The Effect of Breaking Prolonged Sitting on Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Condition: Insulin Sensitivity
MeSH terms: Insulin Resistance
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The purpose of this project is to investigate the effect of breaking prolonged sitting on
      acute adipose tissue and metabolic responses.
    

Detailed description: 
      Pre-trial assessments:

      Physical activity assessment : a combined heart rate/accelerometer monitor was worn for 7
      days to assess participant's habitual physical activity energy expenditure (Actiheart,
      Cambridge Neurotechnology Ltd., Cambridge, UK). This was attached to the left chest via 2
      adhesive ECG pads for 24 hours per day except for during showering/bathing/swimming.

      Body composition analysis:

      Body mass was assessed using digital scales post-void (TANITA corp., Tokyo, Japan). Waist and
      hip circumference was assessed based on World Health Organisation guidelines. Body
      composition was determined by using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Discovery, Hologic,
      Bedford, UK). Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue mass was estimated from a
      central region between L1-L4.

      Trial days:

      In the 72 h prior to each main trial, participants were asked to refrain from performing any
      strenuous physical activity. In the 48 h prior to each main trial, consuming alcohol/caffeine
      was not allowed and in the meantime, a dietary record was completed 48 h before the first
      main trial. Participants were asked to replicate this diet prior to their second main trial.
      In addition, in the 48 h prior to each main trial, participants were asked to restrict their
      steps to under 4000 steps per day in order to mimic sedentary lifestyle patterns and
      eliminate any acute effects from recent physical activity.

      Two trials were performed including one prolonged sitting and one breaking prolonged sitting
      trials. In the breaking trial, after consuming 1st meal, participants walked 2 min on a
      treadmill at 6.4 km/h speed every 20 minutes for the following 180 min. For the remainder of
      the time participants sat on the chair. After 180 min, the 2nd meal was provided. After
      finishing the 2nd meal, participants were continue 2 min of breaking prolonged sitting
      physical activity at the same speed every 20 min for the following 120 min. In total,
      participants performed 15 two minute bouts of physical activity throughout the trial for a
      total of 30 min breaking prolonged sitting physical activity. In the prolonged sitting trial,
      participants sat on a chair.

      Expired air, RPE and heart rate were collected in two of breaking sitting walks to determine
      exercise intensity and energy expenditure. In addition, two 5 min sitting of expired air and
      heart rate were taken to calculated total energy expenditure during sitting. During each
      trial, participants were allowed to move from a sitting position to the treadmill or to void
      if required. While sitting, participants were only allowed to read, use a laptop or watch
      television but were otherwise asked to keep as still as possible throughout. In the first
      trial, participants were allowed to consume water ad libitum and the volume ingested was
      replicated for the 2nd trial

      In each main trial, baseline blood samples was collected before the 1st meal and hourly for
      the following 5 hours. Additional blood samples were collected every 15 min after the first
      and second meal. A total of 14 blood samples were collected for each trial.

      Adipose tissue culture and gene expression:

      After adipose tissue biopsy and cleaning, tissue was minced to approximately 5-10 mg and
      directly placed in sterile culture plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) with endothelial cell
      basal media (ECBM) containing 0.1% fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin 100 U ml-1 penicillin
      and 0.1 mg ml-1 streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK). Adipose tissue was incubated
      with a final ratio of 100mg tissue per 1 ml ECBM media for 3 hours. A 37°C, 5% CO2 and 95 ±
      5% relative humidity incubator was used (MCO-18A1C CO2 incubator; Sanyo, Osaka, Japan). Media
      was transferred to sterile eppendorfs and stored at -80°C after 3 hours incubation.
      Approximately 200 mg adipose tissue was homogenised in 5ml Trizol in an RNase/DNase-free
      sterile tube (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) and stored at -80°C before further analysis.

      Sample size:

      A previous similar study reported incremental area under curve (iAUC) for insulin during
      breaking prolonged sitting compared to prolonged sitting of 3337 IU L-1 9h-1 and 2470 IU L-1
      9h-1, respectively. Based on an assumed SD of 600 IU L-1 9h-1, we would require 9
      participants to show a difference in iAUC for insulin with 95% power and 5% alpha.

      Statistics:

      All data was presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Incremental area under curve
      (iAUC) was calculated using the trapezoid method and differences between trials analysed
      using paired t-tests. Glucose, insulin, NEFA, adipokines, and cell culture outcomes were
      determined using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures using SPSS version 22 (IBM, Armonk,
      NY, USA). Where significant interactions (trial × time) were found, a post hoc analysis was
      applied using t-test with the Holm-Bonferroni correction. Single comparisons used a t-test or
      non-parametric equivalent. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
    

Intervention name(s): Prolonged Sitting; Breaking Sitting
Intervention type(s): Behavioral; Behavioral
Intervention description(s): After consuming 1st meal, participants sat on a chair for 180 min. After 180 min, the 2nd meal was provided. After finishing the 2nd meal, participants sat on a chair for another 120 min.; After consuming 1st meal, participants walked 2 min on a treadmill every 20 minutes for the following 180 min. For the remainder of the time participants sat on the chair. After 180 min, the 2nd meal was provided. After finishing the 2nd meal, participants continued 2 min of walking every 20 min for the following 120 min.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Basic Science