The Consumption of Beef on Appetite and Cognitive Function
Condition: Obesity; Poor Glycemic Control; Dietary Interventions
MeSH terms: Obesity
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The purpose of the main study is to determine whether the daily consumption of protein-rich
      meals containing high quality, lean beef products improves appetite control and cognitive
      function during a weight maintenance diet.

      The purpose of the sub-study is to determine whether the daily consumption of protein-rich
      meals containing the same amount of high quality, lean beef products improves appetite
      control and cognitive function during a modest energy restriction, weight loss diet.
    

Detailed description: 
      Two cross-over design studies were completed in overweight, sedentary but otherwise healthy
      women. For study 1, 17 participants randomly consumed 4 eucaloric diets containing
      standard-protein (SP; 76±1g protein/d) or high-protein (HP; 126±1g protein/d) for 7
      consecutive days/treatment. The SP treatments contained all plant proteins (PLANT) or a
      combination of beef and plant proteins (BEEF) that were evenly distributed throughout the day
      (EVEN). The HP treatments were also BEEF provided as EVEN or an uneven distribution (UNEVEN)
      pattern. For study 2, 17 participants randomly consumed 3 energy restriction (1250 kcal/d)
      diets containing SP-PLANT (EVEN) and SP-BEEF (EVEN) (both, 48±1g protein/d) or HP-BEEF (EVEN)
      (123±1g protein/d). During day 6 of each treatment (for both studies), the participants
      completed a 12-h controlled-feeding, clinical testing day which included repeated appetite,
      satiety, food cravings, and mood questionnaires; blood sampling; and cognitive
      function/performance testing. During day 7 of each treatment (for both studies), the
      participants completed a free-living, ad libitum testing day at home/work to assess ad
      libitum (voluntary) daily intake and food choice. Each of the 7-day dietary patterns occurred
      during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; thus, there were 2-3 week washout periods
      between dietary treatments.
    

Intervention name(s): Standard Protein-Plant, Even Distribution (SP-PLANT-EVEN); Standard Protein-Beef, Even Distribution (SP-BEEF-EVEN); High Protein-Beef, Even Distribution (HP-BEEF-EVEN); High Protein-Beef, Uneven Distribution (HP-BEEF-UNEVEN)
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Diet contains all plant proteins. Meals are evenly distributed throughout the day.; Diet contains combination of beef and plant proteins. Meals are evenly distributed throughout the day.; Diet contains combination of beef and plant proteins. Meals are evenly distributed throughout the day.; Diet contains combination of beef and plant proteins. Meals are unevenly distributed throughout the day.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: High Protein; Satiety; Appetite Control; Protein Distribution; Cognitive Function; Ad libitum Food Intake; Obesity prevention; Obesity treatment