Toshihiko Fukui: Recent economic and financial developments and the
conduct of monetary policy
Summary of a speech by Mr Toshihiko Fukui, Governor of the Bank of Japan, to the Japan National
Press Club, Tokyo, 20 June 2006.
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Introduction
Japan's economy continues to grow, with domestic and external demand and also the corporate and
household sectors well in balance. The economy is likely to achieve sustainable growth under price
stability.
Today, I will explain the background of the economic outlook and assess several risk factors
influencing the outlook. Moreover, based on the review, I will talk about how the Bank will conduct
monetary policy with a view to achieving sustainable growth under price stability.
I. Outlook for economic activity and prices
I will first summarize the outlook for economic activity and prices. The Bank presented the projection of
economic activity and prices for two years ahead through fiscal 2007 in its Outlook for Economic
Activity and Prices (hereafter the Outlook Report) released on April 28, 2006: Japan's economy is
likely to experience a sustained period of expansion, with domestic and external demand and also the
corporate and household sectors well in balance, and the year-on-year rate of increase in the
consumer price index (CPI; excluding fresh food, on a nationwide basis) is likely to rise gradually.
The Outlook Report pointed to the following four factors as the mechanism behind the projection. First,
exports are likely to continue to increase reflecting global economic expansion. Second, corporate
performance is likely to continue to be strong. Third, the positive influence of corporate sector strength
on the household sector is likely to become stronger. And fourth, financial conditions are likely to
remain extremely accommodative.
Examining data available after the publication of the Outlook Report, developments in economic
activity and prices so far seem to be in line with the projection in the Outlook Report.
As for economic activity in fiscal 2005, which is the basis of the projection for fiscal 2006 and 2007, it
was confirmed that the economy had continued to grow with balanced external demand and domestic
demand particularly in the private sector. Real GDP registered an annualized growth rate of 3.1
percent for the January-March quarter of 2006 and 3.2 percent for fiscal 2005. Corporate performance
continued to be strong, as is evident from increases in profits both in the manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing sectors at the book closing for fiscal 2005, following the large gains in the previous
fiscal year. In this situation, business fixed investment both in the manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing sectors showed robust growth during the January-March quarter of 2006, as shown
in the quarterly Financial Statements Statistics of Corporations by Industry.
As for future developments in economic activity, the corporate sector is likely to remain strong. Major
firms are expected to enjoy continued profit growth in fiscal 2006, which in the manufacturing sector is
likely to be particularly strong in the processing industries, such as electrical machinery, general
machinery, and automobiles, and in the nonmanufacturing sector in industries related to private
consumption, such as retailing and services. Various surveys indicate that firms' business fixed
investment plans are also relatively strong. We expect that the strength in the corporate sector will
continue, but the growth in business fixed investment will gradually slow. I will elaborate on this later.
The positive influence of the strength in the corporate sector on the household sector is becoming
more evident. As for employment and wages, labor market conditions have been improving on the
whole. The unemployment rate has recently declined to around 4 percent from the 5-6 percent level in
2003, and the ratio of job offers to applicants has been exceeding 1.00 for the first time since 1992. In
addition to the increase in the number of part-time workers, the number of full-time workers has been
increasing recently due to the shortage of labor felt among firms. As for wages, regular payments have
started to rise in addition to the increases in overtime and bonus payments. Although the pace of
increase in wages is moderate partly due to firms' efforts to restrain labor costs, the increase is likely
to continue. With the increase not only in temporary income but also in the more permanent part of
income, private consumption is likely to remain strong.
Turning to prices, domestic corporate goods prices are rising, due to the surge in the prices of
international commodities such as crude oil and nonferrous metals. Recently released statistics show
that the year-on-year rate of increase in domestic corporate goods prices was 3.3 percent in May,
faster than the 2.5 percent increase in April. It is likely to remain high for the time being.
The year-on-year rate of increase in the CPI was 0.5 percent in April and continued to be on an
uptrend. Looking at individual prices for items in the CPI basket, the number of items showing price
rises is gradually increasing, and the trend toward price increases is becoming more robust. For
example, prices for services, such as those for package tours, golf fees, and educational costs, have
been revised upward with the start of the new fiscal year. Services prices are important indicators to
confirm the general trend in prices, because their movements are largely influenced by changes in
wages. Prices of items other than services, such as personal effects and clothing, are also increasing
gradually.
II. Developments in overseas economies
As I explained, Japan's economy is likely to achieve sustainable growth under price stability. Domestic
private demand seems to be standing on a firm foundation given that structural adjustment pressures
in the corporate sector and the financial system have dissipated. This directs our attention to
developments in overseas economies as one major risk factor determining the outlook for Japan's
economy.
In the U.S. economy, business fixed investment and production have been increasing steadily, but
signs of deceleration in housing construction have finally been observed and the pace of increase in
household spending and employment has been slowing. This trend suggests that interest rate raises
by the Federal Reserve to date have been gradually taking effect. The increase in the core CPI has
been accelerating slightly, reflecting the rise in utilization of labor and production capacity in addition to
high crude oil prices. In this situation, inflationary concerns seem to be mounting. As for developments
in the near future, important issues are whether economic deceleration in the United States will result
in a soft landing, and whether inflationary concerns will be contained.
In Europe, the momentum for economic recovery has been increasing gradually, as is evident from
increases in exports and production and the recovery in household spending. Under these
circumstances, the European Central Bank has been carefully raising its policy interest rate since
2005 in order to stave off the upward pressure on general prices from high crude oil prices and to
sustain the economic expansion.
The Chinese economy has continued to show extremely high growth. Monetary policy has been
tightened recently so as to deal with the expansion in the money stock and bank lending as well as
high growth in business fixed investment. Whether overheating of economic activity can be contained
through appropriate policy conduct is an important factor when monitoring developments not only in
the Chinese economy but also the world economy, and global price developments including
developments in international commodity prices.
In 2005, the world economy grew by nearly 5 percent. This expansion has been supported by the fact
that a stable financial environment has been maintained by containing upward pressure on prices. A
key factor in maintaining a stable financial environment is whether global inflationary concerns
continue to be contained in the future.
III. Developments in financial markets
I would next like to briefly touch on recent developments in global financial markets. Stock prices have
been declining in emerging economies as well as in major industrial countries. Financial markets in
many emerging economies have been weak, as is evident from the falls in bond prices and foreign
exchange rates in addition to stock prices. Prices of some international commodities, including those
of nonferrous metals, have declined recently, after exhibiting large increases.
Market participants point to various factors behind these developments. One is the adjustment of stock
and commodity prices, which had risen substantially in the prolonged accommodative financial
environment around the world, in response to changes in the degree of this financial accommodation.
Another factor is uncertainty as to whether inflationary risks will be contained, and whether a
considerable deceleration of economic activity will be staved off even when inflationary risks are
contained.
The fundamentals of economies worldwide, including Japan's, do not seem to have changed
significantly so far. Under the current economic circumstances, financial markets are evolving in
pursuit of a new equilibrium by digesting new information while interacting with each other. Financial
market developments continue to warrant careful monitoring, since they influence economic activity
through their impact on business and household sentiment.
IV. Developments in inventory investment
As I mentioned earlier, domestic private demand is standing on a firm foundation, but in the corporate
sector, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of a stock adjustment. Such adjustment
involves both downside and upside risks to the outlook for economic activity in the short term:
inventory adjustment, for example in IT-related sectors, is a downside risk while a further acceleration
of business fixed investment is an upside risk. Given that the output gap has already closed, a further
acceleration of business fixed investment should be regarded not only as an upside risk in the short
term but also a factor leading to larger economic swings in the longer term as a result of a subsequent
downturn.
Looking first at inventory investment, levels of inventories are still relatively low. The inventory cycle in
the manufacturing sector as a whole suggests that the growth in shipments and inventories is more or
less in balance. Focusing on individual industries, excess inventories, particularly of general-purpose
products, had built up in the iron and steel, and chemical industries, but recently, adjustments in these
industries have been coming to an end. In IT-related sectors, the level of inventories has been
somewhat high, but this is basically in line with the increase in shipments, and thus unintended and
excessive inventories have not been built up at the moment.
There are some factors, however, that may trigger inventory adjustments. For example, although the
demand for IT-related goods is expected to continue increasing, there is a possibility of inventory
adjustments for such goods occurring depending on developments in demand. This is because the
supply of these goods is increasing at a rapid pace, including in the high-value-added products sector
where Japanese firms have a competitive edge.
V. Developments in business fixed investment
As mentioned earlier, a further acceleration in business fixed investment, as another possible avenue
of stock adjustments, entails not only an upside risk in the short term but also a factor leading to larger
economic swings in the longer term as a result of a subsequent downturn.
From a business-cycle point of view, the economic recovery appears to be reaching the mature stage
and growth is projected to gradually decelerate to the potential growth rate. Although corporate
performance is likely to remain strong, the growth in business fixed investment is expected to slow as
the level of capital stock becomes higher with the accumulation of past investment. As a result, the
driving force of economic activity will shift gradually from the corporate sector to the household sector.
The deceleration in business fixed investment is expected to stave off a build-up of capital stock and
contribute to achieving a sustained period of growth. Especially given that the output gap has closed,
excessive investment and stronger economic growth are likely to increase the risk of an eventual
swingback.
So far, no signs of excessive investment have been observed. In the face of intense global
competition, firms seem to be selective in allocating their business resources.
It is true, however, that the financial environment is extremely accommodative and gives incentives to
firms to accelerate business fixed investment. Real short-term interest rates in Japan are currently
negative and extremely low compared with real GDP growth currently exceeding 3 percent and an
estimated growth rate of the potential output ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 percent. Moreover, the functioning
of the financial system has been enhanced and private financial institutions have been maintaining a
proactive lending posture. The year-on-year growth in lending by private banks turned positive in the
summer of 2005 and has been on a gradual upward trend since.
VI. Conduct of monetary policy in a low-inflation environment
Turning to a slightly theoretical issue, until recently, the main difficulty in conducting monetary policy in
a low-inflation environment has been focused on how to deal with the risk of a deflationary spiral.
In a low-inflation environment, nominal interest rates are typically low and are thus more probable to
be constrained by the zero bound. Because nominal interest rates cannot be lowered below zero, real
interest rates are likely to become higher than the optimal level for the economy when prices fall. That
increases the risk of the economy falling into a vicious cycle of declining prices and deteriorating
economic activity. In Japan, such a risk has been a matter of strong concern since the end of the
1990s. At present, this risk has become low, since the Japanese financial system has restored its
stability and firms have now resolved excesses in production capacity, employment, and debt.
On the other hand, when economic activity is picking up as a result of an unprecedented monetary
easing against severe economic conditions with low inflation, a central bank is required to carry out
monetary policy adroitly to adjust monetary accommodation by assessing upside risks.
For example, since the inflation rate tends to exhibit strong inertia, even if the supply-demand
conditions in the economy become tighter, the observed rate of inflation and inflation expectations are
likely to remain anchored at a low level. In such a situation, maintaining an excessively
accommodative monetary condition entails a risk of causing temporary overheating of the economy
and a subsequent downturn, thereby resulting in larger swings in economic activity.
The sensitivity of the rate of inflation to changes in the output gap has tended to become weaker not
only in Japan but also abroad in recent years, reflecting structural changes such as deregulation,
advances in information and telecommunication technology, and the deepening of economic
globalization. Since prices are becoming less sensitive in the short term, central banks are required to
take appropriate measures by examining medium- to long-term risks to the economy. This suggests
the need to take a forward-looking approach in the conduct of monetary policy.
