Gent Sejko: Albania's economic and financial developments in 2016
Introductory statement by Mr Gent Sejko, Governor of the Bank of Albania, presenting the Annual
Report 2016 to the Parliamentary Committee on Economy and Finance, Tirana, 2 May 2017.
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Honourable Chair,
Honourable Members of the Committee,
I have the pleasure of presenting today the Annual Report of the Bank of Albania 2016. This
report is a synthesis of the activity of the Bank in accordance with our legal objectives,
obligations that arise from relevant by-laws, and commitments with our international partners.
Overall, I reckon the Bank of Albania has worked with dedication, seriousness and efficiency, in
all such aspects. The policies, measures and legal and regulatory amendments we have
initiated, and have provided a substantial contribution to addressing macroeconomic
misbalances, bolstering economic activity, enhancing financial stability, and promoting Albania's
European integration process.
In parallel to complying with our legal obligation, the presentation of the Annual Report is an
important pillar of accountability and transparency for the Bank of Albania. These two
commitments accompany and balance our institutional independence.
In this context, I believe the Annual Report addresses many of the recommendations the
Committee left for us in the Resolution "On the assessment of the activity of the Bank of Albania
for 2015".
In line with the above-stated overview, the presentation will address the following: (i) activity of the
Supervisory Council and strengthening corporate governance; (ii) monetary policy decisions,
achieved results and future challenges; (iii) measures taken to enhance financial stability and
promote lending; (iv) steps taken to foster internal control and monitoring systems and
procedures; and, (v) work carried out to strengthen independence, accountability and
transparency.
I would like to start with the activity of the Supervisory Council of the Bank of Albania and our
work toward good governance.
1. Activity of the Supervisory Council and strengthening institutional governance
The Supervisory Council has performed its activity in line with the competences set out in the
Law "On the Bank of Albania" and the procedures established in the regulation on its organisation
and functioning.
During 2016, the Council met 15 times and approved 136 decisions, of which 82 were acts
approved for the first time, and 54 were amendments to existing acts. Eight meetings were
dedicated to monetary policy decisions, four meetings focused on issues related to supervision
and financial stability, and three other meetings were dedicated to control and oversight of the
activity of the institution. The decisions have been thoroughly communicated to the public through
press conferences, publication of relevant reports and public explanation, on a case by case
basis, of various issues.
Beyond formulating policies and monitoring their implementation, the vision of the Supervisory
Council is to raise the public trust in the Bank of Albania by enhancing the governance of this
institution. In this regard, the Council has paid particular attention to this process, building on the
structures and processes that had been established in 2015.
I would like to update you briefly on their progress insofar and introduce you to new developments
for 2016.
Established in 2015, the Audit Committee conducted its activity independently in 2016.
During the period, the Committee met seven times, exercising its functions as the
supervisor and coordinator of internal and external audit functions, with a view to enhancing
their efficiency.
In accordance with the Internal Audit Policy, the Council adopted for the first time the annual
plan of activities of the Inspector General and of the Internal Audit Department. The Audit
Committee, and in turn, the Supervisory Council have been informed regularly on audit
findings and recommendations by the Internal Audit Department, which provide additional
guarantee on the effectiveness and quality of the internal audit systems.
In July, the Supervisory Council adopted for the first time the Operational Risk Management
Policy at the Bank of Albania. The document sets out the objectives, resources and key risk
assessment principles, reporting lines and responsibilities of the relevant units. On these
grounds, in August, rules were adopted on the organisation and functioning of the
Operational Risk Management Unit, which is now operational.
Also, in July, the Council approved the new budget regulation, which disciplines budget
drafting, and planning and control of capital expenditure. In December, the Supervisory
Council adopted the annual budget for 2017. For the first time, based on the alignment of the
regulatory budgeting framework with the best national and international practices, the budget
included projections for the medium-term horizon (2017 - 2019).
After the overview on the activity of the Council, I would like to focus a little longer on its
monetary policy decisions, in view of conformity with the main mandate of the Bank of Albania. I
would like to start with a short description of the underlying macroeconomic backdrop for
monetary policy decisions.
2. Albanian Economy and Monetary Policy
In 2016, economic developments were positive and some of the main macroeconomic balances
improved. According to INSTAT data, the Albanian economy grew at 3.5% in 2016, accelerating
against the 2.6% growth rate in 2015. Economic growth was driven mainly by domestic demand,
private investments and consumption, and was reflected, to a larger extent, in the expansion of
the activity in services and construction sectors. In parallel, the unemployment rate fell to 14.2%,
driven by the constant increase in employment, and the economic agents' confidence hit the
record high of the last five years. Likewise, public debt took a downward turn, for the first time
after six years. Lastly, inflation has been upward, after the low rates recorded in the first months
of the year. It settled at 2.2% in December and IINSTAT publications for the first months of 2017
point to further rise in inflation rates.
For 2017, we expect these trends to consolidate. The return of the economy to potential is
accompanied with the strengthening of inflationary pressures and the return of inflation to target
within 2018.
Notwithstanding positive trends, the economic and financial environment has been a challenging
one for the monetary policy. At the year start, we faced a rapid and sharp decline in inflation, as a
result of acute disinflationary shocks from the external environment. Downside risks intensified.
Also, extraordinary events such as Brexit or geo-political tensions in the external environment led
to heightened uncertainty.
Against this backdrop, the Bank of Albania reacted with determination. The policy rate was
lowered in two stages, in April and in May, down to 1.25%. The corridor of interbank rates - the
floor is the rate on the overnight deposit and the ceiling is the rate on overnight loan - narrowed to
two percentage points. In addition, the Bank of Albania continued to use the forward guidance to
inform the public on its the monetary policy stance in the future. The use of this instrument was
strengthened over the year, and was enriched with time frames. These actions signalled the
willingness and capability of the Bank of Albania to fulfill its objective of price stability.
The operational framework of the monetary policy did not undergo significant changes and the
banking system was supplied with liquidity through traditional monetary policy instruments.
The latter were adopted to better satisfy the needs of the banking system for liquidity.
In our assessment, the accommodative monetary policy has contributed to strengthening
economic growth and creating the necessary conditions for maintaining price stability, through a
number of channels.
First, the accommodative monetary policy has contributed to lowering the interest rates in all
the products in the financial market. The monetary stimulus is assessed to have been
transmitted completely. The average interest rates on credit, deposits and 12-month T-bills
in ALL were respectively 0.8, 0.5, and 1.5 percentage points lower than in the previous year.
Second, the reduction of financing costs contributed to the expansion of credit. Credit
portfolio in ALL to private sector grew by 10.2%, over 2016, while total credit grew by 3.2%.
The growth of credit in the Albanian lek is a welcomed development, as it expands the
monetary policy scope and serves to fostering financial stability, by reducing the economic
agents' exposure to the exchange rate risk.
Despite this positive development, credit recovery remains sluggish, due to the limited qualitative
demand and the banks' conservative credit policies. For 2017, we expect a better performance of
lending to the economy.
The expansion of private demand is expected to absorb enterprises' excess liquidity, thus
increasing the incentives for boosting credit demand. Similarly, the credit supply is expected to
rise, in line with the lowering of uncertainties and reflecting the implementation of the action plan
of measures for reducing non-performing loans and measures for Sound Credit Growth.
Third, the low interest rates helped to reduce the service costs of the existing loans and to
lower their re-financing costs. This has facilitated the activity of borrowing enterprises and
households.
Fourth, the low interest rates supported the increase of private consumption and
investments in the economy, through encouraging a behaviour oriented more towards
consumption and less towards savings.
According to our economic models, in the absence of monetary policy effects, economic growth
and inflation for 2016 would have scored respectively 0.5 and 0.4 percentage point lower than
their actual values.
Honourable committee members,
The Bank of Albania is independent in formulating and implementing its monetary policy. It is,
however, aware of the mutual impact between the monetary policy and the fiscal policy in
achieving the respective objectives. Therefore, for a right combination of macroeconomic
policies, we are constantly mindful to coordinate the monetary policy stance with the fiscal policy
stance; similarly, the latter is detailed in the budget per calendar year, and in medium-term draft
budgets. As I have said previously, the inclusion in 2016 of specific provisions for guaranteeing
fiscal stability in the Organic Budget Law, established more solid basis for a better coordination
of the two macroeconomic policies, as it contributes to increasing the discipline and
foreseeability of the fiscal policy.
