Comparison Between the Caudal Block and Other Methods of Postoperative Pain Relief in Children Undergoing Circumcision
Condition: Analgesia; Pain, Postoperative; Pain, Acute
MeSH terms: Pain, Postoperative; Acute Pain
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Prospective, randomized, case-controlled trial study. Observation post-operatively:

      Aims: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the caudal block CB with other methods
      of postoperative pain release.
    

Detailed description: 
      a study Sample size: all patients, for a total of 90 boys going for circumcision surgery. I
      was recruited over the course of four months, starting on 1 May 2023. The patients will be
      divided into three groups: A caudal block(CB), B systemic opioids, and C dorsal penile block
      (DPNB) Techniques used in pediatric surgeries to provide analgesia for penile surgery such as
      circumcision. All patients had operations and were observed, and the three groups were
      compared based on hemodynamic stability, pain scores, duration of sedation, analgesia need,
      and parental satisfaction. where the Face, Leg, Activity, and Cry Consolability (FLACC) pain
      scale and behaviors were used to observe and compare the three groups. Pain scores were
      recorded by separate anesthesiologists or nurses in the post-anesthesia care unit. All
      statistical work will be carried out using Spss version 27 (Spss Inc., Chicago, USA) and
      Prism GraphPad version 9.4.1 (GraphPad, San Diego, USA) The categorical and numerical
      variables and demographic data of three groups were collected and reviewed by two authors.
      the study has shown that the caudal block produces higher levels of analgesia and a longer
      period of pain release than the penile block, even if both methods help relieve pain during
      pediatric surgical procedures.
    

Intervention name(s): caudal block; Dorsal Penile Nerve Block DPNB; Systemic opioids
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure; Drug
Intervention description(s): The caudal block involves the injection of a local anesthetic Bupivacaine dose of 0.75 to 1 ml/kg the maximum volume was 10 mL with 0.25% concentration into the caudal epidural space, targeting the sacral nerve roots. to provide a high effect and duration of analgesia; DPNB is A type of pain control post-operative, often performed as a circumferential infiltration of the root of the penis (ring block). Two skin wheals are raised at the dorsal base of the penis, one on each side just below and medial to the pubic spine. A 25-gauge, 37.5-mm needle is introduced on each side, and the bupivacaine (1 to 1.5 mL) maximum dose 2 ml concentration 0.25% for infants is injected superficially and deep along the lower border of the pubic ramus to anesthetize the dorsal nerve. For a complete ring of infiltration,; Systemic opioids belong to a class of analgesics, they act by attaching to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. For relief of pain, they are frequently utilized in a variety of surgical procedures and can be given intravenously, and in intramuscular injections. Although opioids are considered highly effective in pain control, they can lead to several adverse effects, such as nausea, vertigo, and respiratory depression, some of which can be dangerous.
Other intervention name(s): Regional anesthesia intervention; Regional anesthesia intervention.; opioids analgesic
Intervention MeSH terms: Analgesics, Opioid; Analgesics; Anesthetics
Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Prospective, randomized, case-controlled trial study. Observation post-operatively: a study
        Sample size: all patients, for a total of 90 boys going for circumcision surgery. I was
        recruited over the course of four months, starting in May 2023. The patients will be
        divided into three groups: A (CB), B systemic opioids, and C (DPNB). All patients had
        operations and were observed, and the three groups were compared based on hemodynamic
        stability, pain scores, duration of sedation, analgesia need, and parental satisfaction.
        where the Face, Leg, Activity, and Cry Consolability (FLACC) pain scale and behaviors were
        used to observe and compare the three
      
Keywords: Anesthesia; Pain Management; pediatric