Mario Draghi: Fact-finding preliminary to the examination of the budget
documents for the period 2008-10
Testimony of Mr Mario Draghi, Governor of the Bank of Italy, at the Joint Session of the Fifth
Committees of the Italian Senate and Chamber of Deputies, Rome, 10 October 2007.
* * *
The public finances have steadily improved since 2006 as a result of a sharp increase in tax
revenue, attributable in part to progress in reducing tax evasion and avoidance. The ratio of
taxes and social security contributions to GDP will be two percentage points higher in 2007
than in 2005. It will remain stable in 2008 at a relatively high level by international standards.
During 2007 the unexpected revenue has mostly been used to fund increased spending.
Similar choices have been made for the 2008 budget, which increases the deficit in relation
to that on a current legislation basis. The progress in reducing the budget imbalances is
modest. The measures needed to balance the budget are put off to the three-year period
2009-11.
In the two years 2007-08 the ratio of primary current expenditure to GDP will remain constant
at the highest levels recorded in recent decades.
The key issue for the public finances in Italy is curbing primary current expenditure. A public
spending review, budget reform, and strengthening the mechanisms for making local
authorities accountable are important ways of improving the use of resources in the public
sector. Studies by the Ministry for the Economy and Finance show that there is ample scope
for making savings without compromising the achievement of the main policy objectives.
The progress made in fighting tax evasion and avoidance means that the levy can be
redistributed in a fairer and less distortionary way. It is important that social policy be
carefully aimed at achieving objectives of fairness. Funded by reductions in expenditure,
vigorous action to reduce the burden of taxes and social security contributions on labour and
firms would boost the potential growth rate of the economy.
1. The public finances
Between 1997 and 2005 the general government primary surplus fell from 6.6 to 0.3 per cent
of GDP. In 2005 net borrowing amounted to 4.2 per cent of GDP and the debt ratio began to
rise again.
Excluding one-off measures, in the three years 2003-05 net borrowing and the borrowing
requirement were about 5 per cent and above 6 per cent of GDP respectively.
The increase in the imbalances was influenced by the gap between the strong growth in
current expenditure net of interest payments and the modest increase in GDP.
In 2006 the accounts improved significantly. Excluding the extraordinary charges deriving
from the cancellation of State Railways debt towards the State and from a European Court of
Justice decision on VAT (which together cost nearly 2 percentage points of GDP), net
borrowing fell to 2.5 per cent of GDP.
Excluding the effects of the economic cycle and a broader set of one-off measures, net
borrowing fell by 1.5 percentage points to about 3 per cent of GDP.
The improvement in the accounts was due to a significant increase in revenue. Taxes and
social security contributions rose from 40.6 to 42.3 per cent of GDP. Despite the fairly strong
growth in output, the ratio of primary current expenditure to GDP remained basically
constant.
In 2006 expenditure (net of the extraordinary charges referred to above) and revenue
increased by €25.6 billion and €48.5 billion respectively and the deficit was reduced by €23
billion.
In 2006 the ratio of debt to GDP rose further, to 106.8 per cent.
The improvement in the accounts has continued in 2007. As in 2006, tax revenue forecasts
have been increased several times.
In September 2006 the Forecasting and Planning Report estimated net borrowing in 2007
would be 2.8 per cent of GDP.
In March, the Combined Report on the Economy and Public Finances projected net
borrowing on a current legislation basis at 2.3 per cent of GDP.
At the end of June, the Economic and Financial Planning Document lowered the projection to
2.1 per cent, mainly as a result of a further upward revision of revenue. At the same time
measures were adopted entailing additional expenditure amounting to 0.4 percentage points
of GDP; net borrowing for 2007 was therefore estimated at 2.5 per cent.
Decree Law 81 of 2 July 2007 provides for an increase in outlays of €5.6 billion in 2007 (a
further €0.8 billion comes from the simultaneous revision of the budget) and of €1.6 billion in
each of the two following years. Most of the provisions (€2.5 billion) consist in supplementary
appropriations or attenuate spending constraints on central government departments. A
further €0.9 billion is allocated to finance an increase in low pensions. Resources are made
available to modernize the ordinary road and railway network (€0.5 billion and €0.7 billion
respectively), for current transfers to public enterprises (€0.3 billion, of which two thirds to the
State Railways) and for international peace-keeping missions and humanitarian aid (€0.3
billion). Finally, €0.2 billion is made available for short-term substitution of school personnel
and around €0.3 billion for changes to the domestic stability pact.
