The Effects of Sea Buckthorn and Strawberry on Postprandial Glycaemia, Insulinemia and Appetite
Condition: Insulin Sensitivity; Glucose Intolerance
MeSH terms: Insulin Resistance; Glucose Intolerance
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Early Phase 1

Summary: 
      The effects of strawberry and sea buckthorn on postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia as well
      as on metabolic profiles were examined in overweight or obese male subjects. The study was
      conducted as a randomised, controlled, single-blinded, 3-way crossover study. Eighteen
      subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests followed by a subsequent ad libitum meal. Test
      meals contained either sea buckthorn, strawberry or no berries and added sucrose to match
      with respect to sucrose content. Blood samples were collected at baseline and several times
      postprandially. Subjective appetite sensations were recorded at baseline and every 15-20 min
      until 140 min and a subsequent ad libitum intake was recorded. Urine samples were also
      collected at baseline and at several time intervals until 24 hours. Blood and urine were
      subjected to metabolic profiling to investigate potential biomarkers of berry intake.
    

Detailed description: 
      Purpose: Berries and mixed berry products exert acute effects on postprandial glycaemia and
      insulinemia, but very few berries have been studied, and primarily in normal weight subjects.
      Sea buckthorn and strawberry are compositionally widely different berries and may likely
      produce different responses. The effects of strawberry and sea buckthorn on postprandial
      glycaemia and insulinemia were examined in overweight or obese male subjects. Subjective
      appetite sensations and ad libitum intake were also examined. Berries may thus improve health
      in longer studies; however, accurate assessment of berry intake is still problematic. The
      discovery of objective biomarkers for intake of berries is therefore important in assessing
      both intake and compliance. The investigators aimed to identify urinary exposure markers of
      two very different berries, strawberry and sea buckthorn, in humans.

      Methods: The study was conducted as a randomised, controlled, single-blinded, 3-way crossover
      study. Eighteen subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests followed by a subsequent ad
      libitum meal. Test meals contained either sea buckthorn, strawberry or no berries and added
      sucrose to match with respect to sucrose content. Blood samples were collected at t = 0, 30,
      45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Subjective appetite sensations were recorded at t = 0, 15, 30, 45,
      60, 90, 120 and 140 min and subsequent ad libitum intake was recorded. Statistical
      differences in all continuous measures were evaluated based on the existence of a meal or a
      time-meal interaction by repeated measurements analyses or differences in the area under the
      curve (AUC) for that measure in a linear mixed model. Urine samples were collected on each
      test day at t=-15min, t=0-1h, t=1-2h, and t=2-24h and were analyzed by untargeted
      metabolomics. Multivariate analysis was applied to discover markers, followed by molecular
      fragmentation to ease their chemical identification.
    

Intervention name(s): Meal sequence 1-2-3; Meal sequence 1-3-2; Meal sequence 2-3-1; Meal sequence 2-1-3; Meal sequence 3-1-2; Meal sequence 3-2-1
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other; Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): The subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests with a subsequent ad libitum meal on separate days, at least two days apart. The subjects were individually randomised to the sequence of the test meals using random permutation. The study included two berry meals based on 150 g of frozen berries; sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), respectively, and one control meal which did not contain berries. Each meal contained 35 g of sucrose and was adjusted for protein and fat with whey protein and canola oil, respectively. The meals were served with 120 mL of water.; The subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests with a subsequent ad libitum meal on separate days, at least two days apart. The subjects were individually randomised to the sequence of the test meals using random permutation. The study included two berry meals based on 150 g of frozen berries; sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), respectively, and one control meal which did not contain berries. Each meal contained 35 g of sucrose and was adjusted for protein and fat with whey protein and canola oil, respectively. The meals were served with 120 mL of water.; The subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests with a subsequent ad libitum meal on separate days, at least two days apart. The subjects were individually randomised to the sequence of the test meals using random permutation. The study included two berry meals based on 150 g of frozen berries; sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), respectively, and one control meal which did not contain berries. Each meal contained 35 g of sucrose and was adjusted for protein and fat with whey protein and canola oil, respectively. The meals were served with 120 mL of water.; The subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests with a subsequent ad libitum meal on separate days, at least two days apart. The subjects were individually randomised to the sequence of the test meals using random permutation. The study included two berry meals based on 150 g of frozen berries; sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), respectively, and one control meal which did not contain berries. Each meal contained 35 g of sucrose and was adjusted for protein and fat with whey protein and canola oil, respectively. The meals were served with 120 mL of water.; The subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests with a subsequent ad libitum meal on separate days, at least two days apart. The subjects were individually randomised to the sequence of the test meals using random permutation. The study included two berry meals based on 150 g of frozen berries; sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), respectively, and one control meal which did not contain berries. Each meal contained 35 g of sucrose and was adjusted for protein and fat with whey protein and canola oil, respectively. The meals were served with 120 mL of water.; The subjects were studied in three 2 h meal tests with a subsequent ad libitum meal on separate days, at least two days apart. The subjects were individually randomised to the sequence of the test meals using random permutation. The study included two berry meals based on 150 g of frozen berries; sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), respectively, and one control meal which did not contain berries. Each meal contained 35 g of sucrose and was adjusted for protein and fat with whey protein and canola oil, respectively. The meals were served with 120 mL of water.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single (Investigator)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: sea buckthorn; strawberry; glucose response; satiety; metabolomics; intake biomarker