billchoa/3036384256-COMP7607-data huggingface dataset:
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The contention had been briefly noted by the judge, who rejected it by saying that the plaintiffs were not suing in their own right but as managers of the Heung.

assistant: 法官曾簡短地提及有關論據，但認爲原告人並非憑藉其本身權利而是以該鄉的司理身份提出訴訟，故此不接納有關論據。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In its attempts to bridle such abuses, the early law laid down stringent constraints on participation in other people’s litigation.

assistant: 爲求打擊此等惡行，早期法律對於參與他人訴訟的行爲施加嚴格限制。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 45.  I do not think this submission can be sustained.

assistant: 45.  本席認爲上述論點不能成立。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The applicants' case on the Concession issue is that the Chief Executive had made a public announcement setting out the conditions to be satisfied before any applicant can be treated in the same position as the actual parties to the Ng Ka Ling and Chan Kam Nga litigation.

assistant: 各申請人關於寬免政策爭議的論據是： 行政長官已作出一個公開宣佈列出任何申請人要符合那些條件纔可以被視爲處於和吳嘉玲及陳錦雅兩案的真正當事人相同的情況。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The lining cracked under the impact of hot flue gases but this went undetected.

assistant: 內襯層抵受不住熱煙道氣體的衝擊而破裂，但未爲人發覺。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Each country delimits for itself the bounds of sovereign immunity.

assistant: “各國就主權豁免原則絲毫協議也沒有。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: See the helpful discussion in Carole J Peterson :

assistant: 對此問題有助益的討論，見於Carole J Peterson撰寫的文章：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The second argument in support of a requirement for statutory intervention may be called the “constitutional right argument”.

assistant: 第二項支持法規介入的規定的論據，可稱爲“憲法權利論據”。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: However he also relies on a petition from a family concern group which was sent to the Chief Executive on 19 April 1998 and was alleged to contain details of various children of Hong Kong permanent residents including Mr Lau's details.

assistant: 但是他也倚賴由一個家庭關注組織在1998年4月19日呈交給行政長官的一封請願書。 他指稱該請願書中有多名香港永久性居民子女（包括劉先生在內）的詳細資料。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: So the protection given to judgments previously rendered from the application of an interpretation given on a judicial reference under art. 158(3) is to be seen as an express recognition of the consequences which follow from the making of an interpretation under art. 158(1), namely, that judgments previously rendered shall not be affected.

assistant: 故此，制定保障使按第一百五十八條第三款的司法提請所作出的解釋不予適用於在此以前作出的判決，其實就是對隨着按第一百五十八條第一款作出的解釋而來的後果，即在此以前作出的判決不受影響一點，予以明確的承認。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: she cannot enforce the Shenzhen order in Hong Kong;

assistant: 她不能在香港強制執行深圳命令；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 13.  In the paragraphs which follow I shall adopt the guidelines provided in LKW v DD and in the process, will consider the differences which led the Judge and the Court of Appeal to reach such disparate conclusions.

assistant: 13.  本席在以下各段採用LKW v DD案提供的指引，過程中本席會考慮是何差異之處，引致原審法官和上訴法庭達至這樣迥然不同的結論。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: A person cannot know that something is A when in fact it is B.

assistant: 當某東西事實上是乙時，一個人不可能知道該東西是甲。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Employers who want to impose fetters of this sort on their employees ought in my view to be expected to do so by express covenant.

assistant: 本席認爲，僱主如欲對其僱員加諸這類束縛，理應透過明訂契諾爲之。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The justification offered, as expressed in the Respondent’s printed case, is that Article 10’s requirements:

assistant: 答辯人的書面論據表達，處長所提岀的理據，是說第10條的規定：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In the context of "one country, two systems", Article 158 of the Basic Law provides a very different link. That is because the Article, in conformity with Article 67(4) of the PRC Constitution, vests the general power of interpretation of the Basic Law, not in the People's Supreme Court or the national courts, but in the NPC Standing Committee.

assistant: 在實施“一國兩制”的背景下，《基本法》第158條提供了一個極不相同的連接方式，其遵照《中國憲法》第67(4)條，將解釋《基本法》的一般權力賦予全國人民代表大會常務委員會（“人大常委會”），而非最高人民法院或全國性法院。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Fragmenting creditors into different classes gives each class the power to veto the Scheme and would deprive a beneficent procedure of much of its value.

assistant: 將債權人細分爲不同類別，將賦權每一類別的債權人否定債務償還安排，這會使本屬有益的程序失去其大部分價值。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 2. In the spirit of consultation, compromise and cooperation, China has participated in the negotiations on the adoption of the Convention.

