The Effect of Sacral Massage on Labor
Condition: Labor Pain
MeSH terms: Labor Pain
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Nonpharmacologic pain control methods, which are increasingly becoming widespread in coping
      with the labour pain, are the methods that allow women to completely relax without using any
      medication and direct them to perceive the pain at the lowest level. This study was conducted
      to determine the effect of sacral massage, on labour pain and anxiety. This study was
      conducted as a randomized controlled experimental study at Bağcılar Training and Research
      Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic between March and October 2016.

      Hypotheses of the Study

        1. Massage applied to the sacral region decreases the perception of a woman's labour pain.

        2. Massage applied to the sacral region decreases the woman's levels of concern and anxiety
           about labour.

        3. Massage applied to the sacral region increases the woman's satisfaction with the labour
    

Detailed description: 
      Study design

      This was a randomized and controlled experimental study aimed to determine the effects of
      sacral massage on labour pain and anxiety.

      Setting and samples

      The study was performed in volunteer pregnant women who applied to xxx Training and Research
      Hospital, Delivery Unit, to undergo their first labour between January 25 and October 25,
      2016. This unit contains 1 delivery room (with 2 tables), 2 labour follow-up rooms (with 5
      beds), 1 postpartum room (with 5 beds) and 1 nursing room.

      According to hospital records, in all, 342 pregnant women who applied to xxx Training and
      Research Hospital, Delivery Unit to undergo their first labour between January 25 and October
      25, 2016, constituted the population of the study. The following inclusion criteria were used
      to determine participation in the study: (1) 19-40-year-old primiparous pregnant women;(2)
      Singleton pregnancies between 38-42 weeks; (3) Pregnant women whose labour began
      spontaneously; (4) Pregnant women with a healthy foetus; (5) Pregnant women without any
      complications that may cause dystocia during labour; (6) Pregnant women for whom analgesia
      and anaesthesia were not used during the first phase of labour; (7) Pregnant women who
      volunteered to participate in the research and who could establish verbal communication. In
      addition, Pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies, with caesarean section indication, and
      Pregnant women with a chronic illness were excluded.

      The sample size was calculated by Medical Faculty Biostatistics Department using Minitab
      Program. The sample volume to represent the population was determined as minimum 30 people
      for each group when considering comparison results of mean scores in the study of Field.,
      with a risk of α= 0.05, an accuracy rate of 1-α =0.95 and a power ratio of B= 0.20, 1-B=
      0.80.

      The study was conducted with two groups, namely Massage Group (experimental), and Control
      Group. 30 pregnant women were included in each group; therefore, the study was conducted with
      a total of 60 pregnant women. The women who participated in the study were randomized
      randomly as control (double) and experimental (single) groups according to the single or
      double patient admission numbers. The women who participated in the study were randomized
      into either the control (double) or the experimental (single) group according to single or
      double patient admission numbers.

      Measurements

      In this study, the Questionnaire form, Birth action follow-up form, postpartum interview form
      ,Visual analogue scale (VAS) and State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) were used to
      collect the data.

        1. Questionnaire Form: Questions that reflect the sociodemographic characteristics of the
           patients (age, educational status, social security, marital status), information about
           pregnancy (drugs used, status of their willingness to become pregnant, gestational week,
           status of attending examinations, status of collecting information about labour), the
           methods used to cope with the pain, and open-ended questions that evaluate the previous
           use of massage.

        2. Birth Action Follow-Up Form: The questions that indicate the length of the first phase,
           the interventions performed to shorten the first phase of labour, the methods used by
           the patient to cope with the labour pain, the emotional behaviours of the pregnant women
           during labour, the length of the second phase, adjustment of the pregnant women, the
           presence of intervention in labour, the status of episiotomy, the total duration of
           labour and the baby's health.

        3. Postpartum Interview Form: Open and closed questions that indicate the pregnant women's
           thoughts about labour, the status of overall satisfaction with labour and how the women
           feel were included in this form, which was prepared by a researcher in accordance with
           the relevant literature.

        4. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS): The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the
           severity of labour pain. On this scale, numbers from 0 to 10 appear on a horizontal line
           of 100 mm. The pain level is expressed in figures that range from 0 to 10, as follows:
           the absence of pain is indicated by "0", while the most severe pain is indicated by
           "10". In this method, it is explained to the individual that there are two endpoints and
           that he/she is free to mark any point that defines his/her pain.

           The VAS was applied to the participants in the control group three times in the latent
           (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition phases (8-10 cm) of labour. The VAS was also
           applied to those in the experimental group two times before and after the massage in
           each phase. The diagnosis was made in accordance with the subjective data including the
           patient's verbal expression.

