Deepali Pant Joshi: Financial inclusion
Speech by Dr Deepali Pant Joshi, Executive Director of the Reserve Bank of India, at the
Vth Dun & Bradstreet Conclave on Financial Inclusion, Kolkatta, 28 October 2013.
* * *
Assistance provided by Ms. Sushma Vij, Mr. Bipin Nair and Ms. Mruga Paranjape, is gratefully acknowledged.
Introduction
1. Mr. Sampath Kumar, Ms Preetha Mishra and my dear ladies and gentlemen. I am
delighted to be with you this morning for the inaugural session of the fifth Dun and Bradstreet
Financial Inclusion Conclave. I extend warm congratulations to Dun and Bradstreet for
hosting the event in the beautiful city of Kolkata.
2. Financial Inclusion is not a new dispensation. Bank Nationalisation in 1969 and the
tremendous push for branch building which followed in its wake were attempts at including
the excluded. Despite geographical and functional reach of the Commercial Banks, large
numbers of people remain excluded. Small and Marginal farmers, women, unorganised
sector workers, artisans, self-employed, unemployed, pensioners, etc. remain excluded from
the opportunities and services provided by the formal financial sector.
3. If this is something we have been working on since 1969 what is the difference
now? Critically its technology which enables undreamt of outreach. For financial Inclusion to
succeed and an effective Business and Delivery model to be in place it is essential that
servicing costs are brought down and large numbers covered rapidly. This exponential
growth is a possible dream with the use of technology.
4. Banks including RRBs, have migrated to Core Banking System (CBS), have
developed in built capability to provide remittances using electronic payment systems such
as the Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS), National Electronic Funds Transfer
(NEFT), National Electronic Clearing Service (NECS), Immediate Payments Service (IMPS),
Aadhaar Enabled Payment Systems (AEPS) etc. Banks are increasingly using alternate
channels of delivery; the number of ATMs is even more than the number of branches. All the
rural branches are expected to have an e-ATM in place in the near future.
5. Access to finance for those who are getting crowded out of the credit markets is an
equally important element. Therefore, the Reserve Bank has reinforced its efforts to improve
financial access, especially for small businesses and individual households. The RBI has set
up a Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low
Income Households under the Chairmanship of Dr. Nachiket Mor a Director on the RBI
Central Board of Directors. The mandate of the Mor Committee is to frame a clear and
detailed vision of financial Inclusion and Financial Deepening in India and to lay down a set
of design principles that will guide the development of institutional frameworks and regulation
for ensuring these outcomes.
6. Financial Inclusion is defined by the RBI "as the process of ensuring access to
financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such
as the weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost from Mainstream
financial institutions."
7. In January 2010, the Reserve Bank advised all public and private sector banks to
submit a Board-approved three-year Financial Inclusion Plan (FIP) starting in April 2010.
They were advised to devise FIPs congruent with their business strategy and comparative
advantage and to make FIPs an integral part of their corporate plans. These plans include:
self-set targets for rural brick & mortar branches opened; BCs deployed; coverage of
unbanked villages with population above and below 2,000 through branches/ BCs/ other
modes; no-frills accounts opened, including through BC-ICT; Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) and
General Credit Cards (GCC) issued; and other products designed for financially excluded
segments. Banks were advised to integrate the Board-approved FIPs with their business
plans and to include the criteria on financial inclusion as a parameter in the performance
evaluation of their staff.
8. We have adopted a planned and structured approach to achieve Financial Inclusion
through the financial inclusion Plans, as a self set targeted intervention with measurable and
monitor able outcomes. The implementation of these plans is closely monitored by the
Reserve Bank on a monthly basis through a quantitative reporting format. The qualitative
aspects of the FIPs are monitored through a qualitative report submitted by banks every
quarter.
These
Periodic monitoring of progress - Quantitative and Qualitative parameters.
Board approved plans are the subject of an annual comprehensive review -Deputy Governor
Dr Chakrabarty holds one to one meetings with CMDs of major banks to discuss the
progress made by them against their own self set goals, the barriers to progress, the
initiatives of their Banks and the way forward. RRBs, having migrated to CBS in the end of
2011, have also formulated similar comprehensive FIPs.
