Christine Lagarde: Press Conference
Introductory statement by Ms Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank, and Mr
Luis de Guindos, Vice-President of the European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, 8 July 2021.
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The Vice-President and I are very pleased to welcome you to our special press conference.
Yesterday the Governing Council unanimously approved the ECB's new monetary policy
strategy. This brings to a successful conclusion the strategic review that we have been
conducting over the last 18 months, drawing on an immense collective effort by staff at the ECB
and the national central banks of the euro area. We have worked within the existing Treaty and
taken the ECB's primary mandate of price stability as a given. The review has allowed us to
challenge our thinking, engage with numerous stakeholders, reflect, discuss and reach common
ground on how to adapt our strategy. The new strategy is reflected in the document entitled "The
ECB's monetary policy strategy statement" that was published earlier today. It is a strong
foundation that will guide us in the conduct of monetary policy in the years to come. Let me
explain the key elements of our new strategy in more detail.
To improve the clarity of our price stability objective, and with the aim of better anchoring inflation
expectations, we have decided to amend our formulation of the objective. The Governing Council
considers that price stability is best maintained by aiming for a two per cent inflation target over
the medium term. A two per cent inflation target is consistent with standard definitions of price
stability and provides a safety margin to protect the effectiveness of monetary policy in
responding to disinflationary shocks and to guard against the risk of deflation. This specific
quantitative target is clear and easy to communicate, and provides a strong anchor for inflation
expectations, which is essential to maintain price stability. It replaces the previous double-key
formulation of below, but close to, two per cent, which was widely seen as too elaborate and
occasionally giving rise to misperceptions about the Governing Council's aspirations. The new
formulation removes any possible ambiguity and resolutely conveys that two per cent is not a
ceiling. The Governing Council's commitment to the two per cent target is symmetric. Symmetry
means that the Governing Council considers negative and positive deviations of inflation from the
target to be equally undesirable.
To maintain the symmetry of its inflation target, the Governing Council recognises the importance
of taking into account the implications of the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates. In
particular, when nominal interest rates tend to be low throughout the business cycle, like at
present, the economy operates not too far from the lower bound. Episodes in which the policy
rate is constrained at the lower bound are often associated with disinflationary pressure.
Addressing this requires especially forceful or persistent monetary policy measures to avoid
negative deviations from the inflation target becoming entrenched. In these conditions, in the face
of large adverse shocks, the ECB's policy response will, as appropriate and grounded in a
careful proportionality analysis, include especially forceful monetary policy measures. In addition,
closer to the effective lower bound, it may also call for a more persistent use of its monetary
policy instruments. This may also imply a transitory period in which inflation is moderately above
target.
The Governing Council judged that the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) remains
the appropriate price measure for assessing the achievement of our price stability objective. At
the same time, we have heard the calls of European citizens for a broader coverage of housing
costs in the HICP. The Governing Council has therefore recommended a roadmap for the
inclusion of owner-occupied housing in the HICP, while recognising that this is a multi-year
project to be led by Eurostat. During the transition period, the main reference index for monetary
policy will remain the current HICP, but initial estimates of owner-occupied housing costs will
play a supplementary role alongside our set of broader inflation measures and will help us
assess the contribution of housing costs to inflation.
Our new strategy confirms the medium-term orientation of our monetary policy, which, since the
inception of the ECB, has been an important principle of the strategy. It recognises that monetary
policy cannot and should not attempt to fine-tune short-term developments in inflation. Monetary
policy affects the economy with variable time lags. The medium-term orientation allows us to be
forward-looking and respond flexibly to fluctuations in output and inflation. Flexibility is important,
since the appropriate policy response depends on the circumstances as well as on the source,
magnitude and persistence of the shocks affecting the economy. The medium-term orientation
also allows us to cater for other considerations relevant to the pursuit of price stability.
Employment, financial stability risks and climate change are some of the areas that we looked
into in greater depth during the strategy review.
We have also carefully reviewed the appropriateness of the instruments in our monetary policy
toolkit. It is clear that the set of ECB policy rates - the rate on our main refinancing operations,
the deposit facility rate and the marginal lending rate - will remain our primary instrument. But, in
a low interest rate environment in which the policy rates are more likely to encounter and remain
constrained at the lower bound, the ECB will continue to employ other instruments when the
need arises. Forward guidance, asset purchases and longer-term refinancing operations over
the past decade have helped mitigate the limitations generated by the lower bound and will
remain an integral part of the ECB's toolkit, to be used as appropriate.
We have also made important changes to our analytical framework. This framework provides the
foundation for our monetary policy decisions, including the regular proportionality assessment of
the effectiveness, efficiency and side effects of our measures. Historically, the ECB has been
known for its "two pillars", which identified risks to price stability as originating from two distinct
domains: the "economic analysis" and the "monetary analysis". These two sources of risks were
cross-checked against each other to form an overall assessment. Our new strategy
acknowledges the advantages of having two specialised areas of analysis on the economy, but
also recognises the value of integrating the analysis, in a world in which there are multiple
feedback channels from the monetary and financial spheres to the broader economy, and vice
versa. This new integrated assessment builds on the evolution that our economic and monetary
analyses have undergone over time. The monetary analysis has increasingly focused on
assessing the transmission of monetary policy measures, as well as the risks to price stability
from financial imbalances. Meanwhile - owing to a weakening of the link between monetary
aggregates and inflation - the original focus of the monetary analysis has become less
important. At the same time, the global financial crisis brought to the fore the relevance of
macrofinancial linkages that further emphasise the need for integrated analyses.
We have acknowledged that climate change is an existential challenge for the world, and it is of
strategic importance for the ECB's mandate. The Governing Council therefore decided to
account explicitly for the implications of climate change and the carbon transition in our new
strategy. The Governing Council today commits to an ambitious action plan, outlined in the
dedicated press release. The action plan covers several key areas. First, we will further expand
our analytical capacity in macroeconomic modelling and develop statistical indicators and new
tools to assess the implications of climate change for monetary policy transmission and price
stability. Second, the ECB will introduce environmental sustainability disclosure requirements for
eligibility for collateral and asset purchases. Third, we will adapt our risk assessment framework,
our corporate sector asset purchases and the collateral framework for climate-related risks.
During our review, we also addressed the communication of our monetary policy. We heard
directly how our policies affect the lives of European citizens and their desire to better
understand those policies. Our last review took place well before smartphones were around, so
there was a strong case for enhancing our communication with the outside world. You will notice
some changes in the coming weeks relating to our regular communication. For example, a new,
more narrative-based, and more concise monetary policy statement will replace the introductory
statement at our monetary policy press conferences. But also, our monetary policy
communication geared towards the wider public will be adapted through a more visualised and
more accessible approach. And, reflecting the successful experience with the listening events,
the Governing Council intends to continue to interact on a regular basis with the public via
Eurosystem outreach events.
The review of our strategy that we have just completed took place 18 years after the previous
one. Looking ahead, the rapidly changing world that we live in means that we cannot wait for
another 18 years before undertaking the next review. A regular review cycle, with the Governing
Council periodically reassessing the appropriateness of its monetary policy strategy, will ensure
that the strategy remains fit for purpose. It will also further enhance the ECB's transparency and
accountability to European citizens. We intend to carry out the next assessment in 2025.
The Governing Council yesterday also endorsed a longer explanatory overview note on the
ECB's monetary policy strategy, which will be published after the press conference.
We are now ready to take your questions.