Harun R Khan: Financial market regulation in India - looking back,
looking ahead
Keynote address by Mr Harun R Khan, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the
FIMMDA (Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India) - PDAI (Primary
Dealers' Association of India) 16th Annual Conference 2015, Prague, 17 August 2015.
* * *
The speaker acknowledges the contributions of Shri Vaibhav Chaturvedi and Shri Vivek Singh of the Reserve
Bank of India.
1. Mr. Jiri Rusnok, Former Prime Minister & Member of the Board of the Czech
National Bank; Dr. M. Venkatachalam, Charge d'Affairs Indian Embassy, Prague; Mr. N. S.
Venkatesh, Chairman FIMMDA; Mr. Pradeep Madhav, PDAI; distinguished panelists and all
the delegates. It gives me great pleasure to be delivering the keynote address for the
FIMMDA - PDAI Annual Conference in this culturally rich, historically vibrant, naturally
blessed city of Prague which still maintains its old-world charm.
2. The theme for this year's conference Evolving Markets -Institutions & Regulations
rightly underscores the role of both the regulations as well as institutional practices in
influencing the market development. The post-crisis overhaul of the global financial
regulatory regime may, however, have altered the balance between the two as newer
regulations have been changing the institutional practices themselves in very fundamental
ways in many jurisdictions. It may still be a bit early to definitively conclude about the impact
of these changes on evolution of markets going forward. The shift to CCPs and increased
costs of OTC transactions; increased capital requirements for trading activities; new leverage
and liquidity regimes, etc. all are contributing to reshaping the financial markets landscape
globally. While the state of financial markets may be qualitatively heterogeneous across
countries, the harmonized implementation of the reform program is an essential necessity
countries are confronted with.
3. Given the above backdrop, I thought it appropriate on this occasion to undertake a
broad assessment of the evolution of our own financial markets and the issues we have been
grappling with. It is critical for us to learn the right lessons from the experience of other
countries in reshaping their regulatory frameworks while we debate the right model. There
could be different viewpoints and perspectives but it is imperative that certain basic principles
are agreed upon.
Introduction
4. Regulation of financial sector internationally is broadly guided by two objectives:
prudential regulation and conduct of business regulation, including consumer protection. The
four key institutional frameworks for regulation of the financial sector internationally -
Institutional Approach (entity-based regulation), Functional Approach (activity-based
regulation), Integrated Approach (universal regulator model) and Twin Peaks Approach
(separation of prudential regulation and conduct of business regulation) - all attempt to
address the above objectives through different formal structures. Post-crisis, a new
dimension of "systemic stability" is being sought to be added as another objective of financial
sector regulation but the exact contours in this regard are still in the works.
5. Financial markets in India have evolved, as has the regulatory framework for them,
historically in the context of a primarily bank-dominated financial system. It was only after the
financial reform process was initiated in the early nineties and the regulation of banks started
getting aligned to the international best practices that gradually different market elements
were introduced as part of the market development agenda. This agenda focused, first and
foremost, on putting in place the requisite market microstructure in terms of institutions,
technology, market participants and appropriate regulations.
6. Study of the development of the financial markets in India provides an opportunity to
analyse an alternate and, more importantly, functioning model of regulation of financial
markets. It may have evolved out of legacy factors and contextual considerations but in
terms of regulatory orientation, this approach contained many elements of a "systemic focus"
as is being sought to be incorporated globally in the post-crisis scenario. The instruments
and objectives entailed balancing the given systemic imperatives with the need for bringing
about changes in a non-disruptive manner. The major elements implicit in the regulation of
different market segments included the following:
• Nature of participants in the markets;
• Broad specification of products to be permitted;
• Effective reporting systems for capturing systemic information; and
• Market infrastructure
7. The absence of an efficient "bond-currency-derivative" construct, so called BCD
nexus, is sometimes held against the entire market development process. However, the
conception of a synergistic, harmonized BCD nexus implies a perfect seamless market with
enormous possibilities of risk-payoff combinations using some basic instruments. Implicit
behind it is the efficient market hypothesis which itself is being reinterpreted. Though it might
seem that the Efficient Market Hypothesis was one of fundamental, sacrosanct tenets of
finance, there is a long history of divided opinion among leading academics on this issue,
eloquently captured in the book "The Myth of Rational Markets" by Justin Fox. Way back in
1984, in one of his seminal papers, Robert Shiller had commented that the Efficient Market
Hypothesis was "one of the most remarkable errors in the history of economic thought"1. The
BCD construct is fundamentally premised on complete absence of any kind of market
frictions and policy interventions. Obviously such a pre-requisite cannot be interpreted in an
absolute sense and must be contingent on several factors including the state of development
of markets and the broader macro-economy that is influenced by both local and global
factors. There are certain macroeconomic policy objectives, in particular the capital account
management framework, which need to be pursued for their own sake instead of solely
addressing the need for market development. Even in the most developed of markets this
"nexus" is being made subservient to broader stability objectives, for example the restrictions
placed on short selling by many regulators in the wake of the crisis. In fact, one of the major
criticisms of the ongoing work by the international standard setting bodies is that their
prescriptions amount to "regulatory overreach" which severely impact market functioning.
