Chemerin, Fetuin-A, IL-34 and IL-13 Levels in Diabetic Periodontitis Patients
Condition: Periodontitis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MeSH terms: Periodontitis; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The present study aimed to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum
      and salivary chemerin, fetuin-A, IL-34 and IL-13 levels in periodontitis with and without
      diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2. 22 non-periodontitis, 22 non-periodontitis with DM, 22 Stage
      III/IV Grade C periodontitis, 22 tage III/IV Grade C periodontitis with well-controlled DM
      and 22 tage III/IV Grade C periodontitis with poorly-controlled DM patients were enrolled. At
      baseline, serum and saliva samples were collected, and the whole mouth clinical periodontal
      parameters were recorded from all subjects. Periodontitis patients received non-surgical
      periodontal therapy. Clinical parameters were re-measured, and samples were re-collected 1
      and 3 months after therapy from periodontitis patients. Serum and salivary protein levels
      were analyzed by ELISA. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.
    

Detailed description: 
      Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increases the risk for severe periodontal disease by three times,
      making it a risk factor for the progression of periodontitis. Periodontitis works as a focus
      of local infection and a source of low-grade chronic inflammation. Periodontal therapy
      primarily targets the microbial component of the disease by mechanical debridement of tooth
      surfaces.

      Chemerin, an adipose tissue-specific adipokine, influences the glucose pathway, lipid
      metabolism, inflammation levels, chemotaxis of immature dendritic cells, and integration of
      macrophage-phagocytic activity to extracellular matrix proteins and adhesion molecules.
      Fetuin-A impedes insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, thus affiliated with insulin resistance,
      metabolic syndrome, and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interleukin (IL)-34
      modulates myeloid cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Depending on the
      microenvironment, IL-34 can transform circulating monocytes into specific non-resident
      macrophages with a "pro-inflammatory" M1 phenotype or an "anti-inflammatory" M2 phenotype.
      IL-13 inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, from
      monocytes and macrophages.

      This study is the first controlled clinical study that examines the levels of chemerin,
      fetuin-A, IL-34, and IL-13 in saliva and serum in periodontitis with and without T2DM
      (well-controlled and poorly-controlled T2DM) and evaluates the situation before and after the
      treatment. The first hypothesis of this study is that in periodontitis groups, chemerin and
      IL-34 levels will be high in saliva and serum, and IL-13 and fetuin-A levels will be low in
      contrast to the non-periodontitis groups. The second hypothesis of this study is that in T2DM
      groups, fetuin-A and chemerin levels will be high compared to participants without T2DM. The
      third hypothesis of this study, after periodontal treatment, chemein and IL-34 levels will
      decrease, and IL-13 and fetuin-A will increase in saliva and serum. Based on these
      hypotheses, the study aims to compare the levels of chemerin, fetuin-A, IL-34, and IL-13 in
      saliva and serum of nonperiodontitis controls (NP), NP with T2DM (DM.NP), periodontitis (P),
      P with well-controlled T2DM (WDM.P) and P with poorly-controlled T2DM (PDM.P) subjects and to
      evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment.

      A total of 110 participants, 22 NP, 22 DM.NP, 22 P, 22 WDM.P, and 22 PDM.P were included in
      this study. The whole mouth clinical periodontal examination included measurement of probing
      depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), presence of bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival
      index (GI), and plaque index (PI) at 6 sites per tooth, except the third molars. The presence
      and type of the alveolar bone loss were assessed on the digital panoramic radiograph in each
      participant, which was supplemented with periapical radiographs if necessary.

      The periodontal status of each patient was evaluated by a single calibrated periodontist with
      a manual probe. The diagnosis of periodontitis or periodontally health was determined
      according to the 2017 World Workshop on Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant
      Diseases and Conditions. NP individuals (healthy and gingivitis) (n=22) in the control group
      had no sites with PD >3 mm and CAL >2 mm and no radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss.
      NP group also exhibited no history of periodontitis. The periodontitis stage III/IV patients
      had a minimum of three teeth apart from the first molars and incisors showing CAL ≥5 mm and
      PD ≥6 mm. Radiographic bone loss extending from coronal to middle third or beyond. Bone loss
      %/age was higher than 1.0.

      The diagnosis of patients with T2DM was based on the criteria given by the World Health
      Organization. Both well-controlled and poorly-controlled diabetic patients, diagnosed at
      least one year ago as having T2DM and treated with oral anti-diabetics and/or insulin, no
      major diabetic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy), were included.

      Treatment

      The recruited periodontitis patients received conventional quadrant scaling and root planning
      (SRP) under local anesthesia in a total of 4 sessions in four weeks. SRP was performed by the
      same periodontist using ultrasonic inserts and manual periodontal curettes. Re-evaluations
      were performed at 1 and 3 months following the completion of the SRP. No periodontal
      intervention was carried out in the non-periodontitis controls.

      Saliva and serum Sampling A total of 5 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected by
      passive drool method between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m. The participants were advised to avoid food
      consumption for three hours before sample collection. The participants were seated upright,
      and saliva was collected over 5 minutes with instructions to pool saliva in the floor of the
      mouth and passively drool it into a sterile glass beaker. Then, saliva samples are
      immediately transferred to a 2 mL polypropylene tube and stored at -80°C. A total of 10,5 mL
      of blood was collected from the antecubital fossa by the venepuncture method. Serum was
      isolated from the blood by centrifuging at 4000 rpm for 12 minutes, followed by its rapid
      transfer to a sterile polypropylene tube and storage at -80°C.

      Biomarker Immunoassays Saliva and serum samples were thawed on ice. The saliva samples were
      centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes at room temperature, and supernatants were immediately
      used for assays. Using commercial kits, serum and salivary samples of chemerin, fetuin-A,
      IL-34, and IL-13 were measured by ELISA.

      Statistical Analysis Shapiro Wilk's normality test was applied to determine the clinical and
      biochemical data distribution. Nonparametric tests were used because the variables did not
      follow a normal distribution. The gender distributions among groups were analyzed using the
      Chi-Square test. Multiple comparisons of the clinical and biochemical parameters were
      analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis; if significance occurred, the Bonferroni-adjusted
      Mann-Whitney U test was applied for paired comparisons. Intragroup comparisons were performed
      using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The correlations among clinical and biochemical
      parameters at baseline were performed using Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Multinomial
      logistic regression was used to determine associations between periodontitis groups and
      biochemical parameters. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
    

Intervention name(s): Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): Nonsurgical periodontal therapy primarily aims to control microbial periodontal infection by removing bacterial biofilm, calculus, and toxins from periodontally involved root surfaces. Performing a thorough periodontal debridement under local anesthesia will stop disease progression and improve active disease's clinical signs and symptoms.
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: periodontitis; Diabetes mellitus; periodontal therapy