K C Chakrabarty: Human resource challenges in Indian banks -
"foolproofing" the employees
Keynote address by Dr K C Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at
the Conference of HR Heads of Banks and Financial Institutions, held at College of
Agricultural Banking, Pune, 6 February 2014.
* * *
1. Smt. Meena Hemchandra, Principal, College of Agricultural Banking (CAB), Pune;
Shri R.K.Gupta, Executive Director, Bank of Maharashtra; delegates to the Conference;
ladies and gentlemen! I thank the Principal, CAB for inviting me to inaugurate this conference
of HR heads of banks and financial institutions. I feel the choice of theme for the Conference
i.e. "Future Proofing of Banking Personnel" is quite interesting. Given that this Conference is
now in its 7th year, I wonder whether hitherto you have only been deliberating about "present
proofing" of employees. Given the enormous challenges that the banking profession has
countered over the last few years, I can't fault you for doing so. The larger question is
whether our banks have now reached a stage where they can feel secure about their
existence in future? I will leave that debate for another day and for another forum.
Irrespective of the outcome of that debate, there is little doubt that the employees of banks
will have a big role to play in whatever future course banks chart for themselves. Hence, the
relevance of this brainstorming session on HR function is easily appreciated.
2. So, let me now turn to the theme for the Conference. What do we want to achieve
when we say that we are working towards "Future Proofing of Banking Personnel?" The
Collins English Dictionary describes a future-proof system as something which is guaranteed
not to be superseded by future versions, developments, etc. More generally, a future proof
system would be expected to have the following characteristics:
• Not easily destructible
• Flexible and adaptable
• Ability to weather extreme challenges
Non-obsolescence
•
3. On an individual bank level, "Proofing" could also mean insulating their human
capital from being poached by the rival banks and also planning their man power
requirements for meeting the future needs of the business. Thus, the purpose of "Future
Proofing" is to prepare the employees against adverse developments in future. Undoubtedly,
the rapidly changing business environment and the impending entry of new banks are posing
new challenges for the banks in terms of recruiting skilled personnel and retaining the
existing talent, but the larger issue is whether the existing crop of human resources are
geared to perform optimally in the existing environment. With this consideration, I would like
to give the theme of this Conference a wider sweep. You would agree that even in a benign
economic environment with good economic growth as also with most banks having adopted
technology, the productivity and efficiency in our system continues to be at extremely low
levels. Also, this period has witnessed significant increase in employee compensation across
all cadres in the banking sector. So, the need is to not only prepare our banking personnel to
face the adverse developments of future, but also to ensure that they perform optimally and
take full advantage of a perfectly favourable environment. Hence, rather than attempting to
"Future-Proof" the banking personnel, I would like the banks to attempt "Foolproofing" their
employees. By "Foolproofing", I mean preparing the employees to deliver what is expected of
them. In that sense, the employees need to be proofed against sub-optimal performance
under all circumstances, whether favourable or adverse. In my address today, I intend to
highlight the key challenges that the HR function in banks in India faces and the measures
that are needed for foolproofing the banking personnel not only against the adverse
developments but also adequately equip them to perform to their optimal potential in the
"Business as Usual" conditions.
Human Resource Management (HRM) in Indian banks
4. HRM can essentially be summarized as a function that entails "planning, organizing,
directing and controlling of activities relating to the development of employees in terms of
enabling them to acquire competencies needed to perform their present and future jobs with
ease and enthusiasm". The HR function in banks is no different from that in other
organizations. It is a continuous process that seeks to ensure the development of employee
competencies, dynamism, motivation and effectiveness, in a systematic and planned
manner. It also deals with bringing about improvements in physical capacities, relationships,
attitudes, values, knowledge and skills of the employees for achieving the objectives for
which the bank stands. If you ask me how the HR function has fared against the
expectations, my unqualified answer would be that they have failed miserably. Part of it,
especially in the case of Public Sector Banks (PSBs), can be blamed on the quality and
competence of people that manage the HR function in these institutions. Quite often, the
officials in HR departments virtually have no expertise or training in HR management and
they land there more as a matter of providence than by design. The failure of the HR
personnel in the banks and its impact on their performance has also got partly masked due
to lack of competition in the banking segment.
