Jürgen Stark: Taking stock - where do we stand in the crisis?
Speech by Mr Jürgen Stark, Member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank,
at the BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke) Stiftung Herbert Quandt, Washington DC,
15 April 2010.
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Ladies and gentlemen,
Introduction: macroeconomic developments and outlook
In autumn 2008, the world economy entered the worst financial crisis and the deepest
recession since the Great Depression. Both monetary and fiscal policies responded
vigorously to this exceptional situation and contributed to the emergence of a recovery in the
course of 2009.
Hence, after falling last year, global activity is expected to grow by around 4% this year, while
global trade is expected to grow by almost 6% (IMF January WEO update). Strong growth in
emerging market economies in Asia is a major driving force behind these figures, while
growth in many advanced economies is forecast to be weak. Questions can be raised as to
whether such an uneven pattern of the recovery will prove sustainable.
In the euro area, recent information indicates that the recovery has continued to expand in
the first few months of this year. Looking forward, euro area growth is expected to remain
moderate, owing to ongoing balance sheet adjustments in the private sector, weak prospects
for the labour market and low capacity utilisation. Available growth forecasts for 2010 put it
at, on average, around 1%. The crisis is also expected to have lasting effects on our
economy, as both the level and the growth rate of potential output are most likely reduced for
a longer time.
Turning to price developments in the euro area, according to Eurostat's flash estimate,
annual inflation increased to 1.5% in March, from 0.9% in February. This was higher than
expected. While this does not change our assessment, it is important to understand whether
the surge in inflation in March is temporary or more lasting in nature. This is difficult to
assess without a breakdown of developments in the overall HICP, which will only become
available tomorrow (16 April). However, it seems reasonable to consider energy and food
prices as the main drivers behind the higher than expected inflation outcome in March.
Looking ahead, we expect inflation in the euro area to remain moderate over the
policyrelevant horizon. The outcome of our monetary analysis confirms the assessment of low
inflationary pressures over the medium term, with money and credit growth remaining weak.
At the same time, we need to monitor price developments in the more dynamic regions of the
world very closely, as well as the evolution of commodity prices and their potential impact on
global inflation. Notably, a multi-speed recovery of the world economy, with some regions
growing fast, while the recovery in others remains rather slow, has the potential to exert
upward pressure on prices. In the same vein, we also need to monitor very closely the
possible adverse impact from fiscal developments on the inflation outlook. All in all, risks to
the inflation outlook seem to be tilted to the upside.
This notwithstanding, inflation expectations remain firmly anchored in line with our aim of
keeping inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.
Let me turn to the banking sector. Adjustments are continuing in light of a re-focusing on core
business and markets, the necessary re-organisation arising from state aid and forthcoming
changes to regulatory environment. Although there have been improvements, profitability
remains subdued. Further credit-related write-downs are expected throughout this year, and
the risk of a negative feedback loop emerging between the household and corporate sectors
and the banks persists. Banks' may remain under pressure to continue the process of
deleveraging, with possible credit constraints impacting on economic growth in the event of
credit demand picking up.
Thus, although the response of policy-makers to the crisis has certainly helped to avert an
even more dramatic collapse in economic activity in the euro area and elsewhere, challenges
abound. Indeed, most advanced economies will continue to face severe macroeconomic
imbalances in the years to come. I am particularly concerned about the dramatic
deterioration in public finances, which will require very ambitious fiscal consolidation efforts in
the years to come. We may already have entered into the next phase of the crisis: a
sovereign debt crisis following on the financial and economic crisis.
Fiscal policy challenges
Most governments in the advanced countries will exit from the recession with the highest
deficit and debt-to-GDP ratios recorded in times of peace.
As can bee seen in the chart, the general government deficit in the euro area is expected,
according to the latest projections by the European Commission, to exceed 6.0% of GDP in
2009, 2010 and 2011. In Japan, the government deficit-to-GDP ratio is foreseen to reach
around 9.0% of GDP in these years, whereas the UK and US government deficits are
expected to be in excess of 10.0% of GDP in the period 2009-11. These high government
deficits are reflected in mounting government debt, which will reach 88% of GDP in 2011 in
both the euro area and the United Kingdom, 100% of GDP in the United States and 200% of
GDP in Japan.
These developments are the consequence of sizeable fiscal stimulus measures and of
interventions in support of financial institutions in many advanced countries, but also of the
sharp contraction in economic activity.
In the euro area, adverse fiscal developments are a cause of particular concern in several
countries, generally those that did not exploit more buoyant economic times to firmly
consolidate their public finances. In the United States, too, some States (e.g. Arizona and
California) have adopted a less prudent approach to the management of their public finances
than others.
BIS Review 51/2010
There is no doubt that fiscal policies have been put on a path that is not sustainable. Indeed,
as simulations for the euro area show, without a very ambitious fiscal adjustment effort, the
debt ratio is projected to continue rising in the next decades. With an annual structural deficit
reduction of only 0.5% of GDP, it will take the euro area 20 years or more to return to the
pre-crisis debt-to-GDP level. Substantially stronger consolidation efforts are warranted to
bring the debt ratio down to a more prudent level of below 60% of GDP and to prepare for
the rising budgetary costs of the ageing population.
The challenges are particularly large for countries with relatively high government deficit and
debt levels, as well as a rapidly ageing society, and even more so for those that face
relatively high interest rates and low potential growth.
Outside the euro area, bringing the public debt ratio back to safer regions appears even
harder for the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan. Given their high budget deficits
and the high and rising debt levels, they must undertake very strong consolidation efforts to
manage a reversal of the rising trend in public debt ratios.
Growing fiscal imbalances, if not promptly corrected, are a cause of concern for several
reasons. Let me focus on the three most important ones.
First, high levels of government budget deficits and debt may push up inflation expectations
and place an additional burden on the monetary policy of central banks and their task of
maintaining price stability.
Second, large fiscal imbalances may drive up (real) medium and longer-term interest rates,
with adverse consequences for private investment. Given the large debt financing needs of
many advanced countries, this constitutes a serious risk for the recovery. Moreover, rising
interest expenditure on government debt reduces the scope for public spending on other,
growth-enhancing items. Taken together, this would reduce long-term growth, especially in
countries with high debt ratios.
Third, deteriorated fiscal positions severely limit the ability of governments to counter
adverse shocks, given the reduced budgetary room for the operation of automatic stabilizers.
In addition, large budgetary imbalances reduce the scope for fiscal stimulus measures, and
their effectiveness, as a fiscal expansion in the context of high and rising government debt
may trigger an increase in precautionary savings and show negative fiscal multipliers.
Against this background, it is now of the utmost importance that national fiscal policy-makers
rapidly implement a credible and ambitious consolidation agenda. While fiscal consolidation
may entail some costs in terms of lower economic growth in the short run, their longer-term
benefits are largely undisputed.
They consist, notably, of a reduction in governments' debt financing needs, leading both to
lower long-term interest rates (due to lower demand and declining risk premia) and to the
release of revenues to finance more productive expenditure or growth-enhancing tax cuts.
More leeway is then also created for the operation of automatic fiscal stabilizers in response
to a cyclical downturn. In sum, fiscal consolidation is essential to secure public trust in the
long-term sustainability of public finances, and to strengthen the foundations for sustained
and durable growth.
At the European level, fiscal consolidation should be in line with EU countries' commitments
under the Stability and Growth Pact, which provides the appropriate framework for the
coordination of their fiscal policies. Given past experience of a slow and hesitant correction of
excessive deficits, I see strong arguments for strengthening the implementation of the
Stability and Growth Pact and reinforcing its rules for fiscal discipline. This could be
complemented with enhanced national budgetary rules and procedures that are consistent
with the EU fiscal framework.
