Whole Grains, Gastric Emptying and Glycemic Response
Condition: Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Appetitive Behavior
MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Whole grains have been associated with controlled glycemic response and increased satiety
      compared to refined grains. However, the properties of whole grains which are responsible for
      these purported improved health outcomes are still unclear. The current study investigated
      the extent of whole grains' low glycemic property when food properties are controlled, and
      how this relates to gastric emptying rate and glycemic response.
    

Detailed description: 
      It is generally assumed that whole grain foods confer a health benefit in regards to
      moderated glycemia and increased satiety compared to foods made from refined grains. However,
      the extent of whole grains' low glycemic property may be limited by certain factors. For
      example, physical properties such as viscosity or particle size and differing starch
      digestion rates of whole grain foods may strongly influence glycemic response and gastric
      emptying rate. In this study, whole and refined grain wheat porridges were prepared from
      materials originating from the same milling source, with matched pairs for viscosity, starch
      and dietary fiber contents, and particle size. Subjects consumed wheat porridges containing
      13C-labeled octanoic acid for assessment of gastric emptying rate, and they wore a continuous
      glucose monitor for measuring postprandial glucose levels. The purpose of this research was
      to test the hypothesis that the purported moderated glycemic response and slow gastric
      emptying rate are dependent on how these foods are processed. This work highlights the need
      to consider specific properties of whole grain foods for desired health outcomes in order to
      optimize the design of whole grain-based foods.
    

Intervention name(s): Cracked whole wheat porridge; Semolina wheat porridge; Whole wheat flour porridge; Refined wheat flour porridge; Refined wheat flour porridge,fine bran; Refined wheat flour porridge,coarse bran
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other; Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Large particle whole wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.; Large particle refined wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.; Small particle whole wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.; Small particle refined wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.; Small particle refined wheat porridge with small particle bran was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.; Small particle refined wheat porridge with large particle bran was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single (Participant)
Primary purpose: Basic Science