A Comparison Of Block Quality In Anterior And Posterior Approach To Sciatic Nerve Block
Condition: Ankle Fractures
MeSH terms: Ankle Fractures
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Co-administration of the sciatic nerve block and femoral nerve block may provide anesthesia
      and analgesia in patients undergoing lower extremity surgery. Several approaches to sciatic
      nerve block have been described. The anterior and posterior approaches are two of the
      approaches used to make the sciatic nerve block. In our study, n = 20 patients for Group A
      and n = 25 patients for Group P were included. Then, sciatic nerve block and femoral nerve
      block were performed to each patient by using anterior or posterior approach randomly. After
      the block is performed, the sensory and motor block start and end times, the first
      intraoperative fentanyl requirement time and total amount of fentanyl required, the first
      Diclofenac sodium requirement time, and the total amount of diclofenac sodium that patients
      required were determined. As the groups were compared to each other; the time to start
      sensory block was statistically significantly lower, the first fentanyl requirement time was
      statistically significantly earlier and the total amount of fentanyl required was
      statistically significantly lower in Group P. Patient satisfaction, anesthesia quality and
      surgical quality were statistically significantly higher in Group P. In this study, the
      investigators concluded that if a patient does not have pain secondary to fracture, posterior
      approach to sciatic nerve block can be performed, whereas, if a patient has pain secondary to
      fracture, anterior approach to sciatic nerve block can be performed in order to avoid
      repositioning.
    

Detailed description: 
      Forty five patients were enrolled to the study. These patients were classified in the
      American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II group. The written informed consent of each
      patient was obtained.

      The study was randomized, single blinded and prospectively planned. Randomization was done
      according to the randomization table prepared by the computer. A single blinded
      anesthesiologist performed posterior or anterior sciatic nerve block and femoral block and
      left the operating room after the patient was corrected after the nerve block was completed
      and another anesthesiologist followed the patient without knowing what approach was used.
      Before initiating the study, the required number of participants was determined according to
      the results of a pilot study which was performed by enrolling 10 patients in each group.

      The time of sciatic nerve sensory block onset ± Standard Deviation (SD) was calculated as
      8,88 ± 4,87 minutes for Group A (anterior approach to sciatic nerve block + femoral nerve
      block) and 4.70 ± 2.05 minutes for Group P (posterior approach to sciatic nerve block +
      femoral nerve block). The sample size was calculated on websites named www.power and
      www.sample size.com/Calculators/Compare-2-means/2-Sample-Equality. The sample size was
      calculated as 25 (n = 25) for Group A and 7 (n = 7) for Group P, while α = 5% with 85% power.
      Whereas, 20 patients were enrolled for Group P because small n should be greater than half of
      large n for reliability.

      The patient's age, gender, height, weight, other existing diseases, drug use, smoking
      history, anesthetic method applied, operation time, tourniquet time, ASA classification,
      intraoperative first fentanyl requirement time and total fentanyl amount during the
      operation, measurements of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures, heart rate and
      peripheral oxygen saturation values before and after the block, motor and sensory block start
      and end times after sciatic and femoral block were performed, first Diclofenac sodium time
      and total Diclofenac sodium amount administered in 24 hours, visual analogue scale (VAS)
      values, patient satisfaction, anesthetic quality from the point of anesthesiologist, and
      surgical quality from the point of surgeon were recorded.

      Patients who were informed about VAS one day before and not administered premedication were
      taken to the regional block room and routine electrocardiogram, noninvasive arterial blood
      pressure and peripheral pulse oximeter monitoring were performed. Baseline values of blood
      pressure, heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation were recorded before the block was
      performed. During the operation these values were recorded every 5 minutes.

      First of all, the sciatic nerve block with anterior approach was performed in the group A.
      The block was performed by the needle named Stimuplex® A (21G 0.80-150), which was at 30 °
      and isolated in conjunction with a block nerve stimulator (Stimuplex HNS nerve stimulator
      BRAUN, Germany) and ultrasonography (USG) (Diagnostic ultrasound system, Model SDU 450 XL
      Class-1 type B Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) mm). A total of 40 ml of a local anesthetic
      solution composed of 30 ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 10 mL of 2% lidocaine was
      prepared.

      In both the anterior and posterior approach to sciatic nerve block and the femoral nerve
      block, nerve stimulation was done with a frequency of 2 Hz and with 1 Milliampere (mA)
      current, and the stimulus intensity was gradually reduced to 0.4 mA as long as the as
      response was obtained. Femoral nerve block: The nerve was visualized in direct USG
      coincidence and the needle was oriented to the nerve. After the contraction of vastus
      medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis muscles were visualized, local anesthetic
      mixture of 20 ml was injected and dissemination of the local anesthetic solution was imaged
      by USG (Linear probe).

