Y V Reddy: Implementation of financial standards and codes: Indian
perspective and approach
Speech by Dr YV Reddy, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the Conference on
International Standards and Codes organised by the IMF-World Bank, held in Washington DC, 7-8
March 2001. The appendix mentioned by Dr Reddy can be obtained from the Reserve Bank of India.
* * *
In this paper it is proposed to describe the Indian perspective and approach in regard to the
implementation of international financial standards and codes advocated by the Financial Stability
Forum (FSF). The Indian efforts in this direction also seek to complement and support the ongoing
initiatives of the G-20 aimed at encouraging implementation of standards and codes among member
countries.
The paper is schematized as follows. Section I explains India's stand on global initiatives for
implementation of standards and codes. While Section II narrates India's association with global
efforts in evolving and promoting financial standards and codes, Section III describes the Indian
approach to the implementation. Section IV mentions the institutional arrangements that have been
put in place to guide the process of implementation. Section V provides an account of the work
processes followed by Advisory Groups in the course of preparation of Reports. Section VI indicates
the current status, while Section VII touches on the plans for following up on the submission of
Reports. Section VIII brings out some highlights of Indian experience so far.
I. India's stand
1.1 to observe certain minimum universally accepted
India is fully supportive of the need
standards in areas relevant to the maintenance of stability in the international monetary system,
including increased transparency in formulation and implementation of monetary and financial policies
and improvements in dissemination of relevant data. The establishment of a high-powered
Standing Committee on International Financial Standards and Codes (Standing Committee)
underscores India's commitment to this international enterprise. At the same time, India has been
regarding the manner of international
voicing, in the international fora, some of its concerns
financial institutions spearheading the implementation and assessment of codes and standards. India
advocates a voluntary approach, fair, equitable, and continuous process taking duly into account the
institutional and legal structure and stage of development in different countries.
1.2 Although the notion of a code of good practices is intuitively appealing, the temptation to
prescribe universally valid model codes which do not allow for differences in institutional
development, legislative framework and, more broadly, different stages of development must be
avoided. Sometimes there is a tendency to recommend the practices of major industrial countries to
developing country environments without adequate consideration being given to a country's stage of
development and its ground realities.
1.3 Moreover, it stands to reason that the accent should be on voluntary adoption and
gradualism rather than a big bang. In fact, the process may, in any case, be a medium term one and
hence one should not look for instant compliance. Basle Core Principles of Banking Supervision offers
an interesting example of how a standard attains a near universal acceptance based on voluntary
participation and country ownership. It is also important that the manner in which these
international standards are monitored does not degenerate into categorizing countries as
'performers' and 'non-performers'. In other words, the transformation of a best practice goal should
not result in premature conditionality for countries that approach the Fund for balance of payments
support.
1.4 The extent pace and sequencing should ideally be left to the country authorities. In keeping with
this spirit, it has been held that the International Monetary Fund (Fund) may furnish the ROSCs
(Reports on Observance of Standards and Codes) in respect of individual countries only with the
countries' specific permission. The release of Article IV reports should also be left to the judgment
of individual governments. This is because the goal of transparency could best be served by a
balanced and symmetric evalution of data as between the authorities and the private sector.
1.5 It must also be added that the plethora of codes, standards and principles could be
overwhelming and also highly demanding of manpower and financial resources. They also have a
potential to become overly intrusive vis-à-vis national authorities. In any case some prioritisation of
in respect of each country. There is a strong
Codes for considering implementation is inevitable
case for undertaking or fostering more intensified research on the relationship between
implementation of standards and macroeconomic and financial stability.
1.6. Work on standards and codes is evolving in relevant interational fora and priorities for
implementing them would have to vary from country to coutry. In this regard, the potential for
selfassessment on the part of individual countries needs to be explored. Besides being cost-effective,
such an approach would also greatly facilitate country-ownership.
1.7. Some of the other serious concerns that deserve attention in this regard pertain to the specificity
and the source of financial difficulties that might have to be adequately reckoned in individual cases.
Since financial crises can have multiple causes, overemphasising financial standards could detract
attention from other policy priorities. The relative importance of financial standards in crisis prevention
must also be adjudged from the standpoint of the relative openness of the economy's capital account
and in this sense the "one size fits all" approach may have to be eschewed.
