Baby-Friendly Community Health Services Evaluation
Condition: Lactation
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The Norwegian Action Plan on Nutrition aim at increasing the prevalence of breastfeeding. The
      initiative "Baby-Friendly Community Health Services (BFCHS)" is an initiative to reach this
      goal. BFCHS is developed from the concept "The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative" by
      WHO/UNICEF, and the intention is to increase the quality of breastfeeding counseling at
      Norwegian well-baby clinics.

      The purpose of the study

      The study seeks to answer the following research questions:

        -  What effect does the process of being certified as a BFCHS have on the proportion of
           mothers who exclusively breastfeed their children for 5 months?

        -  What effect does the process of being certified as a BFCHS have on the proportion of
           mothers who exclusively breastfeed for 4 months?

        -  What effect does the certification process have on the proportion of mothers who
           breastfeed at 11 months of age?

        -  What effect does the certification process have on the differences in breastfeeding due
           to social inequality?

        -  What effect does the certification process have on the mothers impression of the quality
           of the well-baby clinics lactation counseling?

        -  What effect does the certification process have on mothers satisfaction with the
           breastfeeding experience?

        -  What effect does the certification process have on perceived pressure to breastfeed?
           Methods Cluster randomized controlled study Sampling The survey unit, cluster, will be
           the community health services. All community health services in six counties in Norway
           will be invited to participate.

      Inclusion criteria: Norwegian speaking mothers who have 5 month and 11 month old children.

      Data collection Respondents are identified through the National Population Register (DSF).
      The data collection takes place using a postal questionnaire.

      Baseline: Data collection before the intervention is implemented to assess breastfeeding
      prevalence and distribution of covariates in the two study arms.

      Post-survey: The post-survey to assess the effect, will take place about two years after
      baseline when the community health services have been certified.

      Sample size It is expected that the project could increase the breastfeeding prevalence with
      5 percentage points. This assumption is the basis for the sample size. The initial aim is to
      recruit about 50 well-baby clinics.
    

Detailed description: 
      In 2007 the Norwegian Government launched "The Norwegian Action Plan on Nutrition"
      (2007-2011) which emphasizes breast milk as optimal nutrition as well as being one of the
      most effective ways to promote health and prevent disease. It is well known that breast milk
      reduces the prevalence and severity of infectious diseases like diarrhoea, lower respiratory
      tract infections, ear infections, urinary tract infections as well as bacterial meningitis
      and necrotic enterocolitis. Current research suggests that breast milk can have long term
      health effects such as reduced risk of overweight, leukemia and diabetes type I and type II.
      Breastfeeding is associated with better cognitive development. Women who breastfeed also have
      significant added health benefits such as a reduced risk of breast cancer.

      Almost all women produce breast milk, but the act of breastfeeding is a complicated
      interaction between mother and child and is affected by a number of factors. A large number
      of mothers have breastfeeding difficulties, and a significant number stop before they had
      intended to. If women were given qualified help it is possible that many of these problems
      could have been prevented or treated. In the Norwegian subsidiary study to The WHO
      Multicentre Growth Reference Study, where mothers received qualified breastfeeding
      instruction, 86% of children were exclusively breastfed at the 4 month stage as compared with
      the norm of 44%.

      Today mothers are discharged earlier from hospital than ever before. Many of these women have
      not managed to properly establish breastfeeding. Due to this, many problems which were
      previously discovered in the maternity ward are now relegated to the primary health care
      services.

      The disparity in breastfeeding between different socioeconomic groups in Norway primarily
      follows the same pattern as that found in health generally.For example, the chance that a
      mother with higher education will be breastfeeding her child at the age of 6 months is twice
      as high compared to a mother with only primary school education. Improving health service
      access to the entire population would contribute to advancing the health and health promoting
      behavior in those groups with the poorest prospects.

      The National Resource Centre for Breastfeeding (NRCB) is cooperating with Norwegian Public
      Health Nurses Association and the Norwegian Directorate of Health in the initiative
      Baby-Friendly Community Health Services (BFCHS). The purpose of this initiative is to improve
      the quality of breastfeeding advice at Norwegian community health services.

      While WHO has developed an international standard for breastfeeding counseling for maternity
      wards, there is no similar standard for primary care services as yet.

      A newly updated Cochrane-overview about the effect of offering support to breastfeeding
      mothers identified 16 studies which assessed the effect of support from health workers. The
      studies showed a small effect on all breastfeeding at the four month stage, but could not
      show any difference at other stages. An American survey identified 38 randomized controlled
      studies on the effect of initiatives in primary care services to promote breastfeeding, all
      from industrialized countries.This review indicates that initiatives to increase the
      competency of health workers can have a positive effect on the prevalence of breastfeeding.
    

Intervention name(s): Lactation counseling; Standard care
Intervention type(s): Behavioral; Behavioral
Intervention description(s): The Baby-Friendly Community Health Service intervention to improve quality of lactation counseling.; Child Health Services offered standard care
Other intervention name(s): The Baby-Friendly Community Health Service
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Health Services Research