The Osteogenic Potential of Human Maxillary Sinus Shneiderian Membrane
Condition: Sinus; Empyema, Maxillary (Chronic)
MeSH terms: Empyema
Study type: Observational [Patient Registry]

Summary: 
      The objectives of this study are :

        1. to test the the osteogenic potential of human maxillary sinus schneiderian membrane
           (hMSSM).

        2. To investigate the expression of mesenchymal stem cell marker (STRO-1), a marker of
           mesenchymal progenitor cells using flow cytometry, and Alkaline phosphate expression,
           Red alizarin and Von Kossa staining and quantitive PCR.
    

Detailed description: 
      1. Isolation and Culture of hMSM-Derived Cells.

           The tissue will be washed again with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) that included
           antibiotic and antimytotic, cut into small pieces under aseptic conditions, treated with
           0.06% collagenase type II (In vitrogen) and dispase, shaken with an incubator (CO2
           incubator, Forma Scientific) containing 5% CO2 at 37°C for 4 hours, and centrifuged at
           1,000 (Revolution Per Minute) for 10 minutes (large-capacity tabletop centrifuge).

             -  The precipitate was suspended in an alpha minimum essential medium (α-MEM)
                (Sigma-Aldrich) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin
                and filtered with a 40-μm cell strainer (BD Bioscience), with which all tissues
                except for the hMSSM-derived cells were filtered out.

             -  The solution filtered out was cultured in an incubator. Daily morphologic
                characteristics will be observed with an inverted microscope, and the culture
                solution will be changed every other day. When the medium will be changed, cells
                not adherent to the culture plate will be removed and only the adherent cells will
                be cultured. When the culture dishes become nearly confluent, the cells will be
                separated with Trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and subsequently
                repeated for continued passaging. The cells will be assayed at passage 3 for their
                osteogenic potential.

        2. Flow Cytometry. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis for the expression
           of osteoprogenitor cell markers was performed on samples from primary cells (P0),
           passage 1 (P1) cultures, and passage 2 (P2) cultures cultured in nonosteogenic medium.

           Flow cytometry on the cell surface markers STRO-1, CD105, and CD146 for separation of
           Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) from hMSM will be conducted. The hMSSM-derived cells
           at passage 3 will be placed into a test tube (Becton- Dickinson) by 1 x104 cells/mL and
           washed three times with wash buffer (0.2% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% sodium azide, 0.5
           mmol/L EDTA). The antibodies of CD146 (BD Bioscience) and CD105 (BD Bioscience) to which
           fluorescein isothiocyanate and phycoerythrin were adhered will be treated for 1 hour and
           washed with wash buffer three times, and the origin of stem cell was observed with flow
           cytometry (BD bioscience). For STRO-1 (human antimouse monoclonal antibody,
           immunoglobulin M subclass; R&D Systems), antibody was treated for 1 hour and washed
           three times with wash buffer, and the secondary antibody, to which fluorescein
           isothiocyanate was attached, was treated for 30 minutes, washed three times with wash
           buffer, and observed with flow cytometry.

        3. Osteogenic Differentiation of hMSM

           The hMSM-derived cells at passage 3 were incubated in osteogenic media for 1 to 4 weeks
           in 12 well plates at a density of 105 cells per well and divided into two groups. The
           control group was replated in a normal medium (complete α-MEM), and the experimental
           group was replated in osteogenic differentiation medium (α-MEM including 0.1 μm
           dexamethasone, 10 μm glycerol phosphate, and 50 μm L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate). The
           media were changed every 3 days.

           3.1- Alkaline Phosphatase and Alizarin Red Staining. Control and experimental cultures
           were each washed three times with sterile triple-distilled water at 7, 14, 21, and 28
           days after the treatment date, fixed with citrate-acetone- formaldehyde fixation
           solution (Sigma), and washed again three times with sterile triple-distilled water. They
           were then stained with an alkaline dye mixture (nitrite, Fast Red Violet-alkaline,
           naphthol alkaline solution; Sigma), in the dark for 15 minutes at normal temperature,
           washed three times with sterile triple-distilled water, counterstained with hematoxylin
           (Sigma), washed again three times with sterile triple-distilled water, and observed with
           an inverted microscope.

