Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children and Adults Using Arterial Spin Tagging Techniques
Condition: Healthy
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      This study will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine how blood flow to the brain
      differs at different ages with the brain is at rest, and during performance of tasks that
      involve language, memory, motor control, and sight. The study will evaluate the usefulness of
      MRI in identifying language function and location, and may provide information on how the
      brain develops over time to process brain functions, such as language and memory.

      Healthy normal volunteers in three age groups-children 8-10, adolescents 13-16, and young
      adults 21-30-may be eligible for this study. Participants must be right-handed and be native
      English speakers. Candidates will be screened via a telephone interview and examination by a
      neurologist.

      Participants will undergo MRI scanning of the brain during rest or while performing a task
      designed to test a skill. The tasks may involve remembering numbers, reading a word, tapping
      fingers, or looking at a flashing picture. MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to
      produce pictures of the brain. For the procedure, the subject lies still on a table that is
      moved into the scanner (a cylinder containing the magnet). Earplugs are worn to muffle loud
      noises caused by electrical switching of radio frequency circuits used in the scanning
      process. Adults may spend as long as 90 minutes in the scanner, usually less than 45 minutes.
      For children, the time is less than 75 minutes-usually 30 to 40 minutes. Participants may be
      asked to repeat the scans up to 5 times in different sessions to test different brain
      functions or confirm findings.
    

Detailed description: 
      FMRI using BOLD technique is an indirect and relative measure of neuronal activity and makes
      comparison among age groups problematic in light of known age related changes in glucose
      consumption and resting cerebral blood flow. In this study Arterial Spin Tagging techniques
      will be used to perform quantitative measures of blood flow changes during fMRI tasks.
      Children and adults will perform four tasks: primary sensory (photic flash), primary motor
      (finger tapping), and cognitive (working memory and semantic decision) tasks using parametric
      block designs, to account for developmental performance, using imaging parameters that allow
      quantitative measures of cerebral blood flow response as well as BOLD signal. Three age
      groups will be studied, children 8-10, 14-16, and young adults (21-28). Data will be analyzed
      using AFNI to identify activated areas. Further analysis will be performed using a region of
      interest analysis. We will compare quantitative measures at optimal performance levels. The
      three experimental age groups will be compared for delta rCBF and extent of activated area
      for each task. The study will determine age dependent changes in blood flow response during
      cortical activation across ages.
    

Keywords: Imaging; Pediatrics; Brain; Mapping; Development; Healthy Volunteer; HV; Normal Control