Outcome of Using Sperm Bound to the Zona Pellucida of Immature Oocytes for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Condition: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection; Infertility, Male
MeSH terms: Infertility; Infertility, Male
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      In vivo, the zona pellucida (ZP) of the oocyte can bind to normally functional sperm. The
      ZP-sperm interaction is one of the final steps of natural selection during their journey in
      the female reproductive tract. In the current study, we evaluated the ability of the ZP of
      immature oocytes to harvest the fittest sperm. We compared the embryological outcomes of
      intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using conventionally selected sperm (control group)
      and ZP-bound sperm (intervention group). Our results showed no statistically significant
      superiority for the ZP binding technique over the conventional sperm selection with respect
      to the rates of fertilization and cleavage. However; the rates of blastocyst formation and
      high-quality blastocysts were significantly improved in the intervention group compare to the
      control group. These findings imply that the proposed technique can serve as a cost-effective
      and natural sperm selection method that has the potential to enhance the embryological and
      clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
    

Detailed description: 
      The quality of the selected sperm used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) plays a
      detrimental role in embryonic quality and development. In in vitro fertilization (IVF) and
      during the sperm journey through the female reproductive tract in vivo, sperm interact with
      the zona pellucida (ZP) of the oocyte, which is the last stage of sperm selection before
      entering the oocyte. The ZP is selective with regard to binding and can bind to normally
      functioning sperm, especially those with a normal acrosomal region. According to Liu et al.,
      only 14 % of the motile spermatozoa in fertile men can bind to the ZP. Only those spermatozoa
      with relatively normal size and shape of the acrosomal region and those with no or low
      Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation can bind to and the ZP and fuse with the plasma
      membrane of the oocyte (oolemma) and thus are capable of fertilizing the oocyte. Human sperm
      vary in size, morphology, DNA integrity, motility, membrane composition, etc., and this can
      be observed even in the same ejaculate. It is a given fact that thorough sperm selection
      procedures befall spermatozoa in the female genital tract to filter superior sperm and allow
      only a small subpopulation of spermatozoa with superior quality to reach the site of
      fertilization where another sperm selection occurs (i.e. ZP interaction).

      The sperm traits that make in vitro fertilization effective are still debated. ICSI is now
      the standard practice for most Assisted Reproduction technologies (ART) centers worldwide and
      accounts for approximately 70% of all in vitro fertilization. The routine selection of
      spermatozoa for ICSI depends on an embryologist subjectively selecting sperm based on their
      motility and morphology. It is done after an analysis of the seminal fluid, which is a poor
      predictive tool of male fertility and does not express the fertilization capacity of the
      sperm. It had assumed that mimicking the natural sperm selection may improve the quality of
      selected spermatozoa and hence, the clinical outcomes of ICSI. Ideally, a sperm selection
      method that reduces the number of spermatozoa to a subpopulation with potentially the highest
      quality can improve fertilization and embryo quality and development and subsequent clinical
      outcomes of ICSI.

      Over the years, several sperm selection techniques have been developed for ICSI. However,
      these techniques were designed to select sperm based on a single sperm parameter (i.e.
      motility, density, sedimentation, nuclear integrity, etc.) and ignoring other sperm
      parameters related to the capability to fertilize the oocyte. Sperm selection techniques such
      as swim-up, microfluidics, and density gradient centrifugation yield a population of highly
      motile sperm but fail to mimic the rigorous natural sperm selection that considers other
      sperm parameters. Moreover, most of these methods require centrifugation which may negatively
      affect the paternal DNA and reduces the quality of sperm by increasing reactive oxygen
      species. Following these techniques, an embryologist has to subjectively select sperm based
      on their motility and morphology, which does not guarantee DNA integrity and is potentially
      time-consuming.

      One of the developed sperm selection methods to relatively duplicate the natural selection is
      the hyaluronic acid (HA) binding-based Physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection
      (PICSI)® dishes. The cumulus oophorus layer surrounding the oocyte consists mainly of HA.
      However, there is conflicting data on the results using PICSI dishes. Moreover, sperm-ZP
      binding comprises parameters other than HA that are not featured in PICSI dishes.

      Sperm-oocyte interaction is a multi-step process involving physical and molecular
      interactions. It involves a complex and complementary receptor/ligand-based process between
      the surface proteins expressed on the ZP and the sperm. Research has unveiled several ZP
      protein candidates postulated to play a role in binding sperm. The main protein of these is
      the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP3), whose O-linked oligosaccharide chains bind to an
      acrosome-intact sperm and induce an acrosomal reaction.

      The study consisted of 20 patients undergoing ICSI

      Our inclusion criteria included:

      Female age ≤ 38 years old. Male age ≤ 50 years old. Having at least one immature oocyte (i.e.
      germinal vesicle (GV) or Metaphase I (MI) oocyte) for incubation with sperm to preserve
      mature ones for ICSI.

      At least 10% sperm motility and thus testicular sperm samples were excluded. The patients
      were selected based on the percentage of DNA fragmentation and only those with ≤ 20% were
      recruited. Sibling oocytes were randomly divided into a control and an intervention group.
      Oocytes of the control group were injected with conventionally selected spermatozoa based on
      sperm morphology and motility. For the intervention group, one immature oocyte was incubated
      with a calculated volume of the processed semen with a concentration of 500,000 motile
      sperm/oocyte in a Carbon dioxide (CO2) incubator for 10 to 30 minutes and then checked for
      bound sperm under an inverted microscope. Only bound sperm with normal morphology were
      selected and transferred to a Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) drop for immobilization and then
      injected into the cytoplasm of the MII oocytes of the intervention groups.