Evolution of markets and market regulation in India
8. From a regulatory perspective, one of the biggest challenges is to recognize the
inherent market imperfections and build a framework around that to leverage the benefits of
well-functioning, deep, liquid markets. Over more than a decade, the Reserve Bank has been
firmly committed to financial sector reforms. A lot of has already been achieved with active
participation of regulators, the Government, market bodies like FIMMDA, PDAI and market
participants. Specifically in the area of debt markets, these achievements include the
introduction of NDS-OM platform, setting up of CCPs like CCIL, introduction of short
sale/When-Issued market (WI), repo in G-Sec/Corp bonds, Trade Repository (TR) for OTC
derivatives, introduction of credit default swaps (CDS), etc. and most recently the
introduction of 6 year & 13 year IRFs and electronic trading platform for IRS. But there is still
much to do. There are many issues with the existing products which we need to address. I
will take this opportunity to highlight those issues and measures under consideration within
the Reserve Bank towards the next phase of reform and the role market bodies like
FIMMDA, PDAI and market participants can play in making the market robust, efficient and
liquid.
Interest rate derivatives
9. IRS market in India is in place since 1999 and it has evolved over a period of time
as may be observed from the data given in the table below. Daily trading volumes have
improved significantly over a period of time. Though RBI did not mandate any benchmark for
IRS, market on its own has primarily used three benchmarks viz. MIBOR, MIFOR, INBMK. Of
the three benchmarks currently being used in the market, MIBOR is the most liquid
benchmark in IRS with a current share of around 92% of total trades. Trading in other two
benchmarks is almost negligible (Table 1). This is an area where efforts are required to
encourage trading in other benchmarks.
Table 1
IRS Trade Summary
(₹ in billion)
Source: CCIL's Rakshitra, July 2015.
10. Another issue with the IRS market is the activity being concentrated at few tenor
points, mostly upto 5 year (Chart 1). In view of long term funding requirements for
infrastructure sector, there is a need to develop long term IRS. FIMMDA or the Financial
Benchmarks India Pvt. Ltd. (FBIL) may consider developing appropriate benchmark for long
tenors which can be used by the market participants to take long tenor position in IRS. This
will help in the development of term money market in India.
11. Further, IRS market is mostly inter-bank and customer related transactions comprise
less than 1 per cent of the volume. It is also observed that the participation in IRS market is
dominated by foreign banks (around 70-80% of total trades) followed by private banks
constituting around 12-15% (Chart 2). There is a need to diversify the participation base in
IRS. To encourage wider participation, Reserve Bank has allowed CCIL to introduce
anonymous electronic trading platform. To address counterparty credit risk, Reserve Bank
has also permitted CCIL to provide guaranteed central clearing of IRS contracts. With these
measures, we expect active participation from various segments of the market. Recent
introduction of anonymous trading platform with CCP facility has many benefits like
availability of transparent quotes, less documentation requirement, reduced credit risk,
saving of capital, higher credit exposure etc. I will urge banks to actively use the interest rate
derivative products like IRS and IRF to manage interest rate risk in their portfolio so that the
need for seeking regulatory relief during periods of stress could be avoided.
