Andreas Dombret: What's going on in Europe? - A view from the
Deutsche Bundesbank
Speech by Dr Andreas Dombret, Member of the Executive Board of the Deutsche
Bundesbank, at the World Affairs Council and American Council on Germany, San
Francisco, 12 July 2016.
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Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen
It is a great pleasure for me to be here in San Francisco with you and with these two
distinguished organizations.
You know, when we agreed on the title and the date of this event, I was expecting to give a
talk on the economic situation in the euro area and its implications for monetary policy. This
was because - like many - I was convinced that the United Kingdom would ultimately decide
to remain in the European Union.
As you know, events took a different course. At the end of June, the British people decided to
leave the European Union. This decision is certainly a turning point for Europe. Since
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands founded the European
Economic Community in Rome almost sixty years ago, European integration has only been
going in one direction: towards deeper integration. Now this process has hit its first major
roadblock.
I am deeply convinced that the decision to leave the EU will benefit neither the United
Kingdom nor the rest of the EU. Take terrorism, climate change, international security or
migration. In my view it is the wrong decision to try to solve global problems with national
policy. The idea of the European Union remains as relevant as ever.
There is a real danger that Brexit might also sway public opinion across the EU on European
integration and add fuel to the current anti-EU sentiment in some member states, which
ignores the Union's benefits.
But the vote does not only reflect discomfort with the shared sovereignty that membership in
the European Union brings with it. The EU has become a proxy for fear of immigration, open
borders and, more generally, globalisation. This mood is also evident outside the European
Union. If Brexit ends up feeding these currents, it may have implications beyond Europe.
The European project was also a lesson from the wars that devastated the world in the 20th
century. It was in this very city that the Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945.
And it was the same spirit that led Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands to sign the Treaties of Rome in 1957.
Ladies and gentlemen, the full consequences of Brexit will probably be only fully evident in
some time to come - all the more because formal relations between the United Kingdom and
the EU will only be decided through a long negotiation process that has not yet started. The
key question in these negotiations will be whether the United Kingdom will remain a member
in the single market or not - and if so, under which conditions.
Only after this question is settled will we be able to better assess the full consequences of
this vote - economic and political. There is a strong case for negotiating co-operatively, but
there must be no rebates on the obligations that come with participation in the single market.
The decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union requires a political
response. This is not the core business of a central banker. So today, I will talk about the
implications of Brexit for the economic outlook and for monetary policy. And I'll touch upon
the potential longer-term implications for European integration.
Economic consequences of Brexit
2.1 Immediate financial market reaction
Mark Twain once said that October is one of the "peculiarly dangerous months to speculate
in stocks. The others are July, January, September, April, November, May, March, June,
December, August, and February."
Measured against this wisdom, the reaction of financial markets to the Brexit news was by
and large orderly. The news obviously came as a surprise - there is no other explanation for
the steep drop in the pound sterling of 11 % immediately after the referendum. But there was
obviously no panic:
Investors have bought government bonds in an attempt to hunker down their money. For
traditional safe-haven countries like the United States, Germany and Japan, this has brought
down long-term interest rates even further. The steep increase in the long-term interest rates
of peripheral euro-area countries immediately after the referendum reversed itself in the
following days. On balance, long-term interest rates for Italy and Spain declined - and all in
all it is obvious to me that there is no euro-area break-up scenario dominating capital market
sentiment.
Stock prices dropped sharply on the day after the referendum. However, the situation had
calmed down already in the afternoon.
Only shares of financial institutions have dropped strongly and still remain significantly lower,
not only for UK banks but also for banks in the euro area. This is a sign that the uncertainty
about the possible implications of the Leave vote is primarily affecting the banking sector. In
my view it's the short-term consequences of a possible economic slow-down and the
longerterm consequences of Brexit for banks' business models that are weighing on investor
sentiment.
However, most banks have taken the possibility of a Brexit sufficiently seriously and
prepared carefully. Supervisors asked them in a timely manner to assess the risks
associated with their holdings of stocks, bonds and foreign currency. And banks had to
engage in emergency planning. Thanks to stricter capital and liquidity regulation, banks are
in better shape today than at the start of the financial crisis in 2007.
Additionally, immediately after the referendum, the ECB joined other central banks in
declaring that it would stand ready to supply liquidity should the need arise. Up to now, no
liquidity provisioning has been necessary, however.
These measures certainly helped to avoid stronger financial market reactions. But this
doesn't imply that the financial markets have already found their new equilibrium. I cannot
rule out further movements in prices and shifts of money from one asset class to another.
But, we can be carefully optimistic that - with regard to financial markets - a panic reaction
to Brexit is now rather unlikely.
2.2 Economic outlook
Further ahead, it is foggier. The economic consequences of Brexit are still uncertain.
The UK decision to leave the EU comes at a time when the economy in the euro area is on
the path of a slow, but continuous recovery. The experts of the Eurosystem expect the
economy to grow by 1.6 % this year and 1.7 % next year, mainly on the back of domestic
demand which is benefiting from low oil prices and a very expansionary monetary policy.
However, these forecasts do not include the consequences of Brexit. In fact, one of the
downside risks to the projection has now materialised - and the above-mentioned forecast
seems to be a bit too optimistic.
The impact on medium-term economic growth will depend strongly on expectations
concerning the long-run economic consequences of the referendum, which in turn will hinge
on the outcome of the exit negotiations. The chain of causality runs from the single market to
productivity: The more the access to the single market is restricted, the more trade will be
inhibited and the more productivity will be curbed - both in the UK and the EU.
Before the referendum, the International Monetary fund had warned that if established trade
relationships broke down, this could have serious regional and global consequences. It has
also pointed out that uncertainty created until an exit is fully negotiated could dampen
investment.
Hence, much depends on whether this period of uncertainty can be minimised. Negotiations
about the future relationship between the UK and the EU should be speedy and sensible.
Neither party has an interest in re-erecting trade barriers.
In the meantime, the depreciation of the pound sterling we have seen since the referendum
provides some relief. It counteracts the uncertainty hanging over the economic outlook. So
this means that the immediate consequences for the economic outlook may not be quite that
dire. The same may even hold for the euro area, for the euro has also depreciated somewhat
against the US dollar and the yen.
In any case, while the impact of Brexit on growth will be negative, fears of a reduction in
growth by, say, 0.6 percentage points in 2017, as predicted by Consensus Economics, seem
exaggerated to me.
Implications for monetary policy
Ending the uncertainty arising from the exit negotiations is a political task. Given the current
set of economic indicators, I do not see the need for any monetary policy response to the
outcome of the referendum.
This is all the more the case as monetary policy in the euro area has already been very
expansionary for quite some time. Unlike the Fed, for example, the Eurosystem is still
expanding the size of its bond holdings. Some measures, such as the ECB's Corporate
Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP), have only begun as recently as last month. It is
therefore not clear to what extent a further loosening would stimulate the economy.
The ultra-loose monetary policy in the euro area is a consequence of the very low inflation
rates. Over the last two years, it was mainly the decline of the commodity prices that kept
inflation low. This holds in particular for the price of oil. Changes in commodity prices will at
some point automatically cease to have an effect on inflation. They will "wash out of the
inflation rate," as central bankers like to put it.
But at the moment, low commodity prices are not the whole story. Low inflation rates are also
a result of a subdued domestic price pressure. The "core" inflation rate - which excludes
commodity and food prices - is also low.
For this reason, an expansive monetary policy stance is currently warranted - which doesn't
mean that one cannot disagree on specific unconventional instruments for monetary policy
easing. The Bundesbank has always been - and in fact is still - critical with respect to
purchases of government bonds by the Eurosystem central banks.
When I am abroad, people often ask me why I am having concerns with regard to the
purchase of government bonds by the Eurosystem, even though the Fed, the Bank of Japan
and the Bank of England are using this instrument.
The answer lies in the institutional set-up of the euro area. This set-up is unique and not
comparable to that of a single state. Although euro-area countries have decided to share a
common monetary policy, they haven't mutualised fiscal policy. Every member state remains
responsible for its own fiscal policy. To limit governments' inherent incentive to incur debt,
however, fiscal rules were decided on and fiscal bail-outs by other member states or by the
Eurosystem were explicitly excluded by the European Treaties.
Although sovereign bond purchases by the Eurosystem are not forbidden per se in such a
decentralised set-up, they risk leading to a dangerous commingling of monetary and fiscal
policy as the Eurosystem could then become the biggest creditor to the euro-area member
states. If governments adjust their policies to the very low level of financing costs by delaying
structural reforms or fiscal consolidation - and this is what OECD studies on the willingness
to reform and current indicators on the fiscal policy stance in the euro area are telling us -
the Governing Council could come under political pressure in future to maintain its ultra-loose
monetary policy even if its price stability objective suggested exiting from this policy.
This risk of fiscal dominance is what troubles me because it could make it more difficult for
monetary policy to fulfil its primary objective of price stability.
