Postoperative Pain Between ACB and FNB After ACLR
Condition: Pain, Postoperative; Knee Arthroscopy; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/Surgery
MeSH terms: Pain, Postoperative
Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 4

Summary: 
      The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy in pain relief within 24 hours between
      adductor canal block and femoral nerve block after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
      with hamstring graft.
    

Detailed description: 
      After approval from institutional ethic committees, Thammasat University Hospital, patients
      who meet the eligible criteria will be asked for informed consent. Randomization will be
      performed by computerization with varied block sizes (4 and 6), and the sequence of
      randomization will be concealed by sealed envelopes. Once given informed consent, the
      investigator opened the sealed envelope, which randomized the patient to the adductor canal
      block group (ACB), or the femoral nerve block group (FNB).

      The day before surgery day, patients who meet the eligible criteria will ask for the informed
      consent from blinded research assistant. They will obtain patients' demographic data,
      preoperative pain scores, and quadriceps strength. They will be recommended how to evaluate
      pain score and use the patient-controlled analgesia.

      In the block room, patients will be sedated with midazolam 2-3 mg intravenously. The nerve
      block will be performed before spinal anesthesia by unblinded anesthesiologists. During
      block, the patients will be blinded by sham block. In ACB group, patients will receive sham
      block of femoral nerve at inguinal area, and then ACB will be performed, while in FNB group,
      patients will receive FNB, and then sham block will be performed in the mid-femoral area.

      After standard monitored, the saphenous nerve will be blocked in the ACB group under
      ultrasound guidance using linear probe (9 mHz, GE Healthcare®) with nerve stimulator
      (Payunk®) at midfemoral level. When the needle tip is positioned, the nerve stimulator is
      turned on and set to deliver a current of 0.5 mA at a frequency of 2 Hz and pulse duration of
      0.1 ms. The presence of a quadriceps muscle twitch, if elicited, will be recorded, and the
      needle was re-positioned until the muscle twitch disappeared. Then, 0.5% levobupivacaine with
      adrenaline 5 µg/ml 15 ml will be injected.

      The femoral nerve block is also performed in the FNB group under ultrasound guidance using
      linear probe (9 mHz, GE Healthcare®) and nerve stimulator (Payunk®). With ultrasound
      guidance, the femoral nerve is identified in femoral triangle near to femoral artery, and
      when the needle tip is in proper position in the ultrasound image, the nerve stimulator is
      used to confirm, the presence of quadriceps twitching at the current less than 0.5 mA, and
      the absence of quadriceps twitching at the current more than 0.2 mA. After that, 30 ml of
      0.25% levobupivacaine with adrenaline 5 µg/ml is injected.

      During performing both blocks, patients' eyes will be closed. The sham block involves an
      ultrasound survey at inguinal area in ACB group and mid-femoral area in FNB group, stump
      needle is marked at the injection site but not penetrating skin. 10 or 30 mL of saline
      depending on type of sham block will be injected into an absorbing cloth. Opaque plaster will
      be used for both block sites.

      Fifteen minutes after ACB or FNB, the success of block is evaluated by blinded investigators.
      Loss of sensation at the either infrapatellar region or medial of calf will be tested every 5
      mins. Fail block is documented, if there is no loss of sensation greater than 30 mins after
      block performed. Then, spinal anesthesia is performed with 0.5% isobaric or heavy marcaine
      2.5-3.5 ml.

      In the operative room, patients will receive cefazolin 1 gm, and ketorolac 30 mg
      intravenously before skin incision. Tourniquet 350 mmHg will be applied on operated thigh and
      limited time is no longer than 120 mins. Drain will be inserted, and knee brace or Jone's
      bandage will be applied postoperatively in all patients.

