Non-motor Symptoms, Balance, Muscle Strength, and Functional Mobility in Patients With Parkinson's Disease
Condition: Parkinson Disease; Balance; Muscle Strength; Mobility; Non-motor Symptoms
MeSH terms: Parkinson Disease
Study type: Observational

Summary: 
      The purposes of this study is to examine balance, muscle strength, and mobility in relation
      with non-motor symptoms (NMSs) in patients with Parkinsosn's Disease (PD).

      NMSs have been shown to be the key determinant of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and
      have a greater effect on HRQoL compared to motor symptoms.Despite a growing literature on
      NMSs, there are few data on the association between NMSs and motor phenotypes of PD, and they
      have usually focused only on specific domains of NMSs, such as cognition, mood/anxiety
      issues, or sleep disorders.

      When literature is examined, there is no study which examines balance, muscle strength, and
      mobility in relation with NMSs in patients with PD.For all these reasons, we think that
      balance, muscle strength, mobility, and NMSs in patients with PD are worse than those of the
      healthy individuals and that there is a relationship between NMSs and motor symptoms.
    


Intervention name(s): Non-Motor Symptoms; Balance; Lower Limb Strength; Functional mobility
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): NMSs of the participants were evaluated using the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). The scale consists of 30 yes-no questions and is administered face to face with the therapist.; To measure balance, the Biodex Balance System (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA) was used. The participants were asked to position themselves in a comfortable position on the platform, and their foot position coordinates were recorded. The participants focused on a characteristic dot on the monitor screen. Their task was to balance the body in such a way that the dot was in the center of a circle displayed on the monitor at the point of intersection of the coordinate axes. The test consisted of three 20 s trials, each separated by 10 s breaks. Measurements were conducted while their eyes were open and close, and the results were analyzed by calculating the average value of the measurements.; A Biodex® System 4 Dynamometer device was used to evaluate muscle strength. The participants' dominant extremity was determined by asking them the foot with which they most often hit the ball.The dynamometer arm of the device was placed at the lateral condyle level of the knee, and the belt at the distal end of the dynamometer was attached to the lower leg on the malleolus. Knee flexion and extension movements were evaluated in sitting position between 90ᵒ flexion and 0ᵒ extension angles. The individual was asked to perform it with the maximum strength, while the therapist motivated the individual with verbal stimulation.; The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) was used in the evaluation of functional mobility. . For this test, participants were seated on a standard armless chair and a cone was placed 3 meters away from the chair. Participants were instructed to stand up and (1) walk towards the cone, (2) turn around the cone, (3) walk back to the chair, and (4) sit back on the chair. It was stated that patients should walk without running but as fast as possible. Dual task performance was performed by adding cognitive and motor tasks into the TUG.
Observational model: Case-Control
Time perspective: Prospective
Sampling method: Probability Sample
Study population: 
        being diagnosed with PD by a neurologist, being in Hoehn & Yahr Stage 1-3 and healthy
        individuals of similar age and sex