Effect of Dietary Intake of Dried Whole Food Concentrates (Juice Plus) on Clinical Outcomes Following Periodontal Therapy: A Pilot Study
Condition: Periodontitis
MeSH terms: Periodontitis
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 2

Summary: 
      There are 3 hypotheses to be tested:

        1. That daily supplementation with Juice Plus+ will significantly improve treatment
           outcomes over placebo supplementation, at 3-months post-therapy, when used as an adjunct
           to conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy.

        2. Triple therapy with Juice Plus+ (fruit, vegetable & berry) will produce additional
           treatment benefit over dual therapy (fruit & vegetable) and over placebo.

        3. Improved treatment outcomes with Juice Plus+ will be maintained at 9-months
           post-therapy.

      Brief Summary:

      Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases and a major cause of
      tooth loss. Data supports an association between periodontitis prevalence and reduced serum
      levels of antioxidants. Anecdotal reports from periodontal specialists indicate significant
      improvements in clinical outcomes from periodontal therapy where adjunctive Juice Plus+ is
      used, in agreement with research data from other systemic diseases where hyper-inflammation
      is implicated in disease pathogenesis. There is however, a lack of scientific evidence from
      clinical trials of periodontitis. Given the demonstrable antioxidant deficiency in
      periodontitis patients (both locally and peripherally), the excess oxidative stress in
      periodontitis patients, and the anecdotal evidence of clinical benefit from the adjunctive
      use of Juice Plus+, this study proposes to investigate the impact of daily supplementation
      with Juice Plus+ as an adjunct to traditional non-surgical periodontal therapy, in improving
      therapeutic outcomes.
    

Detailed description: 
      This will be a longitudinal, randomised, stratified (for age), double-blind, 3-arm study of
      non-surgical periodontal therapy. The 3 arms will be:

        1. Daily Juice Plus+ with 2 vegetable & 2 fruit & 2 berry capsule (test group 1)

        2. Daily Juice Plus+ with 2 vegetable & 2 fruit & 2 placebo capsule (test group 2)

        3. Daily Placebo in the form of 6 capsules (control group)

      Volunteers will receive standard non-surgical periodontal therapy by a single operator (study
      hygienist) and outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 9-months post-therapy.
      Capsules will be taken with food twice daily (3 capsules am & 3 capsules pm).

      60 non-smoking patients with chronic moderate/severe periodontitis will be recruited from
      outpatient periodontal clinics at Birmingham's Dental Hospital. Subjects will be 30-60 years
      of age, male or female. Chronic periodontitis (CP) will be defined as the presence of 2 or
      more sites per quadrant with pocketing or interproximal attachment loss of > 6mm and 1/3rd
      radiographic bone loss.

      The following exclusion criteria will apply:

        -  Patients with aggressive disease

        -  Patients with physical or mental disability

        -  Pregnant women

        -  Patients whose medical history may place them at risk of complications from periodontal
           therapy (e.g. need for antibiotic cover, warfarinised subjects)

        -  Patients taking long term anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory drugs

        -  Patients unable to swallow Juice Plus+ capsules

        -  Patients unable to provide informed consent

        -  Current smokers

        -  Patients taking regular vitamin supplementation

      Outcome measures Primary outcome measures of healing will be increases in attachment level
      and reductions in probing pocket depths at 3-months. In addition reduction in percentage
      sites bleeding on probing (BOP - measured dichotomously at 4 sites per tooth) from the
      marginal tissues and gingival redness assessed visually (Modified Gingival Index-MGI) will be
      used as a primary outcome measure of tissue inflammation.

      Secondary outcome measures will be reduction in % sites with disclosed plaque (PS - measured
      dichotomously at 4 sites per tooth), reductions in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume,
      increases in GCF and plasma TAOC.

      Probing measures will be performed in duplicate with a constant force (UNC PC15) probe and
      where differences between duplicate measures of greater than 1mm arise, a 3rd measure will be
      taken. The mean of the two closest measures will be recorded. Mean probing attachment and
      pocket depth measures per subject will be calculated at each examination point (baseline, 3,
      6 & 9-months post-therapy).

      The bleeding and plaque scores will be expressed as means per subject at each examination
      point and MGI scores as % sites with codes 0, 1, 2 and 3 per subject.

      Samples GCF samples will be collected (30s) using Periopaper strips from the mesio-buccal
      aspects of 3 deep (>6mm) and 3 shallow (<3mm) molar sites per subject as described in
      appendix 1. Volumes will be read on a pre-calibrated Periotron 8000 according to standard
      methodologies 19. Each trio of sample strips will be collected into 400ul PBS/BSA buffer and
      snap frozen under liquid nitrogen until assay 13.

      Blood samples (2 x 7 mls) will be collected into Vacutainer™ tubes for plasma. Platelet
      depleted plasma will be prepared by centrifugation at 1000g for 30 mins (4C). Plasma will be
      aliquoted into cryogenic vials and half will be snap frozen under liquid nitrogen until TOAC
      assay. The remaining half will be aliquoted into two 1.5ml cryogenic vials and stored at -80C
      for future use (e.g. assay for carotenoid activity). All samples will be stored in the dark
      and kept free from direct sunlight at all stages of handling.

      Enhanced chemiluminescent assay (ECL) for total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) The ECL assay for
      total AO capacity (TAOC) was developed by our group 12 and is based upon the horse radish
      peroxidase catalysed oxidation of luminol by hydrogen peroxide. A BioOrbit 1250 luminometer
      (Labtech International, Sussex, UK), interfaced with a PC running software which allows
      simultaneous recording / display of up to 5000 data points over a period up to 1 hour is used
      to quantify light output. The enhancer, p-iodophenol, is no longer commercially available but
      is synthesised "in house". Antioxidant capacities of test samples will be derived from
      standard curves produced using the water-soluble vitamin E analogue, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8,
      tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox; assay range: 0.0625-1.6 nanomole) which will be
      run before and after test samples and results expressed as a concentration (µM Trolox
      equivalents/L; Teq/L).

      All samples from each subject throughout the study (n=12: 8 GCF's - comprising 1 pooled from
      deep sites & 1 pooled from shallow sites @ each of 4 visits & 4 plasma samples) will be
      assayed on the same day and under the same laboratory conditions, in duplicate (total = 24
      per subject). Each day samples from a test group 1 subject, a test group 2 subject and a
      control subject will be run. All assays will be completed in 10-12 hours of laboratory time
      per day and over 20 laboratory days (72 assays per day & 36 standards = 108 assays per day).

      GCF samples will be defrosted, eluted in running buffer for 30 minutes prior to assay, when
      100ul aliquots will be assayed in duplicate. Plasma samples will be diluted 1:10 in PBS/BSA
      running buffer and assayed as 20ul aliquots in duplicate.

      Calibrations will be run at the beginning, mid-point and end of each day.

      Statistical Analysis This will be performed by an independent statistician appointed by
      National Safety Associates Inc. All three study hypotheses presume that two subjects with the
      same initial attachment level and pocket depth would have the same expected final attachment
      level and pocket depth, except for the effect of their respective treatments. Therefore, the
      first two hypotheses will be investigated by using Analysis of Covariance, with the 3 month
      value of attachment level or pocket depth as a response, initial value as a covariate, and
      treatment as a study factor. Hypothesis 3 will be investigated in a similar fashion, except
      that the response will be the 9-month measurement.

      In order to test hypotheses 1 and 3, the Placebo group will be compared to the two active
      treatment groups combined. In order to test hypothesis 2, the two active treatment groups
      will be compared.

      Graphical displays and regression models will be used to investigate whether response to the
      active treatments is related to a subject's fruit and vegetable intake as measured by the
      Visual Analogue Scale data.

      Secondary outcomes will be analyzed in a similar fashion.

      Both Intention-To-Treat (ITT) analyses and Per Protocol (PP) analyses will be performed. In
      the ITT analyses, the data from all subjects will be used, regardless of adherence to
      treatment. In the PP analyses, the statistical models will include measures of adherence.

      All statistical tests will be two-sided and performed at the 0.05 level of significance. The
      analyses will be performed by using SAS for Windows, version 8.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary,
      NC, USA), and SYSTAT, version 10.2.01 (SYSTAT Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA, USA).

      Missing data: The primary outcome measures are taken as part of standard care during the
      subjects' 9-month review. There is no reason for missing data to be related to treatment or
      outcome. We will check whether having missing data is related to treatment assignment, but
      otherwise expect to be able to ignore missing values in the analyses because they will be
      "missing completely at random".

      Code Breaking The codes will be kept sealed and locked in the office of the PI and will not
      be broken until after the statistical analysis is complete.

      Power Calculation As this is a pilot study it is not possible to perform a power calculation
      based upon antioxidant outcomes. However, using the primary outcome measure of reduction in
      probing pocket depth and assuming we can obtain additional PPD reductions of 0.5 mm (or
      0.4mm) over non-surgical therapy alone through supplementation with Juice Plus+ capsules,
      then to have an 80% chance of finding a significant difference at the p<0.05 level we would
      need to exit 12 (or 17) patients per treatment. This is based on accepted mean PPD reductions
      for mild to moderate periodontal disease of 1-2mm with non-surgical therapy and data from a
      study we performed that demonstrated mean PPD reductions of 1.08 + 0.4mm (SD). Recruiting 20
      per treatment and allowing for a drop out rate of 20% would still provide sufficient power.

      Patient Adherence Adherence with taking supplementation will be checked at each visit during
      active therapy and again at the 3, 6, and 9-month visits. Subjects will be provided with a
      data sheet to log days when they have missed taking supplements. In addition, one cryogenic
      vial containing a minimum of 500ul plasma will be archived at baseline, 3, 6 and 9-months
      post-therapy for each subject and may be used for carotenoid assay for biochemical
      verification of adherence.

      GCP Statement This study will be conducted in accordance with International Good Clinical
      Practice (GCP) standards.

      Documentation and Record-keeping The investigator will retain and archive all documents and
      source (raw) data pertaining to the study for a minimum period of 10 years.

      Clinical Study Report The interpretation of the data will be the joint responsibility of the
      Investigator and the study team. A final report will be made in writing and is the
      responsibility of the same group and will include:-

        -  appropriate statistical procedures,

        -  any deviation from the protocol;

        -  conclusions as to efficacy of the treatments and the significance of any differences
           between them.
    

Intervention name(s): Daily Juice Plus+ with vegetable & fruit & berry capsule; Daily Juice Plus+ vegetable & fruit & placebo capsule; Placebo in the form of 6 capsules
Intervention type(s): Dietary Supplement; Dietary Supplement; Dietary Supplement
Intervention description(s): Daily Juice Plus+ with 2 vegetable & 2 fruit & 2 berry capsule; Daily Juice Plus+ with vegetable & fruit & placebo capsule; Daily Placebo in the form of 6 capsules (control group)
Other intervention name(s): Daily Juice Plus+ Fruit, Vegetable and Vineyard; Juice Plus+ Vegetable & Fruit & placebo capsule; Placebo
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Randomised controlled trial; Double blind fully masked; Dietary supplement