Y V Reddy: India in emerging Asia
Address by Dr Y V Reddy, Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the 12th International
Conference on "The Future of Asia", organised by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. (Nikkei), Tokyo,
25 May 2006.
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Friends
I am honoured to be invited at the 12th International Conference on "The Future of Asia" organised by
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. (NIKKEI). The choice of the topic for the Session by the organisers
"IndiaThe Rise of a New Economic Powerhouse" is indicative of the global confidence in India's economic
performance and prospects for the future. However, as a central banker, I need to be conservative
and modest in my approach to communication while retaining transparency and credibility. I would
therefore, approach the subject by drawing from the overall theme of the Conference, namely, "The
Future of Asia" and dwelling on India as part of the unfolding growth story of emerging Asia in the new
millennium. In that context, some highlights of India's recent economic performance would be in order.
I will also be presenting Reserve Bank of India's assessment on outlook and challenges for the Indian
economy over the medium term. Of some interest to the audience may be a narration of some 'not-
easily-quantifiable' sources of strength for the Indian economy. I will conclude with a mention of
evolving Indo-Japanese economic relations.
India, emerging Asia and the global economy
The emerging Asia1 accounts for around 45 per cent of world population and around 11 per cent of
world GDP, though in PPP terms the share of GDP is about 27 per cent. However, in recent years,
given the strong growth, the emerging Asia has contributed almost one-half of the global growth in
GDP. In emerging Asia, the annual growth in GDP of 8.4 per cent and 8.3 per cent during 2004 and
2005, respectively, was impressive considering that the growth in the world economy during the
corresponding period was 5.3 per cent and 4.8 per cent, respectively. According to the IMF, this
growth momentum in Emerging Asia is expected to continue in 2006 as well and real GDP in the
region is projected to expand by 8.0 per cent, while the global growth is placed at 4.8 per cent for the
year 2006.
Since the beginning of the new millennium, the strong performance of emerging Asia, combined with
the continued dynamism of the US has helped to sustain the current worldwide expansion, offsetting
sluggishness in Europe and also in Japan. Being the fastest growing economies of the world, over the
past two years, China and India contributed 73 per cent to the Asian growth and 38 per cent to the
world GDP growth (World Economic Outlook, IMF, September, 2005). If the recent recovery of
economic activity in Japan gets strengthened, Japan is expected to be another engine of growth for
the Asian as well as the global economy.
Some observers prefer to describe the emerging economies of Asia as re-emerging economies to
clarify that shift of wealth to Asia that is taking place is not an unprecedented situation, looking back
into economic history, of course, by about three centuries. As per an OECD publication, in 1700,
India's share in world GDP was 24.4 per cent, while China's share was 22.3 per cent. Asia as a whole
(including Japan) accounted for 61.7 per cent in 1700, which fell to 59.2 per cent in 1820, and to a low
of 18.5 per cent in 1950, before climbing to 37.2 per cent by 1998 (Maddison Angus, "The World
Economy: A Millennium Perspective", OECD, 2001). The re-emergence in the second half of the 20th
century was led by resurgence of Japan, succeeded by the miracle of East Asian economies, followed
by China's outstanding success, and currently strengthened by Indian economy's impressive
performance in terms of both growth and stability. According to the data published in the World
Development Indicators of the World Bank, India ranks fourth next only to the USA, China and Japan
in terms of size of the economies measured on the basis of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). It is
interesting that in terms of PPP, three out of the four largest economies of the world are in Asia.
In the recent years, the Asian economies are emerging as major trading partners of India. India's trade
has grown faster with these countries than its overall trade growth. Emerging Asian economies
accounted for a significant share of 22.4 per cent in India's total exports in 2004-05 (16.0 per cent in
1999-2000) and 20.1 per cent of total Indian imports (16.2 per cent in 1999-2000). In 2004-05, China
has emerged as the second major export destination for India after the US and it has now become the
largest source of imports for India, surpassing the US. Exports to China surged by 81 per cent in
2004-05, while imports from China increased by 67 per cent reflecting growing trade relations between
the two countries. A similar trend was noticeable vis-à-vis the ASEAN-5 (Singapore, Thailand,
Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines), but going forward there is vast scope for further expansion in
trade with these countries. In a way, the increasing openness of the Indian economy to the external
sector in recent years reflects its expanding economic relationships with rest of Asia. In recognition of
the growing importance of Asian countries in India's foreign trade, the series of nominal and real
effective exchange rate indices released by the Reserve Bank have been revised to include Chinese
Renminbi and Hong Kong dollar in the weighting scheme. Japan being already included, the
representation of Asian economies has increased to three out of the total of six countries.
