Antioxidants Combined With Cryotherapy on Inflammatory Response After Resistance Exercise in Untrained Volunteers
Condition: Inflammation; Oxidative Stress; Pain
MeSH terms: Inflammation
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Acutely resistance exercise induces inflammatory responses and leukocytosis arising of
      oxidative stress, that clinically manifested by pain and/or delayed onset muscle soreness
      (DOMS). Beginners in resistance exercise programs are more vulnerable to the effects of
      oxidative stress as they exhibit lower antioxidant capacity, greater lipid peroxidation and
      present increased perception of pain after exercises that may lead to abandonment the
      exercises practice. Vitamins C and E are exogenous antioxidants which are able to prevent
      damages caused by oxidative stress. Cryotherapy decreases temperature and reduced generation
      of reactive oxygen species. The aim of the present research are to investigate the effects of
      the concomitant of vitamins and of cryotherapy on leukocytosis, inflammatory markers,
      oxidative stress parameters and pain in untrained individuals submitted to a resistance
      exercise session.
    

Detailed description: 
      The regular practice of physical exercises promotes anti-inflammatory effects, which reduces
      the mortality from all causes, especially by cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand,
      physical exercise induces acute inflammatory responses. Acute resistance exercises provoke
      mechanical and metabolic stress which may vary depending on the intensity, specificity,
      volume and workload. During these exercises, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are
      formed and, when its production exceeds the antioxidant enzymatic capacity (Superoxide
      dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic capacity (vitamins A, C, E
      and uric acid) results in oxidation of cell constituents. This state of oxidative stress
      promotes one inflammatory response, activation and mobilization of circulating white blood
      cells and induce a transitory leukocytosis, that are observed during and immediately after
      resistance exercises. The local neutrophilia induces the amplification of inflammatory
      response by feedback resulting in activation and/or mobilization of the more white blood
      cells. This sequence of physiological events leads to muscular remodeling although, during
      such process, occur functional insufficiency and the sensation of pain and/or delayed onset
      muscular soreness (DOMS), which deserves special attention, once may lead to interruption or
      abandonment of exercises, especially concerning beginners in this practice.

      Numerous preventive approaches have been studied intending to minimize the inflammatory
      response caused by resistance exercises, including the supplementation with vitamins C
      (ascorbic acid) and E (alfa-tocopherol). These vitamins are exogenous antioxidants which are
      able to prevent damages caused by RONS and consequently attenuate the oxidative damage
      induced by resistance exercises. Cryotherapy is defined as the therapeutic application of any
      substance that removes heat from the body, thus lowering the temperature of tissues.
      Immersion in cold water (≤ 15ºC) is a common method of heat reduction. Cryotherapy attenuates
      microvascular dysfunction, and decreases temperature, metabolism and oxygen demand in the
      electron transport chain. As a consequence, lower amounts of RONS are produced less damage
      was caused to adjacent molecules. The aim of the present research are to investigate the
      effects of the concomitant supplementation of vitamins (C and E) and cryotherapy (immersion
      in water at 15ºC) on leukocytosis, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters and pain
      in untrained individuals submitted to a resistance exercise session.
    

Intervention name(s): Cryotherapy; Vitamins C and E; Vitamins C and E associated with cryotherapy; Placebo
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): The intervention will consist of the application of hypothermia by immersion of the lower limbs of water on individuals to 15ºC for a period of 10 minutes immediately after the exercise protocol.; The session of resistance exercises with intervention will be based on the supplementation with vitamin C (1000 mg) and vitamin E (800 IU) by oral intake (100mL of water) 40 minutes before basal blood collection.; The session of resistance exercises with intervention will be based on the supplementation with vitamin C (1000 mg) and vitamin E (800 IU) by oral intake (100mL of water) 40 minutes before basal blood collection. The intervention will consist of the application of hypothermia by immersion of the lower limbs of water on individuals to 15ºC for a period of 10 minutes immediately after the exercise protocol.; The volunteers from placebo exercise session will receive two pills (containing wheat flour) and the remaining procedures were conserved.
Other intervention name(s): Hypothermia; Ascorbic acid; alfa-tocopherol; Vitamins C and E; Hypothermia; Control
Intervention MeSH terms: Vitamins; Ascorbic Acid; Tocopherols; alpha-Tocopherol
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
Primary purpose: Prevention
Keywords: Muscle soreness; Free radicals; Ascorbic acid; Alpha-Tocopherol; Cryotherapy; Exercise tolerance; Resistance training