5. In fact, until the opening of the economy in the early 90s, the banks in India
generally neglected the human resource function. As I mentioned earlier, this apathy may
largely be attributed to lack of competition and abundance of available opportunities which
kept the banking sector profitable without breaking much sweat. Even after opening up of the
sector, the Government control initially kept the wages under control. As availability of new
jobs in other sectors in the post-liberalized economy improved, the banking sector started
feeling the pinch. Further, with the entry of new players in the banking sector armed with
innovative products, the system as a whole and the older banks in particular started to face a
widening gap in skill sets of human resource. The new Private Sector Banks and Foreign
Banks had a head start over their PSB peers as on the back of a market related
compensation structure, coupled with technology-supported delivery processes; they were
able to acquire younger and more talented staff with newer skills and competencies. The
older banks, on the contrary, had to compete with the newer players with a huge baggage of
disadvantages. The PSBs also lost trained man power to the newer banks due to attractive
compensation structure and better career progression opportunities. It is against this
backdrop that HR function in banking sector has not only assumed utmost significance but is
also faced with myriad challenges that we would discuss.
Foolproofing employees: HR challenges
Defining job roles
6. Having set the broader context, let me now turn to specifics. What are the HR
challenges in the banking sector and how can we "foolproof" our employees? In all my
interaction with HR professionals in banks, I am told that lack of people is the biggest
challenge. Obviously, finding enough people in one of the most populous nations in the world
cannot be a challenge. So, what they actually mean is that they are saddled with too many
non-performers.
7. This brings me to the first step that I would suggest the banks to initiate towards
making their employees "Foolproof" and I begin by asking a few fundamental questions: "Do
you know how many people you need for carrying out all activities in your bank? Have you
done a detailed analysis of roles and responsibilities of each individual in your respective
banks? More crucially, do all desks have a job profile?" At least in the banks that I have
worked I have not seen a detailed job role of each individual or a job profile of each desk.
Unless you do that, I am not sure how you can be sure of the number of people that you
need. Defining job role of each desk would also enable an assessment of the skill sets
required to man that desk. Thus, it would also help the HR in mapping each desk function to
the available manpower by imparting training to the existing staff or by recruiting appropriate
people with the desirable skill sets. Also, unless you have a detailed job role for each
individual how can you make a fair assessment of whether your people are performing or
not? I will return to the subject of employee performance measurement in a little while. So,
the first task for all of you is to define the job prolife for each desk. Believe me, the exercise
could throw up some surprising outcomes as it might highlight the redundancies you have in
certain job profiles.
Performance Measurement System
8. Let me now come to the second area which needs a thorough overhaul in most, if
not all banks - the employees' performance measurement system. Incentivizing talent with
fairness and transparency is a key objective of HR managers and the goal of the promotion
policy of every organization. A transparent performance management process enhances the
abilities and morale of the human resource. As a part of the Top Management in all banks,
wherever I have worked, I have faced a typical situation at the conclusion of every promotion
exercise. Invariably, I hear from my HR department, that few people are "promotable" but not
"postable" and then there are certain others who are "postable" but not getting promoted. The
reason for emergence of such a situation is the faulty Performance Management System
(PMS) that we have in the banks. The PMS is highly subjective or impressionistic and quite
often determined by factors other than actual performance at the work place. In fact, I
observe that performance rating of a big majority of the employees falls in the top quartile.
But the HR continues to complain about not having adequate number of good people. This
dichotomy highlights the failures of the existing PMS in banks.
9. So, as I mentioned before, the way to make the PMS work, is to make it as objective
an assessment as possible. We need to identify upfront the performance benchmarks for
each individual and their performance and rating should follow from there. The objectivity in
the PMS system would instill more discipline in the way performance is judged across
banking system today and enable the banks to devise their reward and motivations schemes
accordingly. A related question is how do you deal with the non-performers? I have seen
banks with list of top performers but I haven't seen any bank having a list of top
nonperformers. There could be major potential gains from improving the performance of the top
non-performers. An objective PMS will enable you to design your training and development
programme based on the individual's strength and weakness. The point I am trying to make
is unless you put in place an objective performance management system, you would not be
able to improve people and bring in a system of accountability.
