Haruhiko Kuroda: Japan's economy and monetary policy
Speech by Mr Haruhiko Kuroda, Governor of the Bank of Japan, at a meeting with business
leaders, Nagoya, 30 November 2015.
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Introduction
It is my great pleasure to have the opportunity today to exchange views with administrative,
financial, and business leaders in the Chubu region. I would like to take this opportunity to
express my sincerest gratitude for your cooperation with the Bank of Japan's Nagoya
Branch.
Looking at recent economic developments, the slowdown in emerging economies,
particularly China, has affected Japan's exports and production. Nevertheless, as I will
explain, the fundamentals of Japan's economy are sound and the environment surrounding
Japan's firms and households has improved significantly compared to a few years ago. The
underlying trend in inflation has also been improving steadily. Quantitative and qualitative
monetary easing (QQE), which the Bank introduced in April 2013, has been exerting its
intended effects toward overcoming deflation.
Today, I would like to explain the Bank's view on the outlook for economic activity and prices,
as well as on its monetary policy, and then touch on remaining challenges for Japan's
economy to overcoming deflation.
I. Developments in Japan's economic activity and prices
To begin with, let me talk about developments in Japan's economic activity and prices.
Economic activity
The slowdown in emerging economies, particularly China, has recently become more
pronounced, and this has affected Japan's exports and production. Mainly reflecting the
slowdown in overseas economies, the projected real economic growth rate for fiscal 2015
was revised downward in the Outlook for Economic Activity and Prices (Outlook Report)
released at the end of last month to 1.2 percent from the 1.7 percent projected in July 2015
(Chart 1).
However, Japan's economic fundamentals are sound and the economy has continued to
recover moderately. Real GDP growth in the July-September quarter of 2015 was slightly
negative for the second consecutive quarter, due mainly to inventory adjustments, but final
demand as a whole has been increasing.
Regarding the corporate sector, firms' investment stance has continued to be positive
reflecting the favorable earnings environment. Corporate profits as a whole have reached
record highs, and fixed investment plans have also been robust. According to the September
Tankan (Short-Term Economic Survey of Enterprises in Japan), the year-on-year rate of
growth of planned fixed investment for all enterprises and industries was 6.4 percent, up from
the June Tankan.
In the household sector, the employment and income situation has been improving steadily;
as a result, private consumption has been resilient. Turning to labor market conditions, the
active job openings-to-applicants ratio is currently 1.24, a level last seen in 1992, and the
unemployment rate has declined to 3.1 percent, a level last seen in 1995. Thus, labor market
conditions have continued to tighten and Japan is in a situation close to "full employment." As
seen in the diffusion index for employment conditions released in the September Tankan,
firms' perception that they are facing a shortage of labor has intensified, and labor market
conditions seem to continue to be tight despite the flattening of exports and production
(Chart 2).
With corporate profits having risen to historically high levels and the tightening in labor
market conditions continuing, there has been upward pressure on wages. Scheduled cash
earnings have been increasing on a year-on-year basis for three consecutive quarters since
the turn of the year, reflecting in part increases in base pay, which has gone up for two years
in a row. Moreover, various surveys suggest that summer bonuses this year were raised
again following the substantial increase last year (Chart 3). On the back of the steady
improvements in the employment and income situation, private consumption in the
JulySeptember quarter increased on a quarter-on-quarter basis. Taking, in addition, more recent
anecdotal evidence into account, the Bank judges that private consumption has been
resilient.
With a virtuous cycle from income to spending in both the corporate and household sectors
in place, Japan is likely to continue to see real GDP growth through fiscal 2016 of about
1.0-1.5 percent. This rate exceeds Japan's potential growth rate, which is currently
estimated to be around 0.5 percent or lower.
Prices
Let me turn to prices. The year-on-year rate of change in the consumer price index (CPI, all
items less fresh food), which was minus 0.5 percent just before the introduction of QQE,
increased to as high as 1.5 percent in April 2014, excluding the effects of the consumption
tax hike. However, reflecting the substantial decline in crude oil prices since the summer of
2014, annual CPI inflation declined and has been about 0 percent in recent months (Chart 4).
