Dosage of Mepivacaine in Ultrasound Axillary Block
Condition: Nerve Block; Neuromuscular Blockade; Anesthesia
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The use of ultrasonography as an adjunct to regional anesthesia has significantly increased
      in recent years. Brachial plexus blockade by an axillary approach is amenable to the use of
      ultrasound guidance. Real time sonography of nerve structures ensures an optimal distribution
      of the block solution. When compared to other methods of nerve localization, sonography
      decreases: failure rate procedure time and the onset time for blockade. Furthermore, the use
      of ultrasound for peripheral nerve blockade demonstrates decreased procedure related
      complications such as nerve injury and unintentional vascular puncture.

      Traditional axillary block techniques relying on surface anatomical landmarks require large
      volumes of local anesthetic, generally 40mL and greater. Utilizing the increased accuracy
      offered by ultrasound, some studies have shown that low volumes of local anesthetic can yield
      successful axillary plexus blockade. Therefore, the tradition of using large volumes of local
      anesthetic for axillary blocks, even without ultrasound, may not be warranted.

      Although recent investigations support using a low volume of local anesthetic for brachial
      plexus blockade, there is a lack of outcome data from blinded randomised trials. The primary
      objective of this study was to evaluate 2 different volumes of local anesthetic for axillary
      blockade: 1) 20mL or 2) 30 mL. For the 2 different volumes used in this study, a 1.5%
      solution of mepivacaine was chosen due to its widespread clinical use in axillary blocks,
      which is secondary to: rapid onset of action, intermediate duration of effect, and relative
      low cost. The primary outcome was block success rate for outpatients undergoing distal upper
      limb surgery. Secondary objectives included comparing the 2 volumes with respect to: time
      required to perform the block, and onset of sensory and motor blockade.
    

Detailed description: 
      Introduction

      The use of ultrasonography as an adjunct to regional anesthesia has significantly increased
      in recent years. Brachial plexus blockade by an axillary approach is amenable to the use of
      ultrasound guidance. Real time sonography of nerve structures ensures an optimal distribution
      of the block solution. When compared to other methods of nerve localization, sonography
      decreases: failure rate procedure time and the onset time for blockade. Furthermore, the use
      of ultrasound for peripheral nerve blockade demonstrates decreased procedure related
      complications such as nerve injury and unintentional vascular puncture.

      Traditional axillary block techniques relying on surface anatomical landmarks require large
      volumes of local anesthetic, generally 40mL and greater. Utilizing the increased accuracy
      offered by ultrasound, some studies have shown that low volumes of local anesthetic can yield
      successful axillary plexus blockade. Therefore, the tradition of using large volumes of local
      anesthetic for axillary blocks, even without ultrasound, may not be warranted.

      Although recent investigations support using a low volume of local anesthetic for brachial
      plexus blockade, there is a lack of outcome data from blinded randomised trials. The primary
      objective of this study was to evaluate 2 different volumes of local anesthetic for axillary
      blockade: 1) 20mL or 2) 30 mL. For the 2 different volumes used in this study, a 1.5%
      solution of mepivacaine was chosen due to its widespread clinical use in axillary blocks,
      which is secondary to: rapid onset of action, intermediate duration of effect, and relative
      low cost. The primary outcome was block success rate for outpatients undergoing distal upper
      limb surgery. Secondary objectives included comparing the 2 volumes with respect to: time
      required to perform the block, and onset of sensory and motor blockade.

      Methods

      This pilot study was a prospective, double blinded, randomized trial of 64 patients recruited
      from the Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI. All patients were scheduled to undergo
      upper limb surgery in an outpatient setting. Upon obtaining written informed consent,
      patients were randomly assigned to receive either 20mL (n=31) or 30mL (n=33) of a 1.5%
      mepivacaine solution for axillary plexus blockade. All anesthetic blocks were placed using
      standard medical protocol. Nerve localization was performed using a GE LOGIQe ultrasound
      machine (GE Medical systems, Milwaukee, Wis, USA), with a 12L-RS transducer (42mm x 7mm
      footprint, 5-13 MHz). Following identification of the axillary neurovascular bundle, a 22G x
      50 mm poly medic UPC electric stimulation needle was inserted and advanced along the
      longitudinal axis of the ultrasound transducer so that the entire shaft and tip could be
      visualized. A peri-arterial injection of 1.5% mepivacaine in the vicinity of the individual
      nerve sheaths was performed after negative aspiration. The end point being the
      circumferential "donut sign" spread around the artery. Additionally, the musculocutaneous
      nerve was identified and 1.5% mepivacaine was injected around the nerve. Depending on the
      patient group allocation either 20mL or 30 mL total of 1.5% mepivacaine was infiltrated. For
      the group receiving 20mL, 15 of the total 20 mL was spread around the axillary artery and 5mL
      spread around the musculocutaneous nerve. For the group receiving 30mL, 20 of the total 30 mL
      was spread around the axillary artery and 10mL was spread around the musculocutaneous nerve.
      By instituting this injection technique, results could be extrapolated to non ultrasound
      guided axillary blocks.

      Inclusion Criteria All subjects recruited into the study were patients undergoing forearm,
      wrist, or hand surgery, in an outpatient setting. Other attributes included: ASA I-III, BMI <
      35, and age between 18-89 years. All subjects had no history of: CVA, diabetes, anxiety
      disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, previous surgery or scarring in the axillary to elbow
      area, neurological impairment of either upper extremity, allergies to local anesthesia,
      coagulopathy, infection at site of block, chronic opioid therapy for chronic pain, casts or
      dressing on the limb that would impair assessment of blocks. Pre-block sedation using <
      0.8mg/kg midazolam and no administration of preoperative opioids. Block procedure time <
      10min. Subjects consented to light intraoperative sedation.

      Data collection Preoperatively: Demographics, ASA (marker for surgical risk), height, weight,
      surgical procedure, location of procedure (hand, wrist, forearm), sedation used in
      preoperative holding area, the amount of versed used, block start and end time (duration of
      time taken between needle insertion and extraction), onset of sensory blockade, onset of
      motor blockade.

      Intraoperatively: Conversion to general anesthesia, use of local anesthesia intraoperatively,
      total amount of propofol administered, surgical incision time, surgery end time.

      Postoperative: Complications related to axillary block. Discharge criteria met.

      Onset of Sensory blockade: Examined every 5 minutes following needle extraction using a blunt
      needle at 4 specific anatomic locations corresponding to radial, ulnar, median, and
      musculocutaneous distributions and compared with contralateral side using same stimulus.
      Normal pinprick sharp, 3; pinprick felt but not as sharp, 2; pressure felt but no pinprick
      felt, 1; no sensation at all, 0.

      Onset of Motor Blockade: Examined every 5 minutes following needle extraction. Wrist flexion:
      median nerve; wrist extension: radial nerve; abduction of 5th finger or straight finger
      adduction: ulnar nerve; elbow flexion (with forearm supinated): musculocutaneous nerve.
      Normal strength, 3; decreased strength but moves against gravity or some resistance, 2; no
      movement against gravity or twitch, 1; no movement at all, 0.

      Definitions of successful block Functional successful block: Sensory score of 0-1 in all 4
      territories and motor score of 0-1 in 3 of 4 territories within 30 minutes of needle
      extraction.

      Surgical successful block: no required intraoperative supplemental local anesthetic, light
      sedation <25mcg/kg/min propofol and absence of general endotracheal anesthesia.

      Statistics

      An unpaired students-t-test procedure (two-sample assuming equal variances, two-tail
      significance p<0.05, 95% confidence interval) was performed to examine mean differences
      between the 2 study groups on all continuously scaled variables. A repeated measures ANOVA
      was used to measure differences between both groups over time for motor and sensory nerve
      block scores at the 6 measured time points (5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20min, 25 min and 30 min).
      Assumptions of normality and/or homogeneity of variance were checked and verified.
      Comparisons between study groups on proportional differences were examined using a
      non-parametric Fisher's Exact Chi-square test, when applied to 2x2 and 2x3 tables.
      Statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤0.05. All continuous data is expressed as mean
      with 95% upper and lower confidence intervals.
    

Intervention name(s): Mepivacaine
Intervention type(s): Drug
Intervention description(s): Group 1) 20mL 1.5% mepivacaine, one dose Group 2) 30mL 1.5% mepivacaine, one dose
Intervention MeSH terms: Mepivacaine
Intervention model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Brachial Plexus; Mepivacaine; Ultrasound; Axillary; Block