Tiff Macklem: Economic progress report - monetary policy for the
recovery
Remarks (delivered virtually) by Mr Tiff Macklem, Governor of the Bank of Canada, to the
Federation of Quebec Chambers of Commerce (FCCQ), Montreal, Quebec , 9 September 2021.
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Introduction
Thank you for the kind introduction.
I am very pleased to be with you virtually in Montréal. My only regret is that I cannot be with you in
person. For many of us, it has been a summer of reunions after many difficultmar months apart
through this pandemic. I have family in Montréal, and I'm grateful I've been able to visit recently,
but so far speaking to a room full of people is not possible. I look forward to meeting you in
person when we can. In the meantime, please allow me to thank my colleagues at the Bank's
Montréal regional office. In this era of reduced travel, our regional offices across Canada have
been instrumental in building our understanding of the economic impact of the pandemic and the
challenges we all face.
It has been heartening and heart-warming to see the reopening of the Canadian economy over
the summer, as the third wave of COVID 19 receded and so many of us got vaccinated. Many of
the sectors hit hardest by the pandemic, including tourism and hospitality, finally saw the return
of customers after a year and a half of lockdowns. This is real progress, even if the recovery
remains choppy and we are still living with the virus and uncertainty about its course.
The economic recovery and what it means for monetary policy are what I'd like to focus on today.
When the pandemic hit in spring 2020, we provided unprecedented monetary stimulus to support
Canadians. We lowered our policy rate to just one quarter of a percent and committed to keeping
it there until economic slack is absorbed so that we sustainably achieve our 2 percent inflation
target. We also undertook large-scale purchases of Government of Canada bonds, first to help
restore market functioning and then to bolster our monetary policy stimulus. This extraordinary
program-known as quantitative easing, or QE-helped lower borrowing costs for households,
businesses and governments by putting downward pressure on lending rates.
Since last October we've been gradually reducing the pace of our QE purchases to provide the
appropriate amount of stimulus as circumstances evolve. As the recovery progresses, we are
moving closer to a time when continuing to add stimulus through QE will no longer be necessary.
We are not there yet-and that timing is a monetary policy decision that will depend on economic
developments.
When we get there, we will stop increasing the size of our holdings of Government of Canada
bonds. The monetary stimulus we have injected through our balance sheet will remain, but we
will no longer be incrementally adding to it. To keep our holdings of bonds relatively stable, we will
need to purchase enough bonds to replace those that are maturing. Essentially, we will be
reinvesting the proceeds of maturities, so we call this the reinvestment phase.
Today, I want to update you on the evolution of the economy with a focus on developments over
the summer. I will also review yesterday's policy decision. Finally, I want to look ahead to the shift
from QE to reinvestment. In particular, I will take the opportunity to fill in some of the details of
what this reinvestment phase will look like when we reach it.
Afterward, I look forward to taking some questions and hearing your thoughts.
Economic update since July
Let's review economic developments since the July Monetary Policy Report (MPR) because it is
progress toward recovery that guides adjustments to our QE purchases.
Globally, the economic recovery continued through the second quarter, led by strong US growth.
While global economic activity is showing solid momentum heading into the third quarter, supply
chain disruptions are holding things back in some goods sectors. These disruptions, and the
rising number of COVID-19 cases in many regions, pose a risk to the strength of the global
recovery.
Here at home, we expected growth to moderate in the second quarter as Canadians grappled
with the third wave of the virus. But the slowdown was more pronounced than we anticipated.
Economic activity contracted by about 1 percent. The decline in GDP reflected a sharp drop in
exports, combined with a pullback in housing activity. But consumption, business investment and
government spending all contributed to growth, with total domestic demand growing at more than
3 percent.
Growth in the second quarter was affected by disruptions to global supply chains as well as the
impact of necessary public health measures. The global shortage of computer chips is affecting
automobile production in many countries, including in Canada. This was an important factor
contributing to the decline in our exports. And it restrained consumer and business purchases of
motor vehicles. Shipping bottlenecks are also leading to longer delivery times and higher prices
for some other goods. This is causing households to delay spending on these items. We expect
these global supply chain problems will gradually be resolved, but it could take some time.
