Screening for Gastric Cancer in High-risk Population
Condition: Gastric Cancer
MeSH terms: Stomach Neoplasms
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Introduction: Gastric cancer is the world's second largest cause of cancer related deaths. In
      the Western world, as well as in Israel, this malignancy is less prevalent than colorectal
      cancer, but has higher morbidity and mortality. First degree relatives of patients with
      gastric cancer have a 1.5-fold to 3-fold increased risk of developing gastric cancer
      themselves. In relatives of gastric cancer patients who are also carriers of a CagA positive
      strain of Helicobacter pylori, the risk is 8-fold. Mucosal atrophy, hypochlorhydria, high
      lymphoid follicle density, pan gastritis, and interleukin 1 β polymorphism are frequent in
      family members of gastric cancer patients and are associated with increased risk of the
      disease.

      Aims:

        1. To characterize the high risk individual for gastric cancer development.

        2. To establish a screening plan for early detection and prevention of gastric cancer in
           first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients.

        3. To validate new procedures for assessing risk factors for development of gastric cancer:
           gastric acid output, gastric mucin output, serum levels of pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II,
           gastrin B12, Helicobacter pylori status [serology, histology, urease test, 13C-urea
           breath test (13C-UBT)].

        4. To assess genetic changes in the gastric mucosa of the screenees in comparison with
           gastric cancer patients and controls.

      Methods:

      We will approach 50 gastric cancer patients treated in Rabin Medical Center, and ask for
      their consent to approach first degree relatives for participating in the study. For each
      gastric cancer patient 4 relatives will be asked to signed an informed consent and undergo
      the study procedures. For each participant a matched control for age, sex and background
      diseases, out of consecutive gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients undergoing
      gastroscopy, will be asked to join the study. Thus, we will screen 50 gastric cancer
      patients, 200 first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, and 200 controls.
    

Detailed description: 
      High Risk Population

      First degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer have a 1.5-fold to 3-fold increased
      risk of developing gastric cancer themselves (Brenner H et al, Cancer 2000;88:274-9). In
      relatives of gastric cancer patients who are also carriers of a CagA positive strain of H.
      pylori, the risk is 8-fold. Mucosal atrophy, hypochlorhydria, high lymphoid follicle density,
      pangastritis, and interleukin 1 β polymorphism are frequent in family members of gastric
      cancer patients and are associated with increased risk of the disease (El-Omar EM et al,
      Gastroenterology 2000;118:22-30, Sepulveda A et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1365-70).

      Helicobacter Pylori - Carcinogen Number I

      Helicobacter pylori is the main known carcinogen. The positive correlation between H. pylori
      infection and development of gastric cancer is well established and proved in prospective,
      controlled, studies, in Japan (Uemura N et al, N Engl J Med 2001;345:784-9, Fukase K et al,
      JAMA 2008;372:392-7).

      Genetic changes

      Specific changes (mutation in oncogens, LOH of tumor suppressor genes, deletion or
      insertion), different for intestinal or diffuse type gastric cancer, were described. Most of
      these pre-malignant changes happened on a background of long lasting chronic inflammation,
      following the cascade of atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. Genetic syndromes are
      rare and families clustering of gastric cancer are usually attributed to common H. pylori
      infection. A family syndrome of gastric cancer due to germ-line mutation in E-cadherin has
      been described, and gastric cancer may be part of Lynch syndrome (HNPCC). Mutations and
      polymorphism of IL-1b and TNFa have been described in first degree relatives of gastric
      cancer patients, and considered predictive factors for cancer.

      Screening for Gastric Cancer

      Screening for gastric cancer gained popularity in Japan, where the disease is highly
      prevalent. This approach is not cost-effective in the Western word, where gastric cancer
      incidence is low, but still cost-effective in high-risk population: Helicobacter pylori
      infected people, first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, patients with autoimmune
      atrophic gastropathy and pernicious anemia, families with HNPCC and patients who underwent
      partial gastrectomy. Since treatment for gastric cancer is not very effective and
      5-year-survival is low, it is recommended to screen this population with periodic gastroscopy
      and biopsies. The finding of high grade dysplasia or early gastric cancer will enable early
      intervention and cure. In addition H. pylori may be diagnosed in gastric biopsies (direct
      evaluation in H&E, Giemsa or Genta staining, culture, PCR or urease rapid test), mucin
      secretion pattern may be assessed by immunohistochemistry with PAb's, MAb's or lectins, JCV
      TAg may be demonstrated by IMH or PCR).

