billchoa/3036384256-COMP7607-data huggingface dataset:
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: \n[1999] 2 AC 222 the House of Lords examined this special case and held that the court in Rakusen’s case had formulated the test too narrowly.

assistant: \n[1999] 2 AC 222一案中，英國上議院法庭審視此特殊情況，並裁定審理Rakusen一案的法庭所訂立的驗證標準過於狹窄。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: For that reason, the Court concluded in Rich that the consequences of a disqualification order made on account of a defendant’s wrongdoing are penalties.

assistant: 基於這項理由，法庭在Rich一案中裁定，因被告人的不法行爲而作出的取消資格命令的後果乃屬一項懲罰。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: He attended in December 1998 with his parents and was told to return to the Mainland to apply.

assistant: 他在1998年12月和父母到入境事務處，但被告知他要回內地申請。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: There is little difficulty in determining the common law applicable in Hong Kong at the time of the handover.

assistant: 本院在決定甚麼是於主權移交之時適用於香港的普通法時並無困難。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (1997) 189 CLR 465 at 503-4 and 515 rejecting the notion that judicial power in Australia includes such a power.

assistant: (1997) 189 CLR 465案第503至4及515頁的判決，該判決拒絕接納指澳大利亞的司法權力包含上述權力的看法。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The making and execution of a removal order form part of the administrative process and have nothing to do with the process of the court.

assistant: 發出及執行遣送離境令屬於行政程序，完全與法庭程序無關。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Our national and regional flag and emblem protection laws, as I read them, affect only the latter.

assistant: 據本席所理解，兩條保護國旗國徽及區旗區徽的法例均隻影響後者。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 47. Having regard to those provisions and to the purposes of the Basic Law as a whole, I think that it may be inferred that, in appropriate cases, a function of a judge from other common law jurisdictions is to give particular consideration to whether a proposed decision of this Court is in accord with generally accepted principles of the common law.

assistant: 47.  經考慮上述條文及《基本法》的整體目的後，本席認爲可作出以下推斷︰在合適的案件中，來自其他普通法司法管轄區的法官的職能是特別考慮本院的擬作出的某項判定是否符合普遍獲接受的普通法原則。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 41. In the light of the legal position explained above, the question of whether Madam Sung and Madam Chu were Mr Sung's concubines can be dealt with shortly as follows.

assistant: 41.  鑑於本席在上文解釋的法律情況，宋女士和朱女士是否孫先生的妾的問題可以簡單地解答如下。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (my emphasis)  Whether the words in italics refer to an enabling provision in a statute or an operative statutory provision which varies the contract or both is by no means clear.

assistant: ”（斜體由本席加上，以資強調）  該等斜體字詞究竟是指法規中的賦權條文，還是指對合約作出更改的法定實施條文，還是兩者皆是，實不得而知。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In both cases, the Official Receiver relied on the bankrupt's failure to prepare an annual report of his earnings and acquisitions for the trustee.

assistant: 在這兩案中，破產管理署署長的申請理據是破產人沒有爲受託人擬備一份其入息及財產的取得的週年報告。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The crux of the matter is the proper interpretation of the Court's power of final adjudication vested by this article. But the nature of the power of final adjudication must first be appreciated.

assistant: 關鍵問題在於如何恰當地解釋該條文所賦予本院的終審權，但探討該問題之前，必須先理解該終審權的本質。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 8. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides in Article 31:

assistant: 8. 《中華人民共和國憲法》第31條規定：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 42.  When the case was reconsidered by the Lands Tribunal the key issue was whether the zoning or planning benefits of the subject land should be taken into account in assessing compensation.

assistant: 42.  土地審裁處重新考慮此案時，關鍵爭議點是評估補償額時應否考慮所涉土地的區劃或規劃利益。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: There is no suggestion in the English authorities that, in the case of trials on indictment, the duty of disclosure to the defence is imposed on anyone other than the prosecution.

assistant: 英格蘭的案例並無提出，在循公訴程序進行審訊的情況下，向辯方作出披露的責任施加於控方以外的任何人身上。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Over two years after this Court’s decision and almost three years after the Court of Appeal’s decision, on 13 January 2004 the liquidators of Kensland commenced an action for damages and interest thereon against TTC for negligent advice.

assistant: 在本院作出上述判決之後超過兩年，亦即是在上訴法庭作出上述判決差不多三年之後，Kensland的清盤人於2004年1月13日以戴鄧莊李曾疏忽地提供意見爲由而展開訴訟，向戴鄧莊李追討損害賠償及其利息。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 17.  This line of reasoning is based upon a surmise : That they ran a “risk of not being able to exit the market” at the end of the trading day. It was not based upon any underpinning fact.

assistant: 17.  原審法官的推理方法並非基於任何基礎事實，而是基於以下臆測︰他們在交易日結束時面對“無法離場的風險”。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 37. Subsequently, the Director informed the respondent's solicitors that he would not be deported to Sri Lanka but to a place where he would be admitted as a refugee.

assistant: 37.  其後，處長通知答辯人的代表律師，答辯人將不會被遞解離境至斯里蘭卡，但將被遞解至一個會收納他爲難民的地方。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: On 15 May 2008, on an ex parte application before Saw J, FGH obtained (i) an interim injunction restraining the China Rail defendants from paying to the DRC or otherwise disposing of a US$104 million portion of the abovementioned sum of US$221 million, and restraining the DRC from receiving that portion of the Entry Fees;

assistant: 於2008年5月15日，FGH通過單方面申請，於邵德煒法官席前獲取： (i) 一項暫時強制令，禁制該等中鐵被告人向DRC支付、或以其他方式處置上述金額2.21億美元中的部分金額，即1.04億美元，並禁制DRC 收取該部分金額的入門費；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: “Except as provided by this Ordinance, the Court of Appeal shall allow an appeal against conviction if it thinks –   (a) that the conviction should be set aside on the ground that under all the circumstances of the case it is unsafe or unsatisfactory;

assistant: 「除本條例另有規定外，上訴法庭如認爲有以下情況，須判決針對定罪的上訴得直 — (a) 在案件的所有情況下，定罪並不穩妥或並不令人滿意而應予作廢；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The appellant’s estate was a new estate in 1998 when rents were set for the first time.

assistant: 上訴人居住的屋邨，於1998年新落成，租金亦於當年首次訂定。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Legislation relating to family law reform was enacted in December 1970 which included the Marriage Reform Ordinance, Cap 178, Married Persons Status Ordinance, Cap 182, and Legitimacy Ordinance, Cap 184 (“the family law reform legislation”).

assistant: 關於家事法改革的法例於1970年制定，該等法例包括《婚姻制度改革條例》（香港法例第178章）、《已婚者地位條例》（香港法例第182章）和《婚生地位條例》（香港法例第184章）（以下統稱“家事法改革法例”）。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 13.  In the course of saying why he felt able to deprive the appellant of costs by holding that the magistrate who acquitted him ought to have convicted him instead, the judge said this :

assistant: 13.  賴磐德法官在解釋他爲何認爲可以藉著裁定判上訴人無罪的裁判官原應判他有罪而不判給上訴人訟費時說：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It gave its decision on 21 October 2003.

assistant: 土地審裁處於2003年10月21日作出裁決。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: There is no suggestion that she had studied the fundamentals concerning the companies before she bought their shares.

assistant: 她在買入股票之前看來並無研究有關公司的基本因素。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (4) Persons not of Chinese nationality who have entered Hong Kong with valid travel documents, have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than seven years and have taken Hong Kong as their place of permanent residence before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;

assistant: （4）在香港特別行政區成立以前或以後持有效旅行證件進入香港、在香港通常居住連續七年以上並以香港爲永久居住地的非中國籍的人；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (g) that the bankrupt has committed an offence under section 129 or any of sections 131 to 136;

assistant: (g) 破產人已犯第129條或第131至136條中的任何一條所訂的罪行；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As Keir Starmer, p 182, para 4.75 has observed, where express restrictions are provided for by the Convention there is no room for implied restrictions.

assistant: 正如Keir Starmer一書第182頁第4.75段表示，凡《人權公約》已作出明示限制，便沒有隱含限制的空間。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 39.  The passage from the speech of Lord Millett relied upon does not assist PCCW’s argument.

assistant: 39.  上引自苗禮治勳爵的判詞的段落，對電訊盈科的論點並無幫助。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: “(1) Enforcement of a Convention award shall not be refused except in the cases mentioned in this section.

assistant: 「(1) 除非屬本條所述的情形，否則不得拒絕強制執行公約裁決。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Provided that, in the event that, in accordance with the provisions of this Clause, Egana does not pay the amount of any special bonus which would otherwise be due to Mr Unruh pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Clause, then Mr Seeberger shall pay the amount of any such special bonus in cash to Mr Unruh.

assistant: “但假如按照本條規定，聯洲國際不支付任何本須根據本條第(b)段而應支付予Unruh先生的任何特別花紅金額，則史璧加先生須以現金向Unruh先生支付任何該特別花紅金額。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It does not follow that they must be disregarded altogether; but they cannot stand without adjustment.

