Prophylaxis for Aspiration of Gastric Contents.
Condition: Pulmonary Aspiration of Gastric Contents
MeSH terms: Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 4

Summary: 
      Effect of orally administered two equal and consecutive doses of proton pump inhibitors,
      omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole , rabeprazole and pantoprazole and Histamine 2
      receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine,famotidine,nizatidine and lafutidine without and
      with a prokinetic agents domperidone, metoclopramide and erythromycin on intragastric pH,
      volume and bile refluxate.
    

Detailed description: 
      (This description is for one drug and similar for other drugs) We repacked the placebo,
      lansoprazole 15 mg and lansoprazole 15 mg plus domperidone 10 mg in 180 envelopes (times two)
      and then two envelope in one envelope each for evening and morning of the same size, shape
      and color and their name were changed as drug one, drug two and drug three by a person who
      was not taking part in the study to the patients (single-blind) and investigators
      (double-blind) blinded of it. The group assign paper was sealed in another envelope that was
      opened to know which drug corresponds to either drug one or drug two or drug three after the
      statistical analysis(triple-blind).

      On the preoperative anaesthesia visit, a day before surgery, the nature and purpose of the
      study was explained to each patient. We asked each patient to pick up on one envelop from the
      envelopes (randomization). Thus the patients were allocated to either Group C (control),
      Group L lansoprazole 15 mg or Group LD lansoprazole 15 mg with domperidone 10 mg randomly by
      sealed envelope method. Age, sex, ASA physical status, weight, height, BMI and the study drug
      given were recorded for each patient. All patients also received tablet diazepam 5 mg with
      study drugs. These drugs were given orally with 20 ml of drinking water at 8:00 p.m. in the
      evening day before surgery and 6:00 a.m. morning on the day of surgery. According to the
      hospital policy, all patients were fasted from 12:00 midnight. Upon arrival in the receiving
      area of the operating room. All patients were asked if they had been aware of any unusual
      feeling (side effect) after taking the study drug.

      In the operating room, routine monitors were attached to the patients and turned on. After
      pre-oxygenation with 100% O2 by face mask using eight breaths vital capacity method,
      anaesthesia was induced with injection fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg, propofol 2-3 mg/kg and rocuronium
      0.6-0.9 mg/kg. Lungs were ventilated taking care not to inflate the stomach. Maintaining
      cricoid pressure trachea was intubated with cuffed endotracheal tube. Placement and position
      was confirmed with EtCO2 monitor and then secured properly. After establishing stable
      anaesthesia, an endotracheal tube sized 8.5 internal diameter was passed via oral route in
      the esophagus with anterior displacement of larynx. A predetermined length marked with
      adhesive tape (xiphoid process to ear lobule- fro ear lobule to nasal tip) of stomach tube
      sized 18 F was passed through the esophageally placed endotracheal tube. Placement of this
      tube within the stomach was verified with auscultation over the epigastrium during
      insufflation of 10-15 ml of air. Gastric contents were gently aspirated manually with 60 ml
      syringe by an investigator who was blind of group assignment. Applying manual pressure over
      the epigastrium while the patient was in supine and then left and right lateral positions,
      gastric tube was then manipulated to ensure maximum emptying of gastric contents. The stomach
      tube was then removed followed by esophageally placed endotracheal tube. Any problem
      encountered during inserting or removing the oro-esophageally placed endotracheal tube or
      gastric tube was also recorded. The volume of gastric contents was measured with graduated
      syringe and pH using pH meter. The pH meter was calibrated using standard buffers at pH
      values of 4, 7 and 9.20. This pH meter has a precision of 0.01 units over the entire pH
      range. A minimum of one-millimeter volume of gastric contents was sufficient for pH
      determination with pH meter. In case of very little amount of gastric contents, we cut the
      stomach tube and aspirated gastric material with disposable plastic pipette. Samples less
      than one-millimeter were considered as no gastric contents because a minimum of one-
      millimeter of gastric contents was sufficient for pH- metry. Using bile salts as marker for
      bile, we applied qualitative Hay's sulphur test for the presence of bile salts. A minimum
      volume of one millimeter of gastric contents was adequate to perform Hay's sulphur test. In
      this test finely powered sulphur is sprinkled on the surface of cool (17 OC or below) liquid.
      If bile salts are present sulphur sinks down, sooner or later, in accordance with their
      percentage. If bile salts are present in from 1:5,000 (0.02%or 200 mcg/ml to 1:10,000 (0.01%
      or 100 mcg/ml) sulphur at once begins to sink and all precipitated in two or three minutes;
      even in dilution of 1:120,000 (0.0008% or 8.33 mcg/ml precipitation occurs. On the other
      hand, if sulphur remains floating on the surface, bile salts are absent.

