Brain Function in Response to Motivational Stimuli
Condition: Drug Dependence
MeSH terms: Substance-Related Disorders
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      This study seeks more information about the biology of substance dependency by exploring the
      brain areas involved in feeling positive and negative emotions. Specifically, it will
      determine whether a brain chemical called dopamine affects activity in certain brain regions
      during performance of a game that involves winning and losing money. Brain activity will be
      examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a test that uses a magnetic field and radio
      waves to produce images of brain structure and function.

      Young to middle-aged healthy adults may participate in this study. Candidates will be
      screened with a medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (EKG), psychiatric
      interview, and blood and urine tests. Participants will be assigned to one of the two study
      procedures, as follows:

      Tyrosine/Phenylalanine

      This study requires two overnight stays at the NIH Clinical Center. For each stay, subjects
      are admitted to the hospital the afternoon before the MRI scan. From the time of admission
      until after the scan, their diets are restricted to food relatively low in amino acids,
      prepared by NIH dietitians. The next day, participants undergo MRI scanning. For this
      procedure, the subject lies on a table that is moved into the scanner, a metal cylindrical
      machine. Earplugs are worn to muffle loud noises that occur with electrical switching of the
      radio frequency circuits. Imaging of brain structure takes about 10 to 15 minutes. Additional
      scans are then taken to measure brain activity while the subject plays simple computer games
      for money. These scans take about another 20 to 45 minutes. Five hours before the MRI, the
      subject drinks one of two beverages containing amino acids. A different beverage is given for
      each of the two visits: one drink lacks the essential amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine,
      from which the body makes dopamine; the other contains balanced amounts of these two amino
      acids. Finally, subjects fill out mood-rating questionnaires before and after drinking each
      of the beverages.

      Dextroamphetamine

      This study requires two outpatient visits to the NIH Clinical Center. For one visit,
      participants are given an injection of 0.2 mg/kg body weight of the drug dextroamphetamine;
      for the other, they are given an injection of saline (salt water). After each injection, they
      undergo MRI scanning while playing computer games for money, as described above. They will
      fill out mood-rating questionnaires before and after each brain scan.
    

Detailed description: 
      The purpose of this protocol is to advance the understanding of the behavioral neurobiology
      underlying substance dependency by exploring regional brain activity in response to
      appetitive and aversive stimuli in human subjects. In this protocol, brain activation is the
      dependent measure, as measured by blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal acquired
      during functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) imaging. Previous work in this laboratory has
      found that cues of anticipated monetary reward versus threat of negative reinforcement causes
      increased BOLD signal in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and other parts of the ventral
      striatum. This protocol is intended to extend these findings by exploring whether the
      recently reported BOLD activation (a hemodynamic response) in certain brain regions in
      response to motivational cues can be perturbed by dopaminergic pharmacological manipulations.

      In a series of two, repeated-measures, within-subject experiments, we propose to temporarily
      alter subjects' brain monoamine neurotransmitter systems with pharmacological interventions
      prior to presenting the subjects with appetitive and aversive visual stimuli as well as cues
      signaling potential punishment and reward. In the first experiment, brain catecholamine
      systems will be deactivated by dietary restrictions of amino acid precursors Tyrosine (Tyr)
      and Phenylalanine (Phe), respectively. In the second experiment, the brain dopamine (DA)
      release will be transiently increased with administration of dextroamphetamine (Amph). Based
      on a wealth of existent findings, we predict that acutely enhancing synaptic DA by Amph will
      augment reward-elicited activation in the ventral striatum. Conversely, acute dietary
      restriction of the DA precursor Tyr, (along with Tyr precursor Phe) will blunt this
      activation. Since substance use disorders (SUD) such as alcoholism may result from disordered
      neural systems regulating approach and avoidance behavior (with respect to the substance),
      this experiment can yield useful knowledge relevant to SUD.
    

Keywords: Limbic System; Amphetamine; Dopamine; Brain Imaging; Cerebral Blood Flow; Cerebral Blood Volume; Alcoholism; Tyrosine Depletion; Amino Acids; Affect; Healthy Volunteer; HV