S S Mundra: Defeating poverty - issues and challenges
Keynote address by Mr S S Mundra, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the
39th Skoch Summit, New Delhi, 20 March 2015.
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1. Mr. Sameer Kochhar, Chairman, Skoch Group; other dignitaries on the dais and in
the audience; delegates to the Summit; members of the print and electronic media; ladies
and gentlemen! It is a pleasure and privilege for me to be present here today at the inaugural
session of the 39th Skoch Summit on the theme of "Defeating Poverty". The theme of this
conference is extremely relevant at the current juncture when the groundwork on linking each
household to the banking sector in a mission mode under the PMJDY is nearing completion.
I congratulate Skoch for choosing this particular theme for its Summit.
2. The ILO Declaration of Philadelphia, 1944 states "Poverty anywhere is a threat to
prosperity everywhere." Poverty, therefore, has implications for global stability which has
been well appreciated by the policy makers the world over. As across the globe, policy
makers in India i.e. GOI and the financial sector regulators, particularly RBI have also
endeavored to ensure that poverty is tackled in all its forms and that the benefits of economic
growth reaches the poor and excluded groups in the society.
3. Franklin D. Roosevelt said "the test of our progress is not whether we add more to
the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have
too little." If we were to apply this yardstick for measuring our progress, we would be
considered to have failed miserably. Even after nearly sixty eight years since achieving our
independence, poverty remains one of India's largest and most pressing problems. There is
no gainsaying that a nation cannot become great when the lives of millions of its citizens are
benighted by poor nutrition, limited by poor learning opportunities and shriveled by gender
discrimination.
What is poverty?
4. The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines poverty as "the state of one who lacks a
usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions." However, poverty is
not simply characterized by a lack of adequate income. It has far reaching implications.
People who suffer from poverty experience a number of deprivations and restrictions. Its
manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic
services, social discrimination and exclusion, as well as the lack of participation in
decisionmaking and in civil, social and cultural life. One important thing to note is that poverty cannot
be defeated through charity. Empowering people with a means to sustaining themselves in
the long term is the solution that can defeat poverty.
5. Unemployment is at the center of poverty. For the poor, labour is often the only
asset that can be used to improve the lives and wellbeing. It is crucial that we empower the
poor who have the potential but often lack opportunities to shape their lives.
Bidirectional cause-effect relationship between financial exclusion and poverty
6. As I said earlier, poverty is generally associated with a low level of income. This
income is primarily directed towards consumption thereby leaving very little for
saving/investment. A low level of savings obviates the need for a banking account thereby
creating financial exclusion and lack of investment opportunities. This creates a barrier for
financial inclusion from the demand perspective. Conversely, financial exclusion can deprive
people of the benefits and the incentives offered by the financial system. Poverty can,
therefore, be self-fuelling from generations to generations.
How to break this vicious circle?
7. I am not an economist. Many eminent speakers would dwell on this issue during the
day. However, I wish to put forward some perspectives as I see them. Let me begin with
measurement of poverty. I am not on whether those spending below Rs. 32 in rural areas or
below Rs. 47 in urban areas (as defined by the Rangarajan committee) or Rs. 27 and
Rs. 33 respectively as fixed by Tendulkar Panel earlier, are to be considered poor. My
question is whether such income levels across countries or states (even after adjusting for
purchasing power parity) are comparable without taking into account the availability, quality
and cost of such basic amenities as health care, education, transport, sanitation etc. Would
not a composite index (if one can be devised) of these two elements would be a truer
indicator of real poverty level? This can be elaborated with several measurable examples but
time limit does not permit to do so.
8. Extending that argument further, would it mean that there could be two ways to
address the challenge of defeating poverty?
a. State ensures availability of quality amenities I mentioned earlier to all needy
citizens - question is, whether it is feasible?
b. Empower and facilitate all citizens to earn such levels of income that they can buy
these services from the open market. Issue to contemplate is whether this can be
done in a short term or even in the medium term.
9. Then would it be fair to assume that a combination of above two would be a more
realistic goal to pursue for quite some time to come considering the dimension of the work
involved? Would it also be fair to assume that pursuing only one of the above or even both
but with varying emphasis would not serve the purpose?
10. Leaving this broader issue for wider discussion, let me now turn to the various
initiatives taken in past few years in respect of poverty alleviation /financial inclusion
/employment generation etc.
Priority Sector Lending
11. Efforts are also underway to reorient the priority sector lending guidelines to serve
today's growth and inclusion agenda. An Internal Working Group at RBI has revisited the
existing guidelines and suggested revisions for ensuring channeling credit to segments that
get crowded out in the absence of specific targets. These include small and marginal
farmers, micro enterprises and the weaker sections while broadening the scope to include
other underserved categories of national priority, such as agriculture infrastructure, social
infrastructure, renewable energy, exports and medium sized enterprises.
Financial Inclusion Plan
12. Let me briefly highlight what RBI has been doing for mainstreaming the marginalized
sections of the society and for ensuring an equitable growth in the country. RBI has been
relentless in its pursuit of achieving universal financial inclusion by following a structured and
planned approach. As I mentioned earlier, the focus is not only on ensuring access to
financial services and products but also taking efforts to address issues emanating from the
demand side through Financial Literacy initiatives. Phase II of the Financial Inclusion Plan is
currently under operation which seeks to connect all the 600,000 plus villages in the country
to banks either through a brick and mortar branch or a BC agent by the end of the year.
PMJDY
13. To say that Government's PMJDY scheme has been a success would be a massive
understatement. One must admire the vision and intent behind the program. Lot of efforts
has gone into opening the bank accounts and most households have been connected to the
formal financial system. The need of the hour now is to ensure that services are easily
accessible to the account holders, are cost-effective and service efficient & most importantly
the accounts remain active. For the account to remain active, the holders would need income
and benefits to flow into them. Focus should also be placed on inculcating savings habit
among the people. Once the saving habits take root, people would look for investments. Only
then this massive exercise would be meaningful.
Direct benefit transfer
14. In order for the new bank account holders to continue to remain engaged with the
formal financial system, Government's DBT program is expected to play a big role. It would
ensure that the benefits are transferred directly to the targeted population and the leakages
are avoided.
Licensing of payment and small finance banks
15. With the objective of furthering financial inclusion and supply of credit to small
business units, small and marginal farmers, micro and small industries and other
unorganized sector entities RBI has decided to license a number of small finance banks.
Also, licensing of a few payments banks is envisaged to provide payments/remittance
services to migrant labour workforce, low income households, small businesses, other
unorganized sector entities and other users.
Promoting entrepreneurship and self-employment
16. Preparing the poor people for self-employment is perhaps the most lasting solution
for poverty alleviation. The role of entrepreneurship as a key driver of economic growth and
development and alleviating poverty and unemployment has been well researched and
documented in both developed and developing countries. Entrepreneurship promotes
innovation, creates competitive advantage and economic prosperity and helps create wealth
and job opportunities thereby improving the standard of living of individuals, their families and
communities.
Empowerment through microfinance
17. Microfinance is an influential means of empowerment for the poor and vulnerable
and helps in extricating them out of their poverty and misery. It basically works on the
premise that it is better to teach someone to fish rather than simply giving them a fish. It
gives the poor the necessary tools, skills, and resources to help them engage in productive
activities and grow their way out of poverty.
SHG bank linkage model
18. SHG (Self Help Group) bank linkage programme piloted by NABARD in 1992 with
500 SHGs of rural poor has now transformed into the world's largest microfinance initiative
with over 7.4 million SHGs representing 97 million rural households becoming part of the
movement. This has been the predominant form of lending to women as 84% of SHGs are
women SHGs as on March 31, 2014. The scale of the programme is huge given savings of
women SHGs in banks stands at over Rs 80 billion as on March 31, 2014 and bank loan
outstanding against women SHGs is over Rs 360 billion as on March 31, 2014. The
emphasis of the SHGF program is now to shift towards livelihood opportunities to SHG
members apart from the expanding outreach across the country.
Role of MSMEs in poverty alleviation
19. Promoting growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is critical from
the perspective of job creation which is recognized as a prime mover of the development
agenda in India. MSMEs sector contributes about 45% of the total industrial output, 40% of
the export and 8% in the GDP. Also, the sector employs largest amount of workforce after
agriculture and promotes balanced regional development. In terms of the recommendations
of the Prime Minister's Task Force on MSMEs, banks are advised to achieve a 20 per cent
year-on-year growth in credit to micro and small enterprises and a 10 per cent annual growth
in the number of micro enterprise accounts. It is also mandated that 60 per cent of MSE
advances should go to the micro enterprises keeping in view large scale exclusion of micro
enterprises from the formal banking system.
Focus on skill development
20. Globally, most students after completing their class 12th are considered to be ready
for a job as the education system prepares them for a vocation of their choice. In India,
however, the lack of employment opportunities after getting the basic education necessarily
results in two outcomes - one of disillusionment with the education system and second, keep
on pursuing higher education for want of a job.
21. Dearth of formal vocational education, high school dropout rates, inadequate skill
training capacity, negative perception towards skilling, lack of industry ready skills even in
professional courses, continue to stand out as some of the major causes of poor skill levels
and lack of entrepreneurship in India's workforce. There is a pressing need to scale up the
skills of the unorganized workforce within the sector as well as those of the MSME employers
through training inputs. Integrating the skill development initiatives with secondary and
intermediate level education would address the challenge of low education levels and also
provide school dropouts with employability skills.
22. It is heartening to note that the Government is committed to encourage
entrepreneurship in the country through a revision of the national skill development policy of
2009 so that schemes of different ministries can be routed through the newly formed skills
ministry. This would be vital considering the current Government's thrust on "Make In India."
Conclusion
23. Before I conclude, let me raise a few concerns which can be detrimental to the
consolidation and furtherance of the significant work done in the area of financial inclusion
and poverty alleviation in the recent past.
Is too much demand being placed on the banking system resources? The banks are
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presently almost alone expected to identify & enrol new customers, educate them,
conduct Aadhaar registration, carry out administration of linked life/non-insurance
schemes & pension products and so on. The issue is whether it would encroach
upon their other obligations of credit dispensation, maintaining asset quality,
maintaining service standards etc.
• Loan waiver schemes or employment not resulting into creation of social
infrastructure /productive assets raise risk to broader work culture/credit culture in
the country
• Non-adherence to basic economic discipline by the states eg. in fixing the Minimum
Support Price can be counterproductive in the long run
• Weakened Governance and multiplicity of regulations in the co-operative sector- Are
we doing enough to exploit potential of co-operative sector?
• Need we draw lessons from the history of RRBs while pursuing BC model?
Then there are two larger issues- one each in respect of rural and urban poverty alleviation
• Don't we need a new model to enhance productivity & stop further fragmentation of
already smaller land holding - Are DBT/interest subvention long-term answers to
these problems?
• Migration from rural India and rapid urbanization is a reality with social,
infrastructural, employment and inclusion dimensions - are we adequately prepared
to deal with them?
24. It must thus be appreciated that poverty alleviation is a long drawn process and
needs support from all quarters - the Government, other policy makers, the media and the
society at large. Each one needs to do his/her bit to ensure that the poverty is defeated so
that prosperity thrives. An ecosystem needs to be created which can fight poverty in all its
manifestations. I once again thank Mr. Kochhar and SKOCH for inviting me to this
Conference and wish the deliberations all success!
Thank you.