1.8 Since the primary motive for having standards is to catalyze orderly capital flows, while ensuring
financial stability, greater consultation with the private sector in evolving and prioritizing of core
standards is of utmost necessity. All standards and codes are not equally relevant to all segments of
private sector and further they do reflecting concerns of both public
tend to evolve over a period
policy and market participants.
1.9 It is gratifying to note that there is a in the
currently better appreciation of India's stand
international fora as compared with the past.
II. India's Association with the Global Efforts in Fostering International Standards and Codes
2.1 India has been closely associated with various standard setting bodies and has been taking
of developing and
active part in the work of several key international fora devoted to the task
promoting implementation of financial standards and codes. Although India is not a member of the
Financial Stability Forum(FSF)@, it was one of the countries specially requested to help the Forum in
Task Force on the Implementation of Standards and to participate in the Joint Committee Group
meeting. The Task Force was set up to explore key issues relating to standards/codes/core principles
and consider the strategy for fostering the implementation of international standards relevant for a
sound financial system.
2.2 The Reserve Bank is also represented at the Follow Up Group on Incentives for
of Standards instituted by the FSF following submission of the Task Force Report.
Implementation
The Group has been ascertaining how various elements of market and official incentives could best
reinforce one another within the framework of the overall strategy to foster implementation of
standards and, for this purpose, engages in a dialogue with a cross section of relevant market
participants.
2.3 Reserve Bank of India officials worked closely with the Basel Committee on Banking
Supervision(BCBS). In 1997, in consultation with the supervisory authorities of a few non-G-10
countries including India, the BCBS drew up the 25 ' Core Principles for Effective Banking
Supervision' aimed at guiding supervisory authorities seeking to strengthen their current supervisory
regime.
2.4 From its inception, India was also
represented on the Group on Joint Task Force on
Securities Settlement Systems constituted by the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems
(CPSS) and the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO).
The CPSS and IOSCO have since released the report of the Task force in January 2001 for public
consultation. Based on the comments received, the Task Force will develop the final
recommendations.
2.5 As a member of the Core Principles Liaison Group (CPLG) constituted by the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision(BCBS), the Reserve Bank has been attending the meetings of
the Group and actively contributing to the discussions.
2.6 The Reserve Bank is also represented in the
Working Group on Capital (WGC) set up by the
CPLG. Recently, during February 6 to 9, 2001, the Reserve Bank of India hosted the meeting of the
Group in Delhi to discuss the salient features of the second consultative paper issued by the Basel
Committee. The meeting was attended by 26 representatives of supervisory agencies from several
non G-10 countries as well as from international financial agencies.
2.7 India is one of the countries that has sought participation in the joint IMF-World Bank
Financial Sector Assessment Programme (FSAP). As part of the Reports on Observance of Standards
and Codes (ROSCs), India's compliance in respect of five standards and codes has already been
viz., Monetary and Financial Policy Transparency, Banking Supervision, Securities Market
assessed,
Regulation, Payment and Settlement system and Corporate governance.
2.8 Furthermore, the professional expertise in the Reserve Bank of India has been made
available to IMF/World Bank in their FSAP exercises in other countries.
III. Indian approach
3.1 The Indian approach to implementation of financial standards and codes is based on the
of the standards and codes, and on the need to consider them as
efficiency-enhancing elements
part of process of institutional development in the country, while not ignoring their relevance to
domestic as well as international financial stability. Thus, they are viewed as an integral part of
the process of economic reform, most appropriate to the country's needs. The emphasis is on
to promote adoption by the self regulating bodies
creating awareness relevant official agencies,
and market participants rather than prescribing compliance at the instance of a central authority.
3.2 The Indian approach to the implementation of standards and codes is noteworthy in that
it
follows a systematic process. The process consists of the initial recognition, identification and
taking on record of standards and codes in relevant areas. This is followed by in-depth assessment
by independent experts of issues pertaining to the present status of applicability, relevance and the
existing degree of compliance, the feasibility of compliance and the earmarking of the possible time
frame for transition given the prevailing legal and institutional practices. It is also common to seek
in India, vis-à-vis industrialized and emerging economies,
comparison of the levels of adherence
particularly to understand India's position and to prioritize actions on some of the more important
codes and standards. The process seeks to map out a comprehensive course of possible actions
for achieving the best practices. This approach is put in the public domain through publication of
Reports on each of the selected standards and codes.
