancy.

      Research objectives

      Main goals:

        -  To compare the arterial stiffness in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and
           healthy pregnant women.

        -  To compare the values of highly sensitive CRP in pregnant women with gestational
           diabetes and healthy pregnant women

        -  To determine whether the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy can be
           predicted by measuring the arterial stiffness and hs CRP in healthy pregnant women and
           pregnant women with GDM

      Secondary objectives:

        -  To compare the occurrence of pregnancy complications and perinatal outcome in pregnant
           women with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant women.

        -  To compare the srterial stiffness and the values of highly sensitive CRP in two groups
           of subjects 2-6 months after pregnancy.

      The purpose of the research

      Measurement of arterial stiffness and high-sensitivity CRP values could, based on the results
      of this study, be introduced into clinical practice as predictors of GDM-related
      complications in pregnancy and later in life.

      Research hypotheses

        1. The arterial stiffness in pregnant women with gestational diabetes is reduced compared
           to healthy pregnant women.

        2. The values of highly sensitive CRP in pregnant women with gestational diabetes are
           higher compared to healthy pregnant women.

        3. The arterial stiffness in test subjects with previous gestational diabetes was reduced
           compared to test subjects with a previously normal OGTT during pregnancy.

        4. The values of highly sensitive CRP in subjects with previous gestational diabetes are
           higher compared to subjects with previously normal OGTT during pregnancy.

      Respondents:

        1. 100 pregnant women from the 28th to the 40th week of pregnancy (in the third trimester),
           who, as part of regular perinatal care, took the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT),
           divided into two groups:

             -  50 pregnant women with pathological findings of OGTT i

             -  50 pregnant women with regular OGTT.

           The diagnosis of gestational diabetes will be made on the basis of the pathological
           findings of the OGTT, according to WHO criteria from 2013: the OGTT will be performed
           with 75 g of glucose, and it is sufficient that only one of the stated concentrations of
           glucose taken from the mother's venous blood plasma is equal to or higher from
           borderline:

             -  fasting glycemia ≥ 5.1 mmol/l,

             -  glycemia after 1h ≥ 10 mmol/l,

             -  glycemia after 2h ≥ 8.5mmol/l.

           At the same time, the glycemic values must not meet the criteria for manifest diabetes:

             -  fasting glycemia ≥ 7.0 mmol/l,

             -  glycemia after 2 h ≥ 11.1 mmol/l,

             -  glycemia at any time ≥ 11.1 mmol/l with the presence of diabetes symptoms.

           Criteria for the inclusion of test subjects:

             -  age between 18 and 35 years

             -  previously healthy women

             -  previously normal course of pregnancy

             -  singleton pregnancies

             -  non-smokers

           Exclusion criteria:

             -  pregestational diabetes

             -  gestational diabetes and/or hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in previous
                pregnancies

             -  hypertensive disorders during pregnancy at the time of examination

             -  chronic diseases

             -  pregnant women whose partner previously had a partner with preeclampsia.

        2. Two to six months after delivery of the same test subjects, divided into the same two
           groups: 50 test subjects with previous normal OGTT during pregnancy and 50 test subjects
           with previous gestational diabetes.

      The test subjects will have a venous blood sample taken to determine the value of highly
      sensitive C-reactive C protein from the serum and measure the arterial stiffness.

      The non-invasive oscillometric device Arteriograph (TensioMedTM Kft, Budapest, Hungary) will
      be used to measure the arterial stiffness.

      The indicators of arterial stiffnesses, which will be used in the analysis, will be:

        -  pulse wave speed,

        -  central systolic pressure,

        -  peripheral and central values of the augmentation index,

        -  peripheral and central pulse pressure values.

      Pregnant women will then be monitored until delivery, in order to determine whether they will
      develop the following pregnancy complications:

        -  hypertensive disorders (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia)

        -  induction of labor (iatrogenic labor induction)

        -  operative completion of childbirth (caesarean section or vacuum extraction)

      Also, it will be determined what the perinatal outcome of the newborn will be, i.e. whether
      there will be:

        -  macrosomia (newborn weight above 4000 g),

        -  a newborn large for gestational age, a newborn weighing more than the 90th percentile
           for gestational age.

        -  trauma during childbirth (shoulder dystocia, clavicle fracture, brachial plexus
           injuries),

        -  metabolic disorders of the newborn (hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia,
           hyperviscosity syndrome, occurrence of neonatal jaundice),

        -  stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
    

Intervention name(s): venous blood sample for determining the value of highly sensitive C-reactive C protein from serum
Intervention type(s): Diagnostic Test
Intervention description(s): The non-invasive oscillometric device Arteriograph (TensioMedTM Kft, Budapest, Hungary) will be used to measure the arterial stiffness. In a quiet room at room temperature, the subjects will lie relaxed for 15 minutes before the start of the measurement. After that, the distance between the jugulum and the symphysis, which represents the approximate length of the aorta, will be measured with a gynecological compass, and the resulting value will be entered into the device.
Other intervention name(s): measuring the arterial stiffness
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        -  age between 18 and 35 years

          -  previously healthy women

          -  previously normal course of pregnancy

          -  singleton pregnancies

          -  non-smokers
      
Biospecimen description: 
      Peripheral blood.