The Effects of Listening Music During Breathing Exercises
Condition: Perioperative Complication; Nursing Caries; Pain, Postoperative
MeSH terms: Pain, Postoperative
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Background and purpose : This study aims to analyze the effects of listening to music during
      deep breathing and coughing exercises on vital sings and pulmonary functions in patients, who
      underwent video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with wedge resection.

      Materials and methods: This randomized and single-blinded study was conducted on 30 patients,
      including 15 patients in the music and the control groups. The patients were randomized into
      the music group, which listened to music during deep breathing and coughing exercises and the
      control group that only performed the exercises. Data were collected preoperatively and
      postoperatively. Patient information form, observation form and the visual analog scale were
      used for data collection.
    

Detailed description: 
      2. Methods 2.1. Study design and setting This randomized trial was conducted at a research
      and training hospital in Ankara province of Turkey between June 2016 and January 2017.

      2.2. Sample size Sample size was calculated with reference to the change in pain scores in a
      study of (music group: 29.7 ± 19.8, control group: 50.7±19.2). A total of 22 patients with 11
      in each group were needed for Type I error of 0.05 and Type II error of 0.20. Given the
      possibility of withdrawals, study was intended to reach 30 patients with 15 in each group.

      Since the patients in the control and intervention (music) groups could share their
      experiences before the surgery, randomized the patients weekly. With this aim, 'R Studio'
      software was used for block randomization to determine the groups that would receive the
      intervention on each week. The patients were single-blinded so that they were unaware of
      which group they had been assigned to.

      Study included the voluntary patients age of 18 years and above the age of 18 years, who
      would undergo a video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with wedge resection, could read and
      write in Turkish, had no visual and auditory problems, and were categorized as ASA I, ASA II
      or ASA III patients according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical
      status classification system. Patients with visual and auditory problems, who could not read
      or write in Turkish and priorly underwent a video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with wedge
      resection were excluded.

      2.3. Tools Patient information form, observation from and the visual analog scale were used
      for data collection, which took place before the surgery and days 1, 2 and 3 postoperatively.

      2.3.1. Patient Information Form The patient form was prepared by the researchers in line with
      the literature included four questions on the sociodemographic characteristics, such as age,
      gender, education level and working status, and two questions on the clinical
      characteristics, including, smoking and previous surgeries.

      2.3.2. Observation Form The observation form was prepared by the researchers based on the
      literature and was used to record vital signs, such as. systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      (BP), heart rate, and the parameters of pulmonary functions, including forced vital capacity
      (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC).

      2.3.3. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) The VAS, which is frequently used in clinical practice to
      evaluate pain, was first developed in 1992. VAS is usually a 10 cm (100mm) long horizontal or
      vertical line and the responses range from 'no pain' to 'worst pain'. It may be a straight
      line or may be divided into equal intervals. Patients put a cross on at the point that most
      accurately expresses their degree of pain. The validity and reliability of the Turkish
      version was confirmed in 2004.

      2.4. Interventions Data were collected before and after the surgery. During the face-to-face
      interviews before the surgery, patients were informed about the aim of the study, gathered
      information on their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, recorded vital signs and
      parameters about pulmonary functions and asked the patients to complete the VAS. Next,
      Patients were explained the importance of deep breathing and coughing exercises and
      demonstrated how to perform these exercises. Finally, delivered a booklet on the exercises,
      which was prepared by the researchers based on the literature.

      Patients in both groups underwent video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with wedge recession
      and the same surgical methods were employed. After the surgery, the patients in the music
      group performed deep breathing and coughing exercises while listening to music for thirty
      minutes a day with a MPEG player 3 (Goldsmart Mp3-159 Player) and head phones on
      postoperative days 1, 2, and 3. A list of popular songs of different genres, including
      Turkish classical, folk, pop and rock music, classical music and foreign music, prepared and
      allowed them to choose the song to be listened. The patients in the controlled group, on the
      other hand, performed deep breathing and coughing exercises for three days without music.
      Vital signs and the parameters of pulmonary functions were recorded after each exercise.

      The impact of music during deep berating and coughing exercises on vital signs and the
      parameters of pulmonary functions were recorded on postoperative days 1, 2 and 3. Datex
      Ohmeda (GE Healthcare, Finland) was used to measure vital signs, including heart rate, oxygen
      saturation and systolic and diastolic BP. Parameters of pulmonary functions were measured
      using One-Flow FVC Kit (3141001USB), and spirometer (Clement Clark Int.). A VAS was used to
      evaluate the intensity of pain.

      2.5. Statistical analysis Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA)
      version 15.0 was used for the analysis of collected data. As descriptive statistics, number
      (n) and frequency (%) were used for categorical variables while mean median and standard
      deviation were calculated for continuous variables. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the
      normality of the data. For intergroup comparison, we used the independent sample t-test if
      the data met normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney U-Test if the data did not meet normal
      distribution. The chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to test for differences
      between categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

      2.6. Ethical Considerations Before conducting this study, received permission from the
      ethical committee of the university (No. 50687469-1491-15-16/1648.4-115). The trial was
      conducted in accordance with the principles of Helsinki Declaration and verbal and written
      informed consent from all patients was obtained.
    

Intervention name(s): Listening music
Intervention type(s): Behavioral
Intervention description(s): Patients in both groups underwent VATS with wedge recession and the same surgical methods were employed. After the surgery, the patients in the music group performed deep breathing and coughing exercises while listening to music for thirty minutes a day with a MP3 player (Goldmaster Goldsmart Mp3-159 Player) and head phones on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3. We prepared a list of popular songs of different genres, including Turkish classical, folk, pop and rock music, classical music and foreign music, and allowed them to choose the song to be listened.
Other intervention name(s): Music group
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: 2 parallel group randomized controlled
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: Nursing; Thoracic surgery; Listening music; Deep breathing and coughing exercise; Pulmonary function; Vital signs