3.3 The next stage involves putting efforts for the widest possible dissemination of expert opinion
on the subject in the form of the reports mentioned and by means of outreach programs like seminars
and workshops. The objective is to obtain involvement and stimulation of interest among
publicauthorities and other stake holders in the debate and to garner a higher level of general awareness on
the subject. This is to be followed by invitation of and consideration of inputs and feedback from
relevant public and private sector organizations to enhance the sense of involvement and to build
confidence. Such a participative and consultative approach is advocated to secure a convergence of
viewpoints and, hence, favorable public disposition towards the necessity of change.
IV. Institutional Arrangements
Standing Committee
4.1 In order to facilitate positioning of international financial standards and codes in relevant areas
of the financial system in India and to guide the overall process of implementation of appropriate
changes in respect to various segments of the financial system, the Reserve Bank of India in
consultation with Government of India, in December 1999, constituted a 'Standing Committee on
International Financial Standards and Codes' under the Chairmanship of Deputy Governor,
Reserve Bank of India and Secretary, Economic Affairs, Government of India as Alternate Chairman.
The Committee could co-opt members depending on the subject under consideration.
4.2 The Committee has been enjoined with the responsibility of identifying and monitoring
developments in global standards and codes being evolved especially in the context of the
international developments and discussions as part of the efforts to create a sound international
Financial Architecture, considering all aspects of these standards and codes to Indian financial
system. The Committee has also been asked to consider plotting a road map for aligning India's
and practices as necessary and desirable in the light of evolving international practices,
standards
periodically reviewing the status and progress in regard to the codes and practices; and reaching out
its reports on the above to all concerned organizations in public or private sectors.
4.3 The Standing Committee by itself will not take a view on the Standards and Codes and it will
disseminate views expressed on the subject mainly on the basis of the Advisory Groups constituted by
it in different subject areas. The Standing Committee will identify action points that may arise out of
the views expressed and also viz.,
make a mention of these to the concerned authorities
Government, Reserve Bank of India, Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI) etc., thus acting
as a catalyst in the whole process, while leaving it to the concerned institutions to consider appropriate
measure. The Committee will no doubt make arrangements to track the progress in
implementation.
Advisory Groups
4.4 constituted by the Standing Committee on International Financial
The Advisory Groups
Standards and Codes in ten core subject areas pertaining to the financial system are entrusted with
the task of studying, in detail, the present status of applicability and relevance and compliance of
relevant standards and codes, reviewing the feasibility of compliance and the time frame over which
this could be achieved given the prevailing legal and institutional practices, comparing the levels of
adherence in India, vis-à-vis in industrialized and also emerging economies particularly to understand
India's position and prioritize actions on some of the more important codes and standards, and to
chalk out a course of action for achieving the best practices.
4.5 Out of the set of twelve subjects (actually eleven as Accounting and Auditing are taken together)
areas for which standards and codes that have been prescribed by international financial institutions
and other standard setting bodies pertaining to the financial system, the Standing Committee has so
far identified ten core subjects for immediate attention and assessment by Advisory Groups. These
are, Transparency in Monetary and Financial Policies, Data Dissemination, Payments and Settlement
System, Banking Supervision, Securities Market Regulation, Accounting and Auditing, Fiscal
Transparency, Insurance Regulation, Bankruptcy Laws and Corporate Governance. The twelfth area
namely 'Market Integrity' associated with the forty recommendations of the Financial Action Task
Force(FATF) on money laundering is not being presently looked into by the Standing Committee.
4.6 It may need to be mentioned that all Advisory Groups are chaired by eminent experts not
While the
generally holding official positions in Government or other regulatory bodies.
Chairmen of these Advisory Groups were identified and nominated by the Standing Committee, taking
into account the experience and expertise, the choice of members of these Advisory Groups, was
completely left to the Chairmen of Advisory Groups. The members are generally non-official
in relevant subject areas. The Groups have, however, the option of
experts including officials from
Government, Reserve Bank of India, SEBI, etc., as special invitees. Such officials help in
providing inputs on the understanding of extant position relating to the relevant standards and codes
and also the steps under way towards improvements. This arrangement keeps the Advisory Groups
outside the sphere of official influence and allows them to make critical assessment of relevance as
well as state of compliance with standards and codes and give unbiased recommendations with
regard to the feasibility of compliance and the necessity of achieving best practices in the areas
covered by them.
