Toshihiko Fukui: An overview of Japan's economy and financial system
Summary of a speech by Mr Toshihiko Fukui, Governor of the Bank of Japan, at a meeting with
business leaders in Sendai, 1 October 2003.
The speech was delivered by Kazumasa Iwata, Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan, on behalf of the
Governor.
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I. Current State of the Japanese Economy and Developments in Financial Markets
Let me begin by discussing the world economy.
The U.S. economy has spurred a moderate recovery supported by personal consumption. Recovery is
beginning to spread to orders received by manufacturers and capital spending with the rise in world
demand for IT-related products. The large-scale tax cuts are beginning to have a positive impact on
personal consumption. Growth seems increasingly likely to start accelerating, while pressure on labor
adjustment remains. Economic activity in East Asia is also heading for recovery. In China, the adverse
effects arising from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have virtually ended, and exports of
the NIEs and ASEAN are expected to increase with the worldwide recovery in IT-related demand. In
Europe, there are signs of improvement in corporate sentiment, although the impetus for recovery is
not yet evident.
The above assessment of the global economy was endorsed at the G-7 meeting last month in Dubai.
Turning to the domestic arena, capital spending is recovering gradually as corporate profits increase.
Largely thanks to this recovery, real GDP posted an annualized growth rate of 3.9 percent in the
AprilJune quarter, far exceeding market expectations. The Tankan survey released on October 1 shows
that the capital spending plans of large manufacturers for fiscal 2003 are expected to increase 11
percent on a year-on-year basis, and that of all enterprises is slightly larger than the figure in the
previous year. Thus, the recovery of capital spending is expected to become more certain.
Personal consumption has been weak recently due partly to the cold summer. However, signs of
favorable change are emerging on the employment and income front.
Although overall economic activity remains virtually flat, signs of recovery are gradually being
observed. The likelihood seems to be increasing that, with the recovery of exports and capital
spending leading to an increase in production and corporate profits, the Japanese economy will return
to a self-sustained, though moderate, recovery path.
According to the Tankan survey released on October 1, corporate sentiment is generally improving, as
is shown by the fact that the judgment of business conditions by large manufacturers has turned to
"favorable" for the first time since December 2000. This result is more or less in line with the
assessment of Japan's economy that I have just described.
It should be noted that there still remain persistent structural adjustment pressures stemming from
excess debt and labor. Therefore, the extent and strength of the likely recovery permeating through
the economy are uncertain, and must continue to be monitored carefully.
In the stock market, the Nikkei 225 Stock Average is moving above the 10,000 yen level, about 30
percent above the recent bottom in the spring, although the market is slightly bearish recently due to
the appreciation of the yen. We consider that such movements reflect the signs of recovery that I have
just described.
Yields on 10-year Japanese government bonds have risen significantly above their June levels of
below 0.5 percent.
Long-term interest rates reflect market participants' prospects of the economy. Thus, higher long-term
interest rates after June are basically the reflection of improved prospects. Such observation can be
reinforced by the simultaneous rise in long-term interest rates and stock prices.
Markets respond to various factors, and thus they are subject to overshooting in the short term. For
example, some point out that the recent volatile movement of long-term interest rates was partly due
to the speculation over the Bank's monetary policy. In this regard, let me reiterate that the Bank has
made a firm commitment to maintaining the current policy of quantitative easing until the year-on-year
increase in the consumer price index (CPI) becomes stably zero or above. This is a clear and specific
commitment based on the published monthly data of the CPI, not its forecast. Once the significance of
this commitment is fully digested in the market, I believe it will contribute greatly to market stability. Let
me reassure you that the Bank continues with this commitment, and communicates its policy stance to
the market as and when necessary.
The yen has been appreciating since around the time of the G-7 meeting last month. It appears that
such movement has been affected partly by misinterpretations by market participants regarding the
G7 statement. There is no change in the view held by the finance ministers and central bank governors
of the G-7 countries that exchange rates should move in a stable manner reflecting economic
fundamentals, and that the G-7 countries will cooperate as appropriate if there is excessive short-term
volatility in the foreign exchange market.
It is extremely important for the recovery of Japan's economy that the yen moves in a stable manner.
The Bank will continue to closely monitor the exchange rate and its effect on the economy as well as
long-term interest rates and stock prices.
II. Conduct of Monetary Policy
The Bank has been striving, and will continue to strive, to maintain financial market stability and
ensure economic recovery by flexibly providing ample liquidity under the quantitative easing
framework.
