Collaboration Rather Than Isolation: Preparing Doctors of Tomorrow for Improved Medical Diagnosis
Condition: Interdisciplinary Placement
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      In this study, the investigators wish to explore the optimal student ratio in the simulated
      setting for subsequent skills transfer. The study aims to explore if there are differences in
      the effect of collaborative learning as a function of the number of collaborators with
      respect to future individual learning and transfer. Additionally, the investigators will aim
      to get a better understanding of the interactive processes that take place during
      collaborative learning. Many different theories have been used to understand collaborative
      learning, but few observational data have been reported in the medical literature. To gain a
      deeper understanding of what happens and why, the investigators plan to video record
      participants during their initial training and code the videos using the ICAP framework. The
      ICAP framework was developed by Chi in 2009 and is based on students' behaviours to reflect
      different modes of engagement in learning. The four behavioural modes are described as
      passive (P), active (A), constructive (C) and interactive (I) and each mode is associated
      with different examples of learning activities that can be coded. The ICAP theory proposes a
      hierarchical distribution of learning activities, where interactive activities are superior
      to constructive activities, which are superior to active activities, which are superior to
      passive activities (I>C>A>P). The investigators aim to investigate if this framework can
      serve as a conceptual framework to describe the activities that takes place during training
      and if these activities can be related to learning outcomes.
    

Detailed description: 
      Introduction Globally, medical schools are responding to the need for more doctors by
      admitting a greater number of medical students and increasing class sizes. Unfortunately,
      this increased intake may have detrimental effects on students' learning given the finite
      resources available for clinical as well as skills training. As a result, educators have
      called for more cost-effective methods of training and instructional methods that rely less
      on faculty resources than the traditional one-on-one apprenticeship model. Currently,
      frontline research proposes an increased focus on the role of collaborative learning in
      undergraduate medical education.

      Recent studies have shown that collaborative learning in the form of dyad training (that is,
      training in pairs) compared to individual training in a simulated setting leads to improved
      skills transfer into the clinical workspace as well as improved skills retention. In
      addition, dyad training is thought to be more cost-effective than individual training because
      it only requires half the instructional resources, while producing similar or better
      educational outcomes. Concerns have been raised though, if the potentially reduced hands-on
      time associated with collaborative learning may affect students' learning in a negative
      direction over time. Therefore, examining the impact of different constellations of
      collaborative learning and the conditions under which the training is most effective is key
      to identifying when and how collaborative learning may improve students' learning outcomes.

      In this study, the investigators wish to explore the optimal student ratio in the simulated
      setting for subsequent skills transfer. The study aims to explore if there are differences in
      the effect of collaborative learning as a function of the number of collaborators with
      respect to future individual learning and transfer. Additionally, the investigators will aim
      to get a better understanding of the interactive processes that take place during
      collaborative learning. Many different theories have been used to understand collaborative
      learning, but few observational data have been reported in the medical literature. To gain a
      deeper understanding of what happens and why, the investigators plan to video record
      participants during their initial training and code the videos using the ICAP framework. The
      ICAP framework was developed by Chi in 2009 and is based on students' behaviours to reflect
      different modes of engagement in learning. The four behavioural modes are described as
      passive (P), active (A), constructive (C) and interactive (I) and each mode is associated
      with different examples of learning activities that can be coded. The ICAP theory proposes a
      hierarchical distribution of learning activities, where interactive activities are superior
      to constructive activities, which are superior to active activities, which are superior to
      passive activities (I>C>A>P). The investigators aim to investigate if this framework can
      serve as a conceptual framework to describe the activities that takes place during training
      and if these activities can be related to learning outcomes.

      Hypothesis/Research question

        -  Collaborative learning during initial practice leads to different levels of overt
           learning activities in the students. The higher level of engagement in the
           ICAP-hierarchy, the higher outcome on the transfer test.

        -  The amount of hands on time during initial practice may have effect on the immediate
           skills transfer

      RQ: In a group of ultrasound novices, what are the effects of simulation-based obstetric
      ultrasound training individually, in dyads, triads or tetrads with respect to skills
      transfer?

      Methods and Materials Study design: Controlled, randomized transfer test design Participants:
      Medical students will be recruited by announcements on social media (CAMES facebook page) as
      well as in the students' own university paper.

