Lucas Papademos: Financial integration in Europe - March 2007
Introductory remarks by Mr Lucas Papademos, Vice President of the European Central Bank, at the
ECB press conference on the occasion of the first publication of the report, Frankfurt am Main,
28 March 2007.
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I. Introduction
On behalf of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank (ECB), I would like to welcome you to
this press conference on the occasion of the publication by the ECB of a new yearly report, entitled
"Financial Integration in Europe".
The main purpose of this report, which we expect to publish towards the end of March every year, is to
contribute towards the advancement of European financial integration and to raise public awareness
of the Eurosystem's role in supporting the financial integration process.
Before I focus on the content of the report, let me first explain why we decided to regularly prepare and
publish this report.
The Eurosystem has a keen interest in the integration and the efficient functioning of the financial
system in Europe, particularly in the euro area, given their relevance to the fulfilment of our core tasks.
In particular, financial integration is of key importance for the conduct of the single monetary policy, as
a well-integrated financial system enhances the smooth and effective transmission of monetary policy
impulses throughout the euro area. Furthermore, financial integration is highly relevant to the
Eurosystem's task of contributing to safeguarding financial stability. It is also fundamental to the
Eurosystem's task of promoting the smooth operation of payment systems which also relate to the
safe and efficient functioning of securities clearing and settlement systems. Finally, in accordance with
the Treaty establishing the European Community, the Eurosystem supports, when this can be done
without prejudice to the objective of price stability, the general economic policies of the Community
which aim, inter alia, at "sustainable and non-inflationary growth". Financial integration, which
increases the efficiency and fosters the development of the financial system, helps to raise the
economy's potential for stronger non-inflationary economic growth.
The ECB and the entire Eurosystem fully support the efforts of the private sector as well as those of
the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers to enhance the
integration and development of the European financial system.
In this respect, let me emphasise that in the area of financial integration the ECB works in very close
and effective co-operation with the European Commission which has a primary responsibility in this
field. As such, the new ECB report complements, the work of the Commission aimed at enhancing
European financial integration.
II. Summary of the content of the report
Let me now turn to the content of the report and draw your attention to some of the principal findings.
Our report is structured into three chapters. The first sets out the ECB's assessment of "The state of
financial integration in the euro area". This assessment is based on a set of quantitative indicators
developed by the ECB.1 The second chapter, entitled "Special Features", contains in-depth analyses
of selected issues relating to financial integration. The third chapter, "Eurosystem activities for financial
integration" provides, an overview of the contribution of the Eurosystem towards a more integrated and
developed financial market in Europe.
II.1 Indicators in the state of financial integration
The ECB's assessment of the state of financial integration in the euro area covers the money, bond,
equity and banking markets, as well as market infrastructures. The evidence confirms that the degree
of integration varies by the market segment and that it is generally more advanced in those market
segments that are closer to the single monetary policy, especially the money market. The unsecured
money market has been fully integrated since the introduction of the euro, and the repo market is also
highly integrated. The full integration of the large-value payment systems has been instrumental in
achieving this result. Government bond markets have become considerably integrated and similarly
the corporate bond market received a major boost with the introduction of the euro and has
subsequently achieved a high degree of integration.
Progress has also been made in the integration of euro area equity markets, where equity returns are
increasingly determined by factors that are common to the euro area countries rather than
countryspecific ones.
However, in other areas, financial integration needs to be enhanced. For example, the euro area
securities infrastructure that underpins both bond and equity markets is not yet sufficiently integrated.
Similarly, retail banking markets continue to be less integrated than other banking market segments.
This situation is also reflected in the fragmented European retail payment systems and is addressed in
more detail in one of the special features.
II.2 Special features
The second chapter, "Special Features", comprises in-depth assessments of selected issues relating
to financial integration. In each edition of the report, these special features will typically address major
policy issues, but may also contain analytical articles on the subject of financial integration. The topics
are mainly selected on the basis of their importance to the EU's financial integration agenda and their
relevance to the pursuit of the ECB's tasks.
This first report covers the following three topics: "Monetary Policy and financial integration",
"Strengthening the EU framework for cross-border banks", and "The SEPA initiative and its
implications for financial integration".
"Monetary policy and financial
The first special feature, integration", focuses on the impact of financial
integration on the monetary policy transmission mechanism.
Deeper integration broadens the range of financing sources and investment opportunities and it
creates economies of scale. It allows economic agents to share risks more effectively, thus improving
their ability to mitigate or even offset the consequences of idiosyncratic shocks that might affect the
individual economies within the euro area. A well integrated financial system is, therefore, crucial for
the conduct of the single monetary policy, as it enhances the smooth and effective transmission of
monetary policy impulses throughout the euro area.
For example, in a well-integrated financial sector, cross-country differences in the way banks adjust
their interest rates to changes in policy rates should be very limited. Indeed, thanks to increased
financial integration, such differences have diminished over time, and this has contributed to the fact
that the transmission mechanism operates in a broadly similar way across euro area countries.
