Metabolic and Appetite Responses to Altered Timing of Whey Protein Ingestion
Condition: Obesity, Abdominal
MeSH terms: Obesity, Abdominal
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The proposed study aims to determine the metabolic and appetite responses to standard
      breakfast and lunch meals whilst altering the timing of whey protein supplementation.
      Currently, the designs implemented in many studies mean that it is unclear whether an optimum
      time for whey protein consumption exists in order to promote the greatest acute health
      benefits. A number of studies have investigated the effects of whey protein when consumed as
      a preload to a subsequent meal, whilst benefits have also been shown when whey protein is
      ingested with a meal. The proposed study will therefore investigate strategies of whey
      protein supplementation that vary in their practical applicability, using meals that reflect
      regular eating behaviours throughout the population in a sample of overweight/obese
      individuals.

      Findings from this study may provide important information regarding the efficacy of whey
      protein supplementation before, during and after a composite meal, and its effect on the
      handling of a subsequent mixed-macronutrient meal.
    

Detailed description: 
      A randomised crossover design shall be implemented, whereby all participants complete 4
      trials separated by a minimum of 3 days. On all visits participants shall consume a
      standardised mixed-macronutrient breakfast meal, followed 180 minutes later by consumption of
      a standard lunch meal. The timing of additional protein supplementation shall vary by trial,
      with participants consuming a shake containing 20g whey protein isolate either as a preload
      (15 minutes prior to breakfast), alongside the breakfast meal, or 15 minutes following
      breakfast consumption. A control trial shall also be completed without additional protein
      supplementation. At all supplementation time points participants shall consume either a
      flavoured whey protein shake or a flavoured water isovolumetric beverage ensuring that they
      remain blinded to the condition. Venous and capillary blood samples and visual analogue
      scales (for determination of subjective appetite sensations) shall be taken at regular
      intervals following both meals while the participant is rested.
    

Intervention name(s): Whey Protein; Mixed Macronutrient Breakfast Meal; Mixed Macronutrient Lunch Meal
Intervention type(s): Dietary Supplement; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): 20 g whey protein isolate (Arla Foods Ingredients Group) added to 200ml water and served as a beverage; A standardised mixed-macronutrient breakfast served to all participants. The macronutrient distribution of the breakfast is 13% protein, 70% carbohydrate, 17% fat (1958 kJ; 468 kcal total); A standardised mixed-macronutrient lunch served to all participants. The macronutrient distribution of the lunch is 14% protein, 51% carbohydrate, 35% fat (3506 kJ; 838 kcal total)
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Basic Science
Keywords: Postprandial glycemia; Metabolic health measures