Randomized Controlled Trial of Labetalol Versus Hydralazine for Severe Hypertension in Obstetric Patients.
Condition: Hypertension, Pregnancy Induced; Hydralazine Adverse Reaction; Pre-eclampsia; Pre-eclampsia Superimposed Pre-existing Hypertension
MeSH terms: Eclampsia; Pre-Eclampsia; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; Hypertension
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 2

Summary: 
      Severe Hypertension in pregnancy demands urgent treatment because of high mortality &
      morbidity in obstetric patients. Hydralazine, the most commonly used agent, causes sudden
      hypo tension and tachycardia. Labetalol because of combined α and β blocking effects lacks
      these side effects. Most recent Cochrane systematic review on use of anti hypertensive drugs
      in pregnancy related hypertension, could include only four trials of comparison of
      Hydralazine with Labetalol. Three out of total 4, had sample size ranging from 20-60
      obstetric, with total sample size ranging from 19-30. Only 2 trials reported severe
      persistent hypertension.This review could not conclude about comparative effects due to
      insufficient data and suggested that further trials should compare Hydralazine with
      Nifedipine or labetalol, and to report severe persistent hypertension and adverse
      feto-maternal effects.

      OBJECTIVES:1) To compare efficacy and severe persistent hypertension after intravenous
      Labetalol versus Hydralazine, within maximum 5 drug boluses, in obstetric severe hypertensive
      patients at Civil Hospital Karachi.

      2) To compare immediate adverse maternal and fetal effects in the study group. 3)
      Furthermore, to assess response to treatment, in terms of patient and disease
      characteristics.

      STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.

      SETTING & DURATION OF STUDY: Gynaecology Unit I, Civil hospital Karachi, from Oct 2012 to Sep
      2014

      METHODS: Total one hundred eighty-four patients with, severe hypertension (systolic blood
      pressure(S.B.P)≥160 and/or diastolic blood pressure(D.B.P) ≥110 mm Hg) at greater than 28
      weeks of pregnancy or upto 72 hours after delivery, were enrolled and randomly allocated to
      drug A or B. At enrollment, 94 patients were allocated to Labetalol to 96 to Hydralazine
      through simple randomization. Since six cases were excluded due to insufficient information(
      2 from group A and 4 from group B) so finally data of 92 patients in each group was analyzed.
      Primary outcome measures were lowering of S.B.P to <160 mm Hg and D.B.P <110 mm Hg
      (efficacy)and severe persistent hypertension. In addition maternal hypo tension, tachycardia,
      bradycardia, adverse effect on fetal heart, still birth and neonatal bradycardia were
      measured.

      EXPECTED OUTCOME: Efficacy, severe persistent hypertension and side effects of Labetalol
      versus Hydralazine, in our population were determined.

      Assessment of response to Drug A and B, will help in choosing a drug for different patient
      and disease characteristics.
    

Detailed description: 
      Study Hypothesis:Study hypothesis is that

        1. There is no difference in efficacy and severe persistent hypertension after intravenous
           Labetalol versus Hydralazine.

        2. There is no difference in adverse maternal and fetal effects.

      Patients diagnosed to have severe hypertension(on repeat measurement of BP after 15 minutes
      of rest), admitted in 24 hour period of emergency, meeting inclusion criteria, were included.
      One hundred eighty-four patients were enrolled after informed consent and randomly allocated
      to each treatment arm by 1:1 randomization through simple random allocation.

      All eligible pregnant or post partum women with systolic blood pressure ≥160mm of Hg or
      diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg, on repeat measurement after 15 minutes of rest, admitted through
      emergency and outpatients department, were invited for participation in the study. They were
      enrolled after informed consent. Drug treatment was assigned using simple random sampling.

      DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Data was recorded on a case report form (CRF). DOSING SCHEDULE OF
      DRUGS A) LABETALOL: First dose of 20 mg slow intravenously over 2 minutes, if required
      followed at 10 minutes intervals by subsequent doses of 40 mg,80 mg, and again 80 mg repeated
      twice more (total 5 doses, ,maximum cumulative dose 300 mg) till primary end point i.e
      Systolic blood pressure <160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 110 mm Hg was reached.

