Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Block in the Management of Postoperative Analgesia After Lumbar Spinal Surgery
Condition: The Effect of Two Different Block Methods on Postoperative Pain Management in Lumbar Spinal Surgery
MeSH terms: Pain, Postoperative
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Lumbar spinal surgery, one of the most common operations for the treatment of back and leg
      pain, is a painful postoperative procedure. Pain control is an important part of the
      treatment in these patients who may develop chronic pain. In patients undergoing surgery for
      lumbar disc herniation (LDH), severe pain may occur in the postoperative period, especially
      in the operation area, and this pain may become chronic. The subject of our study is to
      observe the effect on the use of analgesics by randomizing the patients that we routinely
      block in this painful procedure. We aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of two different
      regional analgesia methods performed under ultrasound guidance in patients undergoing lumbar
      spinal surgery.Thoracolumbar interfacial plane (TLIP) block is a regional analgesia technique
      performed under US guidance, which was defined by Hand et al. in 2015 (10). Ueshima et al.
      retrospectively demonstrated that this technique produces effective analgesia after lumbar
      laminoplasty.

      reported in their study (11). In the classical technique, local anesthetic infiltration is
      performed between the Multifidus and Longissimus muscles in the 4th Lumbar (L4) vertebral
      region (10). There is no study in the literature comparing classical TLIP block and QL2
      block.

      In this study, it was aimed to compare the effectiveness of US-guided Classic TLIP block and
      Posterior QLB (QL2) block for postoperative analgesia management after LDH surgery. Our
      primary aim is to determine the 24-hour opioid requirement, and our secondary aim is to; to
      compare postoperative pain scores (NRS), to evaluate side effects (allergic reaction, nausea,
      vomiting) associated with opioid use and complications that may occur due to block.
    

Detailed description: 
      Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of US-guided Classic TLIP block
      and Posterior QLB (QL2) block for postoperative analgesia management after LDH surgery. Our
      primary aim is to determine the 24-hour opioid requirement, and our secondary aim is to;
      compare postoperative pain scores (NRS), to evaluate side effects (allergic reaction, nausea,
      vomiting) associated with opioid use and complications that may occur due to block.

      Content: Lumbar spinal surgery is one of the most common operations performed for the
      treatment of back and leg pain (1). Pain control is an important part of the treatment in
      these patients who may develop chronic pain. In patients undergoing surgery for lumbar disc
      herniation (LDH), severe pain may occur in the postoperative period, especially in the
      operation area, and this pain may become chronic (2). Effective postoperative pain control
      reduces complications such as hospital-acquired opioids are widely used analgesic agents.
      Parenteral opioids are preferred for the treatment of acute postoperative pain in most
      patients who have surgery. Although opioids are widely used in the treatment of acute
      postoperative pain. They may cause opioid-related adverse events (ORAE) such as nausea,
      vomiting, allergic reactions, sedation, and respiratory depression (3). In order to reduce
      the use of systemic opioids, regional anesthesia techniques may be preferred with the
      increase in the use of ultrasound (US) in daily anesthesia practice (4).

      Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) performed under US guidance is an interfacial plane block
      defined by Blanco (5). This block is used in the management of analgesia after abdominal and
      lumbar surgery (5-9). Local anesthetic solution is injected around the quadratus lumborum
      muscle to block the thoracolumbar nerves. In posterior OLB (QL2) block, local anesthetic
      solution is injected from the posterior part of the muscle and spreads between the Quadratus
      lumborum and Erector spina muscles (6). Since it is performed under US guidance, it is an
      easy and reliable method with a low complication rate. and thromboembolism, as it provides
      early mobilization and early discharge.Thoracolumbar interfacial plane (TLIP) block is a
      regional analgesia technique performed under US guidance, which was defined by Hand et al. in
      2015 (10). Ueshima et al. retrospectively demonstrated that this technique produces effective
      analgesia after lumbar laminoplasty.

      reported in their study (11). In the classical technique, local anesthetic infiltration is
      performed between the Multifidus and Longissimus muscles in the 4th Lumbar (L4) vertebral
      region (10). There is no study in the literature comparing classical TLIP block and QL2
      block.