assistant: 這並不表示必須將該等比較值完全置諸不顧，但該等比較值在未經調整下不能成立。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: If the court itself is made the object of such a collateral attack, provided that the judge is satisfied that such attack is in substance no more than a vexatious attempt to re-litigate the exhausted matter, there ought generally to be no question of the judge having to disqualify himself from dealing with the matter.

assistant: 假如法庭本身受到此種節外生枝的攻擊，則只要法官信納此項攻擊實質上不外是無理纏擾地試圖就一項已用盡所有法院程序的事宜重新提起訴訟，一般來說便不會產生該法官須取消自己處理有關事宜的資格的問題。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The Basic Law’s reservation of the conduct of foreign affairs to the CPG is entirely consistent with the proposition postulated above that the determination of state immunity policy is a matter concerning relations between States and therefore a matter for the State’s central authorities and not for some region or municipality acting separately within the State.

assistant: 《基本法》把處理外交事務的責任保留給中央人民政府，完全符合上文所闡述的觀點，即關於國家豁免的決定是涉及國與國之間的關係，因而須由國家的中央機關處理，而不是由某些於國家內獨自行事的地區或自治市處理。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: In relation to Hong Kong, the reservations included the right to continue to apply immigration legislation governing entry into, stay in and departure from Hong Kong and the acceptance of the ICCPR is subject to such legislation as regards persons not having the right to enter and remain in Hong Kong.

assistant: 關於香港方面，這些保留條款包括有權繼續引用入境方面的法例來監管進入香港、逗留及離開香港的人士。 而且，接受“國際人權公約”的條件是該公約並不影響針對無權進入及逗留在香港的人士的法例。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: That was done almost six years after the parties had separated and over six months after the wife’s petition.

assistant: 借款之事是在雙方已分居近六年後，並在妻子提出離婚呈請超過六個月後完成。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: in other words, the above questions can be resolved by taking a common sense approach without the help of an expert.

assistant: 換言之，上述問題可運用常理解決，無須經由專家協助。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 17. Section 42(2)(a)(ii) of Cap.115 referred to in Count 3 was introduced into the Immigration Ordinance by way of an amendment on 31 October 1986 by clause 3 of the Immigration (Amendment) Ordinance, Ord. The section reads as follows :

assistant: 17.  第3項控罪中提述的香港法例第115章第42(2)(a)(ii)條，乃經《入境（修訂）條例》（1986年第61號條例）第3條，於1986年10月31日以修訂方式加入《入境條例》。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As for authority, there appears to be none to support Mr Sussex’s submission.

assistant: 至於案例典據，沙惜時先生的陳詞看來沒有案例支持。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Whenever a person is treated otherwise than he would be treated if his innocence were accepted, it is necessary to examine such treatment in order to determine whether – with considerations of legitimate need, rationality and proportionality borne in mind – it is conformable with the presumption of innocence.

assistant: 每當某人並非以猶如該人獲接納爲無辜的方式受到對待，則有必要審視該等待遇，在緊記合法需要、合理性及相稱性的考慮因素下，決定該等待遇是否與無罪假定相符。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Two features may immediately be noted.

assistant: 可即時注意到兩個特點。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: This is made to depend on the state of his knowledge, actual or imputed, regarding the damage incurred and its attributability, in other words, on whether the damage should in the circumstances be considered latent.

assistant: 根據該條文訂定，這須取決於他對已招致損害及損害的歸因性的知悉（不論是實際知悉還是認定知悉）的狀況； 換句話說，須取決於有關損害在相關情況下應否被視爲潛在損害。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Paragraph B stated that an application by such a person for an exit permit to Hong Kong and Macau made to the Exit-Entry Administration of the Public Security Bureau under the laws in force in the Mainland for settlement in Hong Kong may be regarded as an application for a certificate of entitlement in Hong Kong.

assistant: 乙款述明當有關人士根據內地實施的法律向當地的公安廳出入境管理處所遞交的到香港定居的‘前往港澳通行證’申請書，可視爲香港居留權證明書的申請書。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The prosecution alleged that, at the time when these blows were delivered from above, the deceased was either unconscious or sufficiently impaired by a cocktail of drugs, traces of which were found in his stomach fluid and liver in the autopsy, that he could not defend himself.

assistant: 控方指稱，當該等重擊從上而下施加之時，死者如非沒有知覺，便是因深受混合藥物損害而不能保護自己。 該等混合藥物的痕跡後來在剖驗屍體時在死者胃液及肝臟中發現。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As the 2nd OCMFA Letter explains, China’s support for a multilateral approach defined by an international convention was in part motivated by “the long-term divergence of the international community on the issue of state immunity and the conflicting practices of states” which produce an adverse impact on international intercourse.

