The Effect of a Stress Management Program on Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies Among Nurses
Condition: Occupational Stress; Coping Skills
MeSH terms: Occupational Stress
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The present study is designed to focus on examining the effectiveness of the stress
      management program on occupational stress and coping strategies among public health centers
      nurses in Jordan.

      the Specific Objectives that will guide this study are as follow:

        1. To assess the level of occupational stress among Jordanian public health nurses who work
           in comprehensive health care centers.

        2. To find out the association between nurses' occupational stress scores and their
           selected demographic variables.

        3. To identify the sources of occupational stress encountered among public health centers
           nurses in the work setting.

        4. To identify the types of coping strategies utilized by Jordanian nurses working in
           comprehensive health care centers.

        5. To evaluate the effectiveness of stress management program on occupational stress mean
           score among experimental and control groups at baseline, post-test and at two months'
           follow-up assessment.

        6. To evaluate the effectiveness of stress management program on coping strategies mean
           score among experimental and control groups at baseline, post-test and at two months'
           follow-up assessment.

      This experimental study will examine differential changes in two dependent variables:
      occupational stress and coping strategies of public health nurses after participation in
      experiment. Experimental Group will participate in a stress management program and control
      group will not receive any intervention. The null hypotheses that guide this study are:

        1. Null hypothesis (H0_1): There is no significant difference in occupational stress mean
           score between experimental and control groups at baseline, post-intervention and at two
           months' follow-up assessment. (µ1 = µ2).

        2. Null hypothesis (H0_2): There is no significant difference in coping strategies mean
           score between experimental and control groups at baseline, post-intervention and at two
           months' follow-up assessment. (µ1 = µ2).
    

Detailed description: 
      This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of stress management program on occupational
      stress and coping strategies among Jordanian public health centers nurses.

      Methodology

        1. Study Location:

           This study will be carried out in eight comprehensive public health centers in Amman
           city, Jordan.

        2. Study Design:

           Single-blind, a cluster randomized controlled trial design (RCT) with two conditions
           (experimental versus control group) and three time points for this study; baseline test
           (T0), a post-test (immediately after the second day of intervention (T1), and follow-up
           at two months' post-intervention (T2).

        3. Study Population Target population:

           All Jordanian public health centers nurses, accessible population: public health nurses
           who are working in comprehensive health care centers in Amman.

        4. Sampling Frame:

           Sampling will be done in three stages. Stage 1: List of comprehensive centers in Amman
           city served as the sampling frame in the first step (N=8) and the centers' selected
           served as the sampling frame for the second stage.

           Stage 2: Eight centers will be assigned randomly, 4 centers will be assigned to each
           group (experimental and control groups).

           Stage 3: List of all nurses who are eligible in light of the criteria in each selected
           centers (experimental and control groups), simple randomization will be applied to
           select nurses from the list.

        5. Sample Size Estimation:

           The following is sample size calculation formula:

           n = [ Z1-α /2 + Z1-β] ² ×2σ² [μ1-μ2] ² Design effect = 1-P (n-1) n = 79 per group n =
           79×2= 158 With consideration an estimated 20% drop out of the subjects during the study,
           the final sample size calculation 190 with 95 subjects in each experimental and control
           groups.

        6. Sampling Method:

           Two-stage random sampling technique will be used in the current study. Initially; the
           eight centers will assign a sequential number starting from 1 to 8, then each four
           centers will be allocated randomly using SPSS generator random sample to experimental
           and control group. lastly, a List of all participants per each center (experimental &
           control), the eligible nurses will be randomly selected by using simple random selection
           of participants using a generator from SPSS to provide relative equality of the groups
           in terms of gender, age, years of experience, and level of education.

        7. Measuring Instrument:

           The self-reporting questionnaire contain of 4 parts; coding book, demographic data,
           Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) Questionnaire, and Brief Coping Orientations to Problems
           Experienced (COPE) Scale.

        8. Data Collection Procedure:

      Immediately after the last session of the intervention, the participants will be asked to
      complete the post-test questionnaires which is the same (Demographic) (NSS) and (COPE)
      questionnaires use at baseline assessment. Follow-up assessment will be done at two months
      post the intervention. Study data collection will start from 1 March 2019 to 31 June 2019.
      Directors of all select centers will be informed through written an introductory letter by
      the researcher to the director of each center. Then, the researcher request from each
      director of the select center to inform all nurses who meet eligibility criteria to attend a
      briefing session. A participant who agrees to participate in this study will be given a
      packet that includes Code book, structured demographics information form, (NSS), (COPE)
      questionnaires and the contact card in the Arabic language. Each questionnaire packet will be
      assigned a code number (3-digit code) for data analysis purpose and confidentiality (i.e.
      Code: I-A-1 means intervention group, center code: A and participant No: 1). Also, each
      participant will be given 15-30 minutes to complete the questionnaires and return to the
      researcher on the same day, the researcher will be revised if there any incomplete answers
      with the nurses and will be asked to complete them. At baseline using demographic data form,
      (NSS) and (COPE) questionnaires for all participants at the initial meeting, as well as
      (NSS), and (COPE) questionnaires immediately after the last session of intervention. Also,
      follow-up the study will be assessed at two months' post-intervention using (NSS) and (COPE)
      questionnaires.