           Alizarin Red Staining. Control and experimental group samples were each washed three
           times with sterile triple-distilled water at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days from the treatment
           date, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Merck) for 15 minutes, stained while light was
           isolated for 30 minutes with 2% alizarin red solution (Sigma), washed again three times
           with sterile triple-distilled water, and the staining will be observed with an inverted
           microscope.

           3.2- Von Kossa Staining. Control and experimental cultures were washed three times with
           sterile triple-dis- tilled water, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Merck) at a normal
           temperature for 15 minutes and washed again three times with sterile triple-distilled
           water. They were stained for 30 minutes while light was isolated with 1% silver nitrate
           (Merck) solution, washed three times with sterile triple-distilled water, left under
           ultraviolet light for 1 hour, counterstained with 0.1% eosin (Sigma), and the staining
           will be observed with an inverted microscope.

           3.3- Quantitative PCR (qPCR). To observe osteocalcin expression, the hMSM-derived cells,
           differentiated into two groups, were washed with (PBS) at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after
           treatment in osteogenic differentiation medium and collected with a cell scraper. After
           the Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was separated with an RNA extraction kit, it underwent a
           reverse-transcription reaction with the separated RNA, osteocalcin, or bone
           sialoprotein, or dentin matrix protein 1 primers and probes, and reverse-transcriptase
           polymerase chain reaction premix (Applied Biosystems). The obtained data will be
           normalized using 18 Shake. The amplified products were analyzed using the deal-delta
           Computer Tomography analysis.

        4. Histochemical staining of alkaline phosphatase activity in frozen sections of sinus
           mucosa.

           Freshly prepared sinus mucosa was washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cut into
           pieces of approximately 5x 5 mm, embedded in optimum cutting temperature tissue compound
           (OCT compound; Miles Laboratories, USA), and stored at - 80 C. Frozen sections (7 mm)
           mounted on poly-D-lysine-coated slides were fixed with ice-cold acetone for 1 min and
           allowed to air dry. The slides were washed with PBS and subsequently incubated with the
           substrate solution for alkaline phosphatase activity containing 4 mg of naphthol
           phosphate in 0.15 ml of N, N0 -dimethyl- formamide and 12mg of fast blue salt (Sigma, St
           Louis, USA) in 15 ml of Tris-Hydrogen Chloride (pH 9.6). After rinsing with distilled
           water, slides were counterstained with hematoxylin-eosin, embedded into water-soluble
           resin, and photographed.

        5. Immunohistochemical determination of STRO-1-positive cells in frozen sections of mucosa.

      Frozen sections (7 mm) were fixed with cold acetone for 1 min and washed in PBS. The slides
      were placed into PBS containing 0.3% of hydrogen peroxide for 15 minutes to quench endogenous
      peroxidase, washed, and blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 1hour at room
      temperature. Sections were incubated with a 1: 50 dilution of the STRO-1 antibody (mouse
      monoclonal antibody, IgM subclass; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa,
      USA) in blocking solution overnight at 41 degree C. For detection of STRO-1-positive cells,
      slides were incubated with a biotinylated goat anti-mouse Immune globulin M (IgM) (1 : 100,
      An der Grub, Vienna, Austria) and a streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate (BioFX Laboratories,
      Inc., MD, USA) each at room temperature for 45 min. The peroxidase-containing complex was
      visualized by Diaminobenzidine substrate (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and counterstained with
      hematoxylin. The sections were embedded into water-soluble resin and photographed.
    

Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        The present study investigates whether human sinus Shneiderian membrane (hMSSM) contain an
        osteogenic progenitor cell population capable of forming bone by utilizing in vitro assays.
      
Biospecimen description: 
      Human sinus membrane
    
Keywords: sinus membrane; osteogenic