G Padmanabhan: Payment system issues and challenges
Speech by Mr G Padmanabhan, Executive Director of the Reserve Bank of India, at the
Foundation Day - Catholic Syrian Bank, Thrissur, 26 November 2011.
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Assistance rendered by S/Shri G Srinivas, K Sivaraman and Saswat Mahapatra gratefully acknowledged.
Mr V.P. Iswardas, Managing Director & CEO, Catholic Syrian Bank (CSB), Mr Nandakumar,
President, Thrissur Management Association, Mr Anantharaman and Mr Bobby Jose, Board
members present here, other office bearers of the Thrissur Management Association, ladies
and gentlemen. I deem it a privilege to be invited to speak on this important day in the bank's
history. It is a matter of pride to each one of you that the bank which had a modest beginning
in November, 1920, is completing commendable 91 years of service and achievement.
I have very fond memories of CSB, as this was the one of the private banks which had a
presence in Thiruvananthapuram, which is my home town, as I was growing up. I must say
the bank has grown from strength to strength, imbibing the enterprising spirit inherited from
its founding fathers, adapting admirably to the far-reaching social, political and economic
changes that have been happening around us. Today it has a client base of more than
15 lakh customers. It established its first contact point with RBI in the year 1969, when it got
the status of a Scheduled Bank, under the RBI Act. In 1972 it came out of its traditional
bastion and opened its first branch in Chembur, Mumbai. The bank entered the field of
International Banking in 1975. Currently, I am told the bank has 364 branches spread across
16 states. Of the 364 branches 242 are in Kerala and of this nearly 80% are in rural and semi
urban areas. I am also informed that with the intention of making the right proposition to the
right customer at the right time, tailor made banking products have been designed to cater to
the specific banking needs of various sections of the society like Students, Women, Senior
Citizens, Farmers etc. A bank which has customer focus, has to continuously endeavour to
retain customer confidence in its capabilities and deliveries.
When I was extended the invitation, I was told that it is customary for the speaker to talk
about any financial sector issue of topical interest. I thought it fit to flag certain current and
emerging issues in Payment Systems. It is important to appreciate that it is the effective
functioning of robust payment systems that reduced the severity of the impact of the
economic crisis and the shocks. I therefore wish to raise a few questions that straddle across
the various dimensions of the payment systems and offer comments which more than
providing answers would hopefully lead to a greater debate among stakeholders.
1. Why so much ado about an "efficient payment system"? Are Indian payment
systems efficient?
The importance of payment and settlement systems could be gauged from the IMF
publication "Central Banking Lessons from the Crisis" (May 27, 2010) which states that:
"The crisis would have been much more severe had central banks not taken
efforts to introduce robust payment and settlement systems, including for foreign
exchange, over the two decades ahead of the crisis. The systemic impact of
failure of a financial institution depends critically on the robustness of the
infrastructure underpinning those markets in which it is active. Central banks,
which in many cases are engaged in oversight of these systems, should play an
important role in this regard, in cooperation with securities regulators and
supervisors of individual institutions".
The central bank interest in payment systems arises on account of critical roles played by an
efficient payment system with respect to (i) financial stability; (ii) economic efficiency;
(iii) monetary policy transmission; and (iv) fiscal policy implementation.
Financial stability: Generally, any strains in the financial system are likely to be first
reflected in the payments system, with settlements being affected due to liquidity issues
faced by one or more of the participants. Due to the interconnected nature of payment
systems, such disturbances have the potential to transmit themselves to other financial
institutions as well, leading to issues of financial stability.
Let me illustrate this by drawing your attention to the fact that in some countries, the payment
system turnover to GDP ratio is more than 100. The significance of this number is that it
means that the turnover in the payment system over a period of three days is equal to the
GDP (of that particular nation). Therefore, any disturbance in the orderly functioning of the
payments and settlement system could disrupt the smooth functioning of the economy, the
markets, the financial market infrastructure and the participants themselves.
As flagged earlier, the recent financial crisis demonstrated the importance of payment and
settlement systems. The smooth and efficient functioning of the payment and settlement
infrastructure enabled the market participants to fulfil their settlement obligations on time,
even in the face of the Bear Sterns and Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. (Lehman) episodes,
widespread counter party credit concerns in the latter part of 2008, and the generally strained
financial markets over the past two years.