Progress:
9. A snapshot of the progress made by banks under the 3-year FIP (April 2010-March
2013) on key parameters itself speaks of the journey travelled so far:-
•
Banking outlets in villages have increased to nearly 2,68,000 from 67,694 outlets in
March 2010.
•
About 7,400 rural branches have been opened during this 3-year period compared
with a reduction of about 1300 rural branches during the last two decades.
•
Nearly 109 million Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts (BSBDAs) have been
added, taking the total number of BSBDA to 182 million. The share of ICT-based
accounts has increased substantially. The percentage of ICT accounts to total
BSBDAs increased from 25 per cent in March 2010 to 45 per cent in March 2013.
•
With the addition of nearly 9.48 million farm sector households during this period,
33.8 million households have been provided with small entrepreneurial credit as at
the end of March 2013.
•
With the addition of nearly 2.24 million nonfarm sector households during this
period, 3.6 million households have been provided with small entrepreneurial credit
as at the end of March 2013.
About 490 million transactions have been carried out in ICT-based accounts through BCs
during the three-year period. The number of transactions through ICT-based BC outlets,
though increasing, is still very low when compared with the manifold increase in the number
of banking outlets and the number of accounts. The focus on monitoring is now more on the
usage of these accounts, which is to be monitored through the number and value of
transactions in BSBDAs and on the credit disbursed through ICT-based BC outlets.
Financial inclusion plan 2013-16
10. The first three-year Financial Inclusion Plan of banks for the period 2010-2013 has
ended. Although there has been reasonable progress in the penetration of banking services
and opening of basic bank accounts, the number of transactions through ICT-based BC
outlets is still low. To continue the process of ensuring access to banking services to the
excluded, banks are to draw up a 3-year FIP for the period 2013-16. Banks have now been
advised that their FIPs should be disaggregated to the branch level. The disaggregation of
the plans is being done to ensure the involvement of all stakeholders in the financial inclusion
efforts.
Direct benefit transfer:
11. The Reserve Bank has played a proactive role in the rollout of the Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) scheme. State-Level Bankers' Committee (SLBC) Convenor Banks were
advised to co-ordinate with the government functionaries for implementation of
Aadhaarenabled payments. Banks have to expedite the process of opening bank accounts in camp
mode and seeding of accounts with Aadhaar numbers. The status of the rollout of
Aadhaarenabled payments is a regular agenda item for discussion in SLBC meetings as part of
Financial Inclusion/ Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) implementation. The DBT was rolled
out in 43 districts in the first phase from January 1, 2013, and has been extended to
78 districts from July 1, 2013. Eventually, all districts in the country will be covered.
12. High-Level Financial Inclusion Advisory Committee moving towards universal
financial inclusion has been a national commitment as well as a policy priority for the
Reserve Bank. In order to spearhead efforts towards greater financial inclusion, the Reserve
Bank has constituted a Financial Inclusion Advisory Committee (FIAC) chaired by a Deputy
Governor. The FIAC has a few Directors from the Central Board of the Reserve Bank,
experts drawn from NGOs and civil society representatives as members. The expertise and
experience of the members will be leveraged: to develop viable and sustainable banking
service delivery models that provide accessible and affordable financial services; to develop
products and processes for rural as well as urban consumers who are currently outside the
banking network; and to create an appropriate regulatory framework to ensure that financial
inclusion and financial stability move together.
Financial literacy:
13. Building financial capability through financial literacy is a key component of financial
inclusion. It means providing financial education so that individuals can identify and use
appropriate financial products and services in order to build and preserve their assets over
time. It should make people better informed, better educated and more confident, able to
take greater responsibility for their financial affairs and able to play a more active role in the
market for financial services.
14. 718 FLCs have been set up as at the end of March 2013. A total of 2.2 million
people have been educated through indoor education to walk-in persons and through
outdoor activities such as awareness camps/choupals, goshtis , seminars and lectures in a
one-year period, from April 2012 to March 2013. It has advised all FLCs and rural branches
of scheduled commercial banks to conduct a minimum of one outdoor financial literacy camp
every month.
National Strategy for Financial Education (NSFE):
15. The NSFE has been prepared under the aegis of a Technical Group of the Financial
Stability Development Council (FSDC). The NSFE will be implemented in a timeframe of
five years and aims to establish initial contact with 500 million adults and educate them on
key savings, protection and investment-related products so that they are empowered to take
prudent financial decisions. It also seeks to create awareness about consumer protection
and the grievance redressal mechanisms available in the country. Under the NSFE, a
National Centre for Financial Education (NCFE) is proposed to be set up as an institutional
mechanism to co-ordinate the efforts of all financial sector regulators. The NCFE will launch
a common website on financial education for the country.
Now to flag some issues:
16. The World bank (2012) Findex Survey on ,"Measuring Financial Inclusion Indicators"
World bank Policy Research Working paper #6025 states thatin India only 35% of adults had
access to a formal Bank account, only 2% of adults use a formal account to receive
remittances from relatives and 4% use an account to receive government payments. These
are 2011 figures and further ground has been covered but the challenges still remain.
17. Financial Inclusion Plan - Summary progress of all banks including RRBs
Year
Year ended Year ended Year ended
SR Particulars
ended
Mar 10 Mar 11 Mar 12
March 13
1 Banking Outlets in Villages - Branches 33378 34811 37471 40837
2 Banking Outlets in Villages - BCs 34174 80802 141136 221341
3 Banking Outlets in Villages - Other Modes 142 595 3146 6276
4 Banking Outlets in Villages -TOTAL 67694 116208 181753 268454
5 Urban Locations covered through BCs 447 3771 5891 27143
6 Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c -branches (No. In millions) 60.19 73.13 81.20 100.80
7 Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c - branches (Amt. In billions) 44.33 57.89 109.87 164.69
8 Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c - BCs (No. in millions) 13.27 31.63 57.30 81.27
9 Basic Savings Bank Deposit A/c - BCs (Amt. in billions) 10.69 18.23 10.54 18.22
10 OD facility availed in BSBDA's (No. In millions) 0.18 0.61 2.71 3.95
11 OD facility availed in BSBDA's (Amt. in billions) 0.10 0.26 1.08 1.55
12 KCCs - (No. in millions) 24.31 27.11 30.24 33.79
13 KCCs - (Amt In billions) 1240.07 1600.05 2068.39 2622.98
14 GCCs - (No. in millions) 1.39 1.70 2.11 3.63
15 GCCs - (Amt In billions) 35.11 35.07 41.84 76.34
16 ICT A/Cs-BC- Transaction -No. in millions 26.52 84.16 155.87 250.46
17 ICT A/Cs-BC- Transactions -Amt in billions 6.92 58.00 97.09 233.88
18. The first of many questions is why this specification of Mainstream Financial
Institutions, why a bank led model? For three reasons inter alia, firstly Bank deposits are
guaranteed by the Deposit Insurance Guarantee Corporation and the depositor's money
remains safe and secure. Secondly, Banks are Regulated and well capitalized institutions
subject to RBIs direct control exercised through the processes of onsite and offsite
inspections and supervision. Regulation is aimed at protecting depositors' interests, orderly
development and conduct of banking operations and fostering the overall health of the
banking system. Thirdly we have a robust widespread banking system unlike several other
countries. For these countries where the Banking brick and mortar network is not present the
only way forward is to leverage technology. Itis simpler to build digital gateways across Africa
while for us let me say we use the Banking System because it is there as we have
penetrative outreach through Commercial banks, with vast network of branches we have
followed a multi pronged approach to financial inclusion and this has enabled real gains.
19. Thirdly, why the close supervision of the BC Model and restriction of the area within
which the BC must operate. Firstly, because it is operationally feasible for the BC to provide
intensive services within a defined radius and secondly because Cash management is a
major issue. Cash collected by the BC is ultimately the Banks cash and it is the credibility of
the Bank which is at stake. Thirdly, the customer is not a customer of the BC but of the Bank.
The BC is envisaged merely as a pass through agent who enables extension in the
penetrative reach of the Bank and through the ICT model and by using a hand-held
technology device enables banking services and other services such as the electronic benefit
transfer services at the doorstep of the borrower.