However, some discrepancies in the interest rate pass-through across countries seem to persist,
which may reflect, in addition to the different structures of financial institutions and markets, a lack of
sufficient financial integration.
Similarly, the level and the type of indebtedness of households and non-financial corporations both
play a role in the transmission of monetary policy. Our analysis shows that some of the differences
across countries could be related to the degree of integration and development of the respective
financial systems. It should be emphasised, however, that the significant changes that have occurred
in the financial sector since the start of Monetary Union have increased the choice of financial
products and available finance, generating tangible benefits for households and non-financial
enterprises.
Overall, we can conclude that the process of financial market integration that is underway, while not
yet complete, is conducive to the smooth transmission of monetary policy across the euro area.
Nevertheless, greater financial market integration could eliminate some of the remaining differences
and therefore facilitate further the transmission of the single monetary policy within the euro area.
The second special feature, "Strengthening the EU framework for cross-border banks", focuses on the
importance of cross-border banking in fostering integration in the banking sector. While cross-border
banking is first and foremost a market-driven process, the public sector can play an significant role by
providing a policy framework that is adequate to support cross-border activities. This special feature
provides an overview of recent developments in cross-border banking in the euro area and reviews the
related EU policy framework.
A number of indicators point to an increased degree of cross-border banking activities in the euro
area, such as the growing cross-border share in the financial holdings of banks, the increasing
crossborder mergers & acquisitions, and the rising market share of major cross-border banking groups.
In this context, it is also important that the EU policy framework ensures equal market access and
supports the efficient operation of banks across countries.
Various prudential, legal and fiscal measures to strengthen the EU framework for cross-border
banking have already been adopted or are currently under preparation. The special feature briefly
reviews these measures and provides an overview of the efforts to enhance convergence and
cooperation in the supervision of cross-border banks. According to our assessment the EU
supervisory arrangements have already been substantially enhanced by two significant measures: the
introduction of the Lamfalussy approach in the banking sector and the adoption of the revised
regulatory framework for home-host country interaction under the Capital Requirements Directive.
Additionally, several initiatives are underway to ensure that the benefits of this improved institutional
setting can be fully reaped and various EU fora monitor the progress made in this field. At the same
time, some discussion has emerged on whether or not it may be beneficial to move over time towards
more integrated supervisory arrangements.
Our analysis concludes that the findings of the broad-based review of the EU supervisory framework
by the end of this year will permit the evaluation of the overall functioning of the institutional
arrangements and an assessment of whether there is a need for further action.
The third special feature, "The Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) and its implications for financial
integration", considers the European banking industry's initiative to enhance the integration of retail
payment systems in Europe. The Eurosystem supports this initiative and acts as a catalyst. The
introduction of a single retail payment system is the natural complement to the introduction of the euro
banknotes and coins and it is a necessary step towards the further integration of the retail payment
market.
The aim of the SEPA project is to enable customers to make more efficient cashless payments
throughout the euro area from a single account, irrespective of their location. SEPA will, in particular,
define the technical standards and access conditions to the market. By creating a level playing-field,
SEPA will ensure that participants are treated equally.
This special feature concludes that, while the banking industry has made substantial progress towards
a more integrated retail payment market, committing itself to introducing SEPA instruments and
procedures from January 2008 and to migrating a critical mass of its customer payments by end-2010,
some issues, such as transparency and interoperability, still need to be finalised.
II.3 Eurosystem activities for financial integration
The report's third chapter, "Eurosystem activities for financial integration", provides an overview of the
main Eurosystem activities in 2006. This chapter shows that the ECB and the whole Eurosystem
contribute in a number of ways to financial integration and development, building on their expertise
and special nature as public institutions which are both active in the market and have intense
relationships with market participants.
We generally distinguish four activities in this contribution: (i) giving advice on the legislative and
regulatory framework for the financial system and direct rule-making; (ii) acting as a catalyst for private
sector activities; (iii) enhancing knowledge, raising awareness and monitoring the state of European
financial integration; and (iv) providing central bank services that also foster European financial
integration.
I will now provide an example of each of these four activities.
With respect to the shaping of the financial system's legislative and regulatory framework, I would like
to mention, as an example, the EU securities clearing and settlement infrastructure. Its current
fragmentation represents a major obstacle to the further integration of European securities markets.
Greater integration of securities clearing and settlement systems will be crucial to lowering the
posttrading costs of cross-border securities transactions, to exploiting the potential economies of scale and
to establishing a European level playing-field. Moreover, the clearing and settlement infrastructure
directly affects the performance of the major tasks of the ECB, pertaining to the implementation of its
monetary policy via the framework for the collateralisation of monetary policy (and intraday credit)
operations, the safeguarding of financial stability and the promotion of the smooth operation of
payment systems.
Several public sector initiatives aim to achieve an efficient, safe and integrated post-trading market
infrastructure in the European Union. The ECB is closely involved in this work through its participation
in the Clearing and Settlement Advisory and Monitoring Expert Group (CESAME) and in the Legal
Certainty Group. Let me also mention here - as an important development in 2006 - that, at the
European Commission's request, the European industry associations for exchanges and post-trading
infrastructures and their members signed a "European Code of Conduct for Clearing and Settlement"
last November. The ECB also participates in the related Monitoring Group that is chaired by the
Commission.
