Berry Intake - Effects on Systemic and Oral Inflammation
Condition: Inflammation
MeSH terms: Inflammation
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2

Summary: 
      The purpose of this study is to determine whether intake of berry powder effective in the
      treatment of systemic and oral inflammation.
    

Detailed description: 
      Summary About 10-15 % of the adult population in Sweden suffers from periodontitis, which is
      an inflammatory response to certain oral bacteria. The first stage of periodontitis is termed
      gingivitis, which is clinically defined by swollen tissue, redness and bleeding in the
      gingiva. If the inflammatory process could be attenuated, this would greatly reduce the risk
      of developing periodontitis.

      Diet is of importance for the development and prevention of chronic diseases. Berries contain
      compounds that can act as anti-inflammatory agents and this bioactivity may reduce the risk
      of disease. A recent meta-analysis of publications in this area revealed a dearth of
      experimental and clinical data on the impact of berry intake on inflammatory conditions.
      Studies which detail berry intake/dosage and period of dosage to exert an effect is
      particularly lacking, in terms of the positive effects of berries on anti-inflammatory
      conditions. The purpose of this project is to:

        -  Demonstrate the impact of daily intake of freeze-dried berries on the clinical degree of
           chronic inflammation by studying changes in the degree of gingivitis.

        -  To study the presence of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers locally in gingival tissue,
           saliva and through analysis of serum samples.

        -  To analyze dose response relationship for different berry powders by investigating
           clinical and biomedical effect.

      Background Many diseases have a significant inflammatory pathogenesis which can be difficult
      to control. In traditional medicine symptoms and inflammatory processes are treated with
      pharmaceuticals. Many pharmaceuticals show side-effects that have economic and environmental
      consequences both for the individual and the environment. It has for centuries been known
      that plants have anti-inflammatory and healing effects. An early example of how plants came
      in use for medical treatment is the work of Carl von Linné and his practice as a botanist and
      physician.

      In modern times complimentary alternative medicine has claimed that intake of fruit and
      berries in different compositions has anti-inflammatory effects. Some of these claims have
      been difficult to evaluate since studies to highlight anti-inflammatory benefit have often
      not been well conducted. There is a conspicuous lack of data on clinically effective doses of
      plant extracts. The Swedish National Food Agency contends that the daily intake of
      vegetables, fruits and berries should be 500 grams for adults, although few people in Sweden
      reach these recommendations.

      Fruits and berries are not considered pharmaceuticals but are often termed 'nutraceuticals'.
      Despite a lack of scientific grounds for the medicinal use of fruits and berries, there are
      today a very large range of health products based on fruits and berries. It is, therefore, of
      importance to scientifically investigate which fruits and berries that have demonstrable
      anti-inflammatory effects that is to specifically study biomarkers and clinical conditions
      with adult individuals. It is also vital to develop a palatable form of administration of the
      berries that would facilitate regular intake of a naturally based product.

      Using biomedicine as a starting point we aim to study anti-inflammatory effects in clinical,
      randomized, case control, studies. Our primary objective is to treat adult individuals with
      gingivitis. In general, gingivitis makes up a common chronic condition with adults and it
      occurs in more than half the population. From a clinical perspective there are well
      established methods to investigate inflammation in the mouth. The presence of inflammatory
      biomarkers in the mouth can be conveniently and efficiently measured. Through standard
      methods for blood sampling one can study the same inflammatory biomarkers and thus analyze
      which general effects the intake of a test product may have.

      Method A daily intake of 500 g is difficult to achieve. Freeze-dried berry powder is a
      distribution form that would enable regular intake of a naturally based product. We intend to
      investigate dose-response relationship of different berries, such as bilberries, black
      currant, lingonberries, rose hip, and sea buckthorn. The selection of berries will be based
      on accessibility, assumed acceptance and variation of nutrients and commercial conditions.
      Our earlier studies on bilberries will be used as a reference. All berry powders that will be
      used in the study will be analyzed for sugar content of micronutrients.

      We will analyze clinical effects of the degree of gingivitis and changes of known biomarkers
      of inflammation in serum, saliva and gingival fluid. We will start with a low dose and double
      the dose each week. We have made the assumption that the content dry substance in berries is
      about 10 %, i.e. 50 g freeze-dried berries would correspond to 500 g fresh berries. We will
      start with 6.25 g berry powder and double the dosage each week until we reach a maximum
      dosage of 50 g according to the Swedish National Food Agencies recommendations.

      The clinical investigations will include a routine dental examination assessing for probing
      depths at teeth, the extent of gingival bleeding, and presence of plaque accumulation on
      teeth. Serum, saliva, and gingival fluid samples will be collected to assess for bacteria and
      cytokine levels. The dental nurse that will conduct the clinical investigation will have no
      information whether participating individuals have been assigned a berry powder or placebo.
      Placebo will consist of potato starch. The clinical and biomedical parameters will be studied
      weekly as seven days is the time required to assure clinical effects and assumed to be
      sufficient to reach steady-state levels on markers of inflammation. The aim is to identify
      dose-response relationship and to rank the effects of the different berries.

      The examination of biomarkers is based on Luminex Technology. The Luminex system enables
      analysis of a combination of markers of inflammation in small samples volumes. Our experience
      from the pilot study has showed that in order to obtain statistical power for VEGF and MIP-1α
      16 individuals are required. We plan to include 20 individuals in each series to compensate
      if some individuals don't complete the study. Inclusion criteria is registration of lingual
      bleeding on the first and second molar in the lower jaw.
    

Intervention name(s): Berry powder
Intervention type(s): Dietary Supplement
Intervention description(s): Berry and gingivitis trial
Other intervention name(s): Natural berries
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment