Elena Kohutikova: Slovakia - perspective place for investments
Speech by Ms Elena Kohutikova, Deputy Governor of the National Bank of Slovakia, at the
Conference "Middle and East Europe - region of the future", Salzburg, 15 October 2003.
* * *
Slovakia has been disregarded as a reasonable country to place an investment in, for a long time. This
trend has been showing on the results of total foreign direct investments made in Slovakia until 1999
compared to the other countries acceding to the European Union in May 2004. After the changes of
general economic policy (economic reforms, legislative changes, making institutions more
transparent...) with the new government seizing power in 1998, this FDI per capita gap shrinked to
minimum. At present, overall environment is very much competitive for new investments within the
area; it still ranks fourth behind Czech rep., Hungary and Poland, however capacity to invest,
experience of the foreign companies that invested already and overall conditions created by
government motivation to attract new investments makes Slovakia a very interesting market.
This contribution aims to view some of the attributes of Slovak environment and features of the country
that have a vast importance in the course of decision-making process on placement of an investment.
1. Location and infrastructure
Slovakia is a small open economy (with exports plus imports ratio to GDP amounting to 155 %).
Therefore, development of external relations is of high importance for the country.
Thanks to location, Slovakia, near European markets as well as near eastern European emerging
markets may represent a bridge between East and West. European market of 350 million people is
accessible within one-day truck drive (more than U.S. and Canada combined).
Despite relatively hilly surface, major roads infrastructure is fairly well developed. Moreover,
government highway construction program aims to conclude main corridors connecting North and
South, and East and West in the medium resp. long run perspective.
2. External stability
Slovakia became a member of OECD in 2000. This membership invitation declared stable
environment, transparency and clear path in economic development based on the premises of the
World Trade Organization. OECD membership itself helped to certain extent to ensure exponential
growth of investments in 2000-2002. Slovakia will enter European Union in May 2004 and soon will
become a member of NATO as well (ratification process in member countries is running in the
moment). Economy has been stabilized and Maastricht criteria should be reached and fulfilled until
2006. According to the strategy, Slovakia plans to adopt euro as soon as possible, on the horizon of
years 2008-2010.
3. Internal stability A) Reforms
All necessary economic reforms were/are to be introduced before fulfilling Maastricht criteria that the
least possible disturbing factors may appear once given up own monetary tools. Pension reform is
under the process of final discussion in the Parliament, new Labor Act has been introduced recently,
major tax reform is to be introduced soon and health care reform and public administration reform is
underway as well.
Another major reform, tax reform, aims to make the tax system more transparent and simple. This
unique and radical reform based on fiscal neutrality introduces unified flat tax rate of 19% for VAT and
rise of other indirect taxes on the one hand and introduces the same, decreased, direct tax rate of
19% for individual income tax as well as corporate tax on the other hand. This reform will change the
situation of both companies and households dramatically. It also counts with gradual delegation of
minor taxes and fees to the lower level, to communities, which will collect these to relocate resources
for projects developing local infrastructure and solution of the ecology related problems.
Pension reform introduces three-pillar system. The first pay-as-you-go pillar fulfils the role of full merit
and the second capitalization pillar fulfills the role of pension savings; both of which will be obligatory.
The third supplementary pillar fulfills the role of additional pension insurance choice. The objective of
this reform is to adjust the system to demographic changes and to changing features of the society.
This reform is assumed to bring more effective management of the social system in future.
Healthcare reform
aims to solve two main issues. These are introduction of deductibles for health care
services. Two functions of this measure shall prevent misuse of free healthcare services and collect
resources in order to support financial stability of the system. Moreover, the reform includes other
stabilization measures, which aim to slow down or even stop the sector indebtedness.
Public finances reform aims to make public finances more transparent as well, introduces strategic
planned budgeting and more effective allocation of resources. This reform includes introduction of
forecasting systems for stable medium-term framework of public finances.
All these and other introduced and planned reforms are structured in detail, timed and co-organized
with all other important economic interventions as well as with ability to comply with Maastricht criteria,
especially budget deficit.
3. Internal Stability B) Fiscal and monetary consolidation
In 2002, the general government deficit amounted to 7.2% of GDP, which was well above the
reference value set for EMU admission. Slovakia had also failed to meet this particular criterion in the
previous years. The largest deficit had been recorded in 2000, surging largely on the back of costs
incurred in restructuring the banking sector, with after-effects of the restructuring campaign still
affecting the deficit through interest expenses.
Based on the draft assumptions of the state budget of following years, the Slovak government is bent
on slashing the deficit down to 5.0% of GDP in 2003 and 3.9% of GDP in 2004, In 2005, the deficit is
supposed to reach 3.4 percent. In 2006, the criterion regarding the general government deficit should
be met with a small margin to spare (0.1%).
The fiscal criterion on public debt is currently met. Slovakia had not exceeded the reference value
(60% of GDP) in the previous years either. After a gradual increase in public debt in the period of
1999-2001, in 2002 the government moved to reduce it, in particular by using privatisation revenues.
The inflation was above the reference value throughout the entire period reviewed, but shows a
downtrend in the last years. At the end of 2002, Slovakia's HICP exceeded the reference value of
2.9% by a mere 0.4%.
However, massive price deregulations implemented in 2003 leaded to a substantial increase in
inflation, which currently exceeds 8%. Deregulation effects will be present also in 2004, but their share
should slowly decrease and in 2006 total inflation will not exceed 3%. This will lead to fulfillment of
inflation criterion for our eurozone entry.
Considering the fact that there is only a limited amount of bond issues in Slovakia with long term
maturity, it is useful to look at the development on the yield till maturity on the traded long term bonds.
These have been falling in the recent years, with the yield till maturity below 5 per cent to meet the
Maastricht criteria.
The SKK/EUR exchange rate was relatively stable during the period reviewed, namely from early 2001
until now. It spent most of the time in a ±3% corridor off the mean value of SKK/EUR 42.63 (average
for the period from 1 January 2001 until now). It recorded a period low in July 2002 amid pre-election
doubts, and is currently (September 2003) attacking its highs as the Slovak currency is considered the
most stable and attractive in the Central European region.
4. Dynamics of the growth
Based on a comparison of real GDP growth in Slovakia and in the EU, we can find a more distinct
convergence of economic levels in the last two years. In 2002, real GDP growth in Slovakia outpaced
real GDP growth in the EU by more than 3 percentage points.
In GDP growth, Slovakia is one of the most dynamic economies and this should persist also in the
following years.
In 2002, Slovakia has absorbed the highest inflow of foreign direct investments in its entire history; the
total inflow amounted to 185.8 billion SKK, i.e. almost 4.5 billion EUR. In other words the inflow of
foreign direct investments was two times higher than in 2000 and more than 20 times higher than in
1997.
Following results of a recent survey done by Forbes magazine, 91% of current foreign investors in
Slovakia intend to increase their stakes. The group of present and satisfied investors is getting bigger,
the group covers names like: Alcatel, Coca-Cola, Fujitsu, Heineken, IBM, Johnson Controls, Kraft,
MOL, Samsung, Siemens, Sony, Tesco, US Steel, VW, etc..
Taking into account current and future VW investments and lately confirmed PSA Peugeot-Citroen
investment plans, Slovakia is on its way to become one of the leading automobile producers. Industrial
production absorbed more than 36 % of total foreign direct investments and another significant
amount (24.5%) came into financial intermediation.
5. Labour force
A steadily growing economy, solid growth in labor productivity and the expansion of investor activity in
Slovakia are positive signals both for the economic development as well as for investment climate for
new players to arrive. Besides, Slovakia possesses relatively high quality of education system and the
skills of its labor force. Businesses operating in Slovakia have discovered that the work force has in
general strong work ethic, is skilled and educated. Slovakia's school system ensures that almost 90%
of the population has secondary or university education.