I now turn to the function that we describe as "acting as a catalyst for private sector activities". By this
we mean that in areas such as standard-setting and the establishment of common infrastructures,
cooperation between private agents of the financial sector is as necessary as competition. However,
cooperation may fail to materialise without the support of a catalyst. The ECB and the entire
Eurosystem can play such a role, on account of the competence and objectivity and the numerous
contacts with market participants.
The Short-Term European Paper (STEP) initiative promotes the development of a pan-European
short-term paper market through market players' voluntary compliance with a core set of standards
encompassed in the STEP Market Convention. This Convention was signed on 9 June 2006. Since
then, 32 STEP-compliant programmes, amounting to EUR 166 billion, have been launched under the
STEP label.
The ECB has supported the STEP initiative since its inception in 2001. During the preparatory phase,
the ECB facilitated coordination among market players, contributed to the STEP Task Force of the
Financial Markets Association ACI and provided legal assistance.
The Eurosystem's ongoing contribution to the STEP market focuses on two main activities. First, until
June 2008, the ECB and nine of the Eurosystem's NCBs will provide technical assistance to the STEP
Secretariat concerning the STEP labelling process, whereby the ultimate responsibility for granting
and withdrawing the STEP label fully rests with the STEP Secretariat. Second, the ECB regularly
produces statistics on yields and volumes in the STEP market and publishes them on its website.
From next week onwards, daily statistics will be made available. Following the publication of these
yield statistics, the STEP market will be accepted as a non-regulated market for collateral purposes in
Eurosystem credit operations.
Turning to research and monitoring activities, I would like to mention the ECB-CFS Research Network
on "Capital Markets and Financial Integration in Europe", which was set up in 2002 by the ECB and
the Centre for Financial Studies in Frankfurt. The current research focuses on three areas: (i) the
relationship between financial integration and financial stability; (ii) EU accession, financial
development and financial integration; and (iii) financial system modernisation and economic growth in
Europe. The network has organised a series of conferences attended by academics, market
participants and policymakers, such as the one hosted in September 2006 by the Deutsche
Bundesbank entitled "Financial System Modernisation and Economic Growth". Furthermore, I would
like to mention that, every year, the network awards five "Lamfalussy fellowships" to promising young
researchers who undertake projects in the field of financial integration.
Finally, with respect to the provision of central banking services that are also conducive to financial
integration, as an example I choose our wholesale payment system, TARGET and its further
development into TARGET2. After the rapid integration of the euro area money markets, which was
closely related to the establishment of the TARGET system, the planned launch of the single technical
platform, TARGET2, later this year will promote further integration in the financial markets affected.
This will be achieved, in particular, through a harmonised service level, a single price structure, and a
harmonised set of cash settlement services in central bank money for all "ancillary" systems, such as
retail payment systems, clearing houses and securities settlement systems.
In November 2006 the Eurosystem published its third progress report on TARGET2, informing market
participants about the Eurosystem's decisions on pricing and legal issues, contingency procedures,
and testing and migration activities. The report also confirmed that 19 November 2007 would be the
starting date for TARGET2.
With a view to maximising the benefits from the establishment of TARGET2, the Eurosystem started in
2006 to explore the possibility of providing settlement services in central bank money for securities
transactions in euro. The objective of the new service - the so-called TARGET2-Securities (T2S)
project - is to harmonise the settlement of securities transactions and, ultimately, to process both
securities and cash settlements on a single platform through common procedures. In early March of
this year, the Governing Council concluded that it is feasible to implement TARGET2-Securities on the
basis of a detailed feasibility study and a blueprint - both of which have since been published on our
website. We therefore decided to go ahead with the next phase of the project, namely the definition of
user requirements on the basis of market contributions. The scope of the project will be determined by
taking into account the results of a public consultation. The Governing Council will then decide on the
subsequent development phase by early 2008.
III. Conclusion
This brings me to the end of my presentation and I would like to conclude with the following remarks.
From my presentation, you may have noticed the many different facets that, together, contribute to
financial integration and shape the European financial system. Since central banks are at the core of
financial systems, they closely follow developments which can foster their integration. The ECB and
the entire Eurosystem devote a substantial amount of resources to this task because we are
convinced that this is an important area of progress for the European economy, within the framework
established by the Lisbon agenda. Indeed the progress made so far towards the integration and
development of the European financial system is a European achievement, and the creation of the
euro has made a decisive contribution.
Finally, I should also like to stress that, while financial integration is an important driver for increasing
the efficiency of a financial system, financial efficiency also depends on other factors. Among those
are the degree of financial development and the quality of the fundamental determinants of the
framework conditions of the financial market, such as the efficiency of the legal system. To capture
more aspects of financial efficiency, we envisage widening the report's scope over time in order to
encompass such factors as well.
I am now at your disposal for questions.