Assessment of Energy Expenditure by Indirect Calorimetry for a Daily 10,000 Steps Goal
Condition: Physical Activity; Energy Expenditure
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      The purpose of this study was to measure the actual energy expenditure (EE) using indirect
      calorimetry for the 10,000 steps goal, and compared to the estimated EE using predictive
      equation.
    

Detailed description: 
      Physical inactivity is considered a major risk factor for a number of adverse health outcomes
      such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and all-cause
      mortality. Certain guidelines specifically recommend taking 10,000 steps per day for a goal.
      Some of pedometers have a function of energy expenditure estimation in addition to counting
      steps. However, the EE derived from pedometers is the indirect estimation calculated from
      metabolic calculations instead of direct measurement.The purpose of this study was to measure
      the actual energy expenditure (EE) using indirect calorimetry for the 10,000 steps goal, and
      compared to the estimated EE using predictive equation.

      Twenty healthy college volunteers were recruited. First, height and weight were measured from
      each subject. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio of weight to height in meters
      squared. We used BioScan 920 to get all subjects' body composition data including fat mass
      and fat-free mass. Followed by measurements of basic characteristics, all subjects wore the
      pedometer and walked 10,000 steps on the treadmill. The walking speeds ranged from 3.0 to 4.0
      miles per hour (mph) according to different gender. The speed of 4.0 mph was set for male and
      3.0 mph was set for female. If the subject could'nt follow the pre-set speed, he/she could
      walk with self-comfortable speed but the speed should be in the range of 3.0 to 4.0 mph
      defined as moderate intensity of ACSM's recommendation. Subjects rested on the chair with
      back support for 3 minutes and then completed the 10,000 steps goal. After recovery for 3
      minutes, the data collection was finished. The stopping criteria of the test were as follows:
      dizziness, nausea, dyspnea, or leg fatigue which leads subjects unable to continue. Expired
      gas was collected using the Cosmed K4b2 portable indirect calorimetry system, and EE was
      monitored breath-by-breath according to the following formula:

      EE (Kcal/min)= 3.781×VO2＋1.237×VCO2

      where VO2 represents the standardized oxygen consumption per minute, and VCO2 is the carbon
      dioxide production per minute. Estimated EE was calculated by the predictive equation
      published by ACSM:

      VO2 (ml/kg/min)= 0.1×S (m/min)＋1.8×S×G (%)＋3.5

      where S represents the walking speed, and G is the walking grade.

      The total walking duration and distance for taking 10,000 steps were also recorded. Pulmonary
      function tests were performed on the other day to get each subject's functional vital
      capacity (FVC). We used this parameter to estimate subject's predicted maximal minute
      ventilation (predicted max VE) according to the equation provided in the guidelines of
      American Thoracic Society (ATS) for cardiopulmonary exercise testing:

      VE (L/min)= 26.3×VC-34

      where VC represents vital capacity. The ratio of averaged VE during walking and predicted
      maximal VE was calculated to determine the level of exercise intensity for taking 10,000
      steps.
    

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Cross-Sectional
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Healthy college volunteers
      
Keywords: Physical Activity; Energy Expenditure