Highlights of India's performance
In November 2005, Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, the widely admired former Prime Minister of
Singapore, said in the 37th Jawaharlal Memorial Lecture:
"When I published the second volume of my memoirs in 2000, I wrote that India is a nation of
unfulfilled greatness. Its potential has lain fallow under used".
"I am happy to now revise my view - Nehru's view of India's place in the world and of India as a
global player is within India's grasp."
While the change in India in the past five years seems dramatic, indeed, it is not discontinuous. First,
India as a nation has been diligently working over half a century to realize the dreams at the time of its
independence. Second, the domestic deregulation of 1980s and economic liberalisation of 1990s
helped acceleration of growth. Third, perhaps, the world is appreciating India and its progress better
now than before.
The three salient features in India's economic performance over the period 1980-2000, as mentioned
by several analysts, have been a high growth of output per capita, surpassed only by China and East
Asian countries; a very stable output per capita, surpassing that of even China and East Asia; and the
growth is sourced by an increase in total factor productivity, thereby having positive implications of an
enduring nature of the process, rather than being driven only by better returns on capital.
The Indian economy appears to be shifting to higher levels of growth trajectory in more recent years
with the average annual growth of real GDP increasing to 6.3 per cent during 1992-93 to 2005-06 from
5.8 per cent in the 1980s. Again, lately, the economy is perhaps picking up an accelerated growth
momentum, with an average GDP growth at around 8 per cent per annum during the last three years.
It is equally notable that the inflation conditions have moderated to around 5 per cent, decelerating
significantly from relatively higher levels in the earlier periods.
The strengthening of economic activity in the recent years has been supported by persistent increase
in gross domestic investment rates from 23.0 per cent of GDP in 2001-02 to 30.1 per cent in 2004-05
coupled with more efficient use of capital. Gross domestic saving rate has also improved from 26.5 per
cent to 29.1 per cent during the same period. The saving-investment balance in India is in a desirable
range thereby contributing to global stability also.
Facilitated by reforms, financial markets have become freer and institutions more independent
operationally. Monetary policy has gained more operational autonomy with discontinuation of
automatic monetization of deficits since 1997 and Reserve Bank's withdrawal from primary gilt
auctions from this financial year, combined with increasing reliance on indirect instruments. Money
markets are orderly and stable with participants switching towards more collateralised segments and
rates varying generally within a corridor set by the policy stance. Government securities markets are
now deep and vibrant with varied instruments catering to varied investor perceptions. The foreign
exchange market has acquired depth, while the capital markets have become mature in trading
procedures, risk management as well as payment and settlement mechanism. India ranks as one of
the three largest emerging markets in terms of stock-market capitalization. There are over 9000 listed
companies, out of which about 100 companies have market values of more than US $1 billion each.
Foreign investments span over more than 1,000 Indian companies which is an impressive record.
The banking sector has strengthened in recent years in terms of its conformance to sound prudential
regulation and governance standards thereby minimising risks, strengthening disclosure and
improving operational efficiency. Banks are migrating towards Basel II norms and are taking steps for
containment of impaired loans. There have been marked improvements in the health of financial
intermediaries and competition and efficiency have also improved appreciably, while simultaneously
adding to stability and resilience to shocks.
Benefiting from a calibrated and sequenced strategy of liberalisation, India's external sector has
become more resilient. While the current account after remaining in surplus for three years up to
200304 turned into a moderate and sustainable deficit in 2004-05, there was a significant strengthening in
the capital account resulting in continued accretion to the foreign exchange reserves. India's foreign
exchange reserves currently exceed its external debt, thereby reflecting improved solvency of the
economy.
The exchange rate policy in recent years has been guided by the broad principles of careful
monitoring and management of exchange rates with flexibility, without a fixed target or a
preannounced target or a band, while allowing the underlying demand and supply conditions to determine
the exchange rate movements over a period in an orderly way. The Reserve Bank intervenes in the
foreign exchange market to contain volatility. Recent international research on viable exchange rate
strategies in emerging markets has lent considerable support to the exchange rate policy followed by
India.
The engagement of Indian firms with the world has acquired new dimensions. Apart from its leading
edge in the software services, India is also becoming a major hub for manufacturing and export of
manufactured products. The Indian information technology industry is becoming increasingly global
through cross-border acquisitions, on-shore contract wins and organic growth in other low-cost
locations. This has been complemented by global majors continuing to significantly improve their
offshore delivery capabilities in India. Indian firms are also acquiring manufacturing firms abroad to
leverage comparative advantage of foreign locations, using synergies between the parent company
and the company under acquisition and having production facilities near the major markets also.
Outlook and challenges: a central bank perspective
The Annual Policy Statement for the year 2006-07 released a month ago (April 18, 2006) provides the
Reserve Bank of India's assessment of the outlook for the economy. The Policy Statement notes that
a number of downside risks loom over the global economy that have implications for the medium-term
prospects of countries like India for which the channels of global integration are getting stronger over
time. The key global risks for emerging economies are potential escalation and volatility in
international crude prices, a disorderly unwinding of the macroeconomic imbalances of the major
economies and a hardening of international interest rates. Though characterised by significant
downside risks, over the medium term, the prospects for the global economy are by and large positive.
For the Indian economy, the evolving economic and business environment exhibits a number of
encouraging signs that suggest reinforcement of the robust economic growth demonstrated in recent
years.
First, increase in the gross domestic saving rate to levels around 30 per cent, coupled with sustained
absorption of external savings of about 2 per cent of GDP, would provide the potential for attainment
of an accelerated growth trajectory.
Second, the micro structural reforms undertaken over the years have enabled continuing productivity
gains in the real sector.
Third, the reform process involving widening and deepening of the financial sector, along with
improved regulation and supervision, has also yielded encouraging results, as reflected in the
productivity measures relevant for the sector.
Fourth, there is evidence of increasing business confidence as measured by various business
expectation surveys and improvement in the investment climate. This is also corroborated by signs of
enhanced levels of foreign direct investment.
Fifth, the most progressive and dynamic of the Indian companies are manifesting increasing levels of
global presence through acquisitions and higher outward foreign direct investment. The attainment of
domain knowledge through such activities, along with best practice business knowledge, and
economies of scale in marketing may enhance the productivity growth of Indian business.
Finally, it is noteworthy that Indian business has managed to exhibit impressive growth performance in
recent years in terms of most parameters despite the presence of significant constraints posed by
infrastructure. It has also displayed resilience in terms of the ability to cope with adverse
developments such as oil price increases.
Despite the positive factors for medium term outlook, there are some critical issues that need to be
addressed for maintaining the current momentum of growth with stability.
First, the poor state of the physical infrastructure, both in terms of quantity and quality, has been
rightly receiving the focussed attention of the business class and the policy-makers. There are some
reasons to expect a satisfactory outcome, provided the improvement in regulatory framework is
sustained. The current investments are demand-led and therefore, are likely to be completed with
least gestation periods, coupled with a rapid payback on completion. Technological developments and
rapid enhancement of domestic construction capabilities should aid the process of speedy and
efficient implementation. Given the healthy fundamentals of the domestic financial sector and the
enhanced interest of foreign investors, funding should not pose any serious problem.
Second, fiscal consolidation is taking place both at the Centre and States and there is greater
consensus now on the broad directions. The recent budget of the central government brings the
consolidation on track, targeting a gross fiscal deficit of three per cent of GDP by 2009 while
eliminating revenue (current) deficit. Our studies on State finances in Reserve Bank of India give
grounds for optimism in regard to their fiscal health. However, the issues of power subsidies and
ensuring quality in the delivery of services, especially with regard to education and health, do need to
be addressed.
Third, and perhaps the most challenging issue relates to development of agriculture. While a majority
of the workforce is dependent on agriculture, the GDP growth generated from agriculture is only
marginally above the rate of growth of the population, in contrast to the strong growth rates in the
nonagricultural sectors, which is not adequate to address rapid poverty reduction. To facilitate a more
rapid growth in agriculture, legislative, institutional and attitudinal changes to supplement enhanced
public and private investment may be needed. The Reserve Bank, for its part, is redoubling its efforts
in revitalising the rural cooperative credit system, in strengthening Regional Rural Banks, in providing
incentives to commercial banks for promoting investments in rural economy and in ensuring adequate
and timely delivery of credit at appropriate price. In fact, we are studying legislation and
implementation of non-institutional money lending, as it continues to be a significant source of credit
for the farmers.
Despite the Indian economy being poised towards a higher growth path, perceptible improvement is
yet to be made on reducing unemployment. The unemployment rate, based on periodical surveys
increased in both rural and urban areas during the period 1994 to 2004. The sharper increase of
unemployment rates in the rural areas reflects a slowdown in agriculture. A positive feature has,
however, been a reduction in the poverty ratio from 36.0 per cent in 1993-94 to 26.1 per cent in
19992000. The Government of India has set a target to bring down the proportion of people living below the
poverty line to 10 per cent by 2012, in line with the targets under the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) adopted by the United Nations.
Not easily quantifiable strengths
A distinguishing characteristic of recent global assessment of future of India has been greater
awareness and articulation of the strengths of India which are not easily quantifiable but are critical to
the longer term prospects. I wish to draw your attention to some of the observations, in a summary
form, without necessarily endorsing them.
In the social context, attention has generally been given to the advantage of Indians' proficiency in
written and spoken English language. However, this inherent strength should be viewed in the
backdrop of the linguistic diversity of India which encourages people to learn several languages other
than the mother tongue. (There are twenty two national languages as per the Constitution of India.)
The enhanced familiarity with multiple languages not only helps bring about integration in the country,
but also prepares them to adapt better to multi-cultural situations. To illustrate, a recent report in
Financial Times (by Peter March dated May 17, 2006) titled "Feast of a Movable Workforce" reads as
follows:
"In an anonymous office building in India, the J-Team is on a mission to strengthen links
between India and Japan. H.B. Jayanthi heads the 60-strong group of Indian engineers who are
working for Yojagawa, the Japanese industrial control systems market, in Bangalore. They have
been trained to speak - and even to think - in Japanese so they can communicate effectively
with colleagues in Japan while collaborating on product development"
In this regard, it is also useful to recognise the importance of empowerment of women. Let me
illustrate with some relevant facts in my home State, Andhra Pradesh. There is a minimum allocation
of one-third of admissions for women in medical colleges, but as of now, around half of the students
are women. Of the 92,000 students admitted in engineering colleges this year in Andhra Pradesh,
over 30,000 were women. Similarly in the political arena, women are very well represented. In the
local bodies, there are about 250,000 elected officials ranging from a member of Gram Panchayats
(village-level elected self-governments) to Mayors of Municipal Corporations and Chairpersons of Zilla
Parishads (district level elected councils) and of these, over 85,000 are women. These developments,
which are shared in different ways by other States, give a positive twist to the outlook for
empowerment of women for the future.
Above all, the existence of a free press provides insurance against excesses and makes Governments
at all levels more accountable than otherwise. In this regard, it is interesting to note that while 17
leading English newspapers have a combined circulation of 6.3 million and readership of 17.9 million,
54 leading vernacular newspapers in India have a circulation of 21.4 million and a readership of 197.2
million.
The political climate is characterised by what may be termed as political system stability, despite the
coalition cabinets and periodic elections both at the Centre and several States. It is remarkable that
political cycles have not hindered the progress of well-calibrated economic reforms. As Michael
Mandelbaum, a democracy expert at Johns Hopkins University in Washington said:
"There's a lot of turmoil on the surface of Indian democracy, but there's a lot of consensus deep
down in the political system."
In fact the political system should lend comfort to the global businesses in view of elements of
longterm predictability. Ambassador Yasukuki Enoki, Japanese Ambassador to India is reported to have
said:
"For the next two decades, Indian society is predictable and democratic framework is
predictable."
As regards macro-economy, there is an increasing consensus that India has crossed the threshold of
reform, leading the economy to become really market-oriented and price based economy. This
orientation has helped the country emerging as the major service-outsourcing hub for the world.
Moreover, acceleration in growth is expected to be sustained in view of the evolving pattern of
domestic demand. For example, National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) MISH data
"clearly indicates that India is growing immensely wealthy. By the end of this decade, the
structure of the country's demographics will change from an inverted pyramid, signifying a small
rich class and a very large low-income class, to a rudimentary diamond, where a significant part
of the low-income class moves up to become part of the middle class."
Further, there may be demographic bonus between 2010 and 2040 when India's working population is
still increasing while population in the rest of Asia may be levelling off or even declining. Moreover,
public and private sector compete and co-exist in a dynamic balance which is imparting competitive
strength to the economy.
Finally, in terms of business environment, the impressive growth coupled with market orientation of the
economy has been a bottoms-up exercise, with a very broad-based growing entrepreneurial class.
