Sada Reddy: National economic update and a path to sustainable
tourism growth
Presentation by Mr Sada Reddy, Governor of the Reserve Bank of Fiji, to the Fiji Tourism
Forum 2009, Suva, 14 August 2009.
* * *
Introduction
Distinguished Guests
Ladies and Gentlemen
I am delighted to be here today to provide an economic update on the Fiji economy in the
context of the global economic crisis and share some thoughts on how to make tourism
growth in Fiji more sustainable.
Ladies and gentlemen, in light of the global economic and financial meltdown over the last 2
years, economies the world over are grappling with policy issues that will usher in economic
development, progress and stability. For most of these countries, major adjustments and
paradigm shifts were required. People needed to think outside of the box and move out of
their comfort zone. The situation also demanded them to think creatively and in some cases
implement very unpopular policies to work themselves out of the economic and financial
challenges.
In the quest to be more competitive and survive in this world, which is increasingly becoming
a challenge for countries like us, we need to constantly review our performance, identify the
constraints to our progress and be willing to shift paradigms to realise our goals. It is logical
that change will often be resisted and initially difficult to accept. But if we are determined in
our efforts and have a clear vision of where we want to go and what we want to achieve, then
our determination, enthusiasm and creative thinking will not be restrained.
Our country is at a juncture now when we need to direct our energy to making the economy
grow. To make the economy grow and grow sustainably, we need to reform. The key word in
this regard is reforms. This is a word that is sometimes viewed with scepticism. All sorts of
thoughts preoccupy the mind at the mention of reform, most common of which is that people
will lose their jobs. Whilst this is understandable, we need to dismiss this myth. As has been
proven around the world, reforms are necessary. They allow for more efficient and effective
operations.
Reforms enable a country to manage its resources well and gain mileage in their usage. It
also facilitates the generation of government revenue and improved government funding
position. Reforms help attract investment. The ease of doing business in Fiji in this regard
therefore becomes critical. The global economy is competing for the same dollar. We have
not ranked well under the World Bank's ranking of the ease of doing business. Singapore is
ranked first in the world. What lessons can we learn from them? I am positive that we can
address this particular structural issue and improve our world ranking. Investments will create
domestic economic activities and help the country grow sustainably.
The sustained performance of the economy is important for employment generation, poverty
alleviation, improving confidence and ensuring stability. Like in any other country,
unemployment and poverty could become major issues if we do not grow the economy
sustainably. The 2003 "Working Out of Poverty" Report by the International Labour
Organisation stated that "Poverty elimination is impossible unless the economy generates
opportunities for investment, entrepreneurship, job creation and sustainable livelihoods. The
principal route out of poverty is work." We have to manage the things that are within our
control whilst adjusting to those that are beyond us. Reforms in this respect are therefore
vitally critical.
This is actually the new economic paradigm that we are pursuing in Fiji. We need to commit
to the reform agenda that the government has developed. Our growth performance has been
less than impressive over the years. We need to change the way we do things. We need to
address the structural reforms necessary to unleash our economic growth potential. We have
identified these structural challenges in various forums over the years. Addressing them will
be part and parcel of building a better Fiji for all. We have to continue the reform momentum.
Other countries are doing it in their endeavour to better their performance. To do otherwise
could mean isolation for us whilst our neighbours and others progress.
We must not lose sight of this reality. We need to share this common vision that change is
inevitable for us to maximise and put to good use the limited resources we have, improve
productivity and efficiency, address poverty and hold our ground in this increasingly
integrated global economy. We have to remain competitive. To do nothing or progress at a
snail's pace would be to our disadvantage.
I cannot emphasise enough the importance of undertaking reforms now and maintaining
momentum. The improved livelihood of our future generation will depend on the sacrifices we
make now through economic adjustments or reforms. When we begin to reap the rewards of
the reforms in future, though difficult some of them may be, we can stand back and say at
that juncture that it has been worth it all.
Ladies and gentlemen, we meet at a time when the global economy continues to go through
turbulent times. The numerous downward revisions of world growth by the IMF are an
indication of the uncertainties that we face. The recently revised global growth projection for
this year shows a contraction of 1.4 percent. However, consensus forecasts of recent months
show that the global economy is beginning to emerge out of recession. This is now being
popularly referred to as "green shoots". A growth of 2.5 percent is forecast for next year.
Our trading partners have been quite significantly affected as well. Most of them, namely
New Zealand, the US, Euro zone and Japan are in recession this year with modest recovery
expected for 2010. Basically, it means that demand for our goods and services will decline,
which will be reflected in our trade performance and current account balance.
Naturally when the economies of our tourism source markets enter into recession people
from these countries tend to travel less. We have been seeing the effects of this downturn on
our visitor arrivals since last year.
The global economic recession has not only slowed trade and tourism, but also affected
investments through tight funding conditions globally. The effects of these are still being felt
by many countries, including Fiji, but the situation has improved a little as of late.
Nevertheless, major adjustments by countries are still necessary to sustain these challenging
times.
In my view we can now quite safely say that the worst is over in terms of the global recession
while acknowledging that the recovery will be prolonged. We are looking at maybe 2 to 3
years before the benefits of global economy begin to pass through the Fiji economy.
You may ask how Fiji fared in these very difficult times.
Well, Fiji's economy was affected on many fronts. The demand for a number of our exports
was quite adversely affected. Remittances, which used to form a substantial part of foreign
exchange earnings, virtually collapsed. Of course, as I mentioned before, tourism arrivals
were significantly affected as well. We also saw that with the massive shifts in global financial
flows in the last 12 months the currencies of our major trading partner countries depreciated
significantly against the US dollar. This actually led to the Fiji dollar appreciating against the
currencies of important tourism source markets like Australia and New Zealand. For a brief
period early this year the F$ was even stronger then the NZ$. This made Fiji very
uncompetitive in terms of tourism.
These impacts on the Fiji economy, of course, had major macroeconomic implications. One
of the most significant was the impact on our balance of payments which saw Fiji's foreign
exchange reserves plummeting very rapidly. This led to extremely tight liquidity in the
banking system resulting in very tight credit conditions early in the year.
This situation led to our decision to devalue the Fiji dollar by 20 per cent on 15th April this
year.
At this juncture, let me say that unlike in many other countries, we have not seen any
financial distress during this period of global turmoil. No financial institution has gone out of
business nor needed financial support or backing. Neither have we seen people losing their
homes and collapse in the real estate industry to the scale that have been seen in many
other countries. We have managed well so far in light of the prevailing global conditions
given our limited resources and stage of economic development. We cannot be complacent
though. We need to continue to be vigilant, innovative and undertake reforms or changes
that will drive our growth performance.
In terms of GDP, the adverse effects of the global crisis plus the floods in the early part of
this year significantly affected the economic growth of Fiji this year. We initially expected a
positive growth of over 2 percent for this year but this has now been revised down to minus
0.3 percent. All in all we should take comfort in the fact that the Fiji economy did not get that
badly affected as many other countries.
At this point in time we expect our economy to start recovering and register a positive growth
of around 2 percent next year.
The pace and extent of our economic recovery will, of course, depend on how quickly the
world economy picks up.
Much would depend on the tourism sector that you all are a part of. It is absolutely critical for
Fiji that the tourism industry recovers and recovers quickly.
At present, tourism is the major sector in our economy. Obviously, our economy will only be
as resilient as the tourism sector, which comprises about 24 percent of our GDP.
The tourism industry will be the key driver for economic recovery in the next two years.
Therefore, all the tourism stakeholders and the Government need to work together to ensure
that we increase the visitor arrivals from the current levels. Tourism has the greatest potential
at present, compared to the other industries in Fiji, to be the engine to lift the country out of
the current difficulties. Owing to significant investment in the industry in the last few years,
room inventory has grown substantially - with the existing capacity on the ground, tourism is
ready to drive Fiji's growth again, as it has done in the past.
At this stage let me highlight some of the major sectoral developments in the Fiji economy.
Sugar industry
The sugar industry started slowly this season due mainly to the teething problems associated
with the mill up-grades. Of course, the flood damage to cane crops and cane farm
infrastructure did not help. But once these up-grades are completed, I am sure, we will see
the benefits of a much higher level of efficiency and production in the coming years. But we
must continue with great urgency in bringing about all other necessary reforms in the industry
to make sure that we have a viable and enduring industry. I believe, the Government and the
key stakeholders in the sugar industry are working hard to resolve some of the long standing
structural and other issues the sugar industry has been faced with for a number of years.
I do not wish to overstress this point but for the Fiji economy to be put on a sustainable
footing it is vitally important that the sugar industry once again takes it proper place in the
economy given its high local value added and a very high economic multiplier compared to
many other industries.
The inevitable reduction in our preferential prices from the EU market remains the major
challenge to the industry. The EU sugar prices are expected to decline by 25 percent in
October this year. Fiji enjoyed preference sugar prices which were 3 times the world market
prices. With the reductions this will now be about 1.5 times the world market price. We
therefore have to adapt and adjust very quickly to overcome this major reduction in sugar
prices.
In line with expectations, sugar earnings is now forecast to decline by 29 percent this year,
compared to a growth of around 34 percent in 2008. The large decline in 2009 is to some
extent accentuated because of the higher exports in 2008 due to some 2007 stock exported
in 2008.
Mineral water
The global economic recession has had a major impact on the demand for our mineral water
exports. Latest figures cumulative to May this year show a 55 percent decline in mineral
water export earnings. However, mineral water exports are expected to recover next year
with the expected recovery in demand in the major export markets.
Gold
Gold production has seen a significant improvement from last year, as the mine slowly gains
momentum led by buoyant world gold prices. Gold exports are anticipated to be just over $60
million this year, compared to $27 million last year. Exploration of gold and other minerals
such as copper and bauxite are continuing and there are some encouraging developments in
this regard.
Fishing
Fish export earnings have fared quite well over the last couple of years. Fish export earnings
was close to $135 million in 2008. In the first five months of this year, fish export receipts
were around 22 percent higher than last year.
Again, this industry holds great promise and very clear policies and strategies need to be put
in place for sustained growth.
It is very unfortunate that due to our failure to address quality and standard issues we ran
into difficulties in exporting fish to the EU market. However, these issues are now being
addressed and hopefully our exports to EU will pick up in due course.
Forestry
The forestry sector has been adversely affected by the global economic slowdown. Both
exports of woodchips and mahogany have declined. Last year, timber exports fetched $60
million. However, with the sluggish demand, earnings from timber are forecast to decline by
15 percent.
The mahogany industry also holds great future for us as the global economy picks up in the
next couple of years. Hopefully we would have put in place strategies to take advantage of
the huge mahogany reserves that Fiji has.
Other economic sectors
In 2010, all sectors are projected to grow with the exception of the Community Social and
Personal Services Sector.
Balance of payments
Fiji has substantial current account deficit. As a percent of GDP, Fiji's current account deficit
is just over 20 percent. This is relatively large for an economy of our size.
One of the main reasons for this persistent and large current account deficit has been the
lack lustre performance of our major exports. Exports have been relatively flat over the last
four to five years at around $1.3 billion.
On the other hand imports have been growing steadily. Fuel and food make up the bulk of
our total imports. In 2008, Fiji's total domestic fuel bill was $810 million while food imports
accounted for $520 million. In total fuel and food make up 51 percent of our total domestic
imports.
Therefore, to bring about a sustainable balance of payments, we have to do certain things.
Either we increase our exports substantially to make up for the increasing imports or we
reduce our import bill. We just can't sit back and expect that the balance of payments will
take care of itself.
It is for this reason that you will find that the Reserve Bank's policies are geared very much
towards correcting the perennial current account deficit that Fiji is facing. If we don't, then our
economy, and your industry in particular, cannot grow in a sustainable manner.
I will go into the policy details shortly but before that I wish to share with you a few more
economic indicators so you have a better appreciation of the state of the Fiji economy.
Government finances
During the first five months of this year Government revenue surpassed budget by 6.7
percent while expenditure was below forecast by almost 26 percent.
Overall, given the economic situation, this is a very positive outcome for Government
finances. One of the concerns of a central bank is that if the economy contracts and the
government is unable to maintain budget discipline, it leads to the central bank ending up
financing the government budget. This is normally referred to as printing of money. Many
countries have resorted to central bank financing in these difficult times. Normally, this is a
recipe for disaster. But I am very pleased that this has never been a problem in Fiji.
The Government has been very proactive in containing non-essential expenditure and has
embarked on major reforms of the civil service and the public sector. These measures should
ensure that the budget deficit is kept in check. It is vitally important that more and more
Government expenditure is directed towards capital expenditure. Unfortunately, so far this
year capital expenditure has not kept pace with the budget but hopefully things will turn
around in the next 4 months.
The Government has been able to fund most of its cashflow requirements through flotation of
treasury bills and bonds in the domestic market. The increase in the liquidity in the banking
system has meant that all of the government's issues are fully subscribed mainly by
institutional investors.
It is pleasing to see that the Government is now able to release a greater amount of VAT
refunds than in the past. This must be a big relief to the business sector, which has been
raising this as a major issue for a number of years.
Inflation rate
In line with the devaluation of the Fiji dollar, inflation has risen and is forecast to keep rising
in the coming months. Consumer prices rose 2.2 percent on an annual basis in July 2009.
Prices are expected to rise in the coming months as the effects of the devaluation feed
through the economy. There are also risks in terms of increases in fuel prices as the global
economy picks up.