      Clinical manipulations

      1. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH): All female patients were injected daily with a
      subcutaneous follicle-stimulating hormone (Gn, Gonal-F, Merck Serono, United States of
      America) from the 3rd to the 5th day of the menstrual cycle.

      The follicles were checked for reaching the appropriate diameter (i.e. 18-20 mm) and for
      their number using an ultrasound device. If two or more follicles reached the appropriate
      diameter, a trigger (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)), (Ovitrelle®; Merck Serono,
      Switzerland) was administered intramuscularly to encourage final maturation and induce
      ovulation.

      2-Sperm preparation: After male couples had been instructed to abstain from sexual activities
      for 1 to 7 days, Semen samples were collected by masturbation. Samples were placed at room
      temperature on warm plates or incubators at 37ºc until they were liquefied and the time of
      liquefaction was recorded.

      Both macroscopic and microscopic assessments were performed using the 2010 World Health
      Organization (WHO) manual as a reference. Then, samples were treated by one of the following
      techniques depending on the male factor:

      For the treatment groups, a specific volume of the prepared semen was co-incubated with an
      immature oocyte in an injection dish containing 10 µl micro drops of global media
      (LifeGlobal, Europe) with 3 ml of sterile equilibrated mineral oil overlay at 37 °C with 6 %
      CO2 for 10- 30 minutes. The volume according to the equation:

      x=(pellet volume x 0.5 x 100)/(motility x count (after processing)) 3-Oocyte retrieval:
      Oocyte retrieval was performed approximately 36 hours following the administration of the
      ovulation trigger. Under ultrasound guidance, a single lumen gauge needle (Reproline,
      Germany) had been used to aspirate the follicles for fast oocyte pick-up with a negative
      pressure of 115-120 mm Hg. At the same time, the follicular fluid had been collected in round
      bottom sterile 14 ml falcon tubes. Under a stereo microscope, the oocyte-cumulus complexes
      (COCs) were identified, washed, and transferred into fertilizing global total media
      (LifeGlobal, Europe) and incubated at 6% CO2 at 37°C until denudation.

      4- Oocyte denudation and scoring: The COCs were denudated by placing them into a 100 µ1 drop
      of buffered media containing hyaluronidase enzyme 80 IU/ml (LifeGlobal, Europe) for 30 to 45
      seconds. Then the oocytes were gently aspirated in and out by a sterile stripper pipette
      resulting in the removal of the coronal cells (25). Following that, a global total w/HEPES
      Buffer (LifeGlobal, Europe) was used to wash the denudated oocytes. An inverted microscope
      equipped with automatic manipulators, Narishige, hot stage, and Hoffman optics (Olympus 1x71)
      was used for assessing the oocytes' maturity. The oocyte maturation assessment was as
      follows: mature oocytes in the metaphase II (MII) characterized by the extrusion of the polar
      body, and immature oocytes were either in the germinal vesicle phase (GV) characterized by a
      centrally located germinal vesicle or in the Metaphase I (MI) characterized by the absence of
      both the polar body and the germinal vesicle. Mature oocytes were then incubated in a culture
      medium in a Labotect incubator with 6% Co2 at 37 ºC until the time of the intracytoplasmic
      sperm injection. In contrast, sibling immature oocytes were incubated in a culture medium (50
      µ) with a 5000 concentration of spermatozoa/oocyte and placed in the Labotect incubator for
      10-30 minutes till the time of sperm selection.

      5- ICSI: Mature oocytes were placed in 10 µl micro drops of the global total w/HEPES Buffer
      (LifeGlobal, Europe) covered with 3ml of pure equilibrated mineral oil for ICSI.

      In the control group, each MII oocyte was injected with a conventionally selected sperm based
      on morphology and motility after being processed by density gradient centrifugation(DGC).
      However, in the treatment groups, ZP-bound sperm were selected from the surface of the
      immature oocytes through the use of a microneedle (Sunlight Medical, Jacksonville, FL, USA)
      and transferred in a 10 % polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution (SAGE, USA), immobilized, and
      then used to inject sibling MII oocytes. The procedure was carried out under an inverted
      microscope equipped with a holding pipette with slight negative pressure for handling the
      oocyte and an injection needle for injecting the sperm. The immature oocytes used for sperm
      selection were discarded. In all groups, the injection needle containing a single sperm was
      steadily and slowly moved through the cytoplasm of the MII oocyte and dropped 1 to 3µl to the
      center of the oocyte .

      6- Outcome measures: All the embryological parameters (i.e. fertilization, cleavage,
      blastocyst formation, and blastocyst quality) were recorded and assessed. Signs for
      fertilization were observed 16-18 hours post ICSI. Furthermore, 48 and 72 h after ICSI, the
      cleavage rate was assessed. The blastocyst formation rate was assessed on day five post-ICSI.
      Embryos with high-quality blastocyst formation were classified according to Gardner's
      blastocyst grading system. This system assigns grades of the expansion and hatching status
      according to inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE) quality. Good-quality
      blastocysts were classified as those with 6, 5, 4, or 3AA, AB, or BA. Fair-quality
      blastocysts were those with 6, 5, 4, or 3 BB.

      7-Statistical analysis The rates of fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation, and
      high-quality blastocysts were reported as percentages for each group. Characteristics of male
      and female patients (age, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, number of retrieved
      oocytes, and number of mature and immature oocytes) were expressed as mean ± standard
      deviation (SD). The Student t-test was employed to compare continuous variables
      (fertilization rates, cleavage, blastocyst formation, and high-quality blastocysts).
      Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 13.0. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered
      statistically significant.
    

Intervention name(s): ZP-binding
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): The ZP is selective with regard to binding and can bind to normally functioning sperm, especially those with a normal acrosomal region
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); zona pellucida (ZP); natural sperm selection; Sperm-oocyte interaction; ZP-bound sperm