Edgar Barquín: Recent economic trends and policy issues
Presentation by Mr Edgar Barquín, President of the Central Bank of Guatemala, at the JP
Morgan Investor Seminar, Central America Panel, on the occasion of the IADB Annual
Meetings, Montevideo, Uruguay, 17 March 2012.
* * *
I would like to thank JP Morgan for the opportunity to share my views on this panel.
In addressing the recent economic trends in Guatemala and the main policy issues, I would
first like to highlight some specific features of the current international context that directly
affect Guatemala's economy. Then I will give you a quick overview of recent trends and
prospects of Guatemala's main economic variables, and finally I will share with you the main
policy challenges we are or will be facing in the near future.
Regarding the current international context, I would like to highlight six elements:
the deterioration of global economic prospects, which is already being reflected in the
First,
weakening of global trade. Lower economic prospects are also on the horizon for most Latin
American countries as well as some key emerging economies such as China and India.
high frequency indicators suggest a recovery of economic activity in the United
Second,
States of America, though the sustainability of this recovery is still uncertain due to high
levels of unemployment, problems in some key markets such as the housing market,
potential risks due to the problems in the Euro Area and fiscal consolidation issues, among
others.
Third, uncertainty arising from the Euro Area debt crisis with potential spillover effects to
other regions and financial markets.
Fourth, declining commodity prices that have contributed to easing of headline inflation in
most developing countries. However, prices are still high, particularly oil prices.
Fifth, high levels of unemployment remain in most advanced economies including the United
States and the Euro Area as a whole.
And sixth, insufficient progress in developing medium term fiscal consolidation in advanced
economies that could deepen global imbalances.
Regarding recent trends and prospects of Guatemala's main economic variables, first of all I
would to highlight that the recovery of economic activity continued in 2011; in that year,
GDP increased by 3.8 percent, though still below the pre-crisis levels.
For 2012 we are expecting a growth rate between 2.9 percent and 3.3 percent, mainly due to
the impact of the international environment I just mentioned.
As regards exports, after experiencing negative growth rates in 2009 due to the crisis, the
growth rate in 2011 was the highest of the last 13 years or more, at 23.6 percent. This
performance was mainly due both to higher prices and higher export volume of Guatemala's
main traditional products. For 2012, prospects we are expecting slightly lower growth rates,
though still positive, due to the deterioration in global economic prospects.
In the case of imports, the growth rate was quite significant at 20 percent during 2010 and
2011, reflecting a higher domestic demand of goods and services particularly capital goods,
fuel and other inputs for the industry. For 2012, a lower growth rate is expected as we are
estimating a lower demand for consumption goods and inputs for the industry.
Remittances inflows are recovering at a slow pace. In 2011 the amount was a little bit higher,
63.3 million dollars, than the one of 2008 previous the hit of the crisis in Guatemala. For
2012, even though we are expecting a recovery in the amount of inflows, the growth rate is
not significant, 5.7 percent, as the Hispanic unemployment rate in the United States, from
which about 99 percent or remittances come, is still high.
As the Guatemalan economy is more integrated with the global economy and as new
investment opportunities arise due to a greater diversification of its production of goods and
services, we have experienced an increase of capital flows from Foreign Direct Investment.
We expect these flows to keep growing as specific actions are being taken to promote
investments in the country on the basis of a public-private strategic alliance which also
includes efforts to improve Guatemala's investment climate.
As of today, about 55 percent of Foreign Direct Investment comes from the United States
and Mexico.
Here it is important to mention that short term capital inflows to the economy have not been
significant. Therefore, we have not experienced the problems of other Latin American
countries which had to deal with relatively high capital inflows as well as with significant
appreciations of their nominal currencies and increases of credit to the private sector that
fueled economic activity over its potential levels.
International Monetary Reserves have reached highest historical levels, at over
USD 6 bn (and expected to reach close to USD 7 bn in 2012), which represents an important
liquidity cushion for the Guatemalan economy as well as a good signal to the international
markets and credit rating agencies.
The banking credit to the private sector has increased, mainly the credit in foreign currency
due to lower international interest rates as well as the higher Guatemalan industrial activity
experienced in 2011. The main funding of the credit in foreign currency has been commercial
lines of credit from American banks.
The Economic Activity Confidence Index is improving, particularly in the most recent months.
This performance is highly related with positive expectations about the new government that
took office in mid January. So far, the government has given clear signals of being a
pro-private sector government. In its first month in office the government has launched a
competitiveness agenda and an integrated policy for foreign trade, competitiveness and
investments. These and other specific actions have contributed positively to expectations
about economic growth despite the uncertainty on the global economic prospects.
Declining commodity prices have contributed to easing of headline inflation since mid 2011,
reaching 6.20 percent by the end of the year, slightly above the top limit of the Monetary
Board's target of 5.0 percent plus minus 1 percentage point.