Reforms for a more stable euro area
Ladies and gentlemen, the Leave vote in the United Kingdom has led many to think about its
political consequences. Some politicians - rather predictably in my view - immediately called
for deeper European integration. But this deeper integration should, on the one hand, not
come at the price of more shared liability without more shared sovereignty. And in any case,
it would have to be ensured that the common decisions are taken in a stability-oriented
manner. On the other hand, the Brexit vote must in no case serve as an excuse to retard
reforms or even turn back achievements in European integration.
Proposals for further integration were already on the table prior to the referendum. Many of
them contain proposals for more shared liabilities but ignore the issue of common
decisionmaking. This middle path will not be enough to stabilise the euro area sustainably. In my
opinion, what the currency union needs is a synchronisation of liability and control.
Recent years have shown that the combination of 19 different fiscal and economic policies
with a single monetary policy can lead to a situation in which member states have to mutually
bear the consequences of individual member states' economic policy decisions.
The seemingly endless emergency summits at which member states bickered about the
shape of rescue funds may have been one reason why the image of the European Union has
suffered.
They illustrate a misalignment of liability and control in the euro area. This problem was
anticipated already during the negotiations of the Maastricht treaty that launched the single
currency. The idea was to use a combination of market discipline and additional rules to
restrict governments' propensity to expand public debt.
The Treaty contained a no-bail-out clause that prohibits member states from assuming each
other's debt. Investors rather than tax-payers were intended to shoulder the risks of their
investments.
In addition, the Treaty contained restrictions on public debt levels and fiscal deficits in order
to ensure that each member state could cushion a recession with its own fiscal policy without
losing access to financial markets.
Unfortunately, politicians obviously found it hard to difficult to adhere fully to the no-bail-out
rule when financial markets lost trust in the sustainability of public finances of some member
states.
This was because banks in these countries were loaded up with sovereign bonds. A
sovereign default would thus have put financial stability in the whole euro area in danger.
As a comedian from Austria once put it: "Europe consists of countries that refuse to be
ordered to follow those rules that they themselves came up with."
Since the outbreak of the financial crisis, things have only become worse. There are now
countries in which the fiscal deficit has been in excess of the limits set by the rules for seven
years.
And the application of the rules has become more and more politicised due to an increased
scope for interpretation by the European Commission. The European Commission is
interpreting its role in two ways: as the guardian of the Treaties, on the one hand, and on the
other hand, as a political actor which seeks to balance the different interests of the member
states. This has clearly not helped to make the rules more binding.
So over time, the misalignment of liability and control that was entailed in the constitutional
set-up of the euro area from its very beginning has become even worse.
In fact, it requires bold steps to establish a consistent institutional set-up for the euro area.
One such step is to jump to a full political and fiscal union. Common decision making would
then go along with common liabilities.
But even back when the Maastricht Treaty was signed, politicians did not think this option
was deliverable. And, in the light of the debate in Europe today, it does not seem to have
become more feasible today.
But there is another option for aligning control and liability. It would require returning liability
to the member states, where control still resides. It is at least as important to reinstate market
discipline over member states' fiscal policies.
To make this decentralised way credible, at the end there has to be the possibility that
member states can become insolvent.
The sovereign debt crisis showed us, however, that this requires an end of the so-called
sovereign-bank nexus as the insolvency of a member state must not be allowed to endanger
financial stability in whole euro area.
This cannot be achieved with a single measure. But there is no getting around one particular
measure: To end the preferential regulatory treatment being granted to sovereign bonds.
Unlike for corporate bonds, financial institutions do not have to hold equity against potential
losses on their government bond holdings. Sovereign bonds are still regarded by regulators
as risk-free.
The sovereign debt crisis in the euro area has definitely shown that this assumption does not
hold. If the preferential treatment of sovereign bonds on bank balance sheets is ended, this
will force investors to take a closer look at the risk profile of sovereigns before making their
investments. Capital markets could then resume their function of disciplining government
fiscal policy.
This is why the exemptions granted to sovereign bonds are now being debated in the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision.
Final remarks
Ladies and gentlemen, I do not want to stretch your attention any further. As some wise
person once said: There should never be too many words between the beginning and the
end of a speech. I hope I have not violated that piece of advice too blatantly today.
I have covered many topics - some of them only briefly. But it was my intention to provide
some food for discussion.
As a last remark, I want to thank you for your hospitality. Please be assured how much I
enjoy being here in San Francisco. Citing one of your most famous inhabitants: "I'll be back."
Thank you very much.