The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers
Condition: Cigarette Smoking
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Background and purpose: Cigarette smoking would post threats to physical health. Even though
      studies suggested that long-term cigarette smoking would lead to cardiovascular diseases,
      pulmonary diseases, or even cancer development, the smoking population all around the world
      was still common. Before progressing into the disease stage, cigarette smokers might have
      presented decreasing exercise capacity, skeletal muscle function, and cardiac autonomic
      function as early signs of physiological function decline. The purposes of this study are (1)
      to investigate the difference in exercise capacity, skeletal muscle function, and cardiac
      autonomic function between smokers and never smokers, and (2) to test the hypothesis that
      cigarette smoking is an independent factor associated with exercise capacity.

      Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study. This study will invite 150
      participants from community in Taipei City. The body composition will be analyzed by
      bioelectrical impedance analysis, and resting heart rate variability will be evaluated by the
      heart rate variability monitor. Besides, grip strength, exhale carbon monoxide concentration,
      pulmonary function test, respiratory muscle performance will be measured. Moreover, subject
      will have to fill up the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Seven-Day Physical
      Activity Recall Questionnaire. Last will be the cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Statistical
      analyses will be performed by statistical software for social sciences (SPSS) statistical
      package v.21.0 for Windows. (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM
      Corp.) Between-group comparisons of exercise capacity, skeletal muscle function and heart
      rate variability parameters will be performed using independent Student's t-test. Pearson's
      correlation coefficient will be used to test the correlations between outcome parameters.
      Stepwise regression analysis will be used to examine the independent association between
      smoking and exercise capacity after controlling for confounders. The α level will be set at
      0.05. The results of this study would provide the early effects of cigarette smoking on
      physical function, and highlight the importance of early detection and intervention.
    


Intervention name(s): Body Composition; Heart rate variability; Grip Strength; Exhale Carbon Monoxide Concentration; Pulmonary Function Test; Respiratory Muscle Function; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Intervention type(s): Device; Device; Device; Device; Device; Device; Behavioral; Behavioral; Device
Intervention description(s): The subjects should lie in the supine position on a non-conducting surface for 5 min. 4 surface electrodes with cables will be attached to the right hand and ankle of subjects.; After supine quietly for 20 min, a lead I electrocardiogram will be taken for 5 min.; The participants will squeeze the hand dynamometer as hard as possible with the dominant hand. 3 successive measurements will be taken.; Subjects in sitting position, performing 1 inspiration, then exhale to carbon monoxide meter.; Subjects should be in a sitting position with a nose clip, then perform pulmonary function test. Participants should perform at least 3 acceptable attempts, but no more than 8 attempts in total.; Subject will perform both maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure for 3 times in sitting position with the nose clip.; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Traditional Chinese version will be adopted. It is a 6-item questionnaire that could help quantify the smoking frequency, amounts, and level of dependence.; Physical activity will be measured by the Chinese Version of the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire. Participants will need to recall the time (hours) they spent in various leisure activities in the past 7 days.; Bruce protocol as the treadmill evaluation protocol will be adopted for cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Intervention MeSH terms: Nicotine; Carbon Monoxide
Observational model: Other
Time perspective: Cross-Sectional
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Subjects will be invited from community in Taipei City
      
Keywords: cigarette smoking; exercise capacity; skeletal muscle function; heart rate variability