Additional provisions inserted when the decree was ratified have no final effect on net
borrowing. The amendments that increase the deficit (the easing of the constraints imposed
by the domestic stability pact, the extension of the IRAP relief on labour costs to banks,
financial companies and insurance companies, and the attenuation of the rules on sector
studies) are offset by new tax measures (changes in the deductibility of expenses for
company cars) and by a reduction in current and capital spending.
At the end of September, the Forecasting and Planning Report further updated the
projections for the public finances on a current legislation basis: revenue was revised
upwards by more than €6 billion, while expenditure was reduced by nearly €3 billion.
A decree law approved together with the Forecasting and Planning Report allocated the
improvement largely to finance a one-off measure for persons with low incomes who are
unable to exploit all the income tax reliefs (€1.9 billion, accounted for in the official estimate
as a reduction in revenue) and a net increase in expenditure of €5.4 billion.
The technical note appended to Decree Law 159 of 1 October 2007 estimates that the
measure entails an expenditure increase of €5.9 billion - most of which for the advance
payment of charges pertaining to 2008 - and expenditure savings of €0.5 billion. The
additional current expenditure amounts to €2.1 billion, excluding the indirect effects on
revenue, and the additional capital expenditure to €3.8 billion. The decree's effects in
subsequent years will be negligible. Measures to support the weakest households include
the start of a public housing construction programme (€0.6 billion), which will also be used for
the modernization of existing dwellings. A further €0.1 billion is allocated for the purchase of
property to be leased for social housing. Additional resources are granted for the 2006-07
public employment labour contracts; adjusted for the indirect impact on revenue, the
measure will cost around €0.5 billion. Some current transfers to the State Railways (€1.0
billion) and the National Road Agency (€0.2 billion) are also brought forward. A further €1.5
billion is allocated for other capital expenditure, mainly on the metropolitan transport systems
of Rome, Naples and Milan (€0.8 billion) and for the MOSE barrier project and other
measures to safeguard Venice (€0.2 billion). Finally, expenditure of €0.9 billion is brought
forward for development cooperation and assistance, of which €0.4 billion on capital account.
A one-off payment of €150 is to be made to taxpayers whose net personal income tax liability
for 2006 was nil, plus an additional €150 for each dependent (€1.9 billion).
The Report now estimates general government net borrowing for 2007 at 2.4 per cent of
GDP.
With respect to the forecasts made in the autumn of 2006, which put net borrowing at 2.8 per
cent, revenue has been revised upwards by a total of €16.4 billion (1.1 per cent of GDP);
excluding the measure in favour of persons with low incomes who are unable to exploit all
the income tax reliefs, the increase amounts to €18.3 billion. The estimate for expenditure
has been raised by €10.7 billion (0.7 per cent of GDP) mainly as a result of the measures
passed in June and September (€11.8 billion).
Over half of the revision to the estimate for revenue (€9.3 billion) was made in March 2007
on the basis of the 2006 outturn for receipts. The subsequent revisions have mainly involved
direct taxes (€6.4 billion, excluding the effects of the measure in favour of persons with low
incomes who are unable to exploit all the income tax reliefs), in connection with the sharp
increase in receipts of self-assessed taxes in the four months from June to September
compared with the same period of 2006 (31.1 per cent).
According to the official estimates, without the above provisions net borrowing in 2007 would
be close to 1.5 per cent of GDP.
The Report estimates that the ratio of revenue to GDP in 2007 will be 0.6 percentage points
higher than in 2006. This increase is largely ascribable to self-assessed taxes paid by
enterprises and social security contributions, which include allocations to severance pay
provisions.
Compared with 2006, the ratio of primary current expenditure to GDP declines by 0.1
percentage points, to 39.8 per cent. This estimate does not include the cost of the measure
in favour of persons with low incomes who are unable to exploit all the income tax reliefs,
which, as mentioned earlier, is accounted for as a reduction in revenue. Using the consumer
price index as a deflator, expenditure in real terms increases by 2.5 per cent, broadly in line
with the average for the last ten years (2.3 per cent).
The estimates given in the Forecasting and Planning Report show capital expenditure
increasing by 12.6 per cent and its ratio to GDP by 0.3 percentage points (excluding for 2006
the extraordinary expenditure connected with the decision on VAT and the cancellation of the
debts of the State Railways). The measures passed in the second half of the year to increase
and anticipate expenditure, of which more than €5 billion on capital account, should reverse
the decline recorded in the first half of the year (-4.1 per cent, according to Istat).
