David Dodge: Fostering confidence
Speech by Mr David Dodge, Governor of the Bank of Canada, to the Vancouver Board of Trade,
Vancouver, British Columbia, 10 September 2003.
* * *
Good afternoon. It's great to be back in Vancouver and to renew acquaintances at the Board of Trade.
I'm going to spend some time today discussing the Bank of Canada's outlook for the Canadian
economy and inflation, and how we are responding. But in order to understand the current economic
situation, we need to look at some of the extraordinary events of the past year or so and how those
events have affected the economy.
My last public speech here was almost exactly a year ago. You will recall that, at the time, markets
were still in turmoil in the wake of Enron, WorldCom, and other corporate governance and accounting
scandals of late 2001 and early 2002. In the United States and Canada - as well as in many other
countries - corporations, regulators, and governments were beginning to respond with measures
aimed at restoring and maintaining investor confidence.
Then came 2003 - which could well be named "The Year of the Shocks." There was the war in Iraq,
which is still being played out. The worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
was a blow to Canada and to Asia. The human toll of SARS in Toronto was accompanied by a severe
drop in Canada's tourism and travel industry. We also had an isolated case of mad-cow disease that
blocked our exports of beef and cattle. Many of these export restrictions remain. And the forest fires in
British Columbia have caused extensive financial and emotional pain. Meanwhile, the softwood lumber
dispute with the United States has not been resolved. And recently, Ontario suffered through North
America's biggest-ever power outage.
However, the good news is that Canadian consumers and businesses have been remarkably resilient
through the past year or two in the face of all these shocks. But these kinds of shocks can have a
significant impact on consumer and business confidence, especially when they happen in quick
succession.
Today, I want to talk about the role that confidence plays in our economy and the measures that are
being taken to strengthen it. Trust and confidence are essential if markets are to operate efficiently, so
that businesses can finance themselves in good times and bad. And Canadians need to maintain
confidence in the macroeconomic framework so that we can all reap the benefits of a smoothly
functioning economy.
The role of confidence in monetary policy
At the Bank of Canada, we spend a lot of time thinking about confidence, because it is important to the
conduct of monetary policy, which is focused on inflation targeting. We aim to keep the trend of
inflation at the 2 per cent target midpoint of a 1 to 3 per cent range. When the trend strays away from
that midpoint, either upwards or downwards, we take action to return it to 2 per cent over the medium
term. We do that by adjusting our target for the overnight interest rate.
Over the past decade or so, we have successfully kept inflation at around 2 per cent, on average.
Here's where the confidence factor enters into the equation: Canadians now expect that inflation will
stay near the target - not just for the near term, but into the future. They believe that the value of their
earnings and savings won't be eroded by inflation and that the real burden of their debt won't be
increased by deflation.
That confidence has paid a real dividend in terms of monetary policy effectiveness. Inflation targeting
works best when Canadians believe that it will work - in other words, when they have confidence that
we will keep inflation near the 2 per cent target.
With this confidence, inflation and inflation expectations, as well as interest rates, have become more
stable - and this benefits the whole economy.
How did we achieve this confidence dividend? By establishing a track record of credible, consistent
monetary policy, together with greater accountability and transparency. Like many other major central
banks, we have embraced the notion that monetary policy is more effective when people can
understand what their central bank is doing and why. That is the motivation behind our semi-annual
Monetary Policy Reports and Updates, our eight interest rate announcements every year, and our
many public appearances and speeches.
Of course, monetary policy does not function in isolation. It works best when it is complemented by
fiscal policies aimed at avoiding deficits and lightening government debt burdens. Reducing, and
ultimately eliminating, the federal deficit in the 1990s helped Canada's international credibility, lowered
the risk premium demanded by investors, and gave Canada more flexibility to adjust to changing
economic circumstances. And continued fiscal prudence has given us the flexibility to weather the
recent economic turmoil rather well.
Canadians have now seen the benefits of low, stable, and predictable inflation, and balanced budgets.
And they expect that their central bank and their governments will continue to deliver those benefits
through responsible monetary policy and prudent fiscal management.
Confidence in markets
So, good monetary and fiscal policies deliver a confidence dividend. But, of course, trust and
transparency are crucial factors all across the economy and the financial system. We all know that a
business will not last long if it squanders the confidence of its customers, suppliers, and investors.
The corporate finance and accounting scandals of 2001 and 2002 hurt more than just profits and
portfolio gains. They also sideswiped the confidence of financial market participants. The problems
that brought down Enron, WorldCom, and others were not limited to those companies. In fact, the
international task force appointed by the International Federation of Accountants - and chaired by
John Crow, a former Bank of Canada Governor - correctly notes that Enron was the event which, by
its sheer size, awoke many to issues that had been significant for some time.
What's encouraging is that this awakening has happened quickly and that considerable effort is being
made to address those issues and reinforce trust in the financial system. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act in
the United States, for example, is aimed at restoring trust in corporate financial reporting. Other
international efforts are underway to improve both reporting and monitoring of public companies.
In Canada, federal and provincial governments have been working with the private sector to review
and improve the framework governing public companies and capital markets. These initiatives are
summarized in a document entitled Fostering Investor Confidence in Canadian Capital Markets, which
can be found on the Department of Finance's Web site.
Efforts are focused on four areas:
improving financial reporting and disclosure;

 enhancing the quality of the audit process;
strengthening corporate governance and management accountability; and

toughening enforcement.

All of these efforts are aimed at building the confidence needed to allow markets to protect the
interests of investors and creditors and to operate efficiently so that businesses can finance their
operations at the lowest cost.
Steps to foster confidence
Let's look first at what's been done to date to improve financial reporting and disclosure. Our system,
which has already worked quite well for Canadians, is being strengthened. The proposed new
changes are aimed at building confidence while keeping compliance costs relatively low.
New guidelines on continuous disclosure obligations of public companies are being drafted by the
Canadian Securities Administrators. The goal is to implement them by January 2004. There are also
new guidelines from the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) on stock options,
financial guarantees, and off-balance-sheet arrangements. And the Investment Dealers Association
(IDA) has developed new rules to promote the independence of financial analysts.
To improve the quality of the audit process, a new Canadian Public Accountability Board will oversee
the practices of firms that audit publicly listed companies. Its chairman is Gordon Thiessen, my
predecessor as Governor of the Bank of Canada. And David Scott, a senior partner with
PricewaterhouseCoopers, was recently appointed as CEO. The Board will inspect audit firms and will
make recommendations on accounting and assurance standards, rules of conduct, and governance
practices. Its efforts are being augmented by the new Auditing and Assurance Standards Oversight
Council, which is designed to provide perspectives from outside the accounting profession on the
oversight and setting of corporate audit standards.
Critical initiatives to restore investor confidence are also being taken in the areas of corporate
governance and management accountability. Most importantly, many companies have taken, or are
taking, action on their own in this regard. Their efforts are being supported by the actions of provincial
securities commissions. In January, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions released
new guidelines on corporate governance for federally incorporated financial institutions. In last
February's budget, the federal government announced a plan to strengthen the corporate governance
standards in the Canada Business Corporations Act and the financial institutions statutes.
Institutional investors have also been pushing for better corporate governance practices and
management accountability. They have established the Canadian Coalition for Good Governance,
chaired by Michael Wilson, former Minister of Finance. The Coalition recently published new
Corporate Governance Guidelines for Building High Performance Boards.
There has been a perception that the authorities have not been vigilant in enforcing the rules with
respect to fraud and insider trading violations. Recent studies suggest that Canadian firms pay a
penalty, in terms of their market valuations, as a result of this perception. That is why it is encouraging
to see that steps have been taken to toughen enforcement. The B.C. government has draft legislation
to increase fines, give more power to the provincial Securities Commission, and increase the rights of
investors. Ontario and Quebec have passed legislation to increase penalties and to broaden the
investigative powers of their securities commissions. New guidelines from the IDA include stiffer
penalties for securities dealers that break IDA rules.
In last February's budget, the federal government announced stronger enforcement measures to
combat fraud in capital markets. Amendments to the Criminal Code will make it easier to prosecute
lawbreakers. More money will be dedicated to investigating serious cases of capital market fraud. And
special teams of investigators, forensic accountants, and lawyers will be set up in key financial
centres.
These are just some examples of the progress that has been made in Canada by companies,
regulators, and governments to build investor confidence in our financial markets. Of course, these
efforts also promote better corporate decision-making, greater efficiency, and stronger corporations.
That is why it's in the interest of all of us that we make further progress.
What should we bear in mind as we continue to make these improvements? First, we must not be
lulled into thinking that all the problems are behind us. Unless we remain vigilant and rigorous in our
efforts, we risk squandering the good work done so far.
Second, while we must apply the same principles to all companies, they must be applied in ways that
do not impose undue compliance costs, especially on smaller businesses.
Third, while our standards don't have to be identical to those in other countries, they must be seen to
be as effective. Canadian and U.S. capital markets are already highly integrated and Canadians (and
Americans) have benefited greatly from these open, transparent, and competitive markets.
Indeed, since world markets are increasingly integrated, there is a great benefit to having standards
that are globally consistent. Right now, there appears to be willingness on the part of authorities in a
number of countries to find a reasonable mix of principles and rules for accounting standards and
securities regulation that could be applied globally. The International Accounting Standards Board and
the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board are cooperating in such an undertaking, with the
support of other countries, including Canada. It is important that Canada continue to work towards
sensible global standards. We must identify how our practices should change to fit those standards in
order to help our capital markets stay competitive in an increasingly global environment.