Economic efficiency: The speed at which transfer of value is effected between economic
entities has assumed greater significance over the years as economies grow and the level of
economic activity increases leading to the payments system processing and settling a large
volume and value of payments. An efficient payment system results in an increased velocity
of circulation of money as a result of faster transfer of funds between economic entities. This
in turn has a positive impact on economic growth as shown by economic theories. Studies by
economists indicate that an economy can save 1-3% of its GDP in terms of both private and
social costs if it is able to increase the velocity of circulation of money by completely
switching to electronic payments. An efficient payment system also reduces the cost of
transactions and is crucial for the orderly functioning of inter-bank, money, capital and
security markets.
Monetary policy transmission: Another significant reason for the importance of Payment
Systems is the role they play in efficiently transmitting monetary policy signals to the markets
and economy as a whole. The monetary policy actions of the central bank influence either
the quantity of money (i.e. money supply) or the price of money (i.e. interest rates at the
short-end of the curve). Both these measures require a reliable large-value payment system
with same-day (preferably real-time as is the norm) settlement. The effectiveness of any
monetary policy measure depends to a large extent on the efficacy and soundness of the
large-value payment system. Besides, a well functioning Payment System facilitates effective
implementation of monetary policy by supporting accurate and precise measurement of
liquidity positions of banks and monetary aggregates.
Fiscal policy implementation: Developments in Payment Systems have a bearing on
implementation of Fiscal Policy. The speed and turnover of government cash inflows and
outflows are directly impacted by the efficiency of Payment Systems. Payment System also
plays a critical role in lending and borrowing activities of Government.
Now let me turn to the obvious question, how does our Payment system fare in terms of
efficiency? Let me start with the Reserve Bank's stated goals towards payment systems
which are laid down in the Vision document for Payment System 2009-12. These are to
ensure that all the payment and settlement systems operating in the country are "safe,
secure, sound, efficient, accessible and authorised". Efficiency of payment systems is also
determined by other factors such as technology adoption, innovation, market structure, and
competitive conditions.
RBI has taken a number of initiatives to put in place an efficient payment and settlement
infrastructure in the country covering both the retail and large-value payments. In the retail
arena, RBI's pioneering efforts were the implementation of MICR technology (leading to
reduction in the cheque clearing cycles to a T+1), implementation of electronic payment
systems such as ECS (which has morphed into local ECS, RECS and NECS) and NEFT.
Speed clearing and Express Cheque Clearing system (ECCS), initiatives at clearing houses
have further enhanced the efficiency of the cheque clearing operations in the country. The
implementation of Cheque Truncation system is a continuation of this effort. CTS has now
been implemented in New Delhi and Chennai. Grid based CTS when rolled out completely
will centralise the entire cheque clearing in the country in 4-6 grids.
Focus on retail electronic payments has been an ongoing endeavour of the Reserve Bank
since the mid 90's. In order to provide near-to-real-time funds transfer facility to retail
customers, as also to cater to the stock market timings, 11 batch settlements have been
provided under NEFT. The NEFT system operates from 9.00 a.m. to 7.00 p.m. providing
hourly settlements on week days and 5 settlements on Saturday. These measures have
further improved the efficiency of the system. It is one of its kind in the world which provides
a positive acknowledgement to the originator regarding credit to the beneficiary customer
account. The RTGS introduced in 2004 now handles around 2 lakh transactions per day. All
critical and wholesale financial market settlements now take place in RTGS.
Realising the growing importance of card payments in the country, Reserve Bank has been
engaged in enhancing the safety and security of card transactions. After securing all card not
present transactions through implementation of an additional factor of authentication, the
focus is now towards securing card present transactions. A definite timeframe and roadmap
for securing all card present transaction through technology upgrade, infrastructure upgrade,
implementation of EVM (chip and pin cards) etc, has been mandated.
Other important measures relating to efficiency include: (i) the creation of National Financial
Switch which have made the ATM network into a national infrastructure, enhancing customer
convenience and reach; (ii) Enabling straight through processing in electronic payments,
credit is now afforded based only on the account number of the beneficiary which has
significantly improved the efficiency in operations.
Efficiency when measured as a technical measure of production, viz., the number of
payments that can be processed in an hour holds up very well in the Indian context as
evidenced by the increase in volumes of transactions being processed in various payment
systems. The efficiency has also increased on account of the banks implementing the core
banking solution. This is evident in the case of all payment systems viz., the paper based
(MICR and CTS) system; the retails electronic payment products (NEFT, variants of ECS)
and the large value payment system-RTGS.
2. Should we be mandating upper limits for paper based transactions?
We have already mandated such threshold limits by stipulating that with effect from August 1,
2008 payments above Rs.10 lakhs by all RBI regulated entities in the RBI regulated markets
have to be routed through electronic payment systems only (vide our circular DPSS No. 2096
/ 04.04.007 / 2007-2008 dated June 20, 2008).