4.7 In order to facilitate exchange of information and expertise on matters of mutual interest, the
Advisory Groups have the option of having interactions/consultations amongst themselves and
many did exercise the option. The Advisory Groups may also jointly deliberate on overlapping
issues in certain subject areas to evolve a consistent approach. In finalizing its Report, the Standing
Committee would, however, attempt to consolidate these overlapping areas.
The Reports of the
Advisory Groups are made public, as soon as they are submitted to the Standing Committee.
4.8 The Standing Committee also periodically reviews the progress of Advisory Group and is
required to review its own status after the completion of one year and report to Government/RBI. The
Secretariat support to the Standing Committee is provided by the Reserve Bank of India.
V. Work Processes
5.1 In view of the varied nature of the subject areas, each Advisory Group decided to design its
own methods and processes of work. Thus, some Groups mounted special studies or technical
papers, some divided the work of preparing basic technical papers among each of the members and
most depended heavily on the background material collected and analysed by professionals in
Reserve Bank of India. While an Advisory Group gave an interim report, the general preference
turned out to be in favour of final reports, sometimes in parts submitted sequentially.
5.2 In some of the subject areas, concerned governmental or regulatory bodies had already
constituted some study groups and hence it was argued on occasions that the Advisory Groups are
duplicating such efforts. In such cases, it became necessary to clarify that the work of the Advisory
Groups is without prejudice to any other official and non-official initiatives, and that the work is
It also became necessary to encourage the Advisory Groups
not meant to be intrusive. to take
account in their deliberations such parallel, though partial, efforts and provide appropriate inputs
to such efforts whenever sought. The process was made easier in several cases since one or more
members of relevant Advisory Group happened to be so eminent as to be involved in several of the
initiatives.
5.3 Some Advisory Groups had to reckon with the fact that their perception of compliance with
i.e. regulator or
international standards differed from the official stance of concerned authorities
government body. The non-official status of the Advisory Groups has enabled them to consider the
official stance but make its own independent assessment of degree of compliance.
5.4 In some of the Advisory Groups there has been a view in favour of making recommendations
while the mandate was, say on, transparency. There have also been
on substantive policy-issues,
occasions when the Group tended to comment on functioning of official bodies in the context of
standards.
5.5 In the preparation of their respective Reports, most Advisory Groups have also been studying
and reviewing international experience in various subject areas. In particular, the Report of the
Advisory Group on Monetary and Financial Policies took comprehensive account of extant institutional
arrangements and practices in five countries namely, the UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand and South
Africa. The Advisory Group on Bankruptcy Laws has examined the existing Acts on insolvency and
bankruptcy in the US and selected countries in Europe and Asia. The Advisory Group on Accounting
and Auditing has conducted in depth studies of the International Accounting Standards (IAS), the US
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and the comparative structure of Accounting
Standards in India and standards issued by the Accounting Standards Board of the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).
5.6 In the course of their work, the Advisory Groups have also been having the benefit of
discussions with market participants, members from professional bodies as well as
academics. The Advisory Group on Insurance Regulation met the officials of Life Insurance
Corporation of India and the Advisory Group on Fiscal Transparency had extensive discussions with
all State Finance Secretaries and the Office of Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Advisory
Groups have, in most cases, co-opted market participants and members from professional bodies as
special invitees. For example, the Advisory Group on Payments and Settlement System has special
invitees from the National Stock Exchange(NSE) and a member from academia. The Advisory Group
on Accounting and Auditing has a member from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India(ICAI)
and other well known market participants and practicing professionals. Similarly, the Advisory Group
on Securities Market Regulation and the Advisory Group on Banking Supervision has eminent experts
from the Housing Development Finance Corporation(HDFC) and ICICI Bank. The Advisory Group on
Bankruptcy Laws also includes practicing professionals and eminent academics, including the former
Director of National Law School as the Chairman of the Group.
5.7 The Advisory Groups were encouraged to prepare in tabular form the given international
standard/code, current status in India and the corresponding recommendation of the Group as a
supplement to the narrative to facilitate easy reference.
5.8 As and when the Reports are received by the Standing Committee, they are
placed on the
Reserve Bank of India's website for immediate wider public dissemination.
VI. Current Status
6.1 As of now, the reports/part of reports in respect of the following subjects have already been
received by the Standing Committee : Transparency of Monetary & Financial Policies (Final),
Payment and Settlement System (Parts I and II ), Insurance Regulation (Final- Parts I and II), Banking
Supervision (Part I), Accounting and Auditing (Final), Bankruptcy Laws (Interim). All Reports have
been placed on the RBI website and are for
<www.rbi.org.in> in the process of being published
wider dissemination and discussion.
