Impact of Muscle Temperature on Muscle Growth and Breakdown: Cooling During Resistance Training
Condition: Exercise Training
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of human skeletal muscle temperature
      during resistance exercise on myogenic and proteolytic signaling. Subjects will perform
      bilateral resistance exercise bouts at an intensity that should stimulate a muscle growth
      response in the Vastus Lateralis. During the resistance exercise, the subjects will receive a
      cold (10°C) intervention on the experimental limb, while receiving a neutral temperature
      intervention (22°C) on the control limb.
    

Detailed description: 
      A total of 2 visits to the laboratory will be required following the signing of informed
      consent. All visits will take place at the University of Nebraska Exercise Physiology
      Laboratory.

      Initial Visit (~1.5-2 hours):

      Height and weight will be measured using a medical scale. Body fat will be assessed with
      hydrostatic weighing using an electronic load cell based system (Exertech, Dresbach, MN)
      correcting for residual lung volume, or Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis body composition
      analyzer (InBodyUSA, Cerritos, CA) if needed.

      Subjects will then perform a 12 Repetition (12RM) Max Test for bilateral seated leg press and
      seated leg extension using the following protocol on isotonic exercise machines at a weight
      designed to create failure between 8 and 12 repetitions. Following a short warm-up on a cycle
      ergometer, the subjects proceed with a bilateral leg press warm-up consisting of one set of
      ten repetitions at a self-determined light load, then one set of 5 repetition at a
      self-determined moderate load, and one set of 1 repetition at a predicted 12 rep maximum as
      predicted in relation to their Fat Free Mass. During the warm-up subjects will be coached on
      form, and observed for their ability to complete the repetition max test. Weight for the test
      will be altered to suit the subject's ability to complete approximately 12 repetitions. Once
      the desired weight is determined, subjects will be asked to complete as many repetitions as
      possible until the subject can no longer complete a repetition using a full range of motion.
      An identical testing protocol is then performed for the leg extension. This data will be used
      to estimate a 12RM workload, that would be appropriate for hypertrophic growth using the
      Watham equation .

      Experimental Visit (~6.5-8 hours):

      Participants will be instructed to arrive to the lab having fasted overnight, and they will
      be asked to avoid strenuous activity, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and drug use for the
      24 hour period leading up to experimental trial.

      Subjects will complete the following experimental protocol briefly described: consume a small
      meal, a pre-exercise muscle biopsy, precool for 30 minutes, complete the exercise
      intervention, immediately post-exercise biopsy, 4 hour recovery with cooling, and
      post-recovery biopsy. At three time points (pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and
      post-4-hour recovery), skin temperature, muscle temperature, blood flow, and muscle tissue
      biopsies will be taken.

      Details are as followed:

      Meal When subjects arrive a consistent meal will be provided to standardize dietary intake.
      Food choices will be given to participants to create a meal between 700-800 calories,
      containing approximately 25-35 g of protein, 75-85 g of carbohydrates, and 35-45 g of fat.
      These foods will be made-up of commercially available pre-packaged foods. They will have
      approximately 30 minutes to consume their meal.

      Cooling protocol Subjects will have Game Ready Med 4 elite thigh wraps around each thigh.
      This system circulates cooled liquid through a wrap specifically fitted for different body
      segments. One thigh will be cooled while the other thigh will be wrapped with the cuff, but
      not have any liquid circulating through it. These wraps do provide slight compression and
      thus it is important to apply the wraps to both legs. Each leg is assigned to either cold
      experimental group or control, will be randomized and counter-balanced between subjects. The
      liquid temperature circulating through the thermal wraps will be set to 10°C. The thermal
      wraps will be worn during a 30 minute cool down period prior to the exercise bout, during the
      exercise intervention, and during a 4 hour recovery period.

      Exercise Intervention The subjects will complete an intervention designed to stimulate the
      muscle growth signaling pathway (hypertrophy) in the Vastus Lateralis (outer thigh), via
      bilateral seated leg press and bilateral seated leg extension on isotonic exercise machines.
      Subjects will perform four sets of bilateral leg press exercises at the weight determined to
      be their 12 RM from the repetition max test. This should allow completion to failure of 8-12
      repetitions. So, if more than 12 reps are able to be completed, weight will be added to the
      resistance for the subsequent sets. Conversely, if less than 8 reps lead to failure, the
      weight should be reduced for the subsequent sets. Constant dialogue with subjects will give
      investigators the ability to monitor set weights to maximize a hypertrophic response.
      Subjects will be allowed 2 minute of rest between each set. Upon completion of 4 sets, the
      subjects will be given 5 minutes of rest prior to repeating this protocol for bilateral leg
      extensions.

      Biopsies A total of 6 muscle biopsies (1 per leg) will be obtained from the vastus lateralis
      (outer thigh) muscle. One from each leg for each of the 3 collection time-points,
      pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and post-4-hour recovery. Briefly, the area above
      the vastus lateralis muscle belly will be shaved and cleaned with alcohol. 1% xylocaine is
      then injected under the skin with a 25 ga hypodermic needle. The area is then further
      disinfected with betadine, and a sterile fenestrated drape is placed over the biopsy site.
      Using sterile techniques, a small incision is made through the skin (~5mm) and the Bergstrom
      biopsy needle is inserted through the incision into the belly of the muscle. The Bergstrom
      needle then takes a small clip of muscle (~50mg) and is removed from the muscle and stored in
      a chemical stabilizer. Slight pressure is held over the incision for approximately 2 minutes
      and is then closed using steri-strips and a band-aid with antibiotic ointment.

      Intramuscular Temperature Using the incision from the muscle biopsy, a hypodermic (~26ga)
      thermocouple (Physitemp Instruments LLC, Clifton, NJ) that is smaller than the needle used to
      inject the xylocaine will be inserted into the belly of the muscle to measure intramuscular
      temperature. The thermocouple readings stabilize in approximately 3 seconds and the
      thermocouple is then removed. Recordings for intramuscular temperature will be collected
      during the biopsy process following the intervention.

      Skin Temperature Skin Temperature will be measured on the surface of each thigh using a skin
      thermistor (Physitemp Instruments LLC, Clifton, NJ), infrared digital thermometer, and/or
      using an infrared thermal camera. Measurements will be taken at the same time as the
      intramuscular. The thermistor is simply placed on the skin for approximately 3 seconds and is
      then recorded. The infrared thermal camera can measure and record surface temperatures for a
      field of multiple surfaces.
    

Intervention name(s): Muscle Cooling; Resistance Exercise
Intervention type(s): Device; Other
Intervention description(s): Cooling wrap will be set to 10°C; Resistance Machines (Leg Press and Knee extension). 12 rep Max
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Intervention model description: Each Subject acts as their own control in a de facto repeated measures design, where there is a Single bilateral exercise bout, with experimental and control assignment to individual limbs.
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Other
Keywords: Resistance Exercise; Muscle Cooling