Vertical vs Horizontal Brushing: a Randomized Split-mouth Clinical Trial
Condition: Dental Plaque
MeSH terms: Dental Plaque
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The aim of this randomized, single-blind, split-mouth design, clinical trial was to evaluate
      the effectiveness in plaque removal of the vertical and the horizontal brushing methods.
      Trauma on soft tissues were also registered. Sixty-one (61) young adults were enrolled for
      this trial and forty-three (43) completed the brushing session. All subject were asked to
      abstain from oral hygiene procedures for 48 hours before the brushing session to allow
      adequate plaque accumulation. They were firstly instructed to use a dental disclosing tablet
      in order to easily permit to detect dental plaque on teeth and to highlight soft tissue
      abrasions. Plaque and the abrasion indexes were recorded according to the Rustogi Modified
      Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI) and the Danser Index (DI) by the same examiner. The brushing
      session was always performed by the same dental hygienist who brush with a randomized
      split-mouth design. After the brushing session, the blinded examiner recorded the indexes
      again.
    

Detailed description: 
      Study population The study was conducted from October 2012 to December 2012 in the Dental
      Clinic of San Paolo Hospital in Milan. Sixty-one (61) students (19-24 years) attending the
      Dental Clinic were contacted with an information leaflet, explaining the aim of the study and
      requesting their participation with signed consent. Forty-nine (80.33% of total sample) agree
      to participate and underwent to an oral examination. The presence of seven evaluable teeth in
      each quadrant was considered the inclusion criterion. Exclusion criteria were the presence of
      oral mucosal lesions, periodontal pocket ≥ 4 mm, gingival recession, orthodontic treatment,
      caries lesions in buccal and/or lingual surfaces, removable prosthesis, use of mouthrinses
      containing plaque-reducing agents (e.g. chlorhexidine, essential oils, cetylpyridinium
      chloride) on regular basis.

      One (1) subject was excluded because of the presence of periodontal pockets. Forty-eight (48)
      young adults were enrolled, five (10.42% drop-out rate) subjects did not attend the scheduled
      appointment and so the study reports data on 43 subjects.

      All subjects were given a thorough professional prophylaxis to remove plaque, stains and
      calculus. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of San Paolo Hospital.

      Study design and calibration of the personnel The study was designed and performed as
      split-mouth design. The subjects were listed and a list of true random numbers was generated
      (www.random.org). The generator was set to produce a true random sequence of "1" and "2",
      where "1" represented a mouth in which first and third quadrants were brushed with vertical
      method and "2" in which second and fourth quadrants were brushed with the same method.

      A dental hygienist performed the brushing sessions. A calibration course was carried out one
      week before the starting of the study. She applied the two brushing methods first on Columbia
      Dentoform® and after on 2 volunteers.

      Clinical parameters were recorded by one examiner (SM), using a mouth plane mirror
      (Hu-Friedy, Nr. 5, diameter mm 24) and a millimeter periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy, CP-15,5B -
      Qulix) under optimal artificial lighting. The examiner (SM) was previously calibrated.

      Toothbrushing Subjects were asked to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for 48 hours before
      the brushing session to allow adequate plaque accumulation. Before the brushing session, all
      subjects used a dental disclosing tablet (Red-Cote, D&C Red #28, 1.5% w/w, Sunstar Suisse
      S.A., 20147 Saronno, Italy) to easily detect dental plaque on teeth and to highlight soft
      tissue abrasions following strictly the manufacturer's directions: rinse mouth with water,
      chew a tablet swishing around for 30 seconds, expectorate, and rinse again with water.

      The same model of manual toothbrush was used for all subjects (Mentadent Tecnic Clean,
      Medium, Unilever Austria GmbH, 1023 Wien). The number of movements of the bristles on each
      tooth surfaces was set as five.

      In the vertical toothbrushing method, the dental hygienist placed the bristles on the
      gingival margin of the teeth (two teeth are generally covered by toothbrush head) and moved
      the toothbrush in the occlusal direction; this movement was repeated five times for each
      couple of teeth, for buccal and lingual side. In the horizontal toothbrushing method, the
      bristles were placed on the teeth surfaces (the width of the toothbrush head covered the
      entire tooth surface) and moved distal to mesial and mesial to distal until the fifth
      movement was reached. The movements were performed one for posterior teeth and one for
      anterior teeth (canine and lateral incisor.

      At the end of the brushing session, subjects were invited to repeat the disclosing procedure
      to highlight soft tissue abrasions produced by the bristles.

      Plaque index evaluation The plaque scores were recorded two times, before and after the
      brushing, by one examiner (SM). The Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index was used(Rustogi
      1992). The index evaluates 18 records. The buccal and the lingual surfaces of each tooth are
      ideally divided in 9 areas, scored as 0 (absence of disclosed plaque) or 1 (presence of
      disclosed plaque). The 9 areas are called a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h and i and they refer to the
      whole buccal and lingual surfaces: areas a, b and c refer to the gingival margin, areas d and
      f to approximal surfaces, areas e,h, and g to the middle areas of the surface and finally,
      area i refers to cuspal margin.

      The mean plaque scores was calculated for the whole tooth surface, the gingival and in the
      interproximal areas scores for each subject.

      The third molars, if present, were excluded from recordings. Plaque index of the central
      incisors was not considered because of the over-brushing depending on the split-mouth design
      of the study.

      Gingival abrasions evaluation Gingival abrasions were assessed utilizing the method adapted
      by Danser (Danser 1998). The gingival tissues were divided into three areas defined as
      marginal for the marginal free gingiva, interdental for the papillary-free gingiva and
      mid-gingival for the attached gingiva. In the upper jaw the palatal mid-gingival area
      comprised the whole hard palate. The abrasions were measured using a periodontal probe placed
      along the axis of the lesion; they were classified as small (≥ 2 mm), medium (≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5
      mm) and large (> 5 mm).
    

Intervention name(s): brushing methods
Intervention type(s): Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Investigator)
Primary purpose: Prevention