6.2 The 'Foreword' to the first in these series of Reports on 'Transparency in Monetary and
Financial Policies' is presented as an Appendix to this paper. As may be seen, the effort is to make
the readers aware of what standards and codes are and their importance for national economies in the
current milieu.
VII. Plans for follow up
7.1 The submission of the Reports by Advisory Groups would be followed up in accordance with the
decisions of the Standing Committee meeting held on September 20, 2000.
7.2 The Standing Committee would consolidate the Reports of all Advisory Groups and prepare
containing executive summaries/highlights of all the reports, action points requiring
its own report
attention by regulatory authorities/agencies concerned with the follow up. The Standing Committee
report to the public as the Advisory Group reports.
also would be widely disseminated
7.3 The Advisory Group would be requested to help organise a seminar/workshop for a day in an
appropriate institution/centre for creating awareness and this would help the Standing Committee to
concretise the views on recommendations.
7.4 For each Report, covering both public sector and private sector organizations,
a mailing list
international institutions and experts, both local and international, would be also be identified and
finalised in consultation with the Chairman of each Advisory Group. The Standing Committee would
request specific comments/feedback on the recommendations of the Advisory Group from these
addressees.
7.5 The Standing Committee would prepare an annual review of status and progress regarding
and implementation of standards and codes and submit it to the Ministry of
compliance with,
Finance.
VIII. Highlights
8.1 The Indian position which recognises the significance, scope, limits and contextual degree
of relevance of international financial standard and codes has been considered by a broad spectrum
of experts, intellectuals and market participants as reasonable.
8.2 Second, the need to Indian standards and codes with international has
assess benchmarks
also elicited broad support.
8.3 Third, the impact of the process could often and
be indirect and not necessarily direct
instant. For example, the Secretary Department of Company Affairs in a recent address to the
Accountants and Auditors referred to the work of the Standing Committee and related it to the ongoing
amendments to the Company Law.
8.4 Fourth, the participative processes also have in terms of several means by
a multiplier effect
which the codes and standards are disseminated. For example, the widely read Economic Survey
2000-01 of Government of India released as part of set of Budget Documents makes a detailed
reference to the subject (vide Box 6.4 on International Financial Standards and Codes). There have
also been extensive references to this in several publications of Reserve Bank of India.
8.5 Fifth, several prominent intellectuals, professionals, and market participants contributed to the
process of benchmarking, and identifying gaps and they
participated in the exercise in a purely
honorary capacity, as a national endeavor.
8.6 Sixth, such a process brought out the possible differing views between official bodies or
authorities and domestic independent opinion as regards the extent of compliance with such codes
and standards. It is considered necessary to recognise this and try to arrive at a consensus.
8.7 Seventh, to such an independent
some concern on the part of official authorities
assessment is understandable but could be significantly overcome through their participation as
special invitees and the efforts of advisory group which have members of national standing.
8.8 Eighth, many areas of overlap among the areas covered by different Advisory Groups were
observed. Also, each Advisory Group had to interact with several regulatory and standard setting
bodies. The process thus becomes come
quite complex, especially when the jurisdictional issues
up.
8.9 Ninth, several standard setting bodies including professional associations and self-regulatory
bodies of market participants involved with current practices have, on occasions had concerns about
the Advisory Groups findings but special efforts by the Advisory Groups helped assuage these
concerns.
8.10 Tenth, the work of the Advisory Groups required
substantial technical and professional
inputs located in several agencies, public and private. These had to be pooled and collated.
8.11 Eleventh, the Advisory Groups have found issues
it difficult to focus entirely on compliance
since there is a preoccupation with immediate issues of operational significance to the market
participants and such issues may be policy or procedural or may even be of short term relevance. The
main focus has not been, however, lost sight of.
8.12 Twelfth, the enthusiasm for disclosure and transparency in public agencies
is not matched by
eagerness to be transparent on the part of private sector. The private sector's participation in the
process helped a better appreciation of
the importance of disclosures.
8.13 Finally, four lessons from the exercise appear to be relevant. The process of implementation
demands significant resources and is time-consuming. Moreover, most of the follow-up activities
require some legislative changes. In the ultimate analysis, adoption of the standards has to be driven
by self-interest of the country and attempts should be toward harmony and ultimate convergence
rather than mechanical compliance.