Evaluation of GCF MMP-1, -8 and Growth Factor Levels in Smokers With Periodontal Health
Condition: Smoking, Healthy Volenteers
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Increased levels of cytokines in GCF have been demonstrated in smoker subjects with chronic
      periodontitis. It is not surprising that increased levels of inflammation associated
      molecules in GCF has been observed in smokers with periodontitis. However, it is not clear if
      smoking has an influence on these parameters in periodontally healthy individuals. In the
      present study, it has been hypothesized that smoking might affect the levels of GCF MMPs and
      growth factors in young adults with periodontal health.
    

Detailed description: 
      The main objective of the present study was to investigate the GCF levels of MMP-1, MMP-8,
      TGF-β1, PDGF-AB and VEGF in smoker versus non-smoker periodontally healthy young adults.

      A total of 32 periodontally healthy young adults including 16 smokers and 16 non-smokers,
      were recruited for the present cross-sectional study ( 18 female and 14 males; age range: 19
      to 27 years).

      All participants had a thorough full-mouth clinical examination. The measurement of probing
      depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed at six sites per tooth in the
      whole mouth, excluding third molars in all study participants. Bleeding on probing (BOP) and
      the amount of plaque accumulation were also evaluated.

      GCF sampling sites were selected from the sites without BOP and plaque accumulation. GCF
      samples were obtained from buccal aspects of proximal sites in a single-rooted teeth in each
      individual participating in the present study. Paper strips† were carefully inserted 1 mm
      into the crevice for 30 seconds. Care was taken to avoid mechanical trauma. The absorbed GCF
      volume was estimated by a calibrated instrument. Then each strip from each patient were
      placed into one polypropylene tube before freezing at -40°C. The readings were converted to
      an actual volume (µl) reference to the standard curve. All GCF samples were stored at -40°C
      until the laboratory analyses.

      Considering a difference of 50% in mean GCF levels of the biochemical markers and assuming
      standard deviations to be maximum 80% of the mean values and accepting a power of 90%, P
      value of 5% in smoker and non-smoker groups, minimum sample size was calculated.

      Chi-square test was used to determine for differences in gender and smoking state between the
      study groups. Student t test was applied for comparison of age between smokers and
      non-smokers. Normality test was performed to evaluate the distribution of clinical
      periodontal parameters and levels of growth factor and MMP-1, -8. Growth factor and MMP
      levels were compared by Mann-Whitney U test in study groups.
    

Intervention name(s): Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Dental faculty students
      
Biospecimen description: 
      Gingival crevicular fluid
    
Keywords: Smoking, gingival crevicular fluid, matrix metalloproteinases, intercellular signaling peptides and proteins, healthy volunteers