Effectiveness of the CDK-SMS Intervention for Adults
Condition: Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
MeSH terms: Renal Insufficiency; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 4

Summary: 
      Type of Study: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Research question How effective is the
      CKD SMS self-management nursing intervention on self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and
      adherence in adults with early-stage CKD compared to usual care? General objective To
      determine the effectiveness of the self-management nursing intervention (CKD SMS) on
      self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and therapeutic adherence in people with CKD in
      early stages compared to usual care.

      Target population: Adult men and women with chronic kidney disease in stages 1-4, with
      different characteristics such as educational level, socioeconomic status, and marital
      status. Taking into account that the definition of early stages through the criteria
      demarcated by the Colombian clinical practice guideline, where the glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) is the indicator for stratification as follows: stage 1 people with a GFR less than or
      equal to 90 (ml (min / 1.73 m2), stage 2 people with GFR between 60-89 (ml (min / 1.73 m2),
      stage 3 people with GFR between 30-59 (ml (min / 1.73 m2)) and stage 4 people with GFR
      between 15-30 (ml (min / 1.73 m2) who attend kidney protection programs of the Renal Units in
      Colombia.

      STUDY VARIABLES

      Among the variables that are available for the present study are:

        -  Independent Variables: Sociodemographic characteristics, related to the disease or
           clinical condition and the CKD intervention.

        -  Dependent variables: Self-management behaviors, therapeutic adherence, and
           self-efficacy.

      Within the mediating, shaping or confounding variables, the following are found according to
      what is established in the literature: age, gender, level of education, time of diagnosis and
      other comorbidities, which are initially considered independent variables and will be
      measured. In the study, for its management, strategies such as randomization will be used,
      the differences between the crude estimates of an association and those adjusted considering
      a confounding variable will be identified and its adjustment is responsible for at least 10%
      in the magnitude of the difference.

      INTERVENTIONS

        -  CKD SMS intervention CKD SMS (Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Management Support)
           intervention

        -  Conventional intervention The conventional intervention corresponds to the protocol
           established in the program of the renal unit for the management of people with CKD in
           early stages.
    

Detailed description: 
      Scope and justification of the proposal

      Chronic kidney disease is a complex pathology, where the person who suffers from it is faced
      with unexpected changes in their customs and lifestyles, in addition to complying with a
      strict therapeutic regimen, because from its diagnosis it seeks to delay the progress of
      this, and the prevention of complications derived from its development. Within the disease
      management guidelines at the European level, which were necessary for the Colombian context,
      they recommend that the factors associated with disease progression should be addressed,
      which include: "the cause of the disease, the level of the glomerular filtration rate, the
      level of albuminuria, age, sex, race/ethnicity, elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia,
      dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, history of cardiovascular disease, continued exposure to
      nephrotoxic agents and others", most of which are modifiable, through self-management
      interventions.

      Self-management interventions aimed at adults with CKD in its early stages contribute to
      improving the quality of life, self-management behaviors, and self-efficacy, but above all in
      the prevention of complications derived from the disease. Preventing a person with CKD from
      progressing to advanced stages or terminal management phases leads to lower healthcare costs
      by delaying the start of specialized treatments (renal replacement therapies) that require
      high technology and preventing complications that can lead to increased mortality in the
      population. Results that have been considered within health policies and therefore have
      become a premise that justifies the relevance of the nursing intervention in self-management.

      The nursing intervention in self-management implies advancing in approaches where adults with
      early-stage CKD are active agents in managing their own care towards awareness and
      responsibility for the daily care of the disease. Today there is a nursing intervention in
      self-management the CKD SMS, designed specifically for the population object of this study,
      which has been administered in two countries where there are different socio-economic and
      cultural characteristics (Vietnam and Australia), demonstrating feasibility in its
      implementation and acceptability by the participants, in addition to being effective in
      promoting self-management behaviors, a comprehensive and novel construct, which is achieved
      through the manipulation of self-efficacy.

      In the present proposal, therapeutic adherence is a central concept since it is expected that
      when performing the nursing intervention in self-management, adherence to the therapeutic
      regimen will increase, evidenced in the exercise of healthy habits, such as the intake of a
      diet in accordance with its condition and the reduction of risk factors inherent to the
      disease, also translated into the impact of these factors on clinical control variables such
      as: improving blood pressure control, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, but also an important
      impact in delaying the progression of the disease, which is evidenced not only by not
      requiring renal replacement therapies, but also by maintaining or improving the glomerular
      filtration rate, which is beneficial for both the person and for the health system.

      The nursing professional plays an important role in the execution of self-management
      interventions such as the CKD SMS, since it is who within the health team has the
      responsibility of imparting education and monitoring people, in the investigations found in
      most of the Regarding the interventions that have been carried out, the participation of the
      nursing professional has been fundamental since it is the one who is in constant interaction
      with the person.

