Mário Centeno: Monetary policy in transition
Introductory statement by Mr Mário Centeno, Governor of the Banco de Portugal, at The Institute
of International and European Affairs webinar "Monetary Policy in Transition", 28 April 2021.
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It is a pleasure to discuss monetary policy as Governor of Banco de Portugal, a proud founder of
the euro, and myself former President of the Eurogroup, a position currently filled by my Irish
friend Paschal Donohue.
It is also a pleasure because an Irish audience fully understands the importance to protect and
complete the most tangible symbol of being European, the euro, and that now enjoys the highest
support ever. 79% of the population of euro area countries support the euro, only 62% did it back
in 2013.
An Irish audience is also the perfect setting to state that the object that best resembles the euro
is ... a rugby ball (I first used this idea when celebrating 20 years of the euro in the European
Parliament).
Why is it that? There are at least three reasons. First, because the euro, as a rugby ball, is
difficult to handle. Second, because in the euro area, as in a rugby team we need to progress
together. No one can be left behind. And finally, in a rugby team and in the euro it is quite difficult
to succeed with one man, or country, down.
Let's play it, fair as only rugby players can do.
The policy response to the pandemic is a remarkable showcase of the power of monetary
and fiscal policy interaction.
It has always been there; it's embedded in the economic laws and institutional arrangements, but
this crisis has made clearer the benefits that may arise from their coordination.
Europe was caught in debates focused on the theme of fiscal dominance, a result of the poor
handling of the financial crisis.
In 2020, although the scope for additional monetary accommodation using traditional policy tools
was limited, central banks have resorted to unconventional monetary policies. These instruments
allowed to circumvent the effective lower bound on policy rates and to guarantee a swift access
to affordable forms of liquidity. Then, with the transmission mechanisms in place, it reached all
economic agents in need.
In response to the pandemic, the ECB launched the new asset purchase programme - the
pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) - but also a new series of targeted
longerterm refinancing operations (TLTRO III).
And it has been a massive intervention. Between February 2020 and April 2021 there was an
increase of 51% in the stock of original Asset Purchase Program and the PEPP, taken together.
TLTRO credit operations exhibited an increase of 242%. The outstanding amounts in April 2021
for the APP and PEPP were almost 4 trillion euros and 2 trillion euros for TLTRO.
With such tools monetary policy ensured the proper functioning of the financial system in the
peak of the crisis.
Like in previous episodes, the latest financial crisis comes to mind, market liquidity dried in
particular markets immediately, pressure was mounting, but prompt monetary action eased
market concerns already in March 2020. Since then, financing conditions have remained
favourable, supporting the flow of credit to the economy.
In complement to monetary policy, fiscal policy played an immediate and crucial role in
responding to the health emergency and to its impact on economic activity, namely on the
financial positions of firms and households. To reinforce the functioning of automatic stabilisers,
euro area governments swiftly implemented an unprecedented fiscal package, whose direct
budgetary costs are estimated to have amounted to more than 4% of GDP in 2020.
In addition, member States provided ample support to counter the economic fallout of the
COVID-19 pandemic. The largest category of liquidity support measures came in the form of
state guarantees to support private-sector borrowing. Euro area Member States have put in
place schemes totalling around 20% of GDP, although the actual take-up was smaller. This
comes as no surprise since some of these measures were essentially backstops, acting as
insurance nets.
Initiatives in the EU provided additional support to the emergency fiscal response to the
pandemic. The need and importance of the fiscal support was recognized by the activation of the
escape clause in the context of the EU fiscal surveillance framework.
In a first moment, the SURE instrument, as well as financing provided by the EIB and the ESM
Pandemic Crisis Support Instrument created leeway for national fiscal authorities to mitigate the
fallout from the pandemic, while also providing effective risk-sharing.
Then, the Next Generation EU. The Next Generation UE inherits the spirit of the euro area budget
instrument agreed in the Eurogroup in the last quarter of 2019 (the so called BICC).
The most important aspect of this extraordinary period of economic policy decisions, that I was
privileged to witness in the front row, was the ability to implement innovative measures, to join
efforts across Member States and European institutions and to put aside old divisions and moral
hazard concerns.
Innovation, coordination and solidarity describe the reaction of Europe in 2020, in stark contrast
with the reaction to the financial and sovereign crisis ten years earlier.
Following a call for policy proposals from the Euro summit in December 2019, we found
appropriate solutions for the financing of the budgetary instrument for convergence and
competitiveness (BICC).
Discussions on the need of BICC, its objectives, design, and modalities were lengthy and lively,
but proved to be very insightful. The integration on the governance framework of the European
Union and the modalities for non-area member states was part of the debate.
The reflections at that stage were fundamental for all member states of the European Union to
have a clear picture of the added-value of this kind of instrument and pave the way for the quick
agreement on the Next Generation EU.
The NGEU is more than the support mechanism of €750 bn (more than 5% of EU GDP),
including the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF).
To finance the 750 billion euros, the European Union will borrow on the markets and issue
common debt.
This is not only a sign of European solidarity, but also of the commitment and willingness to
pursue the economic integration of the European Union.
