Petar Goshev: Overview of the Macedonian economy
Address by Mr Petar Goshev, Governor of the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia,
at the farewell reception, Skopje, 16 May 2011.
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Ladies and gentlemen, Your Excellences, dear friends!
I am immensely grateful that you are here tonight, at the end of my seven-year responsibility
and seven-year pleasure to govern this exceptionally important institution.
I would also like to express my gratitude to those who gave me this opportunity to cope with
an assignment which is incredibly challenging and highly responsible for every macro
economist - to govern a central bank - a bank of the banks, bank of the state, a regulator
and a supervisor of money deposit institutions and an entity responsible for the functioning of
the payment systems.
I would also like to thank all those who have cooperated with us all these seven years -
cooperation that have positive effects, directly or indirectly, on the conduct of my tasks and
the overall legal term at the National Bank.
I particularly express my gratitude to the Bank's staff, the banks' managers and shareholders
who were the first to experience the effects of our decisions, to the media which facilitated
the necessary two-way interaction with the public, to the government authorities with whom
we necessarily cooperate, to the international financial organizations, particularly the IMF,
the World Bank and the EU Delegation, with whom we have exceptionally useful
cooperation, to the business community, which, with some exceptions, showed high positive
sensibility and understanding for the National Bank policy, to the diplomatic representatives
in the country who, in their distinctive way, often expressed their support and understanding
for the work of the National Bank. I also thank all the critics of the decisions we have made
all these seven years who, regardless of their opinions, made us more cautious in the
decision making process and helped expand the knowledge of the market participants,
including the households, on the National Bank activities and on the importance of its
decisions for the everyday life.
I know well that these special occasions are not suitable for longer speeches on our
accomplishments. Actually, we were doing that regularly through the monthly reports,
quarterly and annual reports, regular press releases of the sessions, through press
conferences and the NBRM website which is becoming richer and better from day to day. In
2006, as most of you well know, we issued a monograph on the sixty years of central
banking operations in Macedonia, and today we have made presentation of the report on the
NBRM operations in the last seven years, discussing, on about 400 pages, its main activities
and accomplishments. These two books are, de facto, a first attempt for aggregate
presentation of the historical course of the central banking in Macedonia, since the World
War II. I think that this will help the students, the monetary policy analysts, teachers and
professors engaged in this issue, and certainly many others in the financial sector. Tonight
you can see the hard copies in Macedonian and in English, and the electronic version of the
second book, the seven-year report where we extensively discuss the period that ends these
days.
Nevertheless, I assume that tonight many of you would like to ask to what extent am I (or are
we) satisfied of what we have achieved, and, what would I, in few words, highlight as the
most important? If there is such question, I would briefly say the following:
All decisions in the last seven years were made by the National Bank, with zero influence
from the outside, regardless of the verbal suggestions and insistence coming from well
known addresses. The decisions, which usually pass through internal professional filtrations,
and are made by the Governor and the NBRM Council, are within exclusive responsibility of
those two bodies, and since the Governor is also a President (with the new law, a
Chairperson) of the Council, I also consider these decisions, particularly if there were bad
ones, as my personal responsibility.
I actually want to say that the statutory independence of the NBRM over the last seven years
was completely preserved. This should remain in the future. The central bank independence
is crucial to the macroeconomic stability and very important to the financial system stability.
With such position, I consider that we successfully pursued all assignments entrusted by the
law:
(1) We preserved low and stable inflation as a primary objective of the central bank.
The seven-year average (2004-2011, April) equals 2.2%. I know what some may think of the
so called "tolerant" or "useful" level of inflation. I leave it to them to "reconcile" their "tolerant"
level of inflation and de facto fixed rate. In case they again oppose to the existing regime of
exchange rate, to have even higher inflation, we will be decent enough to seek for an
elementary analysis of its usefulness, i.e. of the advantages of such alternative.
(2) We maintained a stable exchange rate level, without registering misalignment
between its level and the economic fundaments.
(3) In 2004, the foreign reserves stood at and in 2011 (April) they
Euro 717 million,
climbed to Euro 1 872 million, which is by 2.6 times more, and always ample to respond to
the occasional imbalances in the foreign exchange market.
(4) The crucial question would be: Was the banking system making enough credits
i.e. was the National Bank disabling the "smooth" lending to the private sector, or was it the
opposite? The figures speak for themselves! In the seven-year period from 1997 to 2003, the
average annual credit growth equaled 11.6% and in the seven-year period from 2004 to
2010, it equaled 23.1%, which is by two times faster. The comparison between the credit
growth and the GDP growth shows that in the 2004-2010 period, the nominal credit growth
was by 3.12 times faster relative to the nominal GDP growth, while the credit real growth was
by 5.7 times higher relative to the real GDP growth. Should this difference be even greater?