Inflation has been forecast at 9.5 percent for this year and next year we expect to see it
falling gradually to 2.0 percent.
Foreign reserves
Foreign reserves are now around $760 million. It is a little difficult at this stage to be precise
in this measure as we do not have sufficient time series data on imports. As you can
understand, with the devaluation, imports have started to decelerate and it will take us a few
months to know exactly what the impact of devaluation is on total imports.
Foreign reserves had fallen to critically low levels in the first three months of this year.
This is what triggered the 20 percent devaluation.
I expect foreign reserves to continue to increase in the coming months.
Commercial bank liquidity and interest rates
In line with the fall in foreign reserves in the first 3 months of this year, bank liquidity, that is,
the amount of free cash balances that the banks have on a daily basis, fell to a low of around
$12 million.
However, with the various policy measures put in place by the Reserve Bank the liquidity has
reached levels of over $250 million now. This level of liquidity, hopefully, will engender further
downward pressure on interest rates in the coming months.
Government support to the tourism industry
The Government has taken numerous initiatives to position the tourism industry in Fiji to be
competitive in light of the global crisis and the growing influence of other tourist destinations
in the region. Some of the initiatives include:
•
Increased budget allocation to the Fiji Islands Visitors' Bureau (FIVB) to facilitate
marketing and promotional efforts;
•
Consolidation of the Fiji Islands Visitors' Bureau (FIVB);
•
Re-branding of the FIVB to Tourism Fiji; and
•
Increased presence of Department of Tourism staff in Nadi.
In recognition of the importance of the tourism industry to Fiji's development and growth, and
the challenging global market, the Government designed incentive package for the industry.
The incentives, which you all maybe well aware of, include:
•
10 year tax holiday for SLIP investments capital investments not less than $7 million;
•
Import duty exemption on all capital goods not available in Fiji, that is used for
carrying out the investment; and
•
55 percent investment allowance on total capital expenditure provided there is no
shift of revenue offshore.
These incentives were in addition to the existing tourism related duty concessions. The
existing customs incentives are:
• 10 percent fiscal duty, free import exercise and 12.5 percent VAT levied on:
o Building material, furnishing and fittings; and
o Specialised boat and vessels
•
5 percent fiscal duty, free import exercise and 12.5 percent VAT levied on heavy plant
and machinery for project development work.
RBF policies
The RBF announced a number of proactive policies in response to the threat to our balance
of payment position owing to the large trade deficit that was compounded by the impact of
the global recession and natural disasters that we suffered. I had mentioned the devaluation
above. The others included:
• Exchange Controls that were tightened, similar to December 2006.
•
Interest Rates were capped to December 2008 levels and interest rate spread
(between the lending rate and deposit rate) was fixed at 4 percent.
•
Lending Policies - priority sector lending will continue and special approval above the
ceiling will still be considered by the RBF.
•
Taking proactive "hands on" approach in the development of the key areas of the
economy (which are normally beyond the scope of a traditional central bank's role)
through the establishment of the new Financial System Development and
Compliance Group to look at issues like microfinance & SME development, sustaining
remittances flows, financial literacy, rural banking, local value adding and policies to
discourage the importation of high value luxury goods.
Let me correct some mis-reporting especially in the overseas media with respect to
exchange controls and foreign reserves.
Yes, the RBF did tighten exchange controls in April this year. These measures are absolutely
essential to prevent capital flight when there are huge speculations and expectations of
currency adjustments. However, let me state here that there are no restrictions on any trade
transactions whatsoever. All payments in and out of Fiji are as normal as can be expected.
However, we do control Fiji residents' investments abroad. Policies in this regard are either
tightened or relaxed depending on how our foreign reserves perform.
On foreign reserves, I did mention earlier that our reserve levels had started to fall rapidly
since last year with the onset of the global crisis. Most countries went through similar
situation. We all had to take various actions to reverse the trend. This does not mean that we
are not capable of meeting our overseas commitments.
Fiji has never failed to meet any of its foreign obligations. Our reserve levels are now
reaching comfortable levels and I am sure this should give more comfort to our trading
partners.
RBF policies towards a sustainable tourism growth
One of the key policies that the RBF has announced this year is the Local Valued Added
Content Requirement for the tourism industry. The Local Value Adding policy announcement
by the Reserve Bank requires that any domestic borrowing by the hotel industry from banks
for extension or development purposes should have a local value content included. This is to
encourage the use of local goods and services. It would help reduce dependence on imports.
Why did we have to introduce this policy? I am sure there is lot of interest in this audience on
this subject.
As I mentioned previously, there is no doubt that tourism plays an important role in Fiji.
