Trial of Respiratory Infections in Children for Enhanced Diagnostics
Condition: Community-acquired Pneumonia
MeSH terms: Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections
Study type: Observational [Patient Registry]

Summary: 
      The overall aim of the TREND study is to improve the differential diagnosis of bacterial and
      viral etiology in children below 5 years of age with clinical community acquired pneumonia.

      Specific objectives:

        -  To assess the diagnostic accuracy of MxA for viral CAP (sub-study I)

        -  To study etiologies in children with CAP (sub-study II)

        -  To evaluate sensitivity and specificity for MariPOC® Respi test versus PCR for detection
           of respiratory viruses (sub-study III)

        -  To assess sensitivity and specificity for a novel RPA-based point-of-care test versus
           PCR for detection of respiratory viruses (sub-study IV)

        -  To assess long-term complications in children with CAP (sub-study V

      The study takes place at Sachs' Children and Youth hospital in Stockholm.
    

Detailed description: 
      Background: Respiratory viral and bacterial infections are hard to distinguish clinically,
      and many children with viral infections receive unnecessary treatment with antibiotics, which
      contributes to development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, there is a need
      for new point-of-care diagnostic tests that better distinguish viral from
      antibiotic-requiring bacterial infections, particularly in children presenting with suspected
      clinical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and thus assist health-care workers decision
      making and improve rational use of antibiotics.

      Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is a promising biomarker for viral infection, but no
      studies have investigated MxA in children with CAP. Procalcitonin (PCT) is used as a
      biomarker for severe bacterial infection as the protein rapidly increases in plasma levels in
      response to stress and systemic infection. PCT has been reported to be more specific for
      bacterial infection as compared to CRP, but there are conflicting data on the clinical
      utility of PCT in children with CAP.

      The role of viruses and atypical bacteria in childhood CAP Is increasingly recognized. Recent
      studies have reported an increasing incidence of B. pertussis and there have been several
      deaths in previously healthy infants associated with whooping cough in Sweden over the last
      ten years. Consequently, there is a need for new etiologic studies in childhood CAP.

      Real-time PCR is currently considered gold-standard for detection of respiratory viruses in
      children with respiratory tract infection. Nevertheless, the turn-around time is usually long
      and the test results can rarely be used for decision making regarding treatment. There are
      currently several new antigen-based point-of-care tests of respiratory infections on the
      market, one is Multianalyte Point-of-care Antigen Detection Test System (MariPOC®) Respi. The
      sensitivity for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus is as high as 90% as
      compared to PCR, the current gold-standard PCR, but, the sensitivity for less common
      respiratory viruses such as metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), coronavirus
      and bocavirus have been insufficiently investigated.

      Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a nucleic acid amplification method that
      doesn't require thermal cycling. As the test reaction can be carried out at room temperature
      it is a particularly interesting method for resource-limited settings where the need for new
      diagnostic tests is high.

      Studies on long-term outcomes of radiologically confirmed bacterial CAP have indicated that
      the disease is associated with later development of asthma and decreased lung-function. Given
      the ongoing change in etiology of pediatric CAP, there is a need for new studies of long-term
      complications in pediatric CAP.

      Overall Aim:

      The overall aim of the TREND study is to improve the differential diagnosis of bacterial and
      viral etiology in children below 5 years of age with clinical CAP.

      Specific objectives:

        -  To assess the diagnostic accuracy of MxA for viral CAP (sub-study I)

        -  To study etiologies in children with CAP (sub-study II)

        -  To evaluate sensitivity and specificity for MariPOC® Respi test versus PCR for detection
           of respiratory viruses (sub-study III)

        -  To assess sensitivity and specificity for a novel RPA-based point-of-care test versus
           PCR for detection of respiratory viruses (sub-study IV)

        -  To assess long-term complications in children with CAP (sub-study V)

      Study Design:

      The TREND study is a hospital-based prospective observational study of children with clinical
      CAP with asymptomatic controls at the emergency department at Sachs' Children and Youth
      hospital, Stockholm.

      Case definition Children 1-59 months with clinical CAP according to WHO-criteria.