The Report estimates that the ratio of public debt to GDP will fall from 106.8 to 105 per cent.
The information currently available on the performance of the public accounts basically
confirms the estimates contained in the Report.
In the first nine months of the year State budget tax revenue grew by 6.4 per cent. In the first
seven months the general government borrowing requirement, net of privatization receipts,
was €25.8 billion, almost €15 billion less than a year earlier. Its ratio to GDP in 2007 is the
lowest of the last ten years.
The increase in tax revenue has been driven by receipts from self-assessed taxes, which
reflect the upturn in economic activity in 2006, the measures taken to counter evasion and
avoidance, and the provisions broadening the tax base to offset the effects of the European
Court's 2006 decision on VAT. Overall revenue from other taxes has also grown faster than
GDP: excluding one-off taxes (receipts from which are down from €5.6 billion to €1.2 billion)
and receipts from self-assessed taxes, State budget receipts grew by 5.3 per cent in the first
nine months of the year.
As in 2006, VAT receipts have increased faster than consumption, reflecting the shift in the
composition of demand towards goods taxed at a higher rate while consumption of food
products has declined, there has been a significant rise in purchases of durables and the
measures taken to reduce the scope of tax evasion and avoidance. Revenue from the
withholding taxes on income from financial assets has reflected the strong performance of
share prices in 2006 and the rise in interest rates. The rapid growth in social security
contributions has been influenced both by payments connected with the transfer to INPS of
the portions of workers' severance pay accrued during the year and by the increase in some
contribution rates introduced with the Finance Law for 2007.
In the first seven months of the year general government debt rose by €44.9 billion. The main
contributory factors were: the overall borrowing requirement (€22.3 billion), curbed by the
reduction in the share capital of SACE, which led to €3.5 billion in revenue for the Treasury;
the increase, of a seasonal nature, in the assets held by the Treasury with the Bank of Italy
(€18.7 billion); and the issue of securities at a discount (€4.1 billion). In the two-month period
from August to September the above-mentioned assets fell by about €9 billion, slowing the
rise in the debt by an equivalent extent. In the last quarter they are likely to fall further; at the
end of September they exceeded €32 billion.
2. Forecasts on a current legislation basis and objectives for 2008 and the
following years
The update of the Economic and Financial Planning Document, presented at the end of
September, contained improved public finance forecasts on a current legislation basis for the
years 2008-11.
Net borrowing on a current legislation basis in 2008 is estimated at 1.8 per cent of GDP,
compared with an estimate of 2.2 per cent last June and 2.9 per cent in last year's
Forecasting and Planning Report. However, the objective of 2.2 per cent for net borrowing
indicated in the Report is confirmed.
Compared with 2007, the planning scenario shows the ratio of tax and social security
receipts to GDP unchanged at 43 per cent. Primary current expenditure increases by 0.2
percentage points, to 40 per cent, equal to the peak reached in 2005. Capital expenditure is
expected to fall by 0.4 percentage points.
The targets for net borrowing indicated in last June's Economic and Financial Planning
Document for the years 2009-11 are substantially confirmed, even though the estimates on a
current legislation basis improve by 0.3 percentage points each year. A balanced budget is
expected to be achieved in 2011, the last year of the current legislature; the primary surplus
should reach 4.9 per cent of GDP. The public debt should fall below GDP in 2010.
In the planning scenario of the update of the Economic and Financial Planning Document the
budget balance adjusted to take account of the economic cycle and one-off measures
improves by 0.2 percentage points of GDP in 2008 and by about 0.7 points in each year of
the three subsequent years, going from structural net borrowing of 2.1 per cent of GDP in
2008 to close to balance in 2011.
In the official estimates the achievement of these objectives will require yearly interventions
to curb net borrowing from 2009-11 of the order of 0.4 percentage points of GDP. This
estimate is based on projections on a current legislation basis and therefore excludes some
outlays that, while forecast, require the formal adoption of legislative measures (in particular,
expenditure for the renewal of public employment contracts, service contracts and contracts
for public works). To finance this additional expenditure, the corrective measures will have to
be significantly greater than those indicated.
3. The budget for 2008
The budget includes several related provisions that the Government intends to present over
the coming weeks. These regard the implementation of the Social Security, Labour and
Competitiveness Agreement signed by the Government and the two sides of industry in July,
government rationalization measures, and social, family, health, infrastructure and
environmental policies.
Overall, the budget increases net borrowing in 2008 by €6.5 billion (0.4 percentage points of
GDP). It raises resources amounting to €5.4 billion and increases expenditure and introduces
tax reliefs amounting to almost €12 billion.
Beginning this year, the analysis of the budget measures and documents has been made
easier by their organization according to missions and programmes recently introduced for
the State budget.
3.1 Expenditure
The budget increases public expenditure by €3.9 billion.
An expected €4.7 billion in savings is offset by an increase of almost €8.7 billion in
expenditure, two thirds of which is current expenditure.
The increases in current expenditure principally regard public-sector employment (€2.2
billion) and allocations for the July agreement (€1.3 billion).
The resources for public employment serve almost entirely for the renewal of the 2006-07
national contract; together with what was allocated by previous Finance Laws and by the
decree law of 1 October, they guarantee an increase in earnings equal to 4.85 per cent
beginning in February 2007, as agreed in the spring with the trade unions. Regarding the
2008-09 contract, it should be noted that the accounts on a current legislation basis include:
€0.7 billion for an indemnity in 2008 for late signing of the new contract. Other increases in
current expenditure regard the ministries (€1 billion), the armed forces (€0.3 billion) and
social policies (€0.2 billion).
For the first time since 1999, the rules of the domestic stability pact remain substantially
unchanged; this contributes to the stability of the legislation and accordingly to its
effectiveness. The structure of the pact outlined in the 2007 Finance Law, centred on local
government monitoring of balances rather than expenditure, is confirmed. The new structure
requires that local entities have significant margins of financial autonomy.
Several new provisions, with costs amounting to €0.3 billion, are introduced to resolve
problems that emerged in the first year of applying the new rules for local authorities. The
objectives set for those that on average recorded a budget surplus in the three years
200305 have been made less demanding; the administrative surplus can be used to finance
investment expenses. An adjustment is introduced for the authorities that recorded
extraordinary one-off revenue in the period 2003-05, making the objective (calculated on the
basis of the results in the same period) less stringent.
In the health sector several regions will be granted a thirty-year central government advance
of €9.1 billion, to help implement the plans agreed with the Government to eliminate their
deficits. While having significant effects on the borrowing requirement and on the debt in
view of its financial nature, the measure does not affect net borrowing.
Under this transaction the regions' liabilities will be replaced by government debts (needed to
finance the advance granted to the regions). The impact on the borrowing requirement and
on the public debt will not be null (it is officially estimated at €3.2 billion) since about one third
of the debts to be repaid are of a commercial nature and accordingly are not included in the
public debt.
The increases in capital expenditure (€2.5 billion) are mainly for ministries and the
refinancing of measures to support the economy (€1.2 billion), territorial protection, local
transport and infrastructure.
More than half of the expenditure savings (€4.7 billion) are on capital account; those on
current expenditure (€1.8 billion) are mainly due to a reduction in intermediate consumption.
In detail, savings are expected from the shortening from 7 to 3 years of the time limit before
extinction of expenditure arrears (€1.6 billion), from ceilings on extraordinary maintenance
expenditure for public buildings (€0.5 billion) and from the requirement that social security
institutions' real-estate investments consist exclusively in units of real estate investment
funds or shareholdings in real-estate firms (€0.4 billion). Capital grants for business
investment are reduced by €0.1 billion.
The reduction in the intermediate consumption of central government departments (€0.8
billion) derives from the introduction of expenditure ceilings on ordinary maintenance of
public buildings and on rentals (€0.3 billion) and from the rationalization of procurement of
goods and services (€0.5 billion). Parameters are introduced to permit more effective
management control by the single departments, and the use of a central purchasing system
is encouraged.
Measures to improve public spending and reorganize general government are expected to
yield savings of €0.4 billion. Reorganization will involve military justice, local government and
mountain communities. Rules are introduced to speed up the computerization of
government.
The provisions setting limits on the utilization of some types of tax credit will reduce outlays
by €0.3 billion.
3.2 Revenue
The budget measures are expected to reduce tax revenue by €2.6 billion, providing for €3.3
billion in tax reliefs and €0.7 billion in tax increases.
Tax relief of €2.8 billion is granted to households, mainly in relation to first homes (€2.5
billion), and the structure of taxes on companies is modified.
Households will get relief on the municipal property tax (ICI) and income tax relief mainly in
connection with house rental.
For persons with annual income of €50,000 or less, there is a reduction in the tax on first
houses of up to €200, or 1.33 per mille of the tax base, over and above the basic reduction
provided for by the central government and others enacted by each municipality. The cost of
this measure (€0.8 billion) is charged to the central government, as the revenue loss to
municipalities will be made good by central government transfers.
