Effect of Reward on Learning in Motor Cortex
Condition: Healthy
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Background:

        -  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to take
           pictures of the brain. Some MRI studies suggest that this technique reveals brain
           differences in patients with a nervous system illness when compared to adults without a
           nervous system illness.

      Objectives:

        -  To study functional changes in the brain that may be observed in people without any
           nervous system illness.

        -  To learn more about which areas of the brain are necessary to perform certain tasks,
           especially learning simple motor sequences and processing rewards.

      Eligibility:

        -  Healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50 who are right-handed and are native
           English speakers, and who have no medical conditions that would prevent them from
           undergoing magnetic imaging.

        -  Volunteers must not have a history of neurological or psychiatric illnesses.

        -  Female volunteers must not be pregnant.

      Design:

        -  Volunteers will be asked to undergo different types of magnetic imaging, including
           functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),
           and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), while participating in either a slot
           machine simulation or a key sequence learning task.

        -  Volunteers will participate in one of four possible experiments:

        -  Experiment 1: MRS/TMS and slot machine (3 visits, 3.5 hours in total).

        -  Experiment 2: MRS/TMS and key sequence (3 visits, 3.5 hours in total).

        -  Experiment 3: fMRI and slot machine (2 visits, 3 hours in total).

        -  Experiment 4: fMRI and key sequence (1 visit, 2 hours in total).

        -  Experiment types:

        -  Slot machine: A computer game like a slot machine, where the user presses a button to
           start the game and watches as the three barrels of the machine spin into place.

        -  Key sequence: Pressing a series of buttons in response to visual cues.

        -  Volunteers will also be asked to give a small blood sample for genetic testing.

        -  Volunteers will be paid a small amount of money (approximately $50 $80) during the
           experiments in compensation for their participation in the study.
    

Detailed description: 
      Objective: The role of mesencephalic dopamine neurons in reward processing has been
      established in primates using electrophysiological techniques and in humans using functional
      neuroimaging. They have rich projections to both the prefrontal and motor cortices where they
      synapse on interneurons and cortical pyramidal cells, producing primarily inhibition. Though
      their function is not fully understood, these projections clearly play an important role in
      motivation and learning. We recently developed a paradigm to detect reward-related signals in
      the primary motor cortex, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and demonstrated
      increased inhibition in primary motor cortex under conditions of increased reward expectancy.
      These results suggest that motor learning, which depends critically on the motor cortex, may
      be influenced by reward, which may take the form of simple performance feedback in humans.
      This kind of feedback also allows subjects to predict the outcome of actions. Thus, our
      present objective is to investigate the influence of reward/feedback/prediction on the
      activity of primary motor cortex during motor learning and in particular during instances of
      increased reward expectancy. Further, we will examine the role of a brain derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) single nucleotide polymorphism on motor learning.

      Study Population: The population that we will study will be healthy volunteers between the
      ages of 18-50, without any significant medical history or contraindication to functional
      magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

      Design: All experiments will employ within- or between-subjects fMRI and magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (MRS) to measure changes in activations of different cortical areas in response
      to motor learning and reward.

      Outcome Measures: The outcome measures will be (a) graded changes in blood oxygen
      level-dependent (BOLD) in response to motor learning and reward and (b) variations in GABA
      concentration in response to motor learning and reward, and c) variations in response time in
      the behavioral performance of a learning task.
    

Time perspective: Prospective
Keywords: Reward Processing; Motor Cortex; HV; Healthy Volunteer