Recombinant Human Growth Hormone During Rehabilitation From Traumatic Brain Injury.
Condition: Traumatic Brain Injury
MeSH terms: Brain Injuries; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Wounds and Injuries
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 2

Summary: 
      Growth Hormone (GH) deficiency, defined by insufficient GH response to a variety of
      stimulating compounds, is found in 20-35% of adults who suffer traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
      requiring inpatient rehabilitation1. However, there is no accepted gold standard for
      diagnosing GH deficiency in this population. Further, the major effector molecule of the
      somatotropic axis, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) has recently been recognized as an
      important neurotrophic agent. Since most repair and regeneration after TBI occurs within the
      first few months after injury, absolute or relative deficiencies of GH and IGF-1 in the
      subacute period after TBI are potentially important factors why some patients fail to make a
      good functional recovery. The proposed study is a randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trial of rhGH, starting at 1 month post TBI, continuing for 6 months.

      This study has one primary hypothesis, that treatment with recombinant human Growth Hormone
      (rhGH) in the subacute period after TBI results in improved functional outcome 6 months after
      injury. As secondary hypotheses, we will investigate what is the optimal method to diagnose
      GH deficiency in TBI survivors and study the relationship between GH deficiency and
      insufficiency and functional recovery.
    

Detailed description: 
      1. Patient selection and enrollment. Participants will be recruited into the study from
      subjects admitted for acute inpatient rehabilitation in the North Texas Traumatic Brain
      Injury Model Systems (NT-TBIMS) affiliated rehabilitation units. Our goal is to enroll
      participants who have the potential for neuroregeneration, but who suffered a sufficiently
      severe injury that the chance of full recovery (to normal pre-injury function) is low. Over a
      4 year enrollment period, we plan to randomize 168 subjects into the study (with the
      anticipation that 71 will complete each arm of the trial).

      Inclusion Criteria

        1. Non-penetrating TBI

        2. Age 18 - 50 years.

        3. Admission to a North Texas Traumatic Brain Injury Model System-affiliated rehabilitation
           unit within 8 weeks of injury. Enrollment in TBI-MS database not required.

        4. Randomization within 2 - 10 weeks of injury.

        5. Rancho Los Amigos Rating IV or better at the time of randomization. Should not be at
           Rancho IV level for more than 4 weeks before randomization.

      5. GH deficiency diagnosed by either of the following two criteria:

        1. . Peak GH response to L-arginine stimulation test < 1.4 microg/L; or

        2. . Plasma IGF-1 level 1 SD below the expected median for age and body weight. 6.
           Availability of caregiver to oversee administration of medications. 7. Reasonable
           expectation for completion of outcome measures 8. Residence inside the United States.

      Exclusion Criteria:

        1. History of pre-existing neurologic disease (such as epilepsy, brain tumors, meningitis,
           cerebral palsy, encephalitis, brain abscesses, vascular malformations, cerebrovascular
           disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, or HIV-encephalitis)

        2. History of premorbid disabling condition that interfere with outcome assessments

        3. Contraindication to rhGH therapy. (hypersensitivity to rhGH or any of the components of
           the supplied product, including metacresol, glycerin, or benzyl alcohol)

        4. Penetrating traumatic brain injury

        5. Diabetes mellitus.

        6. Obesity (BMI > 30).

        7. Active infection.

        8. Active malignant disease.

        9. Acute critical illness, heart failure, or acute respiratory failure

       10. Previous hospitalization for TBI > 1 day

       11. Membership in a vulnerable population (prisoner)

       12. Pregnancy. Women of childbearing age will be given a pregnancy test during screening to
           exclude pregnancy.

       13. Lactating females

      We will measure baseline IGF-1 as well as carry out L-arginine GH stimulation tests prior to
      entry into the study, and measure IGF-1 levels again at completion of the treatment phase.

      2. Treatment. After obtaining informed consent, we will measure IGF-1 levels as well as
      perform dynamic GH testing. Eligible patients will be randomization in a double-blind fashion
      to (Group 1) rhGH subcutaneously or (Group 2) placebo. The GH treatment arm will receive a
      starting dose of 400 microg/day, with increases (or decreases) in dose by 100-200 microg/day
      each month, monitoring for side effects, until goal IGF-1 (in the upper quartile of the range
      for age and body weight) is reached up to maximum dose of 1,000 microg/day. Dose adjustments
      may be modified by the investigators for participants receiving oral estrogens or other
      circumstances know to influence GH dosing or atypical responses to treatment. Doses for
      participants receiving placebo will also be adjusted monthly to maintain the blinding.