assistant: 二． 本著協商、妥協、合作的精神，我國參與了制定《公約》的談判。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As can be seen, I would go further in favour of all the appellants than the other members of the Court see fit to go.

assistant: 從上文可見，本席所作出的判決，比較本院其他法官認爲合適的判決，對所有上訴人來說是更爲有利。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: FACV 1/2012 (26 September 2012) FACV No. 1 of 2012 IN THE COURT OF FINAL APPEAL OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION FINAL APPEAL NO. 1 OF 2012 (CIVIL) (ON APPEAL FROM CACV NO. 139 OF 2010)

assistant: FACV 1/2012 (26 September 2012) [Chinese Translation – 中譯本] FACV 1/2012 香港特別行政區 終審法院 終院民事上訴2012年第1號 （原高院上訴法庭民事上訴2010年第139號）
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Mr Chang argues that Article 158 imposes a constitutional restraint on the Standing Committee's power and that this accords with the high degree of autonomy accorded to the Region by the Basic Law adopted by the National People's Congress which included the power of final adjudication.

assistant: 張先生辯稱，第158條對常務委員會的權力施加憲法約束，此舉符合由全國人大通過的《基本法》所給予特區的高度自治權，包括終審權：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: If the classification condition is satisfied, it is again for the Court of Final Appeal alone to decide whether the necessity condition is met in the case concerned.

assistant: 如果該條款符合“類別條件”，也只可由終審法院決定有關案件是否符合“有需要條件”。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Any party wishing to challenge this order nisi should send in written submissions (copied to the other parties) within 21 days from today.

assistant: 與訟任何一方如欲反對上述暫準命令，應由今天起計21天內向本院呈交書面陳詞（其副本鬚髮送至其他與訟方）。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: And the second type consists of courts sitting in territory under the de jure sovereignty of our sovereign but presently under the de facto albeit unlawful control of a usurper government.

assistant: 第二種則是在我們主權國在法律上的主權管轄下的領土開庭的法院，而有關領土目前是在篡權者政府事實存在但非法的控制之下。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It appears that counsel for PCCW produced a draft order in somewhat more specific terms than that sought in the summons, but the order made by the judge was still narrower.

assistant: 電訊盈科的代表大律師所呈交的命令擬本，所載的條款看來比傳票中所尋求的更加具體；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 6.  In Mr Chan's bankruptcy, proofs of debts were received from two creditors totalling $77,230.84. Bank balances totalling $409.66 were recovered.

assistant: 6.  在陳先生的破產案中，有兩名債權人提出總額爲77,230.84元的債權證明，而成功追討的總額爲409.66元的銀行結餘。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It is doubtful whether the basis was interpretation or application as the booklet does not discriminate as far as the mother is concerned between a child born out of wedlock and one born in wedlock (Para 1(2)(a) also does not so discriminate).

assistant: 由於小冊子沒有區分母親的非婚生子女及婚生子女（第1（2）（a）段亦沒有如此區別），故此該協議是否以解釋條文或其適用爲基礎實令人疑惑。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: First of all, that the wife herself was petitioning in absentia for divorce, (another piece of paper she was tricked into signing was some form of authorization which, under Bolivian law, enabled her to proceed in absentia);

assistant: 首先，聲稱是妻子本人在缺席下呈請離婚（妻子受欺騙而簽署的另一份文件是某份授權表格，而根據玻利維亞法律，該份授權表格使她可在缺席下進行程序）；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: That requirement is not onerous.

assistant: 上述要求並不繁重。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 7.  The village representation system in the New Territories which existed prior to 2003 only came into existence during the Japanese occupation.

assistant: 7.  於2003年之前存在的新界村代表制度，於日治期間才產生。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In the proceedings brought by Mr Lau, an issue of locus standi has arisen as a result of his dismissal from office after the commencement of the proceedings.

assistant: 就劉先生所提出的訴訟程序而言，他展開訴訟後被免職，因而引起訴訟地位問題。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The projected MRIRs at the time of intake were normally well below the 15% and 18.5% set which were considered as limits.

assistant: 預計的中位比例於租戶入住時，通常遠較視爲上限的百份之15和百份之18.5爲低。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Four of the cases cited to the Court are of “labour” claims brought by former embassy employees.

assistant: 向本院援引的案例裏四宗爲大使館前僱員提出的“勞資”申索。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As we have seen, from early July 1997, quite a large number of persons approached the Legal Aid Department for assistance.

