David Clementi: The entrepreneurial economy - a collaborative approach
Speech by Mr David Clementi, Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, at the ICAEW Conference,
held in London, on 9 May 2000.
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Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am delighted to have the opportunity to address you at the end of - what I am sure has been - a
thought-provoking day.
For the Bank, this conference has a two-fold importance.
First, it has, we hope, helped to promote discussion and, more important, action to strengthen
entrepreneurial activity in the UK economy.
But secondly, we are delighted to have this opportunity to work closely with the ICAEW, especially
given the important role of your President as Chairman of our Non-Executive Directors.
The Bank's interest
A good place to start my remarks might be to ask why the Bank of England, as a central bank, is
interested in this subject. In fact the Bank has for many years taken a broad interest in the efficient
functioning of UK industry, and especially in the provision of finance to industry. This falls within the
third of the Bank's three core purposes.
The first of our core purposes is to promote monetary stability in the United Kingdom. A huge number
of column inches in the press and elsewhere are now devoted to watching our conduct of monetary
policy, as the MPC seeks to meet the Government's Inflation Target of 21⁄2%. And, of course, our
interest in low and stable inflation is not just to create Monetary Stability but more widely to create a
stable macroeconomic environment in which firms of all sizes have the confidence to plan ahead with
some certainty.
Thus there is a strong overlap between our monetary role and our second core purpose, which is to
ensure that the financial system remains stable and sound. Our MOU with the Treasury and the FSA
provides us with a responsibility for the financial system as a whole, requiring us to look for possible
shocks, emanating internally or from overseas, that might disrupt the stability of financial markets.
The third of our core purposes is to ensure that the UK financial system works as efficiently and
effectively as possible in meeting the needs of the wider economy. One dimension of this is to try to
ensure that small and medium-sized businesses in the UK can obtain funding on a competitive basis.
In creating an entrepreneurial economy, small companies continue to be one of the vital engines of
innovation and growth.
The background environment
Today you will have heard a great deal about what underpins an entrepreneurial economy. It involves
both the public and private sectors, and most importantly successful partnership between the two. A
prime example of this is the nurturing of an enterprise culture through an alliance of the higher
education system with initiatives, like business incubation, which often involve the private sector. You
have heard today of the important contribution that can be made by both formal and informal venture
capital, as well as the role of financial institutions such as the London Stock Exchange.
The accountancy profession itself also has a key role to play. As the Governor said in his speech to the
Institute's Annual Dinner on 28 March - I hasten to add in the serious part - we could not do without
accountants. The accountancy profession provides financial information and frequently more general
company advice to small firms. Alongside this there are various channels of government support. As
outlined by David Irwin, the Small Business Service - in partnership with others - will provide this
service in England and Wales.
The role of small firms in creating the entrepreneurial economy
It is now widely acknowledged small firms are a source of dynamism, wealth creation and
employment. As such, they have not only made a significant and direct contribution to UK growth in
the last 10 years but also to the development of a more flexible labour market, and the introduction of
new technology and ideas.
Market failures in the provision of finance to small firms could potentially, therefore, have far
reaching consequences for economic performance. All firms need to work hard to overcome the
information asymmetry which is inherent in any bank lending relationship, but which is especially
challenging perhaps for the small company sector. While market failures in provision of small
company finance will never wholly be removed, there is very little evidence to show that at least in the
United Kingdom they are important in practice today. Nonetheless, it can only be helpful to improve
the flow of information between business owners and finance providers, thereby ensuring a better
appreciation by both of the relevant risks and rewards attached to particular business plans.
The Bank has long been interested in the financing needs of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Going back some way, an example of the Bank's early involvement was our instrumental role
following the Second World War in the formation of the Industrial and Commercial Finance
Corporation - which evolved into 3i. We would not have described that then as seeking to promote the
entrepreneurial economy, but that is precisely what it was. Our role has, of course, evolved since then,
in particular highlighting the importance of information sharing and increased understanding between
the relevant parties.
The Governor has, since 1993, hosted an annual meeting bringing together some of the key players in
the SME market. Finance providers, policymakers, business representatives and advisers join together
to discuss the key issues relating to the financing of small firms. The main themes to arise from these
meetings are published, under the editorship of Adrian Piper and his team, in our annual reports on
'Finance for Small Firms'. The seventh such report was published in January this year. One of the
most encouraging trends we have been able to report during these seven years has been the improved
relationship between banks and their small business customers. Research by the Forum Of Private
Business shows that the performance of the banks had improved significantly since 1992. The
improvement is the result of a number of factors, for instance the implementation by the banks of
codes of practice and the increased emphasis on training relationship managers to understand the
specific challenges faced by small businesses. There is, of course, always room for improvement, but
the increased degree of information sharing and trust has been notable. The reports have mapped other
positive developments - for instance, a changed balance between term lending and overdrafts.
The Three As
In monitoring finance for small firms, we have sought with others to ensure that the types of finance
on offer and the finance providers themselves are efficient and effective. We like to think of this in
terms of the three "As": availability, appropriateness and accessibility.
In many cases, the availability of finance is a bigger issue for small firms than its actual cost.
Availability is likely to be affected by a number of issues, above all the prevailing macroeconomic
environment. Banks adjust their risk assessments of small firms as trading conditions alter: this can
mean that in an economic downturn credit is rationed. There was evidence of this in the last recession.