      In this study, it was aimed to compare the effectiveness of US-guided Classic TLIP block and
      Posterior QLB (QL2) block for postoperative analgesia management after LDH surgery. Our
      primary aim is to determine the 24-hour opioid requirement, and our secondary aim is to; to
      compare postoperative pain scores (NRS), to evaluate side effects (allergic reaction, nausea,
      vomiting) associated with opioid use and complications that may occur due to block Material
      and Method Sixty patients with ASA classification I-II, aged 18-65 years, scheduled for
      lumbar discectomy + laminectomy under general anesthesia will be included in this
      prospective, randomized study. Patients with a history of bleeding diathesis, taking
      anticoagulant therapy, allergic or sensitive to local anesthetic and opioid drugs, patients
      with infection in the area to be blocked, patients who have had previous lumbar surgery,
      patients using gabapentinoids or corticosteroids, patients who cannot use a
      patient-controlled anesthesia device, patients with suspected pregnancy , pregnant or
      lactating mothers and patients who do not accept the procedure will be excluded from the
      study.

        1. General anesthesia After the patients are taken to the operating room, all patients will
           be premedicated with 2 mg of intravenous midazolam. In anesthesia induction, 2-2.5 mg
           kg-1 iv propofol, 1-1.5 mcg kg-1 iv fentanyl, 0.6 mg kg-1 iv rocuronium will be
           intubated. The patient will then be placed in the prone position. Anesthesia will be
           maintained with 1-2% sevoflurane and 50 mcg/hour remifentanil in a 50% oxygen-air
           mixture. Mechanical ventilator settings will be adjusted so that tidal volume is 6-8
           ml/kg, maximum airway pressure is 30 cmH2 O, end tidal CO2 is 30-35mmHg. If the pulse or
           mean blood pressure increases by 20% from the preoperative value, a bolus of 25 mcg
           fentanyl and 0.1 mg kg-1 rocuronium will be administered. Lumbar discectomy +
           laminectomy will be performed by the same surgical team with the same routine surgical
           procedure. Patients will receive an analgesic regimen as described post-induction and
           pre-extubation. To prevent nausea and vomiting, iv 4 mg of ondansetron will be given.
           Patients with adequate spontaneous breathing will be taken to the postoperative recovery
           unit after extubating. Patients who reach 12 points in Aldrete scoring will be sent to
           the service. Before coming to the operating room, the patients will be randomly divided
           into 2 groups (Group Q= QL2 block group, Group T= Classic TLIP group) each containing 26
           patients, using a sealed envelope method.

        2. Block technique The block that we use routinely, in accordance with the guidelines and
           valid, will be applied to the patient in the preoperative block room 30 minutes before
           the operation starts (5-9).

             1. Posterior QLB process; After aseptic conditions are provided, the convex US probe
                will be covered with a sterile sheath, and an 80-100 mm block needle will be used.
                After imaging the abdominal muscles with the anterior approach, the needle will be
                advanced in the Petit triangle and 1-2 ml of saline will be injected into the
                posterior border of the quadratus lumborum muscle. After the block location is
                confirmed, 20 ml of local anesthetic infiltration at a concentration of 0.25% will
                be applied. The same procedure will be applied to the other side. A total of 30 ml
                of local anesthetic solution will be used.

             2. Classic TLIP block: Operation after providing aseptic conditions, the high
                frequency linear US probe will be covered with a sterile sheath, and a 50 mm block
                needle will be used. The ultrasound probe will be placed vertically at the level of
                the L3 vertebra. After visualizing the guiding point spinous process and
                interspinal muscles, the probe will be moved laterally to visualize the longissimus
                and multifidus muscles. By using the in-plane technique, the block needle will be
                directed from medial to lateral, and after reaching the interfacial area between
                the longissimus and multifidus muscles, the block area will be confirmed by
                administering 5 ml of serum physiologically. Then, 20 ml of 0.25% local anesthetic
                will be administered. The same procedure will be applied to the other side. A total
                of 40 ml of local anesthetic solution will be used.