About the latter, the Bank of Albania finds that the fiscal policy has been on a consolidation path
during in 2016, reflected in the reduction of the public deficit and public debt. Although it has
injected a weak stimulus to the economy, the consolidating fiscal policy has facilitated the
accommodative monetary policy pass through, by reducing the risk premia in the economy,
favouring the reduction of financing costs, and increasing the space for lending to the private
sector. According to reports from the Ministry of Finance, for the first time after six years, the
public debt was reduced from 72.7% of the GDP in 2015, to 71% in 2016.
The Bank of Albania has been and is certain in the position that efforts for reducing public debt
should continue.
The functioning of the monetary policy pass through mechanism, and factors contributing to or
preventing it, are an integral part of the work of the Bank of Albania. Research efforts in 2016
aimed to assess the ability of the tools used for generating economic projections at the Bank, as
well as the understanding of the functioning of monetary transmission vis-a-vis the current
challenges in the financial system. In this context, I would like to point out that the Bank of Albania
has identified two main obstacles in the monetary policy pass through mechanism, whose
solution requires broader-scale cooperation.
The first obstacle relates to the high level of non-performing loans. To reduce this risk, a
national action plan for reducing non-performing loans has been drafted, and is currently
underway.
The second obstacle relates to the high level of euroisation in the economy, which creates
potential risks in the financial system and renders the monetary policy pass through more
difficult. Preparing a plan for reducing euroisation in our economy is a joint commitment by a
number of authorities and the Bank of Albania is in the process of identifying measures that
may be taken in this regard.
Amid a complex and challenging economic and financial environment, the coordination of the
monetary, micro and macro-prudential policies assumes primary importance in promoting
monetary and financial stability. In 2016, the Bank of Albania has worked with the same intensity
in all three aspects, aiming at an optimum calibration for them. Following, is an overview of our
work for maintaining and promoting financial stability.
3. Promoting financial stability and sound lending
In accordance with its mandate and institutional responsibilities, the Bank of Albania is jointly
responsible for safeguarding financial stability in Albania. It communicates its assessment on the
financial stability regularly, and coordinates its policies with other institutions, through the
Financial Stability Advisory Group (FSAG). With regard to financial stability, during 2016, we
continued to work for drafting a comprehensive framework of the macro-prudential policy and
constructing macro-prudential instruments. This framework is based on recommendations of the
European Systemic Risk Board and standards of the Financial Stability Board.
Moreover, in accordance with its institutional mandate and responsibilities, the Bank of Albania is
tasked with safeguarding the stability of the banking system and addressing potential risks that
may jeopardise it.
The main financial indicators of banking sector soundness - capitalization, liquidity and
profitability - show it has full capacity to withstand operational risks under normal conditions, as
well as good resilience against shocks.
The share of banking sector assets in the Gross Domestic Product was 95.8% at the end of
2016, up by around 4.5 percentage points from a year earlier. Credit and deposits rose by 2.5%
and 5.2%, respectively. In terms of capitalisation, the capital adequacy ratio stands significantly
above the regulatory requirement. It stood at 15.7% for 2016, against the 12% regulatory
requirement. Good capitalisation remains a characteristic feature of our banking system; it was
maintained due to continued positive values in the net financial result. However, the financial
result of the system fell slightly during 2016, mainly reflecting the increase in provisioning for the
credit risk. The increase was a result of the conservative approach adopted by the Bank of
Albania requesting banks to reclassify under non-performing loans those of certain large
borrowers facing financial difficulties or a bankruptcy situation. The Return on Assets (ROA) of
the system fell to 0.7% from 1.2% a year earlier, whereas the Return on Equity (RoE) fell to 7.2%
from 13.2%.
In terms of risks, the Bank of Albania deems that the banking system's exposure to liquidity risk
and market volatility is within acceptable parameters, but the management of such risk requires
on-going attention by the banking industry. In the meantime, credit risk is the main risk to which
the banking sector remains exposed. This risk becomes even more present as a result of its
persistence and continuous problems that banks face in the process of collateral enforcement.
Following the rise in non-performing loans in the first half of the year and their fall in the second
half, the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans fell to 18.2% at the end of 2016, at the same
level as in the previous year.
Therefore, the reduction of non-performing loans and creation of stimuli to boost sound lending
has been and remains a priority issue for us.