      RESEARCH QUESTION

      How effective is the CKD SMS (Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Management Support) self-management
      nursing intervention on self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and adherence in adults
      with early-stage CKD compared to usual care?

      OBJECTIVES

      General objective

      To determine the effectiveness of the self-management nursing intervention (CKD SMS) on
      self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and therapeutic adherence in people with CKD in
      early stages compared to usual care.

      Specific objectives

        1. Describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the control group and the
           experimental group.

        2. Establish the level of self-efficacy, self-management behaviors and therapeutic
           adherence as a baseline in people with chronic kidney disease in early stages.

        3. To evaluate the changes in self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and therapeutic
           adherence post-intervention and in the control group at 16 weeks.

      Methodology This is a quantitative investigation, with a pragmatic randomized clinical trial
      (pRCT) design, parallel experimental type, given the one-to-one allocation in two parallel
      groups with repeated pre-test and post-test measures, considering that this type of study it
      is useful for evaluating interventions in usual care. In CKD, the use of a pRCT enables a
      broader range of patients to be included to test an intervention applicable to patient care
      and to measure relevant patient-centered outcomes, thus improving external validity and
      translation of the results into the clinical care.

      Where the outcome variables are: Self-management behaviors (primary), self-efficacy and
      therapeutic adherence (secondary). The population will be adult men and women with chronic
      kidney disease in stages 1-4, who attend control of their disease or belong to the program.

      Target population: Adult men and women with chronic kidney disease in stages 1-4, with
      different characteristics such as educational level, socioeconomic status, and marital
      status. Taking into account that the definition of early stages through the criteria
      demarcated by the Colombian clinical practice guideline, where the glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) is the indicator for stratification as follows: stage 1 people with a GFR less than or
      equal to 90 (ml (min / 1.73 m2), stage 2 people with GFR between 60-89 (ml (min / 1.73 m2),
      stage 3 people with GFR between 30-59 (ml (min / 1.73 m2)) and stage 4 people with GFR
      between 15-30 (ml (min / 1.73 m2) who attend kidney protection programs of the Renal Units in
      Colombia.

      Accessible population: Adult population men and women with chronic kidney disease in stages
      1-4, with different characteristics such as educational level, socioeconomic status, marital
      status, those who attend control of their disease or belong to the predialysis in Colombia,
      which can be found in the databases provided by Renal Unit.

      SAMPLE Sample design: The sample size was calculated through probability sampling, since
      individuals have the same probability of being chosen. On the other hand, of the comparison
      of means in independent groups, assuming a power of 80%, a confidence level of 95%, an
      expected mean difference of 18.13 in the improvement of self-management, reported by previous
      studies.

      Sample size: A total of 82 participants (41 per group), in addition, a mortality of 20% of
      the participants is expected, so a total sample of 100 participants (50 per group) will be
      assumed. made in the Epidat 3.1 program.

      Randomization: Participants will be randomized into two groups, using sequentially numbered
      opaque sealed envelopes, where the investigator and participants will be blinded to the
      allocation of each group. For the generation of the randomization sequence, it will be
      developed by the investigator by means of the realization of a table of random numbers in the
      Epidat 3.1 program to eliminate the selection bias, in the same way, said table will be
      verified to guarantee balance between the number of participants assigned to each group
      (control and intervention).

      Blinding: In view of the need to minimize bias, both the participants and the recruitment
      research assistant will be blinded until allocation. The Result Research Assistant will not
      have access to the allocation base, nor to the allocation codes. On the other hand, it is
      declared that the intervention will be given by the researcher and that the main researcher
      will also participate in statistical analysis, therefore, the study is classified as single
      blind.

      Measurement instruments

      The information collection process will be carried out from the design of a form for the
      collection of sociodemographic data and clinical conditions of the participants and the
      application of the instruments for measuring both primary and secondary results:

        -  Self-management instrument in early stages CKD SM chronic kidney disease: 30 items, 4
           factors (self-integration, problem solving, seeking social support and adherence to the
           recommended regimen), Cronbach's alpha of 0.95; English, Vietnamese, Taiwanese, and
           Mandarin languages. Likert scale evaluation, possible score from 29 to 116.

        -  Therapeutic adherence scale EAT: 21 items, 3 factors (control over the intake of drugs
           and food, medical-behavioral monitoring, and self-efficacy); Cronbach's alpha of 0.92,
           evaluation on a scale from 0 to 100; Spanish language.

        -  General Self-efficacy Scale: 10 items, Cronbach's alpha of 0.87, in English and Spanish
           languages.

