Ultrasound-guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia of Adult Patients Undergoing Ovarian Cancer Surgery
Condition: Postoperative Pain Management
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Postoperative pain is one of the greatest patient concerns following any surgery. Although an
      increased emphasis has been placed on pain management, approximately 80% of surgical patients
      report postoperative pain with 86% of patients rating their pain as moderate, severe, or
      extreme.

      In recent years, the increasing adoption of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for acute
      pain management parallels the rapid rise in the availability of ultrasound machines,
      facilitating description of a number of important fascial plane blocks blocking the dorsal,
      lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves of the thorax and abdomen. These new descriptions in
      blocks are supposed to be an advance in regional anesthesia due to its simplicity and lack of
      complications. These include the transversus abdominis plane block, rectus sheath block,
      quadratus lumborum block, pectoralis nerve block, serratus plane block, retrolaminar block,
      and now the Erector spinae block.

      Although ESP and TAB blocks successfully reduced postoperative opioid consumption in previous
      studies, no study has ever compared their efficacy in postoperative analgesia of adult
      patients undergoing ovarian cancer surgery under general anesthesia thus in this randomized
      controlled study we are aiming to fill this gap in the literature.

      Hypothesis Analgesia provided by the erector spine plane block is superior to that of
      transversus abdominis block in patients undergoing ovarian cancer surgery under general
      anesthesia.
    

Detailed description: 
      Introduction:

      Postoperative pain is one of the greatest patient concerns following any surgery. Although an
      increased emphasis has been placed on pain management, approximately 80% of surgical patients
      report postoperative pain with 86% of patients rating their pain as moderate, severe, or
      extreme.

      In recent years, the increasing adoption of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for acute
      pain management parallels the rapid rise in the availability of ultrasound machines,
      facilitating description of a number of important fascial plane blocks blocking the dorsal,
      lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves of the thorax and abdomen. These new descriptions in
      blocks are supposed to be an advance in regional anesthesia due to its simplicity and lack of
      complications. These include the transversus abdominis plane block, rectus sheath block,
      quadratus lumborum block, pectoralis nerve block, serratus plane block, retrolaminar block,
      and now the Erector spinae block.

      The TAP is a potential anatomical space that lies between transversus abdominis and internal
      oblique muscles, where local anesthetic can be deposited, creating a non-dermatomal "field
      block.".This block can be placed before or during a surgery either by ultrasound guidance or
      by landmarking through the triangle of Petit (inferior lumbar triangle). Blocks can be placed
      either intra-abdominally prior to abdominal fascial closure or by transdermal injection.
      Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks can provide reliable relief of somatic incisional
      pain. However, the lack of reliable visceral pain relief with TAP blocks may necessitate
      additional modes of analgesia.

      Previous studies have investigated the efficacy of TAP blocks in benign gynecology, general
      surgery,and non-ovarian gynecologic oncology.These studies have had mixed outcomes, but a
      recent meta-analysis has demonstrated an overall reduction in pain and opioid usage
      associated with TAP blocks in laparotomy.

      Since its first description by Forero et al. there have been many articles and case reports
      including an increasingly number of indications for the ESP block: chronic and acute pain
      treatment , rib fractures management in the emergency setting, treatment of abdominal
      surgical pain , hip arthroplasty , analgesic management in breast surgery,or in spinal
      surgery.

      The ESP block targets the erector spinae plane, which lies between the anterior surface of
      the cephalon-caudal oriented erector spinae muscles (that arise from and insert into various
      bony components of the vertebral column, for example, from spinous process to spinous
      process, rib to rib, and transverse process to transverse process and the posterior surface
      of the spinal transverse processes. LA is deposited in the fascial plane deep to the erector
      spinae muscle and superficial to the tips of the transverse processes, from where it diffuses
      to the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves, achieving an extensive multi-dermatomal
      sensory block of the posterior, lateral, and anterior thoracic wall .

      ESP block could result in both visceral and somatic abdominal analgesia if the injection were
      performed at a lower thoracic level.as the local anesthetic penetrates anteriorly through the
      intertransverse connective tissue and enters the thoracic paravertebral space where it can
      potentially block not only the ventral and dorsal rami of spinal nerves but also the rami
      communicants that transmit sympathetic fibers.

      For 2019 about 22,530 women will receive a new diagnosis of ovarian cancer and about 13,980
      women will die from ovarian cancer as for The American Cancer Society estimation for ovarian
      cancer in the United States. oncologic ovarian cancer surgeries performed by general
      anesthesia (GA),cannot provide adequate postoperative pain control as cytoreductive and
      staging procedures often involve considerable visceral disruption and incisions above the
      umbilicus have accessory innervation. and the routine use of parenteral opioids aggravates
      postoperative sedation, nausea, emesis, impaired oxygenation and depressed ventilation.

      Although ESP and TAB blocks successfully reduced postoperative opioid consumption in previous
      studies, no study has ever compared their efficacy in postoperative analgesia of adult
      patients undergoing ovarian cancer surgery under general anesthesia thus in this randomized
      controlled study we are aiming to fill this gap in the literature.

      Aim of the work Aims to evaluate the analgesic effects of combined general with
      ultrasound-guided erector spinae block versus that of combined general with transversus
      abdominis block in patients undergoing major ovarian cancer surgery 1. Inclusion criteria
      female Patients undergoing ovarian cancer surgery under general anesthesia with ASA I-II and
      Age ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 Years 2. Exclusion criteria

        -  Patient refusal.