In addition, tenants with a registered lease for their first house are allowed a personal income
tax credit of €300 if total income does not exceed €15,493.71 and €150 if it is between that
figure and €30,987.41. There is an alternative tax credit for young people aged 20 to 30 for
the first three years of a registered lease for their first house. The amount is €991.60 for
incomes up to €15,493.71 and €495.80 for incomes between that amount and €30,987.41.
Persons with incomes so low as not to be taxable will receive an amount equal to the portion
of the tax credit they are unable to benefit from; the procedures have yet to be determined.
Overall these measures will entail a revenue loss of €1.3 billion.
It is provided (at a cost of €0.4 billion) that the imputed income from first houses will no
longer count in calculating tax credits for dependents and for labour income, and also that
taxpayers with only income from real estate up to €500 will be exempt from income tax.
Some other tax reliefs for households are extended, at a total cost of €0.3 billion. Income tax
credits for housing renovation expenses are extended to the years 2008-10 (retaining the
€48,000 ceiling and the 10 per cent VAT rate). So are the incentives for upgrading the
energy-efficiency of buildings (retaining the 55 per cent tax credit and the ceilings already in
place, which vary with the type of work performed).
Taxes on companies are reorganized on a large scale, with essentially no net impact on the
public finances. The measures involve significant simplification.
Tax rates are lowered. The rate of corporate income tax (Ires) is reduced from 33 to 27.5 per
cent and that of the regional tax on productive activities (IRAP) from 4.25 to 3.9 per cent.
Nevertheless, the overall rate of taxation remains higher than in many EU countries,
including Germany and the United Kingdom.
However, the lowering of the rates will be essentially offset, when the new system is fully in
place, by the broadening of the tax bases and by the limits to the use of reliefs granted via
tax credits.
The Ires tax base is broadened mainly by setting a new limit to the deductibility of interest
expenses and abolishing accelerated depreciation. There will be redistributive effects among
firms, generally to the benefit of the less heavily indebted. Also, a more favourable treatment
for corporate reorganizations is reinstituted.
To broaden the corporate income tax base, the treatment of consolidated reporting is also
revised. The portion of capital gains enjoying the participation exemption is raised to 95 per
cent, as for dividends; this measure tends to shrink the tax base. Consistently with the new
treatment of interest expense, the rules on thin capitalization and the pro rata capital tax are
abolished, simplifying the system.
The tax base for IRAP can now be drawn directly from the company's income statement
without the adjustments required for business income, independently of the rules followed in
drawing up the accounts (Italian Civil Code or international accounting standards). This
produces not only a simplification of formalities but also greater certainty for firms, by
reducing the scope for possible disputes.
The restructuring of IRAP is accompanied by the diminution of some tax credits (those for
small enterprises and the fixed-amount credit in connection with labour costs); and as for
Ires, accelerated depreciation is no longer allowed. For banks and insurance companies the
tax base will include 50 per cent of dividends.
Sole proprietorships and partnerships will be able to opt, in place of personal income tax, for
separate taxation of retained earnings, at the same rate as corporate income tax.
For self-employed workers and small enterprises with revenues of less than €30,000 a
substitute tax regime is introduced with a tax rate of 20 per cent, exemption from VAT and
IRAP, and documentation and accounting simplifications.
In addition to the revenue requirement, eligibility for this regime also requires that the
taxpayer not have made export sales, not have had any employees during the year, and not
have purchased capital goods worth more than €15,000 in the last three years.
At present self-employed workers and small enterprises can opt for one of four different,
favourable tax regimes, if they comply with a specific set of requirements (involving amount
of revenues, start-up of new business, inclusion within sector studies). Of these regimes, the
only one that will remain is that for persons who start up new professional or business
activities, and only for the tax year in which the business is started up and the following two.
Finally, some sectoral tax reliefs are extended to 2008, reducing estimated revenue by €0.7
billion.
4. Some evaluations
The Government has said on more than one occasion that the crucial challenge of Italy's
public finances consists in simultaneously bringing down the debt ratio and reducing the
fiscal burden on honest taxpayers. To achieve these objectives it is necessary to curb
primary current expenditure, which in the past few years has grown at a real rate of between
2 and 2.5 per cent a year, and to "spend better" by improving the effectiveness and efficiency
of public-sector operations.
