Pediatric Immune Response to Infectious Shock
Condition: Severe Pediatric Infectious Shock
MeSH terms: Communicable Diseases; Infections; Shock
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Infectious shocks are associated with high mortality rates (20-40%). Anti-inflammatory
      strategies based on the postulate that mortality related to sepsis is mainly due to an
      overwhelming pro-inflammatory immune response have failed. Some patients surviving this
      initial phase can develop immune dysfunctions because the compensatory mechanisms become
      deleterious when they persist over time. The persistence of immunosuppression at day 3 or 5
      is independently associated with more nosocomial infections and higher mortality rate. The
      clinical and laboratory evidence for sepsis induced immunosuppression have been recently
      reviewed by Hotchkiss et al. Apoptosis-induced depletion of immune effector and blood studies
      from septic patients showed decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased
      HLA-DR expression, increased percentage of regulatory T cells, and increased production of
      programmed cell death (PD)-1. Some small positive phase 2 trials of biomarker guided immune
      enhancing agents granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon γ
      (IFN γ) have been reported.

      There are insufficient data showing that such an immunosuppression exists in children. Only
      one study performed in children with organ dysfunctions admitted to pediatric intensive care
      unit (PICU), showed that 34% of them developed immunosuppression. This study was performed on
      a heterogeneous population and immunological analyses were limited. Therefore, there is a
      crucial need of studies on septic patients with matched controls to provide more evidence
      that the same paradigm exists in children. The collaboration of laboratories with a high
      level of experience in this domain, and a clinical unit with a high potential of recruitment
      of children with severe infectious shock should allow us to perform the first prospective
      study specifically done in children with infectious shock.

      The main hypothesis is that children with severe infectious shock developed sepsis-induced
      immunosuppression as shown in adults. This will be assessed by the expression of HLA-DR on
      monocytes' surface. We make the hypothesis that children who become immunosuppressed are more
      prone to develop secondary nosocomial infectious and stayed longer in PICU and in hospital.

      Children aged from 1 month to 17 years, admitted to PICU at HFME Lyon-Bron are eligible if
      they have the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock, defined by the "Surviving Sepsis
      Campaign 2012" or those of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) (definitions of CDC - Center for
      Disease Control). An information leaflet will be issued to parents and children / adolescents
      and they will be informed of their right to object to the search. Are provided as part of
      this research:

        -  Immunological measures (mHLA -DR) in three stages: in the first 48 hours, between D3/5
           and D7/9. The volume of collected blood will not exceed 2.4 ml / kg.

        -  The collection of nosocomial infections and status at D30 A control group of patients
           hospitalized for surgery without sepsis or toxic shock criteria will be recruited in the
           same hospital by ICU investigators and matched for age. Similarly controls will be given
           oral and written information and they will have the opportunity to deny inclusion. They
           will have the same exams as the first group of patients.
    


Intervention name(s): blood samples; Collection of nosocomial infections
Intervention type(s): Other; Other
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Basic Science
Keywords: Immunoparalysis; immune response; sepsis; toxic shock syndrome