        -  uncooperative patients

        -  Cardiovascular disease in the form of Uncontrolled hypertension, IHD, AF, cardiomyopathy
           with EF <50%

        -  Cerebrovascular insufficiency in the form of TIAs, REND, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage,
           brain tumour, epilepsy

        -  Coagulation defects with INR>1.5 platelets count< 80000

        -  hepatic insufficiency with ALT and AST > twice normal, total bilirubin >1.5 , PC < 80%.

        -  Hypersensitivity to the study drugs.

        -  Pregnant patients

        -  patients receiving vasoactive drugs or beta blockers V. Study Procedures

             1. Randomization (in RCT only) Computer generated sequence will be used for
                randomization.

             2. Study Protocol After approval of the Research Ethics Committee and written informed
                consent from all patients, A randomized, prospective, comparative, single blinded
                as the anesthesiologist who will collect data will be blinded for which block was
                given study to compare between ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and
                transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia of adult patients
                undergoing ovarian cancer surgery under general anesthesia with lower midline
                incision approach will be conducted on A total of 45 Patients that will be randomly
                allocated by using computer generated random numbers into Group1: (n=15) "ESP block
                group" ,Patients received preoperative US guided ESP block on BOTH sides to be
                operated upon 30 minutes before being transferred to the OR, Group 2: (n=15) "TAB
                group" ,Patients received bilateral lower TAB 30 min before being transferred to
                the OR and Group 3: (n=15)"the control group", Patients will not receive any block.

      The day before surgery, all patients will be instructed to fast for 6-8 hours. On the day of
      the operation, the patient will arrive to the preparation room 1 hour before operation, to
      allow time for the block procedure and a minimum of 30 minutes to pass after the block before
      induction of general anesthesia, an 18 G cannula insertion, a start of IV fluid drip, and
      premedication with 0.02-0.03 mg/kg intravenous midazolam will be done. All basic monitoring
      will be applied (ECG/HR/SpO2/NIBP), and baseline values for HR, SPO2, SBP, DBP and MAP will
      be documented then every 5 minutes till the patient reaches the operating room.

      In group 1 a mark will be applied on the required level (T10) identified as 3rd spinous
      process caudal to that of T7 which located in the middle of a line passing between the lower
      tips of the scapulae, the midline (spinous processes) and the injection points 3 cm on either
      sides from midline. While the patient is in a sitting position with support from a member of
      staff, Preparation of the field with iodine will be made. The ultrasound transducer is placed
      in a longitudinal parasagittal orientation using the HFL38X linear multi-frequency 6-13 MHz
      probe of SonoSite M-Turbo of portable ultrasound system anatomical landmarks will be
      identified including the transverse process at T10 level and the layers of muscles from
      posterior to anterior: trapezius-erector spinae. After subcutaneous lidocaine 2% injection a
      22-G spinal needle will be inserted under ultrasound guidance in plane, aiming towards the
      transverse process. After a Gentle contact with the transverse process, a volume of 20 ml for
      each side with 0.25% bupivacaine will be injected in increments with careful repetitive
      aspiration to avoid intravascular injection targeting to cover dermatomal levels from T8-T12
      as minimum.

      In group 2 while the patient is lying supine, the probe will be placed perpendicular to the
      mid-axillary line between the iliac crest and subcostal margin, the 3 abdominal muscle layers
      were identified, and the transversus abdominis plane was located between the internal oblique
      and transversus abdominis muscle. Next, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine will be injected in
      increments with careful repetitive aspiration to avoid intravascular injection, and drug
      spread in the plane will be observed. The same procedure will be repeated on the other side
      of the abdomen.

      Then the patient will be transferred to the OR. All basic monitoring will be applied
      (ECG/HR/SpO2/NIBP) while monitoring of end-tidal CO2 will be initiated after induction of
      anesthesia and values will be recorded for HR, SPO2 ,SBP,DBP ,MAP and ETCO2 every 5 minutes
      till the end of the surgery then for 30 minutes from time of reaching PACU.

      General anesthesia will be induced with 2 mg/kg propofol, 1μg/kg fentanyl and 0.5 mg/kg
      atracurium to facilitate endotracheal intubation. After intubation the lungs will be
      mechanically ventilated to maintain the ETCO2 35-40 mmHg. Anesthesia will be maintained with
      isoflurane keeping the ET concentration of isoflurane 1-2% to maintain the BIS value 40-60.
      Atracurium besylate top-up doses 0.1mg/kg will be given based on the response to train of
      four ulnar nerve stimulation. Additional fentanyl dose of 0.5 µg/kg IV for maximum of 3 µg/kg
      will be given if HR and /or BP increased more than 20% from baseline in response to surgical
      stimulation and the total dose of fentanyl will be recorded.

      The patient's pain will be monitored and documented using the Numerical Rating Score (NRS)
      for pain at times 0,30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 hours.(28)The "zero" point
      of time will be the moment the patient recovered from general anesthesia. Time to first
      analgesic requirement will be recorded which is the time from the "zero" point till the NRS
      is 4 or more.

      1 g paracetamol IV will be given every 6 hours regardless the NRS value while rescue
      medication in the form of 50 mg tramadol IV will be given on demand when NRS score is 4 or
      more with maximum dose of 1 mg /kg every 6 hours and the total consumption of tramadol will
      be recorded.

      Complications in the form of local anesthetic systemic toxicity, failed block, injury to
      surrounding structures (peritoneum, vessels, dura ,pleura inform of pneumothorax) will be
      documented
    

Intervention name(s): erector spinae block; transversus abdominis block
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): A volume of 20 ml for each side of erector spinae plane with 0.25% plain bupivacaine; A volume of 20 ml for each side of transversus abdominis plane with 0.25% plain bupivacaine
Other intervention name(s): erector spinae plane block; transversus abdominis plane block
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double (Participant, Care Provider)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: erector spinae; block; pain; transversus; abdominis