      9. Attrition prevention techniques:

        1. Accurate contact information of each participant will be kept separately from the
           questionnaire in coding book (participant's name, phone number, and E-mail address).

        2. Participants will be reminded regularly via phones or email, to fill out the
           questionnaire and to attend stress management program sessions whenever they have time
           to do so.

        3. the researcher's contact information will be disclosed to each participant via card to
           enable participants to ask any question regarding the study during the collection period
           of data.

      10. stress management program: Stress Program Materials a stress management program is
      adapted and developed with reference to effectiveness of the existing stress management
      program for nurses . Also, the program is designed according to the theory of stress and
      coping and rational emotive behavior theory. The contents of the program will deliver through
      the use interactive learning methods which are enjoyable, fun, and engaging.

      11. Implementation of Educational Program: The stress program will be delivered to
      experimental group in a six-sessions for two weeks, each session will take 2 hours (2
      hours/six sessions /two weeks), the day and time of stress management workshop will be
      arranged with nursing manager of comprehensive health care center depending on staff
      availability and venue for sessions, but the workshop will be in a warm quite room with
      efficient light, temperature, and ventilation. There is no intervention for controlled group
      during workshop but they are put on a waiting-list to receive the intervention after the
      active treatment group does. The intervention group will receive handouts copies of the
      stress management program for each session at the end of the study. A certificate of
      appreciation will be given to participants in both groups after completing the study. Nurses
      stress management program will be an experiential teaching program consisting of six sessions
      of stress management strategies for public health centers nurses. Sessions will be as
      follows: Session one: overview of stress (definition, causes, effects of social and
      occupational life, stress management styles and techniques), Session two: relaxation
      technique training (deep breathing exercise and progressive relaxation techniques), Session
      three: cognitive restructuring, which include positive self-talk and problem solving
      techniques, Session four: humor therapy, this session will be focusing on practicing humor
      through several ways (laughter videos, laughter meditation, sharing of personal anecdotes and
      jokes, sharing of happiness thoughts) ,Session five: time management, and Session six:
      assertiveness training. The validity content of those sessions will be approved from three
      lecturers in of the faculty medicine and health sciences -UPM and three lecturers who are
      specialized in mental and psychiatric health nursing teaching in two Jordanian universities.
      Pilot study will be conducted on a sample of 5% Jordanian public health nurses with high
      levels of occupational stress who will not be involved in the current study to check about
      the face validity of stress program.

      12. Evaluation of Educational Program: Immediately after the last session of the
      intervention, the participants will ask to complete the post-test questionnaires which is the
      same (NSS) and (COPE) questionnaires use at baseline assessment. Follow-up assessment will be
      done at two months post the intervention.12.

      13. Planning for Data Analysis : Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used to
      answer the research questions of this study. The computer program, The Statistical Package
      for the Social Sciences (SPSS 22) will be used to describe variables of the study
      (Demographic data, Occupational stress, and coping strategies,). Exploratory data analysis
      (EDA) will be carried out to determine the normality of data. Normality will be checked using
      Skewness and Kurtosis as well as Smirnov-Kolmogrov tests. Equality of variances will be
      checked for all variables using Levine's test. Categorical variables will be analyzed for
      frequencies and percentages, while Continuous variables will be described using the central
      tendency measures (means, and medians), the dispersion measures (standard deviation), and
      interpercentile measures (P25, P50, and P75). Descriptive analysis of mean, median, SD,
      frequencies, percentages, and range will be used to describe the socio-demographic variables
      among Jordanian public health nurses. Independent-t test will be used to compare the study's
      variables at baseline between two groups.in addition paired-sample t test and
      repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to assess the effectiveness of
      the intervention on the main outcome measures over time, both within and between study groups
      after assessing the basic assumptions of the parametric tests; linearity, independence,
      homoscedasticity, and normality. The level of significance will be set at p≤0.05 and the
      power will be set at 80% e for statistical tests analysis. Perceived stress and coping
      strategies need to be statistically significant for the null hypotheses to be rejected.

      14. Ethical Consideration: The study will be approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty
      of Medicine and Health Sciences / University Putra Malaysia. The study will be obtained
      approval from Human Research Ethics Committee / Jordanian Ministry of health. Information
      sheet and informed consent will be given to participants. Participants will be informed that
      their participation is voluntary. confidentiality for participants will be assured through
      coded numerically of the questionnaires.
    

Intervention name(s): Stress management program
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Nurses stress management program will be an experiential teaching program consisting of six sessions of stress management strategies for public health centers nurses. the workshop will be in a warm quite room with efficient light, temperature, and ventilation. The intervention group will receive handouts copies of the stress management program for each session at the end of the study.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single (Care Provider)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care