With wages lower than Hungary, Poland or the Czech Republic, employee costs even lower that in
European Union; Slovakia becomes even more attractive for investments.
As candidate countries try to catch up with the EU, it is critical that GDP growths to be supported by
rising productivity of labour, while factors of costs are kept under control. During last 10 years Slovakia
achieved 4% growth in the real productivity of labour and 2% growth in the real wage.
Past development in the real unit labour costs is even more favourable for foreign investments.
Slovakia offers the lowest labour and production costs among V4 countries.
This low labor and production costs have roots mainly in the character of labor market and features of
unemployment, which is still, in spite of down-sloping trend, one of the highest in the region. However,
availability of this workforce, which is relatively skilled, represents another advantage. Industrial
restructuring and transformation have led to a high level of redundancy of skilled labor force.
Stateowned heavy industry and weaponry, running before 1990, were liquidated or went bankrupt. After the
period of low foreign investments until 1999, job creation dropped into red numbers. This trend has
been reverted after 2000; however still large numbers of industry oriented skilled workers mainly in
central and eastern parts of the country are searching for job opportunities.
6. Legislative investment incentives
The trend of introducing legislation that favors foreign direct investments has been gradually approved
since 1999. The Parliament had approved several major acts; the main goal of is to stimulate foreign
direct investments to Slovak economy. The main acts, as follows, create the baseline to the motivation
of foreign direct investments be placed in Slovakia.
The Investment Incentive Act no. 565/2001 deals with state support in forms of:
• initial investments to tangible and intangible assets
• subsidies for newly created job opportunities (up to USD 4.000)
• subsidies for re-qualification of employees hired to newly created job opportunities (up to 230
USD)
Industrial Park Development Support Act no. 193/2001 is another important basic investment
incentive, which deals with community subsidies for:
• technical facilities and infrastructure up to 70% of total costs
• land purchase costs up to 70% of total costs
• land rental costs up to 70% within next 10 years
to the community ownership or community disposal to the use of the developer.
All customs and import duties on new machinery employed in production have been canceled, well
before the adoption of free movement of good, when this issue will become automatic. All these and
other allowances even more support all the points that make an investment in Slovakia even more
attractive.
7. Rating improvement
All the features discussed and measures taken in the scope of Slovak economic development mirror in
the continuous improvement of rating by all major rating agencies.
Standard & Poor's Moody's FITCH
Assignment Rating Assignment Rating Assignment Rating
date (FCY/LCY) Outlook date (FCY/LCY) Outlook date (FCY/LCY) Outlook
Current rating Current rating Current rating
(October 03) BBB/A- positive (October 03) A3/A3 stable (October 03) BBB/A- stable
December 02 BBB/A- positive November 02 A3/A3 stable March 03 BBB/A- stable
October 01 BBB/A- positive October 02 Baa3/A3 positive November 02 BBB-/BBB+ positive
November 00 BB+/BBB+ positive November 01 Baa3/A3 stable February 01 BB+/BBB+ positive
November 99 BB+/BBB+ stable November 00 Ba1/Baa2 positive September 00 BB+/BBB+ stable
September 98 BB+/BBB+ negative October 99 Ba1/Baa2 stable December 98 BB+/BBB+ -
June 97 BBB-/A stable March 98 Ba1/Baa2 negative October 98 BBB-/A- negative
April 95 BB+/ stable November 97 Baa3 negative August 96 BBB-/A- -
February 94 BB-/ stable May 95 Baa3 stable * * *
8. Conclusion
Slovakia has taken many steps in order to become more attractive place to make an investment,
mainly in the recent years. Moreover, it is obvious that economy is on the path to stabilization, both
external and internal. All major reforms are timed in the way to be introduced before 2005 and more
importantly before joining ERM2. Legislation favoring foreign investments has been applied to a large
extent. Labor and production costs are one of the lowest in the region. Vast majority of investors are
satisfied and confident about future. Besides, Slovakia experiences one of the highest dynamics in the
region. All these features make Slovakia a more perspective country to invest day by day.