Translation and Cross -Cultural Validation of ECOS-16 Questionnaire in Urdu Language
Condition: Postmenopausal Osteopenia; Quality of Life; Validity; Reliability; Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
MeSH terms: Osteoporosis; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Osteopenia is a clinical term to define the declined Bone Mineral Density (BMD) as per the
      normal reference values but not low enough to meet osteoporotic diagnostic criteria. A
      Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone scan is used to diagnose decreased BMD.
      Osteopenia is, as described by the World Health Organization (WHO), a score ranging from -1
      to -2.5, whereas Osteoporosis is diagnosed with values less than - 2.5. The risk of a
      decrease in BMD doubles as a woman goes into Menopause.

      The objective of this study will be to determine the effects of Kinect-based virtual reality
      training on BMD, fracture risk, physical function and Quality of life in postmenopausal women
      with Osteopenia. The aim of the present study is to translate the ECOS-16 Questionnaire into
      Urdu Language along with validation of the translated versions by evaluating its validity and
      reliability in the Postmenopausal women of Pakistan with Osteopenia or Osteoporosis and
      understanding Urdu Language. No such study has been previously conducted in the Pakistan
      region which translates the specific questionnaire and follows the proper cross-culture
      adaptation protocol.
    

Detailed description: 
      ECOS-16 was developed to evaluate the quality of life in postmenopausal women with
      osteoporosis. It is a brief, straightforward, self-administered questionnaire containing 16
      easy-to-score items, 4 of which are taken from OQLQ and the remaining 12 taken from the
      Questionnaire of the QUALEFFO-41 . The 16 items are further divided into four subscales: pain
      (5 items), physical functioning (5 items), illness-related fear (2 items), and psychosocial
      functioning (4 items). Each question related to these items has five response options,
      ranging from 1 to 5, where 5 represents the worst quality of life score. ECOS-16 provides
      both subscale domain scores and an overall score. ECOS-16 questionnaire, originally developed
      in English, has been translated into many languages to assess for its validity and
      reliability ever since, but Urdu version is not developed or tested. Previous studies have
      shown that the translation of the scale would end up giving a standard measure to be utilized
      in clinical practices and research studies while sanctioning clinicians and specialists to
      share information and have an insight into patient's health-related concerns of Osteoporosis.
      The reliability and validity of the ECOS-16 have been well documented by the developers of
      the instrument Thus, it is imperative to translate this questionnaire into psychometrically
      tested Urdu version. This may promote an easy understanding of the local population in
      Pakistan where the Urdu language is spoken and will provide a valid measure of Quality of
      life to be clinically utilized by practitioners and researchers across the country.
    

Observational model: Other
Time perspective: Cross-Sectional
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Postmenopausal women diagnosed with Osteoporosis and Osteopenia , clinically stable,
        between age 48-70 years and able to read and complete the Urdu version of ECOS-16
        Questionnaire. Women having any condition mentioned in exclusion criteria will not be
        included in the study.