      Bronchodilator challenge:

      Inhalation with a rapid acting bronchodilator will be administered to children with wheezing
      and in-drawings to improve the specificity of the WHO clinical CAP criteria as suggested by
      the PERCH study team. Resolved in-drawings after bronchodilator challenge will be recorded
      but not considered an exclusion criteria to be able to exclude these patients in a
      sub-analysis.

      Control definition:

      Children 1-59 months at Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital treated for a minor orthopedic or
      minor surgical disease. The parents to the controls will be contacted via email/telephone 1-2
      weeks after enrollment and be asked whether the child has developed respiratory symptoms or
      not. No matching will be performed but adjustments for age and season will be performed in
      the analyses.

      Sampling:

      A capillary blood sample and nasopharyngeal swabs/aspirates will be collected from all study
      subjects.

      Microbiological and Biochemistry Analyses:

      MariPOC® Respi as well as real-time PCR analysis (detecting: 16 respiratory viruses as well
      as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis and Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae) will be performed.

      Biochemistry Analyses:

      Serum MxA, procalcitonin and CRP levels will be analysed.

      Study Variables:

      Information regarding the study subject, number of siblings, days of illness, current
      symptoms, vaccinations, antibiotic treatment, medication, underlying diseases, heredity for
      asthma, previous hospitalization, recent stay abroad, allergies, smoking, recent travel
      abroad, recent contact with unwell individual, breastfeeding, preschool, origin of parents
      and socio-economic status will be collected through a standardized questionnaire based on
      previous studies.

      Clinical parameters will be registered by the study doctor responsible for patient
      screening/enrolment in line with the study protocol of PERCH. Some of the clinical parameters
      included in the PERCH protocol are very rare in a Swedish context and to avoid overloading of
      the case report form, these will not be systematically registered at inclusion. However,
      information about these symptoms will be retrospectively collected from the medical records.
      Some clinical parameters are routinely recorded multiple times at the emergency unit. In
      these cases, the most extreme value (highest pulse/respiratory rate/body temperature/etc and
      lowest peripheral oxygen saturation) during the visit at the emergency unit until enrolment
      will be recorded. Information regarding admission, length of stay, radiological, routine
      clinical examination, microbiological and chemistry analyses, treatment, discharge diagnosis
      and complications will be retrospectively collected from the medical records.

      All study subjects will be linked to the National Vaccination register to collect information
      regarding previous immunizations. To allow assessment of long-term complication, study
      subjects will also be linked to the National Patient Register, the National Death Register
      and the National Prescribed Drug Register for collection of discharge diagnoses according to
      ICD-10 as well as prescribed drugs.

      Classification of Disease:

      Etiology will be classified as probable or definitive based on clinical significance of the
      different microbiological test in the studies above. In TREND, the combination of probable
      and definitive etiology will be used in the main analysis, whereas children with definitive
      etiology will be assessed separately in a sub-analysis.

      Definitive Viral Infection:

      • PCR positive for influenza, RS virus, metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus

      Probable Viral Infection:

        -  PCR positive for adenovirus

        -  PCR positive for coronavirus, rhinovirus, bocavirus or enterovirus AND CRP <20 AND
           reported fever >24h.

      Definitive Bacterial Infection:

        -  positive bacterial blood culture in blood or pleura fluid

        -  positive pneumococcal antigen test in pleura fluid

      Probable Bacterial Infection:

        -  CRP >80 (children ≤2 years) / >120 (children 2-5 years) AND/OR

        -  Radiographic evidence of empyema on X-ray or ultrasound AND/OR

        -  Large dense infiltrate or lobar consolidation on chest x-ray

      Definitive Atypical Bacterial Infection:

      • Positive PCR B. pertussis or B. parapertussis

      Probable Atypical Bacterial Infection:

      • Positive PCR M. pneumoniae

      Undetermined:

      • Cases not fulfilling any criteria above

      Mixed Viral-bacterial Infection:

      • Children fulfilling criteria for both viral and bacterial infection

      Classification of Long-term Complications:

      Long-term complications (asthma and number of hospital-requiring respiratory infections) will
      be assessed after 3, 7 and 10 years following study completion by linking to the National
      Patient Register. Asthma will be classified as ICD-10 diagnosis of J45 or ≥3 prescriptions of
      inhalation steroids, beta-2-agonists or leukotriene antagonists according to the Prescribed
      Drug Register.

