Changes in Adaptive Immune Responses and Effector Cell Responses Upon Nasal Allergen Exposure - a Pilot Study
Condition: Allergic Rhinitis; Allergic Inflammation
MeSH terms: Rhinitis; Rhinitis, Allergic; Inflammation
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      IgE-associated allergy is a hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 25% of the
      population in industrialised countries. The recognition of allergen by immunoglobulin E (IgE)
      plays a central role in the cause of allergic diseases. Both seasonal and nasal provocation
      studies have demonstrated the rise in specific IgE after allergen exposure. Additionally
      changes in other clinical and immunological parameters (e.g. nasal blockage, mast cell and
      basophil sensitivity, various cytokines or T cell profiles) in response to allergen exposure
      have been described. However the time sensitive interplay of these various factors such as
      the relationship between rise in IgE levels and change in basophils sensitivity or cytokine
      profiles is not yet fully understood. Clarifying how these various factors interact and
      contribute to immunological responses to allergen, is crucial for the development of new
      therapeutic approaches.

      The investigators aim to address these questions through a study following 36 Birch allergic
      patients after provocation with allergen or placebo over a peroid of 6 weeks to 1 year.
    

Detailed description: 
      Rational of the Study

      Previous studies on the dynamics of the in vivo clinical and immunological responses to nasal
      allergen have focused on particular parameters but have not addressed the kinetics of the
      interplay between the different factors (i.e. allergen-specific IgE levels, local IgE and
      mediator production, basophil sensitivity, cutaneous sensitivity). The investigators
      therefore propose a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study where The investigators
      challenge patients intranasally with allergen extract and then closely monitor both clinical
      and immunological immune responses over a period of 4 months. After this a further 4 visits
      will take place before and after the birch season.

      The investigators will look at immediate and late phase immune responses to birch pollen
      extract nasal challenge outside the pollen season. Study participants will initially undergo
      3 consecutive days of nasal allergen challenge and then be closely followed up for a period
      of 1 year. To assess clinical response to allergen exposure, The investigators will make use
      of the skin prick test (SPT), total nasal symptom score (TNSS), nasal endoscopy and Peak
      Inspiratory Nasal Flow Meter (PNIF). To assess immunological responses samples including
      blood, nasal mucosal sampling and nasal secretions will be taken.

      Study Design

      In this single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study a total of 36 (6
      for a pre study) patients will be recruited into this study on a voluntary basis and will be
      randomised to receive a nasal challenge with either birch pollen extract or placebo.
      Randomisation will be stratified according to Bet v 1 specific IgE levels to allow for equal
      distribution in both groups. 30 Study participants will receive nasal provocation outside of
      the birch pollen season with either birch pollen extract or placebo on three consecutive days
      and will thereafter be followed up at a regular basis for up to four months.

      Initially, prior to the study in 30 patients, 6 birch pollen allergic subjects will undergo a
      short protocol in order to ensure that

        1. The allergen concentration used for nasal provocation is sufficient to elicit a rise of
           IgE antibodies

        2. That the titrations of the skin prick test is adequate

        3. That the timing of taking nasal secretions for determination of mediators is adequate.

           Should the results from these 6 patients reveal that either nasal allergen
           concentration, skin test titrations or timing of nasal secretions is not adequate, an
           amendment will be submitted to the ethical committee.

           The shortened protocol will include 5 visits:

             -  complete screening visit

             -  complete visit N1

             -  visit N2 without blood sampling and without nasal sampling

             -  visit N3 without blood sampling and without nasal sampling

             -  complete visit N7

           Screening Visit

           Procedure

             -  Signing of the Informed Consent Form (Version 2.1. for initial study with short
                protocol, Version 1.8 (updated for extension) for main study)

             -  Allocation of screening number

             -  Demographic Data

             -  History of allergy

             -  Assessment of In- and Exclusion Criteria

             -  Pregnancy test for females if requiring SPT

             -  Medical history

             -  Concomitant medication

             -  Anterior rhinoscopy

             -  Standard SPT with commercial extract from: hazel, ash, grass mix, ragweed, mugwort,
                D. pteronyssinus, D. farina, cat and dog dander, alternaria, cladosporium,
                histamine and negative control

             -  Titrated skin prick test with commercial birch pollen extract

             -  Blood sampling (max 60ml of heparinized blood and serum) - A part of the blood
                sample will be directly sent to the laboratory for analysis of basophil activation,
                total IgE, and specific IgE to relevant allergens. From the rest of the blood, RNA
                will be prepared and stored at -80°C and serum will be separated and stored at
                -20°C

             -  nasal sampling (nasal lavage, mucosal curette sampling and nasal secretion
                sampling)

           Visit N0

           Requirements regarding timing: Visit N0 is scheduled between 2 weeks and 4 days before
           visit N1. This is only for patients that were screened more than 3 weeks before visit N1

           Procedure:

             -  Blood sampling

             -  Nasal specimen collection (lavage, mucosal curette sampling and nasal secretion
                sampling)

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  PNIF

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit N1

           Procedure:

             -  Reassessment of In and Exclusion Criteria (allergen-specific IgE results)

             -  Randomization: Subjects will be assigned a treatment number

             -  Baseline Blood sampling

             -  Baseline nasal specimen collection (lavage, nasal mucosa sampling and nasal
                secretion sampling)

             -  Baseline TNSS score

             -  Adverse event (AE) recording

             -  Concomitant medication

             -  PNIF given to patients and explanation/demonstration of how it works. Patients will
                be given a paper diary to keep track of daily PNIF values (from N1 to N5). This
                dairy will also be used to record daily TNSS scores (N4-N5).

             -  Pregnancy test

             -  i.n. administration of birch pollen extract or placebo

             -  Documentation of symptoms immediately after provocation

             -  Blood, PNIF, nasal sampling (nasal lavage, mucosal curette sampling and nasal
                secretion sampling) and TNSS score, 20min, 40min, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 20-24hr after
                birch pollen extract administration (20-24 hrs time point will be performed at
                visit N2).

             -  Nasal sampling, PNIF and TNSS score at 10min, 3hr, 5hr, 6hr, 7hr, 8hr after birch
                pollen extract administration

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  administration of rescue medication if necessary (azelastine nasal spray,
                desloratadin 5mg)

           Visit N2

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N2 is scheduled the day after visit N1

           Procedure:

             -  Blood, PNIF, nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette sampling and nasal secretion
                sampling) and TNSS score (20-24 hour time point after birch pollen extract
                administration in N1).

             -  AE recording

             -  Concomitant medication

             -  i.n. administration of birch pollen extract or placebo followed by an observation
                period of 2 hours

             -  Documentation of symptoms immediately after provocation

             -  administration of rescue medication if necessary (azelastine nasal spray,
                desloratadin 5mg)

             -  Note: in the initial 6 study subjects nasal and blood sampling will not be
                performed

           Visit N3

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N3 is scheduled the day after visit N2

           Procedure:

             -  Blood sampling before provocation

             -  Nasal specimen collection before provocation (lavage, mucosal curette sampling and
                nasal secretion sampling)

             -  TNSS score before provocation

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  Adverse event (AE) recording

             -  Concomitant medication

             -  i.n. administration of birch pollen extract or placebo

             -  Documentation of symptoms immediately after provocation

             -  Blood, PNIF, nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette sampling and nasal secretion
                sampling) and TNSS score 20min, 40min, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 20-24hr and after birch
                pollen extract administration (20-24 hrs time point will be performed at visit N4).

             -  Nasal sampling, PNIF and TNSS score at 10min, 3hr, 5hr, 6hr, 7hr, 8hr after birch
                pollen extract administration

             -  Administration of rescue medication if necessary (azelastine nasal spray,
                desloratadin 5mg)

             -  Note: in the initial 6 study subjects nasal and blood sampling will not be
                performed

           Visit N4

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N4 is scheduled the day after visit N3

           Procedure:

           • Blood, PNIF, nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette sampling and nasal secretion
           sampling) and TNSS score at 20-24hrs after administration of birch pollen extract.

           Visit N5

           Visit N5 is scheduled 14 ±4 days after visit N4:

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  TNSS score

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

             -  Collection of paper diary from Visit N1 to N5

           Visit N6

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N6 is scheduled 14 ±4 days after visit N5

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit N7

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N7 is scheduled 14 ±4 days after visit N6

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit N8

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N8 is scheduled 14 ±4 days after visit N7

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  score

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit N9

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N9 is scheduled 14 ±4 days after visit N8

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit N10

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N9 is scheduled 14 ±4 days after visit N9

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit N11 - Final Visit of Nasal Provocation Component

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit N11 is scheduled 28 ±4 days after visit N10

           Procedure:

             -  Blood for immunological parameters and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and
                nasal secretion sampling)

             -  PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit S1 (Extension - Approved by MUW Ethics Committee on the 11th of Febuary 2019)

           Requirements regarding timing: Visit S1 is scheduled 4 weeks before the predicted start
           of the birch season (+/- 7 days)

           Procedure:

             -  Paper pollen and PNIF diary explained to patients and asked to fill in daily during
                the birch season

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit S2

           Requirements regarding timing: Visit S2 is scheduled 4 weeks after the end of the birch
           season (+/- 7 days)

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  Collection paper diary

             -  Observed PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  TNSS score at visit

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit S3

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit S3 is scheduled 4 weeks after visit S2 - (+/- 7 days)

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  Observed PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  TNSS score at visit

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

           Visit S4 and End of Study

           Requirements regarding timing:

           Visit S4 is scheduled 1 year after the start of the whole study (1 year after visit N0)
           +/- 7 days

           Procedure:

             -  Blood and nasal sampling (lavage, mucosal curette and nasal secretion sampling)

             -  Observed PNIF

             -  Titrated SPT

             -  TNSS score at visit

             -  AE recording

             -  Pregnancy test for females if the last test was more than one month ago

             -  End of study

           Descriptions of Study procedures

           Medical history of patients, demographic data, concomitant medication Patients will be
           asked for their medical history including demographic data and concomitant medication,
           their allergic symptoms including intensity and duration and their allergic medication
           history.

           History of allergy and TNSS score

           Patients will be asked for occurrence of sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal pruritus, nasal
           congestion and sleep quality and to grade each symptom at each visit and keep a record
           at home. They will use the following symptom score method: 0 = absent; 1 = mild -
           present but easily tolerated; 2 = moderate - present, symptom is bothersome but not
           interfering with daily life activities; 3 = severe - symptom is difficult to tolerate
           and is interfering with daily life activities (24). In addition to this there will be a
           visual analogue scale of total disease burden on the form.

           Anterior rhinoscopy

           Anterior rhinoscopy will be performed once during the screening visit to exclude
           anatomical variances (e.g. septal deviation) or pathological changes (e.g. nasal
           polyps). It will be performed by using a speculum with the patient seated with the head
           slightly back.

           Peak Inspiratory Nasal Flow Meter (PNIF)

           The portability and ease of the PNIF provides a unique opportunity to obtain objective
           measurements while the patients are at home. It has also recently been validated as a
           study tool during nasal allergen challenge.

           Procedure:

           At visit 1 patients will be trained how to use the PNIF device (In-check, Inspiratory
           ﬂow meter) and will receive one to take home with them until N5. The PNIF uses a
           variable diameter tube calibrated directly in litres per minute along with a low inertia
           indicator ring. The position of the ring after an inspiratory manoeuvre indicates the
           maximum flow achieved. The device works when a patient inhales through the mouth or
           nose, this causes air to be drawn through the meter and a cursor moves along the scale
           to indicate the speed of inhalation. The flow rate achieved can be noted by checking the
           position of the cursor against the calibrated scale.

           PNIF in study conduct:

           The PNIF will be given to study participants to take home so they can keep a daily or
           weekly dairy (depending on the phase of the study) of their nasal airflow. They will
           also be asked to bring them to all study visits so observed PNIF measurements can be
           taken.

           Skin prick test

           4.5.1 Procedure: Allergens are inserted into the dermis of the forearm by gently
           pricking the skin through a drop (20ul) of an allergen-containing solution with a
           sterile lancet with at least 2 cm between each individual application point. 0.9% sodium
           chloride solution will be used as negative and histamine as positive control. In
           previously sensitized individuals, itchy swelling and a reddening of the skin (wheal and
           flare reaction) will occur within 15 minutes upon challenge with the respective
           allergen. After 20 minutes, allergen solutions will be wiped off and margins of the
           wheals will be traced with a ball point pen. Transparent tape will be bonded on the skin
           in order to transfer the outline of the wheal to the tape for the records. The surface
           of the wheals will be calculated by digital planimetry. For inclusion, wheals of at
           least 3 mm in diameter will be regarded as positive reactions.

           Test solutions:

           Commercially available birch pollen extract and a panel of tree and grass pollen, weed
           and perennial allergens (Allergopharma, Vienna, Austria) will be used at the screening
           visit and will be stored according to the manufacturer's instructions. As controls,
           sterile 0.9% NaCl solution (negative control) and histamine (positive control,
           Allergopharma, Vienna, Austria) will be used. They will be stored according to the
           manufacturer's instructions.

           SPT in study conduct:

           Screening Visit:

           A standard skin prick test with commercial birch pollen extract and a panel of tree and
           grass pollen, weed and perennial allergens (all Allergopharma, Vienna, Austria) as used
           in routine diagnostic in the allergy clinic of the ENT department will be performed to
           assess the patient's sensitization profile at the screening visit.

           Screening and Visits N0, N5 - N11, S1-S4 A titrated skin prick test to birch extract
           will be performed with increasing dilutions (dilutions will be increased by a factor of
           3 up to 1:60 000 (=11 dilution steps) to determine the lowest concentration that elicits
           a skin response. Skin tests to all dilutions will be done in quadruplicates. Commercial
           positive control solution (histamine) and negative control will be done in duplicates.

           Safety precautions As a safety precaution, patients will be monitored for 30 minutes
           after testing. All investigations will be done in the Outpatient Clinic of the
           ENT-Department, where full emergency equipment is available.

           Blood sampling and measuring of immunological parameters

           Blood samples will be taken at the screening visit and at all study visits by puncture
           of the antecubital vein before skin testing. A maximum of 60ml per visit will be taken
           either heparinized (e.g. for basophil sensitivity assays) or for the preparation of
           serum (e.g. for assessment of total and allergen specific immunoglobulin levels or RBL
           assay). Serum vials will be processed and serum will be stored at -20°C.
           Allergen-specific IgE of blood samples of the screening visit will be measured by
           CAP-FEIA to assess the allergen-specific RAST-class of the patients. Measurement of
           total, free, and allergen-specific serum IgE, IgG, IgA and IgM will be performed either
           by CAP-FEIA, by microarray measurement or ELISA. The measurement will be performed at
           the end of the study in all collected serum samples to minimize interassay variation.
           Measurement of basophil responses to allergen, fMLP and anti-IgE will be performed at
           each visit. Briefly, basophils will be exposed to various concentrations of anti-IgE,
           fMLP or recombinant allergens for 15 minutes and then examined for expression of CD 63
           and CD203c by means of flow cytometry. Alternatively, histamine release will be
           determined by commercially available histamine release kits.

           Pregnancy testing

           In female patients, pregnancy will be excluded with a standard urine pregnancy test. The
           test will be performed before the first skin prick test at the screening visit and
           afterwards once a month.

           Nasal specimen collection

           Nasal specimen collection will be performed at all visits. For every visit specimens
           will be collected using nasosorption FXi/PU (containing a synthetic absorptive matrix
           (SAM)), or a 10 cm-long plastic curette (Both devices from Hunt Developments, UK)

           Nasosorption using FXi/PU (Hunt Developments, UK):

           Under visualization, the device will be inserted into the nasal cavity and be placed
           along the lateral wall against the inferior turbinate. The index finger of the patient
           will be used to press onto the external aspects of the alar and lateral nasal cartilages
           to hold the device in place. After 1 minute, the devices will be removed and the fluid
           will be extracted by centrifugation. Supernatant will be frozen at -70°C until further
           analysis for the presence of allergen-specific and total Ig levels, mediator and
           cytokine levels.

           Mucosal mRNA sampling A 10cm nasal curette will be used. Under direct visualisation the
           curette will be brought to lie against the mid-inferior portion of the inferior
           turbinate. The curette will be pressed against the mucosal surface moved outwards 2-3
           times. This motion will be repeated 2-3 times to ensure good sample collection. This
           curette and technique have been shown to cause no significant discomfort to patients and
           thus it has the advantage of no requirement for local anaesthetic. After collection
           Cells will be lysed in Qiagen RLT buffer and stored at -70C for later mRNA analysis.

           4.9 Intranasal challenge

           Birch pollen extract (Allergopharma, Vienna, Austria) will be freshly diluted in sterile
           0.9% sodium chloride solution and will be administered using a metered pump. The
           allergen will be administered using a metered pump delivering 15 μl per puff to both
           nostrils at visit N1, N2, N3. If the patient is suffering from nasal or eye symptoms
           after the challenge, azelastine nasal spray or desloratadin 5mg will be supplied.

           Randomization Procedure

           At visit N1 of the main study, patients will be randomized to one of the two groups
           (Birch pollen extract or Placebo). Study subjects will be randomized (ratio 2:1 for
           provocation versus control) using the online randomization programme "randomizer"
           (www.meduniwien.ac.at/randomizer), which is maintained at the Institute for Medical
           Informatics, Statistics and Documentation at Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
           The 2:1 ratio is chosen because the variance of Ig measurements and derived quantities
           is expected to be larger in the provocation group due to expected larger overall Ig
           levels, also see the sample size consderations later in this document.

           The randomization will be carried out by a person who is not involved in the study and
           has no contact with the patients to ensure that the study will be double blinded.

           Investigational products and study medication

           Birch Pollen Extract:

           Birch pollen extract (Allergopharma, Vienna, Austria) will be used for intranasal
           challenge. Birch pollen extract will arrive lyophilised and will be dissolved in sterile
           0.9% sodium chloride. The content of Bet v 1 in the extract will be determined by
           immunoblotting using antibody probes specific for Bet v 1. Finally the extract will be
           diluted so that the final concentration of Bet v 1 will be 50 μg/ml as this
           concentration has previously been shown to elicit changes in specific IgE levels upon
           nasal challenge.

           Control solutions:

           Control solutions will comprise sodium chloride 0.9% as negative control for skin prick
           test and as placebo for intranasal challenge. Histamine (Allergopharma, Vienna, Austria)
           will be used as a positive control for the skin prick test. They will be stored
           according to the manufacturer's instructions.

           Concomitant medication

           General:

           All additional medication being taken by the subjects on entry to the study or at any
           time during the study are regarded as concomitant medication and will be documented in
           the Source Data File. Concomitant medications should be kept to a minimum during the
           study, but if considered necessary may be given if not interfering with the study
           protocol.

           Rescue medication:

           Although anaphylactic events are very unlikely in this study they always have to be
           considered possible. Therefore a complete emergency kit will be available immediately in
           case of anaphylactic reactions at SPT or nasal challenge. Furthermore if the patient is
           suffering from nasal and eye symptoms after the intranasal challenge azelastine nasal
           spray and/or desloratadin 5mg will be provided to ameliorate the symptoms.

           Prohibited concomitant medication:

           Subjects must remain off medications interfering with study procedures for the duration
           of the study. The following concomitant treatments are not permitted during this study:

             -  Systemic or topical corticosteroids

             -  Other immunosuppressant drugs

             -  Antihistamines or disodium cromoglycate 3 days prior to visits

             -  Systemic or intranasal adrenergic drugs

             -  Psychopharmacological drugs

             -  ACE-inhibitors or beta-blockers

           Adverse events

           An adverse event is any event during a clinical study, including intercurrent illness or
           accident, which impairs the well-being of the subject; it may also take the form of an
           abnormal laboratory value. The term adverse event does not imply a causal relationship
           with the study treatment.

           All subjects experiencing adverse events - whether considered associated with the use of
           the study treatment or not - will be monitored until symptoms subside and any abnormal
           laboratory value has returned to baseline, or until there is a satisfactory explanation
           for the changes observed, or until death, in which case a full pathology report from a
           qualified pathologist will be provided. All findings must be reported on an "adverse
           event" page in the case record form.

           All adverse events will be reported on and documented as described below. Adverse events
           are divided into the categories "serious" and "non-serious". This determines the
           procedure which must be used to report/document the adverse event.

           Definition of serious and non-serious adverse events

           A serious adverse event is:

             -  Any event that is fatal or life-threatening

             -  Any event that is permanently disabling

             -  Any event that requires or prolongs hospitalization

             -  Any event that involves cancer, congenital abnormality, or occurs as a result of
                overdose (application of more than the stipulated dose).

           Adverse events which do not fall into these categories are defined as non-serious.

           Assessment of severity of AE

           Regardless of the classification of an adverse event as serious or non-serious (see
           above), its severity must be assessed as mild, moderate or severe, according to medical
           criteria alone:

           Mild = does not interfere with routine activities, acceptable Moderate = interferes with
           routine activities Severe = impossible to perform routine activities, considered as
           unacceptable by the physician, requires treatment, requires discontinuation of study, or
           has residual effect.

           It should be noted that a severe adverse event need not be serious in nature. Regardless
           of severity, all serious adverse events must be reported on as below.

           Reporting/documentation of adverse events

           Adverse events are collected by spontaneous reporting.

           Reporting/documentation of serious adverse events

           All serious adverse events which occur during this study whether considered to be
           associated with the study medication or not, must be documented on an "Adverse event"
           page in the case record form.

           A follow-up report including all new information obtained on the serious event must be
           prepared and will be collected.

           The investigator will submit on request copies of all these reports to the ethics
           committee. Where necessary, investigators will inform the authorities.

           Reporting/documentation of non-serious adverse events

           These are to be documented on an "Adverse event" page in the case record form.

           Statistical analysis

           As this is a pilot study, the performed analysis are considered as explorative and
           hypothesis generating.

           Patient characteristics and outcome variables will be described by calculating maximum,
           minimum, median, mean and standard deviation for metric variables and absolute and
           relative frequencies for categorical variables.

           To analyse time-trajectories of IgE levels and other outcome variables, descriptive
           statistics as well as 95% confidence intervals for the mean will be calculated for each
           time-point and each treatment group separately. To account for heterogeneous baseline
           levels between patients, the observed outcomes for each patient will be standardized by
           the respective baseline values for these analyses. Further, mean differences between
           groups and according 95% confidence intervals will be calculated for each time-point.
           For graphical illustration, the individual trajectories of each patient will be plotted.

           The data observed in the skin prick test consists of a series of allergen doses and the
           resulting area measurements. Based on preliminary data from eight patients in previous
           study, an exponential model of the type Area = A*(1-exp(-λ Dose) was found to
           appropriately describe the dose-response relationship observed in the skin prick test.
           The model will be fit for of each time point in each group using a non-linear least
           squares algorithm. From these models, the response rate λ, the plateau area A and the
           50% effective dose will be reported together with 95% confidence intervals.

           If there are missing values, all analysis will be done on an available case basis.

           Sample size considerations:

           Given the exploratory nature of the study, the sample size considerations are based on
           the precision of parameter estimates. The primary objective is the analysis of IgE
           levels across time. Date from a previous study show a relative increase of anti-Bet v 1
           IgE four weeks after nasal provocation with Bet v 1 by a mean factor of 1.4 and a
           standard deviation of approximately 0.5 between patients. With a control antigen, the
           mean factor was 1.04 with a standard deviation of approximately 0.25. The maximal
           statistical precision for a comparison of mean values between the two groups is achieved
           if the allocation ratio is proportional to the ratio of standard deviations, which is
           2:1 based on the previous data. Under the above assumptions on effect sizes and standard
           deviations, a total sample size of 30 (20:10) will provide 95% confidence intervals with
           a half-width of approximately 0.2 in either group. The expected half-width of a 95%
           confidence interval for the mean difference between groups is 0.28. (A corresponding
           two-sample t-test would have a power of 80% to detect a mean difference of 0.4 at a 5%
           significance level). For the analysis of the skin prick test, the preliminary data
           suggest that with a sample size of 20, the half-width of 95% confidence intervals for
           the 50% effective dose will be approximately 0.25 times the 50% effective dose, which is
           considered as sufficient precision for this pilot study. Please see appendix for
           graphical representation

           Ethical and legal aspects

           The study will be carried out in keeping with local legal requirements and GCP. It will
           be performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964),
           including current revisions.

           Informed consent of subject

           Before being admitted to the study, the subject must have consented to participate after
           the nature, scope and possible consequences of the clinical study have been explained in
           a form understandable to him/her. The subject must give consent in writing. The
           signature of the investigator will confirm the subject's consent. The patient may
           withdraw the consent, even without giving comments, at any time and without negative
           consequences for his future medical care.

           Acknowledgement/approval of the study

           Before the start of the study, the study protocol will be submitted to the Ethics
           committee of the medical university Vienna and the general hospital of Vienna
           (Borschkegasse 8b/E 06, 1090 Vienna, Austria).

           Insurance

           All subjects participating in this study will be insured at the Zürich Insurance company
           (Zürich-Versicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft, Schwarzenbergplatz 15, 1010 Vienna, Tel. +43
           50 1255 1255; insurance number: 07229622-2).

           Confidentiality

           All subjects' names will be kept secret in the investigators files. Subjects will be
           identified throughout documentation and evaluation by the number allotted to them during
           the study. The subjects will be told that all study findings will be stored and handled
           in strictest confidence.

           Documentation and use of study findings

           Documentation of study findings

           All results collected during the study will be collected in a source data file and will
           later be transferred to the case report forms (CRFs). All entries on the case record
           forms will be made legibly in black or blue ink. If corrections are made to entries in
           the case record form, the words or figures will be ringed and a single stroke drawn
           through them. The correct value will be entered beside the old entry and date and the
           correction will be initialled. Incorrect entries must not be covered with correcting
           fluid or obliterated or made illegible in any way. The completed CRFs will be signed by
           the investigator. CRFs will be completed immediately after the final examination. The
           medical records upon which the CRF is based will be kept for at least 15 years.

           Use of the study findings

           The findings of this study will be published by the investigators in a scientific
           journal and presented in scientific meetings. The manuscript will be circulated to all
           co-investigators before submission.
    

Intervention name(s): Nasal Provocation with Birch Extract; Nasal Provocation with NaCl 0.9%
Intervention type(s): Diagnostic Test; Other
Intervention description(s): Nasal spray containing birch extract from Allergopharma; Nasal spray containing sterile sodium chloride 0.9%
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: In this single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study a total of 36 patients will be recruited into this study on a voluntary basis and will be randomised to receive a nasal challenge with either birch pollen extract or placebo.
Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
Primary purpose: Basic Science