Circumcision Versus Preputioplasty for BXO in Children
Condition: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)
MeSH terms: Balanitis; Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Traditionally, BXO is managed with circumcision (surgical removal of the foreskin) and this
      approach has long been held as the 'gold standard. Whilst this may be curative in many cases,
      it has been shown that 20% of boys require a further operative procedure on their penis to
      widen the urethral opening (to treat meatal stenosis)

      An alternative to circumcision was proposed: a preputioplasty (surgery to widen the opening
      of the foreskin) was combined with injection of steroids into the affected foreskin.
      Subsequently, the same group compared the outcomes of this technique with circumcision, and
      reported circumcision was successfully avoided in 92% of the preputioplasty group. In
      addition, the rate of meatal stenosis (narrowing of the urethral opening requiring surgery)
      was significantly lower (6% vs 19%, P = .034 ). Preputioplasty may therefore: (i) offer
      protection against meatal stenosis and reduce the requirement for further surgery; and (ii)
      offer the benefit of retaining the foreskin, the function of which, while debated, likely
      includes sexual function. In view of these potential benefits, authors have called for a
      randomised trial to compare circumcision to preputioplasty and injection of steroids.
    

Detailed description: 
      The interventions to be compared are operations to treat BXO called:

      (i) circumcision: this will be a standard surgical circumcision whereby the prepuce (foreskin
      of the penis) is excised and the cut edge of the outer prepuce sutured to the cut edge of the
      inner prepuce. The two study team members performing the surgery in this trial (HC and SK)
      will be free to choose the method of circumcision (e.g. guillotine vs. sleeve) as this is not
      thought to influence outcome. The foreskin will be sent for histological analysis.

      (ii) preputioplasty with intralesional injection of triamcinolone. Briefly, longitudinal
      incisions will be placed in the area of phimosis, and these will be sutured transversely to
      allow the prepuce to become retractile. A biopsy of an area of affected foreskin will be sent
      for histological analysis. The intention will be to perform three incisions (tri-radiate) but
      the final decision on how many will be made by the operating surgeon and based on the
      appearance of the prepuce and result of initial incision(s). Once the prepuce is felt to be
      freely retractile, 1 - 3 mL of triamcinolone (Adcortyl Bristol-Myers Squibb 10 mg/mL) will be
      injected intradermally around the circumference of the affected foreskin using a 25-gauge
      needle.

      These procedures are established treatments for BXO and currently in use by the trial
      surgeons in the same setting as the trial.The preputioplasty with injection of triamcinolone
      procedure has previously been approved by the Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Trust
      Clinical Development Evaluation Group (CDEG).
    

Intervention name(s): circumcision; preputioplasty with intralesional injection of triamcinolone:
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): (i) circumcision: this will be a standard surgical circumcision whereby the prepuce (foreskin of the penis) is excised and the cut edge of the outer prepuce sutured to the cut edge of the inner prepuce. The two study team members performing the surgery in this trial (HC and SK) will be free to choose the method of circumcision (e.g. guillotine vs. sleeve) as this is not thought to influence outcome. The foreskin will be sent for histological analysis.; (ii) preputioplasty with intralesional injection of triamcinolone: this will be performed as described by Wilkinson et al.[5] Briefly, longitudinal incisions will be placed in the area of phimosis, and these will be sutured transversely to allow the prepuce to become retractile. A biopsy of an area of affected foreskin will be sent for histological analysis. The intention will be to perform three incisions (tri-radiate) but the final decision on how many will be made by the operating surgeon and based on the appearance of the prepuce and result of initial incision(s). Once the prepuce is felt to be freely retractile, 1 - 3 mL of triamcinolone (Adcortyl Bristol-Myers Squibb 10 mg/mL) will be injected intradermally around the circumference of the affected foreskin using a 25-gauge needle.
Intervention MeSH terms: Triamcinolone
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment