Mark Carney: Exporting in a post-crisis world
Remarks by Mr Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of Canada and Chairman of the
Financial Stability Board, to the Greater Kitchener Waterloo Chamber of Commerce,
Waterloo, Ontario, 2 April 2012.
* * *
Introduction
It is an honour to help celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Greater Kitchener Waterloo
Chamber of Commerce. Allow me to congratulate you for the work you have done and are
doing to ensure that this is a "business building community."
This economy has been transformed since your Chamber was established. From its original
mix of agriculture and basic manufacturing, the Kitchener-Waterloo region has become one
of North America's most diverse economic clusters. Through such nimbleness, this region
has contributed to the 100-fold expansion of the broader Canadian economy over the
Chamber's lifetime.
Of course, there have been occasional setbacks over the past 125 years, with more than
20 recessions, one depression and one near miss. In general, the recoveries that have
followed have relied importantly on exports (Chart 1). However, this one is different. Exports
still have not regained their pre-crisis peak, and in fact remain below their level of a decade
ago. Canada has steadily lost global market share throughout this period.
In my remarks today, I will discuss why this is happening and what can be done both in K-W
and across Canada to respond to the underlying challenges.
But allow me first to review Canada's performance during the recession and recovery.
A unique recession and recovery
The broad economic strategy in response to the global financial crisis has been to grow
domestic demand and to encourage Canadian businesses to retool and reorient to the new
global economy.
On the former, we have been successful. Even as pressure on the export-oriented
manufacturing sector has intensified, domestically oriented sectors such as services and
construction have remained resilient. With strong domestic fundamentals and a
wellfunctioning financial system, stimulative monetary and fiscal policies proved highly effective
in supporting a robust recovery - and now expansion - in domestic demand.
Household expenditures have led the way, falling modestly through the recession and
rebounding smartly since, to stand 6.5 per cent above their pre-recession peak. Owing to this
resilience, Canada's economy was the first of the G-7 countries to recover its recessionary
decline in output and expand anew.
Our labour market has bounced back too. All of the 430,000 jobs lost through the recession
had been recovered as of early last year, and a further 180,000 jobs have been added since
then. Most of the jobs created have been in the private sector and in industries paying
above-average wages.1
More recently, unemployment has edged higher, even as the number of job vacancies
continued to rise. This is consistent with structural shifts in the labour market, where workers
in declining industries may not have the skills or experience to match immediately the needs
of employers in expanding industries.
The experience in Kitchener-Waterloo has broadly mirrored these national trends.2
As effective as the reliance on domestic demand in general and household spending in
particular has been, the limits of this growth model are becoming clear. For example, the
construction sector alone has accounted for about 100,000 of the new jobs created in
Canada through the recovery, bringing its share of overall employment to its highest level in
over 35 years.
More broadly, household spending in Canada has been growing strongly for over a decade,
both outright and relative to the economy as a whole. This spending has been supported by
strong increases in real incomes, which rose a full percentage point faster than the rate of
real GDP growth in the ten years leading up to the crisis.
However, even these strongly rising incomes were not enough to finance the rapid growth in
household spending. Canadians bridged the gap by tapping the wealth in their homes to
finance up to one-fifth of consumption growth. As a result, household debt levels rose
steadily relative to income through this period.
Since the onset of the crisis, however, real income growth has been weaker and household
spending has become more heavily dependent on stimulative financing conditions and high
levels of net worth, notably house values. As a consequence, the debt burden has increased
further. Moreover, much of the financing for the recent increases in household indebtedness
has come from abroad.
These trends are unsustainable over the medium term.
What is needed now is greater focus on the second element of the broad economic strategy
that I mentioned earlier - Canadian businesses retooling and reorienting to the new global
economy.
A deeper analysis of our trade performance proves the point.
Export performance is lagging
As I alluded to earlier, among the most striking features of the recent Canadian recession
was the performance of exports.
During the most intense phase of the Great Recession - a nine-month period beginning in
the fall of 2008 - the level of Canadian exports plunged more than 16 per cent, or more than
twice the total drop during the previous two cycles. By the end of last year, exports still
remained roughly 8 per cent below their pre-recession peak.
My core message today is that this recent performance brings into sharper relief major
secular trends that have persisted over the past decade. As such, they will require a
sustained response.
Canada's share of world exports has been declining since the turn of the millennium. In fact,
our performance has been the second worst in the G-20 (Chart 2). Since 2000, Canada's
export growth was almost 5 percentage points slower than global export growth on average
per year. Our share of the world export market fell from about 4.5 per cent to about 2.5 per
cent and our manufactured-goods export market share has been cut in half. Consistent with
this drop, employment in Canada's manufacturing sector has fallen by more than 20 per
cent, representing nearly half a million jobs.
Decomposing the losses
Broadly speaking, there are three possible explanations for Canada's deteriorating export
performance: we may be selling the wrong products; we may be selling to the wrong
markets; or we may have become less competitive because of changes in our exchange
rate, wages and relative productivity.
A commonly held view is that our poor export performance is the result of competitiveness
challenges, particularly the persistent strength of the Canadian dollar. There is some truth in
that (Chart 3).
Between 2000 and 2007, Canada's unit labour costs rose 80 per cent relative to our trading
partners - the largest such increase among OECD countries. Compared with the United
States, Canadian unit labour costs rose by roughly 65 per cent. The majority of this increase
reflected the appreciation of the Canadian dollar, although lower productivity growth in
Canada versus the United States also played a significant role, a phenomenon seen across
export sectors (Chart 4).
However, it is telling that, despite these developments, competitiveness effects were less
important than the drag coming from market structure.3 Our exports are concentrated in
slowgrowing advanced economies, particularly the United States, rather than fast-growing
emerging markets. This concentration reduced the annual average rate of export growth by
around 3.3 percentage points between 2000 and 2007 By comparison,
(Chart 5, Table 1).
the drag from competitiveness effects was about 2.5 percentage points.
In short, our underperformance prior to the crisis was more a reflection of who we traded with
than how effectively we did it.
This is even more the case since the onset of the Great Recession. Canadian export growth
has continued to lag the global average by about 5 percentage points annually.
Competitiveness effects have remained relatively stable. The combination of overexposure to
the U.S. market and underexposure to faster-growing emerging markets is almost entirely
responsible for Canada's further loss in world market share over the last several years.
It does not have to be this way. Many advanced countries have been more successful at
capitalizing on the immense opportunity that emerging markets in general and China in
particular represent. For example, Germany has maintained its market share in
manufactured goods by exporting capital goods and autos to China, and more broadly to
emerging-market economies. Australia has gained substantial market share in its exports of
commodities to fill rising demand from China.
Expect these trends to continue
The obvious question is whether we can expect these trends to continue. The answer is yes.
A new normal for the United States
Our reliance on the United States is an issue only if we expect U.S. underperformance
relative to both history and the rest of the world to continue. Unfortunately, that is what we
must expect as, to a degree, the U.S. economy is not what it used to be. Allow me to explain.
The trend in U.S. potential growth - the "speed limit" if you will of the U.S. economy - was
already falling in the year leading up to the crisis, reflecting both an aging population and
slower productivity growth. In the meantime, emerging markets were increasingly living up to
their name, with large productivity increases raising their speed limits. The result was the
increasing underperformance of the U.S. economy relative to the rest of the world.
The Great Recession has made things worse. History suggests that the output lost following
a severe financial crisis is never recovered, implying that the United States will not get back
on its old path. Moreover, the post-crisis potential rate of output growth also tends to be
slower for some time, in part reflecting less capital investment and more structural
unemployment. As a result, even once the U.S. economy recovers its cyclical losses, the
Bank estimates that it will remain over $1 trillion smaller in 2015 than we had projected prior
to the crisis (Chart 6).
Now, it is important not to overstate this. The United States remains the largest economy in
the world but, going forward, the game there will be more about taking market share than
participating in a rapidly growing market.
