Breakfast Intake and Satiety Hormones
Condition: Obesity
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The experiments in this study will assess if while following a reduced energy diet, eating a
      breakfast with higher protein quality will enhance weight loss compared to another breakfast
      with lower protein quality, but matched for energy density and macronutrient composition.
    

Detailed description: 
      There will be 2 experiments in this pilot study. Both will be randomized crossover study
      designs with subjects beginning on either an egg breakfast of higher protein quality or
      cereal breakfast of lower protein quality, and reversing to receive the breakfast not
      previously ingested. The subjects will consume breakfasts under supervision at our clinic on
      all days of the study, except for weekends. Subjects will be advised to continue eating their
      breakfast at home on weekends. All subjects will receive weight loss counseling and follow a
      weight loss diet for 2 weeks. Experiment 1 will test the hypothesis that when on a reduced
      calorie diet, intake of an egg breakfast compared to cereal breakfast increases satiety,
      reduces lunch time energy consumption and reduces dinner time energy consumption in clinical
      and free living condition. Insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY 3-36, ghrelin, plasma
      glucose, baseline and post intervention anthropomorphic measurements, and hunger
      questionnaires completed during the consumption of both breakfasts and subsequent meals will
      be compared. Experiment 2 will compare the effects of the two breakfasts on intake of foods
      considered tempting or highly palatable, and assessment of energy intake pre/post test lunch
      followed by offering brownies. It is hypothesized that consumption of an egg breakfast
      compared to cereal breakfast, will help in reducing intake of foods considered tempting.
    

Intervention name(s): Egg Breakfast (EB); Cereal Breakfast (CB); Weight Loss Counseling; Weight Loss Diet
Intervention type(s): Behavioral; Behavioral; Behavioral; Behavioral
Intervention description(s): The EB will receive a breakfast of higher quality protein, but similar in macronutrient and energy density than the active comparator. The EB will have the following energy density, macronutrient composition, and protein score: weight 291 g,energy 400 kcal, energy density 1.37 kcal/g, carbohydrate 42.9%, fat 35.5%, protein 19.8%, protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) 100, leucine 1.77 g, glycemic load 24, fiber 1.0 g.; The CB will receive a breakfast of lower quality protein, but similar in macronutrient and energy density than the experimental treatment. The CB will have the following energy density, macronutrient composition, and protein score: weight 293 g, energy 398 kcal, energy density 1.3 kcal/g, carbohydrate 44.8%, fat 35.4%, protein 19.8%, protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) 42, leucine 0.48 g, glycemic load 30.8, fiber 4.4 g.; Weight loss counseling will be administered by a Registered Dietitian and will utilize information and materials derived from the Evidence Analysis Library (EAL) of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). Topics including portion control, macronutrient distribution, snacking, eating out, cooking and grocery shopping, will be discussed. Self-monitoring, motivational interviewing, goal setting, and problem solving will be the behavioral strategies used during counseling.; Energy intake for study duration will be prescribed at 1,200-1,500 kcals adjusted for each individual's body weight.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Weight Reduction; Weight Loss Diet; Satiety Response; Insulin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; PYY (3-36) peptide; Ghrelin; Glucose; Eggs; Protein; Energy Intake; Breakfast