assistant: 正如外交部駐港公署的第二封信所說明，激發中國支持採用由一項國際公約來界定的多邊處理方法的部分原因，是 “國際社會對國家豁免問題長期存在的分歧和各國相互衝突的做法” ，這對國際交往產生不利影響。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The ECHR stated in Fox, Campbell and Hartley (above) at para 32, that domestic courts may be justified in applying less stringent “reasonable suspicion” standards in such terrorist cases, but that some objective basis for asserting a reasonable suspicion remained essential.

assistant: 歐洲人權法庭在上述Fox, Campbell and Hartley一案判案書第32段指出，本土法庭可能有理由在此等涉及恐怖活動的案件中就“合理懷疑”的規定採用較寬鬆的標準，但逮捕人員在堅稱其抱有合理懷疑時仍必須有一些客觀的依據。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: That defence was rejected and, after considerable litigation in the US courts, summary judgment was entered against Traffic Stream.

assistant: 而在美國多個法院幾經訴訟後，裁定馬龍敗訴的簡易判決始被登錄。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It follows that the courts have no such power when not engaged in adjudicating cases.

assistant: 言下之意即是當法院並非在審理案件時，便沒有這項權力。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The important difference between the extended order and the ordinary Grepe v Loam order is that the former restrains the institution without leave of only certain classes of proceedings, usually defined by reference to the subject-matter of proceedings which have already been litigated.

assistant: 延伸命令與一般的Grepe v Loam命令之間的重要分別，在於前者僅限制在未獲許可下展開若干類別的法律程序，而這些類別通常按照已提出的法律程序中的標的事宜界定。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Zuma’s case concerned legislation which rebuttably presumed the voluntariness of any confession made to a magistrate and reduced to writing.

assistant: Zuma案所關乎的法例條文，載有一項可被推翻的推定，內容指任何向裁判官作出和錄成文字的供認均推定爲自願作出。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Challenged schemes 106.

assistant: 受質疑的計劃 106.
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 18.  As mentioned earlier, the Bylaw Area is intended to accommodate genuine users of the Airport.

assistant: 18.  如前所述，該附例適用區是擬供該機場的真正使用者之用。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: That way lies censorship. That would defeat the purpose for which the law accords the defence of freedom to make comments on matters of public interest.

assistant: 這是極度危險的做法，因其涉及審查，因而會使法律給予有關抗辯（即有自由對關乎公衆利益的事宜作出評論）的目的無法達到。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Of course the fact that a Chinese temple is not registered does not affect the application of the Ordinance to it.

assistant: 誠然，一所華人廟宇未經註冊一事，並不影響該條例對於該廟宇的適用性。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (c) a trust estate as though it were a person;

assistant: (c)信託產業（猶如該產業是一個人）；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The applicants criticise the methodology of this survey as unreliable and the figures as grossly exaggerated.

assistant: 案中各申請人批評上述調查，指進行的方法並不可靠，而數字亦極度誇大。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: From 1994, when the current annuity rate started to fall below the guaranteed annuity rate, the society adopted a policy of declaring in relation to such policies a lower final bonus to policyholders who chose to take an annuity at the guaranteed rate than to those who elected to take one of the alternative options.”  The House of Lords held that the Society was not entitled to adopt that course.

assistant: 自1994年起，現行年金率開始降至低於保證年金率，該社於是就上述一種保單採取以下政策，即宣告向選擇按保證利率收取年金的投保人給予較選取其中一項替代選項的投保人所獲給予的爲低的最終紅利。 ”  上議院裁定該社無權採取該做法。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The Executive Order comprises administrative directions only and does not constitute a set of “legal procedures” for the purposes of art. 30 of the Basic Law.

assistant: 該行政命令僅屬行政指示，並不構成《基本法》第30條所指的“法律程序”；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: There is another reason for it. As the executive itself would probably be the first to recognise, it surely facilitates the task of governance that people feel able to put their faith in what their government says and does.

assistant: 由於行政部門本身可能是第一個承認“合理期望”的存在，因此這個法則肯定有利政府的管治，因爲人民覺得政府所說的和所做的都可以信賴。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: It is constitutionally protected in Hong Kong.

assistant: 在香港，平等權利亦受到憲法保護。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: or are less than those required by any international agreement to which that State and the United Kingdom are parties.

assistant: 或少於任何該國和英國分別是協議一方的國際協議所規定的。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: And Lord Sumner expanded on the theme as follows:

assistant: 再者，Lord Sumner就該主旨詳述如下：
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: Finally, suppose every police officer has standing to challenge the constitutionality of section 17 type powers. Even so, no police officer is likely to relish putting himself forward as someone who could, even if only in theory, end up in a section 17 type of situation.

