Cancer Risk in X-Ray Technologists: Second Survey
Condition: Radiation-Induced Neoplasms; Breast+Neoplasm+Radiation+Etiology; Thyroid+Neoplasm+Radiation+Etiology
MeSH terms: Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Researchers at the National Cancer Institute and the University of Minnesota have followed a
      nationwide cohort of 146,022 radiologic technologists since 1982 (Boice 1992; Doody 1998;
      Mohan 2003; Sigurdson 2003). This is one of the largest cohorts of medical radiation workers
      studied to date (Yoshinaga 2003)and the only one with substantial numbers of women (73%
      female), extensive covariate data, both incident and death outcomes, and estimated
      occupational radiation doses. The overall study objectives are to: quantify radiation
      dose-response for cancers of the breast, thyroid, and other radiogenic sites; assess cancer
      risks associated with genotypic, phenotypic, or other biologically measurable factors; and
      determine if genetic variation modifies radiation-related cancer risks.

      More than 110,000 technologists completed at least one of three comprehensive questionnaire
      surveys administered over the last 20 years and 18,500 are deceased. The First Survey was
      mailed during 1984-1989 to 132,454 known living radiologic technologists, of whom 90,305
      (68%) completed the survey (Boice 1992). The Second Survey was mailed during 1993-1998 to
      126,628 known living technologists, of whom 90,972 (72%) completed the questionnaire
      (Sigurdson2003). Both surveys included detailed questions about employment as a radiologic
      technologist, family history of cancer, reproductive history, height, weight, other cancer
      risk factors (such as alcohol and tobacco use), history of personal diagnostic and
      therapeutic medical radiation procedures, and information on cancer and other health
      outcomes. A third follow-up of this cohort was recently completed. During 2003-2005, the
      Third Survey was mailed or administered by telephone to 101,694 living cohort members who had
      completed at least one of the two previous surveys; 73,838 technologists (73%) completed the
      survey. This questionnaire elicited information on medical outcomes to assess
      radiation-related risks, detailed calendar-specific employment data to refine the
      occupational ionizing radiation dose estimates, and behavioral and residential histories for
      estimating lifetime ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposures.

      The large number of women with estimates of cumulative radiation dose to specific organs
      (e.g. breast) (Simon 2006; see Figure 7 and Table 9) offers at are opportunity to study
      effects of low-dose radiation exposure on breast and thyroid cancers, the two most sensitive
      organ sites for radiation carcinogenesis in women.. We are not aware of any other study
      population in which both quantified radiation doses and biospecimens are available for
      individuals with protracted low-dose ionizing radiation exposures. Incorporation of
      assessment of the role of genetic polymorphisms and molecular variants in DNA repair and
      other genetic pathways that may be functionally important in radiation carcinogenesis would
      provide initial results on the possible role of genetic factors in the cancer-radiation
      relationship. Because large numbers of women are exposed to ubiquitous low-dose radiation
      from occupational, medical, and environmental sources, the presence of radiation-sensitive
      genetic variants that influence the risk of breast and other cancers would have important
      public health implications.
    

Detailed description: 
      BACKGROUND:

      The Radiation Epidemiology Branch and the University of Minnesota have followed a nationwide
      cohort of 146,022 U.S. radiologic technologists (USRT) since 1982 to assess cancer and other
      disease risks associated with long-term repeated low doses of ionizing radiation. The USRT
      Study is the largest cohort of medical radiation workers studied to date and the only one
      with substantial numbers of women, extensive covariate data, incident and fatal cancer and
      other outcomes, estimates of individual historical occupational radiation doses, personal
      medical radiation doses, and personal and residential solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
      doses, and biospecimens for breast and thyroid cancer cases and comparison subjects. This
      cohort is uniquely suited for addressing outstanding scientific questions about differences
      in risk related to the nature of radiation exposure, specifically whether risks are the same
      from a single or a few high-dose exposures (e.g. atomic bomb, radiotherapy) or from many
      small exposures over time that might be mitigated by DNA repair or other mechanisms. The
      nationwide distribution of the cohort, with wide-ranging UVR exposures, also offers a rare
      opportunity to evaluate risks for non-melanoma skin cancer with UVR, which will be a major
      focus of study during the next few years.

      OBJECTIVES:

        1. Assess risks of cancer and other diseases from long-term low-dose occupational and
           personal medical exposures.

        2. Assess risks of cancer and other diseases from occupational exposure to emerging and
           evolving radiologic modalities (i.e. nuclear medicine, fluoroscopically-guided
           procedures).

        3. Assess risks of skin and other cancers from solar ultraviolet radiation exposures.

        4. Conduct discovery of genetic determinants for thyroid cancer and rapid replication of
           main genotype effects for breast cancer.

        5. Evaluate gene-radiation and ionizing radiation-ultraviolet radiation interactions.

      ELIGIBILITY:

      All radiologic technologists certified by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
      for at least two years during 1926-1982 were eligible for study. Excluded were technologists
      who resided outside the U.S.

      DESIGN:

      Cohort study: The full USRT cohort consists of 146,022 radiologic technologists. The cohort
      is predominantly female (73%), Caucasian (93%), and presently 67 years old on average; 83%
      are living and 16% are deceased or presumed deceased. Three questionnaire surveys were
      conducted during 1983-2005 to collect information on occupational, personal medical, and
      personal and ambient residential ultraviolet radiation exposures, other cancer risk factors,
      and cancer and other disease outcomes. More than 110,000 technologists participated in the
      first and/or second surveys. The most recent follow-up (third survey) was conducted during
      2003-2005 to obtain detailed work history information for improving occupational dosimetry.
      Enhanced estimates of individual annual badge dose (personal dose equivalent) and radiation
      absorbed doses to 12 organs and tissues (breast, thyroid, brain, red bone-marrow, lung,
      heart, ovary, colon, testes, skin of extremities, skin of head and neck, and lens of eye)
      were recently completed for survey participants. Linear dose-response analyses are underway
      to quantify risks from protracted low-dose radiation for cancers (e.g., breast, thyroid) and
      other radiation-related diseases (e.g., cardiovascular, cataracts). A fourth questionnaire
      survey is under development and will collect information on cancer and other disease
      outcomes, work history with nuclear medicine and fluoroscopically-guided procedures, and
      other risk factors. Fourth survey outcomes will be used to assess incident cancer risks with
      UVR exposure data collected on the third survey. Collection of blood or buccal cell samples
      from breast and thyroid cancer cases and comparison subjects continues. Future plans include
      a case-control study of basal cell carcinoma to assess risks with ultraviolet and ionizing
      radiation exposure, genetic variants, and interactions.
    

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Eligible radiologic technologists certified by ARRT
      
Keywords: Ionizing Radiation; Cohort Study; Radiation-Induced Neoplasms; Radiologic Technologists; Ultraviolet Radiation