Development of an IDEAL Framework to Standardise Cytoreductive Surgery for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases
Condition: Colorectal Cancer Metastatic; Peritoneal Metastases
MeSH terms: Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms, Second Primary
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      Cytoreduction surgery (CRS) followed by hyperthermic intra-operative peritoneal chemotherapy
      (HIPEC) is a relatively new treatment for selected patients with peritoneal metastases of
      colorectal origin (PMCR). Data from outside of trials suggest that CRS and HIPEC improves
      survival compared with the current standard care (chemotherapy).

      The big challenge is to do trials in this setting - as the intervention is complex, and there
      are wide variations in the process and recording of outcomes. If trials can confirm the
      findings from non-randomised studies there are an estimated 1000 to 2000 patients who may
      benefit from this intervention in the UK each year. The aim of this study is to develop a
      framework which can be used to undertake a randomised trial in patients with PMCR suitable
      for CRS with or without HIPEC.

      The investigators will address this using the principles of the IDEAL (Idea, Development,
      Evaluation, Assessment & Long term study) framework. Here, a pre-trial feasibility study will
      be performed between the two national peritoneal tumour treatment centres (Manchester and
      Basingstoke).

      This study is designed as such that it will take place over the following four stages:

      Stage 1. Comparing the treatment data from 100 operations from each of the two centres to
      identify which of the key components of the intervention differ as well as testing for
      differences in overall survival and recurrence free survival.

      Stage 2. Identifying sources of these differences by selecting up to 25 patients and
      investigating the variation in the way surgeons score key aspects of the procedure

      Stage 3. Development of a 'trial manual' with standardised definitions (to minimise any
      differences)

      Stage 4. Test how well people follow the manual in practice. After this study is complete, it
      will be possible to use the resulting trial manual to design future randomised trials to test
      the most suitable clinical question.
    

Detailed description: 
      The 2010 National Institute Centre for Excellence (NICE) IGP331 guidance recognised that
      there is sufficient evidence (mainly from non-randomised comparative studies) that
      cytoreduction surgery (CRS) followed by hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy
      (HIPEC), in selected patients with peritoneal metastases of colorectal origin (PMCR),
      improves survival compared with systemic chemotherapy, current standard care. The guidance
      recognised that this intervention is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality,
      and accordingly, should be delivered with special arrangements for clinical governance,
      consent and research, and include trials.

      In the UK, with 37,000 new colorectal cancers per annum, there are an estimated 1000 to 2000
      patients who may benefit from this intervention. There are currently two treatment centres
      (Manchester and Basingstoke), with additional new centres in Birmingham and Dublin starting
      to roll out to meet this unmet need.

      There is only one published randomised trial in this field, which is now mainly historic
      (2003). There are a small number of on-going trials, but these are small-scale and have
      encountered various early problems, which can be summarised as follows:

      (i) Wide variation in the treatment process, such that there has been between-arm imbalances
      in key prognostic components (such as different case mix between arms); and

      (ii) Wide variation of the reported treatment-related outcomes, such that it is unclear
      whether results are generalizable to other centres.

      There are potentially two broad sources of this variability :

      (i) Wide variation in clinical practice (ii) Poorly-reproducible methods of recording key
      prognostic factors and outcomes

      With the 'new wave' of emerging peritoneal tumour (PT) treatment centres, across the UK and
      Ireland, there are opportunities to integrate phase III trials into this clinical network -
      hence the timing of this study. In the past 12 months, there have been two meetings
      (Basingstoke: April 2014; December 2014) outlining the frameworks on which to develop new PT
      treatment centres, benchmarked against the established reference centres (Manchester and
      Basingstoke). These meetings have strongly supported the parallel development of an
      integrated PT research network.

      The overarching aim of this study is to develop a robust and reproducible framework in which
      to undertake a phase III trial in patients with PMCR suitable for CRS with or without HIPEC.
      As CRS with HIPEC is a complex multi-component intervention, this agenda will be addressed
      using the principles of the IDEAL (Idea, Development, Evaluation, Assessment & Long term
      study) framework.

      Stage 1 - Documenting between-centre variability For the first stage of the study, 200
      eligible patients will be identified from prospective databases located at The Christie NHS
      Foundation Trust and Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. In both cases, the data
      extracted will be extracted from pre-existing databases and will be fully anonymised and at
      no point will the research team see any patient identifiable information. The anonymised data
      will be entered into a password protected Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and sent using secure
      NHS Mail account to the study co-ordinator.

      To investigate the between-centre variability the investigators will collect the following 19
      core variables from 100 patients from each trust:

        1. Age at time of operation

        2. Gender

        3. WHO Performance Status

        4. Primary Vs Secondary Surgery

        5. Previous chemotherapy - If Yes - regimen, date and dose

        6. Nodal status at diagnosis and time or surgery

        7. HIPEC regimen used

        8. Primary Tumour Site

        9. Blood transfusion requirements

       10. Duration of operation

       11. Peritoneal cancer index (PCI Score)

       12. Cytoreduction completeness score

       13. Type of Stoma

       14. Highest complication grade

       15. Peri-operative 30-day mortality

       16. Date Last Seen

       17. Date of Recurrence

       18. Date of Initial Cytoreduction & HIPEC

       19. Date of Death (if applicable)

      The data collected will then be analysed to establish if there are any significant
      differences between the variables collected from each dataset. This will be primarily carried
      out by the project statistician using STATA 14 software.

