Brian Wynter: Economic issues and short-term trends for Jamaica
Speech by Mr Brian Wynter, Governor of the Bank of Jamaica, at the Quarterly Press Briefing,
Kingston, 12 August 2010.
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Good morning, Ladies and Gentlemen:
Welcome to the Bank of Jamaica. Today we are releasing the Quarterly Monetary Policy
Report for the June 2010 quarter. The report covers the economic issues that occupied our
attention in the review quarter as well as the Bank's perspective on the short-term trends and
economic outlook for Jamaica. Two special features are also included. Box 1 looks at the
recent movement in the domestic exchange rate in the context of Jamaica's external
competitiveness. Box 2 examines the adequacy of gross international reserves.
When we last met, I indicated that Jamaica had embarked on a comprehensive programme
of policy reforms. These reforms aim at transforming the economy from the vicious cycle of
high interest rates, excessive debt, recurrent instability and low growth to a benign cycle of
lower financing costs for the public and private sectors, more stable financial markets, less
volatility in domestic prices and sustained growth. During the June 2010 quarter, we
continued to see signs of that transformation. In particular, the perception of a positive
outlook for the Jamaican economy has been strengthening. This is manifested in the
continued appreciation of the exchange rate, lower market-determined interest rates, a
decline in inflation expectations and strong net international reserves. It is against this
background that I will now speak to the issues outlined in the report. I will also share some
thoughts with you on Bank of Jamaica losses, an issue that has recently sparked some
interest.
Monetary policy
The Bank continued to ease monetary policy in the context of the positive economic
developments in the review quarter. The Bank's actions were also supported by the
strengthening of investor confidence, which was boosted by the announcement that Jamaica
had successfully met the first set of targets under the Stand-by Arrangement with the
International Monetary Fund. These circumstances allowed Bank of Jamaica to reduce the
interest rate on its 30-day open market securities by 100 basis points to 9.00 per cent during
the quarter.
In the context of buoyant Jamaica Dollar liquidity, the Bank continued sales of Government of
Jamaica securities from its portfolio on the secondary market during the review period. All
sales were above par, that is, the Bank received a premium on each sale, and absorbed
$14.8 billion. This absorption completed the permanent sterilisation of the funds advanced to
the government in the December 2009 and March 2010 quarters.
Financial markets
The pace of appreciation of the exchange rate accelerated in the June quarter relative to the
previous quarter. For the review period, the weighted average selling rate appreciated by
4.1 per cent, continuing the appreciating trend that was observed in the second half of the
March quarter. This was the sharpest quarterly appreciation since the June quarter of 1996.
The strongest appreciation occurred in June when the exchange rate strengthened by
2.9 per cent, or J$2.46, influenced largely by increased investor preference for Jamaica
Dollar assets. The preference for Jamaica Dollar assets was reflected in increased net
private capital inflows the impact of which more than offset the demand for resources to meet
current transactions.
In an effort to smooth the pace of movement in the exchange rate, the Bank purchased
approximately US$54.0 million net from the market during the quarter. This contributed to an
NIR stock at end-June of US$1 795.8 million, which was not only higher than the stock at
end-March but was also above the end-June target. At end-June 2010 the Bank's gross
reserves amounted to US$2 526.7 million, representing 19.7 weeks of projected goods and
services imports, relative to the international benchmark of 12 weeks.
Market-determined interest rates declined over the period in parallel with the appreciation of
the value of the domestic currency during the quarter. The average yield on the benchmark
180-day Treasury bill fell by 123 basis points to 9.26 per cent while the yield on the 90-day
instrument fell by 166 basis points to 8.52 per cent. It went further at the July auction when
the 180-day Treasury bill yield also fell below 9.00 per cent. Average yields on Government
of Jamaica global bonds also continued to decline during the review quarter. Concurrent with
the lower yields, there was continued narrowing in the spreads between Government of
Jamaica global bonds and emerging market bonds and US Treasuries, respectively. Private
money market rates also reflected this declining trend.
Inflation
Headline inflation fell to 2.6 per cent for the June 2010 quarter, close to the lower bound of
the forecast range of 2.5 per cent to 3.5 per cent that I announced at the last press briefing.
The decline in inflation occurred in spite of the significant impact of the increase in bus fares
in April. Because of the increase in bus fares, Transportation accounted for 81.2 per cent of
the 1.3 per cent inflation in April.
The moderation in inflation over the quarter was influenced by lower imported commodity
prices, the appreciation in the exchange rate and weak consumer demand. In particular, the
price of crude oil fell by 7.4 per cent during the quarter, influenced by growing concerns
about the impact of a sovereign debt crisis in Europe on prices. Concurrently, the prices of
soybean, corn and wheat fell in the context of high inventories and increased production.
Real sector
While there are signs of recovery, economic activity remained weak during the June quarter.
Real GDP is estimated to have declined in the range of 0.0 per cent to 1.0 per cent; a
marginally slower pace of contraction than the reduction of 1.0 per cent recorded in the
March 2010 quarter. Both tradable and nontradable industries were estimated to have
recorded slower rates of contraction. The resumption of growth in Mining & Quarrying and
were the major influences on this improvement.
Transport, Storage & Communication
However, domestic demand remained weak as a result of increased unemployment and
lower real income and continued to restrain growth.
Outlook
Although the outlook for growth in the global economy remains positive, there are concerns
about the pace of recovery. These concerns are related largely to the sustainability of the
pace of recovery in the United States as well as the health of the European economy,
particularly in light of the fiscal austerity measures implemented by Greece, Portugal and
Spain.
Against this background, the Bank estimates that there will be weak growth in the
domestic economy in the range of 0.0 per cent to 1.0 per cent for fiscal year 2010/11. This
growth is expected in the latter part of the fiscal year with the first expansion since the
September 2007 quarter projected to occur in the September 2010 quarter. Already, there
has been resumption of production in the alumina industry which will contribute to growth in
the mining sector. This will be complemented by growth in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing,
Transport, Storage & Communication and Electricity & Water Supply. However, weak
demand will continue to have a moderating impact on domestic economic conditions.
For the September 2010 quarter, the Bank is forecasting further deceleration in headline
inflation relative to the March and June 2010 quarters, to a range of 1.5 per cent to
2.5 per cent. The inflation forecast for the September quarter is also lower than the average
rate of 3.8 per cent for the previous five September quarters. Contributing to the lower
projected inflation out-turn are the expectations of stable capacity conditions, declining
inflation expectations and stability in the foreign exchange market.
The Bank expects that domestic inflation for the fiscal year 2010/11 will be in the lower
bound of the targeted range of 7.5 per cent to 9.5 per cent. The projection is underpinned
by continued low consumer demand and a stable exchange rate. The risks to the inflation
projection are balanced, as can be seen in the inflation forecast fan chart contained in the
report. The upside risks include adverse weather conditions which could affect domestic
production. The downside risks include a greater than anticipated contraction in demand due
to sharper than expected reductions in real incomes.
On 01 July 2010, the Bank reduced the cash reserve requirement against Jamaica Dollar
liabilities by 2.0 percentage points to 12.0 per cent. This was followed on 04 August 2010 by
a reduction of 50 basis points to 8.50 per cent in the rate of interest payable on the Bank's
30-day certificates of deposit. The continued loosening of monetary policy was in the context
of slower than expected expansion in money supply and private sector credit in the June
quarter, which has kept underlying inflation stable. In addition, the impulses from imported
inflation are expected to be negligible leading to a benign inflation environment. Going
forward, the Central Bank's policy strategy will continue to be guided by its objective of
achieving low and stable prices.
BOJ losses
I will now speak briefly on Bank of Jamaica losses. The Bank is projected to sustain losses
on its operations for FY 2010/11. It has increased its gross foreign assets through purchase
of the proceeds of multilateral loan inflows, repayment by financial institutions of loans
granted by the Bank in the context of significant margin calls in late 2008 and through net
private capital inflows associated with positive investor sentiment about the Jamaican
economy. Interest income on foreign assets will continue to be very low, reflecting the
monetary stance of central banks in the major developed countries. In addition, the Bank's
local currency income from Government of Jamaica securities has been reduced with the
successful implementation of the JDX.
Concurrently, the stock of open market liabilities will remain relatively high and, even in a
declining interest rate environment, will continue to attract higher interest rates than is being
earned on our assets. This is in a context where the liquidity emanating from the increased
foreign currency inflows has to be sterilised. We will also be experiencing some exchange
losses due to movements in the SDR/US exchange rate and the appreciation of the Jamaica
Dollar relative to the US Dollar. However, the overall loss is not expected to have an impact
on money supply or inflation as the Bank will manage its balance sheet to offset any such
impulse.
Conclusion
Since the completion of the Jamaica Debt Exchange and the signing of a Stand-by
Arrangement with the International Monetary Fund, there has been a gradual improvement in
Jamaica's macroeconomic fundamentals. All targets were met under the first review of the
IMF Stand-by Arrangement and, from all indications, the targets under the second review will
also have been met. In addition, no financial institution requested assistance under the
Financial System Support Fund. These developments have boosted investor and consumer
confidence as demonstrated in the JCC Conference Board survey of consumer and business
confidence and our own survey of business expectations. The sacrifices being borne by
businesses and individuals in terms of lower returns on investment and the cut in real wages
are already producing positive results by setting the stage for private sector-led economic
dynamism. The Bank of Jamaica remains committed to its mandate of maintaining a stable
macroeconomic environment characterised by orderly financial markets and stable consumer
prices. These are the necessary macroeconomic conditions for sustainable growth and
development.
Thank you.