Haemodynamic Effects During Anorectal Surgery: a Comparison of the Jack -Knife and Lithotomy Position
Condition: Anorectal Surgery Haemodynamic Changes
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Background and Goal of Study: Minimal dose of spinal hyperbaric bupivacaine is commonly
      performed for adult anorectal surgery. This kind of anaesthesia can cause sinus bradycardia
      and hypotension wich reason is body position, autonomic nervus system reaction, reflex
      reaction even with low levels of sensory block. However, neither the publication of minimal
      doses of spinal hyperbaric bupivacaine effects of haemodynamic modifications nor their
      accuracy was widely discussed. The aim of the study is to make a comparison of the
      haemodynamic modifications due to minimal dose of spinal hyperbaric bupivacaine for adult
      anorectal surgery in lithotomy or jack knife position of steering impedance device.

      Materials and Methods: Patients will be included which are over then 18 years old, who
      underwent anorectal surgery of the benign pathology, requiring spinal anaesthesia, were
      admitted in this clinical randomized study, hospitalized in Hospital of Lithuanian University
      of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics and agree to participate to this study (written
      settlement). All patients were implicitly divided in to 4 groups by the position will be
      operating (lithotomy or jack knife position and by American Society of Anaesthesiologists
      (ASA) clas I-II and III-IV). Technique of anaesthesia were strictly standardized by protocol.
      All patients were premedicated with oral diazepam 5mg and diclofenac 100mg 60min before
      operation. After arrival in the operating theater peripheral vein 18 or 20G catheter was
      inserted, infusion therapy were started with crystalloid 5-7ml/kg/hour. Standard monitoring
      was used, including noninvasive arterial blood pressure (BP), electrocardiography (ECG),
      heart rate, peripheral oxygenation. Circulatory changes were recorded impedance device. 2
      single-neck sensors connected vertically on both sides of the neck just below the ears lobe.
      Another pair of sensors attached on both sides of the chest processus xiphoid axillary line
      level. Thorax allows a variable electrical current, it travels through the lowest resistance
      (blood-filled aorta) and resistance is measured. For each heart contraction during changes in
      blood volume and velocity. Accordingly, replacing the resistors obtained by impedance
      settings.

      Haemodynamic variables were recorded in patients in the use of impedance cardiograph:

        1. arrives in the operating room;

        2. seating on the operating table;

        3. following the puncture;

        4. 10 min after spinal puncture;

        5. was laid in lithotomy or jack knife position;

        6. in the beginning and the end of the operation;

        7. patient was placed in the bed.

      Each measurement was monitoring and recorded the following data( ar findings):

        -  Cardiac output (CO);

        -  Systemic vascular resistance (SVR);

        -  Systolic index (SI)

        -  Cardiac index (CI);

        -  Acceleration index (ACI);

        -  Heart rate (HR);

        -  Non-invasive systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) blood pressure;

        -  Peripheral oxygenation (SpO2); Patients were placed in the sitting position on the slab
           (operating table) back to the doctor. Dural puncture was made at L3-L4 or L4-L5 with 27G
           Tamanho spinal needle ( BBraun, Germany) by medial punction in aseptic condition, before
           the punction was injected lidocaine 1% subcutaneous. 0.5% 4mg of heavy bupivacaine and
           0.01% 10µg fentanyl were injected over 2 minutes after free flow of cerebrospinal fluid
           was obtained. After sitting for 10 minutes ( sensory block was checked by the dermatomes
           with the methods of cold sensitivity) patients were asked to lie in the position wich
           operation will be done (lithotomy or jack knife position).

      After 20 min. surgery was started. When anaesthesia was imperfect, 25-100µg of fentanyl was
      given IV. General anaesthesia will be give in case of failure . These cases will be value
      like a failure, patients will be exclude from the study.

      Clinically significant hypotension will be define as a mean arterial blood pressure and heart
      rate decrease of 20% below baseline values. Systolic arterial blood pressure will reduce to
      90mmHG limit, intravenous ephedrine 5-10 mg will be injected. If heart rate will reduce to 45
      bpm, bradycardia will be treated with atropine 0,5 mg IV.
    


Intervention name(s): Lithotomy or Prone position
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): The surgery, haemodynamic measurements will be performed in Lithotomy or Prone position
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Patients admitted to department of surgery for minor anorectal surgery.
      
Keywords: Hemodynamic changes; Spinal anesthesia; Patient position; Impedance cardiography