        5. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI FORM TX-I): To determine state and trait anxiety
           levels of the participants, the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX -I) was
           used. The individual is required to indicate the feelings or behaviours that he/she has
           experienced in a specific situation according to the degree of severity by marking one
           of the options such as (1) Never, (2) Little, (3) Very and (4) Completely. The
           state-trait anxiety inventory requires the individual to describe how he/she feels at a
           certain moment and under certain conditions by considering his/her feelings about a
           specific situation. While high scores indicate high anxiety levels, low scores indicate
           low anxiety levels. The state-trait anxiety inventory consists of 20 statements. The
           score obtained from the scale may vary between 20 and 80. While a high score represents
           a high anxiety level, a low score represents a low anxiety level. In the scoring
           performed in accordance with the criteria directive, 0-19 points are regarded as "none",
           20-39 points are regarded as "mild anxiety", 40-59 points are regarded as "moderate
           anxiety", 60-79 points are regarded as "heavy anxiety" and 80 points are regarded as
           "severe anxiety". In our study, the STAI FORM TX-I was used in the active (5-7 cm) phase
           in the control group and in the active (5-7 cm) phase after the massage in the
           experimental group to evaluate the anxiety experienced by women during labour.

      Data Collection

      After approval and permission to conduct the study were obtained from the ethics committee,
      the hospital's head nurse, delivery room charge nurse/midwife and other midwives and nurses
      were interviewed and informed about the purpose and scope of the study. Data were collected
      by one of the researchers. The researcher was aware of which patients were assigned to each
      group. However, the researchers did not interfere in any way with the study results. When
      they encountered women who met the inclusion criteria of the study, the purpose of the study
      was explained, and written consents were received from those who agreed to participate in the
      study. For the women who satisfied the criteria, participation in the study was voluntary.
      Additionally, during the study, no women requested to withdraw and no women were excluded
      from the study. Routine care and treatments for the women continued during data collection.

      Procedure

      Before the research data were collected, an informative meeting regarding the purpose and
      scope of the study was held for the members of the healthcare team who worked in the
      obstetrics and gynaecology clinic of the Turkish Republic Ministry of Health Public Hospitals
      Administration of Turkey, at the Istanbul Province xxx Training and Research Hospital, where
      the study would be conducted. In addition, cooperation was provided by the members of the
      healthcare team. For the correct application of the massage, the researcher was trained by
      the physical therapist who work at hospital. The massage was applied only to the pregnant
      women in the intervention group at every phase of labour. There was no intervention in the
      control group except for routine hospital applications. The steps taken in this study are
      discussed below.

      For the pregnant women included in the experimental group:

        -  One-on-one interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, and the voluntary
           disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed.

        -  The prepared questionnaire form was applied.

        -  In addition to providing them with routine nursing/midwifery care, the women in the
           experimental group were administered a massage to the sacral region under the
           supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes using the effleurage (patting) ( 15 minutes) and
           vibration technique ( 15 minutes) in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition
           (8-10 cm) phases of labour. To achieve this, the patients were placed in the left
           lateral position in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases
           of labour.

        -  The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated after the
           massage in the active (5-7 cm) phase.

        -  The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated once after the massage in the latent (3-4
           cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases.

        -  Birth action follow-up form and postpartum interview forms were applied.

      For the pregnant women included in the control group:

        -  One-on-one interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, and the voluntary
           disclosure forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed.

        -  The prepared questionnaire form was applied.

        -  Routine nursing/midwifery care was applied.

        -  The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI FORM TX-I) was applied and evaluated in the
           active (5-7 cm) phase.

        -  The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated once in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7
           cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases.

        -  Birth action follow-up form and postpartum interview forms were applied One-on-one
           interviews were conducted with the women in both groups, and the voluntary disclosure
           forms, which explained the purpose of the study, were completed. After the prepared
           questionnaire form was applied to the women in the experimental group, routine
           nursing/midwifery care was provided.

      Data analysis

      In the evaluation of the data, in addition to descriptive statistical methods (e.g.,
      percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation), the chi-square test and Student's
      t-test were used in the comparison of the qualitative data. The results were evaluated at a
      significance level of p <0.05.

      The dependent variables of the study are the pain score averages of the pregnant women, the
      duration of the latent, active and transition phases of labour, and the anxiety level score.
      The independent variables of the study are the pregnant women's age, educational status,
      working status, and prenatal educational status, as well as the educational status of the
      husbands of the pregnant women, their willingness to become pregnant and the willingness to
      serve as controls before labour.
    

Intervention name(s): Sacral Massage
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): ● In addition to providing them with routine nursing/midwifery care, the women in the experimental group were administered a massage to the sacral region under the supervision of a doctor for 30 minutes using the effleurage (patting) ( 15 minutes) and vibration technique ( 15 minutes) in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour. To achieve this, the patients were placed in the left lateral position in the latent (3-4 cm), active (5-7 cm) and transition (8-10 cm) phases of labour.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: randomized and controlled experimental study
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: anxiety; labor pain; massage; surveys and questionnaires; visual analog scale