However, more discerning lending policies have been pursued in the last few years, and this should
reduce the chance of a sudden reduction in credit during any future economic slowdown.
Another feature of our work over the last seven years has been to emphasise the importance for small
businesses of using the most appropriate forms of finance - the second "A". Many improvements have
been observed. There have been important changes in the provision of bank finance and the use of
non-bank finance has increased. It is now more widely accepted that a small business may not meet all
its needs from any one source and so may require a 'package' of finance, tailored to its individual
requirements. This is particularly true for high growth firms.
The characteristics of bank finance in the United Kingdom have changed considerably during the
1990s, most notably the decline in the net bank indebtedness of the small firms sector and the
continued growth of term lending at the expense of overdrafts. The ratio of overdrafts to term lending
has fallen significantly and now stands at 28:72, compared with early 1992 where it stood at 49:51.
Notwithstanding the recent rise in bank borrowing by SMEs, the net bank indebtedness of the SME
sector has continued to fall. The ratio of deposits to lending was 96% in December 1999, compared
with 56% in December 1992.
Small businesses have also, since the mid-1990s, gradually increased their use of fixed rate loans. In
December 1999 fixed rate loans accounted for 34% of term lending compared with just 28% in
December 1996. Fixed rate loans provide SMEs with greater certainty of expenditure streams,
assisting business planning and enabling businesses to operate in a more certain financial environment.
UK small businesses have also increased their use of non-bank forms of finance, such as factoring,
leasing and, more recently, equity finance. A recent survey showed that a higher proportion of SMEs
used asset based finance in the UK than in any other EU country except Ireland. This trend, to move
away from the reliance on short-term overdraft financing that prevailed in the early 1990s, towards a
wider variety of types and sources of finance, is to be especially welcomed.
It is widely acknowledged, however, that rapidly growing businesses require equity as well as debt
finance. The formal venture capital industry often finds it difficult to help at the very small end. That
makes it all the more important to develop the informal venture capital market, including the
considerable potential contribution of business angels. In addition to their ability to inject smaller
amounts than are viable for formal venture capital firms, business angels are also able to provide
considerable technical expertise and general management advice. Estimates from Mason and Harrison
suggest that business angels already invest £500 million per year: true, it's a long way below the US
but it's a significant contribution and one that should be encouraged.
I have mentioned that finance for small firms should be available and appropriate, but it also needs to
be UK banks and other finance providers have recognised this and have attempted to make
accessible.
themselves more user-friendly to their small business customers. Banks have devoted substantial
resources to increasing the awareness and skills of lending managers at the branch level. As a result,
many small firms now believe, and perception is important, that banks understand their business
better.
In recent years, the NatWest/SBRT Quarterly Survey of Small Business in Britain has consistently
found that access to finance is not a significant problem for UK small businesses, with just 2% of
respondents currently rating it as a key problem facing their business. The Cruickshank Review found
no evidence that small firms currently have difficulty obtaining bank finance. The Review, however,
did highlight some barriers to the raising of equity, including - again - problems of asymmetric
information, the risk level associated with financing new firms with no established track record and
the costs for the investor in structuring finance. It also raised issues about conditions in the banking
market for SMEs; these have been referred to the Competition Commission.
Technology-based small firms
Perhaps I could conclude with some words about technology-based small firms.
Technology-based firms are vital to the UK economy in maintaining competitive advantage in global
markets. Technology-based firms are often themselves entrepreneurial. But just as they have a unique
role in the economy; they also have unique financing needs.
The Bank has taken a particular interest in the financing of technology-based firms. In October 1996
we published a report, 'The Financing of Technology-Based Small Firms'. The report acknowledged
that these firms often face a number of challenges distinct from those facing the general small business
population, particularly at start-up. The complexity of the technology, the intangibility of assets and
the unpredictability of cashflows, mean that they are perceived as being especially risky. The banking
sector in the United Kingdom is developing ways of better servicing the high technology sector, but
debt finance is not usually the answer, at start-up and early stages. Risk capital is often a more suitable
option.
The report identified the need for more assistance for early stage technology-based firms, particularly
in developing financial and other management skills. As we have heard today, the newly launched
Small Business Service will hopefully contribute to delivering this. Other important recommendations
included, first, encouraging the venture capital industry to review the opportunities as well as the risks
of investment in early stage-technology based firms, secondly, developing closer relationships
between science and technology departments of universities and business schools; and, thirdly,
technology-based small firms taking responsibility for improving their human capital skills, including
presentational skills, to instil confidence in potential investors.
The Bank hopes to produce, before the end of the year, a follow up to the 1996 report. We expect to be
able to demonstrate encouraging progress in a number of areas (particularly the provision of seed,
start-up and early stage new capital).
Closing remarks
Much of the focus of today's conference has been on high-growth, entrepreneurial firms - the gazelles.
It is important also to remember the great majority of small firms that are not intent on breaking speed
limits and are quite content driving in the middle lane, do not have .com in their names, but are
steadily contributing to output and employment.
These firms are important. Nonetheless, it is the high growth firms that will continue to remain at the
leading edge of the creation of an entrepreneurial economy. Continued public and private sector
support for these firms is vital. The Bank of England will seek to continue to play its part, both in
maintaining macroeconomic stability and in encouraging the better financing of growing businesses.