        3. Postoperative analgesia management After anesthesia induction, 1 g iv Pracetamol before
           surgical incision and 20 mg iv Tenoxicam iv 20 mg 30 minutes before the end of the
           surgical procedure will be administered for postoperative analgesia. In the
           postoperative period, paracetamol 3x1 gr iv will be administered to the patients and iv
           Morphine infusion will be performed with a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. By
           adding 0.5 mg/ml of morphine in the serum physiological, 1 mg bolus, 8 minutes lock
           time, and a maximum of 6 mg morphine per hour will be adjusted (12). Postoperative
           patient evaluation will be performed by another non-interventional anesthetist.

      Postoperative pain assessment will be made using the NRS scoring (0 = no pain, 10 = most
      severe pain felt). Resting and mobile NRS scores will be recorded at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24
      hours. NRS score < 4 will be targeted.

      Sedation level will be monitored on a 4-point sedation scale (0=wake, eyes open, 1=sleepy but
      responds to verbal stimuli, 2=sleepy and difficult to awaken, 3=sleepy, cannot be woken by
      shaking).

      Additional analgesic need, side effects such as nausea, vomiting, itching and complications
      that may occur due to block will be recorded.

      References:

        1. McGirt MJ et al. Recurrent disc herniation and long-term back pain after primary lumbar
           discectomy: review of outcomes reported for limited versus aggressive disc removal.
           Neurosurgery 2009; 64.2: 338-345.

        2. Efthymiou CA, O'Regan DJ. Postdischarge complications: what exactly happens when the
           patient goes home?. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2011; 12.2: 130-134.

        3. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain
           Physician 2008;11(2 Suppl l):S105.

        4. Teddy PJ, Fabinyi G, Kerr JH, Briggs M. Bupivacaine infiltration after lumbar
           laminectomy: Local infiltration in the control of early postoperative lumbar laminectomy
           pain. Anaesthesia 1998;36(4): 380-383.

        5. Dhanjal S, Tonder S. Quadratus Lumborum Block. 2020 Oct 23. In: StatPearls [Internet].
           Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. PMID: 30725897.

        6. Elsharkawy H, El-Boghdadly K, Barrington M. Quadratus Lumborum Block: Anatomical
           Concepts, Mechanisms, and Techniques. Anesthesiology. 2019 Feb;130(2):322-335. doi:
           10.1097/ALN.0000000000002524. PMID: 30688787.

        7. Ueshima H, Otake H, Lin JA. Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block: An Updated
           Review of Anatomy and Techniques. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2752876. doi:
           10.1155/2017/2752876. Epub 2017 Jan 3. PMID: 28154824; PMCID: PMC5244003.

        8. Ueshima H, Otake H. Clinical experience of anterior quadratus lumborum block after
           lumber surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Feb;37:131. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.12.014.
           Epub 2017 Jan 9. PMID: 28235503.

        9. Ueshima H, Hiroshi O. Lumbar vertebra surgery performed with a bilateral posterior
           quadratus lumborum block. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Sep;41:61. doi:
           10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.06.012. Epub 2017 Jul 3. PMID: 28802611.

       10. Hand WR et al. Thoracolum¬bar interfascial plane (TLIP) block: a pilot study in
           volunteers. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62: 1196-2000

       11. Ueshima H et al. Efficacy of the thoracolumbar interfascial plane block for lumbar
           laminoplasty: a retrospective study. Asian spine journal 2017; 11.5: 722-725.

       12. Gürkan Y et al. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block reduces postoperative
           opioid consumption following breast surgery: A randomized controlled study. Journal of
           Clinical Anesthesia 50 (2018) 65-68
    

Intervention name(s): observational drug study
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Postoperative opioid consumption will be evaluated by applying 2 different block methods to patients who have undergone lumbar disc surgery
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Intervention model description: prospective randomized trial
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Lumbar spinal surgery; Postoperative pain; QL2 block; TLIP block