Mr Erçel discusses the monetary policy of the European Central Bank
Opening speech by the Governor of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Mr Gazi Erçel, at
the Economic Research Foundation, Istanbul. 18/12/98
European economic and monetary union (EMU) will come to life at the beginning of next year. The
European Central Bank (ECB) will commence operations, and the euro will become an official
reserve currency.
Eleven of the 15 countries in the European Monetary System will link their domestic currencies to
the euro by January 1, 1999. They will stop issuing their own currencies three years later. There will
no longer be independent domestic monetary and exchange rate policies. Instead, monetary and
exchange rate policies will reflect the needs of the euro region as a whole, as determined by the
European Central Bank.
This stage has obviously not been reached easily or quickly. This new institutional arrangement was
the product of years of effort. First the philosophical groundwork had to be established, before the
technical work could even begin. The final stages were only reached gradually. The European Union
was thoroughly thought out. Under German initiative, with French support and British technical
assistance, and contributions from all the others, the institutions were established which will be
responsible for monetary and exchange rate policy decisions under the Maastricht Treaty and the
Stability and Growth Pact.
Countries have made heroic efforts to satisfy the Maastricht convergence criteria. They have reduced
their budget deficits, pushed down their inflation rates to less than 2%, and brought their growth rates
close to 3%. Favourable global economic conditions made it possible to create an environment
suitable for the proper functioning of the system. Meanwhile, the European Monetary Institute
completed the necessary preparations for launching the ECB, and transferred its responsibilities to
that Bank at the beginning of July 1998.
At its founding, there was a broad consensus that the ECB should be independent. There were
continuing discussions about its main target, however, and even though this question seems to be
resolved, sometimes it still appears on the agenda. The main point being discussed is that while price
stability is specifically mentioned in the constitutional agreement as an objective of the ECB, the role
of the growth and economic stability objectives is less clear. It is generally agreed that the primary
task of central banks should be price stability, but some still argue that the price stability objective
should not conflict but should cooperate with the growth and stability objectives. Others insist that
since the existence of price stability brings about high employment and sustainable growth in the
medium and long term, there is no conflict between the growth and price stability objectives.
I believe that the ECB's present policies, based on all these discussions, aim at price stability as its
primary task, with sustainable growth and low unemployment as major objectives. I also believe that
the question of the general nature of the ECB's monetary and exchange rate policies in pursuit of
price stability, sustainable growth and low unemployment is of concern not just for those 11
countries. Since the ECB's policies will have global effects, they are of global concern.
As you all know, the general outlines of the monetary policies to be pursued by the 11 countries
whose currencies are tied to the euro have already been determined. This has also created some new
problems. But before discussing them, I would like to point out the four main characteristics of the
ECB.
First, it is independent. This independence means that it can decide on what monetary policy
strategies to follow and what monetary instruments, especially short-term interest rates, to use in
pursuit of its primary objective of maintaining price stability.
The ECB's Governing Council, consisting of the governors of the national central banks of the euro
area and the ECB's Executive Board, will determine the basic outlines of the ECB's monetary
policy. The chosen strategy will be carried out by the ECB's Executive Board, consisting of a
governor, vice governor and four members appointed by the president or prime minister of countries
in the European Monetary System.
From the independence of the central bank governors on the Governing Council, one can infer a high
degree of independence for the system. As I mentioned before, the ECB's independence in
implementing monetary policy towards the price stability objective can be ensured in this way.
The second important characteristic of the ECB is its credibility. High credibility will increase the
confidence of the public in the ECB's policies and objectives, which in turn will help it achieve its
primary objective. The most important ingredients of credibility are transparency and success in
attaining its monetary policy objectives. For years now the central banks of Germany, France and the
UK have been earning credibility, and the confidence of firms, institutions and individuals in these
banks has increased considerably. The ECB, established in an environment of confidence provided
by the credibility of national central banks, believes its growing credibility will translate into
confidence in its conduct of monetary policy.
The third important characteristic of the ECB is transparency, already mentioned as one of the keys
to greater credibility. Transparency means openness about the ECB's objectives, its policy
implementation, its monetary policy deliberations and the forward-looking orientation of its policies.
The ECB has explained, clearly and explicitly, that its main goal is maintaining price stability and
described the strategies by which it is seeking to achieve it. I have already pointed out the additional
issues of growth and unemployment. There is still discussion, but there is consensus concerning the
primary objective. Discussion of these topics will continue in publications, announcements, speeches
by ECB authorities and discussions. This kind of transparency is an important characteristic of the
ECB.
The ECB will be accountable for its policy changes and for its announced policy intentions. This will
contribute to transparency in its daily operations.
In addition, for the sake of transparency the minutes of ECB Executive Committee meetings should
be made public. On this issue, the ECB has one concern. If a member of the Committee approves a
decision that is not advantageous for his own country, it may cause some problems. Indeed, the
publication of the minutes of meetings years later could create some risks. At this stage, I find this a
reasonable objection. Maybe in time this problem can be solved.
The fourth important characteristic of the ECB is that to reduce uncertainty, policymaking and
economic indicators are treated on a forward-looking basis. The Bank's fundamental strategy is to
calm down expectations for the future, since uncertainty is the most important ingredient of
instability. The main sources of the ECB's monetary policy, which is based on these principles, are
thus determined. These are monetary aggregates, inflation targets and other intermediate objectives
such as selected monetary indicators, and finally the conduct of monetary policy in the light of all
these elements. The ECB has indicated that even if it has an inflation target, it will not announce it.
These monetary policy conditions absolutely guarantee that there will be some uncertainties and
questions, and the first question will be whether it will be possible to lower the inflation rate below
2% when the intermediate targets are indicators calculated using the monetary aggregates of member
countries. Other questions follow. Will the mechanisms of monetary policy transmission still work
efficiently? Can monetary policy moves made as they are in Germany today, using monetary
aggregates as intermediate targets, succeed in the euro area as well? Which monetary aggregates will
be used? What of the money demand function? Will there be a real and reliable database obtained by
collecting and harmonising data from within the euro area? Targeting inflation and conducting
monetary policy in light of the target has been the normal procedure for many countries. Nonetheless
there are lingering suspicions in some quarters about the credibility and reliability of this system, and
since there is a good chance that a loss of credibility will follow a failure to meet an inflation target,
the ECB will not announce such a target. I should also mention that some member countries' central
banks have reservations about conducting monetary policy with inflation targeting. People who
accept monetary aggregates as good intermediate targets say that in accordance with the principles of
continuity and flexibility, which are the basis for central bank credibility, it is more realistic to target
monetary indicators and use these targets to attain price stability.
For myself, I believe that central banks can control these monetary indicators and are responsible for
them. If a central bank is assigned a task, it must have control over its instruments and operations and
enjoy independence in the conduct of monetary policy to perform efficiently. This means that a
central bank that has control over monetary indicators should use these indicators as intermediate
targets in reaching its final inflation target.
On the other hand, in low-inflation environments we have seen how successful the implementation of
monetary policy under inflation targeting can be.
The ECB will follow both procedures together, in accordance with the principles of independence,
transparency, a forward-looking policy orientation and accountability. The ECB's credibility will
grow. It will solve the problems that arise and correct its operational deficiencies. It will strive to
attain and maintain price stability. Achievement of this objective in the medium term will create
conditions conducive to sustainable growth. Growth and employment will follow a sound path.
I see it at this stage as a perfectly designed set of strategies and applications.
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