Markets work more efficiently when they all operate under clear, transparent, and reasonable rules
and principles - both internationally, and also within Canada. That is why we at the Bank of Canada
encourage efforts to achieve uniform securities law, regulation, and enforcement across this country.
Finally, as we set new rules to promote confidence, we must be careful to avoid creating a regime that
stifles financial market innovation. We need to create a framework that balances the necessity for
effective and enforceable rules to promote confidence with the need to facilitate new and innovative
methods of corporate financing to improve the allocation of capital.
This type of framework is the best support we can provide for the efficient operation and continued
growth of our financial markets. But it won't do the whole job. A sound legal and regulatory framework
must be combined with strong and widespread ethical standards. CEOs and other corporate officers
must take it upon themselves to communicate with investors clearly, openly, and fairly. Investors, for
their part, have a responsibility to take into account all available information. And regulators,
politicians, and public servants must all perform their functions in a way that reinforces trust. We all
benefit when everyone plays by the rules. Only by reaffirming the integrity of individuals, corporations,
and public institutions can we restore and maintain the confidence dividend.
Indeed, as I said at the outset, the resiliency of Canadian consumers, investors, and businesses has
helped us weather recent economic shocks. Confidence will be critical to strengthening our economy
in the months ahead and to a sustained expansion over the medium term. So let me now briefly
discuss the Bank's views on the economy and inflation.
The current economic situation
Since our Monetary Policy Report Update in July, inflation pressures in Canada have continued to
ease. Part of the recent decline in inflation has come from an increase in the amount of slack in the
economy. The pace of growth in the second quarter of this year was interrupted by a number of
near-term factors, especially SARS and trade restrictions on Canadian exports of cattle and beef
because of an isolated case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Growth in the third quarter
will also likely remain below the economy's potential because of the remaining trade restrictions on
beef and cattle, as well as the effects of the power blackout in Ontario and of forest fires in Western
Canada.
The prices of some services have been temporarily depressed by SARS. In addition, there has been a
greater-than-anticipated reduction in the prices of a number of goods, such as motor vehicles,
clothing, and household furniture and appliances. We had expected our core rate of inflation - which
strips out the eight most volatile components of the consumer price index, as well as the effect of
changes in indirect taxes on the remaining components - to decline below the 2 per cent target. In fact,
that happened earlier than the Bank had anticipated. Our core inflation measure is likely to decline
somewhat further in the next few months. And we see the trend of inflation remaining below the 2 per
cent target for some time.
As I've said, part of this lower trend in inflation is a result of the slack in the economy that has opened
up in 2003. In addition, prices of many traded goods have fallen worldwide because of excess supply.
The rise in the Canadian dollar earlier this year pulled down the price of imported goods, and some
retailers have passed on these savings to consumers. As well, vendors are lowering prices to clear
their inventory, especially in the automobile sector. Price pressures that we saw from higher insurance
premiums earlier this year appear to be dissipating as the year progresses.
The total CPI inflation rate has come down from 4.6 per cent in February to 2.2 per cent recently,
because of the decline in core inflation and because of smaller increases in energy prices. Swings in
energy prices remain a risk to our total inflation outlook in the months ahead, although we assume oil
prices of about US$27 per barrel in 2004.
Notwithstanding the temporary factors that have affected the economy in the second and third
quarters of this year, we see indications that the conditions are in place for stronger economic growth.
Here's why. Growth of final domestic demand has remained robust, and the adverse effects of the
shocks that I just mentioned are beginning to dissipate. The economic rebound in the United States
began earlier, and will be stronger, than previously expected. More robust consumer demand and
strengthening business investment in the United States should augur well for Canadian exports. We
are also seeing a strengthening trend in Asia. As well, the tone of capital markets remains favourable.
So, despite current weakness, the accumulation of economic evidence to date reinforces the Bank's
view that growth in the Canadian economy will strengthen towards the end of 2003 and through 2004.
Last week, we lowered our target for the overnight rate by one-quarter of one percentage point, to
2 3/4 per cent. With this decision, policy interest rates will support the return to levels of economic
activity that are consistent with an overall balance between supply and demand in the economy.
Achieving that balance will work to return inflation to the target over the medium term.
Conclusion
Canadians have been through a lot this year. But each shock also represented an opportunity - to
learn, to improve our ability to handle a crisis, and to strengthen our sense of community.
No one can predict what kind of shocks our economy will face in the future, but we know that shocks
will occur. What's important is that we have a robust economic and financial framework that allows us
to deal with those disturbances and to seize opportunities as they arise. It is that strong framework that
gives businesses and investors the confidence to take risks and to innovate.
We are making progress in building the framework that supports the confidence dividend. During the
1990s, we improved our fiscal and monetary policies. Now, as I have described, we're working to
make our financial systems more robust and efficient.
These continuing efforts promote confidence. They improve our ability to withstand all types of
economic shocks and to capitalize on opportunities.