Increasing Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening and Risk for Beliefs/Attitudes Among Women at Risk
Condition: Cervical Cancer
MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      In order to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions aimed at the early detection
      of cervical cancer, health belief and participation in the screening of women aged 40-55 at
      risk for the purpose of cervical cancer, One-way blind pre-test and post-test randomized
      controlled trial.
    

Detailed description: 
      Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer type in the world, among women, in all age
      groups. Cervical cancer is a high-risk disease, and every two minutes, a woman loses her life
      due to cervical cancer. In Turkey, among the most common cancers among all age groups among
      women, 9th is the 5th among the most common cancers in the 25-49 age group. Cervix cancer is
      a type of cancer that can be prevented and treated at an early stage. Because cervical cancer
      has a long preclinical period, it has an early diagnosis possibility. For this reason,
      cervical cancer is one of the cancers recommended by World Health Organization (WHO)
      screening programs. In countries where regular screenings have been conducted, death rates
      from cervical cancer have decreased. In developing countries, high incidence and mortality
      continue due to the inadequacy of screening programs.

      The first step in the early diagnosis of cervical cancer is usually the result of an abnormal
      Pap smear test. The Pap smear test is an ideal cytologic screening test used for screening
      because it can identify early onset of a cellular change that may be a starting point for
      cervical cancer and is cost effective. The number of women who have had the Pap smear test,
      which is so important in early diagnosis, is not at a level all over the world and in our
      country. In developed countries, cervical cancer screening rates are over 60%, while in
      underdeveloped and developing countries this rate is below 20%. In our country, the rate of
      not having any pap smear test over the age of 15 years is 77.9%.

      Studies have shown that when women with cervical cancer are diagnosed early, their life span
      is prolonged and their chances of survival increase. Early diagnosis of cervical cancer is a
      simple, feasible and economical method. Women's lack of knowledge, worries about negative
      test results, and their reasons for not having a Pap smear test are among the reasons. Along
      with being semi-empirical studies in our country, most are based solely on education and do
      not involve a risk group approach. In addition, there was no randomized controlled trial
      (RCT) with evidence in the definition of causal relationship in our country. For this reason,
      determining the factors affecting the early diagnosis behavior of women, planning and
      implementing nursing interventions for these factors will contribute to the improvement of
      early diagnosis behavior of women with cervical cancer. In this respect, health education for
      cervical cancer and early diagnosis to be made to women in the risk group will have made a
      unique contribution to RCT including motivational initiatives and home visits.

      In order to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions aimed at early detection of
      cervical cancer, health beliefs and participation in scans in women aged 40-55 years at risk
      for prognostic cervical cancer, One-way blind pre-test - final test was planned as RCT. In
      this context, women in the risk group of 40-55 years of age with cervical cancer in the
      project will constitute the universe of RCT. No pap smear test, no previous training for
      cervical cancer, no previous hysterectomy, no previous cancer diagnosis, no current or past
      sexual life and at least one of the identified risk factors Will have women involved. Women
      who are in the risk group for cervical cancer and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria
      of the study will be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. In the
      experimental group, cervical cancer will constitute nursing initiatives for health education,
      home visits, problem-specific counseling and phone reminders for women at risk. Women in the
      experimental group will receive a 15-week follow-up. Two reminders will be used to increase
      motivation between home visits and trainings. The effectiveness of counseling and training
      programs will be assessed by means of data collection tools that will be used for pretest /
      posttest for women in the experimental and control groups and the data form prepared by the
      researcher in the light of the literature.

      Depending on the project, women are expected to participate in the cervical cancer screening
      program. Home visits, trainings, counseling and reminders by phone will raise awareness
      levels of women at risk for cervical cancer as a result. As a result, increased participation
      of women in the risk group in screening programs will increase the probability of early
      diagnosis and reduce cervical cancer mortality, reduce the cost and improve the health of the
      community.
    

Intervention name(s): Promoting participation in cervical cancer screening
Intervention type(s): Behavioral
Intervention description(s): Nursing education: Women in the experimental group will be trained three times in total, one for the cervical cancer screening and the other two for the individual.
Reminders by phone; Short messages and calls will be reminiscent of women's participation in cervical cancer screenings.
Home visit; The content of the training is the key to cervical cancer and screening. After the group training, it is aimed to be an interactive education and counseling service in the form of question-answer method which is not understood by home visiting method.
Brochure; The brochure for cervical cancer and screening will be given after group training.
Other intervention name(s): Education; Counseling; Home Visit; Reminder by phone
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: Cervical Cancer; Pap smear; Screening; Beliefs; Attitude; Nursing