Kinesiophobia in Children With Headaches
Condition: Headache; Kinesiophobia; Children
MeSH terms: Headache; Kinesiophobia
Study type: Observational [Patient Registry]

Summary: 
      Introduction: Kinesiophobia is a common symptom associated with high levels of disability and
      has also been observed in patients with headache. However, the relationship between
      kinesiophobia and clinical factors in this population is unknown.

      Objective: We aimed to investigate the relationship between kinesiophobia and fear of
      falling, quality of life, and physical activity in children with headache.

      Methods: We included 127 children aged 6-18 years with headache complaints in our study. The
      Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) was used to assess kinesiophobia, the International Falls
      Efficacy Scale (IFSES) was used to assess fear of falling, the International Physical
      Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)- short form was used to measure physical activity, and the
      Quality of Life Scale for Children (QOLS) was used to assess quality of life. A visual analog
      scale (VAS) was used to assess pain intensity.
    

Detailed description: 
      Data for this cross-sectional study were collected from a convenient sample of patients aged
      6-18 years with headache complaints who presented to a tertiary care pediatric neurology
      outpatient clinic between April 2022 and April 2023. The sampling size was determined as 88
      at the beginning of the study and 127 patients were reached in our study. The inclusion
      criteria were determined as patients aged 6-18 years with headache complaints who applied to
      the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic of a training and research hospital, and the
      absence of any orthopedic, neurological, etc. disease that would prevent physical activity.
      The exclusion criteria were determined as having communication problems that would not allow
      evaluation and having a history of additional chronic diseases that would prevent physical
      activity. All participants filled out a case evaluation form including demographic
      information, information about headache complaints, and scores of the questionnaire results.
      Participants completed the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) for kinesiophobia assessment. The
      TKS consists of 17 questions inquiring about the increase in pain with movement, fear of
      injury, and avoidance of movement due to pain. The International Fall Efficacy Scale (IFES)
      used in our study is a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions that provide information
      about the level of fear of falling during daily life activities. In our study, the visual
      analog scale (VAS), one of the most commonly used, oldest, and best validated scales, was
      used to measure pain intensity. The short form of the International Physical Activity
      Questionnaire (IPAQ)- consisting of seven questions- was used in our study. In the
      questionnaire, respondents report the duration and frequency of their activities in the
      previous week. Measuring the quality of life of the individual with psychological tests is
      important for determining the quality of life of patients before and after treatment,
      evaluating the effectiveness and side effects of medical interventions, guiding health
      policies, and conducting medical research. The Quality of Life Scale for Children (QoLSC) is
      a general quality of life scale that is widely used in research and evaluates the physical
      and psychosocial experiences of children between the ages of 2 and 18, independent of
      illness.
    

Intervention name(s): Forms
Intervention type(s): Other
Intervention description(s): All participants filled out a case evaluation form including demographic information, information about headache complaints, and scores of the questionnaire results. Participants completed the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) for kinesiophobia assessment. The International Fall Efficacy Scale (IFES) used in our study is a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions that provide information about the level of fear of falling during daily life activities. In our study, the visual analog scale (VAS), one of the most commonly used, oldest, and best validated scales, was used to measure pain intensity. The short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)- consisting of seven questions- was used in our study. The Quality of Life Scale for Children (QoLSC) is a general quality of life scale that is widely used in research and evaluates the physical and psychosocial experiences of children between the ages of 2 and 18.
Observational model: Case-Only
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
Study population: 
        Data for this cross-sectional study were collected from a convenient sample of patients
        aged 6-18 years with headache complaints who presented to a tertiary care pediatric
        neurology outpatient clinic between April 2022 and April 2023.
      
Keywords: headache; kinesiophobia; children