Lower Femtosecond Laser Energy Levels Lead to Better Visual Recovery After Small-incision Lenticule Extraction for Myopia
Condition: Myopia
MeSH terms: Myopia
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), the most recently developed refractive surgical
      technique, is being performed in a growing number of cases. This intrastromal keratomileusis
      using only a femtosecond laser is a new procedure that extracts the refractive lenticule
      through a small corneal incision ranging from 2 to 5 mm, with the absence of a flap and the
      preservation of the anterior-most stromal lamellae and Bowman's layer (except for the region
      of the small incision). Many studies have demonstrated that SMILE achieved comparable or
      superior efficacy, safety, and predictability to femtosecond laser -assisted in situ
      keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and femtosecond lenticule extraction (FLEx). However, the recovery
      of visual acuity in the early postoperative period after SMILE is slower, compared to other
      refractive surgery techniques. Therefore, adjusting energy might improve postoperative visual
      acuity and recovery time after SMILE. Nevertheless, the optimal parameters drawn from a
      well-organized randomized study have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the optimal femtosecond laser energy, with the aim of improving clinical outcomes
      during the early postoperative period after SMILE for the correction of myopia. To this end,
      we used a 500 kHz VisuMax with spot-spacing control at energy levels lower than 115 nJ, based
      on the previous studies. Therefore, we prospectively compared visual outcomes of two groups
      randomly divided by different laser energies: one underwent SMILE using lower energy levels
      of 100, 105, and 110 nJ (L-SMILE), while the other group underwent SMILE at energy levels
      conventionally used of 115 to 150 nJ (C-SMILE).
    

Detailed description: 
      This prospective randomized comparative study was approved by the Institutional Review Board,
      Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (IRB No. 4-2016-0840). The study
      adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and followed good clinical practices.
      All patients provided informed consent after a detailed explanation of the possible risks and
      benefits of the study. The right eye of each patient was included in the study unless
      contraindicated, in which case the left eye was used. The patients were randomized to one of
      two groups (L-SMILE or C-SMILE) by means of permuted block-randomization with the Clinstat
      software (Available from: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~mb55/soft/soft.htm). Thereafter, the
      patients were randomly allocated a laser energy level within their SMILE group by means of
      minimization with the Minim software (Available from:
      http://www.users.york.ac.uk/~mb55/guide/minim.htm) due to the small sample size (< 200).

      Patients were recruited from November 2016 to December 2017. All patients underwent a
      baseline preoperative assessment including anterior and posterior segment examinations.
      Inclusion criteria were: corneal thickness of more than 500 μm, manifest refractive sphere of
      -3.00 to -6.00 diopters (D), manifest refractive cylinder less than 6.00 D, stable refractive
      error with less than a 0.50 D change in sphere and cylinder in the previous year, corrected
      distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/20 or better in both eyes, and age of 20 years or older.
      Exclusion criteria were: severe ocular surface disease, any corneal disease, cataract,
      glaucoma, macular disease, or previous history of intraocular or corneal surgery. Patients
      with suspicion of keratoconus on corneal topography were also excluded.

      We reviewed thoroughly literatures which included 239 online-available papers about SMILE,
      and, of them, we selected 116 original articles on clinical outcome or studies involving
      human lenticules after SMILE surgery and identified all the energy levels used in each
      article, as possible. Finally, we found almost all previous researches provided surgical
      results by using a 200 or 500 kHz VisuMax (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) with energy
      levels of 115 to 190 nJ except only three studies: two studies by same researchers obscured
      the laser energy level (approximately 110 nJ) used in SMILE, however the other latest study
      provided definitely their laser energy 100 nJ (Figure 1 and supplemental table 1). There were
      5 studies on SMILE using 115 nJ of laser energy in the literature.

      Based on the review of literature, we regarded SMILE using energy levels of 115 nJ or higher
      as 'conventional' energy-SMILE (C-SMILE). Since 500kHz VisuMax femtosecond laser used in this
      study had a threshold photodisruption energy level of 100 nJ, lowest energy level of L-SMILE
      was set at 100 nJ. Because the spot distance must be changed by approximately 1 μm when laser
      energy changed by 50 nJ, we could set the maximum laser energy to 150 (100 + 50) nJ as
      highest one of C-SMILE while keeping the spot distance constant. Finally, we established two
      groups divided by different laser energies: L-SMILE group using lower energy levels of 100,
      105, and 110 nJ, and C-SMILE group using 'conventional', not higher, energy levels of 115 to
      150 nJ.

      Based on our preliminary results (n=6 per group) showing the significant mean difference of
      postoperative visual acuity between C-SMILE and L-SMILE, a priori power analysis was
      performed. Group sample sizes of 54 and 81 achieved 81% power to detect a difference of - 0.1
      between the null hypothesis that both group means are 0.0 and the alternative hypothesis that
      the mean of group 2 is 0.1 with estimated group standard deviations of 0.1 and 0.1 and with a
      significance level (alpha) of 0.05 using a two-sided two-sample t-test. Therefore, we
      confirmed that sample size of L-SMILE is 60 and one of C-SMILE is 90 as considering 10 %
      reduction.
    

Intervention name(s): SMILE procedure using lower energy (100, 105, and 110 nJ); SMILE procedure using conventional energy (115 to 150 nJ)
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): Based on the review of literature, we regarded SMILE using energy levels of 115 nJ or higher as 'conventional' energy-SMILE (C-SMILE). Since 500kHz VisuMax femtosecond laser used in this study had a threshold photodisruption energy level of 100 nJ, lowest energy level of L-SMILE was set at 100 nJ. Because the spot distance must be changed by approximately 1 μm when laser energy changed by 50 nJ, we could set the maximum laser energy to 150 (100 + 50) nJ as highest one of C-SMILE while keeping the spot distance constant. Finally, we established two groups divided by different laser energies: L-SMILE group using lower energy levels of 100, 105, and 110 nJ, and C-SMILE group using 'conventional', not higher, energy levels of 115 to 150 nJ.; The SMILE procedures were conducted in the Eyereum Eye Clinic (Seoul, South Korea). The target postoperative refraction was emmetropia. The surgery, using standardized techniques, was performed by an experienced surgeon (D.S.Y.K.) using the VisuMax system. The surgical parameters used during SMILE were as follows: repetition rate of 500 kHz, pulse energy 100 to 150 nJ (100, 105, and 110 nJ, L-SMILE; 115 to 150 nJ, C-SMILE), spot distance 4.5 μm (regardless of FSL energy), cap thickness 120 μm, and side-cut width 2 mm in the 12-o'clock position with an angle of 90°. After the anterior (upper) and posterior (lower) delineated plane of the intrastromal lenticule were well defined, the anterior and posterior interface were dissected with a micro-spatula with a blunt circular tip and extracted with micro-forceps. The integrity of the lenticule was also checked subsequently.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Based on the review of literature, we regarded SMILE using energy levels of 115 nJ or higher as 'conventional' energy-SMILE (C-SMILE). Since 500kHz VisuMax femtosecond laser used in this study had a threshold photodisruption energy level of 100 nJ, lowest energy level of L-SMILE was set at 100 nJ. Because the spot distance must be changed by approximately 1 μm when laser energy changed by 50 nJ, we could set the maximum laser energy to 150 (100 + 50) nJ as highest one of C-SMILE while keeping the spot distance constant. Finally, we established two groups divided by different laser energies: L-SMILE group using lower energy levels of 100, 105, and 110 nJ, and C-SMILE group using 'conventional', not higher, energy levels of 115 to 150 nJ.
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Small-incision lenticule extraction; femtosecond laser; lower laser energy level; early visual recovery