Effect of Dietary Protein and Energy Restriction in the Improvement of Insulin Resistance in Subjects With Obesity
Condition: Obesity; Insulin Resistance
MeSH terms: Obesity; Insulin Resistance
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The prevention of obesity and its main medical complications, such as hypertension, type 2
      diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, have been become a health priority. One of the most
      frequent metabolic complications in obesity is the insulin resistance and is the most
      important risk factor for the development of coronary diseases. The weight loss induced by
      the restriction of dietary energy is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity, as
      it improves or even regularizes insulin sensitivity and related comorbidities. However,
      weight loss induced by diet also decreases lean tissue mass, which could result in adverse
      effects on physical function. Although, regularly recommended to increase protein intake
      during weight loss, there is evidence to suggest that high protein intake could have
      deleterious metabolic effects. On the other hand, there is an association between the type of
      protein consumption, mainly the concentration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and
      insulin resistance during the dietary energy restriction in the therapy of obesity. There are
      multiple factors that influence the concentration of BCAAs and insulin resistance, which can
      be by phenotypic or genetic modification. The phenotypic modification refers to race, sex and
      dietary pattern. Meanwhile, the genetic modification refers to the activity of the enzymes
      responsible for the catabolism of BCAAs and genetic variants, such as the polymorphisms of a
      single nucleotide of said enzymes. A randomized controlled trial will be conducted with 160
      participants (80 women and 80 men) divided by a draw in 4 groups, each for 20 participants. A
      feeding plan will be assigned according to the distribution of proteins (standard or high)
      and type of protein (animal or vegetable). The main aim of this study is to evaluate the
      effect on the amount and type of dietary protein and energy restriction on insulin resistance
      in subjects with obesity in a period of 1 month, considering the main factors that influence
      the concentration of BCAAs. In this way, evidence will be provided on what type of dietary
      intervention is most convenient for weight loss in subjects with insulin resistance and
      obesity.
    

Detailed description: 
      STUDY PROGRAM The study will consist of a previous examination and 4 visits during the
      follow-up period.

      Previous visit: pre-admission (Duration approximately 40 minutes)

        1. Participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be selected. These will be captured
           through advertising.

        2. Participants will be informed of the characteristics of the study, the risks and the
           benefits expected after the dietary intervention.

        3. Anthropometric and body composition measurements will be made.

        4. History of food frequency

        5. A blood sample will be taken for the determination of glucose, insulin, total
           cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, creatinine and urea nitrogen (BUN) in
           serum.

        6. The consent letter will be signed by the participants. Subsequently according to the
           previous visit if insulin resistance is diagnosed according to the HOMA index (IR-HOMA),
           The patient will be included in the visit one of the research protocol.

      Visit one:

      a) Nutritional assessment (Ambulatory Patient Unit)

        1. A clinical-nutritional history

        2. The determination of anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and waist
           circumference and body composition by bioimpedance.

        3. Resting energy expenditure will be determined by indirect calorimetry

        4. A glucose tolerance curve will be performed for 2 hours to determine the area under the
           insulin and glucose curve and determination of the insulinemic and glycemic indexes.

        5. A whole blood sample will be taken for the determination of the serum concentration of
           glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, c reactive
           protein (CRP), insulin, leptin, and plasma amino acid profile.

        6. A sample will be taken to isolate leukocytes, for the determination of the expression of
           enzymes related to branched-chain amino acids in leukocytes (BCAT and BCKDH).

        7. The physical activity questionnaire will be carried out (IPAQ long version). The patient
           will be advised not to change the level of habitual physical activity

        8. Patients will start consuming the diet corresponding to their group. The different menus
           will be delivered and explained to the patients.

      7. A food guide will be given so that they have food exchange options. 8. You will be taught
      to fill the feed log. 9. Patients will be cited within a week.

      Visit two:

        1. A 24-hour dietary record.

        2. Food logs will be collected and new ones will be delivered.

        3. They will be given and explained the corresponding treatment menus.

        4. They will be summoned in a week.

      Visit three:

        1. A 24-hours dietary record

        2. Food logs will be collected and new ones will be delivered.

        3. They will be given and explained the corresponding treatment menus.

        4. They will be summoned in a week.

      Visit four:

      a) Nutritional assessment

        1. The determination of anthropometric measurements such as weight, waist circumference and
           body composition measurement will be made by means of bioimpedance.

        2. The resting energy expenditure will be determined by indirect calorimetry.

        3. A glucose tolerance curve will be carried out for 2 hours to determine the area under
           the insulin and glucose curve and determination of the insulinemic and glycemic indexes.

        4. A whole blood sample will be taken to determine the serum concentration of glucose,
           total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, c-reactive protein
           (CRP), insulin, leptin, adiponectin and plasma amino acid profile.

      6. There will be a 24-hour reminder. 7. The physical activity questionnaire will be carried
      out (IPAQ long version). The patient will be advised not to change the level of habitual
      physical activity.

      8. Full feed logs will be collected. 9. It will be scheduled within fifteen days for delivery
      of results. Actions that will be carried out at the end of the study to maintain the
      continuity of the treatment

      All patients after the end of the study, will be cited at 15 days where:

      1. You will be given the results
    

Intervention name(s): Normoprotein diet with animal protein; Normoprotein diet with vegetable protein; High-protein diet with animal protein; High-protein diet with vegetable protein
Intervention type(s): Dietary Supplement; Dietary Supplement; Dietary Supplement; Dietary Supplement
Intervention description(s): Each patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with percentage of standard protein (12-18%) with a predominance of animal protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).; Each patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with percentage of standard protein (12-18%) with a predominance of vegetable protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).; Each patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with high-protein percentage (25-35%) with a predominance of animal protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).; ach patient will be attended for 1 month through 4 weekly visits. Weekly menus will be delivered according to diet with high-protein percentage (25-35%) with a predominance of vegetable protein (60%). Regardless of the type of protein, menus will contain the same amount of energy and concentration of carbohydrates, fats and saturated fats (less than 7%).
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: The groups will receive the treatment simultaneously
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment