Lidocaine Versus Bupivacaine for Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block
Condition: Septum; Deviation, Congenital
MeSH terms: Ganglion Cysts
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The endoscopic septoplasty technique is one of the most frequently performed operations by
      otolaryngologists throughout the world. It is suggested that 86% of patients who undergo an
      endoscopic septoplasty would experience pain, and 75% of them suffer moderate to extreme
      levels of pain. Appropriate management of post-operative pain is a critical component of
      nasal surgery as it reduces perioperative morbidity, complications, hospital stay, and costs.

      The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is located in the cranial section of the autonomous nervous
      system; it is connected with the brain stem and the central nervous system (CNS) and bears
      unique characteristics favorable for the treatment of many painful syndromes involving the
      face and head. Sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB), along with general anesthesia (GA), is
      one of the regional anesthetic techniques used to reduce the need for systemic analgesia and
      provides relative hypotension with controlled heart rate that may lead to a better surgical
      field for endoscopic surgery. In addition, SPGB appears to shorten hospital stays and reduce
      narcotic requirements in the recovery area. SPGB with bupivacaine delivered repetitively
      appears to decreased postoperative pain and more satisfaction with the surgery for patients.
      Also, Bupivacaine usage in nasal surgery provides better analgesia at least in the first 8
      hours period and does not cause more bleeding. On the other hand, SPGB with lidocaine was
      found to decrease the need for additional analgesics in the postoperative period, increase
      patient satisfaction, decrease the length of hospital stay, and as a consequence, reduce the
      rate of secondary infections. However, no previous studies have demonstrated the superiority
      of one drug over the other when performing an intranasal SPG block.

      Aim of the work: To determine the efficacy of lidocaine versus bupivacaine for sphenopalatine
      ganglion block in patients undergoing endoscopic septoplasty.
    

Detailed description: 
      Methods:

      Eligible patients will be evaluated by:

      Preoperative:

      Explanation of visual analog scale will be done to patients (the VAS consists of a straight,
      vertical 10-cm line; the bottom point represented "no pain" = (0 cm) and the top "the worst
      pain you could ever have" = (10 cm).

      Randomization:

      All patients fitting the inclusion criteria will be randomly allocated using
      computer-generated numbers into one of three groups. Labeled slips will be put in serially
      numbered opaque and sealed envelopes. They will be opened when an eligible patient will be
      enrolled by an independent worker, not worked in the study.

      Group A (20 patients): patients will receive standardized general anesthesia + SBGB with
      normal saline.

      Group B (20 patients): patients will receive standardized general anesthesia + SBGB with
      lidocaine 2% Group C (20 patients): patients will receive standardized general anesthesia+
      SBGB with bupivacaine 0.5%

      All patients will not receive anything per oral for at least 6 hours before a procedure. On
      arrival at the operation theatre, standard monitoring will be connected. Mean blood pressures
      (MBP), heart rate (HR) will be measured before the block (0 min.) and then every 10 minutes
      after the block till recovery time.

      The patients will be received standardized GA protocol as follows:

        1. Induction with propofol (1-2 mg/kg body weight),

        2. Atracurium as a muscle relaxant (1 mg/kg body weight),

        3. Isoflurane as a volatile anesthetic agent in 50% O2 and air, and

        4. Analgesia with fentanyl (1 microgram/kg body weight). The total doses of fentanyl that
           were used during the operation will be recorded.

      The patient will be evaluated intraoperatively and postoperatively for :

      The Scoring criteria for an intraoperative surgical field using Fromme ordinal scale:

      0 No bleeding

        1. Slight bleeding but no suctioning of blood required

        2. Slight bleeding with occasional suctioning required; surgical field not threatened

        3. Slight bleeding with frequent suctioning required; bleeding threatens surgical field a
           few seconds after suction is removed

        4. Moderate bleeding with frequent suctioning required; bleeding threatens the surgical
           field directly after suction is removed

        5. Severe bleeding with constant suctioning required; bleeding appears faster than can be
           removed by suction; surgical field severely threatened and surgery not possible

      Postoperative Post-operative pain will be questioned by an anesthesiologist with a Visual
      Analog Scale (VAS) (0 = no pain, 10 = most severe pain) at the 30th minute(t1), 1st hour(t2),
      4th hour (t3), 12th hour (t4) and 24th hours (t5) and analgesia was managed according to the
      VAS scores. If the VAS score is ≥ 4, the patient will be given rescue analgesia in the form
      of intravenously Pethidine 50mg.

      The data on Postoperative nausea and vomiting will be collected by direct questioning by the
      anesthesiologist at the same time as pain score assessment. If there is 1 min between the
      episodes of vomiting, each one will be considered a separate episode. Every episode of
      vomiting will be scored as 1 point and the total score will be calculated after 24 hours.
    

Intervention name(s): Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block (SPGB)
Intervention type(s): Procedure
Intervention description(s): The SPGB will be done after the patient is generally anesthetized and will be performed by the operating surgeon using a transnasal endoscopic approach through the posterior and over the middle turbinate tail in the pterygopalatine fossa.
The patient will be placed in the supine position with head extension. The prepared solution (4 ccs 2% lidocaine or 0.5% bupivacaine or normal saline and 1 cc 8 mg dexamethasone) will be given (2,5 cc) to each side of the nose.
The surgery was started 10 minutes after the application of SPBG to allow sufficient time for the block to develop.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Intervention model description: To determine the efficacy of lidocaine versus bupivacaine for sphenopalatine ganglion block in patients undergoing endoscopic septoplasty.
Postoperative Pain-free duration (minutes) will be recorded from the time of extubation to the first postoperative analgesic request when VAS ≥ 4 is the primary outcome.
Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment