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2021 PARIS EUROPLACE STUDIO GABRIEL, PARIS
ROADS FOR THE FUTURE: CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY (CBDC)
AND INNOVATIVE PAYMENTS
Closing address by François Villeroy de Galhau,
Governor of the Banque de France
Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is a pleasure to be with you today streamed live from Studio Gabriel. I would
like to extend my warmest thanks to Paris Europlace for having maintained
through the crisis this fruitful dialogue with all stakeholders. Before turning to my
main point today, I want to stress the resilience of our French financial
institutions, which have played a decisive role in helping our economy weather
the crisis. It was popular a year ago to predict a financial apocalypse, and certain
Europeans, prone to self-flagellation, are still doing so today, whereas the
The reality speaks for itself: French banks'
Americans are more self-confident.
CET1 was higher at the end of the first quarter of 2021 (15%) than it was before
the crisis; their profitability, however still insufficient, has improved sharply in this
Q1; in general, French banks are in no way underprovisioned. France and
Europe are not facing a "tsunami of bankruptcies", and should, on the contrary,
see a strong recovery: cumulative growth of more than 10% over 2021 and
2022. So we need to remain vigilant, but let's
stop scaring ourselves. This
roughly reassuring situation is in no way a call for complacency and status quo.
The Covid-19 crisis is acting as an accelerator for the major structural
challenges banks and insurers are facing. These challenges are also putting
creative pressure on central banks and supervisors. And I will elaborate today
on how to catalyse our efforts together on one "road for the future" towards
innovative payments and CBDC.
I. CBDC and innovative payments: next steps ahead
Once regarded as the "plumbing" behind the financial system, attitudes to a
CBDC and to payments in general have dramatically changed over the past 18
months; and these issues are now at the top of the central banking agenda. As
is often the case with major innovations, reactions to the idea of a CBDC are
very mixed.
Let me start by clarifying one major point: no decision has been taken at this
stage on whether or not to create a digital euro. And before any such
decision is made, rest assured that all necessary analysis will be properly
conducted. It is with this mindset, intent on supporting innovation but within
a framework of trust, that the Banque de France has been leading the way on
a possible CBDC over the last two years. And the time has come to share with
you some of the main learnings regarding three basic questions: why, how and
when.
1 / Why: incorporating digital innovations is an imperative
as a "triangle of risks":
I shall sum up some very strong trends
First, on retail payments, over the last 18 months, cash has accelerated its
decline while the share of dematerialised payments has increased twice as fast
as before the crisis, from 51 % in 2019 to 70 % in the first half of 2021. There is
also a strong shift towards the tokenisation of financial assets. This dual trend
could lead to the marginalisation of the use of central bank money, be it in
the form of banknotes or in settlement systems. We, as a central bank shall
never abandon cash; but this commitment cannot be our sole response to
technological change. Second, the emergence of BigTechs and new settlement
assets (crypto-assets and stablecoins) could threaten our monetary
sovereignty and our mandate to safeguard financial stability. Third and final
factor, the progress made by extra-European CBDCs and notably by the digital
yuan, already accessible in the major Chinese cities. The risk is clearly that
Europe will lose momentum not just in its drive to strengthen the international
role of the euro, but even in preserving it. The challenge here is also a
geopolitical concern.
2/ How: reasserting the anchoring role of central bank money thanks to a
holistic approach
Faced with these challenges, we want to be proactive and move forward in
partnership with commercial banks. Let me stress this point: a CBDC would be
created with banks, not against them nor in spite of them. I could go even
further: in the digital universe, a CBDC can help to preserve the complementarity
between central bank money and commercial bank money. Failing this,
commercial banks will face a difficult challenge competing with the BigTechs
and their unrivalled resources and network effects, and with private stablecoins.
With that in mind, let me now turn to the triangle of actions:
The first action in response to the risks posed by private stablecoins is of course
regulatory. Our main challenge is to avoid regulatory arbitrage, where players
relocate to other jurisdictions to circumvent regulations. We must ensure that all
countries apply strict regulations regarding crypto-assets, and that no stablecoin
arrangement enters into operation without having fully met the regulatory
expectations. The European Union has been a pioneer in this field, putting
forward last September a proposal for a Markets in Crypto-Assets regulation
(also known as MiCA). I sincerely hope the EU shall adopt this first harmonised
If it modifies the Commission's
regulatory framework in the coming months.
proposal, it should only be to strengthen it. Crypto-asset issuers and entities
providing additional services, such as transfer or custody, will in particular have
to provide a predictable redemption right in sovereign currency for asset holders.
They will also be subject to uniform requirements across the EU and act under
the watch of supervisory authorities, from whom they will have to obtain prior
authorisation. At international level, there should be an efficient cooperative
framework adapted to the diversity of risks and challenges raised by stablecoins.
The second action is to foster the major private project to create a unified,
innovative and autonomous European solution, the European Payments
Initiative (EPI). The Eurosystem has supported it right from the start. Concretely,
EPI will provide citizens with an innovative and competitive European payment
solution, as an alternative to the dominant and extra-European players already
established in Europe or the Bigtechs in the future. EPI will be a company based
within the EU, controlled by European authorities: we will thus have greater
control over its risks, its economic model for meeting European consumers'
needs, and how it uses its data. Let me pay tribute to those who are driving the
EPI project, and encourage them to implement it as quickly as possible. We
2021's "go/no go" decision stage
need to speed up Autumn and the governing
bodies also have to be put in place as soon as possible to help EPI deploy on a
pan-European scale. Public authorities are and will remain completely
committed in their support: the European Commission, in order to validate the
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economic model; ministers in the different countries starting with France and
Germany. We as Eurosystem are committed to providing the underlying
settlement infrastructures, including TIPS, which is a powerful European asset.
