Parental Cognitions and Children's Wellbeing
Condition: Adolescent Development
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      The current study aims to address the research limitations in previous studies by adopting a
      longitudinal design to investigate the associations between parental cognitions (parental
      expectations, parental beliefs, and parental attributional styles) and adolescents'
      wellbeing, resilience, and coping strategies across an extended period. Two main research
      questions were posed: 1) What are the associations between parental cognition factors
      (parental attribution, parental expectations, and parental beliefs and adolescents' outcomes
      (wellbeing, resilience, and stress-coping)? 2) Which parental cognition factor has the
      highest probability in predicting the changes of adolescents' wellbeing, resilience, and
      coping strategies over time? To answer these research questions, bayesian regression analysis
      was used to identify the best fitting model of adolescents' wellbeing outcomes and to discern
      the risk and protective roles of parental cognition factors within the model. Bayesian
      regression approach also enables the assignment of probabilities to each parental cognition
      factor, quantifying their credibly in relation to adolescents' wellbeing outcomes.
    

Detailed description: 
      93 parents who has an adolescent aged between 11 to 16 years old were recruited. Only 65 of
      them had their adolescents to agree to sign up. This result in a 65 dyads of parents and
      adolescents in total. Parents and adolescents completed the measures on Qualtrics online
      survey site, respectively. After completion, researcher contacted parents to arrange a zoom
      call/phone call with their adolescents to complete measures on wellbeing and perceived
      stress. Among 93 parents who signed up the research, only 65 of their adolescents managed to
      complete both the online questionnaire and the call with the researcher at baseline. Six
      months after baseline, only adolescents were asked to repeat the above procedures as the
      follow-up. 37 adolescents completed the follow-up procedure, which makes this study sample
      ended up with 37 dyads of parents and adolescents. The primary objective of this
      observational study is to determine which parental factor, among the three primary parental
      cognition schemas (parental expectations, parental beliefs, and parental attributional
      styles), exhibits consistent effects on predicting the changes of adolescents' wellbeing over
      time.
    

Observational model: Cohort
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        93 parents who has an adolescent aged between 11 to 16 years old were recruited. Only 65 of
        them had their adolescents to agree to sign up. This result in a 65 dyads of parents and
        adolescents in total. 39 of them were recruited through secondary state schools, primary
        state schools, and independent schools in Scotland, England, and Ireland. 15 participants
        were recruited through a Parent Webinar hosted by the research team. 6 participants were
        recruited from parenting and child organisations (Glasgow City Parents Group, Shared
        Parenting Scotland, Connect Scotland, Parental Minds, and the LUNA Project). 5 participants
        were recruited through research social account on Facebook and Twitter.
      
Keywords: wellbeing; parental cognitions; resilience; coping