François Villeroy de Galhau: Financing of Very Small Enterprises (VSEs)
Introductory speech by Mr François Villeroy de Galhau, Governor of the Bank of France, at the
Symposium on the Financing of Very Small Enterprises (VSEs), organised by the Bank of
France in conjunction with the Federation of Approved Management Centres, Paris,
15 January 2016.
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Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to the Banque de France for this symposium on the financing of very small
enterprises or VSEs. It was conceived and organised in conjunction with the Federation of
Approved Management Centres, and I would like to extend my warmest thanks to them, and
in particular to their President Yves Marmont. I am very pleased to have developed such a
close and lasting relationship with your organisation, which plays a vital role in supporting
SMEs and VSEs. This event would also have been impossible without the help of the
individuals and organisations who have agreed to take part in our three round tables today,
and I would like to thank them sincerely for their contribution.
It is a particular pleasure for me to be able to open this symposium today. As you know, just a
few months ago, I had the honour of submitting a report to the prime minister on the financing
of business investment, the first proposed recommendation of which was to "Improve access
to credit for very small businesses, especially cash loans". This is our focus today.
Although my role has changed since then, my belief in the fundamental importance of this
issue remains the same. Indeed, my conviction has been reinforced by the Banque de France's
own commitment to supporting VSEs, both at a central level and through its local presence in
France's regions. One of the main advantages of this nationwide network is that it makes it
easier to listen to and support local businesses, the majority of which are clearly VSEs.
Through its local branch network, the Banque de France is responsible for dealing with credit
mediation applications. It provides valuable insight for economic and social actors by
publishing statistics on VSEs, and is the only central bank in the Eurosystem to publish data
in this level of detail. In addition, the Banque de France conducts studies into VSE finances
and their positioning in the French economic landscape.
Clearly, this symposium is not just a one-off event reflecting a passing interest in a subject
that's currently in the spotlight. In fact, it is part of an ongoing and enduring initiative, and will
provide additional impetus to the work already being undertaken at the Bank. I shall come back
to this in a few minutes.
***
First of all, let me underline the importance of VSEs for growth and employment, and for the
strength of our regional economic fabric.
As you know, VSEs are usually defined legally as undertakings with fewer than 10 employees,
annual turnover or a total balance sheet of under EUR 2 million, and which are not part of a
group managed by a larger enterprise.
France's 2.1 million VSEs account for around 20% of private sector employment and close to
20% of total enterprise value added. If we include micro-enterprises, firms with very low
turnover and which have a special tax and social security status, this segment comprises some
3 million business.
This is a lot more than we tend to think. What's more, companies in this segment are spread
out across the entire country rather than being concentrated in just a few dynamic industrial
centres. VSEs are also an important source of investment in France and one that is badly in
need of stimulus: according to estimates, at least half of all VSEs chose not to invest in 2013
and 2014. Fostering the expansion of these firms is vital for economic growth and for jobs. But
to do this, they need to want to invest, and to have sufficient financing to do so.
***
What are the main approaches the Banque de France is taking to encourage the
financing of VSEs?
The Banque de France's actions in this field are guided both by its knowledge of the statistics
and its vision of the reality on the ground.
On the whole, French firms do not appear to have any particular difficulty accessing credit.
Outstanding bank lending to corporates is rising at a faster pace in France than anywhere else
in Europe: +4.5% year-on-year at end-November 2015, compared with +2.1% in the United
Kingdom, +1% in Germany and an average of +0.9 % for the euro area as a whole.
In fact, based on the responses given by business leaders to our surveys, it seems that
applications for investment loans are generally accepted fairly readily, and the same seems to
apply, more or less, to cash loans. Although difficult to measure, firms' willingness to apply for
loans appears to be strong. Surveys conducted by the ECB show similar results, and rank
France on a par with Germany in terms of access to credit and willingness to apply for loans,
well ahead of the other major countries in the euro area. Interest rates on loans are also lower
in France than anywhere else in the euro area - by around 1 percentage point in the case of
individual loans of up to EUR 250,000.
With regard to today's topic, however, there are a number of important distinctions that need
to be made.
Access to credit is markedly more difficult for VSEs than for other SMEs:
- fewer than 60% of applications for cash loans were accepted (i.e. granting of 75% or
more of the requested amount) in the third quarter of 2015, compared with 74% for
SMEs. Of course we need to take into account the fact that smaller companies have
potentially weaker finances, but this is clearly something that needs to be watched
closely;
- outstanding loans to VSEs were up 2.8% year-on-year at the end of the third quarter
2015, whereas cash loans only rose by 1.1% over the same period. Equipment loans
to VSEs also grew by just 1.3%, as facilities in this category are mainly used to buy
property, which is clearly less likely to enhance productivity or competitiveness.
