The Effect of Propolis Mouthwash Compared to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Oral and Cardiovascular Health
Condition: Blood Pressure; Periodontal Diseases
MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The oral microbiome has recently emerged as a key contributor in nitric oxide (NO)
      homeostasis and vascular control by increasing nitrite bioavailability. Antibacterial
      mouthwash containing chlorhexidine has been shown to be effective in inhibiting the
      nitrate-reducing activity of oral bacteria, and increasing blood pressure in normotensive and
      hypertensive individuals. Recent research has also shown that chlorhexidine mouthwash lowered
      salivary pH and increased salivary lactate and glucose. This was also associated with changes
      on the activity and diversity of oral bacteria that are susceptible to increase the risk of
      periodontal disease. On the other hand, mouthwash containing propolis has similar
      antimicrobial effects than chlorhexidine, but adding some positive outcomes such as increased
      salivary antioxidant capacity. This may suggest that propolis mouthwash modulates the
      activity/diversity of oral bacteria. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of
      propolis mouthwash on the nitrate-reducing activity of oral bacteria and vascular function
      compared to chlorhexidine in healthy humans.
    

Detailed description: 
      Methods:

      Participants: Adult healthy and non-smoker individuals will be recruited. The study will be
      approved by the Human Ethics Committee of the University of Plymouth.

      Main protocol: Participants will visit the laboratory on two different occasions. At the
      first visit, basic anthropometrical measurements will be taken before to collect a blood (6
      mL) and saliva (3 mL) samples under fasting conditions. Then, the nitrate reducing capacity
      of oral bacteria will be measured using a 10 mL of a free-nitrite water solution containing
      sodium nitrate. Participants will rinse their mouth for 5 min. Then, the mouth rinse will be
      collected into a sterile tube to analyse the absolute concentration of nitrite. Following
      this, blood pressure will be taken in triplicate on the left arm using an electronic
      sphygmomanometer. Then, microvascular function will be measured on the left forearm (extensor
      digitorum) using a hyperaemia reactive test. At the end of this visit and following a
      double-blind and non-cross over design participants will be allocated in one group: 1)
      chlorhexidine mouthwash or 2) propolis mouthwash. Participants will be given 14 tubes of 10
      mL of mouthwash to rinse their mouth twice a day for a week before to return to the
      laboratory a week later and to undertake the same measurements.
    

Intervention name(s): Propolis
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Investigating the impact of propolis mouthwash on oral and cardiovascular health
Intervention MeSH terms: Propolis
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care