Regional Forum on "Emerging Opportunities and Challenges
of Financial Inclusion in Asia-Pacific Region"
Kathmandu, 9 November 2016
Keynote Address by Dr. Chiranjibi Nepal, Governor, Nepal Rastra Bank
Chairman of APRACA and Deputy Governor of Bangladesh Bank
Mr. Shitangshu Kumar Sur Chowdhury
Deputy Governors of Nepal Rastra Bank Mr. Chintamani Siwakoti
and Mr. Shiba Raj Shrestha,
Chairman of National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development
Dr. Harsh Kumar Bhanwala,
Eminent Resource Persons,
Executive Directors from Nepal Rastra Bank,
Chiefs of Financial Institutions of Nepal,
Forum Participants,
Friends from the Media,
Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It gives me immense pleasure to address this august gathering at this opening session of this
regional forum on "Emerging Opportunities and Challenges of Financial Inclusion in Asia Pacific
Region". The theme of this Forum is something that is close to our hearts, and is a very topical issue
in recent days. The need to address this issue has never been more significant primarily due to the
benefits it will bring to our countries. I am confident that this Forum will help in deepening the
understandings on the emerging issues of financial inclusion.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Now, let me move on to the main theme of this forum.
Financial inclusion has emerged as a key global priority. Governments, international agencies,
academics and the private sector have all brought financial inclusion to the top of the agenda. The
G20 made the topic one of its pillars at the 2009 Pittsburgh Summit. Financial inclusion has been
recognized in the Istanbul Programme of Action and the Sustainable Development Goals as a key
enabler for a host of development objectives. Likewise, the World Bank in 2015 also laid out a
vision for achieving universal financial access by 2020 which means that basic access to the formal
financial system - for example, through debit cards or mobile money - should be possible for
everyone.
Overall, gaps in access to finance are slowly being lowered, thanks to the implementation of
financial inclusion policies in different countries. Between 2011 and 2014, the global unbanked
population dropped by 20 percent, from 2.5 billion to 2 billion. Still, more than half of adults in the
poorest 40 percent of households in developing countries were still without accounts in 2014.
Though some degree of success was achieved by financial institutions in rendering services to
millions of excluded people throughout Asia-Pacific, the region is still home to an estimated 1.2
billion people who do not have access to a bank account or formal financial services. About 84
percent of firms in developing Asia possess a checking or savings account, which is lower than
Latin America's 89 percent. Still, in the case of Asia and the Pacific, a recent study by Asian
Development Bank of 37 selected developing Asian economies in 2015 revealed that financial
inclusion significantly reduces poverty and also reduces income inequality.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
As most of you are aware, there is no universal definition of financial inclusion. Financial inclusion
is about making banking services available and affordable to one and all irrespective of their
economic status. In other words it implies access to finance and financial services for all in a fair,
transparent and equitable manner at an affordable cost.
Similarly, there is also no single measure of financial inclusion as individuals and firms can utilize a
host of financial services including savings, borrowings, money transfers and payments. Thus,
several indicators are utilized simultaneously including savings accounts at formal financial
institutions, the use of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), mobile banking or the use of debit and
credit cards, among others.
The benefits of financial inclusion and inclusive growth have been clearly ascertained. Access to
financial services opens doors for families, permitting them to smooth out consumption and invest
in their futures through education and health. Access to credit enables businesses to expand,
creating jobs and reducing inequality. Financial inclusion is the bridge between economic
opportunity and outcome.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
While the responsible factors for lack of financial inclusion vary between countries and regions,
there exist a number of common themes. These include, among others, geographical distance,
governance problems, restrictive regulations, lack of financial literacy, absence of strong payment
system, inappropriate products, low level of technological development and dearth of reliable data.
As most of these issues will be discussed in the other sessions, I would just like to limit my focus on
two issues, that is, financial literacy and technological advances that hold promise in the expansion
of financial inclusion.
Financial literacy is one of the major challenges facing countries across the globe and has been
receiving significant attention from policy makers worldwide. Financial literacy and inclusion are
issues of critical importance as we all strive for a more transparent, robust and sustainable economy,
and a fairer society. The financial crisis in 2009 brought the need for increased financial literacy to
the world's attention. The crisis proved that even advanced countries suffer from low levels of
financial literacy, which can have a potent impact on both local and global economies.
Government authorities can find it hard to reach excluded groups, and many have identified trusted
intermediaries with access to the target group to deliver financial education. This approach can be
effective, provided that the goals of the intermediary are aligned with the financial education goals,
and that the staff are properly trained and incentivized to provide financial education. Countries
need to design programs to ensure people can make sound financial decisions, select financial
products, which best suit their needs, and know how to use related channels, such as ATMs or
mobile banking.
However, more research and evaluation is necessary to further explore the relationship between
financial literacy and financial inclusion, and to identify the impact of financial education initiatives
on financial inclusion.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
With respect to technological advances, digital technologies are important for inclusion, as they
enable innovative and lower-cost business models for providing financial services, making it viable
to reach the poor. About 260 million unbanked adults in the developing world receive private sector
wage payments in cash. Switching to digital payments could potentially save significant time and
resources for businesses and workers alike. Likewise, agricultural payments present another chance
to expand access to the formal financial system, as roughly 440 million unbanked adults in the
developing world are paid in cash for farm goods.