Another area where we have already implemented such a threshold, albeit indirectly, was the
closure of inter-bank clearing as well as high value clearing which essentially catered to
cheque payments above Rs.1 lakh. This incentivised the use of electronic modes (RTGS /
NEFT) which were faster and safer, as opposed to the normal cheque clearing process,
which takes a relatively longer time.
Present position of paper based instruments
Based on the data of cheques processed in the four metro cities, out of an average of around
235 lakh cheques processed each month, 8.6% are of the value of Rs.1.00 lakh and above.
Cheques of over Rs 10 lakh in value accounted for 5.9%.
International scenario
South Africa: The maximum value payable per cheque is currently set at R5 000 000- (Five
Million Rand/Rs.3.05Crore). In instances where cheques for higher values are issued that will
be cleared manually between the banks and the beneficiary's accounts will only be credited
on completion of this process.
Canada: Canada has introduced a $25 million ceiling for cheques, bank drafts and other
paper-based items to be processed through Canada's clearing system, effective February 3,
2003. The objective of their initiative is to ensure certainty of settlement which enhances the
safety and stability of the Canadian payments system, and reduces risks for businesses and
other organizations involved in large value transactions.
Nigeria: Central Bank of Nigeria has set a maximum limit on cheque payment at N10 million
with effect from January 1, 2010. Any payment value exceeding N10 million should be made
through the e-payment mode such as the Central Bank Inter-Bank Funds Transfer System
(CIFTS i.e. RTGS) and Nigeria Inter-Bank Settlement System Electronic Fund Transfer
(NEFT) from that date. The maximum limit serves as a risk reduction measure in the clearing
and settlement arrangement in line with international best practice. To support this initiative,
deposit money banks are implored to properly educate their customers on the
implementation procedure.
Kenya: The limit set for value capping is Kshs 1million, USD 35,000 EUR 30,000 and
GBP 15,000 and above that will NOT be processed through the Nairobi Automated Clearing
House from 1st October 2009. Customers can still write cheques of above the limit BUT
his/her bank will take them through a process called collection meaning that payment rests
with the paying bank, subject to a maximum period of 21 working days.
Tanzania: With effect from March 1 2009, cheques with value of above TZS 10 Million are
not to be accepted for processing in the clearing houses. Payments exceeding the limit shall
be processed through the Tanzania Interbank Settlement System (TISS). However,
exception was made in the case of Government cheques.
Namibia: Any cheque payment made in excess of N$500,000 are not to be accepted by
banking institutions after 10 June 2010.
Will we ever be able to completely switch over to an electronic payment regime?
Doing away with cash: It would be utopian to assume that we can achieve a cashless India
unless we have a well-established infrastructure for acceptance of alternative means of
making payments which is accessible, safe and easily operable by each citizen. It is also
necessary to remember that in India only 55% of the population has bank accounts and it is
hard to imagine a cashless society with the exclusion of a vast population from the formal
financial system. Even if we achieve total financial inclusion, we also have to recognize that
habits die hard.
At the same time, we are aware of the costs involved in the management of currency and the
menace of fake notes, which makes it imperative to take measures to move towards
electronic modes of payment at a decent pace. In the last decade and more, RBI has
introduced various products like the NEFT, ECS, etc. which enable secure and cost effective
means of making payments. CBS in banks has enhanced the use of these products which
are being increasingly used today. But financial inclusion is key to have a major reduction in
the use of cash in our society.
Can usage of cheques be contained?
The electronic products referred to above do offer a very good and efficient alternative to
cheques. But use of cheques continues to be predominant in the payment systems even
today. Some probable reasons are -
Comfort factor: Cheques as a mode of payment has been in vogue for a very long time and
customers, even the illiterate population, derive a reasonable level of comfort in this
arrangement. The same level of comfort is not experienced by a vast majority of bank
customers in the electronic mode. As an illustration, it is easy to draw and hand over a
cheque to a person as compared to visiting the bank branch to initiate a NEFT transaction.
Not everyone has the facility or ability to initiate a money transfer transactions through net
banking.
Cheques offer a means to make post-dated payments which is of significance to the parties
in certain transactions. Though ECS/NECS are effectively payment instructions to be
executed at a future date, these products are intended for repetitive payments. Presently, the
electronic payments in the country, do not provide the facility of post-dated payment there
could be exceptions though in the form of standing instructions. Perhaps it is time to consider
the feasibility of developing an e-cheque system.
