Zeti Akhtar Aziz: Strengthening economic structures and fundamentals
Statement by Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia, at the Joint
Annual Discussion of the Boards of Governors at the 2005 World Bank-IMF Annual Meeting,
Washington DC, 26 September 2005.
* * *
As we strengthen our global relationships, there needs to be greater engagement with the
entire spectrum of member countries. If we are to achieve a more balanced global growth,
greater stability in the global financial system and significant progress in the fight against
poverty, there needs to be greater appreciation and understanding of the global issues from
the perspective of the emerging and developing economies.
In the current environment, the risks to global growth have increased, presenting us with an
even more challenging environment to achieve these goals. Should the trend of higher oil
and asset prices, and rising interest rates continue, their combined effect could diminish the
near-term global growth prospects. In this environment, appropriate policies are vital to
ensure that any moderation in growth does not evolve into a fundamental economic
slowdown. While countries have strengthened their resilience, international cooperation
becomes important in addressing these issues. At the national level, widespread reform
efforts have intensified. These have been reinforced by regional initiatives. Of equal
importance are reforms at the international level. It is the nature of the leadership that is
exercised at the international level, and the actions initiated, that will determine the
effectiveness and relevance of the role of the international financial institutions in the global
economy.
In Asia, significant progress has been made at the regional level in strengthening the
underlying economic structures and fundamentals. The economies in Asia continue to be
among the fastest growing in the world, and thus contributing to the rebalancing of global
growth and stability. In addition to promoting domestic sources of growth, economies in Asia
have also enhanced regional economic and financial cooperation, including measures to
strengthen regional surveillance and financial support mechanisms, and to deepen the
regional capital market. The greater economic and financial integration in Asia has been a
mutually reinforcing force in strengthening growth in the regional economies. Intra-regional
trade and investment flows in Asia have continued to increase significantly in recent years.
Progress has also been made in the further deregulation and liberalisation of the economic
and financial sector, thereby increasing the potential for the Asian economies to contribute to
global growth and stability.
Malaysia's own performance has been favourable, with continued steady growth being
experienced. The Malaysian economy has continued to shift to new areas of comparative
advantage, to new areas of growth, with the private sector being the main driver of growth.
Resources have continued to shift towards the services sector, towards strengthening
linkages in the manufacturing sector, and to the resource-based industries and the
agricultural sector. This has contributed to a well-diversified economic structure and has
increased the resilience of the economy to external developments. The financial sector has
also seen significant transformation. The restructuring, consolidation, and internal
rationalisation of the banking sector is now virtually completed. Governance and risk
management practices have also been improved while structural enhancements have been
made in the capital market, significantly enhancing its role in the financial system. A
comprehensive and robust Islamic financial system now also operates in parallel with the
domestic, conventional financial system.
Against the background of strengthened economic fundamentals and financial system,
Malaysia has taken the opportunity to sequentially deregulate and liberalise the financial
system. This includes the introduction of a new interest rate framework that is market-driven,
the liberalisation of foreign exchange administration rules to promote greater efficiency and
enhance risk management in foreign exchange transactions, and the introduction of new
foreign players into our financial system. In July this year, Malaysia adopted a managed float
for the Ringgit exchange rate to better position Malaysia to respond to structural changes in
the global and regional environment. Under this arrangement, the Ringgit is monitored
against a basket of currencies of Malaysia's major trading partners.
In this world of greater uncertainty, there has been significant focus on the issue of
surveillance and risks and vulnerabilities. Experience has shown that surveillance has
improved policy performance as well as the ability to take pre-emptive action to contain the
impact of disruptive and destabilising developments. These efforts, however, need to be
balanced by efforts to enhance the capacity of countries not only to manage the risks and
vulnerabilities, but also to sustain their own capacity to support growth and development.
Capacity building involves helping countries to help themselves. It requires enhancing the
institutional capacity of the country. Support in putting in place the necessary institutional
structures, arrangements and systems would increase the potential for the sustainability of
the development process.
Strengthening these foundations are vital to the deregulation and liberalisation process. They
represent the pre-conditions to any reform agenda. In this regard, capital account
liberalisation needs to be managed in accordance with the country's own institutional
capabilities and implementation capacity. Supporting financial infrastructures, sound and
strong financial institutions, developed financial markets, and a more market-driven
environment are key to the success of the liberalisation process.
On the support for the low-income and poorer countries, the uneven progress made in
meeting the Millennium Development Goals is of deep concern. The debt relief proposal of
the G-8 to assist the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) is a welcome step. Debt
cancellation, however, addresses the symptoms and not the cause of poverty. Experience
has shown only a few countries have graduated from the debt relief programme under the
HIPC Initiative. Many still continue to be burdened with unsustainable levels of debt.
It is important to recognise that the task of assisting the lower-income countries does not
stop short at providing financial assistance. Development of education and health is an
important part of the Millennium Development Goals. The IFIs also need to assume a greater
role in encouraging the developed nations to invest and create job opportunities in the
Heavily-Indebted Poor Countries and other poor nations as a long-term plan to assist
lowincome countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Finally, we share the view that the legitimacy, credibility and effectiveness of the Fund and
the Bank hinges on the degree to which its representation reflects the relative significance of
its respective membership. The 13 th General Review of Quotas represents an important
opportunity to ensure that all members, especially the developing and emerging economies,
have an adequate representation in the institutions that is consistent with their relative
positions in the world economy. It is important for voices from this constituency of the
emerging and developing world to not only be heard but to be listened to. We look forward to
the commitment of the international community in preserving the fundamental, core principle
of equality in the governance structure of the Bretton Woods Institutions. This greater
engagement within the international community will contribute to increasing the prospects for
a greater shared global economic prosperity.