Combination of branch and branchless banking
20. As a prerequisite to the implementation of the DBT, every eligible individual should
have a bank account. Further, to make disbursements at the doorstep through the ICT-based
BC model, banking outlets, either through brick & mortar branches or the branchless mode,
are required in all villages across the country. For this to succeed, it is important that quality
services are provided through the new ICT-based BC outlets. Therefore, an intermediary
low-cost brick-and-mortar structure is required between the base branches and BC locations.
This will provide timely support to BC outlets, ensure close supervision of BC operations and
give them credibility and increase people's confidence in BC services. Hence, banks have
been advised to plan for an increase in the proportion of branches that cover unbanked
areas. Banks have also been advised to consider setting up Financial Inclusion Centres,
which would act as centres exclusively focussing on customers serviced through BC's.
21. To step up the opening of branches in rural areas, RBI has mandated banks to open
at least 25 per cent of the branches in unbanked rural centres. To help facilitate in achieving
this mandate, banks have been advised to open small intermediary brick and mortar
structures between the base branch and the unbanked villages. The idea is to create an
ecosystem for ensuring efficient delivery of services, efficiency in cash management, redressal
of customer grievances and closer supervision of BC operations. To further encourage the
banks in pursuing this mandate, banks have been advised to consider frontloading
(prioritizing) the opening of branches in unbanked rural centres over a three year cycle
coterminus with their FIPs. This is expected to facilitate quicker branch expansion in unbanked
rural centres.
22. Along with increasing brick and mortar presence through branch expansion, RBI has
also encouraged banks to adopt other branchless modes such as BC outlets, other modes
such as Kiosks, off-site Rural ATMs, mobile vans, etc. so as to resolve the last mile
connectivity issues.
Enlarging the universe of BC's
23. We have enlarged the universe of BCs as we go along and we have enabled the
entry of For Profit companies in 2010. We have done this as we want to leverage their well
established distribution networks especially in the rural heart land for the extension of
Financial Inclusion to reach the unreached.
Tapping technology platforms
24. To enable a successful financial inclusion, innovation of products for the specific
needs of the poor is not only necessary but also an essential condition. Today, banks can
provide a bouquet of financial services through the various networks of agents and branches
by leveraging and fine tuning technology platforms. Technology holds the key to providing
models for efficient delivery of small value transactions in large volumes while reaping
economies of scale. The implementation of such effective, scalable and
platformindependent technology will help drive down the cost of providing banking services to the
poor.
25. The Immediate Payments Service (IMPS), an instantaneous 24x7 electronic funds
transfer system has been developed by the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI).
IMPS facilitate customers to use mobile instruments as a channel for accessing their bank
accounts and put high interbank fund transfers in a secured manner with immediate
confirmation features.
Aadhaar Enabled Payment Systems (AEPS)
26. The AEPS architecture designed by Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
in collaboration with the NPCI is a platform which banks can leverage upon for expanding
their financial inclusion initiatives. The basic premise of AEPS is that one BC Customer
Service Point (CSP) will have the ability to service customers of many banks based on the
unique bio-metric identification data stored in the Aadhaar database. The AEPS platform is
expected to empower a bank customer to use Aadhaar as his/her identity to access the
respective Aadhaar enabled bank account and perform basic banking transactions like
balance enquiry, cash withdrawal and deposit through the BC.
Conclusion
27. RBI has adopted a Bank led model but one which is essentially Model Neutral. We
have tried to create an enabling environment that facilitates competition and fosters
innovation.
28. Once the financial Inclusion plans are implemented customers will be able to
transact electronically with each other as well as with individuals and firms outside the
village. This will in days to come reduce dependence on Cash and High volumes will lower
the costs of transactions.
29. International experience reflects that digitising social transfers is an effective way of
bringing the excluded within the financial system the Business Case for Banks in this
segment, as of now, depends on government payments. Going forward we hope that Banks
will introduce new products and services crafted to the needs and income streams of poor
borrowers which will enable self sustaining financial inclusion.
30. As Banking is a public good this is essential in the interests of Public Policy.