      The treatment will be overseen by a board certified endocrinologist (Dr. Auchus), according
      to practice guidelines recently released by the Endocrine Society "Clinical Guidelines for
      Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency". The principle is that therapy
      is started at a relatively low dose and increased monthly, adjusting for the occurrence of
      adverse effects. In this study, to accommodate both GH-deficient and GH-sufficient strata,
      the treatment goal is serum IGF-1 as close as possible to the upper limit for the
      age-adjusted reference range without exceeding this normal range.

      The objective of randomization is to produce study groups comparable with respect to known
      and unknown risk factors, to remove investigator bias in the recruitment and allocation of
      participants and to guarantee that statistical tests have valid significance levels. To
      balance factors that may influence treatment outcome, randomization will be stratified and
      blocked, by two factors:

        1. Age (< 35 years vs. > 35 years)

        2. Severity of injury (duration of post-traumatic amnesia < 20 days vs. > 20 days).

           Each combination of factors forms a stratum and randomization is allocated within each
           stratum.

           GH Stimulation Test: After obtaining informed consent, an 18 - 20 g IV catheter is
           placed in a forearm vein. 5 ml of blood is sampled at baseline, and afterwards
           L-arginine is infused over 30 minutes (in 100 mL NS, dose 0.5 g/kg up to a maximum of 30
           g). Blood is sampled at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after starting the infusion of the
           L-arginine. All blood samples are centrifuged and serum frozen at -20oC within 15
           minutes of collection. All serum specimens are assayed for glucose and GH. Growth
           Hormone deficiency is defined as a peak response to arginine infusion < 1.4 ng/mL.
           Growth Hormone insufficiency is defined as peak GH response < For IGF-1 levels, we will
           use the age and gender normative data based on 3,961 healthy subjects.

        3. Safety Assessments. Safety will be assessed by clinical evaluations at 1, 2, 3, and 4.5
           months after initiating therapy. At these evaluations participants and their caregivers
           will be asked about possible adverse effects of GH treatment, including fluid retention,
           paresthesias, joint stiffness, peripheral edema, arthralgias, and myalgias.
           Additionally, blood will be obtained for assessment of glucose, free T4, lipid profile,
           and insulin level. The dose of GH (or placebo) will be adjusted by the study physician
           depending on the occurrence and severity of adverse effects.

        4. Outcome Measures. Table 3 summarizes the functional and neuropsychologic tests we will
           use to assess outcome in our study. This battery of measures was developed by the NCMRR
           TBI Clinical Trials Network to maximize power in TBI clinical trials compared to a
           single measure alone. These measures are designed to capture a broad perspective of
           functional and cognitive parameters that are important following TBI, and utilizes
           scales that have a long history in TBI research. Further, there is convincing evidence
           that they can be reliably administered 6 - 12 month after injury.

        5. Biochemical tests. Plasma GH and IGF-1 levels will be measured by the Clinical Contracts
           Research Laboratories at UT Southwestern Medical Center (CLIA ID No. 45D0659587), using
           commercially-available immunoassays. This laboratory will also carry out the safety lab
           assessments (glucose, insulin, free T4, lipid profile. Results will be available within
           1 week to allow randomization within the time window, and to allow dose adjustments in a
           timely fashion.

        6. Statistical Analysis and Sample size calculation. This is a Phase II study, designed to
           assess feasibility and obtain information about dosing efficacy and magnitude of effect.
           There are two features of the study design that are relatively novel to TBI clinical
           trials, which merit some introduction. The first is the use of a futility
           (non-inferiority) design, and the second is the use of a composite outcome statistic.

      The goal of Phase II studies is to provide information about side effects and toxicities in
      the type of patients for whom the treatment is intended, determine the logistics of
      administration, provide estimates of treatment costs, and obtain some information about
      expected effect size. For reasons discussed above, we believe that such information is not
      yet available regarding the use rhGH in the early phase after TBI, and that a Phase II study
      designed to obtain this information is warranted. Drugs that remain promising after Phase II
      studies generally proceed to Phase III clinical trials, which typically require many hundreds
      of patients and are usually conducted at multiple centers and at great expense.