Employment bounced back through June and July as restaurants, stores and high-contact
services reopened. A pickup in demand for recreational activities and domestic tourism also
supported hiring. With these hard-hit sectors recovering, the unevenness in the labour market is
moderating. But considerable slack remains, and some groups are still being disproportionately
affected- particularly low-wage workers.
Increases in the number of hours people worked in July and higher reported job vacancies both
point to continued solid job gains. At the same time, we are hearing from some businesses that
the process of finding and hiring workers is proving complicated and time-consuming. And for
some companies, this has made it hard for them to keep up with the rebound in demand. We
have all seen help wanted signs at restaurants and stores. Achieving full employment is essential
to a complete recovery and sustainably achieving our 2 percent inflation target. That's why it is
critical that we understand how Canada's labour market is recovering. Bank staff are studying
1
this process carefully to help us assess what it means for overall labour market slack.
Pulling this all together, the Governing Council continues to expect the economy to strengthen in
the second half of 2021, although the fourth wave of COVID-19 infections and ongoing supply
bottlenecks could weigh on the recovery.
Let me turn now to inflation. As you know, we target 2 percent inflation, the middle of a 1 to
3 percent control range. Inflation is above that range now, mostly because of the unique
circumstances of the pandemic. COVID-19 and the economic fallout caused the prices for many
goods and services to plunge last year. This year's inflation rate compares prices now with their
depressed levels a year ago, making the increase appear more dramatic. In addition, the global
supply disruptions I have talked about are leading to higher prices for motor vehicles and other
goods. We continue to expect that these factors pushing up inflation will be transitory, but their
persistence and magnitude are uncertain and we will be monitoring them closely. We are also
watching wages and measures of expected inflation. Wage increases have been moderate to
date, and medium-term inflation expectations remain well-anchored.
Against this background and the considerable excess capacity in the economy, the Governing
Council yesterday decided that the recovery continues to require extraordinary monetary policy
support. We maintained our policy rate at its effective lower bound of 25 basis points, and we
remain committed to holding it there until economic slack is absorbed so that the 2 percent
inflation target is sustainably achieved. In the Bank's July projection, this happens in the second
half of 2022. The Bank's QE program continues to reinforce our forward guidance and keep
interest rates low across the yield curve. Yesterday, we maintained our QE purchases at a target
pace of $2 billion per week.
Decisions regarding future adjustments to the pace of net bond purchases will be guided by
Governing Council's ongoing assessment of the strength and durability of the recovery.
The reinvestment phase
This brings me to the second part of my remarks today-our QE program and monetary policy
for the recovery.
The economic recovery we have experienced to date has allowed us to gradually reduce the
pace of QE purchases from at least $5 billion a week to a target of $2 billion a week. At that pace,
we are still adding stimulus-but at a slower rate. When we get to the reinvestment phase, we
will adjust the level of our bond purchases to maintain the Bank's total holdings of Government of
Canada bonds roughly stable. And when we arrive at the reinvestment phase, we will
communicate this monetary policy decision clearly.
Last March, my colleague, Deputy Governor Toni Gravelle, outlined a few important things about
the transition to the reinvestment phase. First, the process will be gradual and will proceed in
measured steps. Second, the timing of changes to the pace of purchases will be guided by our
evolving assessment of the outlook as well as the strength and durability of the recovery. Third,
adjusting the pace of bond purchases won't necessarily mean that we have changed our views
about when we need to start raising the policy interest rate. These decisions are distinct. We
have tied interest rate decisions to our forward commitment to not raise the policy rate until slack
is absorbed so that we sustainably achieve our inflation target.
Eventually, when we need to reduce the amount of monetary stimulus, you can expect us to
begin by raising our policy interest rate. What this all means is it is reasonable to expect that
when we reach the reinvestment phase, we will remain there for a period of time, at least until we
raise the policy interest rate. But again, let me emphasize, when we get to the reinvestment
phase and how long we are in it are monetary policy decisions that will depend on the strength of
the recovery and the evolution of inflation.
Let me now say a few words about how we intend to operationalize this reinvestment phase
when we get there. To understand that, let's back up a minute and recap how our balance sheet
works.