Nevertheless, once the effect of the decline in energy prices is excluded, the underlying trend
in inflation has steadily improved. For example, the year-on-year rate of change in the CPI
for all items less fresh food and energy had been negative before the introduction of QQE,
but turned positive in October 2013. Since then, it has been positive for 25 consecutive
months, and increased to 1.2 percent this October. This is the first time since the late 1990s,
when Japan's economy fell into deflation, that sustained price increases have been seen.
Meanwhile, the rate of increase in the daily and weekly price indices gathered by the
University of Tokyo and Hitotsubashi University based on the prices of items such as food
and daily necessities has continued to show an accelerating trend since this April. Price
hikes by firms have become widespread and sustained, as seen in the fact that the share of
items in the CPI for which prices have risen has been outweighing that for which prices have
declined by an increasing margin (Chart 5).
Meanwhile, some economists argue that the recent price rises are just a temporary
phenomenon brought about by the rise in import prices prompted mainly by the past
depreciation of the yen and that therefore it is difficult to judge whether the underlying trend
in inflation has been improving. It is certainly the case that the rise in import prices prompted
by the depreciation of the yen has contributed to the rise in consumer prices. However, as I
mentioned earlier, attempts by firms to raise prices can be seen across a wide range of items
and are not confined to items affected by import prices. In addition, neither the recent extent
of inflation nor its persistence can be explained as the result of the depreciation of the yen.
Instead, it makes more sense to interpret the extent and persistence of recent inflation as a
result of improvements in the employment and income situation as well as changes in firms'
and households' perceptions of price developments.
Looking ahead, the year-on-year rate of change in the CPI (all items less fresh food) is likely
to be about 0 percent for the time being, due to the effects of the decline in energy prices.
However, with the underlying trend in inflation steadily rising and the effects of the decline in
crude oil prices dissipating, the rate of increase is expected to accelerate toward 2 percent -
the price stability target. Although the timing of when inflation of around 2 percent is reached
depends on developments in crude oil prices, the Bank projects this to be around the second
half of fiscal 2016, assuming that crude oil prices will rise moderately from recent levels.
II. Developments in emerging economies and their effects on Japan's economy
One of the risks to this outlook is the slowdown in emerging economies, particularly China,
and its repercussions. Looking around the global economy, a clear contrast can be observed,
with the economic situation in advanced economies improving, while emerging and
commodity-exporting economies have been decelerating.
In China, economic activity in manufacturing has continued to be sluggish, but that in
nonmanufacturing has remained robust (Chart 6). Spending by local governments was one
of the reasons for the sluggishness of the Chinese economy in the first half of this year.
However, the pace of spending increases has accelerated recently, partly as a result of
instructions by the central government and measures to facilitate the financing of local
governments (Chart 7). With these initiatives taking effect, China's economic growth is
expected to accelerate from the end of 2015 to early 2016. That being said, China continues
to suffer from structural problems such as excess capacity and there are uncertainties
surrounding the outlook. Even if the Chinese economy were to recover, uncertainty remains
to what extent this recovery would push up other economies in East Asia. Looking at
emerging economies as a whole, although there have recently been signs of a pick-up in, for
example, the production of IT-related goods in East Asia, commodity prices remain low, so
that commodity-exporting economies continue to face difficult circumstances and
developments differ across individual economies.
A continued increase in corporate profits, despite lackluster developments in exports and
production reflecting the effects of the slowdown in emerging economies, are not something
one would normally have observed in Japanese economic recoveries in the past. This
suggests that Japan's economic fundamentals have become more resilient to external
shocks and the economy is becoming more stable. Reasons for this resilience likely include
favorable changes in the external environment - such as the decline in crude oil prices and
the correction of the excessive appreciation of the yen - as well as the firmness of the
nonmanufacturing sector, which has been a key feature of the recent economic recovery. In
other words, the fact that a virtuous cycle from income to spending is operating steadily has
led to the current resilience of Japan's economy (Chart 8).
Based on these observations, let us consider the repercussions for Japan if emerging
economies were to slow down further. The risk that a contraction in exports and production
will undermine corporate profits and hence investment does not seem to be that great.
Corporate profits are extremely high and some decline in exports and production could be
easily absorbed. On the other hand, what does warrant attention is the possibility that
increased uncertainty regarding emerging economies undermines business confidence in
Japan, which might lead firms to scale down investment and wage increases. Although
business confidence has been improving, it would be premature to say that it is sufficiently
strong. I will further elaborate on this point later.
III. Looking ahead to the post-deflation era
In sum, while Japan's economy has continued to recover moderately and the underlying
trend in inflation has steadily improved, due attention should be paid to risk factors such as
developments in emerging economies. With regard to monetary policy, QQE has been
exerting its intended effects, and the Bank will continue with QQE, aiming to achieve the
price stability target of 2 percent, as long as it is necessary for maintaining that target in a
stable manner. The Bank will make the most appropriate policy decisions by scrutinizing the
current situation of economic activity and prices and their outlook, various risk factors, and
developments in financial and capital markets at every Monetary Policy Meeting. Let me
reiterate that the Bank will make adjustments without hesitation if judged as necessary to
achieve the price stability target of 2 percent at the earliest possible time.
Lastly, I would like to touch on overcoming deflation and corporate strategy. In my recent
speeches in Osaka and Tokyo, I said that the data to date give the impression that the pace
of increase in fixed investment and wages was still relatively slow when considering that
firms have been making record profits. To avoid any misunderstanding, I would like to note
that increases in fixed investment and wages are necessary not only for Japan's economy as
a whole, but would also benefit themselves. That is, given that Japan's economy is on the
road to overcoming deflation and entering a new phase in which the economy will grow in a
sustainable manner under price stability with 2 percent inflation, now is the time for firms to
wipe out the deflationary mindset and make investment in human and physical capital.
Taking actions now is a prerequisite for firms to be among the winners in the future.
In this context, the one key message that the Bank wants to get across is that deflation will
be overcome and the price stability target of 2 percent will definitely be achieved. And this
will happen at the earliest possible time. The Bank considers it desirable to achieve a
situation in which both prices and wages rise in a balanced manner. However, this does not
mean that the Bank will adjust its policies aimed at achieving moderate inflation simply in
response to the pace of increase in wages. From both a theoretical and an empirical
perspective, prices generally move in parallel with wages (Chart 9). If the Bank were to move
slowly toward achieving the price stability target, wage adjustments would also be slow. At
the end of the day, this issue comes down to a chicken and egg situation. In order to
overcome deflation - in other words, break the deadlock - somebody has to show an
unwavering resolve and change the situation. This means that, when it comes to price
developments being at stake, the Bank must be the first-mover. The Bank has been pursuing
QQE based on the stance that it will do whatever it can to achieve the price stability target.
As a result, conditions in financial markets - as exemplified by stock prices and foreign
exchange rates - as well as corporate profitability and labor market conditions - particularly
the unemployment rate - have improved significantly, so that the underlying trend in inflation
has changed markedly. Looking at the CPI for October 2015, the year-on-year rate of change
in the CPI for all items less fresh food and energy was 2.0 percentage points higher and that
for all items less food and energy was 1.5 percentage points higher than in March 2013, that
is, immediately before the introduction of QQE. As evidenced by these figures, the Bank has
the capability as well as the strong will to achieve price stability at 2 percent inflation at the
earliest possible time.
The Bank of Japan's price stability target of 2 percent provides a benchmark which firms can
refer to when adjusting wages and individual prices. Once 2 percent inflation prevails, firms
that continue to base their investment, hiring, and price-setting decisions on a deflationary
mindset will be at a disadvantage and fall behind their competitors. In our view, the
environment for wage increases - such as a tight labor market and high corporate profits - is
certainly already well established. However, it is of course up to firms' management and
labor whether to raise wages in line with the 2 percent inflation benchmark in anticipation of
price increases of 2 percent as we move on.
In fact, I see that an increasing number of firms are already moving in new directions. And I
am aware that this region, which produced Japan's first domestically-manufactured
automobile, is home to many forward-looking entrepreneurs. Coincidentally, the Mitsubishi
Regional Jet (MRJ) - Japan's first domestically-produced passenger jet - recently made its
successful maiden flight. At this juncture, we are witnessing the start of a new legend in this
region. I am hoping that the wind of change blowing from the Chubu region will give flight to
Japan's economy and lift it to a new, post-deflationary stage.
Thank you.

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