Intervention to Improve Quality of Sleep of Palliative Patient Carers in the Community: Clinical Trial
Condition: Music Therapy; Caregivers; Sleep; Palliative Care
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      Introduction Sleeping problems experienced by cancer patients carers are frequent with 72% of
      carers reporting moderate to severe problems. Another consequence for this carers is the
      increase of suffering from depression and it is usually associated to carer overload.

      Objectives

      Main objective:

      - To evaluate the effects of listening to music in sleep quality for oncology patients
      non-professional carers at home, and to evaluate the influence of specific factors that may
      modify that effect.

      Secondary objectives:

        -  To assess the relationship between the waking state and the consequences during the day
           according to sleep characteristics. These include:

           1. Psychological results:

             1. Quality of life.

             2. Carer overload.

           2. Physical results:

             1. Sleepiness during the day.

             2. Physical activity, intensity and length evaluation.

        -  To assess carers satisfaction with the intervention.

      Method Randomized clinical trial, single blinding and performed in oncological patients
      carers in several practices. 2 samples of 40 carers. Intervention group will be taken through
      a seven session intervention with music; control group will undergo seven sessions of
      therapeutic education (as a reminder). Results will be evaluated using Pittsburgh Quality of
      Sleep Index, triaxial accelerometer, EuroQol-5D-5L, Caregiver Strain Index, Epworth
      Sleepiness Scale and Client Satisfaction Questionnaire.

      Statistical analysis Basal values will be compared for both groups. Then the values before
      and after the intervention will be compared using Student's t distribution for normal
      continuous variables, and Wilcoxon's T test for paired data in continuous not normal
      variables. A multiple linear regression will be carried out.

      The system developed for the PREDIMEDPLUS study will be used to process accelerometer data
      results. This semi-automated system manages data capture in a continuous stream in a central
      server of Malaga University. Processing and analysis of this data is also centralised, with
      an open source package, GGIR v. 1.5-1248
    

Detailed description: 
      BACKGROUND AND CURRENT STATUS

      Sleep is a complex vital process in which humans spend a third of our lives. Insomnia is
      related to discontent with quality, length or continuity in that sleep, usually seen as
      problems to fall sleep, waking up frequently or a sleep that doesn't leave us rested.
      Progressive shortening on sleep length is a risk factor on developing obesity, diabetes,
      hypertension, cardiac related conditions and cerebrovascular accident, and can lead to
      premature death.

      Insomnia affects work performance: in severe cases it may lead to a reduction in care or
      reflexes, increased risk of being involved in accidents, poor morale or social relationships,
      absence from work and quality of life and immunity reduction.

      Regarding sleep decrease in informal carers it is observed that during the condition progress
      there are several changes in the patients. These changes are related to an increase on sleep
      alterations in carers, with a mayor prevalence (42 to 95%) in carers of patients with late
      stage cancer, compared to early stage patients carer (36 to 80%).

      Another aspect that may be overlooked frequently is physical activity conducted by carers as
      a health preventive measure, due to the benefits that physical exercise reports on the health
      and well-being, including a reduction on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
      stress and depression reduction, carer overload, mental and cognitive health, and general
      well-being. Sleep quality improves when physical activity increases in carers.

      Insomnia treatment is currently based in pharmaceutical treatment, including sedatives and
      hypnotic drugs which can provoke dependency and tolerance, reducing their efficacy. These
      drugs can induce cognitive and behavioural changes, and can lead to severe if not uncommon
      consequences. Other non-drug related treatments have been developed to deal with insomnia,
      including music therapy as this induces emotional responses in people. These responses are
      classified according to good or bad, and also in their intensity, being high or low.

      Several theories have tried to explain how our brain processes emotions. One of them is the
      classic subcortical route in which our limbic system plays a fundamental role. The type of
      melody influences recognition as happy or sad, and this recognition happens thanks to the
      inferior frontal gyrus, midline nuclear group and the anterior cingulate cortex.

      Music capacity to produce such an intense pleasure and the stimulation it provides to the
      endogenous rewarding systems suggest that, if not essential, music it is still a great
      benefit for our mental and physical well-being.

      A Cochrane review of 2015 evaluated the effects on listening to music for adults who suffered
      insomnia. 5 studies were included in the analysis (N = 264) to provide data about sleep
      quality on Pittsburgh Index, with results proving a benefit on listening to music. The effect
      was an increase in quality of sleep approximate to a standard deviation compared to no
      treatment or standard treatments. Only one study (N = 50, low quality evidence) showed data
      regarding latency at the beginning of the sleep cycle, total sleep time, sleep interruption
      and sleep efficacy. However it didn't show any evidence of improvement thanks to the music
      intervention. Authors concluded music can be effective to improve subjective quality of sleep
      in adults with insomnia. The intervention is safe and easy to administered, but more research
      is required to stablish the effects on other variables, as well as daytime consequences of
      insomnia.

      A systematic review in 2018 regarding the possibility that music can improve quality of sleep
      in primary insomnia adults concluded that the improvement is only present with the relaxation
      that is associated to music, compared to the normal state of the patients.

      This research is justified with the goal of evaluation in an objective way the quality of
      sleep in carers using the accelerometer, as well as subjective measures related to how
      listening to music can affect other sleeps variables (sleep interruptions, quality, total
      time, daytime consequences). The Cochrane review showed poor ratings of evidence in these
      variables except for quality of sleep being medium, as they were evaluated only in one study.
      High rating research is required to determine and establish the effect on daytime activity,
      which is why this clinical trial will take into account the authors recommendations to avoid
      bias. The use of the accelerometer will also provide data on physical activity in carers
      setting the ground for an intervention in the field.

      Objectives

      Main objective:

      - To evaluate the effects of listening to music in sleep quality for oncology patients
      non-professional carers at home, and to evaluate the influence of specific factors that may
      modify that effect.

      Secondary objectives:

        -  To assess the relationship between the waking state and the consequences during the day
           according to sleep characteristics. These include:

           3. Psychological results:

           1. Quality of life. 2. Carer overload. 4. Physical results:

             1. Sleepiness during the day.

             2. Physical activity, intensity and length evaluation.

        -  To assess carers satisfaction with the intervention.

      Method:

      Randomised clinical trail, single blinding carried out in several practices in the field of
      Primary Care of 6 units of Clinical Management belonging to the Malaga-Guadalhorce Health
      District, with informal carers of domiciliary oncological palliative patients.

      Subject recruitment will be randomised and performed using a list of random numbers obtained
      using the program Epidat 3.1. This sample will take the oncological patients included in the
      Palliative Care Assistance Procedure showed on the Digital Clinical Records (DIRAYA) and
      having an informal care; every carer will be contacted and evaluated to the inclusion
      criteria, offering the possibility on taking part of the study if agreed and providing an
      informative leaflet. If accepted, a consent must be signed.

      Randomising method will be as followed: several cards will be prepared labelled with "you
      have been included in the intervention group" or "you have been included in the control
      group", making equal numbers for the groups. They will be sealed on non-transparent
      envelopes, will be mixed and numbered after shuffling. The participants will be given a
      number (in order of acceptance to take part) and that number will be the assigned envelope
      and the group it contains. This procedure makes bias harder to occur.

      Carers are offered the different groups and classified in intervention or control group, and
      this procedure it's performed by a sole person who will be responsible for randomising.

      Once the researcher in charge of randomising knows the group the carer belongs to, he will
      proceed to inform them of the procedure the participants will be subject to without
      mentioning if they are intervention or control group so the patient will be oblivious.

      This researcher will also inform the patient on how to use the accelerometer, the music
      program Spotify (Premium version) or the audio file through Google Drive (intervention or
      control group respectively).

      Sample size: Based on data published by Jespersen et al. 201543 about quality of sleep the
      researchers are expecting to find an equivalent effect of medium standard differences of
      0,776, with an alpha error of 0,05 and a beta error of 0,10. The sample size will be two
      groups of 35 patients (Epidat 3.1) increased to 40 to compensate for possible
      droppings/leaving.

      Procedure for each group:

        -  Control group: The treatment will be performed according to what it is established in
           the Andalusian Palliative Care plan from the Health Council regarding carers, which
           include a complete initial evaluation regarding the 14 needs of Virginia Henderson, and
           the subsequent care plan and follow-up for problems or symptoms check; a basic health
           education for self-care and patient care will be administered, regarding feeding and
           hydration, physical exercise and leisure, medication, effective communication, skin
           care, prevention and treatment of constipation, and sleep hygiene. Carers from the
           control group will also receive the conventional health education that the carers will
           need to listen through headphones/earphones in the morning, using the mobile phone and
           the audio file shared in Google Drive, in daily sessions of 30 minutes during 7 days,
           while also wearing the accelerometer a week before and the week of the intervention.
           This way the caseload management nursing staff will be blinded on patient evaluation
           (see Masking and Randomising).

        -  Intervention group: carers will receive conventional health assistance complemented with
           music therapy with preselected music according to carers personal choice. The
           participants will have to listen to it half an hour before going to bed. The chosen
           music must be music that produces them pleasure or a nice feeling. This will be listened
           to via headphones/earphones and the mobile app Spotify (Premium version with free month
           trial). Daily session of 30 minutes during 7 days and the participants will wear the
           accelerometer the week before and the week of the intervention.

      Statistical analysis:

      A descriptive study will be performed with the collected variable using the medium and
      standard deviation in continuous normal variables, the confidence interval in punctual
      estimations; median and interquartile range in non-normal continuous variables, and frequency
      and percentages in categorical variables. The adjustment to normality will be determined with
      the Shapiro-Wilk test.

      The basal values of both groups will be compared. Pre and post-intervention values will be
      analysed in both groups using the Student's t distribution for normal continuous variables
      and Wilcoxon's T for paired data in non-normal continuous variables. A multiple lineal
      regression will be also carried out where the dependant variable will be: self-perceived
      quality of sleep, total sleep time, total resting time, sleep interruption, sleep efficiency,
      quality of life, carer overload, daytime sleepiness, physical activity, intensity and length.
      The independent variables will be the intervention ones and the socio-demographic such as
      sex, age, education level, civil status, time dedicated to care, help received in care, time
      that the participants have been taking care of the patient, and relationship to person care
      for. The analysis will be similar for the use of painkillers, anxiolytic and sleeping pill
      medication.

      The system developed for the PREDIMEDPLUS study will be used to process accelerometer data
      results. Processing and analysis of this data is also centralised, with an open source
      package, GGIR v. 1.5-1248 If statistically significant data are obtained in normal variables,
      the confidence intervals will be calculated at 95% to estimate values for the differences
      between the variables. The software to be used will be SPSS 23.0 and Epidat 3.01. Confidence
      interval will be 95% meaning only p values below 0,05 will be considered as statistically
      significant.

      The present studio adjusts to the ethical recommendations:

      1975 Helsinki Accords revised in 2013 (Ethical principles for research in humans (Helsinki,
      Adapted by the 64th General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brasil, October 2013).

      All the personal information obtained in this study are confidential and will be dealt with
      in agreement to the EU 2016/679 regulation and the 27th of April 2016 GDPR (General Data
      Protection Regulation).

      The 14th November 41/2002 law regulates the patient's autonomy and all the rights and duties
      regarding information and clinical records.

      All the personal information collected in this study are confidential and will be treated in
      agreement with the 5th December 3/2018 Organic Law of Personal Data Protection and digital
      rights guarantee.

      Participation is fully voluntary and an Informed consent will be signed to be admitted into
      the study.
    

Intervention name(s): Music Therapy; simulation with therapeutic education
Intervention type(s): Other; Other
Intervention description(s): We are aiming to use music therapy, with pre-recorded favoured music, as a complementary treatment in oncological patients in palliative care, as well as on the carer. It will be done by using mobile telephones.; Basic therapeutic education repetition performed to all caregivers and oncological patients in palliative care, through mobile phones.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Care Provider)
Primary purpose: Supportive Care
Keywords: Sleep; Caregivers; Music Therapy; Palliative Care; Nurses; Exercise; Physical Exertion