In normal times, the amount of bonds we purchase is driven by our liabilities, not monetary policy
considerations. Before QE, our largest liability was the amount of bank notes in circulation. When
households and businesses demand more bank notes for their everyday activities, we
accommodate this demand, increasing the size of the bank note liability on our balance sheet. To
match this liability, we need to hold a corresponding amount of financial assets, and we do this
mainly by purchasing Government of Canada securities at auctions in the primary market.
At the onset of COVID 19, the demand for bank notes grew more quickly than usual as
Canadians withdrew extra cash as a precautionary measure. This greater demand for currency
has increased the size of our balance sheet.
But by far the largest driver of the increase in our balance sheet was the set of extraordinary
liquidity and asset purchase programs we launched when the pandemic hit. Our initial goal was
to restore market liquidity and keep credit flowing in the economy. Once market functioning
normalized, we gradually wound down these programs, and many of the assets have since
matured and rolled off our balance sheet. The one exception is our Government Bond Purchase
Program, or GBPP. Through the GBPP, we bought large amounts of bonds that the government
had issued and sold to the private sector. Initially, the GBPP was aimed at restoring market
functioning. But as Canada emerged from the first lockdown in summer 2020, we began using
this program to provide additional monetary stimulus to support the economic recovery. This is
our QE program.
Our QE program is implemented by buying Government of Canada bonds held by the private
sector in the secondary market in a competitive reverse auction process. As I indicated above, at
the height of the COVID 19 shock, we were buying at least $5 billion a week. And as the
economy has recovered, we have gradually reduced our purchases to a target of $2 billion a
week.
When we get to the reinvestment phase, we will want to maintain our total stock of government
bonds at a relatively stable level. This will maintain the monetary stimulus we are providing
through our balance sheet but not increase it further. To do this, we will reinvest the proceeds of
maturing bonds. In general, our purchases during this period will not match the maturities rolling
off one-for-one because the maturities are large and unevenly spaced. We will therefore adjust
our purchases to match maturities over a longer period, so our purchases are not unduly volatile.
We report our balance sheet monthly. Based on the maturity structure of our total holdings of
Government of Canada bonds, reinvesting maturing bonds will require purchases ranging around
$1 billion a week on average. Given the uneven distribution of our maturities, we will
operationalize a target range for purchases of between $4 billion and $5 billion a month. This will
encompass both our primary and secondary market purchases. Much of the focus has
understandably been on our large-scale secondary market bond purchases associated with QE.
But during the reinvestment phase, we will reduce both our primary market purchases at
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Government of Canada bond auctions and our purchases in the secondary market. This will
keep our total holdings of Government of Canada bonds roughly stable over time.
Our path toward the reinvestment phase has been gradual, and we will continue to proceed in
measured steps guided by our evolving assessment of the macroeconomic outlook and the
strength and durability of the recovery.
Eventually, the reinvestment phase will end, and we will stop purchasing bonds to replace the
ones that are maturing, so our holdings of Government of Canada bonds will decline. But as I
mentioned above, it is reasonable to expect that when we do eventually need to reduce monetary
stimulus, our first move will be to raise the target for the overnight rate-our policy interest rate.
Conclusion
Let me conclude.
The economic recuperation from the pandemic continues to be bumpy and uneven. Progress
with vaccinations has allowed many of us to enjoy a return to more normal activities. This is
supporting job gains and economic growth, particularly in the sectors that have been hit hardest
by the pandemic. And we continue to expect strong growth through the second half of this year.
But the virus and pandemic-related disruptions have not gone away, and they will continue to
disturb our lives and weigh on economic activity.
At the Bank of Canada, we are focused on delivering the best monetary policy for the recovery.
Our commitment is to provide the appropriate degree of monetary policy stimulus to support the
recovery and achieve our 2 percent inflation target. And you can count on us to continue to be
transparent with our analysis and deliberate in our communications.
Thank you.
I would like to thank Grahame Johnson and Stéphane Lavoie for their help in preparing this
speech.
1
See E. Ens, L. Savoie-Chabot, K. G. See and S. L. Wee, "Assessing Labour Market Slack for Monetary Policy,"
Bank of Canada Staff Discussion Paper (forthcoming).
2
Government of Canada bonds can be acquired at primary market auctions or through the secondary market
after initial issuances. Secondary market purchases are typically done for policy purposes, including QE.