It is also important to strengthen the transmission mechanism of monetary policy so that the effect of
monetary easing permeates through the economy. In this regard, the Bank has recently started the
outright purchase of asset-backed securities (ABSs) and has been preparing the acceptance of
syndicated loans as collateral in its monetary operations.
Although it is unprecedented for the central bank to purchase ABSs in that it directly accepts the credit
risk pertaining to private-sector debt, the Bank decided on this measure so that the effects of monetary
easing would permeate through the economy. It will continue to support, in cooperation with market
participants, the development of the ABS market, which has large potential to become a new channel
of financial intermediation.
The syndicated loan market has been expanding steadily in Japan. We hope that, prompted in part by
the acceptance of such loans by the Bank as collateral, the market will expand further, and will
contribute to facilitating corporate finance.
III. Revitalization of the Corporate Sector and Regional Economies
For the sustainable recovery of Japan's economy, a self-sustained growth mechanism-whereby
revitalization of the corporate sector increases the income and consumption of the household sector,
which in turn leads to further revitalization of the corporate sector-must operate in the economy.
In this regard, companies must enhance their competitiveness by creating high-value-added goods
and services under the global competition.
This viewpoint is equally important in the development of regional economies. We should recognize
that there is a limit to the conventional approach such as public works spending in developing regional
economies. Companies in regional economies must also enhance their ability to create
high-valueadded goods and services from a global viewpoint.
In this regard, let me offer two observations.
First, we should view the expansion of other Asian economies, including China, favorably as a new
market opening, not as a threat.
Second, there exists large potential demand for medical care and welfare services as well as
environment-related business, given the aging population and the growing importance of
environmental issues.
IV. Financial System
Although the Japanese financial system still faces many difficult problems, we are beginning to see the
result of the efforts to date toward overcoming the nonperforming-loan (NPL) problem and restoring
the soundness of the financial system. Let me mention four points in this regard.
First, adequate provisioning and write-offs based on appropriate assessment of the economic value of
NPLs are extremely important in maintaining the financial soundness of banks. In the financial results
of all banks for fiscal 2002, substantial losses were posted for the second consecutive year. While this
underlines the severe predicament of the financial system, it also illustrates the result of the efforts, by
major banks in particular, to reduce their NPLs and strengthen their provisioning.
Second, it has become commonly recognized that corporate revitalization is an integral part of dealing
with the NPL problem. For example, the Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan (IRCJ), which
began operations in May this year, has decided to work on six companies to date through the
purchase of their debt from non-main banks. Since the debt purchase by the IRCJ will be terminated at
the end of March 2005, we hope that the IRCJ will be used actively for the remaining rather short
operating period. It is vital for the management of both companies and banks to become aware of the
urgency of corporate revitalization through the effective dialogue, and act with speed and
decisiveness.
Third, it is desirable to reduce the risk associated with stock price fluctuations in banks' shareholdings
for financial system stability. At the same time, unwinding cross-shareholdings is also desirable from
the viewpoint of strengthening corporate governance. Considerable progress has been made in
reducing banks' exposure to stock price fluctuation risk. So far, the Bank has purchased a total of
some 1.8 trillion yen worth of shares from banks. It recently decided to extend the purchase period for
an additional year since some banks' shareholdings still exceed their core capital, and there is
demand for this stock purchase operation.
Lastly, banks should strengthen their profitability. The ultimate purpose of restoring the soundness of
the financial system is to enable banks to fully perform their financial intermediation function, thereby
providing support for sustainable growth. To this end, banks need adequate profitability and sufficient
capital bases. The management of banks must select and concentrate various resources in key
strategic areas. In this process, it should be kept in mind that banking is a service industry and banks
should pay close attention to the needs of customers. We are beginning to see some movements
toward this direction, and we hope that they will prevail.
Before closing, let me briefly touch on the outlook for the financial system. The removal of the full
protection of deposits in settlement accounts, scheduled in April 2005, should not be perceived simply
as a change in the type of coverage of deposit insurance. It should be regarded as the termination of
special protection that has been provided as a temporary buffer to avoid potential confusion. It should
be recognized as a turning point for the reform of banks' management, which is free from the
protection of the government. In this regard, banks must have clear business strategies for
strengthening their profitability.
At the same time, banks must have capital bases that are sufficient relative to the risks associated with
their new business model. If banks find their capital bases insufficient, they need to take measures to
boost their capital. Given the limited time remaining until the removal of blanket deposit insurance, I
think it is desirable to establish a new framework for injecting public funds into banks as the "last
instance of public support" in the event that they cannot raise sufficient capital in the market. The
establishment of such a framework will facilitate the process of restoring the soundness and effective
functioning of the financial system.