The maturity of the instruments can reach 30 years - this is certainly not a temporary project.
The reinforced capability of the European Union to successfully fund the NGEU - and to manage
it in the following 30 years - will set the ground for new and ambitious commitments.
The crisis has evolved - health wise and in economic terms - and it's time to look ahead.
The same applies, of course, to a monetary policy in transition.
The paradigm used at the beginning of the crisis must be adapted. For that the EU funds
will be crucial.
The initial measures aimed at mitigating the direct effect of the severe lockdowns in the
economic activity. Liquidity was the buzz word that we were all concerned about.
We asked firms to stop production and people to stay at home. In a political space known for the
birth and development of the welfare state, the plethora of social policies adopted at the outset of
the crisis - furlough schemes come to mind - was only expected.
Supervisors, fiscal authorities and central banks made sure credit will flow to firms in need, and
credit and tax moratoria were applied in almost all countries of Europe.
As uncertainty begins to fade, measures need to be adjusted, in particular to support the most
vulnerable sectors and to mitigate potential scarring effects. But these new targeted policies
should be combined with measures that improve the fundamentals of the economy and support
the green and digital transition.
We should not fool ourselves. The decisions taken in 2020, brave as they were, were simpler
to design than what comes next.
This is of particular importance in a scenario of elevated debt that carry an additional vulnerability
in our decentralised currency union. The absence of a fully consolidated public balance sheet
exposes governments to a higher risk of self-fulfilling debt crises.
We worked very hard in the recent past in order to reduce risks, to expose ourselves to these
risks again.
We don't need to raise old worries. We must avoid to revive moral hazard concerns that we
successfully curb in the pre-crisis period with the reduction of NPLs, with the capitalization of
European banks, with fiscal balances at their MTO in 14 out of the 19 EA member states and
public debt falling in all EA member states. This was 2019, not that long ago, the crisis was
exogenous, and no accumulated imbalance brought us here.
The monetary policy front is also challenging as ever, but the grounds to its implementation are
now also richer than ever.
Risk reduction, as described above, facilitates the transmission of monetary policy, because it
reduces the risk of fragmentation. The completion of the institutional framework in the EA is now
much closer, and will also reinforce the role of monetary policy.
Monetary policy is expected to remain very accommodative, amid a persistently low inflation
environment. Forward guidance points to interest rates remaining at low levels and the
maintenance of the purchasing programme in the foreseeable future.
A strategic review of the monetary policy is ongoing. We couldn't think of a better setting to
debate the monetary policy strategy.
The objective of the European System of Central Banks is clearly stated in article 127 of the
Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union. The primary objective is to maintain price
stability. Without prejudice to this main objective, it should also support the general economies of
the Union contributing to the achievement of its objectives.
Against this, the discussion has to be broad-based and encompass the different elements
currently at the core of the Union's policies. Although we have to proper balance the impact of
any change, we cannot hide behind limited mandates
We have to be effective. We cannot afford a myopic view. Our mid-term orientation has to retain
flexibility to allow for adjustments as shocks are unexpected, in nature and size.
The lessons draw from the current crisis and the decisions taken in the context of the pandemic
are important and should be duly considered.
The use of unconventional measures - that is not a novelty of this crisis - it dates to 2014 - have
proved to be effective, in particular concerning the challenges posed by the Effective Lower
Bound. They have been key in averting tail risks and easing financial conditions.
A revised monetary policy strategy ought to retain many elements of the "practice" of the last
decade. Recognizing that monetary policy is a liquidity provision mechanism in a very broad
sense is one of those elements; recognizing the particular effectiveness of monetary policy in
moments of stress is another.
This contrasts with some perceived limitations of monetary policy in more normal times, at least
to ensure that inflation converges towards a defined objective. On this, there are suggestions that
make-up strategies would be very helpful. It is perhaps too early to conclude that this is indeed
the case.
Maybe a symmetric formulation for the price stability objective is more flexible than tying one's
hands as in make-up strategies. A symmetric objective means that, when inflation is either above
or below the objective, monetary policy will react to bring it towards the objective. Such a
definition would convey the idea that we will act proportionally either when inflation is above or
below the objective. Sure, this may not be enough to bring inflation back to our aim.
One option is to be patient, and communicate it, now that we found that substantial monetary
accommodation has effects on real variables but perhaps insufficient effects on inflation. Our
medium-term orientation can certainly be used to accommodate such policy choice.
Another - and complementary - avenue is to highlight further the overall success of policy and its
profound effects on the course of our economies when tensions are acute.
Highlighting our concerns with preserving monetary policy transmission and avoiding
fragmentation of credit markets - arguably important conditions for the prosecution of the price
stability objective - would help attenuate some uneasiness with persistent deviations from the
inflation aim.
Without prejudice to the price stability objective, this could come along with a clearer role for full
employment and balanced economic growth in our policy. That would further help aligning our
concerns with those of the citizens we serve. But it would also make our strategy more
conformable with our actions, which include welfare criteria as a clear motivation - and
appropriately so.
I hope these reflexions can open up the debate. I am available to your questions.
Thank you in advance!