The Bank of Albania has worked in several aspects to address this problem. First, the
assessment of the credit risk and the recoverability of non-performing loans have been subject to
intensive monitoring during our on-site examinations. In parallel, we have maintained a prudent
approach in assessing lending policies and practices applied by banks. Second, the Bank of
Albania has fulfilled its engagements under the National Plan for the Reduction of Non-performing
loans.
In this regard, the Bank of Albania has made regulatory amendments to clarify the concept of
non-performing loans write off and the administration of properties taken into ownership as a
result of collateral enforcement. Moreover, the Bank of Albania has cooperated with the IMF to
review the regulatory framework about the licencing of companies that purchase bad debt. Third,
we have strengthened the regulatory and reporting requirements for banks as regards the due
management of credit risk, in accordance with European practices. Fourth, we have intensified
the communication with the banks to address the credit portfolio quality, concerning both the
treatment of non-performing loan borrowers and loss loan write off. Fifth, the coordinative role of
the Bank of Albania has produced results in terms of restructuring borrowers exposed to more
than one bank and will continue in this year to prepare an interbank cooperation platform for a
solution to common borrowers; the Bank of Albania is drafting it in cooperation with World Bank's
FinSAC project.
In our judgement, the steps taken insofar for resolving non-performing loans will contribute to a
fruitful environment to boost sustainable and sound lending. This is a major priority, which
requires a multidimensional action matrix and a broad cooperation between state authorities and
the banking system.
In this aspect, the Bank of Albania drafted and promoted the signing of a joint Memorandum of
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Understanding for the Sound Growth of Credit in Albania .
In the supervisory process, the Bank of Albania has supported the pursuit of pro-active policies
against potential risks, with regard to both the quality of the risk analysis performed by banks, and
the creation of adequate provisions.
This new approach, introduced a year ago, has required amending the regulatory framework, as
well as internal practices and capacities. The regulatory framework and respective
methodologies are drafted pursuant to the requirements of Basel II, and in accordance with
European Union directives. About regulatory amendments, I would like to highlight two of the
most important ones, which have now taken the form of a law: The Law on the Functioning of
Savings and Loan Associations and their Unions and the Law on Recovery and Resolution in
Banks. The first provided for a comprehensive revision of the regulatory framework for the
supervision of savings and loan associations, which consists in respective regulations on
licencing and risk management in these institutions, as well as the reporting system about their
financial activity.
The second provides the Bank of Albania with the attributes of the Resolution Authority, through a
set of legal instruments. This law is an important qualitative step towards guarantees for
safeguarding financial stability in Albania.
Moreover, in response to the negative events in the previous year, when the security related to
transportation and keeping monetary values was affected, the Bank of Albania has urged the
cooperation between banks and law enforcement authorities to take measures for eliminating the
deficiencies; it has added on-site inspections to examine the probability of occurrence of a risk;
and, has strengthened the regulatory framework for establishing criteria on the minimum physical
security.
Lastly, a good functioning of the financial system in general and the banking sector in particular
has been endorsed by efficient payment systems. The national payment systems operated by
the Bank of Albania have operated uninterruptedly and correctly. During 2016, we intensified our
work to enhance the effectiveness of electronic payment instruments, and reduce the use of
cash in the economy. For that purpose, in accordance with EU directives, the regulatory
framework on electronic payment instruments was revised.
Moreover, to fulfil the recommendations of the National Payments System Committee, a project
was finalised on the standardisation of the payment-order; meanwhile, the implementation of the
Interbank Direct Debit project is underway. It is aimed at increasing the use of this instrument by
the clients of all banks, contributing thus the reduction of cash in the economy.
In our judgement, the coordination of the monetary policy with the micro and macro-prudential
measures by the Bank of Albania has contributed to promoting monetary and financial stability.
4. Fostering internal control and monitoring systems and procedures
The last two years have seen important changes in terms of fostering internal control systems, in
order to bolster risk prevention. The internal audit at the Bank of Albania is an independent activity
from the management, ensured through the Inspector General, appointed by the Parliament. It
also contributes to a smooth operation and accountability at the Bank of Albania, assessing both
the control over processes and the efficiency in the use of resources.
The practices in control systems are approximated with international audit standards, and are
adopted to address recommendations by international institutions.
One of the recurring recommendations from these institutions pertains to the implementation of
the operational risk management at bank level. Started in the previous year, the realisation of this
project was finalised in 2016. Now, the Bank of Albania has an Operational Risk Management
Policy, which sets out the core principles for the identification, assessment, control,
management and follow-up of the operational risk as an integrated process at bank level. We
have also established a dedicated unit for evaluating and making recommendations for
addressing vulnerabilities.
The internal audit function acts also as a consultant service for the Supervisory Council. The
audit engagements focused on: (i) issuing opinions on the sufficiency of internal audits
established by the Management for audited functions/processes, including supportive
applications for the activities; (ii) issuing opinions on the accuracy and completeness of financial
data in periodic reports; and (iii) other audit and non-audit engagements, ad hoc, upon special
request by the Administrators or other institutions outside the Bank.
With added prudence on designing work processes by Bank units, at the beginning of 2017, a
project started on the implementation of the Programme on the Business Continuity
Management at the Bank of Albania. The realisation of this project ranks the Bank of Albania
among the banks applying best practices on institutional good governance.
5. Medium-term strategy and strengthening of independence, accountability and transparency
The medium-term development strategy of the Bank of Albania for 2016-18 was launched in
2016 to activate the entire potential of the Bank of Albania. This document sets out the
institutional objectives throughout a three-year period, 2016-2018, and identifies the measures
and sources needed to accomplish these objectives. The fulfilment of these objectives depends,
first of all, on how understandable we are to the public, how responsible we are in our policies
and actions, and how trustworthy we are to the public. Hence, enhancing the Bank of Albania's
independence is always considered related to the strengthening of transparency and
accountability.
In terms of accountability, the Bank of Albania has regularly fulfilled the accountability obligations
to the Parliament, the financial system and the public. Also, information on the activity and results
of the Internal Audit Department is attached to the Annual Report 2016. Also, the financial
statements and the opinion of the external independent auditor were an integral part of the Annual
Report, in compliance with the International Audit Standards. The approval of the financial
statements in compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS Standards)
was among the most important priorities of the Bank of Albania for 2015. The implementation of
this priority over 2016 met the legal requirements and observed the internal and external
recommendations.
Transparent communication is an important pillar in Bank of Albania's activity for both fulfilling the
responsibility for maximum transparency about decision-making and its effects, and raising
public confidence in the central bank. Following are some statistics:
Our official website is a place where the public may find complete and updated information
on the Bank of Albania, as well as on the economy and finances in Albania. During 2016, the
website had about 720 000 visitors, who viewed our page around 2.100.000 times and
browsed in total about 4.310.000 items.
Also, the Museum of the Bank of Albania was visited by 1900 visitors; while 1180 textbooks
"Personal finance in your hands", were distributed in eight high schools.
Since the beginning of 2016, in compliance with Article 7 of the Law No. 119/2014 "On the right of
access to information", the Bank of Albania has compiled and published the Transparency
Program on its website. In this regard, we have assigned a coordinator and answered 65 official
requests and 120 requests delivered via electronic mail.
For nearly a decade now, the Bank of Albania has been committed to expanding and deepening
financial literacy of the public, focusing on the younger generation.
Although, the financial education of the public is not a legal obligation of the Bank of Albania, we
are confident on the positive return of this investment. Two are the main goals of the
programmes, activities and special educational publications prepared by the Bank of Albania:
introducing the central bank, its functions and role to the public; and cultivating and strengthening
the financial literacy in society. In our view, financial literacy has become a necessity, taking into
consideration not only the level of economic, banking and technological development, but also
the importance and significance of information in today's global setting.
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Honourable Chair,
Honourable Members of the Committee,
In conclusion, I would like to highlight that, over 2016, the Bank of Albania has showed initiative
and devotion in addressing the challenges we have faced. The positive results of our work show
that we are on the right direction.
Nevertheless, I think that for successful institutions there is always something more to do. They
are guided by the medium and long-term objectives; they invest to enhance the professional
standards and increase their capacities though the preparation, strengthening of independence,
accountability, transparency and good governance. This credo of ours will be a guide for our
action plans in the future.
Thank you for your attention!
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This Memorandum was signed by the Bank of Albania, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economic Development,
Tourism, Trade and Entrepreneurship and the Albanian Association of Banks.