assistant: 最後，即使假設每一名警務人員都具有起訴地位，對第17條所賦予的一類權力的合憲性提出質疑，也不大可能有警務人員會樂意挺身而出，成爲（即使只在理論上）最終可能身處第17條所涵蓋的情況的人。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The Registrar was clearly right to refuse to correct the entry in question in the Register of Births and the relevant birth certificates.

assistant: 登記官拒絕在出生登記紀錄內及相關出生證明書上更正有關記項，顯然正確。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: We return then to the question being discussed. Having rejected the relevance of the contested evidence to the issues of self-defence and provocation, the question is whether the evidence of Ms O’Shea and Mr Shea as to the deceased’s belief that the appellant had poisoned his whisky and was trying to kill him relevant “as part of a continual background of history”?

assistant: 既然我等已拒絕接納該等受爭議的證據與「自衛」及「受到挑釁」的爭議點相關，問題便在於O’Shea女士及Shea先生所提供關於死者相信上訴人曾在他的威士忌酒下毒和試圖殺死他的證供，是否「作爲持續歷史背景的一部分」而與案相關？
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: “… although the common law had previously only admitted recovery of money exacted under an unlawful demand by a public authority where the payment had been made under a mistake of fact or under limited categories of compulsion, … the nature of a demand for tax or similar impost on the citizen by the state, with the perceived economic and social consequences of non-payment stemming from the inequality of the parties’ respective positions, and the unjust enrichment falling on the state where the citizen paid an unlawful demand to avoid those consequences, warranted a reformulation of the law of restitution so as to recognise a prima facie right of recovery based solely on payment of money pursuant to an ultra vires demand by a public authority”. But Mr Sumption submits that there is support in the majority speeches for a wider proposition.

assistant: “……對於公共機構藉提出違法要求而索取的款項，雖然普通法以往只容許曾經受到事實方面的錯誤所影響或受到有限類別的強迫而支付款項的人士追討該等款項，……但考慮到國家向市民提出繳納稅款或相類款項的要求的性質、源自雙方地位不平等而可預見的因市民不付款而導致的經濟和社會後果，以及在市民爲避免該等後果而按違法要求付款的情況下國家獲不公得利，實在有需要重訂復還法，以確認市民表面上有權追討純粹因應公共機構的越權要求而支付的款項”  然而，Sumption先生陳詞指，該案多數法官的判詞支持著一個更寬泛的觀點。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: (5) Approaching the Immigration Department 226.

assistant: (5) 接觸入境事務處 226.
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 15. Again, a purchaser of a short lease from a sitting tenant may be prepared to pay more than the value of the current lease in the expectation that he will in due course obtain a renewal of the lease.

assistant: 15. 另一例子是，買家可能因爲預期他將於適當時間取得有關租契續期而願意支付高於現有租契的價值，向當時租客購買短期租約。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 1898 was a year of significance.

assistant: 1898年是意義重大的一年。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: If the Director, as the person ultimately responsible for administering the statutory scheme under the Immigration Ordinance, has a duty to consider humanitarian grounds, then he will have to establish internal guidelines for his officers.

assistant: 假如處長身爲最終負責執行《入境條例》下的法定計劃的人有責任考慮人道理由，則他須爲其職員訂立內部指引。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 41. She is a Chinese national born on the Mainland. By the time of her birth in 1989, her father was a Chinese citizen who had ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than seven years.

assistant: 42. 她是內地出生的中國籍人士，在1989年出生時，她父親已是在香港通常居住連續七年以上的中國公民，並早於1967年來港。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: As such,    (i) please state who approve such sharing method;

assistant: 據此，  (i) 請說明是誰人批准上述分享方式；
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: The power to make bind-over orders

assistant: 作出籤保命令的權力
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: This Chinese consortium included the CR subsidiaries.

assistant: 這個中國財團包括中鐵附屬公司在內。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: 6.  In each of the three cases before the Court, the appellant applied for leave to appeal against sentence.

assistant: 6.  本院席前的三宗案件，每名上訴人均針對刑罰申請上訴許可。
user: Please translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: But the primary source for understanding what the parties meant is their language interpreted in accordance with conventional usage: ‘we do not easily accept that people have made linguistic mistakes, particularly in formal documents’.

assistant: 然而，理解各方的意思的主要方式，是按傳統用法解釋他們的用語﹕‘我們不輕易接受人們曾干犯語言上的錯誤，特別是在涉及正式文件之時爲然’。