      Mucins in the Healthy Stomach and Gastric Cancer

      Normal gastric mucus expresses the mucins MUC1, MUC5AC and MUC6 (Carrato C et al,
      Gastroenterology 1994;107:160-72). The development of gastric carcinoma is associated with
      changes in mucin expression, namely a decrease in MUC5AC and MUC6 and aberrant de novo
      expression of other MUCs (Ho SB et al, Cancer Res 1995;55:2681-90). Helicobacter pylori
      infection induces a wide range of changes in the gastric mucus. There is a reversible
      alteration of mucus glycosylation, which affects the protective function of the gastric
      mucins (Ota H et al, Virchows Arch 1998;433:419-26).

      Screening for the High-Risk Phenotype

      In addition to gastroscopy and histology, which are the gold standards for screening and
      prevention of gastric cancer, several other approaches, some of them are non-invasive, were
      suggested. Acid hyposecretion can be measured directly or indirectly, mucin output can be
      measured in gastric secretion collected by a naso-gastric tube and mucin species identified
      by dot-blot for gastric mucins (MUC5AC, MUC6 and MUC1), H. pylori status can be defined with
      13C-UBT, serology or stool antigen test, pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin and B12 can be
      measured in the serum. The combination of the procedures mentioned above may contribute to an
      accurate characterization of the high-risk individual, suitable for invasive procedure such
      as gastroscopy with biopsies.

      Aims

        1. To characterize the high risk individual for gastric cancer development

        2. To establish a screening plan for early detection and prevention of gastric cancer in
           first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients.

        3. To validate new procedures for assessing risk factors for development of gastric cancer:
           gastric acid output, gastric mucin output, serum levels of pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II,
           gastrin B12, H. pylori status (serology, histology, urease test, 13C-UBT).

        4. To assess genetic changes in the gastric mucosa of the screenees in comparison with
           gastric cancer patients and controls

      Subjects

      We will approach 50 gastric cancer patients treated in Rabin Medical Center, and ask for
      their consent to approach first degree relatives for participating in the study. For each
      gastric cancer patient 4 relatives will be asked to signed an informed consent and undergo
      the study procedures. For each participant a matched control for age, sex and background
      diseases, out of consecutive GERD patients undergoing gastroscopy, will be asked to join the
      study. Thus, we will screen 200 first degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, and 200
      controls.

      Inclusion Criteria

        1. First relative, man or woman, of gastric cancer patients.

        2. Signed informed consent.

        3. Age 18-60.

      Exclusion Criteria

        1. Severe back ground disease.

        2. State after gastric surgery.

        3. COPD, CHF, CRF and any disease with respiratory disturbances.

        4. Deviation of the nasal septum, lack of venous access at the dorsum of the hand or any
           other technical problem prevents gastric acid collection or base excess evaluation.

      Study design

      This is a prospective, controlled, 4 days study. All procedures followed are in accordance
      with the ethical standards of the committee on human experimentation of the Rabin Medical
      Center, and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. In the screening meeting the
      participant or the control will be told about the aims and nature of the study, and will be
      comprehensively informed about all procedures, anticipated results and risks. After agreeing
      to participate they will sign the informed consent. A medical history, family history and
      symptomatic questionnaire will be filled, and the participant will be scheduled for
      gastroscopy. After a night fast gastroscopy will be performed, biopsies will be taken as
      needed for the different protocols (see below). Then gastric acid output, mucin output and
      alkaline tide studies will be performed. Blood will be drawn for "gastro panel" of BioHit,
      routine blood tests, B12, CEA, CA19-9, and CAG A serology. In another day, 13CUBT and IFOBT
      will be performed.
    

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        First degree relatives of gastric cancer patients
      
Biospecimen description: 
      Gastric biopsies
    
Keywords: Gastric cancer; screening; high-risk; relatives; gastroscopy