assistant: 我等知悉，從1997年7月初開始便有大批人士接觸法律援助署求助。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (16)  No immunity  148

assistant: (16)  沒有豁免   148段
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As Lord Bridge pointed out in Charleston:

assistant: 誠如Bridge 勳爵在Charleston案中指出：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: A literal interpretation of the word “variation” to cover downwards as well as upwards variations is to the disadvantage of the tenants;

assistant: 按字面把「更改」一詞解釋爲包含向下和向上更改租金，將有損租戶的利益；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: If not, section 1(2) would have to be excised from the Ordinance.

assistant: 若不符合的話，第1（2）條便要從該條例中刪除。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The section did not depart from the principles which governed the assessment of compensation in England or other common law jurisdictions.

assistant: 該項條文沒有偏離英格蘭或其他普通法司法管轄區在管轄補償額評定方面的原則。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 28.  A challenge to the validity of the “not audible” requirement on this basis evokes a reference to the principles which govern the question whether the terms of an instrument issued or served in exercise of a statutory power so as to bind another fall within the power.

assistant: 28.  按此基礎質疑該項“聽不見”規定的有效性，牽涉到提述管轄以下問題的原則，即: 在行使法定權力下併爲約束他人而發出或送達的文書，其內容是否受該權力涵蓋？
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As the concrete structure has been loaded the building has shrunk."

assistant: 該混凝土結構負上重荷，令該建築物的高度下降。」
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Recognition was refused on that ground and on the public policy ground because recognition would “jar” on the court’s conscience.

assistant: 法院基於該項理由及公共政策理由，拒絕承認該項判令，因爲承認該項判令會「打擊」法庭的良心。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In the absence of the Hong Kong history of legislation relating to leases (which has already been related) and Annex III to the Joint Declaration, it might well be said for the view that a reference to "the rateable value" means "the rateable value for rating purposes".

assistant: 假如香港沒有關於土地契約的立法歷史（該歷史已在上文敘述）及《聯合聲明》附件三，則也許就可以說「應課差餉租值」的提述是指「爲評估差餉用的應課差餉租值」。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: However, in a criminal case, according to Steyn LJ (at 1607A)  "the Crown is under a duty to give disclosure of significant material which may affect the credibility of a prosecution witness."

assistant: 另一方面，Steyn法官表示（見該案彙編第1607頁A），在刑事案件中： “控方有責任披露可影響控方證人的可信性的重要資料。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It is difficult to expect that a record would be kept for all these inquiries.

assistant: 要將這些查詢全部記錄在案是強人所難。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Order 59 r 13(1)(a), for instance, is to like effect, stating:

assistant: 舉例說，具有相類效果的第59號命令第13(1)(a)條規則規定：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 31. In this appeal, we are concerned with a voluntary confession made by a suspect to an undercover agent and an undercover officer of a law enforcement agency.

assistant: 31.  本上訴涉及一名疑犯自願地向一名臥底人士及一名執法機構臥底人員作出供認。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Finally, following public consultation, the health authority decided to close Mardon House and to transfer the long-term general nursing care of Miss Coughlan and other Mardon House residents to the local authority, although no alternative placement for them was identified.

assistant: 最後，經過公衆諮詢後，醫務當局決定關閉馬登健康院，並將Coughlan小姐和馬登健康院的其他病人所需要的長期普通科護理服務，轉交地方有關當局負責，但同時沒有說明會有其他的安置辦法。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The solicitor will normally have many clients and will not be dependent upon one for his livelihood.

assistant: 律師通常爲衆多客戶服務，不會只得一名客戶賴以爲生。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 50.  In the normal course of events, one might have expected Egana to be liable to pay Mr Unruh a share of the successful arbitration’s proceeds.

assistant: 50.  在正常事態發展下，原可預期聯洲國際須負法律責任向Unruh先生支付經仲裁成功獲取的收益的一部分。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (Henry Litton) (Charles Ching) (Kemal Bokhary)   Permanent Judge Permanent Judge Permanent Judge       Representation: Mr Chu Sik Chor, 1st Applicant, in person Ms Ma Yuet Ying, 2nd Applicant, in person Mr Arthur Luk and Mr Alex Lee (of Department of Justice) for the Respondent

assistant: （烈顯倫） （沈澄） （包致金）   常任法官 常任法官 常任法官       第一申請人朱錫佐親自出席，沒有律師代表 第二申請人馬月英親自出席，沒有律師代表 律政司律師陸貽信先生及李運騰先生代表答辯人
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: “At common law it is the practice of English courts to accept as conclusive statements by or on behalf of the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs”.