      MATERIALS AND METHODS

      3.8.1 Study phases: for the satisfactory development of the study, the following phases will
      be found and carried out:

      - Pre-pilot phase: In this phase, the following will be carried out: the adaptation of the
      CKD SMS intervention to the Colombian context, considering the evaluation by experts in the
      management of people with CKD in early stages (nephrologists, nephrology nurses,
      nutritionists, psychologists), the educational material of the intervention will be designed
      and created, which is also expected to be evaluated by experts.

      On the other hand, in this phase, psychometric tests will be carried out to complete the
      validation of the instruments in the Colombian context, especially in the Self-Management
      instrument for people with CKD in early stages, which does not have a version in Spanish,
      where It will be carried out following the process as follows: It is proposed to carry out
      the cultural validation with semantic, linguistic and cultural analysis, translation and back
      translation, the content validity will be evaluated through a panel or expert judgment, based
      on the recommendations given by Tristan, following the following steps: 1. Define the
      objective and purpose of the expert judgment. 2. Selection of judges; minimum 5 considering
      academic training, experience, and recognition of the area. 3. Explain both the dimensions
      and the indicators that each of the items on the scale is measuring to assess whether it is
      indispensable, useful, and necessary. 4. Specify the purpose of the test. 5. Template design.
      6. Calculate the agreement between judges by means of the content validity index. 7.
      Preparation of the conclusions of the trial. And for the construct validity, it will be done
      through exploratory and verifiable factor analysis; the reliability of the instrument will be
      made by means of Cronbach's alpha.

        -  Pilot Phase: In this phase, the field exploration will be carried out, followed by
           adjustments regarding the application time in the handling of the instruments and the
           training in these aspects for the research assistant, in addition to the intervention
           training for its implementation. optimal by the researcher.

        -  Main study phase - Recruitment of participants:

      For the recruitment of participants, the following process will be carried out: 1. The
      database provided by the institution will be reviewed to identify the patients who can
      participate in the study, after which the randomization will be carried out. 2. The dates
      assigned for their control in the institution will be reviewed based on the chosen ones. 3.
      On the day of the consultation, the patient will be contacted and the information regarding
      the study will be presented, and if the participant shows interest in participating in it,
      the informed consent will be signed, and the instruments will be delivered to collect the
      data. baseline, before being assigned to the control or experimental group. 4. After the
      completion of the instruments, the patient will be given an envelope to choose for their
      random assignment, which contains a code, said code will be entered in a matrix, in which the
      main researcher can review who was assigned to the group experimental. 5. The main
      researcher, after verification of the codes assigned on the day, will contact each
      participant assigned to the experimental group to arrange the time to meet and start the
      intervention. 6. In a subsequent period of 16 weeks after entering the study, we will have
      contact with the participants from both the control group and the experimental group and the
      instruments will be applied again to obtain the data for the comparison of the effect.

      This process will be carried out on the days when the nephrology consultation is carried out
      until the total number of participants calculated and assigned to each group is completed.

      To report the flow of participants throughout the investigation, the CONSORT diagram for each
      group will be considered.

      APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK To respond to specific objectives 1 and 2, a statistical
      analysis will be carried out through descriptive statistics. Subsequently, a normality test
      will be carried out, to identify how the data distribution is presented, in addition, it is
      carried out to determine the tests to be used, whether parametric or non-parametric in the
      inferential analysis, bivariate and multivariate analysis. A bivariate analysis, to compare
      the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between the groups.

      To respond to specific objective 3, Inferential statistics will be carried out, which will be
      carried out to accept or reject the null or alternative hypothesis, which are proposed as:

        -  H1: The CKD SMS intervention in self-management in people with CKD in early stages is
           effective on self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and therapeutic adherence. (H1:
           G1> G2; p <0.05)

        -  H0: The CKD SMS intervention in people with CKD in early stages is not effective on
           self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and therapeutic adherence. (H0: G1 = G2; p>
           0.05) But it is also used multivariate analysis, to determine the individual
           relationship but also the relationship of the possible variables that intervene on the
           results, a simple logistic regression model will be built and adjusted according to the
           possible confounding variables.
    

Intervention name(s): CKD SMS
Intervention type(s): Behavioral
Intervention description(s): The intervention begins with a face-to-face or digitally assisted session, entry into improving the knowledge and self-management of CKD through, using the four sources of manipulation of self-efficacy (achievement of performance, indirect experience, verbal persuasion, and self-evaluation). In this session, participants will be asked to identify their problems related to CKD and establish, based on these two goals, that they are real and achievable according to their priorities. These goals will be recorded in the monitoring format and will be monitored in the telephone or WhatsApp follow-ups. This using the performance achievement manipulation source, said session lasts 60 minutes, as does the final session at week 16.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: Renal Insufficiency, Chronic