P Vijaya Bhaskar: Non-banking finance companies - game changers
Speech by Mr P Vijaya Bhaskar, Executive Director of the Reserve Bank of India, at the
Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Delhi, 23 January
2014.
* * *
The assistance provided by Shri M. Sreeramulu, Assistant Adviser, DNBS, Reserve Bank of India is gratefully
acknowledged.
Introduction
The Indian financial sector consists of a wide variety of institutions which cater to different
market segments. At the apex level are scheduled commercial banks which follow universal
banking model. Next, there is the cooperative banking sector with two different strands.
While the three Tier rural co-operative structure (State/District/grassroot level outfits), takes
care predominantly of agriculture and allied activities; the urban co-operative banking
structure provides succour mainly to the small customers at the bottom of pyramid in urban
areas. On the other hand, Non-Bank Financial Companies (NBFCs) are largely involved in
serving those classes of borrowers who are generally excluded from the formal banking
sector. However, progressively over the years, the exclusiveness between the banks and
NBFCs has somewhat blurred. More recently, NBFCs are competing with banks in providing
financial services such as infrastructure finance and housing finance among others.
NBFCs, historically are involved in providing financial services such as offering of small ticket
personal loans, financing of two/three wheelers, truck financing, farm equipment financing,
loans for purchase of used commercial vehicles/machinery, secured/unsecured working
capital financing, etc. Further, NBFCs also often take lead role in providing innovative
financial services to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) most suitable to their
business requirements. The characteristics of NBFC financial services include simpler
processes and procedures in sanction and disbursement of credit; timely, friendly and flexible
terms of repayment aligned to the unique features of its clientele, albeit at a higher cost.
There's an element of unavoidable overlap of functions, which in no way impinges on the
efficiency or effectiveness of the formal financial system in the country.
The speech is organised in six sections. Section 1 provides a profile of the NBFC Sector
while Section 2 deals with the extant regulatory framework for NBFCs. An analysis on
business trends of the NBFC sector is given at Section 3. The important role played by
NBFCs in promoting inclusive growth is the subject matter of Section 4. Section 5 highlights
the imperatives to be taken care of, by the industry as also the regulators, for NBFCs to
become real changers while the way forward and concluding thoughts are given in Section 6.
Section 1: Profile of NBFC sector
1.1 Legal definition of NBFC
A company is considered as an NBFC if it carries on as its business or part of its business,
any of the activities listed in Section 45 I (c) of the RBI Act, 1934, viz., business of making
loans/advances or acquisition of shares / securities, etc. or hire purchase finance or
insurance business or chit fund activities or lending in any manner provided the principal
business of such a company does not constitute any of the following non-financial activities
viz. (a) agricultural operations (b) industrial activity (c) trading in goods (other than securities)
(d) providing services (e) purchase, construction or sale of immovable property. Further in
terms of section 45 I (f) of the RBI Act, a company would also be an NBFC, if its principal
business is that of receiving deposits under any scheme or arrangement. Thus a company
whose principal business is agricultural operations, industrial activity, trading or real estate
business is not a financial institution.
The extremely diverse set of entities in the Non-Bank Finance Institution (NBFI) universe and
their respective regulators are shown in Chart 1 below.
Chart 1
The NBFI Universe
As depicted above, RBI classifies NBFCs into ten categories namely Asset Finance
Companies (AFCs), Loan Companies (LCs), Investment Companies (ICs), Infrastructure
Finance Companies (IFCs),Core Investment Companies (CICs), Infrastructure Debt Funds
(IDF-NBFCs), NBFC-Microfinance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs),Factoring companies (FCs),
Mortgage Guarantee Companies (MGCs) and Residuary Non-Banking Companies (RNBCs).
1.2 Size of the sector
The share of NBFCs' assets in GDP (at current market prices) increased steadily from just
8.4 per cent as on March 31, 2006 to 12.5 per cent as on March 31, 2013; while the share of
bank assets increased from 75.4 per cent to 95.5 per cent during the same period
(Table 1).In fact, if the assets of all the NBFCs below Rs.100 crore are reckoned, the share
of NBFCs' assets to GDP would go further.
In comparison to assets of the banking system (Scheduled Commercial Banks-SCBs), asset
size of NBFC sector was around 13 per cent; while deposits (including RNBCs) of the sector
were less than 0.15 per cent of bank deposits (SCBs) as on March 31, 2013 (Chart 2).
Public deposits held with the NBFC sector declined in line with RBI policy directions1. The
decline in public deposits was largely on account of RNBCs. Due to concerted efforts of RBI,
the number of deposit taking NBFCs has come down from 428 in June 2006 to 254 in June
2013.
1.3 Business - concentration
Unlike the banking sector, entities under NBFCs differ not only in terms of size and
sophistication of operations but also in terms of activities they undertake. NBFC would
include not only entities which are part of large multinational groups, but also small players
with assets around Rs.25 lakhs.
The business concentration in terms of total assets and total credit based on "Herfindahl-
Hirschman Index (HHI)2" indicate that competition is greater in NBFC sector as compared
with banking sector, as HHI for NBFC sector was found to be on lower side for the period
ended March 2012 and March 2013.
1.4 Non bank financial institutions - cross country analysis
Globally, the size of non-bank financial intermediation was equivalent to 117 percent of GDP
as at the end of 2012 for 20 jurisdictions and the euro area3. In absolute terms, total assets of
non-bank financial intermediaries remained at around $ 70 trillion as at end 2012.
US has the largest system of non-bank financial intermediation with assets of $ 26 trillion,
followed by the euro area ($ 22 trillion), the UK ($ 9 trillion) and Japan ($ 4 trillion).
On an average, the size of non-bank financial intermediation in terms of assets was
equivalent to 52 per cent of the banking system. However, there were significant
crosscountry differences, ranging from 10 per cent to 174 per cent.
Non-bank financial intermediation is relatively small in the case of emerging market
economies compared to the level of GDP. In India, Turkey, Indonesia, Argentina, Saudi
Arabia the amount of non-bank financial activity remained less than 20 per cent of the GDP
as at end 2012.
As such, the size of the non-banking financial sector in India is relatively low, by global
standards.
Section 2: Extant regulatory framework for NBFCs
With the objective of designing comprehensive regulatory and supervisory framework for
NBFCs, Chapter IIIB, IIIC and V of the RBI Act 1934 were amended in 1997.
The principles of regulation are broadly aimed at (i) protection of interests of depositors,
(ii) mitigating the systemic risks emanating from inter-connectedness with the rest of the
financial system, and (iii) Consumer Protection.
The extant regulatory framework for NBFCs is detailed in Annex-I.
On implementation of UT Committee Recommendations, the regulatory framework would get
further refined.
Section 3: Business trends of the NBFC sector - an analysis
3.1 Balance sheet growth
NBFC sector clocked phenomenal growth in the last ten years. The sector on an average,
witnessed a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent during the period
between March 2006 and March 2013. Most of the years, NBFC sector grew faster than
banking sector (Chart 3).
NBFC sector exhibited counter cyclical movements in 2011-12. In other words, NBFC sector
clocked a growth of 25.7 per cent in 2011-12 although GDP growth decelerated to 6.3 per
cent in 2011-12 from 10.5 per cent in 2010-11.
3.2 Credit growth
Credit growth across NBFC and banking sectors is presented in Chart 4. NBFC - credit grew
more rapidly as compared with the banking sector. NBFC credit witnessed a CAGR of
24.3 per cent during the period between March 2007 and March 2013 as against 21.4 per
cent by the banking sector.
Although Indian economy is slowing down in the recent past, the robust NBFC credit growth
is largely on account of significant growth in infrastructure credit and retail finance.
3.3 Financing of Infrastructure
By financing infrastructure projects, NBFCs broaden capital formation of the country and
thereby contribute to the overall economic growth and development of the country.
The quantum of infrastructure finance provided by the NBFC sector witnessed a CAGR of
26.2 per cent during the period between March 31, 2010 and March 31, 2013. In absolute
terms, NBFC finance to infrastructure increased from Rs.2228 billion on March 31, 2010 to
Rs. 4479 billion as on March 31, 2013 (Chart 4A).
NBFC finance to infrastructure accounted for 35.8 % of their assets as on March 31, 2013
while in case of banks it was 7.6%.
3.4 Public deposits
In line with RBI directions, the public deposits of NBFC sector (including RNBCs) declined
considerably from Rs. 247 billion as on March 2007 to Rs.106 billion as on March 2013
(Chart 5).
The decline in public deposits is largely on account of RNBCs, which are going to exit from
NBFC business model by June 2015. The public deposits of RNBCs decreased from
Rs. 202 billion as on March 31, 2007 to just Rs. 35 billion as on March 31, 2013.
3.5 Inter-connectedness with the banking sector
Borrowings from banks is one of the major sources of funding for the NBFCs. NBFC
borrowings from the banking sector increased manifold from Rs. 542 billion as on March 31,
2006 to Rs. 2508 billion in March 31, 2013 (an increase of more than 4 times).However,
growth of bank credit to NBFCs decelerated in March 2013 to 13.6 per cent4 from 32.5 per
cent and 42.8 per cent recorded in September 2012 and March 2012. This deceleration is
attributed to lower demand for auto and consumer loans, stricter norms on lending against
gold, withdrawal of priority sector status for some loans given by banks to NBFCs for
onlending for specific purposes, etc. Further, bank credit to NBFCs decelerated on account of
revised DBOD guidelines5.
Macro-mapping of various financial institutions is an absolute imperative to quantify the
interconnectedness among the institutions to measure systemic stability.
3.6 Borrowings from the markets
Borrowings from the markets6 increased from just Rs. 1009 billion as on March 31, 2006 to
Rs.4764 crore as on March 31, 2013, increased by more than 4.5 times during the period of
8 years.
Among various sources, borrowings through NCDs constitute the largest source of finance
for the NBFC sector and its share in total funding sources remained at more than 30 per
cent. Since March 2010, funds raised through NCDs witnessed phenomenal growth largely
on account of (i) Infrastructure Finance Companies7 and (ii) gold loan NBFCs.
The quantum of finance raised through NCDs increased from Rs. 682 billion as on March 31,
2006 to Rs.4044 billion as on March 31, 2013. In order to promote discipline in resource
raising, the Bank has issued guidelines on private placement of NCDs in June 2013.
3.7 Profitability
Trends in Return on Assets (RoA) of NBFC sector are furnished in Chart 8; comparative
figures for banks are also indicated for banking sector. The RoA of NBFC sector is always
found to be on the higher side as compared with that of the banking sector largely on
account of lower operating costs and also, NBFCs do not have statutory pre-emptions like
CRR and SLR.
3.8 Summary
To sum up, the NBFC sector has exhibited robust growth in the face of declining GDP by
resorting to higher market borrowings, predominantly NCDs; while public deposits have
declined in tandem with RBI policy. The sector's profitability continues to be consistently
higher than that of the banking sector. Simultaneously, inter-connectedness with the banking
sector and other segments of financial markets has increased due to credit and other
linkages, which needs to be watched closely by regulators in the context of financial stability.
Section 4: Role of NBFCs in promoting inclusive growth
NBFCs play an important role in promoting inclusive growth in the country, by catering to the
diverse financial needs of bank excluded customers. By financing real assets and extending
credit to infrastructure projects, NBFCs play a pro-active role in the development process of
the country. Activities undertaken by the NBFCs for achieving inclusive growth in the country
are described below:
4.1 Credit to MSMEs
MSME sector has large employment potential of 59.7 million persons over 26.1 million
enterprises and is considered as an engine for economic growth and promoting financial
inclusion in rural areas. The outstanding credit provided by the NBFC sector to MSMEs stood
at Rs.625 billion as at end March 20138 (Rs.464 billion in the previous year). The figures for
banking sector were at Rs.22,302 billion as at end March 20139 (Rs.19,374 in the previous
year).
Statistics based on 4th Census on MSME sector revealed that only 5.18% of the units (both
registered and un-registered) had availed finance through institutional sources. 2.05% got
finance from non-institutional sources the majority of units say 92.77% had no finance or
depended on self-finance.
The fact that a large segment in the micro and small industries sector does not have access
to formal credit provides a window of opportunity for the NBFCs to design suitable innovative
products.
4.2 Micro finance institutions
NBFC-MFIs provide access to basic financial services such as loans, savings, money
transfer services, micro-insurance etc. to poor people and attempt to fill the void left between
the mainstream commercial banks and money lenders.
Over the last few years NBFC-MFIs have emerged as a fast growing enablers in providing
the financial services to the poor people by providing capital inputs to poor which generates
self-employment, and thereby promotes inclusive growth.
The credit provided by the NBFCs - MFIs10 increased from just Rs. 105 billion as on March
2010 to Rs.151 billion as on March 2011 and declined to Rs.117billion on account of the
ordinance passed by the AP Government that stopped all MFIs from collecting payments by
force or even disbursing loans by the MFIs. However, in March 2013, the outstanding credit
disbursed by the MFIs increased to Rs.144 billion due to partial resumption of MFI activities,
owing to implementation of the Malegam Committee recommendations and certain Supreme
Court orders favourable for MFIs.
To encourage MFIs, as per the Malegam committee recommendations, RBI has created
separate category under NBFCs. As on date, around 33 MFIs have been registered with RBI.
4.3 Monetisation of gold
Gold loan NBFCs provide loans against security of gold jewellery. Although banks are also
involved in gold loan business, NBFCs' gold loans witnessed phenomenal growth due to their
customer friendly approaches like simplified sanction procedures, quick loan disbursement
etc.
Branches of gold loan NBFCs increased significantly during the last couple of years mostly
housed at semi-urban and rural centres of the country.
Gold loan NBFCs help in monetisation of idle gold stocks in the country and facilitate in
creating productive resources. Credit extended by the gold loan NBFCs witnessed a CAGR
of 86.7 per cent during the period March 2009 to March 2013. In absolute terms, NBFC gold
loans increased from just Rs. 39 billion as on March 31, 2009 to Rs.475 billion as on
March 31, 2013.
To study the issues related to the gold loans by NBFCs a working group was set up under
the chairman ship of K.U.B. Rao which submitted its report in January 2013. Several
recommendations have since been accepted and acted upon.
4.4 Second hand vehicle financing
Apart from providing loan against property, NBFCs also engage in financing used/ second
hand vehicles, reconditioned vehicle, three-wheelers, construction equipment besides
secured/unsecured working capital financing etc.
Incidentally, in India except NBFCs no other financial sector player finance second hand
vehicles; which are very popular with road transport operators essentially in the
selfemployed segment.
4.5 Affordable housing
Another area where NBFCs are participating in the inclusive growth agenda is affordable
housing. Large NBFCs are setting up units to extend small-ticket loans to home buyers
targeting low-income customers across the country. Firms are offering loans of Rs. 2-6 lakh
to borrowers with monthly income of Rs.6000 - 12000 who find it difficult to borrow from the
commercial banks. Firms offer easier know-your customer (KYC) norms such as relaxation in
documentation requirements to facilitate easy access to low-income borrowers. The trends in
housing loans provided by the Housing Finance NBFCs are furnished below.
Housing finance NBFCs are real game changers in terms of providing housing loans at par
with Public Sector Banks (PSB). The quantum of housing loans provided by the housing
finance NBFCs is almost the same although they are comparatively far smaller than PSBs
(Chart 13).
4.6 Summary
To sum up, NBFCs' role in financial inclusion as explained above, indicate the fact that they
have been game changers in certain areas like financial inclusion especially micro finance,
affordable housing, second-hand vehicle finance, gold loans and infrastructure finance.
NBFCs can truly become game changers provided they exhibit the requisite nimbleness and
innovative zeal in reaching a complete suite of financial products such as shares, mutual
funds, depository services etc., as also insurance products - both life and non-life together
with their current product offerings, to the common man.
In respect of MSMEs, NBFCs can become game changers by providing factoring and bill
payment services which are of crucial importance at the present juncture of financial sector
development.
Section 5: Imperatives for NBFCs to become real game changers
A. Action points for the industry
The following issues need to be addressed on priority basis in order to morph themselves as
real game changers.
5.1 Customer protection issues
Protection of customers against unfair, deceptive or fraudulent practices has become top
priority internationally after the crisis. Incidentally, the Bank has received and is receiving
number of complaints against charging of exorbitant interest rates, raising of surrogate
deposits under the garb of non-convertible debentures, various types of preference shares,
Tier II Bonds, etc. Aggressive practices in re-possessing of automobiles in the case of auto
loans and improper/opaque practices in selling the underlying gold jewellery in the case of
gold loans are the two categories in which relatively more complaints are received / are being
received by the Reserve Bank. NBFCs are often found not to practice Fair Practices Code
(FPC) in letter and spirit. Developing a responsive and proper grievance redressal
mechanism is the more important agenda in the context of this action point.
5.2 Camouflaging public deposits
NBFCs have been prone to adopt variety of instruments/ways of accepting camouflaged
public deposits for resource mobilisation viz., use of Cumulative Redeemable Preference
Shares (CRPS)/ Convertible Preference Shares (CCPS) / NCDs / Tier 2 capitals. These
instruments are generally marketed as any other deposit products mostly by agents.
Regulators should distinguish tiny differences in a clear manner to check and control NBFCs
which are raising resources through camouflaged public deposits.
Furthermore, complaints are received that deposit receipts issued to customers reveal that
the deposits are accepted on behalf of other group companies, whose operations are neither
known / are opaque.
5.3 Improving corporate governance standards
To become real game changers, business transparency is inevitable for any financial entity.
In the case of NBFCs, there is an imperative for adopting good corporate governance
practices. RBI has already prescribed a governance code for NBFCs as part of their best
practices; these include constitution of Risk Management, Audit and Nomination
Committees, disclosure and transparency. When due diligence was undertaken on significant
shareholders and directors at the time of registration it was observed there are no
prescriptions for qualifications for directors, change in directors etc.
5.4 Capacity building
NBFCs on both individual and collective basis need to work towards building a responsive
ecosystem for capacity building; since in the medium to long term, it is the quality of staff
which to a large extent, determines the health of the sector.
5.5 Greater innovation
Although NBFCs have been designing innovative products to suit the client and market
conditions, the sophistication of financial services has been gradually increasing in the recent
past. There is an imperative need for NBFCs to aggressively involve in designing innovative
products to become real game changers in the economy.
In this context, a cue may be taken from the description of daily financial lives of poor people
given in detail in "Portfolios of the Poor," a prominent investigation into the everyday
problems which they face (Collins, Kulkarni and Gavron (2009)). It is stated therein that
typical low income families used some 10 different financial instruments, several channels of
transport for money and multiple ways of keeping money safe. Their fundamental protection
against financial risk is diversification, knowledge about counterparties and the judicious
exploitation of relationships that are expected to last. NBFCs should closely study such
behaviour of poor people taking advantage of the last mile connectivity which they do
possess, to craft innovative products.
5.6 White label ATMs
As NBFCs already have significant business presence in semi-urban and rural centres, there
is a case for them to explore business potential by establishing white label ATMs in such
areas.
5.7 Need for a single representative body for the industry
In the case of NBFCs, there are multiple representative bodies such as "Finance Industry
Development Council (FIDC) for Assets Finance Companies", "Association of Gold Loan
Companies (AGLOC) for Gold Loan NBFCs", etc. In addition, RBI has recently issued
guidelines for "Self-Regulatory Organisation for Micro Finance Institutions". At this stage of
development of the NBFC sector, in the interests of harmonious development of all its
segments, establishing one representative body for the entire sector would be an idea worth
exploring by subsuming the existing bodies. However, care should be taken to ensure that all
segments are adequately represented in such an apex body, to promote harmonious and
balanced growth of the sector and avoid internecine conflicts.
5.8 Coparcener with RBI and other regulators
NBFCs should become coparcener with RBI and other regulators and disclose the
challenges they are confronting in the markets and provide valuable inputs to regulators for
developing conducive regulatory environment.
B. Role of Regulators
Regulators too need to act on certain issues to enable the NBFC sector to become Real
Game Changers.
5.9 Regulators as consumer advocates and as also prudential regulators
In the context of NBFCs, customer protection issues take the centre stage as can be seen
from paragraphs 5.1 to 5.3 above. Hence regulators need to wear two hats in the context of
NBFCs viz. being consumer advocates as also prudential regulators.
The need to become consumer advocates need hardly any overemphasis in the context of
the various issues highlighted in paragraphs 5.1 to 5.3 above.
As regards the role of a prudential regulator, they need to take care of individual NBFCs
(micro prudential) as also the system as a whole (macro prudential regulations).
5.10 Enhanced monitoring
The regulators should have a hands-on approach in unearthing the activities of unauthorised
entities as also authorised entities undertaking non-permitted activities. In this context,
wherever possible, laws may need to be amended to bestow the requisite regulatory and
supervisory powers to the respective regulators.
5.11 Regulatory convergence
All the concerned regulators should bring about regulatory convergence among themselves,
to avoid any possible regulatory arbitrage by the players.
5.12 Higher level of co-ordination
All the regulators should actively strive to bring about higher level co-ordination amongst
themselves on a continuous basis, so that regulatory gaps and overlaps could be identified at
the very earliest and immediate corrective action taken thereon.
Section 6: The way forward & concluding thoughts
NBFCs are already game changers, as can be seen from the analysis above in areas of
financial inclusion, especially micro finance, affordable housing, second hand vehicle
finance, gold loans and infrastructure finance. NBFCs can play a vital role going forward, in
closing the loop as regards financial inclusion for individuals and MSMEs. As regards
individuals, NBFCs can reach various financial products offered by the securities industry,
viz., shares, mutual funds, depository services etc., as also insurance products both life and
non-life together with their current product offerings. As regards MSMEs, NBFCs can
become game changers by providing factoring and bill payment service which are of critical
importance at the present juncture.
The way forward is to ensure that both the NBFI sector and all the concerned regulators play
an active part in attending on the imperatives mentioned at Section 5 above. The
complimentary role of the financial sector and all the regulators hardly needs overemphasis
in the context of NBFCs morphing as game changers for providing the last mile connectivity
and closing the loop as regards financial inclusion. In this context, NBFCs have a special
responsibility against the background of the need to improve the customer service by
conducting their operations as per the best practices of corporate governance. In the ultimate
analysis, adhering to best corporate governance and ethical practices is the only way for
gaining the confidence of their customers in particular, and the society in general.
Consequently, the NBFC sector would be able to garner greater trust of both its customers
and the society. That would provide the springboard for increasing their business levels in
the process of fulfilling their role as game changers in the areas mentioned above. NBFCs
becoming true game changers would be a sweetener for financial inclusion efforts in our
country.
Thank you.
16 BIS central bankers' speeches
BIS central bankers' speeches 17
18 BIS central bankers' speeches