      Power Calculation:

      For the sample size calculation, the investigators focused on the assessment of MxA-levels in
      cases with viral CAP as compared to cases with bacterial CAP/controls (study I). Two power
      calculations were made, one for viral CAP versus bacterial CAP and one for viral CAP versus
      controls. The following assumptions were made:

      A difference in MxA-level of 500µg/l between the groups was considered clinically relevant. A
      standard deviation of 1000 and 300 was assumed in cases with viral CAP and bacterial
      CAP/controls respectively based on previous studies on MxA.

      Using an alpha-level of 0.05 (two-sided) at an 80% power, with an additional 20% addition to
      account for non-parametric testing and multivariate analyses, 42 children in each group
      (viral CAP, bacterial CAP and controls) would be needed.

      To ensure that enough of the included cases would fulfill the TREND definition of viral and
      bacterial CAP, the proportion of viral respectively bacterial CAP (TREND definition) was
      calculated in our previous study that assessed Swedish children with x-ray verified CAP. By
      doing this, the prevalence of viral and bacterial CAP was estimated to 45% and 14%
      respectively. Hence 300 cases and 42 controls would be needed to ensure sufficient collection
      of cases with viral and bacterial CAP respectively. The investigators also would like to
      compare cases with viral CAP with controls testing positive for one or more virus by PCR. In
      our previous study, 35.4% of asymptomatic children tested positive for one or more virus. To
      include a sufficient number of virus-positive controls, the investigators hence aim at
      including 300 cases and 119 controls (42/0.354=119) in the TREND-study.

      Ethical Considerations:

      The study will be conducted in accordance with the latest version of The Declaration of
      Helsinki and the fundamental principles of respect for the individual (Article 8), their
      right to self-determination and the right to make informed decisions (Articles 20, 21 and 22)
      regarding participation in research, both initially and during the course of the research.

      Significance:

      The findings from the TREND project can be an important step to improve the care of children
      with clinical CAP. Improved near-patient differential diagnosis is a prerequisite for
      rational antibiotic use and decreasing unnecessary antibiotic treatment. Further better
      diagnosis of the pathogens causing acute respiratory infections makes it easier to give
      advice to parents on how their children should be cared for and better surveillance in the
      society.
    

Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Case definition:

        Children 1-59 months at Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital with clinical CAP (both severe
        and non-severe) according to WHO-criteria

        Control definition:

        Children 1-59 months at Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital treated for a minor orthopedic
        (elective (e.g. hand surgery) or acute) or minor surgical disease, e.g. minor trauma
        (excluding e.g. appendicitis, major burns, major trauma). No matching will be performed but
        adjustments for age and season will be performed in the analyses.
      
Biospecimen description: 
      -  capillary lithium-heparin tube (will be separated into two aliquots and diluted in a
           commercial buffer)

        -  capillary point-of-care test CRP

        -  nasopharyngeal swab for Mari-POC (diluted in 1.3ml MariPOC RTI buffer)

        -  nasopharyngeal aspirate (diluted into 1.3ml saline) divided into three aliquots:

             1. Real-time PCR-analysis of respiratory agents (400μl)

             2. Frozen down at -80°C for study IV (400μl)

             3. Available for routine microbiological testing as ordered by the attending
                physician. If not used, frozen down at -80°C for potential reanalyses. (500μl)

      All samples will be taken within 24h from arrival at the emergency unit and time for both
      blood and nasopharynx samples will be registered. It will also be noted if antibiotics have
      been given before samples taken.
    
Keywords: Community-acquired pneumonia; Pediatrics; Etiology; Point-of-care test; MxA; CRP; Procalcitonin; Infectious diseases; Respiratory viruses; Pediatric asthma