assistant: 「在普通法下，英國法院的慣例是接納由外交及聯邦事務大臣或其代表所作的陳述爲不可推翻的」。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: On 18 September 1993, he also ceased to be a member of ESCT’s board.

assistant: 同年9月18日，他也終止擔任ESCT董事局成員。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: to what extent?

assistant: 在甚麼程度？
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Therein lies the crucial difference between paragraphs (a) and (b).

assistant: 這就是第(a)段和第(b)段之間的關鍵分別。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It suggests that it was only by demonstrating that it could be funded through an operative set-off  that the auditors could be satisfied.

assistant: 這觀點意味著，只有表明該負債可經有效的抵銷方式以資抵債，才能在這問題上使核數師滿意。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: and (c) insofar as any laws previously in force in Hong Kong before 1997 may be inconsistent with such position, policy or rule of state immunity as determined by the CPG, such laws must cease to have effect upon the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or the application of such laws in the Region must be subject to such modifications, adaptations, limitations or exceptions as are necessary so as to ensure that the laws previously in force in Hong Kong that are adopted as the laws of the Region are consistent with such position, policy or rule of state immunity as determined by the CPG by virtue of art.13(1), and in view also of arts 8 and 160, and the Decision of the Standing Committee dated 23 February 1997 under art.160.

assistant: 以及 (c)   在1997年以前的香港原有法律可能與中央人民政府所決定的國家豁免立場、政策或規則相牴觸的範圍內，該等法律是否在香港特別行政區成立時必須停止生效，或爲了保證被採用爲香港特別行政區法律的香港原有法律，與中央人民政府憑藉第13(1)條所決定的國家豁免立場、政策或規則相符，以及由於第8及160條，和常務委員會根據第160條於1997年2月23日作出的決定，該等法律在香港特別行政區的適用，是否必須是受限於該等屬必要的變更、適應、限制或例外？
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As Salim had served most of his sentence, the prosecution wished to raise the issue of duplicity as a matter of principle, without seeking any re-trial in the event that it should succeed.

assistant: 由於Salim先生已服完大部分刑期，控方乃基於原則而希望提出控罪重疊方面的爭議，即使勝訴也不尋求重審案件。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: If these letters contained the essential elements which we have discussed, they should be sufficient to amount to a claim within the policy decision.

assistant: 倘若這些信件載有我等已論及的主要元素，那麼它們應足以構成符合該政策決定所規定的聲稱。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: He “knew by 6 December 1998 that the true financial state of the company had required, if the company were to keep trading, the very substantial additional investment that had to be made, and was made, to cover the losses incurred in the years 1995, 1996 and 1997”.

assistant: 該人「到了1998年12月6日知悉，以該公司的真正財務狀況來說，如要公司繼續經營，就必須投入龐大的額外投資，以彌補該公司於1995、1996及1997年所招致的虧損。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Deliberate physical injury is usually less likely than accidental physical injury.

assistant: 相對於意外傷害身體，故意傷害身體的可能性通常較低。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: two electricity distribution networks;

assistant: 兩個配電網絡；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In order to examine the challenge to the findings of fact relating to the Kin Don placement, it is necessary to recapitulate in detail the evidence and then to evaluate the way in which the Judge arrived at his conclusion that the SFC and its officers had improperly terminated the inquiry into Meocre Li's conduct in the Kin Don placement.

assistant: 爲了探討對關乎金盾配售事宜的事實裁斷所提出的質疑，本席須重述相關證據詳情，然後評覈原審法官得出“證監會及其職員曾不當地終止對李國榮在金盾配售事宜上的行爲的查訊”此一結論的方法。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (d) Accordingly, so the Director argues, the applicant cannot possibly show that he had been continuously ordinarily resident in Hong Kong for at least 7 years immediately before the application in question.

assistant: (d) 因此，處長辯稱申請人不可能證明他在緊接提出有關申請之前已在香港通常居住連續七年以上。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (b) that the domestic jurisprudence in England and Wales showed that there was in reality no difference in principle between mandatory and discretionary life sentences;

assistant: (b)英格蘭和威爾斯當地的法理顯示，強制性與酌情性終身監禁在原則上其實並無分別；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In over 40% of the time between 1975 and 2000 (inclusive), the result of the PTS was not followed when adjustments to civil service pay were made.

assistant: 1975至2000年（首尾包括在內）期間，其中超過40%時間是公務員薪酬在不依循薪酬趨勢調查結果的情況下調整的。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In our judgment, this mistake would not have any adverse effect on the jury’s view towards the credibility or reliability of the Applicant’s defence.

assistant: 本庭認爲，這項錯誤不會影響陪審團對於申請人的辯解是否可信或可靠的看法造成任何負面影響。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The substance of the dispute concerns two main issues :

assistant: 雙方的分歧實質上關乎兩項主要爭議點：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It should be mentioned that, as appears from Annex III to the Basic Law, one of the national laws to be applied in Hong Kong is “Regulations of the People’s Republic of China Concerning Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities”.

assistant: 應予提及的是，呈現於《基本法》附件三的其中一項在香港適用的全國性法律乃《中華人民共和國外交特權與豁免條例》。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Mr Justice Mortimer NPJ: 70.

assistant: 終審法院非常任法官馬天敏： 70.
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: And the transcript reveals that the appellant was indeed cross-examined along those lines by Mr Patrick Lim for the 1st defendant, now the respondent.

assistant: 事實上，從審訊謄本可見，第一被告人（即本案答辯人）的代表大律師林敏純先生確曾依循這方向盤問上訴人。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: \n[2006] 1 WLR 682 at 701, Lord Walker also agreed with the analysis by Hoffmann LJ of Dobbie. In Dobbie, Sir Thomas Bingham MR had said that questions of evaluation do not enter into the question of a plaintiff’s knowledge in the United Kingdom equivalent of s.31(5)(a).

assistant: \n[2006] 1 WLR 682案第701頁，華學佳勳爵亦表示同意上訴法院法官賀輔明對Dobbie案所作的分析。 在Dobbie案，上訴法院民事庭庭長Thomas Bingham爵士說過，在考慮第31(5)(a)條的對應英國條文下原告人的知悉的問題時，不用考慮主觀評估的問題。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The best evidence of this is likely to be provided by prices paid for comparable lands which have no prospect of development.

assistant: 這方面的最佳證據，相當可能源於就沒有發展希望的比較土地而已支付的價格。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: But, later, in the magistrate's clerk's office, he signed a written recognizance.

assistant: 但後來他在裁判官書記辦公室簽署了擔保書。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Arbitrary or unlawful search of the body of any resident or deprivation or restriction of the freedom of the person shall be prohibited.

assistant: 禁止任意或非法搜查居民的身體、剝奪或限制居民的人身自由。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 2. The appellant asks for the costs and expenses of the proceedings here and below, although she was not represented in the lower courts but was represented in this Court by the Bar Association’s Free Legal Service Scheme.

assistant: 2.    上訴人要求得到在本院和本院之下的法庭進行的法律程序的訟費和費用。 上訴人在下級法庭沒有律師代表，但在本院她是由大律師公會法律義助服務計劃代表。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: But no question of fact of that kind arises in the present case.

assistant: 但是這種事實問題沒有在本案出現。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 49.  In his report, which was not tendered in evidence, Dr Wong concluded that the appellant was suffering from major depressive disorder and probably dissociative amnesia on 2 November 2003.  Dr Wong also said that it was likely that she then suffered from dissociative fugue for a few days.

assistant: 49.  黃醫生在其報告書中斷定（該份報告書未被提交作爲證據），上訴人於2003年11月2日正患有重大的抑鬱性失常和頗有可能亦患有遊離性失憶。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The issue now being considered seems not to have been examined directly and in depth by any court.

assistant: 當地似乎未有任何法庭直接和深入地研究本院現正考慮的爭議點。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 14. Originally, the power of the Privy Council to entertain appeals from colonial courts was a prerogative power of the Crown.

assistant: 14.  樞密院受理來自殖民地法庭的上訴的權力，原本是一項皇室特權。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: But an appeal by way of rehearing does not call for a fresh hearing as does a hearing de novo;

assistant: 但以再次聆訊方式進行的上訴並不如重新聆訊般須進行新的聆訊；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (a) the date on which the cause of action accrued;

assistant: (a)訴訟因由產生的日期；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: To this end, lobbying activities were undertaken, directed both at SPEL, who was in charge of land policy, and at the Director, who was in charge of Lands Department operations.

assistant: 衆發展商朝這目標向掌管土地政策的規劃環境地政司及掌管地政總署運作的署長進行遊說。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: But the Comment may provide a useful reference for the Secretary in assessing claims in accordance with the policy.

assistant: 但該意見書可爲局長在根據該政策評估各項聲稱時提供有用的參考。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Rule 18 provides for cases where the applicant, having had leave to appeal, fails to prosecute the appeal.

assistant: 第18條規則對申請人在獲得上訴許可後沒有進行其上訴的這種情況作出規定。