10. In the context of promotions, I have a question. Why do you need a grade/scale
concept? Why people should move up vertically in the banks? Why can't they seek
employment elsewhere if they need promotion and then come back to the same bank at a
higher level? It is quite common in the private sector, why can't we have the same in public
sector as well.
Training and development
11. Let me now turn to third challenge that the banks need to overcome for
Foolproofing their employees which is training & development. In fact, training and development
remains one of the most maligned aspects of HR management in banks. I have observed
utter disregard in the way employees are sent for training. Neither there is an earnest attempt
made to assess the utility of training for the employee nor is there any exercise to map the
training needs of the individuals on the basis of their core competencies or their placement.
This, again is partly on account of lack of a definitive job profile for each functional area.
12. Another important area pertaining to training is behavioral i.e. the attitude part.
Behavioral training focuses on exploring the unknown and hidden potential of our human
resource, which we call as human capital. With most banks now adopting modern
technology, including new delivery channels; technology no longer remains a major
differentiator among banks. You must remember that the key differentiator amongst the
banks in the decade ahead will be the ability to harness the human capital and building a
competitive advantage on the strength of their human resources. While with the
implementation of Basel III, banks' return of equity is likely to go down, the same can be
recouped by improving the return on their human capital by enabling the ordinary people to
produce extraordinary results so as to prop up their sinking bottom lines.
13. I would also like to utilize this opportunity of interacting with the Heads of HR
function in the banking sector to share my views on some of the other HR issues which
would have a bearing on "Fool Proofing of the banking personnel" going forward.
a) Employees compensation
14. Finding skilled, experienced, responsible employees is a challenge for human
resource departments in any industry, more so in a service-oriented industry like banking.
The main task of the HR policy of banks is to create a favourable atmosphere where people
get the opportunity to showcase their potential and receive adequate compensation.
Inadequacy of compensation is made out as an issue in the PSBs, which encourages
attrition. Let me set the record straight here. I have done comparative analysis of the staff
compensation in the public sector and private sector banks and my finding is that the
average compensation of the public sector bank employees is more than that of the private
sector bank employees in this country. Add to that, the job security in a public sector and the
scale tilts decisively in favour of the public sector. I think the challenge for the HR heads of
PSBs is to percolate this message down to the lower levels. It will help in tackling the
challenge of staff attrition and improve employee morale.
15. A related issue that I want to raise is why do public sector banks still conclude
industry level wage settlements rather at individual bank level. Some of the banks have
precarious financial conditions and if forced to give a raise at par with other banks, that would
severely constrain their ability to do business going forward. Therefore, in the long term
interest of the banks, it is necessary that each bank revises the wages of its employees as
per its ability to pay. Further, why the PSBs cannot even do employee wise negotiations on
salary hike as in the private sector? This would be a motivating factor for the performers.
b) Differential salary structure
16. The recruitment policy of the banks should be oriented towards having a right-sized
and right-skilled workforce in tune with their medium to long term business plans. For
instance, in line with the national emphasis on financial inclusion and spreading banking
services to unbanked remote areas, it may be necessary to bring in specialists who have
knowledge of rural operations, agricultural finance, etc. and are willing to work in rural areas.
In this context, I wish to raise a debatable issue. Should the PSB Boards not consider
appointing employees who would be willing to serve in the rural areas at lower wages? I think
it is high time the PSB banks created a differential wage structure for the employees serving
in various areas. The spin off benefit of this would be in terms of increased viability of their
rural business and increased financial inclusion.
c) Role of the top management
17. In a service-oriented industry like banking, the quality of human resources has to be
the central plank. Unless the organizations leverage the strength of their human resource to
the maximum, they would fail miserably in attaining a competitive edge in the global banking
arena. This makes the role of the CMD and Board very crucial. The HR policy needs to be
strategically aligned and connected with business. Given the criticality of HR issues, they
need to be debated at Board level. Boards of banks need to spend quality time on
formulation and deliberation of strategies involving leadership development, succession
planning for critical levels and specialized areas, performance standards, compensation and
rewards management, redesign of organization structure, etc. The banks need to have a
policy which clearly spells out the short term and long term HR agenda. The CMDs of the
banks should spearhead and champion the HR functions to reduce people's anxieties and
simultaneously seek higher levels of productivity and performance. They should also frame
policies which helps them manage the expectations of their staff, whether at the lower level
or at the middle management level.