Evidently, things are proving more difficult for VSEs, and the sentiment on the ground seems
to confirm this. It is in everyone's interest - both the banks' and the business community's -
that we resolve this contradiction regarding credit: between the banks' ostensible commercial
ambitions on the one hand, and the continuing failure to fully meet VSEs' demand for loans. It
is therefore important that we improve VSEs' access to financing. I would like to propose three
main focuses for action: the first concerns the banks, the second the Banque de France,
and the third VSEs' business customers.
1) First of all, it is absolutely vital that -at the very least- the five fitting commitments
made by banks to improve dialogue with VSEs and SMEs, which were set out at the end of
the excellent report drafted by the Observatory for Business Financing in the summer of 2014,
be fully implemented.
Let me briefly remind you of these:
- respond to all requests for financing within 15 working days of submission of the
completed application. This commitment appears to have been met in 90% of cases,1
which is commendable; but the remaining 10% still amounts to 100,000 late
responses per year;
- explain to VSEs why their loan application has been rejected;
- in the event of the rejection or cancellation of a facility, inform the client of all the
options available for recourse;
- provide better information on short-term financing;
- reduce the turnover of VSE financial advisers.
I would also like to highlight the valuable contribution of the FBF in producing an explanatory
guide on VSE financing. A lot of entrepreneurs need to learn and understand the basics of
finance. The misunderstanding between bankers and businesses often stems from the fact
that they don't speak the same language: this makes it harder for VSEs to establish a close
working relationship with their bank managers and financial advisers. In addition, the Banque
de France and the High Council of the French Institute of Chartered Accountants have worked
together to produce a financial guide for VSEs entitled Guide du Routard du Crédit. I would
also like to single out the efforts made by the Observatory for Business Financing, which has
put together a forthcoming glossary on loan pricing. All of this is extremely useful, but these
documents also need to be widely publicised and made available, and this task falls first and
foremost to the banks. This should in turn encourage them to make their bank fees and charges
more transparent and explicit.
2) Turning now to the Banque de France, we clearly need to provide more help to VSEs
before they get into difficulty. Credit mediation is a very effective tool for resolving VSEs
financial problems after the fact, and indeed these make up the majority of cases submitted to
the mediator. However, it is also important - especially so in my view - that we provide help
before this stage, and prevent VSEs from getting into trouble in the first place.
We have therefore decided that, in addition to the legal and operational assistance provided
via credit mediation, the Banque de France will contribute to this preventive action by
appointing a VSE Correspondent in each of its département branches. The role of these
correspondents will be to act as a first point of contact for VSEs and listen to their concerns in
the capacity of a trusted third-party. They will be responsible for providing information -
including the documents I've just mentioned - and for broadly identifying the VSEs' needs. If
necessary, and of course only if the VSEs themselves are in agreement, they will also direct
them towards the relevant professional networks which can provide appropriate support:
approved management centres, institutes of chartered accountants, micro-credit associations,
etc. All VSEs will be welcome, including, of course, those whose business is expanding and
who need information tailored to their size.
The Banque de France shall guarantee complete privacy in these dealings - indeed this is one
of its fundamental values and skills: VSEs will have the peace of mind of knowing that, if they
so wish, all discussions will be fully confidential.
The VSE Correspondents will be appointed in the spring of 2016 and, after a period of specific
training, will be fully operational by the autumn.
Also in the autumn of 2016, the Banque de France will provide firms with access to an online
analysis and simulation tool called OPALE, which enables companies to assess their finances
while also learning more about the subject.
3) I'd like to turn now to my last suggested focus for action, which I believe is also
extremely important: reducing the amount of time it takes for business customers to
settle their invoices. Again it is difficult to provide accurate measurements - and at the
Banque de France we are well aware of this as we have been helping to look into the issue for
several years. However, the indications are that overdue payments pose a huge problem for
businesses in general and in particular for VSEs: at end-2014, outstanding payment claims
amounted to EUR 600 billion, of which some EUR 420 billion were owed by private sector
firms... and the remainder by the public sector. This requirement should of course apply
equally to the public sector, both at national and local level. Various surveys and qualitative
assessments show that the situation has stopped improving in the past few months, and that
payment times are no longer falling, and in some cases may even be increasing again. Long
payment times are not just a financial problem for VSEs, they also place a brake on their
expansion, as they spend too much time chasing up overdue invoices, time that could better
be devoted to growing the business and investing.
The government is acutely aware of this issue and, in conjunction with the Observatory for
Payment Times, is taking decisive action to resolve it. The Banque de France intends to help
reduce these difficulties by drawing attention to all the solutions available to help small
businesses. It will work actively with the Observatory for Business Financing, as well as
through its day-to-day contacts with credit institutions and financing companies, to help
develop financial products that can better reduce this obstacle to VSE growth.
The determined efforts that the Banque de France intends to undertake or to participate in, will
of course benefit greatly from your input here today at this symposium. I shall follow your work
and the results closely, and I hope you enjoy this excellent event.
Thank you for your attention.