      B)HYDRALAZINE: First dose of 5 mg slow intravenously over 2 minutes, if required followed at
      20 minutes intervals by subsequent doses of 5 mg, repeated upto a maximum of 4 more times
      (total 5 doses, ,maximum cumulative dose 25 mg) till primary end point i.e Systolic blood
      pressure <160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 110 mm Hg was reached.

      Group A received intravenous(IV) Labetalol, bolus doses administered over 2 minutes, at 10
      minutes interval. Initially dose of 20 mg was administered, and if required repeated in
      increments of 40 mg,80 mg, 80 mg, 80 mg every 10 minutes till SBP was reduced <160 and DBP
      <110 mm Hg, upto a maximum cumulative dose of 300 mg(total 5 bolus doses).During this time
      pulse and blood pressure were checked every 10 minutes. Failure to reduce SBP<160 or DBP<110
      with consecutive maximum 5 boluses (300mg) was labelled severe persistent hypertension.In
      such case patient was switched to cross over treatment with hydralazine, according to dosing
      schedule for group B, and consultation with critical care team((Medical /cardiovascular
      /critical care specialist) was sought. Blood pressure and pulse were recorded at 10 minutes
      interval till blood pressure was reduced below threshold levels (S.B.P<160 and diastolic <110
      mm of Hg).Once this level was achieved then monitoring was continued every 15 minutes
      interval for two hours, every 30 minutes interval for 1 hour and thereafter at hourly
      interval for next 4 hours.

      Group B (control) received intravenous Hydralazine bolus doses of 5 mg administered over 2
      minutes, at 20 minutes interval. Pulse and blood pressure were checked every 10 minutes
      interval. If S.B.P of 160 mm Hg or D.B.P 110 mm Hg after 20 minutes, then second bolus was
      repeated. Similarly if after 20 minutes S.B.P was still ≥160 or D.B.P ≥110 mm Hg, then third
      dose was given. If SBP or D.B.P thresholds were still exceeded after 20 minutes then
      similarly 4th and 5 th dose of 5 mg were given. Failure to reduce S.B.P<160 or D.B.P<110
      after consecutive maximum 5 boluses(total 25 mg) was labeled as severe persistent
      hypertension.Once blood pressure was reduced below threshold level, pulse and blood pressure
      were monitored similar to group A (Labetalol). Failure to reduce S.B.P<160 or D.B.P<110 after
      consecutive maximum 5 boluses(total 25 mg) was labelled as severe persistent hypertension;
      which was considered as treatment failure. In such case, patient was switched to cross over
      treatment with Labetalol according to dosing schedule for group A, and emergency consultation
      with critical care team (Medical /cardiovascular /critical care specialist) was sought.Pulse
      and blood pressure was rechecked every 10 minutes till S.B.P was reduced <160 mm Hg and D.B.P
      <110 mm of Hg and thereafter as stated for group A.

      Our use of alternate treatment for severe persistent hypertension in both groups is keeping
      in line with the most recent American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologist's committee
      opinion 2015 recommendation.

      Critical care team had authority to intervene at anytime if they thought it was necessary to
      interrupt treatment protocol due to patient condition or in case of non response to cross
      over drug.

      Cardiotocography (CTG) was done in pregnant women on admission and it was repeated 2 hour
      after initiation of therapy.

      Primary outcome measures will be lowering of SBP<160 mm Hg and DBP <110 mm Hg in scheduled
      dosages of allocated treatment(primary end point of study) and severe persistent hypertension
      i.e treatment failure.

      Secondary outcome measures were adverse drug effects i.e maternal hypotension, tachycardia,
      bradycardia, palpitation, headache, nausea vomiting, dizziness, bronchospasm, oliguria,
      adverse effect on fetal heart, and neonatal bradycardia.

      In both study arms, patient's monitoring and decisions for delivery of pregnant patients were
      taken according to department protocol which is consistent with standard recommendations.

      OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

      1. Gestational hypertension was diagnosed with a BP of ≥140/90 mm Hg after 20 weeks of
      pregnancy in previously normotensive women, proven by antenatal record.

      2). Preeclampsia was defined as B.P ≥ 140/90 mm Hg along with proteinuria ≥ 1+ on dipsticks
      in a previously normotensive, non-proteinuric woman, proven by antenatal record.