Emerging-market opportunity
Emerging markets represent the greater opportunity for Canadian exporters. Since the
recession, these economies have accounted for roughly two-thirds of global economic
growth and one-half of the growth in global imports. In a process that can be expected to
continue for decades, emerging Asia is rapidly urbanizing. China and India are housing the
equivalent of the entire population of Canada every 18 months. In parallel, a massive new
middle class is being formed, growing by 70 million people each year and representing a
fast-rising share of global demand for all types of goods. This is where Canadian businesses
must increasingly look for export growth.
Commodity prices are expected to remain elevated
The expanding urban middle class in emerging economies is having a marked impact on a
wide range of commodities. Yet, whether it is travel, housing or protein, consumption levels
in major emerging markets are still only fractions of those in advanced economies.4 With
convergence a long way off, the demand for commodities can be expected to remain robust.
As a result, commodity prices have risen well above their historical averages, and are likely
to remain there for some time. Canada is benefiting from this both directly and via spillovers
across our economy.
Persistent strength of the currency
Canada is likely to remain a relatively attractive investment destination, owing to the strength
of our financial system, competitive tax system, sound public finances and credible monetary
policy. Given this and elevated commodity prices that have raised our terms of trade, a
sustainable export strategy cannot rely on expectations of a more favourable exchange rate.
How to take advantage
To take advantage of these shifting patterns of global demand, our businesses need to
refocus, retool and retrain.5
Refocus on developing new markets and new products. While the United States will always
loom large in Canadian trade, geography need not be destiny. For many firms, the most
attractive option is now to expand into emerging markets. Canada's aggressive trade
strategy promises to enhance these prospects.
There are other opportunities.
For many firms, there are openings to become part of new, networked supply chains that are
being created in response to the demonstrated fragility of single-source, lean alternatives,
the proliferation of end products and the volatility of regional demand.
Canadian firms could also further exploit the tremendous opportunities in mobile computing
and customer-focused applications that capture more of the value in the shift to digital
commerce that is occurring across the globe.
New markets can also be found at home. It is clear that K-W cannot directly satisfy China's
growing appetite for commodities, but you can and are taking advantage of other areas of the
country that do. One out of twelve oil sands manufacturers and suppliers are from this
region, and Ontario's exports to Alberta of mining-related services grew 44 per cent in the
last year measured. The opportunity to capture more of the value added in commodity
production from energy to agriculture remains a tremendous opportunity for all of Canada.
Retool by investing in plant, equipment and ICT (information and communications
technology) and developing new processes. The competitiveness imperative to invest in
productivity-enhancing M&E (manufacturing and equipment) and ICT is clear, and the
conditions to do so have rarely been so favourable. Canadian corporate balance sheets are
extremely healthy, with record low leverage and very high levels of liquidity. Businesses are
further supported by a well-functioning financial system and extremely supportive financial
conditions.
Businesses across Canada are stepping up, including here in the K-W region, where there
are numerous examples of firms responding to the decline of traditional manufacturing
industries, such as autos and clothing, by moving up the value chain. Overall, business
investment has rebounded smartly since its dramatic decline in the wake of the Lehman
collapse. However, it still has a long way to go.
Moreover, it is not merely a question of how much we invest in new tools but also what we do
with them. Indicators of how well we use labour and capital to produce output (such as
multifactor productivity) have been exceptionally weak for years. We can do better. For example,
the brainpower in this region appears well-suited to analyse the "big data" necessary to seize
such opportunities as optimizing production processes and mass customization.
In an era of persistently elevated resource prices, enhancing operating efficiency, improving
resource management and developing products with a more sustainable environmental
footprint make commercial and social sense. Moreover, advances in building-energy
efficiency, enhanced farm yields and power plant efficiency would pay immediate domestic
dividends. However, once again, the real prize may be in emerging markets, which contain
an estimated 85 per cent of the resource productivity opportunities in the world.6
Innovation is critical to our success and Canada's record is only average. Today, Canada's
business R&D investment is at the lower end of OECD countries. As highlighted in the
Jenkins report, particular attention must be paid to the commercialization of R&D - taking
innovative ideas from universities and turning them into commercial successes.7 The
symbiosis here in K-W between strong educational institutions and a cluster of innovative
technology companies is a model for other parts of the country.