12. When we come to Interest Rate Futures, unlike IRS, the experience was not
encouraging till the launch of single bond cash settled IRF in January 2014. The earlier
avatars of IRFs contracts did not attract enough market interest mainly due to illiquid
securities in the underlying basket leading to fear of receiving illiquid securities in delivery
based settlement and complex theoretical calculations for cash settled contracts. Taking into
account the feedback of the market participants, it was decided to introduce cash settled
single bond IRF on underlying security with residual maturity between 9-10 years. The
10 year single bond IRF has received good response from the market as the product is
simple to understand and is cash settled. In view of success of cash settled 10 year single
bond IRF and taking into account the request of market participants, exchanges have been
permitted to introduce single bond futures for the 4-8 year bucket and 12-15 year bucket as
well. Though the daily average trading volume in IRFs has shown consistent growth since its
introduction in January 2014, the participation in IRF is yet to become broad based (Chart 3).
13. We also hope that now the single bond cash settled futures have seen some
encouraging response from the market, the exchanges could also consider re-launching
futures based on a basket, which could be a much more efficient instrument from a hedging
perspective. It could also improve liquidity in some of the illiquid bonds.
Ready forward facility
14. You all know that Reserve Bank has been undertaking repo/reverse repo
transactions with market participants as part of its monetary and liquidity management since
1992. Interbank repo facility in Government securities was introduced in 2003. The repo
market in G-Sec, has witnessed considerable growth during the last 10 years (Chart 4).
Leveraging technology and the availability of a robust clearing and settlement mechanism
have been instrumental in the migration of the repo market from a pure OTC market to an
electronic environment. India is among few countries to have anonymous electronic order
matching platform with CCP facility for the repo market. The growth of the repo market is
evident from the fact that the daily average trading volume has increased from ₹ 106.72
billion in 2004-05 to ₹ 548.28 billion in 2014-15.
15. Though the repo market has witnessed reasonable growth over a period of time, the repo
market predominantly remains "overnight". The per cent of repo trades in the overnight to
3 day tenor bucket constitute around 95% of total trades (Table 2). Measures are being taken
to encourage market participants to enter into long term repo contracts. As a first step,
Reserve Bank has introduced term repos of 7 and 14-days in October 2013. However, from
the perspective of development of financial market, it is important to develop term repo
outside the central bank's window. Accordingly, re-repo of securities acquired under market
repo was allowed in February 2015. With the availability of liquid overnight rates, RBI term
repos of various tenures and T-Bill auctions of 91 and 182 days, many of the essential tenors
of term repos are present in the market which can be used to develop the term yield curve.
Table 2
Repo term analysis
STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities)
16. STRIPS were introduced in India in 2010 for developing a market determined zero
coupon yield curve (ZCYC) and help institutional investors in asset-liability management.
Further, as STRIPS have zero reinvestment risk, it was felt that they can be attractive to
retail/non-institutional investors. However, except for a few trades in 2010 (securities
amounting to ₹.13 billion have been stripped till date), there has not been any activity in the
STRIPS market. Reserve Bank would review the existing guidelines with regard to including
more number of eligible securities for stripping, allowing banks in addition to PDs to initiate
the process of stripping and reconstitution. In parallel, FIMMDA and PDAI may conduct
awareness program for retail investors, insurance companies and mutual funds to encourage
their participation in STRIPS.
Repo in corporate bonds
17. To improve liquidity in the corporate bond market and provide an alternate source of
funding, repo in corporate debt was introduced in January 2010. Since then, the guidelines
have been relaxed in terms of minimum haircut/margin requirements expanding the list of
eligible bonds by allowing short term instruments like CPs and CDs as eligible underlying
and allowing more entities like multilateral institutions, Government owned NBFCs, etc. to
participate in repo market. Internationally, GMRA is used as standard document for repo
transactions and the same document with suitable amendments have been prescribed in
India too. Accounting norms have been revised to make it in sync with globally accepted
norms. Regulatory reporting and DVP-I settlement have been prescribed to enhance
transparency and reduce settlement risk. Still, participation in the repo market is almost nil.
Though the Reserve Bank is aware of the structural issues of the corporate debt repo market
and is examining various options to encourage activity in the repo market, FIMMDA and
PDAI may discuss with their members and suggest measures for activating the corporate
debt repo market.
Credit default swaps
18. In order to provide an avenue for participants to mitigate credit risk and enable
effective redistribution of credit risk within the system, the Reserve Bank introduced CDS in
the Indian market in December 2011. The guidelines on CDS were framed after extensive
market consultations. However, there was hardly any market interest in the product.
Subsequently changes were made in the guidelines, such as, increasing the scope of
reference/deliverable obligations by permitting CDS on unlisted but rated bonds even for
issues other than infrastructure companies andpermitting CDS on securities with original
maturity up to one year like CP, CD and NCDs as reference / deliverable obligations. But
investor interest is still elusive. Major reason cited for the lack of trading interest in CDS is
restriction on netting of Mark to market (MTM) position for capital adequacy and exposure
norms. The Reserve Bank's extant instructions on computation of exposure arising out of
OTC derivative contracts do not permit bilateral netting of exposures due to uncertainty on
legal enforceability of close-out netting in the event of liquidation of statutory corporations.
19. To my mind, the issue needs to be addressed through legislative changes in one of
the two possible ways: by amending Acts/Statutes that govern statutory corporations and
state owned/nationalised banks, wherever applicable. Amendments to a large number of
enactments, particularly in a synchronised manner, may be, however, practically difficult.
Accordingly, as an alternative, a single, harmonized and uniform legislation for close-out
netting with overriding powers on all other Acts/Statutes applicable to all types of banks and
other entities may be enacted. This will provide transparency, comprehensiveness and clarity
and provide ease of regulation and supervision to the Reserve Bank. The legislation can be a
standalone law or can form part of existing laws - The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 or
the Payment & Settlement Systems Act, 2007.Pending legislative changes, feasible options
could be explored based on understanding with the Government.
20. There are examples in emerging markets which have attempted solving the netting
issue, such as, the recent Malaysian example. Malaysia has enacted unified legislation for all
kinds of financial services [Financial Services Act 2013] which provides a 'safe harbour' for
"Qualified Financial Agreements" (QFAs).
Approach to market regulation
21. In order to have a more focused approach towards market development and
regulation along with a surveillance system for ensuring market integrity and stability, a new
department called Financial Markets Regulation Department (FMRD) has been set up at RBI.
The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) on Financial Markets has recently been
reconstituted to guide our future agenda. Going forward, the explicit entity-neutral legal
framework prevailing in India for regulation of money, interest rate and currency markets will
be leveraged, to put in place a structured process focusing on (i) making market access
norms easier for all participants (ii) expanding the menu of products and participants across
all segments (iii) strengthening market infrastructure in line with global standards; and
(iv) leveraging the market and surveillance mechanism for policy inputs.
Interest rate options
22. In line with the above approach, introduction of interest rate options in the Indian
market is a key part of agenda. A Working Group has already been constituted under the
TAC to comprehensively look into all relevant issues and give its recommendations on the
product design.
23. The Committee is deliberating on the hedging requirement for these options. For
retail participants, a small threshold without explicit underlying requirement is being
considered. This would help retail participants and small enterprises to hedge their risk
without much documentation burden. For larger corporates, while the underlying exposure
requirement may be necessary, but similar to forex hedging, concept of "anticipated interest
rate exposures" is being explored.
Review of FPI limits
24. The limit for FPI investments in Government securities in India has been part of the
larger framework for capital account management. The risks of sovereign borrowing in
foreign currency, the "original sin", have been extensively analysed over the years,
particularly after the Asian crisis in the nineties. The concerns relating to sudden stops,
however, are as relevant for domestic currency denominated debt as foreign currency debt. It
is therefore imperative to balance the benefits of lower yields in normal times and the costs
associated with increased volatility and yield impact in crisis times.
25. The Governor has recently announced a Medium Term Framework in this regard, which
includes:
• A target of what fraction of the sovereign bond market will be constituted by FPIs in
the medium term.
• Announcement of staggered increase in limits every six months and these being
released on monthly/quarterly basis
• Limits to be specified in Rupees so that they do not vary with exchange rate
movement.
The Framework will create space for participation of different kinds of investors (long term
investors, such as, Pension Funds and Sovereign Wealth Funds as well as medium term
investors and those coming through International Central Security Depositories, such as,
Euroclear and Clearstream.
26. We are in dialogue with the Government. Once the Framework is decided, we may
wait for suitable market conditions, including possibly greater certainty about Federal
Reserve actions and appropriate liquidity conditions in domestic markets, before making a
public announcement.
