Surrogate Quality Indicators for Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR)
Condition: Colon Adenoma
MeSH terms: Adenoma
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      This study is to evaluate the correlation of adenoma missing rate and quality indicators of
      colonoscopy including adenoma detection ratee (ADR), polyp detection rate (PDR), adenoma per
      colonoscopy rate (APC), adenoma per positive participant (APP), ADR-Plus, and to find out the
      surrogate indicators of ADR. This study is a prospective observational multi-center study.
      Correlation between AMR and quality indicators of colonoscopy based on the previous studies,
      8 endoscopists participated in this study and will enroll 50 screening colonoscopies
      respectively.

      Recruit research participants who want to participate in research in outpatient clinics.
      Perform colonoscopy in the morning after colon cleansing with split method. Colonoscopy is
      performed by back-to-back two consecutive colonoscopies. When the first colonoscopy is
      performed, the colonoscope is retracted after inserting the cecum, and all colon polyps are
      removed. After retracting to the anus of the first colonoscopy, the second colonoscopy is
      performed immediately. In case of newly detected colon polyps except for the small polyps and
      S-colon and rectal polyps which were left as photographs during the first colonoscopy with
      the second colonoscopy, we regard them as an overlooked lesion during the first colonoscopy.
      After the procedure, the histologic examination is confirmed and classified as benign lesions
      (all adenomas, advanced adenomas, dysplasia, and colorectal cancer) and non-lesion lesions.

      Using the back-to-back colonoscopy results of the participants during the study period,
      calculate the quality indicators including ADR, PDR, APC, ADR-plus, APP and AMR for each
      endoscopist. And then, evaluate the correlation between AMR and other quality indicators.
    

Detailed description: 
      Background Colonoscopy reduces the risk of colorectal cancer by 77% and reduces mortality
      from colorectal cancer by more than 30%. However, in spite of the advantages of colonoscopy,
      the meta-analysis reported an incidence of intermediate cancer of 3.7%. In the case of
      proximal colon, the incidence of intermediate cancer was 2.4 times higher than that of the
      distal colon.

      There are several possible causes of intermediate cancers, such as missed lesion during the
      previous colonoscopy, early-growth tumors before the follow-up period, and incomplete
      resection of the lesions. About 70-80% intermediate cancers are known to be originated from
      an missed lesion on endoscopy, and 10 ~ 27% is known to be caused by incomplete resection of
      the lesion on the previous colonoscopy.

      The quality of colonoscopy for the prevention of intermediate cancer was first reported by
      the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) / American College of
      Gastroenterology (ACG) Task Force on Quality in Endoscopy in 2006 and the recently revised
      Quality indicators for colonoscopy (Quality index of colonoscopy) '.

      The most popular and practically being used quality indicator of colonoscopy is an adenoma
      detection rate (ADR).

      ADR is calculated as the number of colonoscopy with ≥1 adenoma detected during the
      colonoscopy divided by the total number of colonoscopies. ACGTF recommended the criteria of
      the quality index of the colonoscopy prior to the revision ADR was defined as 25% or more for
      men and 15% or more for women.

      However, a Polish study reported a 10-fold higher risk of intermediate cancer when ADR was
      below 20%, and a recent large study by Corley showed that the incidence of colorectal cancer
      could be reduced by 3% and the mortality rate of colorectal cancer by 5% or more, especially
      when the ADR is increased by 1%.

      Based on the evidence that the higher the ADR and the lower the risk of colorectal cancer,
      the quality index of colonoscopy was revised in 2015. Currently, the recommended ADR is 30%
      for men and 20% for women.

      Although ADR appears to be a perfect quality marker, it requires a diagnosis of adenoma of
      the pathologic outcome in order to obtain ADR.

      In particular, the calculation of ADR is based on the assumption that more than one adenoma
      is diagnosed during colonoscopy. However, even if the number of adenomas diagnosed during
      colonoscopy is different for each endoscopist, the concept of ADR does not distinguish this
      difference.

      In fact, many recent studies have reported that endoscopist with an ADR more than 40% showed
      more than 20% adenoma missing rate.

      The recent proposed measures to replace ADR include polyp detection rate (PDR) and adenoma
      per colonoscopy rate (APC). As with ADR, PDR is a measure of the rate at which more than one
      colorectal polyps are found in a colonoscopy practitioner aged 50 years or older. Unlike ADR,
      PDR does not need pathologic result. Recently, several studies have been reported that PDR
      can replace ADR and can be correlated with colorectal cancer prevention. The APC is different
      from that of ADR, and it is considered to be one of the alternative indicators that can
      compensate the shortcomings of "one and done" concept of ADR, because it can reflect the
      number of all adenomas found in the entire colon. According to a single-institution study
      using more than 20,000 colonoscopy analyzes that the recommended values for ADR 20% for men
      and women with ADR 15% for men over 50 years of age were APC 0.3.

      In addition to APC, Adenoma per positive participants (APP), the total number of adenomas of
      participants divided by the number of examinees of adenomas detected (positive APPs), and the
      number of ADR-plus (ADR-plus) in the average number of additional found adenomas per test
      case divided by total colonoscopy were also introduced as quality indicators to predict the
      overlook of the lesion substitute for ADR.

      In this regard, various substitute factors such as PDR, APC, and recently reported APP and
      ADR-plus have been introduced as an index parameter that can be used as a quality index to
      reflect the neglect of adenomas during colonoscopy. However, there is a very limited study of
      the direct comparison of correlation between each quality indicators and adenoma miss rate
      (AMR), and also the investigators have very limited knowledge which quaility incidator can
      well reflect the AMR.

      The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quality indicators which could best
      reflect the AMR and to find surrogate markers of ADR.

      The primary endpoint of this study is to evaluate the relationship between known quality
      markers such as ADR, PDR, APC, APP, ADR-Plus, and AMR is examined.

      This study will be performed as a cross-sectional study with prospective design.

      Total of eight expert colonoscopists will participate in this study, and collecting the 50
      colonoscopy data in each endoscopist. All enrolled cases will be subject for screening
      colonoscopy aged 50-75 years old.

      This study excluded the colonoscopy cases with inappropriate bowel preparation, inflammatory
      bowel disease patients, and high-risk patients with family history of hereditary colorectal
      cancer.

      Colon cleansing will be performed by the split method. Colonoscopy is performed by
      back-to-back two colonoscopies. When the first colonoscopy is performed, the colonoscope is
      retracted after inserting the cecum, and all colon polyps are removed. Only small polyps less
      than 5 mm located in the S-colon and rectum are left after photographing.

      After performing the first colonoscopy, the second colonoscopy is performed immediately. A
      newly founded polyp (except polypoid and S-colon and rectal polyp which was left as a
      photograph at the time of 1st colonoscopy when performing a second colonoscopy) will be
      considered as a missed lesion and will be removed. After the procedure, confirm the presence
      of adenomatous polyps by pathologic results and record them on the case record. Using the
      back-to-back colonoscopy results of the participants during the study period, calculate the
      quality indicators including ADR, PDR, APC, ADR-plus, APP, and AMR. The correlations between
      ADR, PDR, APC, ADR-plus, APP, and AMR are compared using Pearson correlation constants.
    

Intervention name(s): Back to back colonoscopy
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): After first colonoscopy performing with polypectomy, the 2nd colonoscopy will be performed right after the 1st colonoscopy, and if the missed lesion during the 1st colonoscopy will be found, it should be removed.
Other intervention name(s): colonoscopy
Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Community based, screening colonoscopy subjects