VII. A stable economic and price environment
A stable economic and price environment, once achieved by the appropriate conduct of monetary
policy with a view to medium- to long-term risks, allows firms and households to make decisions more
smoothly. As a result, the allocation of resources in the economy as a whole will be more efficient, and
not only will short-term economic fluctuations be reduced but also the medium- to long-term growth
path will be pushed up.
Looking back at real GDP trends in Japan and the United States over the past 25 years or so, we see
that economies often achieve higher growth when they move in a less volatile manner. As a result of
smooth economic adjustments in the early 1980s after the Second Oil Crisis, Japan's economy
followed a higher trend growth path than the U.S. economy while it moved in a less volatile manner
thereafter. This situation, however, was reversed after the bursting of the asset price bubble in the
early 1990s, and Japan's economy experienced a decline in the trend growth path while moving in a
volatile manner.
Japan's economy is now emerging from the prolonged stagnation that was an aftermath of the
bursting of the asset price bubble, and is heading toward a sustainable growth path under price
stability. In order to ensure this development, it is important, through the appropriate conduct of
monetary policy, to minimize the volatility of business cycles and maintain a stable economic
environment.
VIII. Conduct of monetary policy
Before concluding my speech today, I will talk about the Bank's conduct of monetary policy based on
the assessment of economic activity and prices mentioned so far.
The Bank has been reducing the outstanding balance of current accounts at the Bank by paying due
attention to the stability of the money market under the guideline for money market operations that
encourages the uncollateralized overnight call rate to remain at effectively zero percent. Through this
process, the uncollateralized overnight call rate has been stable at around zero percent, despite small
temporary increases. In the call market, interest rates have shown some fluctuations reflecting market
conditions and the volume of transactions has been gradually increasing. Under these circumstances,
the Bank no longer finds it difficult to control the uncollateralized overnight call rate in its day-to-day
operations. In this sense, the reduction of the outstanding balance of current accounts has virtually
been completed.
With regard to the future course of monetary policy, the Bank will conduct monetary policy in line with
the thinking described in the Outlook Report as long as developments in economic activity and prices
follow the Bank's projection presented also in the Outlook Report. In other words, it seems probable
that the accommodative financial conditions ensuing from very low interest rates will be maintained for
some time following a period in which the uncollateralized overnight call rate is at effectively zero
percent. Through and beyond this stage, the Bank will adjust the level of interest rates gradually in the
light of developments in economic activity and prices. The timing of a policy change depends on
developments in economic activity and prices from this time on, and there is no predetermined view
regarding the future path of monetary policy at this point.
The projection in the Outlook Report, which appears to be the desirable course of the economy, that
is, sustainable growth under price stability, is based on the assumption that market participants and
firms have been factoring in future policy changes to some extent when making their decisions. If the
economy develops in line with the projection, changing the policy interest rate in the light of
developments in economic activity and prices will stave off an excess of economic activity, minimize
the volatility of business cycles, and lead the economy onto a sustainable growth path. The projection
suggests that economic activity is likely to slow and prices are expected to follow a moderate uptrend.
Consequently, the Bank will not have to drastically adjust the policy interest rate, but, as mentioned
earlier, will be able to adjust interest rates "gradually."
Of course, there is the time lag before a monetary policy action influences economic activity and
prices, and it is therefore necessary to not only take the current economic and price situation into
account but also look ahead to future developments. In addition, in assessing developments in
economic activity and prices, it is important to pay close attention to a variety of indicators and other
relevant information in order to carefully judge overall conditions of economic activity and prices rather
than concentrate on just one particular indicator, such as the CPI during the period of quantitative
easing.
Conclusion
In sum, Japan's economy continues to grow, with domestic and external demand and also the
corporate and household sectors well in balance. The Bank is determined to contribute to leading
Japan's economy to sustainable growth under price stability, through the appropriate conduct of
monetary policy.