The capacity to innovate is considered high and costs of innovation are reportedly low in India. For
example, engineering-intensive service-led manufacturing is sought to balance the advantages of
standardised way of mass production of goods. Reportedly, there is an increasing emphasis on
service approach to manufacturing with adaptation of techniques such as lean production to keep
quality high and boost efficiency. These tendencies are perhaps reflective of a penchant for innovation
among growing entrepreneurial class in India, imbued with professionalism and seeking to be globally
competitive.
Evolving Indo-Japanese economic relations
From global and our perspective, Japan, as a leading industrial economy, has made substantial
contributions to the growth of world trade over the years. Japan has also played a key role in the
integration of developing countries, especially emerging Asia, with the world economy in terms of
trade and investment. The developing economies have been the major destinations and source of
Japan's exports and imports, accounting for 58 per cent and 65.5 per cent of Japan's total exports and
imports, respectively, in 2004. Within developing economies, the share of emerging Asia accounted
for nearly 40 per cent of Japan's exports as well as imports.
India and Japan share a cultural bond dating back to many centuries. The two countries, in the recent
times, have seen major improvement in the bilateral relations. The visit of the Japanese Prime Minister
Mr. Koizumi to India in April, 2005 marked a high point in this bilateral relation. The visit highlighted the
fact that the spiritual affinities, enduring cultural contacts and high degree of commonality of political,
economic and strategic interests provide great strength to India and Japan as partners in a globalising
world. An eight fold initiative to further strengthen this partnership was enunciated as an outcome of
this visit. The intensity of high level contacts with Japan has continued since then and the Prime
Ministers of the two countries have also met on the sidelines of the first East Asia Summit at Kuala
Lumpur. The last one year has, therefore, seen intense engagement in our bilateral relations making
Japan the focus of our policy in Asia.
India and Japan have many complementarities in the economic sphere also. Japan is a relatively
labour scarce but capital abundant country whereas India has an abundance of an entire spectrum of
human resources. Similarly, India has a world acknowledged prowess in the software sector and
Japanese strength in the hardware sector is established for decades. India has a wealth of resources
by way of raw-materials and minerals and Japan has the technology and capital to produce knowledge
intensive manufactured goods. In short, if the two were to engage more intensively in terms of
economic collaboration, the resulting synergies, the economies of scales and the complementarities
could lead to great welfare gains for both the countries.
In recent times, Japanese Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) have started to evince an increasing
interest in India and among the FIIs registered during the year 2004, a significant number belonged to
Japan. Japan has also launched "India Investment Fund" to mobilize funds from Japanese investors to
invest in Indian securities market. According to a survey on "Overseas Business Operations by
Japanese Manufacturing Companies" (November 2004) carried out by JBIC, India emerged as the
third most promising investment destination after China and Thailand as against 5th in the similar
survey in 2003 and 11th in 2000.
Japan's cooperation and participation in the accelerated economic development of India is deeply
appreciated. Japanese assistance has been particularly helpful in the physical infrastructure sectors of
power, urban transportation, urban water supply and sanitation, water management, seaports, tourism
and also in the environment and forests sectors. Japan has been extending bilateral loans and grants
assistance to India since 1958 and Japan is the largest bilateral official development assistance (ODA)
partner of India.
In sum, growing closer links between Japan and India augur well for a bright future for Asia and a
strong voice for Asia in the global economy.
Concluding remarks
Let me conclude by answering three important questions relating to public policy in India. First, what is
the dominant objective of public policy? In Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's words:
"The first and foremost priority is to finish the unfinished task which the founding fathers of our
republic set out for us at the time of Independence: to get rid of chronic poverty, ignorance, and
disease, which have afflicted millions and millions of our people. Great progress has been
made. Particularly in the last 20 years, the Indian economy has done quite well. We need to
underpin that growth by strong performance of our agriculture, strong performance of our
physical and our social infrastructure. These are our key priorities."
Second, what are the means by which the objective can be achieved? Put succinctly, they encompass
modernising the country's infrastructure - physical, social and governance; creating jobs and,
attracting foreign investment for the purpose.
Third, in this context, what is the appropriate message to global managers as they think about India?
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's response to this question was:
"India's future lies in being an open society, an open polity, a functioning democracy respecting
all fundamental human freedoms, accepting the rule of law and, at the same time, to emerge as
a successful, internationally competitive economy."
Thank you.