Cost factor: A major factor which may go against the principle of empowering the customer
(to move away from cash) would be the charges (ad-valorem) which are applicable for
electronic payments, whereas cheque payments normally do not entail any charges for the
customers. Introduction of charges for cheque-based transactions on the lines for electronic
payments may be an alternative but difficult to justify.
Efficiency of the payment system may not always be a factor: While electronic mode of
payment is efficient, how many of us really care whether a credit, at least the relatively
smaller amounts, reaches us in one hour or one day? Even when we receive a cheque
payment, not all of us are particular in depositing the same with the bank.
Is it the right time to reduce the threshold for cheques? How should this be
implemented?
Today, payments in excess of Rs. 10.00 lakh by RBI regulated entities are expected to be
made only through electronic mode. As banking is well developed in the metro cities, we
need to consider restricting use of cheques of the value of Rs. 1.00 lakh in the local clearing
at these centres. However, this measure has to be applied uniformly to all participants,
including Government departments.
3. Are payment systems operated by non-bank entities a necessary reality for
achieving FI in India?
What is financial inclusion?
In our view financial inclusion is the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial
products and services needed by all sections of the society in general and vulnerable groups
such as weaker sections and low income groups in particular, at an affordable cost in a fair
and transparent manner by regulated mainstream institutional players.
Seen in the above context, non-bank entities may not be able to offer a range of financial
products. In particular, they cannot offer basic banking services, which are important from the
point of view of financial inclusion. However, non-banks have the potential to play an
important role in the FI process in India though not necessarily as payment system operators
but as participants in the systems.
Why has India opted for a bank-led model for mobile payments?
It is incorrect to say that non-banks have not been allowed entry into the mobile payments
space in India. The 17 non-banks authorised to issue prepaid payment instruments include a
mobile phone company, an MSP and a few others who issue semi-closed prepaid mobile
wallets. RBI has opted for a bank-led model of mobile banking. This was a conscious
decision taken by the RBI and endorsed by a high level Inter Ministerial Group constituted by
the Government of India last year. The MSP-led model is perhaps working fine in Kenya and
Philippines. We also understand that this model is being adopted in certain other countries
like Maldives. However, each country has its own needs, concerns and constraints and
India's decision to opt for an exclusive bank-led model of mobile banking is based on the
following -
1. The mobile banking services provided by Telcos in Kenya, South Africa, Philippines
are e-money products. The e-money rules of these countries permit, cash
withdrawal/deposit and funds transfer from e-money products and these are not
treated as deposit products. No interest is payable on the amounts held in these
accounts. The equivalent in India would be the "open system prepaid payment
instruments", which is akin to acceptance of demand deposit, and non-banks are not
permitted to accept deposits for maturity less than one year.
2. M-PESA in Kenya provides remittance services. The success of the system can be
attributed to the absence of competition. The presence of a single dominant
operator and the absence of a cost effective remittance channel have facilitated the
fast adoption of this product in Kenya. However, the situation in India is different with
the presence of nearly 8-10 key players in this space with the competition playing a
key role. Facilitating a model like M-PESA in India would require the setting up of a
clearing and settlement arrangement for such non-bank operators. Such clearing
and settlement arrangements could have systemic implications.
3. Certain customer service issues (viz. Non-availability of funds at the paying outlet,
non-delivery/delayed delivery of messages) are associated with the MSP models.
Any model of mobile banking in India should ab initio address customer service and
customer protection issues to enhance the confidence level of customers and
ensure sustained credibility of the model.
4. Last but not the least, money laundering is a matter of concern in India.
Person-toperson remittance is a high risk activity from the point of view of money laundering,
and the safety and security of the transactions. The customer identification
processes followed in case of prepaid customers are lax as the MSPs consider this
as low risk from their financial stand point. Given the large number of such cards
being issued and the number of outlets through which they are issued, it is difficult to
contain the risk of anonymity in a MSP led model unless the system is strengthened
effectively. Although this process has commenced, it has some distance to go to be
deemed as robust.
5. As regards the problems of the migrant population, we have recently permitted
domestic money transfer with the requirement of a bank account at only one end.
This is expected to meet the remittance requirements of the migrant population in a
significant way.
Does it mean that banks can do without the support of the mobile companies in their
efforts towards financial inclusion?
As mentioned in the beginning, non-bank entities, particularly the MSPs have an important
role in the FI process. With an extensive network of retail outlets even in remote places
where there is no bank branch, Mobile Operators can partner with banks to facilitate the
reach of mobile banking across the country. However, their role is primarily of a service
provider facilitating quick transmission of messages across their net work while that of the
banks is to provide banking services to the people. The roles of banks and the mobile
operators are to that extent well delineated and the participants should recognize the same.