Permitting other regulated entities in OTC derivatives and repos
27. As I have mentioned above, explicit regulation of OTC markets is one of the
cornerstones of the financial sector regulatory framework in India. With the gradual
strengthening of the market infrastructure, greater participation of different entities in the
OTC derivatives market can be considered other than the Reserve Bank regulated entities. It
is proposed to explore various options in consultation with the Government and other
regulators to permit a wider set of regulated entities greater access to OTC derivative
markets subject to the laid down reporting requirements.
Electronic dealing platform for repo in corporate bonds
28. Guidelines on repo in corporate debt were issued in January 2010. Since then, the
guidelines have been relaxed in terms of minimum haircut/margin requirements and allowing
more entities like multilateral institutions, Government owned NBFCs, etc. to participate in
repo market. However, there is very limited trading volume in corporate debt repo market. In
order to develop the repo market, it is proposed to introduce an electronic dealing platform
for repo in corporate. To begin with, a Request for Quote System could be considered and
depending on market response, it could slowly graduate to a full-fledged order matching
system.
Review of guidelines on repo in G-Sec and corporate bonds - expanding participation
base and relaxing certain conditions
29. Existing repo guidelines also put various restrictions on entities accessing the repo
market through CSGL route, viz. prohibition on repo transactions between primary member
and its client and two clients of the same custodian, etc. We are in process of reviewing
these guidelines to facilitate wider participation. Since one of the subtheme of the conference
is "Term Rate Structure and Transmission of Rates". I will urge the panel members to
discuss these issues relevant for further development of the repo market and forward their
comments to RBI.
Triparty repo
30. Internationally, various jurisdictions have moved to tripartite repo to improve
operational efficiency in the repo market. In India, CBLO is somewhat akin to tripartite repo.
However we do not have true tripartite repo. Substitution of securities in repo transactions is
not permitted in India. This has discouraged borrowers to enter into repo transactions for
long tenors. Though introduction of re-repo has created enabling environment for lender of
funds to go for long term funding, borrower of funds continue to have the problem of
securities being blocked for longer period. It is argued that the introduction of tripartite repo in
G-Sec which allows substitution of securities will encourage market participants to enter into
repo contracts for longer tenors. The Working Group on Enhancing Liquidity in the
Government Securities and Interest Rate Derivatives Markets (Chairman: Shri R Gandhi) has
also made the recommendation and Reserve Bank is in process examining the
recommendation.
Market making in Government securities
31. Secondary market liquidity in the Government securities market has grown
substantially in absolute terms during the past one decade. However, it is observed that the
secondary market trading in is limited to about eight-ten securities out of a total number of 86
securities. In fact, of late, liquidity in bond markets is becoming a problem in many countries
for various reasons. For better monetary transmission, it is necessary to improve liquidity
across yields curve. The issues have been examined in detail by the Gandhi Committee and
recommendations made by the Committee are being implemented in phased manner.
32. One of the recommendations which is crucial for enhancing liquidity across the
maturity spectrum is introduction of market making scheme for the PDs. Various options
have been discussed with PDs in last few months, and a model based on market feedback is
being discussed with the Government. I would also suggest that PDs may consider providing
two way quotes for liquid securities in various tenors in the odd lot segment. The list of
securities can be identified and published by PDAI on quarterly basis. This will not only
encourage participation of retail and small investors in the G-Sec market but would also act
as stepping stone towards implementation of market making scheme in the interbank market.
RBI on its part would evaluate the proposal of allowing higher shorting limits for such
securities to facilitate PDs to provide two way quotes.
Review of guidelines on LAF accounting
33. The revised accounting guidelines for market repo transactions in government
securities and corporate debt securities were issued in March 23, 2010. These guidelines
recognised the economic essence of a repo transaction as a collateralized lending and
borrowing transaction, with an agreement to repurchase, on the agreed terms. These were,
however, not to apply to repo / reverse repo transactions conducted under the Liquidity
Adjustment Facility (LAF) with RBI. We are in the process of converging the LAF accounting
norms as well to the market repo norms. In line with market repo guidelines, securities
acquired by entities under LAF reverse repo would be eligible for SLR. Further, we are also
examining the feasibility of making these eligible for re-repo. This may significantly contribute
to the development of a term money market.