      Inclusion criteria:

        -  Proficiency in the Danish language

        -  Passed anatomy exam of the internal genital organs

        -  Written informed consent

      Exclusion criteria:

        -  Prior ultrasound experience (apart from mandatory 3 hours course in abdominal ultrasound
           on 6. Semester)

        -  Experience from gynecological/obstetric departments (work or clerkship rotation)
           Randomization: Randomization will be conducted using random permuted blocks. Time
           schedule: The project will be carried out from November 2019 and the following 8 months,
           with 4 months for data gathering followed by 4 months for data analysis and writing of
           articles.

      Methods:

      The participants included will be randomized to either single, dyad, triad or tetrad
      practice. The student(s) will start with a 10-minute video introduction to transabdominal
      ultrasound and biometry measurements of the fetus. Afterwards the student(s) will watch a
      5-minute video introduction to the transabdominal simulator. Immediately after the student(s)
      will practice on a transabdominal Scantrainer (Medaphor, Ltd, Cardiff, UK), where they will
      train a task of assessing fetal growth during gestational ages 20-27 weeks. The training
      program consists of nine modules with previously established validity evidence and the
      measurements of Head Circumference (HC) and biparietal diameter (BPD), Abdominal
      Circumference (AC) and Femur Length (FL) are included in the modules. The participants will
      all be introduced to the simulator and the training tasks they are to complete in a similar
      way and will receive no further instruction during training. Technical assistance regarding
      the simulator will be provided if needed.

      The participants will train in a fixed time frame of 2 hours, regardless of group size. They
      will all receive individual logins to the simulator and when training in groups they will
      take turn completing assignments and only one will be actively holding the ultrasound probe.
      Each participants' individual test scores will be saved. This training session will also be
      video recorded and coded according to the ICAP framework.

      Immediately after completing the test the participants will undergo an individual post-test
      on 3 of the modules from the training session including measurements of the HC, AC and FL.
      The individual test scores will be saved and used for subsequent analysis and the possible
      identification of outliers. They will have a maximum of 15 minutes to complete this test.

      Within the following week the participants will perform a transfer test on the Simbionix
      transabdominal simulator obtaining biometries of HC, AC and FL in a 2. trimester scanning
      module. Here the simulator will provide no guidance regarding optimal scanning planes and
      help modules. The participants will perform biometry measurements on 4 cases and the fetus
      will be moving during the scans as well as situated in different positions (head
      presentation/breach presentation). The performance will be recorded on the simulator, where
      the ultrasound image, the simulator buttons and the probe movements will be visible. These
      recordings will be scored using the OSAUS-scale (item no. 3, 4 and 5) by two expert fetal
      medicine experts. The participants will have maximum 10 minutes to complete each examination
      and the 3 measurements will be saved and compared to those of two expert fetal medicine
      experts, who will have completed the same scans and measurements. The use of two assessors
      and four cases is chosen based on a previous study demonstrating a generalizability
      coefficient > 0,8 with this setup.

      Outcomes The primary outcome is exploring if differences in OSAUS-scores on the transfer test
      is related to group size during practice. The secondary outcomes is diagnostic accuracy
      (defined as deviation of measurements from expert ratings).

      Statistics The investigators anticipate an effect size of 1,0 (Cohen's d). Using a power of
      80 % and an α-value of 0,05, this corresponds to 16 participants in each study group. The
      investigators aim to include 20 students in each study arm to account for potential dropouts.

      Publications The results are expected to be published in an international educational
      journal, as well as presented in medical education conferences.

      Ethics Approval from the Regional Ethics Committee of the capital region of Denmark has been
      obtained with a letter of exemption (protocol-id: H-19063724). All participants will receive
      verbal as well as written information about the study and informed consent will be obtained.
      All participants are free to discontinue their participation at any time if the wish to do
      so.
    

Intervention name(s): Collaborative learning
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): Participants will be allocated to either single, dyad, triad or tetrad practice during initials skills training on an ultrasound simulator. Afterwards their competencies will be assessed with an individual transfer test on another simulator.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: Participants will be randomized in permuted blocks and be allocated to either initial practice either alone or in a group of 2, 3 or 4 participants.
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Other
Keywords: Collaborative learning