Outcomes of Anti Stigma Educational Intervention of Ungraduated Medical Students
Condition: Stigmatization; Medical Education
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Background: Stigma causes a significant burden for mental ill patients. Unfortunately,
      negative attitudes towards mentally ill are not confined to the lay public but are also
      common among health professionals.

      Aim: To study outcomes of psychiatric anti stigma educational intervention on undergraduate
      medical students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior as primary outcome measures.

      Subjects and methods: a quasi-experimental study was conducted on fourth year (120)
      undergraduate medical students affiliated to faculty of Medicine-Suez Canal University. The
      participants conducted a semi-structured questionnaire to assess effect of anti-stigma
      program on their knowledge, attitude and intended behavior toward mentally ill. The
      participants completed baseline questionnaire, then immediately and after 6 months
      reassessment. Data was collected from November 2019 to May 2020.
    

Detailed description: 
      Subjects and Methods:

      The current study was a quasi-experimental (pre-post) intervention study was conducted on 120
      all fourth-year undergraduate medical students affiliated to faculty of medicine, Suez Canal
      University in Ismailia city, Egypt to assess the outcomes of psychiatric anti-stigma
      educational intervention on their knowledge, attitude and intended behavior toward mentally
      ill. Permissions for the study were obtained from the authorities concerned, and the
      participants medical students were informed about the purpose of the study and signed an
      informed consent before the beginning of this study.

      Methods:

      The First part: Consists of socio-demographic data of each medical student, which includes
      age, gender, family history of mental illness and contact with mentally ill patients in the
      past 3 months and if he/she received the previous year's seminars or workshops related to the
      stigma of mental illness.

      The second part: Consists of Specific items that measure mental health-related knowledge
      among the general public using the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), its validity is
      supported by extensive review by experts including service users and international experts in
      stigma research and has been found to be brief and feasible with internal reliability and
      test-retest reliability moderate to substantial [11].. Part A of the scale comprises six
      items covering stigma-related mental health knowledge areas (need for paid employment, advice
      for professional help, medication is effective, psychotherapy is effective, full recovery
      from mental illness, seeking professional help by mentally ill) and Part B consists of six
      items that inquire about the classification of various conditions as mental illnesses to help
      contextualize the responses to other items. A 5-point Likert scale was used, and response
      options range from 1 = totally disagree to 5 = totally agree. "Don't know" was valued at 3
      for the purposes of determining a total score. Items 6, 8 and 12 are reverse coded to reflect
      the direction of the correct response. The total score was calculated by adding the response
      values for only items 1-6 (Part A) and ranged from 6 to 30. A higher score indicates more
      knowledge. The Cronbach's alpha for the MAKS scale was 0.749.

      The third part: Used, the Beliefs towards Mental Illness scale (BMI) to assess the attitudes
      toward mental illness, the scale was designed to measure cross-cultural differences in such
      beliefs as well as to predict treatment-seeking behavior among different cultural groups,
      with reliability estimates for each factor revealed to be moderate to high internal
      consistency [12]. It is composed of 21 items that measure negative stereotypical views of
      mental illness. The BMI scale consists of three subscales; Dangerousness subscale: Consists
      of five items (1, 2, 3, 6, 13) relating to the perceived dangerousness of mental illness and
      patients; Social and interpersonal skills subscale: Consists of 10 items (4, 5, 8, 11, 12,
      14, 15, 17, 18, 21) covering the effect of mental illness on interpersonal relationships and
      related feelings of despair. It assesses the level of frustration and despair in
      interpersonal relationships with individuals with a mental illness. Also, taps feelings of
      shame about mental illness and the perception that the mentally ill are untrustworthy; and
      Incurability subscale: Consists of six items (7, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20) covering perceptiveness
      of incurability of mental illness. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale, reverse
      coded from 1 (strongly agreement) to 5(strongly disagree). The total score was calculated by
      adding the response values for 21 items and ranged from 21 to 105. The lower score reflects a
      more negative belief toward the mentally ill. The Cronbach's alpha for the BMI scale was 0.82
      and the subscales were between 0.69 - 0.80.

      The fourth part: Assesses the mental health-related reported and intended Behavior measured
      by the Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS), Which was found to be a brief, feasible
      and psychometrically robust measure for assessing health-related reported and intended
      behavioral discrimination, with moderate to substantial internal consistency and test-retest
      reliability [13]. The four reported behavior outcomes included, living with, working with,
      living nearby, and continuing a relationship with someone with a mental health problem, while
      the four-intended behavior outcomes assessed the future intended behavior of the same items.
      A 5-point Likert scale was used, and response options range from 1 = totally disagree to 5 =
      totally agree. "Don't know" was valued at 3 for the purposes of determining a total score.
      The total score for each student is calculated by adding together the response values for
      intended behavior items and ranges from 4 to 20. A higher score indicates more favorable
      intended behavior. The Cronbach's alpha for the RIBS scale was 0.75. Ethical approval for
      carrying out the study was obtained from The Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine,
      Suez Canal University, and the participant students were informed about the purpose of the
      study and signed informed consent before the start of the study.

      Intervention program:

      This study was carried from September 2019 to February 2020. Educational non discriminative
      anti-stigma educational intervention was delivered before the formal psychiatry rotation in
      the fourth year of the undergraduate study, and participation was voluntary. the intervention
      consisted of a 2-hour interactive lecture which explained the key facts and figures about
      stigma and discrimination related to mental illness, causes and consequence of stigma, video
      showed examples of social stigma related to mental illness and its impact on mental ill
      patients and their family, and how to combat stigma related to mental illness and ended by
      open discussion with students for any questions. Subsequently, half an hour personal
      testimony about the experience of mental health problems and stigma from person with direct
      experience of schizophrenia after his recovery, using trained role-player who had some
      theatre experiences. Then followed by, half an hour role-plays in small groups, using trained
      role-players to act the part of service users who suffer from depression and caregiver of
      schizophrenic patient.

      Statistical analysis:

      The data of the current study were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 (i.e., statistical
      package for social sciences) program. According to the results of the Shapiro-Wilk test for
      normality, continuous data were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR).
      Spearman correlation coefficient test was conducted to find the correlation between medical
      students' knowledge, attitude and behavior, toward mentally ill patients and different
      demographic variables. The scores of mental health-related knowledge, belief towards mental
      illness (with its 3 subscales), and intended behavior were categorized as poor or good based
      on the threshold score (cut-off point) obtained from the Likert scale which is ordinal but is
      often analyzed as numerical neglecting the differences between ordinal scores according to
      the following formula: The threshold score = ([total highest score-total lowest score]/2) +
      total lowest score. Predictors of baseline knowledge, belief, and behavior scores were
      determined using univariate linear regression analysis. If more than one significant
      predictor existed, the significant variables were implemented in a multivariate regression
      analysis. After accomplishment of the educational program, comparison of the knowledge,
      belief, and behavior scores across time was done using Related-Samples Friedman's Two-Way
      Analysis of Variance by Ranks. Pairwise analysis was performed to assess the difference
      between each two time periods. Males and females were compared concerning the studied scores
      using Mann-Whitney test. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The results
      were presented as tables, and graphs.
    

Intervention name(s): educational psychiatry intervention
Intervention type(s): Behavioral
Intervention description(s): educational anti-stigma intervention related to psychiatric illness composed of a lecture, video, role models play, and open discussion
Intervention model: Single Group Assignment
Intervention model description: quasi experimental ( pre-post ) study evaluating the outcomes of anti-stigma educational intervention
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Other