      Stage 2 - Identifying sources of variability The second stage will focus on reproducibility
      and explore within and between-observer sources of variability. The procedure for this stage
      will be partially dependant on the findings from the analysis at the end of stage 1. However,
      the main focus will be on the assessment of intra-operative staging [namely Peritoneal Cancer
      Index (PCI) score] - the best available instrument to stratify case-mix.

      This stage of this study involves intra-operative photographs & videos of intra-abdominal
      tumour deposits in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal metastases of
      colorectal origin. The photographs & videos will be taken in a systematic manner through 13
      zones, using an internationally recognised grid, to derive patient-level scores of the burden
      of tumour. The only risk to patients is approximately 15 minutes additional anaesthetic time.
      The study requires 12 patients with complete recordings of all 13 zones - it is estimated
      that up to 25 patients might need to be consented to derive a full complement of 12 sets.
      These individuals will consent to partake in the study. The scores will be linked with other
      patient-level clinical, pathological, and imaging data.

      Patient identification and recruitment process Patients will first be identified at the
      weekly colorectal Multi-Disciplinary Team meeting by the colorectal consultant supervising
      the study. The selected patients will later be approached by a core member of the clinical
      team during their pre-op clinic visit to participate in the study. A patient information
      sheet will be handed to them at least 24 hours before they are required to consent for the
      study. This will contain all the details of the study and state that participation is
      voluntary. There will also be details on how to withdraw from the study if so desired.

      Once all the required photographs & videos have been collected, they will be imported into a
      secure database and used to create an electronic survey for colorectal surgeons based within
      the UK and internationally. Each surgeon will be sent a link to the survey where they will
      first view a welcome page informing them of the process.

      They will then proceed to view a set of videos taken at the start of an operation and then
      asked to assess how they would score the PCI. Once they have entered a score between 0 and
      39, they will then go on to view the photographs/videos taken after the cytoreduction has
      been performed and assess how they would rate the CC score (CC0, CC1, CC2 or CC3). They will
      then go on to do the same for the remaining procedures. The order in which the procedures
      appear will be randomised in order to reduce any scoring bias. Once all required consultants
      have completed the survey, the scores will be extracted and analysed for inter-observer
      variation.

      Stage 3 - Development of trial manual to standardise variation The next stage of the study is
      to utilities the Delphi method to send out a modified version of the electronic questionnaire
      over a number of rounds. The results from the initial questionnaire sent out in Stage 2 will
      be analysed to establish which regions had agreement from less than 70% of the participants.

      The survey will then be redistributed with a set of explanations & definitions which will aim
      to have participants converge on the same ("correct") score. In addition, each answer will
      display the percentage of participants who selected each score in the previous round. If
      there continues to be regions with an agreement level of less than 70%, additional rounds
      will take place with further definitions based on the feedback received until all regions
      have reached the required level of agreement.

      Stage 4 - Testing of the trial manual The final stage of the project will be to test the
      fidelity of the trial manual assembled in stage 3. The workshop that takes place in stage 3
      will involve a discussion of exactly which components of the trial manual are to be audited.
      This audit will take place during the final three months of the project and will use the same
      databases from the first stage of the study. In addition, the scoring of PCI and CC scores
      will be re-assessed using the same images & videos captured in stage 2 of the study to see if
      there has been any standardisation in the scoring since the manual was distributed.

      The results from this audit will be sent to the colorectal surgery teams at all involved
      centres and if required, will highlight any areas of the trial manual that do not appear to
      be adhered to.

      At the end of stage 1, 2 and 3 the data collected will be analysed by the project
      statistician. STATA 14 software will be used to compare baseline and matched characteristics
      between patients treated at The Christie NHS FT and Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.
      This will be done by using standard tests for continuous variables (Kruskal-Wallis and
      Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively) and categorical variables (χ² and McNemar tests,
      respectively).

      The results from the staff questionnaire will also be used to investigate between and
      within-observer variability.
    

Intervention name(s): Cytoreduction and Heated Intraperitoneal Surgery
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): Cytoreductive Surgery is a procedure that aims for the complete removal of all visible tumours affecting the protective lining of the abdomen. After the surgical procedure is completed, the surgeon introduces a heated, sterile solution mixed with chemotherapy drugs into the abdominal cavity (the HIPEC).
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Retrospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        200 eligible patients identified from prospective databases located at The Christie NHS
        Foundation Trust and Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

        The first 100 eligible patients from each of these databases who received CRS & HIPEC for
        PMCR from the 1st of January 2010 will be selected.
      
Keywords: Colorectal; Cancer; Peritoneal Metastasis; IDEAL; PCI; CRPM; Colorectal Peritoneal Metastasis