      Anaesthesia was maintained with air, O2 and sevoflorane. Patients also received incremental
      doses of fentanyl and rocuronium as required. At the end of surgery, injection atropine and
      neostigmine were given to antagonize the residual effect of rocuronium. All patients were
      extubated in lateral position and then transferred to recovery room.

      Time since premedication T1 (time from evening dose till aspiration of gastric contents) and
      Time since premedicationT2 (time from morning dose till aspiration of gastric contents), pH,
      volume of gastric contents and results of Hay's sulphur test were also recorded for all
      patients.

      Statistical test were performed using GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, United States and
      results are expressed as absolute values or mean ± standard deviation SD (SEM). Statistical
      analysis between the groups were carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for age, BMI,
      time since premedication T1, time since NPO and T2 , pH and volume. Chi square test was
      applied for sex, ASA physical status, Hay's test and risk of aspiration according to criteria
      defined (pH ≤ 2.5 and volume ≥ 0.4ml/kg or 25 ml. Post hoc tests with Bonferrni correction
      applied where p-value significant(p <0,05). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered
      statistically significant. Power analysis revealed that the sample size (n= 30) in each group
      was of the study was sufficient to detect a difference of 0.7 among the groups in gastric pH
      and volume at a significant level of 0.05 (=α 0 with a power of 0.85.
    

Intervention name(s): Drug either PPIS or H2RA and prokinetics; orogastric intubation
Intervention type(s): Drug; Procedure
Intervention description(s): Drug intervention ( dose unit mg) Two oral doses 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. (n=60) total 10 groups
Group C (placebo),Group L (lansoprazole15 ), Group LD (Lansoprazole 15 +domperidone 10 )
Group C ,R (rabeprazole 10), RM (rabeprazole 10 + metoclopramide 10)
Group C , E (esomeprazole 20 ), and EM (esomeprazole 20 + metoclopramide 10)
Group C, P (pantoprazole 20), and PD (pantoprazole 20 + domperidone 10 mg)
Group C, O (omeprazole 20), OD (omeprazole 20 + domepridone 10), OM (omeprazole 20 + metoclopramide 10)
Group C,T (cimetidine 200), TD (cimetidine 200 + domperidone 10)
Group C , Z (ranitidine 150), ZD (ranitidine 150 + domperidone 10)
Group C , N (nizatidine 150),NM (nizatidine 150 + metoclopramide 10)
Group C, F (famotidine 20 mg), and FM (famotidine 20 mg + metoclopramide 10)
Group C,S (lafutidine 10), SD (lafutidine 10 + domperidone 10), and Group SM (lafutidine 10 + metoclopramide 10); OGT insertion:Insertion of orogastric tube(through an endotracheal tube placed in the upper esophagus) into the stomach after general anaesthesia.
Other intervention name(s): Drug treatment; lansoprazole, esomeprazole,pantoprazole,rebeprazole, omeprazole,cimetidine,nizatidine,famotidine,ranitidine,lafutidine; OGT Insertion
Intervention MeSH terms: Esomeprazole; Omeprazole; Pantoprazole; Lansoprazole; Famotidine; Ranitidine; Cimetidine; Nizatidine; Lafutidine
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: g a, bile reflux. PPIs, H2RAs, prokinetic agents