RBI has issued revised guidelines enabling banks to engage the services of profit making
companies as business correspondents for promoting financial inclusion in a big way. We
believe that the telcos would take this opportunity to work with the banks as business
correspondents for ensuring that mobile banking reaches the last mile in view of its spread
and usage. In fact, a few major MSPs have already initiated tie-ups with banks which should
give a fillip both to mobile banking and the measures towards financial inclusion. A healthy
partnership between banks and MSPs will certainly augur well for the FI process. Let me also
state that we have no issues with non-banks joining the IMPS as a member and it is a call
which the NPCI has to take. However, we would like to examine the model once finalised to
satisfy ourselves that there are no regulatory concerns.
4. Are technology driven payment systems more risky?
Any payment system is bound to have risks associated with the process and it is necessary
that such risks are anticipated, identified and suitably addressed to ensure that the system is
secure. Electronic payment systems are no exception though the risk perception, the sources
of risks and the impact of exposure could be relatively high.
Won't the average customer who is not tech savvy be deterred from doing electronic
banking in the light of the above threats, which only grow in variety in times to come?
A person need not be tech savvy, in its true sense, to do his payment transactions in the
electronic mode. In fact, in the Sheikhpura district of Bihar, a good number of self employed
women are using mobile banking, thanks to the initiatives of an NGO. The electronic mode of
payment offers a very secure, convenient and speedy means of doing payment transactions.
He needs to take minimum precautions like not sharing his personal information, particularly
his account details and password, with anyone, changing his password periodically, checking
the status of his accounts regularly, heeding to any online alerts from his bank etc.
Who is accountable in case of a security breach in an electronic payment
environment?
This would depend on the place and mode of the breach. For example, when a customer
uses an ATM or a PoS terminal, he assumes that he undertakes his transaction in a secure
manner. If a skimming device has been planted at the ATM which results in the card data
being stolen and misused later, the bank or service provider which manages the ATM or the
PoS terminal should accept the responsibility and make good the losses. The onus of
proving the customer's liability in such cases should squarely rest on the bank/service
provider.
In the case of online/phone banking transactions, the possibilities of fraud arise generally on
account of lapses on the part of the customer in exposing his system to the risks mentioned
earlier which may result in theft of his identity, account details etc.
How has the Reserve Bank of India sought to address the risks faced by customers
using electronic payments?
For online credit/debit card transactions, which are essentially card-not-present transactions,
RBI had mandated a second factor authentication based on information not present on the
cards with effect from August, 2009. This measure enhanced the confidence of customers as
evidenced by the spurt in online transactions in the recent past. The second factor of
authentication has been mandated for Interactive Voice Response (IVR) transactions from
February 2011 and for the residual transactions ( Mail Order Telephone Order transactions,
hotel bookings etc.) with effect from May 2012.
RBI has also mandated issue of online alerts to customers for all card transactions
irrespective of the value of the transaction or the channel used. This measure will at least
help a customer to remedial action to prevent further misuse of his card.
Let me now turn to my last question.
5. Where do I wish to see the Indian payment system five years hence?
Let me start with the milestones we have set in the payment systems vision document
(2009-2012). The list includes:
(i) Implementing a new and feature rich RTGS system
(ii) A domestic card scheme for the country
(iii) Redesigning ECS to function as a true Automated Clearing House (ACH) for
bulk transactions
We are on track to achieving the milestones. What next?
First we need to ensure the transition from cash dominant economy to predominantly
noncash dominant economy. Further, non cash transactions should be predominantly in
electronic mode.
Second payment systems need to reach out to unbanked population. Payment system
should achieve a certain degree of ubiquity in the sense access to payment systems should
be simple, easy, convenient, cost effective for the "aam admi".
Third Indian payment systems need to continuously innovate products, channels and
business models. Technology should facilitate the convergence of payment products.
Fourth recent surveys worldwide indicate mobile and NFC are the future payment trends.
Given the huge potential for both mobile and NFC as the future payment products, we should
see the adoption and integration of these into our payment systems.
Fifth, our payment systems should be able to provide a low cost solution to bring government
payments , e-commerce, etc, into its fold.
Sixth, safety and security of payment systems instil public confidence. Our payment systems
should meet the emerging challenge of frauds and be the trend setter for security
I once again felicitate the CSB Ltd on this momentous day.
Thank you.