The Effect of Reiki on Sexual Function and Sexual Self-Confidence
Condition: Therapeutic Touch; Sexuality
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Background and Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of Reiki on sexual function
      and sexual self-confidence in women with sexual distress.

      Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted with women between the
      ages of 15-49 years who were registered at a family health center in the eastern region of
      Turkey and had sexual distress. The sample of the study consisted of 106 women, 53 in the
      experimental group and 53 in the control group. Women in the experimental group received
      Reiki once a week for four weeks, while no intervention was applied to those in the control
      group. Data were collected using the Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R), the
      Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX), and the Sexual Self-confidence Scale (SSS).
    

Detailed description: 
      2. Methods 2.1. Research Design and Sample In this randomized controlled study, participants
      were randomly assigned to the experimental (Reiki group) or control groups. The study was
      conducted using women between the ages of 15-49 years who were registered at a Family Health
      Center in a province of eastern Turkey. This primary healthcare center provides reproductive
      health services to women such as family planning, education, and counseling, and includes 3
      family physicians and 3 family health workers (midwives and/or nurses). The center was
      randomly selected considering its socioeconomic environment, proximity to the city center,
      and registered number of women. The center serves approximately 21,000 people, including
      around 1600 women. Additionally, there is a quiet and peaceful room in the center to hold
      Reiki sessions. Women who agreed to participate in the study and met the study inclusion
      criteria were included in the study.

      The study inclusion criteria were as follows: being a woman, scoring 11.5 or above on the
      Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R), and being sexually active during the study.
      The study exclusion criteria were as follows: being pregnant or postpartum, having a
      diagnosis of any psychiatric illness or sexual dysfunction.

      The sample size was determined using OpenEpi (Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public
      Health) version 3.1, a web-based program. A priori power analysis was performed to estimate
      the appropriate sample size. As the primary outcome of the study, the mean sexual life score
      was determined to be 13.70 (with a standard deviation of 5.48) in the literature review. The
      sample size was calculated as 53 for each group (53 for the experimental group and 53 for the
      control group) assuming a 5% two-tailed type I error rate, 95% confidence interval, 80% power
      to represent the population, and a 3-point increase in sexual life score after the
      intervention.

      To reach the sample size, a total of 200 women were evaluated for eligibility criteria. Of
      them, 47 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 25 refused to participate in the study. In
      addition, 13 out of 67 women in the experimental group were excluded from the study as they
      did not continue to participate in Reiki sessions, while 8 out of 61 women in the control
      group were excluded from the study because they did not want to continue participating in the
      study. The study was completed with a total of 106 women, 53 in the experimental group and 53
      in the control group.

      2.2. Randomization Women who agreed to participate in the study and met the inclusion
      criteria were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups in the order of their
      arrival at the Family Health Center. A randomization was performed using the Random Integer
      Generator method, which can be found in the Numbers subsection of the random.org website.
      Single-column tables were created using numbers from 1 to 106 (https://www.random.org/).
      Women who referred to the Family Health Center were randomly assigned to numbers 1 and 2 in
      the column, considering the numbers 1 and 2. The decision of which number would correspond to
      the experimental or control group was determined by drawing lots. The number 1 was assigned
      to the experimental group and the number 2 to the control group.

      2.3. Data Collection Tools 2.3.1. Personal Information Form The form was created by the
      researchers and includes questions about women's some introductory characteristics (age,
      education level, family type, income level, and employment status).

      2.3.2. Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R) The FSDS-R assesses various aspects of
      sexual distress in women, including subjective stress and psychological impact associated
      with sexual dysfunction and is used to identify women with and without sexual dysfunction.
      The scale consists of 13 items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from never (0) to always.
      Total scale score ranges between 0 and 52. A higher score indicates higher levels of sexual
      distress. A cutoff score of ≥11.5 has been recommended to detect the presence of
      sexually-related personal distress in Turkish women. The Cronbach's alpha reliability
      coefficient of the scale was found as 0.86 by Aydın et al., while it was determined as 0.78
      in this study.