      Futility design trials were pioneered in cancer chemotherapy studies, and have recently been
      used in Phase II clinical trials of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and
      stroke. A traditionally designed study focuses on efficacy, with a null hypothesis that the
      treatment arms are equivalent. In such studies, the assumption is that a false positive
      result is riskier than a false negative result (that it is riskier to falsely assume than an
      ineffective therapy works than it is to discard a potentially effective treatment). In such
      studies, it is customary to set alpha at 0.05 (the likelihood of a false positive result less
      than 5%), and beta at 0.2 (the likelihood of a false negative result--that a beneficial
      effect will be missed is less than 20%). A futility design incorporates the view that in the
      early phases of clinical development of a new therapy, it is in fact riskier to discard a
      potentially useful treatment than it is to fail to definitively identify efficacy, since that
      can only be done in a phase III study. Thus, in a phase II futility study the null hypothesis
      is that treatment has promise and will therefore produce results exceeding a meaningful
      threshold. Thus, alpha of 0.1 (as set in our study) in a futility study means that the chance
      of beneficial effect being missed is less than 10%. In a futility design, if the efficacy
      threshold is not met, the null hypothesis is rejected and further study of the treatment is
      considered futile42. Thus, for the primary hypothesis, the design of our study is that of a
      futility (non-superiority) study, powered to not reject a potentially useful therapy, rather
      than prove efficacy.

      The second relatively novel feature of our study is the use of a composite outcome statistic.
      A composite outcome statistic takes into account the fact that in a complex disorder such as
      TBI, there are multiple domains of dysfunction, and a single scale (such as the GOS-E or a
      given neuropsychometric test) may not be optimally sensitive to identify functionally
      important deficits in all patients. There are several mathematical approaches to the need to
      compare two groups with respect to more than one outcome. The options available include using
      Bonferroni or other adjustments for multiple comparisons, reducing the dimensions of the
      problem by averaging the outcomes, or applying a global test based on a multiple correlated
      binary outcomes43,44. Of these, the latter approach has been found to be useful in a variety
      of clinical settings. Incorporating several different measures, which although correlated
      measure different domains of dysfunction after TBI, significantly lowers the sample size
      required. We have elected to use a composite outcome statistic developed by the NIH TBI
      Clinical Trials Network, which will be used in the Citocholine Brain Injury Treatment
      (COBRIT) study. This measure was developed by a subcommittee of the NIH network that included
      clinicians, neuropsychologists, and biostatisticians, including Dr. Diaz-Arrastia and Dr.
      Sureyya Dikmen (who will serve in the DSMB for this trial). In our study, the use of a
      composite statistic lowers the sample size from 228 to 164.

      All participants in the GH treatment arm may not achieve goal serum IGF-1 values in the first
      month, yet data will be analyzed in an intention-to-treat manner.

      Primary Hypothesis:

        1. . Treatment with recombinant human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in the subacute period after
           TBI results in improved functional outcome 6 months after injury, as measured by the
           Composite Outcome Score of the TBI Clinical Trials Network .

           Secondary Hypotheses:

        2. . Treatment with rhGH results in increased IGF-1 levels.

        3. . rhGH treatment results in improved bone mineral density and lean body mass 6 months
           after injury.

        4. . Benefits of rhGH treatment persist up to 1 year after injury

        5. . Low GH response to L-arginine stimulation at baseline is associated with poor
           functional outcome.

        6. . Low IGF-1 levels at baseline are associated with poor functional outcomes.

        7. . rhGH treatment is more effective in patients who have low IGF-1 levels at baseline.

        8. . rhGH treatment is more effective in patients who have low GH response to L-Arginine
           stimulation at baseline.
    

Intervention name(s): Recombinant human Growth Hormone; Placebo
Intervention type(s): Drug; Drug
Intervention description(s): 400 micrograms/day SC for 6 months. Dose adjusted based on serum IGF-1 measurements; SC injection daily
Other intervention name(s): Somatotropin; Genotropin(R); HGH
Intervention MeSH terms: Hormones
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Mood disorders; Cognitive disorders; Fatigue; Metabolic disorders