An Evaluation of Salivary Oxidant and Antioxidant Levels in Peri-implant Health and Disease
Condition: Peri-Implantitis; Bone Loss in Jaw; Dental Implant Failed; Dental Implant Failure Nos; Oxidative Stress
MeSH terms: Peri-Implantitis
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Objectives: Inflammatory lesions develop in the tissues surrounding implants are referred to
      as peri-implant diseases. Oxidants, play a role in inflammatory lesions. The study aimed to
      determine oxidant and antioxidant levels in the saliva of patients with various levels of
      peri-implant diseases and the relationship between oxidative stress and peri-implant
      diseases.

      Material and methods: Sixty-seven patients with at least one dental implant applied in our
      clinic were included in the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups; with
      peri-implantitis (PI), with marginal bone loss (MBL) and with healthy peri-implant (HI)
      tissues. Twenty-one individuals who didn't have any dental implants were included the study
      as a healthy control group (HC). For oxidant concentration, total oxidant status (TOS),
      advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and for antioxidant concentration, total
      antioxidant status (TAS), were investigated.
    

Detailed description: 
      INTRODUCTION

      Inflammatory lesions that develop in the tissues surrounding implants are generally referred
      to as peri-implant diseases. Peri-implant disease has two subgroups; peri-implant mucositis,
      which is reversible inflammatory lesion limited to the surrounding mucosal tissues, and
      peri-impantitis which is characterized by bone destruction around the dental implants.
      Peri-implant disease develops as a result of a balance problem between bacterial loading and
      host response around an implant that has been correctly secured by osseointegration. Bacteria
      produce tissue destruction directly, via toxic products, and indirectly, by activating host
      defense systems; in other words, by inflammation. Various types of molecules are formed in
      inflammatory lesions; these include reactive species such as free radicals (FR) and reactive
      oxygen species (ROS). ROS are physiological formations that are the endogenous sources of the
      mitochondrial electron transport chain seen in every living organism. ROS occur as a natural
      product of normal oxygen metabolism, and play an important role in cell signals and
      hemostasis. ROS increase during inflammation; hence, oxidizing conditions increase and cell
      structures are damaged. This condition is known as oxidative stress (OS). OS depends on an
      increase in FR production and/or a decrease in the protective mechanism (antioxidant status),
      and OS is defined as a balance problem between oxidants and antioxidants in the body.

      Many studies support the idea that OS plays an important role in the etiology and severity of
      periodontal diseases.

      The etiology and the pathogenic mechanism are similar in the periodontitis and peri-implant
      diseases processes. However, those studies indicating the effect of OS on peri-implant
      tissues have used quite small groups or small numbers of biomarkers. The results obtained
      have been contradictory.

      Therefore, this study aimed to determine oxidant and antioxidant levels in the saliva of
      patients with various levels of peri-implant diseases and the relationship between oxidative
      stress and peri-implant diseases.
    

Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Group 1: Patients with peri-implantitis (PI); The PI group consisted of 23 patients
        (9M/14F) with ages ranging from 29 to 66 years

        Group 2: Patients with marginal bone loss (MBL); The MBL group consisted of 22 patients
        (14M /8F) aged between 27 and 67 years

        Group 3: Patients with healthy peri-implant tissues (HI); The HI group consisted of 22
        patients(7M/15F) with ages ranging from 29 to 62 years

        Group 4: Healthy control (HC) 21 individuals (8M/ 13F) whose ages ranged between 27 and 67
        years
      
Biospecimen description: 
      unstimulated saliva samples
    
Keywords: oxidant; antioxidant; oxidative stress; Peri-implantitis; Marginal bone loss