For 2012, inflation estimates are within the range target of 4.5 percent plus
minus 1 percentage point, though inflationary expectations are still above this range.
Guatemala's Central Bank main goal is to pursue price stability which is reflected in an
inflation range target set out by the Monetary Board, the one I have mentioned. In this
context, if inflationary pressures arise or inflationary expectations continue above the target,
specific actions will be taken by the Monetary Board in the near future to achieve the 2012
and the midterm inflation targets.
In the meantime, the central bank is monitoring the performance and prospects of key
external and internal economic variables that may impact headline inflation and inflationary
expectations. In addition, coordination with fiscal policy continues to be strengthening as well
as the transmission mechanism of monetary policy.
Guatemala is known by international organisations and credit rating agencies for its good
record of prudent fiscal and monetary management as well as for its low levels of public debt
and tax burden.
Fiscal revenues were significantly hit during the crisis 2008/2009 so fiscal deficit almost
doubled, reaching 3.3 percent of GDP in 2010. To keep public debt at sustainable levels in
the midterm, fiscal deficit should be equal or lower than 2 percent of GDP. In this regard,
even though further reductions are needed, we can say that the consolidation is underway as
the fiscal deficit reached 2.9 percent of GDP in 2011 and is expected to be at 2.6 percent of
GDP in 2012.
It is worth mentioning that during the first month of the new government Congress has
passed two legal provisions aim at strengthening fiscal revenues on a sustainable path. The
legal provisions included not just modifications to some taxes but also specific provisions to
strengthen the Tax Administration powers to fight against tax evasion and smuggling.
Despite the increase in public debt in recent years, total debt to GDP ratio is still below
critical values. We expect that the actions that are being taken to strengthen fiscal revenues
on a sustainable way will contribute to stabilize this ratio at sustainable levels.
Given the uncertainty that remains about the global economic prospects I would say that
there are three main policy challenges we are currently facing as policy makers:
The first one is to anchor inflation expectations to the midterm target. This means that the
Central Bank has to stand ready to take any necessary measures to address inflationary
pressures, even in a context of potential deterioration of economic growth at the national
level. This is important because if the downside risks to growth materialize and inflation
expectations are still above the midterm target, the Central Bank has no room to ease
monetary policy and support economic growth.
The second main policy challenge is to secure fiscal sustainability in the medium term
through the strengthening of tax revenues and the implementation of prudent fiscal policies
reflected in the stabilization of the rising debt-to-GDP ratio and the reduction of the fiscal
deficit to levels below 2 percent of GDP. This is particularly crucial as we need to restore
fiscal maneuver in the short term in order to be able to address a more severe global
economic downturn or the impact of a natural disaster which in fact is very likely to happen
as Guatemala is among the world's most vulnerable countries to experience natural
disasters. Securing fiscal sustainability is not just an issue of reducing public expenditure as
besides high fiscal rigidities; Guatemala has important infrastructure and social needs that
need to be addressed in order to foster sustainable economic growth.
This drives me to the third main policy challenge which is to foster sustainable economic
growth in an uncertain international environment.
To address this challenge commitment is needed not just from the government but mainly
from the private sector as well as civil society. As I already mentioned, some work has been
done to build these strategic alliances through the competitiveness agenda and the
integrated policy agenda for foreign trade, competitiveness and investments as both have
been endorsed by the private sector. In addition, efforts initiated by the previous government
regarding specific programs to address poverty and creation of opportunities for the most
vulnerable groups are being taken by the new administration as well as specific actions to
address the high levels of crime and violence that also affect sustainable economic growth.
Some of these actions will render benefits in the medium term, so in the mean time the main
contribution of monetary and fiscal policies would be to preserve macroeconomic stability
while maintaining the soundness of the financial system as this has been key to address
adverse shocks in the past as well as to create a solid basis to achieve a sustainable
economic growth.
As a conclusion, allow me to summarise with the following points:

As we have and will be discussing these days in different forums, our economies
are, again, vulnerable to external shocks arising from other regions.
 Even though we have made significant improvements, particularly regarding the
strengthening of the economic fundamentals of our economies, which is reflected in
a lower volatility of the main macroeconomic prices including lower inflation rates,
strengthened financial systems, more sound fiscal balances, improvements in
productivity and so on, we are not exempt, now and in the future, from experiencing
these kind of shocks that at the end affect not just economic and financial variables
but most important the well being of our populations.

As policy makers, we have the responsibility to preserve those economic
fundamentals and to come up with policy actions that may reduce their negative
impact, or even better that could make our economies less vulnerable to their
effects.

In this context, I am glad to be here and looking forward to the discussion of our
challenges as we may come up with specific policy actions that may be needed now
or in the future to address these challenges.
Thank you very much for your attention.