Zeti Akhtar Aziz: The transformation of the international financial system
and the role of the Islamic financial system
Keynote address by Mrs Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia, at the
6th World Islamic Economic Forum, "The Transformation of the International Financial
System and the Role of the Islamic Financial System", Kuala Lumpur, 20 May 2010.
* * *
This is a time of extraordinary global economic challenge and uncertainty. The recent
unprecedented global financial and economic crisis has resulted in tremendous damage
across the world. The meltdown in the global financial system resulted in several setbacks
including bank failures, a credit crunch, a collapse of asset markets, massive wealth
destruction, a sharp decline in trade and financial flows and widespread unemployment in
many parts of the world. To contain the effects of the financial crisis on the economy,
extraordinary and exceptional measures were taken by policymakers around the world. With
the global economy now on the road to recovery, attention has turned towards securing a
more permanent solution in shaping the global economy of tomorrow that would avoid such
crisis of such proportions in the future.
Significant steps are being taken by the international community to intensify efforts to reform
and strengthen the international financial system. The aim is to build the foundations for a
stronger and more inclusive global economy - built on the premise of sustainable growth and
a greater shared prosperity. This global resolve is in fact, fundamentally in congruence with,
and accentuates the role and relevance of Islamic finance on the global economic stage in
this post-crisis era. Islamic finance, through its emphasis for the attainment of
socioeconomic goals based on the objectives of Shariah, provides the discipline that enhances the
prospect of strengthening the global economy and overall financial stability.
The relatively better performance and the sustained momentum of the growth in Islamic
finance during this period of global financial turmoil exemplifies its inherent strengths - its
emphasis on a strong linkage to productive economic activity which predisposes the
economy to financial deepening without the excesses, its emphasis for accountability,
disclosure and transparency and its inbuilt checks and balances, all of which underpin
Islamic finance as a stable form of financial intermediation that strengthens its prospects as a
contributor to economic growth and financial stability.
While the amount of funds managed in the Islamic financial system is still only a fraction of
the total assets of the international financial system, it represents that portion of financial
activities that is truly supported by underlying productive capacity that generates growth of
economies across continents. It is this form of financial activities that we would want to
encourage, as opposed to the financial flows that are destabilising and not contributing to
generating real economic activity.
The efforts to reform the international financial system by the international community have
aimed to address the broad range of flaws and weaknesses that has contributed to this
recent crisis and to restore confidence in the integrity of the global financial system. At the
core of this reform agenda is the development of a new financial regulatory framework that
would be more effective and that is premised on a greater emphasis on ethics, fairness, and
accountability and that promotes global economic, social and environmental sustainability. It
also needs to be anchored on a balance of supporting growth while maintaining financial
stability, and one that is founded on greater international coordination of regulatory
approaches and supervisory oversight with a crisis management framework that will reduce
systemic risk and the severity of any such future financial crises.
These reforms include measures to raise the quality and level of capital held by banking
institutions, strengthening the liquidity risk requirements and management, implementing
forward-looking provisioning standards, and aligning compensation practices with long term
performance. Further measures also include the improvement in transparency and
strengthening of the supervisory frameworks and arrangements for dealing with cross-border
oversight on financial groups that operate beyond domestic shores. This has also been
reinforced by the strengthening of macro-prudential regulation. The crisis had demonstrated
that the collective behaviours of banking institutions and other highly leveraged institutions
had contributed to the material build-up of risks in the financial system which ultimately in
turn undermined financial stability. It was also recognized that the existing regulatory
framework was insufficient to address systemic risks. This has prompted a more integrated
approach to the regulation with substantial strengthening of the macro-prudential elements of
financial regulation.
A major concern on the calibration of the regulatory reforms is its unintended consequences
that could materially impair the vital role of the financial sector in the economy. Of concern is
that the cumulative impact of the new measures may affect the cost and availability of
financing to the wider economy. There needs to be a balance between long run financial
stability and its potential increased costs to financial intermediation. This balance needs to
combine regulatory and supervisory systems that are more forward looking and responsive
to risk; while having in place appropriate incentive structures for financial institutions to
prudently manage risks and strengthen conditions for market discipline to take effect.
While the Islamic financial system has generally performed well during this global financial
crisis, several valuable lessons can be drawn from this crisis in our efforts to strengthen
further the Islamic financial infrastructure for a more resilient and stable financial system. In
2009, a Task Force on Islamic Finance and Global Financial Stability was formed by the IDB
and the IFSB to undertake an assessment of Islamic finance during the global financial crisis
and to identify the further building blocks that are necessary to further strengthen the
foundations of the Islamic financial system. The report examines the conceptual elements
inherent in Islamic finance and their effects on financial stability and considers eight further
areas of development in the Islamic financial architecture to enhance its ability to deal with a
more challenging future operating environment. This Report completed in April this year aims
to support the international efforts towards providing a strong foundation for financial stability
in the global financial system.
The eight areas for strengthening the financial infrastructure of Islamic finance address the
institutional capacity both at the national and international level with the aim of contributing to
global financial stability. These building blocks which address the core foundations for the
development of Islamic finance include, first, ensuring the effective implementation of the
prudential standards; second, the development of systemic liquidity management
infrastructure; third, the establishment of strong financial safety nets; fourth, putting in place
an effective crisis management and resolution frameworks; fifth, strengthen further the
accounting, auditing and disclosure standards; sixth, having an effective macro prudential
surveillance in place; seventh, having credible credit rating institutions and processes; and
finally eighth, enhancing close international cooperation and coordination among countries
including in capacity building and talent development to support efforts at the national level to
ensure financial stability.
Islamic finance does not exist in isolation and as it becomes an increasingly important
component of the global financial system, it will inevitably be impacted by the changing
global landscape of financial regulation. This is particularly important as its growth gains
momentum both in terms of number of service providers and in terms of business volume
and as the internationalisation process continues. The global call for improved regulation and
increased oversight in an international financial environment that is fundamentally different
will thus also require us to intensify the efforts that have already been undertaken to
strengthen the financial regulation for Islamic finance.
The financial reforms in Islamic finance to support sustainable and responsible innovation , in
particular, need to leverage on its inbuilt strengths that set Islamic finance apart in performing
its role in the mobilisation and allocation of resources to generate real economic activities. In
Islamic finance, innovation is key in pushing the frontier of market development to generate
the range of products and services, processes and functions. The key lies in preserving the
benefits of innovative initiatives and activities whilst ensuring that they do not result in
negative externalities. This comes in the forms of its strong paradigm in governance,
disclosure and transparency, as well as the emphasis that innovations are anchored in the
objectives of Shariah and thus are for the benefit of the people.
Importantly, Islamic finance has the disposition to facilitate financial deepening without
financial excesses through the fundamental Shariah requirement for Islamic financial
transactions to be supported by an underlying economic activity and for socially-responsible
financial innovation. Moreover, the profit-sharing and risk-sharing characteristics of Islamic
financial transactions strengthen the incentives for Islamic financial institutions to undertake
the appropriate due diligence on the Islamic financial transactions to ensure that the profits
are commensurate with the risks assumed. The Shariah board of Islamic financial institutions
additionally serve as a rigorous process of endorsement of the experts, thus representing a
vital institutional safeguard to ensure that the inherent strengths of Islamic finance are fully
realised. This ensures that the products are offered with the intention to achieve real benefits
for the investors. It would therefore reduce the tendency for extreme behaviour in the
financial system.
More recently, the world's attention had shifted from troubled banks to troubled countries with
rising sovereign risks, leading to further rescue packages and increased anxieties over
contagion to financial markets in other parts of the world. Whilst these challenges continue to
be addressed by the developed economies, the emerging economies have emerged from
this crisis with stronger growth performance. The Asian region in particular, has entered the
crisis with solid economic fundamentals and more resilient financial systems and institutions.
This has in turn substantially limited the consequences of the contagion. With the
internationalisation of Islamic finance in this decade, it has further reinforced the trend of
greater financial integration in emerging economies. This has reinforced the changing global
pattern of financial and economic integration as financial and economic linkages
strengthened between the emerging economies.
In the more recent period, with the enhanced international dimension of Islamic finance, it
has become an increasing form of intermediation that has facilitated economic linkages
between emerging economies. In addition, it has also drawn the participation by the more
established financial centers to forge stronger financial linkages with the dynamic growth
regions of Asia and the Middle East. Indeed, this would contribute towards more efficient
mobilisation of funds across regions, reinforcing the significance of Islamic finance as an
increasingly important channel for a globally more inclusive economic development. In the
aftermath of the crisis, Islamic finance will continue to spur new connectivity among nations
as its role and relevance gains more significance, thereby contributing to a more balanced
global growth.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is the very premise on which Islamic finance performs its intermediation
function that strengthens its potential role and relevance in advancing the growth and
development agenda towards preserving financial stability and towards strengthening
economic and financial linkages between nations. By operating in accordance with the rules
of Shariah, Islamic finance draws its strengths from its direct link to economic activity and its
inherent requirement for prudent risk management and explicit disclosure and transparency
thereby ensuring the viability of the activities in generating sufficient wealth to compensate
for the risks involved. These inherent strengths will continue to be the catalysts driving its
transition into a new era of growth and development in this post-crisis world.
As Islamic finance transitions to its next stage of development with greater international
integration, the immense benefits that will be unleashed need to be accompanied by a higher
level of resilience to be well positioned to manage the new challenges that the future will
bring. Our collective efforts to mobilise a higher level of global cooperation in promoting this
outcome will also enhance the prospects of Islamic finance to contribute towards securing
global financial stability and a greater shared economic prosperity.