The Effects of Ibuprofen and Laser on Orthodontic Pain
Condition: Crowding, Tooth
MeSH terms: Malocclusion
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Early orthodontic pain is usually caused by the insertion of elastomeric separators to the
      mesial and distal of the tooth to be banded in order to create adequate space for proper
      placement. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pain reaches its peak at 24 hours and
      then gradually decreases within 7 days The intensity of this pain is sometimes perceived as
      extremely high to cause a significant number of patients to discontinue the treatment.

      Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which block the prostaglandin synthesis through
      inhibiting the cyclooxygenase activity, is one of the most common methods used to manage the
      orthodontic pain. It has been reported that these drugs decrease the orthodontic tooth
      movement rate, in addition to many systemic side effects such as gastric and duodenal
      ulceration, coagulation disorders, congestive heart problems and allergic effect.

      The application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) also reported being efficient in
      accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and in alleviating orthodontic pain without any
      apparent side effects. LLLT is thought to reduce the pain by increasing the local blood flow,
      inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory substances, inducing the release of
      neurotransmitters, altering the conduction and excitation of peripheral nerves and
      stimulating the endorphins release. On the other hand, literature review on the effectiveness
      of LLLT in alleviating orthodontic pain observed after elastomeric separator placement (ESP)
      exhibited conflicting results. While LLLT was found to be effective in some studies, the
      others refuted its effectiveness.

      When studies on alleviating orthodontic pain observed after ESP were reviewed, it was
      determined that the effects of many drugs and LLLT were evaluated subjectively by VAS.
      Furthermore, only in one study, the effects of ibuprofen and LLLT were compared using PGE2
      levels in GCF and VAS. Based on that, this study was aimed to compare the effects of
      ibuprofen and LLLT in alleviating orthodontic pain observed after ESP through IL-1β and SP
      levels in GCF and VAS.
    

Detailed description: 
      Pain is defined as a sophisticated experience that includes sensations evoked by, and
      reactions to noxious stimuli. During the different phase of orthodontic treatment, pain is
      developed in response to the tension and pressure zones generated in the periodontal ligament
      following the force application. This leads to the secretion of inflammatory mediators such
      as histamine, serotonin, dopamine, glycine, cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins and
      substance P that stimulate free nerve endings resulting in the perception of pain.

      Early orthodontic pain is usually caused by the insertion of elastomeric separators to the
      mesial and distal of the tooth to be banded in order to create adequate space for proper
      placement. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pain reaches its peak at 24 hours and
      then gradually decreases within 7 days. The intensity of this pain is sometimes perceived as
      extremely high to cause a significant number of patients to discontinue the treatment.

      Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which block the prostaglandin synthesis through
      inhibiting the cyclooxygenase activity, is one of the most common methods used to manage the
      orthodontic pain. It has been reported that these drugs decrease the orthodontic tooth
      movement rate, in addition to many systemic side effects such as gastric and duodenal
      ulceration, coagulation disorders, congestive heart problems and allergic effect.

      The application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) also reported being efficient in
      accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and in alleviating orthodontic pain without any
      apparent side effects. LLLT is thought to reduce the pain by increasing the local blood flow,
      inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory substances, inducing the release of
      neurotransmitters, altering the conduction and excitation of peripheral nerves and
      stimulating the endorphins release. On the other hand, literature review on the effectiveness
      of LLLT in alleviating orthodontic pain observed after elastomeric separator placement (ESP)
      exhibited conflicting results. While LLLT was found to be effective in some studies, the
      others refuted its effectiveness.

      The intensity of orthodontic pain was evaluated either subjectively by visual analog scale
      (VAS) or objectively by chemical analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), in previous
      studies. The analysis of GCF is a useful and non-invasive method for detecting the
      biochemical mediators released during tooth movement with reasonable sensitivity. In GCF,
      pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and
      neuropeptides such as Substance P (SP) have been related separately to pain. When studies on
      alleviating orthodontic pain observed after ESP were reviewed, it was determined that the
      effects of many drugs and LLLT were evaluated subjectively by VAS. Furthermore, only in one
      study, the effects of ibuprofen and LLLT were compared using PGE2 levels in GCF and VAS.
      Based on that, this study was aimed to compare the effects of ibuprofen and LLLT in
      alleviating orthodontic pain observed after ESP through IL-1β and SP levels in GCF and VAS.
      The null hypothesized was that there was no difference between the effects of ibuprofen and
      LLLT in orthodontic pain relief.

      A total of 60 subjects who referred to the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry
      at XXXX University between October 2017 and January 2019, were included in this randomized
      controlled clinical trial. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being older than 18 years
      of age, requiring ESP at the beginning of orthodontic treatment for banding of maxillary
      first molars, intact maxillary dentition (exception of third molars), fully erupted maxillary
      first molars without any treated or not treated apical lesions, tight contacts between the
      posterior teeth, no pregnancy and lactation, the absence of systemic and periodontal diseases
      and chronic or neural pains, currently not using analgesics or antibiotics that interfere the
      pain perception, no contradiction to the use of ibuprofen, the absence of gingival
      pigmentation where the laser will be applied. The exclusion criteria were: previous
      orthodontic treatment, falling to complete the questionnaire and to continue to the follow-up
      appointments.

      Sample size calculation Depending on the results of previous studies the standard deviation
      (σ) was considered as 11 mg/dl in this study. Furthermore, for the 0.05 type I error rate the
      effect size, and Z values were assumed to be 5 and 1.96, respectively. Based on this
      information, the sample size was found to be a minimum of 18.6 (≅19) according to the
      equation of sample size calculation (n=Z2σ2/d2).

      Randomization The subjects were randomly assigned to ibuprofen, laser, and control groups
      using a simple randomization technique. The investigators asked each subject to choose one of
      the 60 closed envelopes that were equally divided into all groups. The male to female ratio
      was also equal in each group. An operator outside the study performed the random allocation.
      Elastomeric separators (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were inserted by a single investigator
      (YK) at the mesial and distal interproximal spaces of the maxillary first molars.

      Study groups While the ibuprofen group received 400-mg ibuprofen orally 1 hour before ESP,
      the laser group received a single irradiation of low-level laser immediately after ESP.
      Likewise, placebo lactose tablets were given orally to the control group 1 hour before ESP.
      The ibuprofen and placebo lactose tablets were placed in identical capsules in order to blind
      the subjects and investigator to the treatment group. Subjects were told not to take any
      other analgesic during the observation period.

      Laser parameters and procedure An 810-nm semi-conductor Gallium Aluminum Arsenide (Ga-Al-As)
      diode laser device (Cheese Diode Laser, Wuhan Gigaa Optronics Technology Co. Ltd., China)
      with continuous emission mode was used for this study. For each quadrant, a total of 8 doses
      of laser irradiation (2 J/cm2, 100mW, 10 sn) were applied to the cervical third of the roots.
      The mesial and distal of the first molars, mesial of the second premolars and distal of the
      second molars were irradiated from both buccal and palatal sides. During the exposure, the
      tip held perpendicular and in contact with the mucosa.

      Pain assessment Subject's pain intensity was evaluated by means of a questionnaire containing
      VAS (10-cm horizontal line with the number 0 representing no pain and the number 10
      representing the worst pain). While baseline evaluations were made immediately after ESP in
      the ibuprofen and control groups, it was made after laser application in the laser group. The
      remaining evaluations were performed at the 2nd and 6th hours, and on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th
      days. Each subject was asked to mark a vertical line crossing the horizontal line, which best
      represented the perceived level of pain, on the questionnaire containing the evaluation time
      points given to them.

      Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling GCF samples were collected from the mesiobuccal and
      distobuccal gingival crevices of maxillary first molars on day 0 (immediately after ESP in
      the ibuprofen and control groups and after laser application in the laser group) and on the
      1st, 3rd, and 7th days. Prior to GCF sampling, the teeth were washed, gently air-dried and
      isolated with cotton rolls. Standardized sterile paper strips (Periopaper, Proflow, Inc.,
      Amityville, NY) were gently inserted into the gingival crevices until mild resistance was
      felt and were left in place for 30 seconds. After removing the first strip and waiting for
      one minute, a second strip was placed on the same side for another 30 seconds. Strips
      contaminated with blood or exudate were discarded. Samples were then placed separately into
      coded, sealed plastic microcentrifuge tubes, covered with paraffin and stored at -70 oC until
      the day of analysis.
    

Intervention name(s): 400 Mg Ibuprofen; laser application; placebo tablets
Intervention type(s): Drug; Device; Other
Intervention description(s): 1-dose 400-mg ibuprofen 1-hour before elastomeric separator placement; A single irradiation of laser after elastomeric separator placement; Placebo lactose tablets 1-hour before elastomeric separator placement
Intervention MeSH terms: Ibuprofen
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: Pain; Elastomeric separator; Laser; Ibuprofen; Gingival crevicular fluid