And EPI will be most welcome to participate in the front-end prototype of CBDC.
I must stress the urgency here: we don't have much time left, one or
But
two years. Everybody is talking about a CBDC; but first, and much earlier,
we need to regulate crypto-assets, and then implement EPI.
The third and final action: be ready to launch a general purpose CBDC, which
means for the public and for the financial sector, to reassert the anchoring role
of central bank money in case of need. Let me insist on the purpose: public
dual
attention is naturally focused on a retail digital currency, for individuals and firms.
But a "wholesale" or "interbank" form is also important, particularly as the use
cases are already even more obvious, and because this interbank money will
be vital for cross-border transactions. The next investigation phase and
technological prototypes selected by the Eurosystem will, in my view, need to
cover both these functions, separately or together.
The results of the ECB's public
consultation, published mid-April, show that
European citizens regard two aspects as particularly important: privacy and
security. Therefore, the retail CBDC would be made available to citizens as an
easy-to-use, secure and accessible payment instrument, that protects user
privacy and can be used for all types of payment. How would it be distributed?
We want to develop a model where CBDC is distributed by intermediaries, to
allow private players, first and foremost the banking sector, to keep a key role.
is not the Banque de France's or any Central Bank's
Let me be clear on this: it
role to open bank accounts! We closed the last ones almost 20 years ago. Client
relationships will remain the preserve of private players, to which central banks
will provide the central bank money. There are also fears that CBDC accounts
will "drain" commercial deposits and dry up bank liquidity. No: as I see it, they
will offer no greater advantage in terms of remuneration, and there will have to
be a limited amount that can be held in them. In addition, the ECB has shown
more than capable of safeguarding bank liquidity... If the CBDC is going
that it is
to replace any liquid financial assets, then it is more likely to be banknotes in the
long run and crypto-assets. In short, the scenario of a CBDC causing massive
bank disintermediation is more a finance-fiction fantasy than a serious analysis.
"interbank" or "wholesale"
The CBDC would enable the efficient and secure
settlement of transactions. We, as Banque de France, have already completed
five experiments and will carry out four more by the end of this year, with private
and public actors alike. We will publish through the summer a comprehensive
stocktaking. Let me already stress three major lessons we learnt:
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-Two experiments one that was carried out with the EIB and SG Forgei and
another that was carried out with Euroclear/Agence France Trésor,ii have
proved that tokenised central bank money helps settling financial securities
more efficiently and rapidly (instantaneously, compared with D+2
currently). It generates savings in liquidity and capital, which in turn lowers
costs. New technologies could allow operations all year round and 24/7, and
reduce the number of intermediaries involved.
-A CBDC can also facilitate cross-border payments thanks to the use of
distributed ledger technology and the interoperability of CBDC systems in
different jurisdictions. We have this year joined forces with the SNB, the BIS
innovation hub and a private sector consortium led by Accenture, within a
project named JURAiii, which would allow the use of Swiss franc and euro
CBDCs on a DLT platform. We are also working with the Monetary Authority
of Singapore to test cross-currency payments with CBDCs.
-Existing market infrastructures (like T2S) and players, and future systems
based on distributed ledger technology will need to be interoperable.
Decentralised finance is still not mature enough to handle large volumes of
transactions, and therefore will not replace conventional systems from one
day to another: centralised and decentralised systems will have to coexist
securely and efficiently. This is the purpose of two experiments that we
recently completed respectively with SEBA Bank,iv for the settlement of listed
securities, and with Euroclear/Agence France Trésor on a collateral
operation involving a French OAT.
3/ When: getting ready to introduce a CBDC rapidly if necessary
We therefore need to prepare ourselves, without hesitation, to introduce a
CBDC rapidly if necessary:
Next July, the Governing Council could give the green light to launch an
investigation phase, which could begin in the autumn and last until 2023. At that
date, the Governing Council will decide on whether to launch a digital euro. We
will then need a few years of serious preparatory work to turn an e-euro into
reality.
*
Let me say it again: on both digital currency and payments, we in Europe must
be ready to move as quickly as needed or risk an erosion of our monetary
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sovereignty something we cannot tolerate. European citizens must have
access durably to effective and independent means of exchange. Recent
experience in another field shows that we can do it. Six years ago, there was
almost no climate policy among central bankers. Today it has become an
important topic with concrete technical advances. I could have spoken of
"road for the future": green
another finance. Here also, France and Europe have
a strong initial advantage: Paris is home to the global secretariat of the NGFS
with about 100 members now; its financial centre participants are ahead in their
disclosure of and commitments regarding climate-related risks; France is the
first European country in terms of outstanding of green bonds. And last month,
the French ACPR published the first climate pilot exercise worldwide actively
involving both the banking and insurance sectors.
***
"The
I shall now conclude with the words of Keynes who reminds us that:
importance of money flows from it being a link between the present and the
future".v And our duty, as guardian of the currency, is precisely to bolster
confidence, which is key for innovation, and to lay the ground for the future.
Confidence first and foremost in the currency, be it a banknote, an electronic or,
maybe tomorrow, a digital currency. Confidence, as well, in the ability of financial
institutions to finance the economy in Paris and in Europe. Thank you for your
attention.
i
This experiment allows cash settlement with a CBDC of digital bonds issued by the EIB on a public blockchain.
ii
Relating to the settlement of the issuance of a French Government bond simulated on a permissioned
blockchain.
iii
https://www.banque-france.fr/en/communique-de-presse/banque-de-france-swiss-national-bank-and-bankinternational-settlements-innovation-hub-collaborate
iv
https://www.banque-france.fr/sites/default/files/medias/documents/cp_mnbc_seba_2021-06-21_en.pdf
v
Keynes, General Theory Of Employment, Interest And Money, 1936.