Deepak Mohanty: Economic and Financial developments in Goa
Speech by Mr Deepak Mohanty, Executive Director of the Reserve Bank of India, at the Goa
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Goa, 31 October 2011.
* * *
The assistance provided by Dr. P.K. Nayak and Shri Suraj. S is acknowledged.
I thank the Goa Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Shri Mangarish Pai Raikar for
inviting me to address this distinguished gathering. As currently Goa is celebrating the
Golden Jubilee Year of its Liberation, I thought that the occasion is appropriate to highlight
the recent economic achievements of the state.
The scenic state of Goa is the 25th state in the union of states of India. It covers 0.11 per
cent of the total geographical area of the country and accounts for a similar share of 0.12 per
cent of national population. However, it has a much larger share of 0.4 per cent of all-India
net domestic product (NDP).This explains why Goa is the richest state in India with a per
capita income of almost three times that of the average for the country as a whole. It was
ranked the best state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure. It also
ranked at the top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on
Population. The India Human Development Report 2011 ranked Goa as fourth in terms of
overall human development in the country. The lushness of its landscape, geographical and
ecological diversity and cultural richness make Goa a travelers' paradise. Notwithstanding
these achievements, Goa faces several developmental challenges, including in the areas of
banking and finance.
It is important to have a well-functioning financial system for sustainable economic
development. While the Reserve Bank has been actively engaged in the development of the
financial sector, it has stepped up its efforts in recent years to enhance the penetration of the
formal financial sector and promote financial inclusion with a view to improving the well-being
of our society. In this regards, the Reserve Bank has been undertaking special initiatives for
extending the outreach of banking facilities in the state. Against this background, I propose to
briefly outline the economic and financial structure of the state as well as highlight various
financial inclusion initiatives taken by the Reserve Bank. In conclusion, I shall present some
thoughts on policy challenges ahead.
Macroeconomic structure
I propose to capture the macroeconomic trends in the decade of 2000s as the information on
the net state domestic product (NSDP) is available up to 2009-10. The last decade was
characterised by accelerated economic growth at the all-India level. While all-India NDP
increased at an annual average rate of 7.1 per cent in the 2000s, the net state domestic
product (NSDP) of Goa increased at a slightly lower rate at 6.6 per cent per annum. But
there was significant growth acceleration during the second half of 2000s. NSDP growth
almost doubled from 4.5 per cent per annum in the first half of the 2000s to 8.8 per cent in
the second half. Importantly, Goa recorded a NSDP growth rate of 12.6 per cent in 2009-10
- the highest in the decade. At this rate, Goa was among the top five fastest growing states
in 2009-101 as compared with the increase in all-India NDP at 7.6 per cent. Having
registered a high rate of growth, the challenge for Goa is to sustain the growth momentum in
the current decade (Table 1).
The growth acceleration during the second half of 2000s was reflected in high per capita
income as well. In 2009-10, real (at 2004-05 prices) per capita income of Goa was much
higher at Rs.98,807 than the all-India average of Rs. 33,731. In US dollar terms, per capita
income of Goa increased from US $ 1,217 in 2000-01 to US $ 2,902 in 2009-10. In terms of
per capita income, Goa is the richest state in India (Table 2).
In terms of sectoral composition of NSDP between 2000-01 and 2009-10, the share of
agriculture and allied activity declined sharply, which was offset by the rise in the share of
services sector as the share of industry remained steady. This is because the agricultural
sector witnessed negligible growth during the decade reflecting stagnant agricultural
production, decline in fish catch, and falling output from the forest sector. Industrial sector
growth was in line with the national average rate. However, the share of industry was much
higher than the national average making Goa an industrial state. The growth in the services
sector has picked up recently, driven largely by transport, communication and finance.
Consequently, the share of the services sector in NSDP increased sharply, while that of
agriculture declined. The share of industry remained almost unchanged (Table 1).
Against the stereotypical view that Goa economy is being led by tourism and mining, an
analysis of individual share of each sector reveals that manufacturing and communication
contributed substantially to the growth of the economy (Chart 1). Good infrastructure facilities
with a centrally located airport, a seaport, connectivity by excellent road network as also
other essential infrastructure like container freight station supported industrialization.
Moreover, the industrial policy followed by the state, particularly in developing industrial
clusters/estates gave an additional boost to industry. The industrial activities encompass
pharmaceuticals, electrical and automobile accessories. In this context, it may be mentioned
that according to a recent report by Institute for Competitiveness (the Indian fraction of the
global network of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business
School), Goa has emerged as the most competitive state in the country with a high income
and consumption pattern and favourable demographics.
Inflation challenges
Inflation is a major concern not only at the national level but also at the regional level. While
we articulate monetary policy in terms of the wholesale price index (WPI) inflation, we take
into account all available price indices both at the aggregate and disaggregate levels. We are
also sensitive to inflation indicators at the regional level. In our 25th October 2011 monetary
policy review, we raised the policy repo rate for the 13th time by 25 basis points to 8.5 per
cent to contain inflation and anchor inflation expectations. There is, however, a need to make
a concerted effort to address both the demand and supply sides of the inflation problem. On
the supply side, the State Governments have an important role to play in strengthening
infrastructure and enhancing productivity, particularly in agriculture.
Consumer price inflation in Goa, measured by consumer price index for industrial workers
(CPI-IW), was low and almost the same as the national average in the first half of the 2000s.
However, as growth accelerated in the second half of the 2000s inflation also picked up and
turned out to be higher than the national average. It was in double digits in 2010-11, though
since moderated to 9.0 per cent by August 2011 (Table 3). As food has a substantial weight
in consumer price basket, it is a primary source of inflation. Goa depends on the neighboring
states for a variety of food items. It will, therefore, be desirable to strengthen the supply chain
management which could have a dampening impact on food price inflation. Moreover,
greater attention needs to be given for local production of fresh vegetables and protein items
such as milk, egg, fish and meat.
Fiscal scenario
Fiscal reform and debt sustainability of the state level assume importance for sustained
economic development. The state has taken a number of steps towards fiscal reforms since
the mid-2000s: implementation of VAT to replace state sales tax (April 2005), enactment of
Fiscal Responsibility Legislation (May 2006), New Pension Scheme (August 2005), ceiling on
guarantees and constitution of Consolidated Sinking Fund and Guarantee Redemption Fund.
The deficits and debt were maintained at sustainable levels. However, like other States, state
finances of Goa suffered a setback in 2008-09 and 2009-10 on account of combined impact
of macroeconomic slowdown and implementation of Sixth Pay Commissions awards.
Consequently, revenue surplus declined in 2008-09 and turned into deficit in 2009-10.
Further, the GFD-GSDP ratio increased from 2.8 per cent in 2007-08 to 4.8 per cent by
2009-10. The debt-GSDP ratio, however, improved over this period as growth in debt was
lower than that in nominal GSDP (Table 4).
As per the revised estimates, the GFD-GSDP and debt-GSDP ratios are estimated to decline
further in 2010-11 on account of improvement in revenue account even as capital outlay is
estimated to be higher. However, the budget estimates of 2011-12 show deterioration. It is,
therefore, important to focus on revenue generation to finance increasing capital and social
expenditure for long-term sustainability of fiscal position.
Socio-economic profile
The development context of Goa is significantly different from other States. Goa has the
highest per capita income in India and also records the highest literacy rates of 87.4 per cent
(2011) as against the all India average of 74.0 per cent (Table 5). With the urban population
of around 50 per cent, Goa is the most urbanized state after Delhi. Goa being one of the
states having low birth rate and low death rate, the working age population has a larger
share in its total population. While the current age profile augurs well for a faster economic
growth, over the long-term ageing population could be a major challenge. There is, therefore,
a need for greater attention on health and social security.
Financial development
In the context of a very large proportion of working age population, the development of
financial sector could aid economic growth through mobilization of saving and promoting
investment. The formal financial system in India is dominated by banks and so is the case in
Goa. In fact, Goa leads in terms of development of banking in India. Over time, the number
of commercial bank branches in Goa increased steadily from only 5 in 1962 to 459 by
endJune 2011. There is a state cooperative bank and 7 urban cooperative banks with
136 branches. With a ratio of 3,180 populations per commercial bank branch as against
allIndia average of 13,270, Goa has one of the best banking services in the country.
The sectoral flow of credit reflects the structure of the economy and the demographics. The
industrial sector accounted for the highest share in credit followed by personal loans and
services. The industrial sector receives maximum credit reflecting continuing industrialization.
Goa, being one of the prime tourist destinations, the hospitality sector led services sector in
attracting credit. The high per capita income level of the population reflecting greater
borrowing capacity explains a high share of personal loans in the overall credit. However,
credit flow to agriculture remained low, though 50 per cent of the population was still rural
(Chart 2).
While the share of agriculture in NSDP has reduced sharply over the years, Goa is also
known for its distinct agricultural products such as mangoes, cashew and grapes. A fading
agriculture sector may not be a sustainable feature for balanced growth in a long-term
perspective. Therefore, concerted efforts need to be made to promote agriculture in the
state. This also requires sustained credit flow to agriculture. The state government has made
provision for subsidized farm loans and subsidy for acquisition of agricultural implements.
This will also help increase the level of credit-deposit (CD) ratio in the state which is relatively
low as compared with the all-India level.
The C-D ratio of the state of around 30 per cent compared with about 75 per cent at the
allIndia level does not appear commensurate with its high level of economic development
(Chart 3). The recorded C-D ratio, however, understates the extent of credit penetration for
mainly three reasons. First, major industries such as pharmaceuticals and hotels source
credit from their head office locations which are outside the state. Hence, such credit flow
does not reflect in the C-D ratio of the state. Second, internal cash generation in industries
such as tourism and iron-ore reduces institutional finance. Third, with a substantial share of
non-resident deposits, the deposit base is large which imparts a downward bias to the C-D
ratio of the state. Having said that, there is no undermining the fact that there is scope for
further credit expansion, particularly to the agriculture and the allied sector.
Despite the low incidence of poverty and high literacy, there is uneven distribution of credit
across the state. Since self-employment accounts for about 32 per cent (NSSO 64th Round)
of the total employment in the state, further credit penetration is required to harness the
demographic dividend. The credit inequality needs to be addressed through intensified
financial inclusion measures.
Financial inclusion measures
Financial inclusion is important for bringing the poor and under-privileged sections of the
society within the banking fold and thereby generating and sustaining equitable growth. Let
me now turn to the various measures initiated by the Reserve Bank for promoting financial
inclusion.
First, the Reserve Bank for long has instituted a mechanism called "priority sector lending"
through which credit is channelized to certain preferred sectors, which, inter alia, include
small-scale industry, small businesses and agriculture. In the post-reform period, the priority
sector group has been expanded to include advances to retail trade, educational loans,
micro-finance and low-cost housing. This has helped in furthering the cause of financial
inclusion.
Second, the Union Finance Minister announced in the Budget 2010-11 that every village in
the country with over 2000 population must have access to banking services by March 2012.
In order to operationalise this process, commercial banks have prepared financial inclusion
plans which have been submitted to the Reserve Bank. As brick-and-mortar branches will not
be viable in very small centres, the approach is to meet this challenge through the business
correspondent (BC) model and by leveraging communication technology. Under this model,
banks appoint agents who provide basic banking services at the door-step of a client on
behalf of the bank.
Third, the Reserve Bank has asked banks to open no-frills accounts. These accounts have
no or very low minimum balance requirement and have provisions for small loans by way of
overdrafts. This is a very convenient account for small depositors, especially in rural areas.
Fourth, a major impediment for a common person to open bank account is the "Know Your
Customer" (KYC) norm. The norm has been relaxed for small accounts, viz., deposits up to
Rs.50,000 and credit up to Rs.1 lakh. A simple introduction by an existing account holder in a
bank should be adequate to open an account. In this regard, Aadhar, the Unique
Identification Number (UID) Project of the Central Government, which aims at providing a
unique ID number for everyone in the country, will help the poor to establish their identity to
meet the banks' KYC norms.
Fifth, farmers can get credit from banks conveniently through Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) and
General Purpose Credit Cards (GCCs).
Sixth, while several banking facilities are available, a common person may not be aware of
them. Hence, financial literacy becomes important. Accordingly, the Reserve Bank has
initiated a "Project Financial Literacy" with the objective of disseminating information
regarding the central bank and general banking concepts to various target groups. Our
"Financial Education" website link offers basics of banking, finance and central banking for
children of all ages. Our website is also available in 13 languages.
Finally, there is also a learning process for the Reserve Bank. We recognise that being
responsible for banking, we must be sensitive to the needs of a common person.
Accordingly, our Governor, Dr. Subbarao initiated the outreach programme last year as a
part of our Platinum Jubilee celebrations. Under the outreach programme, the top
management of the Reserve Bank visits at least one village in every state and union territory
with state government officials and commercial banks to give focused attention on financial
inclusion. This has been highly enriching experience for us to understand the ground
realities. Accordingly, we have decided to continue these programmes.
Financial inclusion in Goa
Let me now turn to our initiatives for financial inclusion in Goa. First, in order to provide
banking services through a banking outlet in every village having a population of over 2000,
by March 2012, 41 villages have been identified for the financial inclusion drive in the State.
As on June 30, 2011, banking services were provided in 36 villages through Business
Correspondents (BCs), in 4 villages through mobile vans and in one village through opening
of a branch outlet. This banking coverage has been achieved well ahead of the time.
Second, focus has now shifted for inclusion of villages with population between 1000 and
2000: 65 such unbanked villages have been identified and allocated among different banks
for making banking service available.
Third, as of end June 2011, total 1,21,210 no frill accounts (NFA) were opened with
outstanding deposits of Rs.33 crore, of which 4,930 NFA were credit-linked with Rs.9.3 crore,
while 4,763 General Purpose Credit Cards (GCCs) were issued through NFA with
outstanding credit of Rs. 9.3 crore. Fourth, in order to strengthen the financial education
campaign a Financial Literacy & Credit Counseling Centre (FLCC) was opened at Verna, in
South Goa. Similarly, in order to make the financial inclusion drive more effective, a Rural
Self Employment Training Institute (RSETI) was also opened at Verna, in South Goa
providing technical training on self employment ventures. As a success story it may be noted
that 12 courses were conducted and 230 below poverty line (BPL) beneficiaries were trained
of which 55 have started gainful employment activities. Fifth, 71 farmers' clubs and 20 joint
liability groups (JLGs) were formed by NABARD. Sixth, the recent drive by SLBC to route the
MGNREGA payments through Smart Cards under IT enabled financial services will further
strengthen the objective of financial inclusion.
Policy challenges
Let me now turn to broader macroeconomic policy challenges. As I mentioned, the Reserve
Bank has initiated measures for further spread of banking and promotion of financial
inclusion. Nevertheless, to accelerate the pace of growth of Goa, I may highlight a few
challenges that lie ahead.
First, initiatives need to be taken to promote sustainable industrial development compatible
with the unique bio-diversity of the state which, in turn, would generate local employment.
Second, investment in infrastructure could be scaled up through the Public-Private
Partnership model to support industry and services.
Third, there is a need to increase agricultural productivity and promote diversification in
agriculture and allied activities.
Fourth, as food inflation has been a major concern in the recent period, an appropriate
supply chain management and augmentation of production of vegetables and protein items
at state level will be helpful in addressing supply side inflation pressures.
Fifth, on the fiscal front, rationalizing the state deficits without compromising on allocation of
resources for the social sector will be a major challenge. Therefore, sustaining a higher
growth trajectory becomes important for higher revenue generation to support high capital
outlays.
Sixth, the high level of literacy and human development provides ample opportunity for
further growth of knowledge-based industries. However, for achieving this, Goa needs to
provide knowledge workers on a large scale. This entails strengthening of technical and
higher education.
Seventh, there is scope for further credit penetration. In this regard, banks can explore
innovative structures of loans with a greater emphasis on group lending to minimize credit
risk.
Eighth, in any plan for financial sector development, the physical presence of a bank branch is
important. Hence, all the stake-holders - banks, state governments and the Reserve Bank -
need to work in close co-ordination for increasing banking penetration and improving the
quality of banking services with greater use of technology.
Conclusion
Let me conclude. Goa is the richest state in India with a strong potential as reflected in the
growth acceleration in the latter half of the last decade. The challenge is to sustain this
momentum which will require continued policy action and greater access to the formal
financial sector.