Road ahead
18. The current decade is already proving to be a challenging one for the HR
professionals in banks, particularly for those in the public sector banks. This is because of
the significant number of employees retiring during this decade. This not only poses unique
challenges but also presents opportunities for HR managers across the industry. At stake is
a chance to transform HR practices and create a workforce that can provide individual banks
with a strategic edge in an environment that is likely to become increasingly competitive in
the days ahead. The "retirement decade" provides an opportunity, especially for the PSBs, to
transform their work force by hiring the right talent, right-sizing and right-skilling them and
thereby bringing about a cultural transformation in the functioning of these banks. As the crop
of the 70s bid good bye, the banks have moved on to a fast paced recruitment spree to
welcome the gen next. The banks cannot afford to be complacent while recruiting new set of
employees as their recruitment decisions today would determine the performance of their
respective organizations over the coming decades. They must use more statistical tools to
foresee their manpower needs over the medium to long term and prepare themselves by
better planning. Sound MIS should form the basis of all manpower planning decisions
including recruitment, placement, performance management, etc. The gap in knowledge and
work experience between the outgoing and incoming groups is, however, significant and the
impact of this transition could be potentially disruptive. This gap needs to be filled by
"mentoring and coaching" the new incumbents by senior executives. The transfer of
knowledge from mentor to mentee should be fast. Moreover, the mentor need not be
physically present with the mentees; they can be together with the help of technology, sitting
at two different places.
19. Although the banks in India have come a long way, they still have a lot of catching
up to do to reach international standards. The gap in service delivery standards, innovations
in products and services, corporate governance standards, creation of structured financial
solutions, etc. is still quite wide. Our efficiency and productivity levels do not compare well,
even with Asian standards. Our Risk Management systems also need to be strengthened to
match global standards. The HR function has a very significant part to play if our banks have
to improve on these measures and reach global standards.
20. We all know that banking in the future is going to be quite different from what we
have seen and experienced in the past. Hence, we must be willing to shed the methods,
structures, policies and technologies that succeeded in the past while retaining the useful
elements. Most importantly, our employees' must get away from yesterday's mindsets and
you as the HR chiefs; have a very critical role in ensuring this transition. Technology is also
compelling us to reinvent ourselves, our methods and our way of doing business. As Peter
Drucker, the American Management Consultant has said "we're in one of those great
historical periods that occur every 200 to 300 years when people don't understand the world
anymore, when the past is not sufficient to explain the future".
Conclusion
21. Going forward, the human resources function in banks would be a key differentiating
factor. HR can be a powerful asset or a debilitating liability depending upon how well it is
harnessed. It is one of the most important challenges, rather a risk, which needs to be
appropriately managed. For the bank employees to be "Foolproof", the HR personnel would
have to review their existing policies and practices and reorient them, wherever necessary.
22. My purpose in putting forth the future challenges facing the banking sector is to
enable you to ideate and deliberate on them during the course of the Conference and come
out with actionable ideas for reforming the HR in your respective banks. I would like to stress
that the "People" factor will be at the centre stage and play a critical role in the transformation
of the Indian Banking sector. We need to improve their skill set, mould their mindsets
towards providing customer service and convert our human capital into high value factors of
production. As future is always difficult to predict, we need not be too disheartened even if
employees are not fully "Future-Proof", but we must at least ensure that our employees
develop a sense of empathy for the customers and do their best to serve the objectives
towards which their banks are committed. Importantly, the inherent unpredictability in the
business environment makes it imperative for HR processes to be flexible and to imbibe this
flexibility and adaptability in the organization's ethos. As heads of HR in your respective
banks, it is your duty to optimally harness the potential of your human resources both in the
present and in the future. As Thomas Edison said "there is always a better way". We cannot
be complacent even with our employees becoming "Foolproof" under the existing
environment. We would need to remain alive to the changing business scenario and keep
revisiting our policies and procedures to ensure that the employees stay prepared to face new
challenges. The transformation of the HR function has to, necessarily, be top driven and I am
sure that the HR heads assembled here would don the role of change agents in their
respective organization.
I wish the Conference all success and wish you successful and purposeful deliberations.
Thank you!