The Effect of Psychoeducation on Dysmenorrhea in Nursing Students
Condition: Dysmenorrhea
MeSH terms: Dysmenorrhea
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      This study will be conducted to examine the effect of psychoeducation based on Leventhal's
      Self-Regulation Model on dysmenorrhea in nursing students.
    

Detailed description: 
      This study will be conducted to examine the effect of psychoeducation based on Leventhal's
      Self-Regulation Model on dysmenorrhea in nursing students.

      Hypotheses of the Research

      H0a: There is no difference in menstrual pain severity between the experimental group and the
      control group receiving psychoeducation based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model.

      H0b: There is no difference between the Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale mean
      scores between the experimental group and the control group receiving psychoeducation based
      on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model.

      H0c: There is no difference between the Menstruation Symptom Scale mean scores between the
      experimental group receiving psychoeducation based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model and
      the control group.

      Menstrual pain severity in women in the experimental and control groups is the primary result
      of the study.

      Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale and Menstruation Symptom Scale mean scores of the
      women in the experimental and control groups constitute the secondary results of the study.

      Type of research The research is a single-center parallel group single-blind randomized
      controlled experimental study. The study will be conducted in accordance with the CONSORT
      checklist.

      Participants and setting The population of the research will be female students studying at
      the Nursing Department of Bitlis Eren University. In order to determine the sample size of
      the study, a power analysis (G*Power 3.1.9.4 version) was conducted by taking the study
      results of Yılmaz and Şahin (2020), which is similar to our study, as reference. According to
      the power analysis, the sample size was determined as 62 women in total (d=0.75; α= 0.05;
      1-β=90%). However, by calculating the drop out rate (~5%) in the study of Yılmaz and Şahin
      (2020), 33 women will be included in each group in our study.

      Validity-Reliability of the Research Selection bias Inclusion criteria were determined to
      avoid selection bias. All women who met the following criteria were invited to participate in
      the study.

      Inclusion criteria,

        -  Having a regular menstrual cycle of 6 months

        -  Being Nulliparous

        -  Getting 4 or more points from VAS

        -  Having smart phone and internet facility

        -  Having the technical means to use the ZOOM application

        -  Volunteering to participate in the research Exclusion criteria,

        -  Having a diagnosis of any gynecological disease

        -  Having a history of gynecological surgery

        -  Having an active vaginal infection

        -  Not having received psychosocial counseling for dysmenorrhea before

      Distribution bias (randomization): Simple randomization method will be used in the
      randomization of the research sample. Participants who are determined to meet the research
      criteria will be assigned to the experimental and control groups according to the assignment
      list created through the computer program.

      Implementation bias: In this study on implementation bias, participant blinding will be done.
      For this purpose, an active control group will be used in the research. However, since the
      implementation of the research will be done by the researchers, the researcher cannot be
      blinded.

      Detection bias (detection bias; How the results were collected): Measures to prevent
      detection bias will be made using an online questionnaire.

      Reporting bias (blinding the person who wrote the report and analyzed the data): The data
      obtained from the research aimed at preventing reporting bias will be coded as A and B by an
      independent statistician and transferred to the SPSS program. Analysis of the data will also
      be done by an independent statistician.

      Attrition bias (reduction bias): In case of a decrease in the sample, ITT analysis will be
      performed.

      Data Collection Inclusion Criteria Form, Descriptive Information Form, Visual Analog Scale,
      Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation) Scale and Menstruation Symptom
      Scale will be used to collect data.

      Introductory Information Form; The Introductory Information Form is a 14-question form
      prepared by the researchers to determine the sociodemographic characteristics (age, income
      level, family type, longest living place) and characteristics of menstruation and
      dysmenorrhea (age of menarche, duration of pain, need for analgesic use, analgesics used,
      applications for pain relief) of the participants.

      Visual Analog Scale (VAS); VAS is a one-dimensional scale that is widely used today to
      measure subjective parameters such as pain intensity. The VAS is a 10 cm long ruler drawn
      horizontally or vertically, starting with "No pain" and ending with "Unbearable pain". The
      patient is instructed to place a mark on this line, which corresponds to the severity of the
      pain, to cross this line. The numerical index of the patient's pain intensity in cm or mm is
      obtained by measuring the distance from the lowest VAS level to the patient's mark with a
      ruler. In the VAS, the severity of pain is graded between 0 and 10 points. Usually, "no pain"
      is rated as 0 points and "worst pain imaginable" is 10 points. Ranges for pain intensity; <3
      mild pain, 3-6 moderate pain, >6 severe pain.

      Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation) Scale; The Functional and
      Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale (FEDS) is a Likert-type scale used to evaluate dysmenorrhea
      functionally and emotionally. Li et al. (2012) Turkish validity and reliability study of the
      scale was carried out by Gün (2014). The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of FEDS, which consists
      of 14 items and two sub-dimensions, is 0.91. Each item is scored between 1 (one) and 5
      (five). There is no reverse item in the scale. As the scores obtained from the scale
      increase, the level of functional and emotional impact of dysmenorrhea also increases.

      Menstruation Symptom Scale (MSS); It is a scale developed by Chesney and Tasto in 1975 to
      evaluate menstrual pain and symptoms. In 2009, Negriff et al. factor structure and usability
      on adolescents were re-evaluated and updated. Guvenc et al. Turkish validity and reliability
      were made in 2014 by Güvenç, Seven, & Akyüz, 2014. MSS is a five-point Likert-type scale
      consisting of twenty-two items. Participants are asked to give a number between 1 (never) and
      5 (always) for the symptoms they experience about menstruation. The scale has three
      sub-dimensions: 'Negative Effects/Somatic Complaints' (Items 1-13), 'Menstrual Pain Symptoms'
      (Items 14-19) and 'Coping Methods' (Items 20-22). The highest score that can be obtained from
      the scale is 110, and the lowest score is 22. The MSS score is calculated by taking the total
      mean score of the items in the scale. An increase in the mean score indicates an increase in
      the severity of menstrual symptoms. The score obtained from the sub-dimensions is calculated
      by taking the total score average of the items in the sub-dimensions. The increase in the
      mean score for the sub-dimensions indicates that the severity of menstrual symptoms related
      to that sub-dimension increases. The Cronbach's Alpha value of the original scale is 0.86.

      Application of Research There will be two groups in the research, namely the experimental and
      control group. The eligibility of the participants to be included in the study will be
      determined by using the inclusion criteria form. Introductory Information Form, VAS,
      Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale and Menstruation Symptom Scale will be applied to
      the participants who are determined to be eligible for inclusion in the study. After filling
      out the forms, assignments to the groups will be made by randomization.

      Experimental group-Intervention group Based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model Students
      assigned to the experimental group will be divided into groups of 6-9. 3 psychoeducation
      sessions will be held with each group once a week for a total of 3 weeks. Group sessions are
      estimated to last between 60-75 minutes. Psychoeducational content based on Leventhal's
      Self-Regulation Model was prepared. In the first stage, cognitive bases of dysmenorrhea, in
      the second stage, strategies to cope with dysmenorrhea, and in the third stage, the
      effectiveness of coping strategies in dysmenorrhea will be discussed. In the second stage,
      the participants will be taught the progressive muscle relaxation exercise, which is among
      the strategies to cope with dysmenorrhea. Sessions will be held online.

      After the completion of the psychoeducation session, measurements will be made in 3
      consecutive menstrual cycles, starting from the first menstrual cycle. Measurements will be
      made on the first day of each menstrual cycle using the VAS, the Functional and Emotional
      Dysmenorrhea Scale, and the Menstruation Symptom Scale.

      Control Group The control group will be given a online training of 30-45 minutes covering
      dysmenorrhea and coping in a single session. From the first menstrual cycle after the
      training session is completed, measurements will be made in 3 consecutive menstrual cycles.
      Measurements will be made on the first day of each menstrual cycle using the VAS, the
      Functional and Emotional Dysmenorrhea Scale, and the Menstruation Symptom Scale.
    

Intervention name(s): psychoeducation; training
Intervention type(s): Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Students assigned to the experimental group will be divided into groups of 6-9. 3 psychoeducation sessions will be held with each group once a week for a total of 3 weeks. Group sessions are estimated to last between 60-75 minutes. Psychoeducational content based on Leventhal's Self-Regulation Model was prepared. In the first stage, cognitive bases of dysmenorrhea, in the second stage, strategies to cope with dysmenorrhea, and in the third stage, the effectiveness of coping strategies in dysmenorrhea will be discussed. In the second stage, the participants will be taught the progressive muscle relaxation exercise, which is among the strategies to cope with dysmenorrhea. Sessions will be held online.; The control group will be given a online training of 30-45 minutes covering dysmenorrhea and coping in a single session. From the first menstrual cycle after the training session is completed, measurements will be made in 3 consecutive menstrual cycles
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: randomized controlled experimental design
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: coping; nursing care; student; psychoeducation; dysmenorrhea