      Anterior sciatic nerve block: Technically, a straight line along the femoral catheter was
      drawn between the anterior superior iliac spine and the finger palpating the pubic bone, the
      index finger was placed over the femoral artery pulse, a line was drawn perpendicular to the
      femoral fold. Over the pulse of the femoral artery, a point 4-5 cm lateral to this line was
      marked and this point was identified as the needle entry point. The sciatic nerve was imaged
      by USG (Convex probe) along the needle route and the needle was advanced to the nerve. When
      the plantar flexion, dorsal flexion and eversion of the foot were observed, 20 mL of local
      anesthetic mixture was given and local anesthetic spread was imaged by USG simultaneously.

      Posterior sciatic nerve block: The patient was positioned laterally, with the limb to be
      blocked uppermost. The lower leg was straight extended and the upper extremity was bent 90 °
      from the knee and was directed forward on the lower straight extended extremity. The
      patient's greater trochanter and posterior superior iliac spine were palpated and joined with
      a line, then the middle point of this line was found and a line was drawn 4 cm above the
      first line perpendicular to the caudal line. The end point of the 2nd line was taken as the
      entry point of the needle. The USG probe was placed between the greater trochanter and the
      coccyx at the entry point of the needle and the needle was advanced by imaging the nerve.
      When the plantar flexion, dorsal flexion, and eversion of the foot were observed, 20 mL of
      local anesthetic mixture was given and local anesthetic spread was imaged by USG
      simultaneously.

      After the blocks were completed, the motor block was assessed by monitoring the movement of
      the ankle joint and knee, and sensory block was assessed with a cold application every
      minute, and the block start times were recorded. When the patient was not receiving any
      stimulation with cold application on sciatic and femoral stimulation areas, it was recorded
      as the start time of the full femoral-sciatic sensory block. When the knee joint could not be
      moved at all, it was recorded as the start time of the full femoral motor block.

      When the ankle joint was unable to move, it was recorded as the start time of the full
      sciatic motor block. After the block was fully achieved, the tourniquet was applied to the
      extremity to be operated and was inflated. Patients underwent surgery 30 minutes after the
      block was provided. After the surgical procedure started, 1 μg kg-1 fentanyl was injected
      intramuscularly when the VAS values of the patients were greater than 4. The patient's first
      fentanyl requirement time and the total amount of fentanyl administered during the operation
      were recorded.

      When the arterial blood pressures of a patient fell below 80% of pre-block values, 5 mg
      ephedrine was administered intramuscularly. Intravenous administration of 0.5 mg atropine was
      planned when the heart rate dropped below 50 beats min-1. When the patients had nausea and
      vomiting, 4 mg of ondansetron (Zofer, Adeka, Turkey) was administered intramuscularly.

      After the operation was completed, the patients were taken to the postoperative care unit.
      Patients were followed in the postoperative care unit until the block was completely
      terminated. Patients were sent to the clinic after the block was terminated. The time of
      first diclofenac sodium required by the patients and the amount of diclofenac sodium
      administered within 24 hours of the post-operative period were recorded. The first
      postoperative diclofenac sodium dose was administered when a patient had VAS values of 4 or
      more.

      All data were evaluated using the SPSS 11.5 for Windows package program. The normality
      distribution of the data was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In the complementary
      statistics of the data, the mean ± standard deviation values for the parametric tests and the
      median (minimum-maximum) for the nonparametric tests were used. Categorical data were given
      as %n. Independent-Samples T Test was used for binary comparison of the data of the groups,
      chi-square test was used for comparing the categorical data of the groups. In order to make
      comparison in all of the statistical data, p <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
    

Intervention name(s): Anterior sciatic nerve block; Posterior sciatic nerve block
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): A straight line along the femoral catheter was drawn between the anterior superior iliac spine and the finger palpating the pubic bone, the index finger was placed over the femoral artery pulse, a line was drawn perpendicular to the femoral fold. Over the pulse of the femoral artery, a point 4-5 cm lateral. The sciatic nerve was imaged by USG along the needle route and the needle was advanced to the nerve.; Patient was positioned laterally, with the limb to be blocked uppermost. The lower leg was straight extended and the upper extremity was bent 90° from the knee and was directed forward on the lower straight extended extremity. The patient's greater trochanter and posterior superior iliac spine were palpated and joined with a line, and a line was drawn 4 cm above the first line perpendicular to the caudal line. The USG probe was placed between the greater trochanter and the coccyx at the entry point of the needle and the needle was advanced by imaging the nerve.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Randomize, single blind, prospective
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Sciatic Nerve Blocks; Ankle surgery