Mandibular Evaluation and Facial Analysis In Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis
Condition: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
MeSH terms: Scoliosis
Study type: Observational [Patient Registry]

Summary: 
      Fifty-eight participants with AIS and 45 healthy controls were included in the study. Active
      mandibular movements including depression, protrusion, and left-right deviation were assessed
      with a ruler. Facial anthropometry was measured on facial shape on photograph, and phenotype
      and asymmetry were determined from the acquired anthropometric facial data. Neck mobility was
      evaluated in movements of flexion, extension, right-left lateral flexion, and right-left
      rotation using a standard flexible tape. The Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire was used
      to assess neck awareness. Neck pain in the previous week was measured with a Visual Analog
      Scale.
    

Detailed description: 
      Functional evaluation of the mandible was performed by measuring active mandibular movements
      (Fig 1). For mandibular depression, participants were asked to open their mouths as much as
      they could without pain. The distance between central incisors of the mandibular row of teeth
      and the maxillary row of the obturator was recorded. For mandible protrusion, they pushed
      their lower jaws forward as far as they could and the distance between the upper and lower
      jaws were recorded. For mandibular deviation, participants pushed their lower jaws first left
      and then right, and lateral mandibular excursions were measured from upper incisal midline to
      lower midline. All measurements were performed with the help of a 20-cm ruler and recorded in
      cm 16.

      Facial anthropometry was measured on photograph. A digital camera mounted on a tripod at 110
      centimeters in height and a distance of 100 centimeters was used to take photographs 17.
      Participants' position was standardized on a previously marked cross on the floor. Those who
      wear glasses were asked to remove the glasses, and the participants with long hair were asked
      to tie their hair from the top. They were asked to assume a relaxed standing position when
      the photographs were taken. A small white square sticker 2 cm × 2 cm was placed on the
      forehead and on the flat surfaces of the right and left cheeks, with the camera lens
      perpendicular to the square. The purpose of the sticker was to be able to express linear
      measurements as centimeters rather than pixels while measuring the 3 sides of facial
      anthropometric landmarks using the Image J program 18. All participants were photographed at
      front and right and left sides. The measured anthropometric variables were as follows:
      physiognomic face height, morphological face height, lower face height, face width, mandible
      width, right upper facial depth, left upper facial depth, right lower facial depth, left
      lower facial depth, right midfacial depth, left midfacial depth, biocular width, cheek width
      (distance between inferior insertion of ear), and mouth width. Landmarks are shown and
      measured variables are defined in Fig 2 19,20. Face golden ratio was used to determine face
      shape and facial index was used for face phenotype. Face golden ratio was the ratio of
      physiognomic facial height to the face width, and facial index was the ratio of morphological
      face height and maximum face width.
    

Intervention name(s): functional mandibular evaluation
Intervention type(s): Diagnostic Test
Intervention description(s): Active mandibular movements including depression, protrusion, and left-right deviation, facial anthropometry was measured on facial shape on photograph, and phenotype and asymmetry
Other intervention name(s): anthropometric facial analysis
Observational model: Other
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        103 adolescents, 58 of them with idiopathic scoliosis and 45 of them healthy, were included
        in the study.
      
Keywords: Scoliosis,Temporomandibular Joint, Facial Asymmetry, Neck