Retrain by continuing to invest in our greatest resource - our people.
Technology and trade are transforming the workplace. For years, routine tasks have been
automated, such as the substitution of robots for assembly-line workers and ATMs for tellers.
Now the same is happening to interaction work, which has been the fastest-growing
employment category. Disaggregation of tasks, such as professional services, to separate
out the routine components can lead to outsourcing and job displacement.8
The need to improve skills across the spectrum of work has never been greater. With
worldclass educational institutions pumping out highly qualified graduates, you are already making
an enormous contribution to raising the skill level of the Canadian workforce. Business and
governments need to continue to focus on workplace training as the competitiveness of our
industries and the very nature of work continue to evolve.
The more Canadian businesses refocus, retool and retrain, the more they can take
advantage of opportunities in Canada and around the world.
Current economic conditions in Canada
Let me conclude with some comments on current economic conditions in Canada, which
reflect a number of the themes I have discussed.
The recoveries in Canada's major trading partners continue to be dampened by the ongoing
need to repair sovereign, bank and household balance sheets. As a consequence, the level
of external demand for our products in advanced economies remains weak.
That said, in recent months, the considerable external headwinds have abated somewhat.
European bank funding and sovereign debt markets have stabilized, global financial
conditions have improved and risk aversion has decreased. This creates a window for
European authorities to address the deep structural issues in their monetary union. While the
European situation is far from resolved, the challenges have moved from the acute to the
chronic.
The U.S. economy remains on the modest growth path typical of recoveries following
financial crises. Given that context, recent data have been encouraging. Monthly
employment gains in the past three months have been the fastest in a year. Consumer and
business confidence have rebounded. And fundamentals for household spending have
improved with higher personal income and household net worth.
Although activity in a number of emerging-market economies has slowed, the emerging
world remains the engine of global growth. In particular, past tightening of policy and weaker
external demand are slowing activity in China to a still-robust pace.
Improving global economic conditions have contributed to higher commodity prices, with
geopolitical risks adding a further premium on crude oil prices.
Conditions in the Canadian economy have also been somewhat stronger and the degree of
slack somewhat smaller than the Bank had expected. Growth has been a bit quicker in
recent quarters, reflecting a combination of temporary factors as well as improved confidence
and better financial conditions. Although net exports have picked up somewhat due to
stronger U.S. activity, their contribution to growth will be limited by a still-weak level of foreign
demand and ongoing competitiveness challenges, including the persistent strength of the
Canadian dollar.
As a consequence, growth remains largely reliant on private domestic demand. Business
investment is expected to be an important source of growth going forward, reflecting highly
favourable conditions and the competitive need to refocus, retool and retrain. Momentum in
household spending remains solid. However, in an environment of more modest growth in
employment, wages and net worth, households' dependence on debt financing remains the
biggest domestic risk.
As the Bank noted in its March decision, the profile for core and total CPI inflation is
somewhat firmer than previously anticipated, reflecting reduced economic slack as well as
higher oil prices.
Over the next few weeks, the Bank will update its outlook for growth and inflation in Canada
to reflect these factors and other developments, such as recent federal and provincial
budgets. As always, this analysis will inform our monetary policy decisions. The Bank will
take whatever action is appropriate to achieve the 2 per cent CPI inflation target over the
medium term. This is our contribution to ensuring that Canadians can save and invest with
confidence.
Over the next few years, Canadian businesses will also have to analyse and act. Their
decisions to refocus, retool and retrain will do much to determine how rapidly our prosperity
grows in the decades ahead. For Canada to grow in the future as it has in the past,
businesses will need to draw on similar resourcefulness that the membership of the K-W
Chamber has demonstrated over the years.
BIS central bankers' speeches