      3). Chronic Hypertension was diagnosed by history of preexisting hypertension & or by
      detecting persistent elevation of BP≥140/90 mm Hg. prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy.

      4). Severe preeclampsia was defined as BP ≥160/110 along with proteinuria≥1+ on dipstick with
      or without one or more of the following features i.e headache, visual disturbance, upper
      right quadrant/epigastric pain, pulmonary oedema, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
      raised creatinine, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, intrauterine growth restriction(I.U.G.R) in a
      previously normotensive non proteinuric woman, proven by antenatal record.

      5) Eclampsia was diagnosed by generalized tonic clonic seizures in woman with hypertensive
      disorder not attributable to any other cause.

      6) Efficacy was defined as lowering of systolic BP to <160mm Hg and diastolic BP<110 mm Hg.

      7) Severe persistent hypertension was defined by SBP ≥160 or DBP≥ 110 mm of Hg after the
      administration of consecutive maximum (5)doses of allocated drug treatment.

      8) Maternal hypotension was defined as systolic BP <90 mm Hg or diastolic BP<60 mm Hg.

      9)Maternal tachycardia was defined as heart rate >100 b/m in the absence of fever &
      cardiovascular disease.

      10)Normal Cardiotocograph(C.T.G) was defined as having following 4 features i) Baseline heart
      rate 110-160 beats/minute ii) Variability>5-25 beats/minutes iii) ateast 2 accelerations of
      >15 b/m lasting for≥15 seconds. iv) No decelerations.

      11)Adverse effect on fetal heart rate (F.H.R) was defined as i)presence of any type of
      deceleration without uterine contraction ii)Reduced variability<5 b/m for >40 minutes, iii)
      Variable & late decelerations, in the presence of uterine contractions iii) F.H.R<110 b/m or
      >160 b/m detected on C.T.G 2 hour after starting treatment, with a baseline normal C.T.G on
      admission.

      12)Placental abruption was defined as clinical features of uterine tenderness with evidence
      of retroplacental clot at delivery.

      13) Oliguria was defined as urinary output<30 ml/hr for ≥4 hours. 14) Neonatal bradycardia
      will be defined as heart rate<100 b/m DATA ANALYSIS: Data was entered and analyzed through
      Statistical package for Social Sciences Software (S.P.S.S) version 20. Continuous variables
      i.e age, parity, gestation, Systolic blood pressure (S.B.P),Diastolic blood pressure (D.B.P),
      Mean arterial pressure (M,A.P) at randomization are presented as mean ± S.D whereas mean
      reduction in MAP, number of boluses of antihypertensive, time to achieve blood pressure
      control and mean dose to achieve desired level of control, were analyzed by student's t test
      or Mann Whitney U test, according to normality distribution. Qualitative variables i.e severe
      persistent hypertension, maternal hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, headache,
      palpitation, nausea vomiting,dizziness ,oliguria, placental abruption, adverse effects on
      fetal heart rate, still birth, neonatal bradycardia, cesarean section, Apgar score <7 at 1
      and 5 minutes and neonatal intensive care admission were analyzed by chi square and Fischer's
      exact test(where applicable). For analyzing adverse effect on F.H.R, patients with admission
      C.T.G showing fetal bradycardia <110 b/m, tachycardia >160 b/m, variability <5 b/m for >40
      minutes, variable and late decelerations, were excluded. Adverse effect on F.H.R was studied
      on all (169)antenatal women and neonatal outcomes (Apgar, neonatal bradycardia) was studied
      on patients delivering within 24 hours of enrollment.

      Furthermore, regression model based on predictors of age cut offs ≥35 years, weight >70 kg
      and gestation >34 weeks was also done for both drugs.
    

Intervention name(s): Labetalol; Hydralazine
Intervention type(s): Drug; Drug
Intervention description(s): Group A( Labetalol) will be receive intravenous labetalol bolus doses as specified in protocol summary.; Group B(Hydralazine) will serve as control and will receive active comparator Hydralazine intravenous bolus doses as specified in summary.
Other intervention name(s): Trandate; Apresoline
Intervention MeSH terms: Labetalol; Hydralazine
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Hypertension, Pregnancy induced; Pre-eclampsia; Eclampsia; Labetalol; Hydralazine