Tourism industry is multi-sectoral by nature; therefore, it supports a number of local
industries, like wholesale & retail, transport sector, etc. Furthermore, tourism remains our
largest gross foreign exchange earner and also has the most significant growth potential.
You may recall that during my presentation to this Forum last year, I highlighted that the
retention rate of tourism in Fiji is around 44 percent, compared to 60 percent in developing
countries and between 80-90 percent in advanced economies.
There are a number of reasons for the relatively low retention of our tourism dollar. Earlier I
alluded to the persistent current account deficit that Fiji is facing. Tourism industry is one of
the highest importers of food and other tourism inputs given that every year we look after
more than half the population of Fiji in terms of number of visitors.
Therefore, it is in the long term interest of the tourism industry that every effort is made to
increase the local value added. We can take incremental steps now to reverse this retention
scenario and move towards the levels achieved in other developing and advanced countries.
This is why the RBF has taken steps in this direction.
In our view, the industry can contribute more to the economy and the people of Fiji, through:
•
Buying and encouraging local products - e.g. fruits, vegetables, furniture and using
local timber for furnishing needs. Of course, we have to improve consistency of
supply and quality standards to fulfill this requirement. I believe that relevant
government agencies are also taking steps in this regard, particularly the Ministry of
Agriculture. As mentioned in the National Budget, improving the links between
domestic agriculture and tourism is a priority of the Ministry of Agriculture. Imported
agricultural produce for tourist consumption represents a loss of scarce foreign
revenue and represents opportunity cost of potential employment and income that
could be generated domestically. As such, methods to increase backward economic
linkages, including utilising local food products, must be found and developed,
ultimately leading to an industry that consistently provides a sufficient quantity of high
quality produce.
•
Harnessing the use of natural resources - e.g. solar energy, energy efficient
buildings. Just ask yourself how many hotels in Fiji use alternative sources of energy?
Very few indeed!! How many hotels have solar panels fitted to use the abundant
sunlight? Very few. While we market the sun, sand and sea, we don't seem to use
these here in our building designs!!
Our architects and engineers have to adopt more greener and energy efficient
designs. We hope that the Town and Country Planning will put in policies which will
ensure that future large projects have designs that will conserve energy and are
environmentally friendly.
•
Contribute more to Environmental Protection - especially coastal areas & eco-tourism
sites
In our continuous effort to encourage use of local resources in hotels, the Reserve Bank will
look to sponsor from this year the most promising graduate from the Catering and Hospitality
Schools to train in one of the Asian countries to study the use of local resources in food
preparation. I hope that the tourism industry will do likewise.
Similarly, the RBF will be sponsoring the Prime Minister's Award to the most innovative hotel
in utilising local products & environment protection.
We whole heartedly acknowledge and support the ongoing inclusive approach taken by the
industry and relevant government ministries to link tourism with agriculture. This is another
economic paradigm shift. In this regard, I am aware that the Ministry of Agriculture, with the
support of the FITHA will be working on the pilot Farmers Import Substitution Project (FISP)
in Sigatoka.
I was very pleased to read in the papers a couple of days ago that the Cabinet has approved
the FISP programme as a pilot project in Sigatoka.
This is a step in the right direction and I wish the project every success. Such projects can
become catalytic for future related projects in the industry that will help reduce food imports.
I am also aware that some of the large hotels have their own farms. Some, I believe, meet
40-60 percent of their food needs. I commend such initiatives and hope these import saving
schemes provide the impetus for other hotels/resorts in the industry to follow.
Conclusion
Fiji, like most other countries, is feeling the impact of the global financial crisis. The domestic
economy will contract marginally this year but we expect a positive growth next year.
The challenges for small and open economies like us are multiplied due to our limited
resources and vulnerability to these forces, including natural disasters. To sustain ourselves
during this period, we need the concerted efforts of government, the RBF, the industry
players in the various sectors of the economy and the community at large. We all want to see
the economy develop and grow.
The tourism industry has the greatest potential to be the engine of growth in the next two
years when the other sectors of the economy may not be doing that well.
It is my hope that the players in the tourism industry will continue to be innovative. In this
regard, I look forward to seeing the industry build appropriate response mechanisms to
mitigate the effects of the economic crisis. Similarly, that the industry would continue to
improve resilience through collaboration, market research & forward looking policies to
weather the effects of any threats. For a sustainable tourism in Fiji we wish to see the
industry working towards a "Green Tourism Industry" - to lead the way on the transformation
to carbon-clean operations, environment management and energy efficient building.
We need to continue to work together for a better Fiji.
I wish the Forum well in its deliberations.
Thank you.