By moving away from cash and using digital payments to distribute social benefits and wages,
governments can reduce costs and leakage. In the developing world, about 120 million unbanked
adults receive government transfers in cash, according to the World Bank's Global Findex
Database 2014. At the same time, more than 31 million unbanked adults in emerging countries are
paid government wages in cash. Digitizing these payments could bring millions of adults into the
financial system for the first time.
Likewise, 355 million adults in developing countries with an account send or obtain domestic
remittances in cash or over the counter. Further, 1.3 billion adults with an account in developing
countries pay their trash, water, and electric bills in cash, and over half a billion adults with an
account in developing countries pay school fees in cash. Access to digital payments generates
opportunities to provide more convenient and affordable payment options.
As we continue to adopt innovative financial inclusion models, we need to be positioned at the
forefront of these developments in order to identify and manage the associated risks. More
importantly, we need to be equipped with thorough knowledge of innovative business models to
develop an enabling ecosystem for innovative financial inclusion to flourish in a safe and stable
manner.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Allow me now to share with you some of the experiences from Nepal. Under Nepal's financial
system, there are four types of financial institutions licensed by the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB),
namely commercial banks (A class), development banks (B class), finance companies (C class) and
micro finance institutions (D class). As at mid-July 2016, the number of commercial banks,
development banks, finance companies and micro finance institutions (MFIs) stood at 28, 67, 41
and 42 respectively. Likewise, the branch network of commercial banks stood at 1869, followed by
1378 branches of MFIs, 852 branches of development banks and 175 branches of finance
companies. The population per branch of financial institution was 6,562 at mid-July 2016.
However, the financial institutions are still basically dispersed around the urban or semi-urban
areas.
Nepal Rastra Bank is presently implementing its second five-year Strategic Plan (2012-2016), in
which financial inclusion has been identified as a strategic priority. Likewise, the Monetary Policy
of 2016/17 has also accorded emphasis towards deepening financial inclusion through enhancing
financial literacy and access to finance.
A survey undertaken by the UNCDF in 2014 showed that 61 percent of Nepalese adults have access
to formal financial services, while 21 percent resort to informal channels only and 18 percent
remain financially excluded. Moreover, 52 percent of adults claim to save and 45 percent claim to
borrow money. Likewise, 29 percent of adults borrow from an informal institution and 18 percent
borrow from a formal institution. Similarly, 40 percent of adults save with a formal financial
provider and 31 percent save in informal savings group. Likewise, 33 percent of transactions are
made through digital channels.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Nepal Rastra Bank and the Government of Nepal have been according due priority in enhancing
financial inclusion. Some policy models were introduced in the past for advancing financial
inclusion. These included the Grameen Bank Model, the Wholesale Micro Finance Model, the
Directed Lending Model, Project-Based Micro Credit Model, and the FINGOs and the SACCOs
Model.
Rather than spending time on these models, I shall focus the remainder of my address on the policy
measures that were initiated by the NRB and the Government for promoting financial inclusion.
These include liberal licensing policy for MFIs, requirements for BFIs (A, B. and C Class) to
allocate certain percentage of their credit for investment in the productive sector, special refinance
facility to cottage and small industries, interest free loan to extend bank branches in remote and
rural areas, directives on consumer protection, and directives on branchless banking and mobile
banking services, among others.
Let me elaborate on some of these recent policies. First of all, the Government through the Budget
for 2016/17 outlined some policy directions related to expansion of banking and financial services
in the rural areas, promotion of mobile banking and branchless banking, continuation of
government led programs such as Rural Self Reliance Fund (RSRF), Poverty Alleviation Fund
(PAF), Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-employment Fund, and the implementation of
subsidized agricultural lending program.
Secondly, the NRB has been providing direct financial support to the banks and financial
institutions that set up branches in remote areas where the number of banking units is minimal.
Three, in its Monetary Policy of 2015/16, the NRB made an arrangement of special refinance
facility at 1 percent interest with the objective of encouraging BFIs (A, B, and C class) to extend
loans to agriculture and small business-based income generating activities in poverty-stricken areas
of the country.
Four, as per Monetary Policy of 2016/17, necessary provisions would be made to support the
movement of opening 'at least one bank account for each household' and the arrangement of
distributing social security allowances through the bank account.
Five, the final drafts of the National Financial Literacy Policy and the Financial Sector
Development Strategy (2015-2020) have been submitted to the Government for approval.
Finally, the released on July 2016, is expected to
Nepal Financial Inclusion Roadmap (2017-2022),
guide future initiatives around the immediate priorities for financial inclusion.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Let me conclude.
Financial inclusion can empower even the poorest person and bring about a dramatic change in his
fate. Financial inclusion is not a one-time effort; it is an ongoing process that demands concerted
and team efforts from all the stakeholders including the Government, financial institutions, the
regulators, the private sector and the community at large.
There is growing urgency in both the public as well as the private sector to promote financial
inclusion. Though country reforms are starting to bear fruit and should enable countries to move
many steps closer to greater financial inclusion, much still needs to be done.
Finally, by providing a platform for high-level dialogue on financial inclusion, this Forum, I expect,
would review the current trends, recent achievements, ongoing challenges and opportunities within
the region relative to financial inclusion and discuss how these developments are impacting the
different countries. At the end of the day, we should be able to pinpoint a number of key priorities
for future initiatives to further support financial inclusion.
With these words, let me wish you all a productive discussion and deliberation in this important
Forum. I would also like to express my best wishes for the successful conclusion of the 67th
Executive Committee Meeting and the 20th General Assembly of APRACA.
Thank you very much!