      Postoperatively, all patients received disposable patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for
      parenteral morphine as needed to control VAS less than 4 with setting PCA dose 2.5 mg
      (patients ≤ 60 years) 2 mg (patients ≥ 60 years), no basal rate, lock out 5 mins.
      Postoperative analgesic regimen are ketorolac 30 mg IV 8 hours after intraoperative dose,
      Etoricoxib (90) 1 tab oral once daily, paracetamol (500) 1 tab oral every 6 hours, reparil 2
      tab oral tid, and myonal 1 tab oral tid. Drain will be removed in postoperative day 1 by
      surgeons and patients will be allowed to walk with crutches after drain removes Outcomes The
      primary outcome is VAS at 24 hours during activity . The patients will be instructed in the
      use of the 0 to 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) with 0 and 100 mm referring to 'no pain'
      and 'worst pain imaginable', respectively, at inclusion to the study.

      VAS also assessed at 4 hour after surgery and then every 4 hours, at rest, and activity until
      24 hours.

      Total opioid consumption in first 24 hours and first time that patient pressing PCA is also
      recorded. Opioid side effects (nausea vomiting, pruritus, respiratory depression, urinary
      retention) will be recorded. Nausea vomiting, and pruritus will be recorded as 0-2 scales:
      0=none, 1=mild symptom but no need treatment, 2=severe symptom and need medical treatment).
      Respiratory depression will be recorded as yes (respiratory rate≤8 per minute), and no.
      Urinary retention will be measured as yes (need urinary catheterization), and no.

      Quadriceps strength will be assessed as maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)
      preoperatively, 8-12, and 24 hours postoperatively with handheld dynamometer (HHD, Lafayette
      Instrument, Lafayette, IN) which has been already calibrated. The strength will be evaluated
      by blinded research assistant, and use the Velcro strap to fix the dynamometer to reduce
      interrater variability. The patients will sit with 60 degree knee flexion, with attach the
      HHD at 5 cm above transmalleolar axis. The patients will be asked for extend their knee as
      forcefully as possible in 3 seconds with the instruction of the assessors
      (push-push-push-pause). The strength will be measured for 3 times and the maximum value will
      be used. Then, the maximal torque will be calculated by multiplying the maximal force
      (newtons) with the distance between femoral condyle and HHD (meters). After each contraction,
      the level of pain is quantified with use of a 0-100 point VAS.

      Timing for readiness for hospital discharge within 24 hours will also be recorded. The
      criteria of readiness hospital discharge is patient is alert and responsive to questioning,
      show acceptable pain and nausea control, able to urinate, able to walk with crutches. The
      actual time of discharge and the reason of delayed discharge will also be recorded. All
      outcomes are assessed by blinded outcome assessors, who do not involved in other parts of
      this study.

      Statistical analysis Continuous data will be presented as mean (SD) or median (IQR) as
      appropriate, and categorical data will be presented as frequency (percentage).The comparison
      between continuous data will be performed by t-test or Mann-Whitney U test depending on the
      distribution of data. Pain scores in first 24 hours were compared after calculating the area
      under the curve for the interval 2 to 24 hours.Categorical variables will be compared by
      chi-square or Fischer-exact test. P values less than 0.05 shows statistical significance.
      Statistical analysis will be performed by using STATA (13.0) software.
    

Intervention name(s): Adductor canal block (active); Femoral nerve block (active); Femoral nerve block (sham block); Adductor canal block (sham block)
Intervention type(s): Procedure; Procedure; Procedure; Procedure
Intervention description(s): adductor canal block: single injection, 0.5% levobupivacaine 15 ml with adrenaline 5 µg/ml, ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulator; femoral nerve block: single injection, 0.25% levobupivacaine 30 ml with adrenaline 5 µg/ml, ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulator; 30 mL of normal saline injected into absorbing cloth through stump needle at the inguinal area but not penetrating skin, ultrasound guidance and nerve stimulator with percutaneous electronic guidance to create quadriceps contraction before injection; 30 mL of normal saline injected into absorbing cloth through stump needle at the midfemoral area but not penetrating skin, ultrasound guidance and nerve stimulator with percutaneous electronic guidance without muscle contraction
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: postoperative pain; femoral nerve block; adductor canal block; anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction