The Effects of tDAS Combined With Stabilization Exercises in Individuals With Chronic Neck Pain
Condition: Neck Pain
MeSH terms: Neck Pain
Study type: Interventional

Summary: 
      The aim of study was to investigate the effect of cervical stabilization exercises (CSE)
      combined with tDCS on functional status, cognitive functions and sleep quality in individuals
      with chronic neck pain. A total of 29 individuals with chronic neck pain (33.06±14.81 age)
      were included in the study. Combined CSE with tDCS (2 mA/20 min) was applied to the
      experimental group (n=10); only CSE was applied to the control group (n=10); placebo tDCS (0
      mA/20 min) and CSE were applied to the sham group (n=9). Before and after the 8-week
      intervention comprising a total of 16 sessions, the following assessments were carried out:
      Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ), Cervical Muscle Endurance
      Tests, The Profile Fitness Mapping Neck Questionnaire (ProFitMap-neck), Montreal Cognitive
      Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
    

Detailed description: 
      This study was conducted at Erciyes University Faculty of Sports Sciences with individuals
      suffering from chronic neck pain. The study included a total of 29 individuals with chronic
      neck pain, grouped into experimental, control, and sham groups. The flowchart in Figure 1
      illustrates the distribution of individuals within each group.

      The present study was conducted with individuals between 18 and 65 years of age who had
      suffered from neck pain for at least 3 months, with a rest pain score of 3-7 on the
      &#34;Visual Analog Scale&#34;, without neurological deficits and without pathological
      findings (fractures, dislocations, tumors, infections) in radiological tests. In addition,
      neurological or psychiatric disorders, including acute/chronic depression, history of head
      trauma resulting in loss of consciousness, epilepsy, history of neurosurgical intervention,
      intracranial hypertension, implanted devices, history of migraine, history of chronic/severe
      headache, skin conditions (psoriasis, etc.), uncontrollable diseases (endocrinologic,
      cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, hepatic, renal), presence of systemic inflammatory
      disease or malignancy, were excluded from the study.

      Potential Confounders Gender, age, body mass index, smoking history, presence of back pain in
      the previous six months, chronic illness, and resting neck pain severity were considered
      potential confounders.

      Study Design Cervical stabilization exercises (CSE) (20 min) with tDCS (2 mA) were
      administered to the experimental group of the study (n=10) for 20 min. Only CSE (20 min) was
      applied to the control group (n=10). To the Sham group (n=9); CSE (20 min) was administered
      with 20 min tDCS (0 mA). All cervical stabilization exercises were performed with a
      stabilizer biofeedback device (Stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback, Chattanooga Group Inc., USA)
      under the supervision of a physiotherapist. All groups were trained for a total of 16
      sessions over 8 weeks (2 days/week).

      Intervention Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) tDCS was administered using
      electrodes made of metal or conductive rubber, an electrode sponge, and an electrolyte-based
      contact medium applied to the sponge (6 ml of water for a 35 cm2 sponge). &#39;Chatanooga
      Ionto Iontophoresis Dual Channel System (USA)&#39; was used in the study as a constant
      current stimulator for tDCS. The constant current stimulator was used to deliver the direct
      current in a constant manner by monitoring the resistance in the continuous system. Two
      electrodes were placed at 5 cm × 7 cm; 35 cm2; an anode was placed in the primary motor
      cortex (M1), while a cathode was placed in the contralateral supraorbital space (FP1 on the
      left and FP2 on the right, according to the EEG 10/20 system). As shown in the figure, a
      constant current of 2 mA was applied to the experimental group for 20 minutes. For the sham
      group, electrodes were placed in the same areas and a current of 0 mA was applied.

      Cervical Stabilization Exercises Before initiating the stabilization exercises, individuals
      included in the study were instructed on correct postural alignment. Cervical chin tuck
      movement was taught during the exercise along with postural alignment and craniocervical
      flexion movement was requested. After teaching craniocervical flexion exercises in all
      positions (supine, lying on the side, prone, crawling, sitting, and standing), participants
      were instructed to perform the movement slowly.

      The purpose of this phase was to establish the relationship between vision and motor learning
      using the Pressure Biofeedback Stabilizer device. The device was positioned on the neck area
      and inflated to 20 mmHg. The pressure level gradually increased in 2-mmHg increments from 20
      to 30 mmHg. For each pressure value (22, 24, 26, 28, 30 mmHg), participants were asked to
      maintain craniocervical flexion for 10 seconds, and this exercise was repeated ten times.

      Outcomes Measures After recording the demographics and information of all participants, we
      conducted the assessments below. All pre-treatment assessments were re-administered for the
      second time at the end of the 8-week training.

      Assessment of Pain Severity In order to evaluate the pain intensity of individuals with
      chronic neck pain, 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) developed by Price et al and the Neck
      Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ) developed by Bolton et al, were utilized. The 10-cm VAS is
      used to mark pain on a horizontal line where the first notch is 0, indicating no pain, and
      the last notch is 10, indicating the most severe pain. Participants marked their neck pain
      levels on the line, and the measurements were recorded in centimeters using a ruler. The NBQ
      was used to inquire about participants&#39; neck pain severity as well as symptoms such as
      the impact of neck pain on their daily activities and social life, levels of anxiety and
      depression, kinesiophobia, and methods of coping with pain in the previous week. The Turkish
      version of the NBQ, validated for reliability by Telci et al, consists of 7 questions, each
      scored on a scale of 0 to 10. A possible total score of 70 indicates more severe neck pain.

      Assessment of Functional Status Assessment of Muscular Endurance To evaluate the cervical
      deep flexor muscular endurance test, participants took a hook-lying posture on a therapy
      table, maintaining a neutral neck position with the head and neck straightly aligned. With
      the assistance of a stabilizing device, a pressure sensor was situated under the neck with a
      stabilizer (Stabilizer Biofeedback). Participants were instructed to simulate a &#34;yes&#34;
      motion by gently nodding their heads, while avoiding movements that could activate the
      sternocleidomastoid muscle. The test involved a pressure range of 20-30 mmHg and required
      ten-second sustained pressure at each 2-mmHg increment without any breaks. The activation
      score was determined by measuring the pressure level at which the patient was able to perform
      and sustain 10 repetitions for a duration of 10 seconds, providing a measure of the strength
      of the deep cervical flexor muscles. The endurance performance index was determined by
      analyzing the number of successful repetitions completed by the patient while maintaining a
      constant pressure level for a duration of 10 seconds. The maximum activation score was 10
      mmHg, and the maximum performance index was 100. To assess the endurance of neck extensor
      muscles, participants were given a 2-kg weight attached to the C6 level using a 10-centimeter
      velcro while lying prone. Their hands were placed on both sides, and the maximum duration
      they sustained their head in that position was recorded in seconds. The study assessed the
      endurance of cervical flexor muscles in participants with chronic neck pain. Participants
      positioned themselves in a supine hooked position, with their hands on the abdomen and chin
      retracted. The maximum time a participant could raise and sustain their head at a height of
      approximately 2.5 cm was noted in seconds.

      Assessment of Functional Limitations and Symptoms The Profile Fitness Mapping neck
      questionnaire (ProFitMap-neck) was used to assess the functional limitations and symptoms
      associated with neck pain. The survey was graded on a scale of 0-100%, showing the highest
      score possible. This was the best result attainable through the assessment of the
      questionnaire. In addition to assessing neck pain, ProFitMap-neck considers stiffness,
      tension, and weakness that might occur in the neck and hands. This survey consists of two
      sub-indices. The first consists of 26 items that comprehensively assess the frequency and
      severity of symptoms, while the second comprises 18 items that assess functional limitations.
      Symptom frequency is rated on a scale of 1 to 6 points, where 1 indicates &#34;not at
      all/rarely&#34; and 6 corresponds to &#34;often/always,&#34; as described in the Symptom
      Frequency Index. Symptom severity was rated on a scale of 7 to 12, with 7 being &#34;not at
      all&#34; and 12 being &#34;almost unbearable/unbearable/very severe/extreme,&#34; based on
      the Symptom Severity Index. Individuals rated their experiences on a scale of 1 to 6, where 1
      was &#34;very good/no problem/no disturbance&#34; and 6 was &#34;very bad/very
      difficult/disturbing/impossible,&#34; according to the Functional Limitation Index. The
      reliability of the questionnaire in the Turkish context was validated by Çetin et al.

      Assessment of Cognitive Status Individuals&#39; cognitive status was assessed using the
      Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The MoCA is a concise measurement tool developed by
      Ziad Nasreddine et al and used to detect mild cognitive impairment. The MoCA score ranges
      from 0 to 30, and 26 points and above is considered as a normal cognitive function. The
      Turkish version of the MoCA, in which cultural and linguistic adaptations were made, was used
      for the cognitive function of participants. The scale evaluates seven cognitive domains
      including attention, concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visual
      construction skills, abstract thinking, calculation, and orientation. The domains assess
      various cognitive abilities through tasks. Participants who scored 21 and above out of 30
      points were in the normal group. The test took an average of 10 minutes to complete.

      The Trail Making Test is a cognitive assessment tool that evaluates various cognitive
      functions such as visual-motor coordination, conceptual scanning, motor speed, planning,
      numerical knowledge, abstract thinking, and response tendency based on physical attributes of
      stimuli, set shifting, concentration, and tolerance to interference. It consists of two
      parts, referred to as Part A and Part B. Part A uses numbers as stimuli, and the
      participant&#39;s task is to connect the numbered circles in the correct order (1-2-3-4-5...)
      without interruption. Part B consists of circles that contain both letters and numbers. To
      complete this task, participants are asked to connect the circles by drawing straight lines,
      alternating between numbers and letters in a sequential order (1-A-2-B-3-C-4-D...). A
      normative study conducted by Türkeş et al verified that the Trail Making Test (TMT) is
      reliable for the Turkish population. In the study, the original versions of Part A and Part B
      of the Trail Making Test will be utilized.

      Assessment of Sleep Quality The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess
      sleep quality in individuals with chronic neck pain. The PSQI utilizes a standardized
      questionnaire to distinguish between good and poor sleepers. This comprises 19 self-rated
      questions and 5 questions answered by a bedmate/roommate. These 5 questions do not contribute
      to the scoring from a clinical perspective. The items of the PSQI use various response
      categories, including recording usual bedtime, usual wake time, number of hours actually
      slept, and number of minutes to fall asleep, as well as forced-choice Likert-type responses
      (0-3). The total scores of the components generate a single global score, ranging from 0 to
      21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality. In a study conducted in Turkey by Ağargün et
      al, it was established that a global PSQI score greater than 5 indicates poor sleep quality.
      Buysse et al also reported good internal consistency (α = 0.83) and test-retest reliability
      (r = 0.85), with a total score of 8.0 or higher indicating subpar sleep quality.
    

Intervention name(s): Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; Cervical Stabilization Exercises; Sham-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Intervention type(s): Other; Other; Other
Intervention description(s): Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) tDCS was administered using electrodes made of metal or conductive rubber, an electrode sponge, and an electrolyte-based contact medium applied to the sponge (6 ml of water for a 35 cm2 sponge). 'Chatanooga Ionto Iontophoresis Dual Channel System (USA)' was used in the study as a constant current stimulator for tDCS. The constant current stimulator was used to deliver the direct current in a constant manner by monitoring the resistance in the continuous system. Two electrodes were placed at 5 cm × 7 cm; 35 cm2; an anode was placed in the primary motor cortex (M1), while a cathode was placed in the contralateral supraorbital space (FP1 on the left and FP2 on the right, according to the EEG 10/20 system) A constant current of 2 mA was applied to the experimental group for 20 minutes.; Before initiating the stabilization exercises, individuals included in the study were instructed on correct postural alignment. Cervical chin tuck movement was taught during the exercise along with postural alignment and craniocervical flexion movement was requested. After teaching craniocervical flexion exercises in all positions (supine, lying on the side, prone, crawling, sitting, and standing), participants were instructed to perform the movement slowly.
The purpose of this phase was to establish the relationship between vision and motor learning using the Pressure Biofeedback Stabilizer device. The device was positioned on the neck area and inflated to 20 mmHg. The pressure level gradually increased in 2-mmHg increments from 20 to 30 mmHg. For each pressure value (22, 24, 26, 28, 30 mmHg), participants were asked to maintain craniocervical flexion for 10 seconds, and this exercise was repeated ten times.; tDCS was administered using electrodes made of metal or conductive rubber, an electrode sponge, and an electrolyte-based contact medium applied to the sponge (6 ml of water for a 35 cm2 sponge). 'Chatanooga Ionto Iontophoresis Dual Channel System (USA)' was used in the study as a constant current stimulator for tDCS. The constant current stimulator was used to deliver the direct current in a constant manner by monitoring the resistance in the continuous system. Two electrodes were placed at 5 cm × 7 cm; 35 cm2; an anode was placed in the primary motor cortex (M1), while a cathode was placed in the contralateral supraorbital space (FP1 on the left and FP2 on the right, according to the EEG 10/20 system) (Figure 2). As shown in the figure, a constant current of 2 mA was applied to the experimental group for 20 minutes. For the sham group, electrodes were placed in the same areas and a current of 0 mA was applied.
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary purpose: Treatment
Keywords: Transcranial direct current stimulation; neck pain; endurance; functional status; cognitive function