      2.3.3. Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) The ASEX assess changes and disorders in
      sexual function. It was validated in Turkish in 2004. This six-point Likert type scale
      consists of five items on sexual desire, psychological arousal, physiological arousal
      (vaginal lubrication), orgasmic capacity, and orgasmic pleasure. Each item is scored from 1
      to 6, with a total score ranging from 5 to 30. A lower score indicates a stronger, easier,
      and more satisfying sexual response, while a higher score suggests sexual dysfunction. The
      Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was found as 0.89, while it was
      determined as 0.73 in this study.

      2.3.4. Sexual Self-confidences Scale (SSS) The SSS was developed in Turkish by Çelik and
      validated for its reliability and validity. This four-point Likert type scale consists of 13
      items to measure sexual self-confidence. Each item is scored from never (1) to always. Total
      scale score ranges between 13 and 52. A higher score indicates higher levels of sexual
      self-confidence. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was found as 0.88,
      while it was determined as 0.78 in this study.

      2.4. Data Collection In the study, pre-test data were collected from women through
      face-to-face interviews in the counseling room at the FHC using a questionnaire that included
      introductory information as well as the scales used in the study. The same method was used to
      collect post-test data after four weeks of the intervention. The scales lasted around 10-15
      minutes to complete.

      2.5. Intervention In the study, women received four Reiki sessions once a week for four weeks
      from the researchers with Usuı Shiki Ryoho Reiki 1 (Degree 1). The researchers received
      training and certification in Reiki techniques before starting the intervention. In Reiki 1,
      the practitioner provides healing through touch or by holding hands a few centimeters above
      the body, establishing "aura harmony" between the practitioner and the person receiving the
      treatment. No studies have established what the "energy" referred to in Reiki is; a belief in
      Reiki is an unsubstantiated belief, rather than an established fact. Reiki practitioners use
      Reiki with light-hand contact to facilitate an opening of their patients' and their own
      "energy channels.". Reiki practitioners have explained that the body has seven chakras (at
      the head, between the eyes, the throat, the chest, the abdominal cavity, the groin, and the
      upper hip). The sessions were conducted individually in the counseling rooms of the FHC. Each
      session lasted for 30-40 minutes. The most important rule in Reiki practice for participants
      is to allow the practitioner to facilitate the flow of energy. It is not necessary for the
      person receiving Reiki to believe in it because Reiki is universal life energy and is present
      in everyone. The following sequence is generally applied in Reiki protocols: 1. Before
      beginning Reiki, the practitioner and the patient remove any jewelry on their bodies. 2. The
      patient can sit on a chair or lie down on a treatment table with arms and legs open on both
      sides of the body. 3. It is not necessary to remove the patient's clothes, and their body can
      be covered with a sheet or a blanket. 4. Reiki is applied by placing hands on the patient's
      body or holding them a few centimeters above their body. 5. The practitioner sends energy to
      each chakra or area on the body for 3-5 minutes, depending on the flow of energy, and this
      time can extend up to 10-20 minutes.6. The practitioner washes their hands. 7. The process is
      recorded. In addition to the general protocol of Reiki, the practitioner in this study
      preferred a quiet room and dimmed the lights to prevent distractions. Each woman started the
      practice lying on her back, fully dressed, with her eyes closed, arms and legs straight and
      palms facing upwards. At the beginning of the Reiki practice, the practitioner held her hands
      2-3 centimeters above each woman's body and made circular movements from her head to her feet
      to adjust her aura. After this "aura alignment" process, the practitioner placed her hands
      directly on each woman's body. The practice was performed from top to bottom, starting from
      the head and spending 3-5 minutes in each hand position at each of the seven main chakras.
      Each position was held for between one to five minutes, or until the Reiki practitioner felt
      the energy stop flowing. However, since Reiki application can be done for a longer period on
      the area where discomfort is felt, and also since the area of sexuality is located in the
      root chakra, the application of Reiki was ended with a total of 30-40 minutes, with an extra
      10 minutes on the root chakra.

      No intervention was applied to women in the control group by the researcher; and they only
      received the service they needed from the FHC.
    

Intervention name(s): Reiki
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): In the study, women received four Reiki sessions once a week for four weeks from the researchers with Usuı Shiki Ryoho Reiki 1
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Intervention model description: This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: reiki; sexual distress; sexual self-confidence; sexual experience