The Effect of Breakfast Consumption on Afternoon Resistance Training Performance
Condition: Resistance Training; Breakfast
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      This study is a randomized crossover trail examining the effect of breakfast consumption or
      omission on afternoon resistance training performance. Resistance-trained adults will
      complete a resistance training workout comprised of barbell back squat, barbell bench press,
      and barbell conventional deadlift following either consuming breakfast and lunch, or the same
      amount of food consumed solely at lunch. For each testing session the participants will be
      provided with all food to consume prior to arriving at the laboratory. Major performance
      outcomes will be total repetition volume completed for each exercise (i.e. bench press,
      squat, and deadlift) and the entire workout (each individual trial), along with barbell
      kinematics for each exercise.
    

Detailed description: 
      OVERVIEW

      This study is a randomized crossover trail examining the effect of breakfast consumption or
      omission on afternoon resistance training performance. Resistance-trained adults will
      complete a resistance training workout comprised of barbell back squat, barbell bench press,
      and barbell conventional deadlift following either consuming breakfast and lunch, or the same
      amount of food consumed solely at lunch. For each testing session the participants will be
      provided with all food to consume prior to arriving at the laboratory. Major performance
      outcomes will be total repetition volume completed for each exercise (i.e. bench press,
      squat, and deadlift) and the entire workout (each individual trial), along with barbell
      kinematics for each exercise.

      Participants will report to the laboratory on three separate occasions, with 3 to 10 days
      between each visit. At the first visit, after initial screening and provision of informed
      consent, each participant will undergo a performance screening and familiarization session to
      confirm eligibility and become accustomed to the study procedures. This familiarization
      session will include initial assessments of bench press, barbell back squat, and conventional
      deadlift maximal strength in order to determine final eligibility. Additionally, body
      composition will be assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and digital anthropometry
      at this session for descriptive purposes. Following the familiarization session, each
      participant will complete two laboratory visits consisting of completion of the resistance
      training workout described below after consuming the provided meals either divided between
      breakfast and lunch (~3-4 hours after breakfast), or solely at lunch. This will ensure each
      participant consumes identical quantities and types of foods prior to both exercise sessions.
      Thus, the only difference will be the food distribution as two meals (breakfast and lunch) or
      one meal (lunch). Throughout the study, participants will be asked to maintain their normal
      lifestyle practices. In addition, participants will report their dietary intake during the
      24-hour period prior to the first testing session and will be asked to replicate this intake
      during the 24-hour period prior to the subsequent testing sessions. A background
      questionnaire will also be completed to assess general supplement use.

      PURPOSE

      The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effect of breakfast consumption or
      omission on afternoon resistance training performance in habitual breakfast consumers and
      non-consumers.

      GENERAL HYPOTHESIS

      It is hypothesized that afternoon resistance training performance will be impaired in
      habitual breakfast consumers when breakfast is omitted, but similar decrements will not be
      observed in habitual non-consumers.

      HYPOTHESES TO BE TESTED/SPECIFIC AIMS

      Specific Aim 1. To determine the effect of breakfast consumption on afternoon resistance
      training performance.

      Hypothesis. It is hypothesized that afternoon resistance training performance will not be
      impacted by breakfast consumption or omission when the cohort is examined as a whole.

      Specific Aim 2. To determine whether habitual breakfast consumption patterns impact afternoon
      resistance training performance following consumption or omission of breakfast.

      Hypothesis. It is hypothesized that habitual breakfast consumption patterns will impact the
      effect of breakfast consumption on resistance training performance. More specifically,
      performance will be negatively affected by the omission of breakfast in those who habitually
      consume breakfast. Yet the omission of breakfast will not negatively impact resistance
      training performance in those that regularly do not consume breakfast.

      Specific Aim 3. To determine the impact of breakfast consumption on subjective responses
      throughout an afternoon resistance training session.

      Hypothesis. It is hypothesized that subjective responses during afternoon resistance training
      will not be impacted by breakfast consumption or omission when the cohort is examined as a
      whole.

      Specific Aim 4. To determine whether habitual breakfast consumption patterns influence
      subjective responses throughout an afternoon resistance training session, following
      consumption or omission of breakfast.

      Hypothesis. It is hypothesized that worsened subjective responses will be observed after
      breakfast omission only in those who habitually consume breakfast.
    

Intervention name(s): Breakfast omission; Breakfast consumption
Intervention type(s): Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Breakfast omission will consist of not eating breakfast on the morning of afternoon resistance training performance assessment.; Breakfast consumption will consist of eating a standardized breakfast on the morning of afternoon resistance training performance assessment.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Other
Keywords: resistance training; breakfast; intermittent fasting