Electronic trading platforms for OTC derivatives
34. Electronic trading and central clearing for all OTC derivatives has become one of the
fundamental principles of the reform of the financial markets. Several models are being
implemented globally (US, UK, EU) to bring trading of OTC derivatives onto electronic
platforms with a central clearing. In India, CCIL has emerged as the major CCP for a large
segment of OTC markets and is one of the recognized QCCP, apart from the three CCPs
under SEBI. CCIL is also subjected, on an on-going basis, to rules and regulations that are
consistent with the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures (PFMIs) issued by the
Committee on Payment and Markets Infrastructure (CPMI) and International Organisation of
Securities Commissions (IOSCO).
35. Ideally all trading pools on whatever platform must have access to such a CCP
arrangement. We are in the process of preparing a broad policy framework, based on
consultation with all stakeholders, on authorization of Electronic Trading Platforms for various
asset classes and their access to CCP facilities.
Issue of rupee bonds overseas
36. The Reserve Bank had issued draft guidelines for public feedback on issuance of
Rupee bonds overseas. Several comments have been received and the final guidelines are
expected to be issued shortly covering a comprehensive review of the ECB guidelines. It is
recognised that while the issuance of Rupee bonds will broadly be under the ECB norms, a
differential set of criteria would be required for such issuances. The objective would be to
prescribe a simpler regime addressing many of the issues raised by the respondents. Given
the fact that the currency risk would be borne by the investors, from an external debt
perspective, raising of funds through the Rupee bond issuance should sit a tad higher in the
hierarchy of preferences under the overall external debt framework.
OTC market reforms - cross border issues
37. The ongoing international efforts towards strengthening OTC markets are taking
place at two levels:
• Global standard setters' overarching frameworks and principles ensure that changes
are implemented in an internationally consistent and non-discriminatory way;
• National authorities putting in place the appropriate legislation and regulations
38. However, considerable work needs to be done in the area of equivalence and
substituted compliance across jurisdictions. Blanket application of such requirements, without
recognition of the country-specific requirements, may have unintended consequences for the
development of markets. I would like to highlight the challenges being faced in us in three
specific areas:
Central counter-parties
39. The approach being adopted in major international jurisdictions with regard to CCP
requirements have raised concerns over possibilities of extra territorial regulatory jurisdiction
leading to regulatory conflict and disruptions for market activity. For instance, European
Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) and the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) as
modified by the Dodd-Frank Act contain prescriptive rules that may prevent European/US
banks from participating in third-country clearing houses that have not applied for recognition
by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) or that are not registered as a
Derivatives Clearing Organization (DCO) as per CFTC regulations. While the discussions are
still on, the uncertainty over the inconsistencies between EU and US rules, the process and
timeline for equivalence assessments may affect the trust in the functioning of international
financial markets and may have impact on progress of implementation of G-20 reform
agenda.
Trade repositories
40. As per FSB commitments, jurisdictions should remove barriers to trade reporting by
market participants, with particular attention to removing barriers to reporting of counterparty
information and to information access by authorities. However, a distinction may need to be
made between barriers to reporting to a domestic TR and reporting to foreign TR. As long as
the one leg of the transaction is being reported to any one recognised TR in any jurisdiction,
no other sharing requirement may be needed at the individual entity level. Efforts should be
made to make the global TRs talk to each other, which could be greatly facilitated after full
implementation of the LEI regime. Such measures would also reduce cost of compliance for
the market participants without compromising on regulatory effectiveness.
41. The Payment & Settlement Systems Act in India (under which the TR is now
governed) has enabled RBI to disclose such document / information to any person, if it
considers necessary in protecting the larger public interest. At the entity level, sharing of
client/counterparty data with third party, which includes a non-domestic TR, is governed by
the contractual relationship and being done after obtaining customer consent. Entities are
expected to keep into consideration the provisions under the various statutes, rules and case
laws dealing with bankers' duty of confidentiality of customer information and the secrecy
obligations.
Benchmarks
42. The European Commission has released a proposed regulation "on indices used as
benchmarks in financial instruments and financial contracts". "Users" of benchmarks which
are EU supervised entities may not use benchmarks provided by non-EU benchmark
administrators from jurisdictions which do not satisfy an equivalence requirement. There is
an urgent need for all jurisdictions to agree to a set of harmonized equivalence criteria to
avoid any unintended consequences.
Conclusion
43. My limited objective behind sketching a broad canvas of our past and ongoing
efforts was to bring home the point that development of financial markets is a