Recent fiscal policy decisions do not brake the growth in expenditure. The unexpected
additional revenue that has come in this year has gone largely to increasing expenditure. For
2008, the budget will result in a net increase in expenditure of almost €4 billion with respect
to the projection on a current legislation basis. This estimate includes the expected effects of
an effort to rationalize outlays. However, the spending cuts planned in recent years have not
always been carried out in full. Moreover, the recent agreements on pensions will have a
significant amplifying impact on expenditure in the medium term.
Partly as a consequence of these fiscal policy decisions, the Government's estimates show
primary current expenditure growing by 4.3 per cent both this year and next. In real terms,
the increases are close to those registered in the last ten years.
These developments are difficult to square with the medium-term objectives set out in the
update of the Planning Document. According to this document's macroeconomic scenario, in
order to achieve budget balance in 2011 without increasing taxes or cutting back investment
with respect to the levels planned for 2008, the ratio of primary current expenditure to GDP
needs to fall by more than 2 percentage points in the three years 2009-11; expenditure would
have to decrease slightly in real terms.
If it were also intended to bring revenue as a percentage of GDP back down to the 2005 level
(44.4 per cent), the ratio of primary current expenditure to GDP would have to fall by more
than 4 percentage points in 2009-11, with expenditure contracting in real terms by more than
2 per cent per year.
As the "Green Paper" prepared by the Advisory Committee for the Public Finances observes,
there is ample scope for achieving savings in all the main expenditure items by reorganizing
departments, reviewing priorities, assigning duties more precisely and establishing clear
criteria for the evaluation of results.
The budget reform and the start of the spending review, implemented at some ministries
(Justice, Infrastructure, Interior, Education and Transport), go in the direction of improving
the quality of public spending and curbing its level in the medium term. Added to them are
the revision of the classification of the State budget, the action begun last year in the health
care sector and the proposals for the universities and for the school system.
Entrenched practices, the multiplicity of actors, and the inevitable complexity of the rules
mean that expenditure reform is a long-term endeavour. However, it is important to achieve
results in the short term too.
The projected reduction of net borrowing in the two years 2007-08 is slow-paced. Forecast
net borrowing this year (2.4 per cent of GDP) is barely lower than last year's figure (2.5 per
cent excluding the extraordinary charges for high-speed rail infrastructure and for the
decision on VAT). For 2008 the Government confirms the objective of 2.2 per cent, which
had been fixed assuming much less favourable developments in the public finances.
Excluding the contributions received in respect of employees' severance pay, which will have
to be returned to workers, net borrowing would be significantly higher in both years.
According to the Government's estimates, net borrowing will decrease by 0.5 percentage
points of GDP in 2007, excluding cyclical effects and one-off measures. The improvement
would be smaller if the contributions in respect of employees' severance pay were included
among one-off measures. A further improvement of 0.2 points is planned for 2008.
The experience of the years 2000-01 suggests it would have been advisable to exploit the
positive cyclical phases in order to reduce net borrowing. The decision again to postpone
action on the expenditure side increases the budget adjustments needed to achieve a
balanced budget in 2011. And there is the risk that cyclical conditions in the future could
make the adjustment put off today even more complicated.
The jump in revenue is due in part to factors that may not be repeated in the coming years.
Revenue has exceeded the forecasts not only in Italy but in other countries too. In some of
them, the extra revenue has gone above all to reducing the budget deficit. In Germany it has
been used to achieve a budget position that is broadly in balance as early as this year, with a
small surplus planned for 2008, while as recently as 2005 net borrowing exceeded 3 per cent
of GDP. Furthermore, as part of the reform of the federal structure, the German government
has proposed adopting budgetary rules aimed at ensuring budget balance over the entire
economic cycle.
The official forecasts indicate that in 2008 the ratio of tax and social security receipts to GDP
will remain at the same high level of 2007.
The taxation of households will be affected above all by the new tax breaks for the taxpayer's
home, largely offset by the automatic increase in taxation due to fiscal drag.
Personal income tax (Irpef) has a highly progressive structure that, in the presence of
inflation, results every year in households' tax liability increasing more than their taxable
income. A periodic evaluation of the effects of fiscal drag would help to increase the
transparency of fiscal policies.
The taxation of firms will undergo a series of changes that will ultimately tend to
counterbalance each other. Some measures involve an appreciable simplification of
formalities and an improvement from the standpoint of the certainty of tax rules.
The proposal for the municipal property tax (ICI), a tax that is relatively non-distortionary for
economic activity, does not appear to be consistent with the objective, confirmed with the
draft enabling law presented in August, of strengthening the t