Monetary policy challenges
Let me now turn to monetary policy and focus, in particular, on the response of the ECB to
the crisis, and its current exit strategies.
In response to the crisis and the ensuing subdued inflationary pressures, the Governing
Council lowered its key interest rates to historically low levels. In particular, it reduced its
main refinancing rate by 325 basis points to 1%, a level not seen in recent history in any of
the euro area countries. Overall, the Governing Council still views these low policy rates as
appropriate.
To foster financing conditions and facilitate the transmission of lower key ECB interest rates
to money market and bank lending rates, the Governing Council also introduced a number of
non-standard measures. Notably, the Eurosystem provided unlimited liquidity to banks at a
fixed interest rate and at maturities of up to one year. It also provided liquidity in foreign
currencies, extended the list of eligible collateral and purchased covered bonds outright.
These measures have contributed not only to lowering perceived liquidity risks on the part of
banks, but also to a better flow of credit to households and firms than would otherwise have
been the case.
The ECB's approach differs from that of some other central banks in many respects. Notably,
our outright purchases of securities have been limited to the covered bond market, a market
segment that is very important in Europe and a primary source of financing for banks.
Moreover, we have refrained from buying government bonds.
This has been different in other regions, especially in the United States and the United
Kingdom, as you can see from this slide. Notably, in providing extra liquidity, we have relied
primarily on repurchase agreements (red parts of bars), whereas the United States and the
United Kingdom have focused on buying securities outright (blue parts of bars).
From the very beginning, we have been aware of the fact that keeping our non-standard
measures in place for longer than necessary would entail the danger of creating harmful
distortions. Therefore, we designed the measures with exit considerations in mind. In view of
the improvements in financial market conditions seen since last spring, we have started to
gradually phase out some of them.
More specifically, we have stopped providing liquidity in foreign currencies, and we have
stopped operations involving maturities longer than three months. Also, we have decided to
return to variable rate tenders in the regular three-month operations towards the end of this
month.
However, the Eurosystem will continue to provide liquidity support to the euro area banking
system at very favourable conditions in its shorter-term refinancing operations (that mature
after one week and after approximately one month). We have decided to do this for as long
as necessary and at least until mid-October this year.
The speed and path of the subsequent gradual phasing-out of the non-standard measures
will depend on economic and financial market developments. The remaining measures are
not many. They include, inter alia, the tender procedures to be applied in the main
refinancing operations and the operations with a duration of one maintenance period,
approximately one month (which could be returned to variable rate tenders). All our actions
will remain fully in line with the objective of maintaining price stability over the medium term.
We do not know today what normality will look like after the crisis. Likewise, we cannot be
specific today about the design of the "final" post-crisis operational framework. Before
deciding on this, we will need to consider thoroughly the lessons to be learnt from the crisis.
However, the operational framework that prevailed prior to the turmoil seems to provide a
good benchmark. It served us well prior to the crisis, and could be adapted quickly as
circumstances worsened.
Concluding remarks
Let me conclude.
There is no doubt that the crisis will leave us a heritage of severe macroeconomic
imbalances. Dealing with them will represent one of the most daunting challenges for
policymakers in modern history.
Against this backdrop, let me emphasise that the Governing Council will continue to deliver
on its mandate, which is to maintain price stability over the medium term. All our decisions
regarding an exit from supportive measures need to be seen within this context.
As regards fiscal policies, it is essential to prevent public finances from running out of control.
Clearly, this will require a very ambitious fiscal consolidation effort. In particular, as regards
the consolidation strategy, and given that the tax burden is already high in many countries,
the fiscal adjustment will have to be primarily expenditure-based.
Finally, let me stress that any call to reduce the real value of public debt through higher
inflation will be firmly opposed by the ECB. A low and stable level of inflation is a prerequisite
for confidence, stability and sustainable growth.
Thank you.
Background slides
BIS Review 51/2010