(5) The banking system also improved substantially. It remained undamaged even
during the Great Recession.
i. The solvency remained high. The capital adequacy ratio was preserved to a
very good level of 16.4%. The liquidity, after the worrying downward trend (2007, 2008 and
early 2009), was reestablished, thanks to the undertaken measures, to a very solid level. In
March 2009, the liquid assets constituted 20.2% of the total assets, and in December 2010 it
made up 30.7%. The household deposit-liquid asset coverage ratio increased from 44.6% to
61.9%. The quality of credit portfolio improved substantially.
ii. In the seven-year period from 1997 to 2003, the average share of
nonperforming credits in the total credits equaled and in the period from 2004 to 2010
19.2%,
it reduced to 10.8%. At the end of 2010, it equaled 9%, which is an improvement of more
than twice.
iii. The average share of credits in the three riskiest categories (C, D and E) in
the banks' own funds reduced from 54% (1997-2003) to 22% (2004-2010), which is an
improvement of 2.4 times. These achievements result from the improved bank governance
and the advanced NBRM supervision based on the improving regulation.
iv. In the 1997 to 2003 period, the credit interest rate, on average for all
maturities, equaled 18.6%, and 10.8% in the last seven years (2004-2010). Presently, the
average interest rate on new credits equals 8.1% (for Denar credits), which is a decrease of
more than twice.
(6) Back in 2004, we started analyzing the financial system stability, six years before it
became our second objective, defined by the new NBRM Law. This is the fifth subsequent
year that we develop and publish an annual financial stability report.
(7) We significantly advanced the Bank's institutional capacity. We adopted new
models, methodologies, analytical techniques, econometric analyses. The number of training
courses for the staff, especially abroad, increases year after year. We dramatically improved
the staff educational structure. In 2004, 44% of the total staff number were university
graduates. Today, this percentage is 63%, which is by 81 persons more, with the total staff
number being increased by roughly twenty, and the workload being significantly enhanced. In
2004, there were only 20 masters of science and one philosophy doctor, and presently, there
are 46 masters of science and 7 philosophy doctors.
Distinguished,
When you summarize a stage which is over, you either ask yourself or other ask you what
were the most exciting or most critical moments? First, the economy is a permanent intrigue,
a constant unknown variable in an open equation for which you constantly seek for a
solution. From this viewpoint, each single day and year is a real excitement for the
professional analysts and a field that you never stop plowing. However, on this occasion, I
would highlight three moments:
The first one happened at the beginning of my term. Stories were told about the devaluation
of Denar, the abandonment of the stable exchange rate policy, on the usefulness of higher
inflation. Professors were making statements that inflation ranging from 8 to 10% would be
useful. Even, in the Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts (MANU) there was a debate
on this issue, making points that very high percentages of inflation would, allegedly, be very
useful. The trade deficit was high as usual, the current account deficit was also high. We
intervened with foreign reserves to calm down the market, and consequently, their level went
down. The IMF's Chief of Mission at that time asked me to meet "in six eyes": mine two and
their four. He suggested a devaluation of at least 20%. I told him that I will answer tomorrow.
The next day I told him that we will discuss again in autumn during his next visit. The
situation calmed during the summer. We started purchasing foreign currency, and the
favorable situation continued. Nobody ever opened this issue again. They gave up.
The second moment was the closing of Makedonska Banka and forcing few other
shareholders to abandon the banking business. It was a very erratic experience. They played
extremely unfairly. They were developing and managed to develop dirty plots. They also
threatened. They made a mistake. The decisions we believed in were unchangeable. We
cleaned the banking sector from shareholders who were not eligible, on any ground. We
fixed several weak points in the system thanks to our decisiveness and integrity. And, as to
the organizers of dirty campaigns, you know the information.
The third, extremely dramatic moment was the end of 2008 and the first half of 2009: the
global recession. In that period we spent 500 millions of Euros defending the exchange
rate - one third of their total level. We had to try our hardest, otherwise we were about to
face an economic disaster. We were criticized for undertaking measures contrary to those
undertaken by developed economies. They failed to see that such comparisons will not
wash. They failed to see the nature of the exchange rate regime and that changing such
concept could only make greater damage. We endured. The situation consolidated. The data
on credit growth, which, even back than, was not within the negative zone, unlike most of the
European countries, and the banking sector stability justified our beliefs.
Certainly, there are other sensitive situations. They will maybe take their turn on some other
occasion. Not now during the pre-election period!
Dear all,
As I already said, the economy is an open equation with constant unknown variables. The
financial crisis and economic recession denied many lessons developed to the level of a
dogma. The central banks started a new post-recession period. They will have to take care
more of the financial stability, because it turned that the price stability is not sufficient to
ensure financial stability.
It raises many new issues that will not be discussed now. I am convinced, however, that this
institution becomes more capable to face all challenges.
I wish that Dimitar and all staff members achieve better results and certainly, a personal
happiness.
I would like, once again, to thank you for being here tonight, for the cooperation we had, for
each word of kindness that we exchanged and for everything that could join us in the future. I
also wish you professional satisfaction and personal happiness.
Thank you.