David Klein: Israel's economy after the elections
Speech by Mr David Klein, Governor of the Bank of Israel, for the Israel-Japan Friendship Society and
Chamber of Commerce, 9 January 2003.
* * *
Following the elections we will have a new government. This may be an opportunity to assess the
economic and social policy for the term of the next government.
A reasonable starting point would be to ask where the economy will be heading if the present
background factors - namely the world slowdown and the conflict with the Palestinians - will endure,
and we continue with present policies. A not improbable answer would be that:
- the economy will keep contracting,
- the rate of unemployment will increase,
- more families will find themselves below the poverty line,
- the government debt will increase,
- tnterest rates, short and long, will remain high.
None of these is unavoidable
If policies will be adjusted there is a good chance to steer the economy away from continued recession
with all its repercussions. What, then, are the required changes?
I will sum them up for you, but not before stating that we are fortunate not to have on our plate two
major constraints that limited our ability to grow in the past, namely:
- shortage of foreign currency,
- inflation.
Foreign currency
We don't have a problem of foreign currency because we abolished exchange controls on one hand,
and let the market determine the daily exchange rate on the other.
When a foreign analyst wants to convey the salient features of the Israeli economy from this
perspective, this is what he says to-day:
- foreign currency reserves are high and stable. In the last six years they reached a level of
5-6 months of imports, some USD 24 billion,
- net foreign debt of the economy as a whole is low and declining. In the last two years it
amounted to a negligible 2% of GDP,
- short-term assets of the economy exceed by a wide margin its short-term liabilities, meaning
that we should not expect any liquidity problem,
- the foreign currency market, created by the Bank of Israel in mid-94', keeps widening in
terms of daily turnovers and number of participants, operating at reasonable spreads and
characterized by relatively low volatility.
Inflation
When one is reviewing the progress we have made in taming inflation, the noteworthy landmarks are:
- We have succeeded in going down from three-digit inflation in the first half of the 1980s to a
low two-digit inflation in the first half of the 1990s, and then to a low one-digit inflation at the
turn of the century. In this respect we have joined a worldwide trend and to-day there is no
meaningful inflation differential between Israel and the developed world.
- In the first half of last year, 2002, inflation rose temporarily to 6% for the period, but then
declined practically to zero in the second half of the year. In this sense we returned to the
record set in the years 1999-2001, when the annual pace of inflation was set in the range of
zero to 1.5%.
Hence we can, and should, devote all our energy to follow one major target: stop the contraction of the
economy and start growing again.
Employment and growth
What, then, are the policies required to change course in terms of employment and growth:
1. Fiscal consolidation, by which we mean:
- Reduce the deficit to redirect downward the government debt ratio, to reduce long-term
interest rate, to promote investment. Special care should be taken that the 2003 budget will
indeed result in a deficit no higher than 3%, as the government decided.
- Restructure government spending to increase infrastructure investment, cut the government
wage bill, arrest the increase in defense spending, and implement series of programs to
divert potential employees from welfare to work. The most promising way to reduce poverty
is to upgrade programs to increase the overall employment rate, were we lag very much
behind the world.
- Follow scrupulously, if not expedite, the program to cut the individual income tax rate, to
reduce the marginal rate, including social security, to 49%. We ought to remember that our
ability to compete with the world depends also on our tax regime.
2. Foreign workers
Change track in dealing with the urgent need to reduce significantly the number of foreign workers in
Israel. Foreign employment in Israel has reached a level of 11% of the labor force, almost the highest
in the world. The number of foreign workers in Israel exceed the number of the unemployed. The new
track should aim at equalizing, at least, the cost of employing a foreign worker to that of employing an
Israeli one. The difference now may amount to 40% in favor of the foreign worker. Immigration police
is indeed necessary, but far from being enough.
3. Social pact
The government should reach an understanding with the labor union and the employers association
regarding a new set of rules governing wage determination. This is particularly important regarding
wages in the public sector, the minimum wage in the economy, wages and other benefits of senior
management in the private sector, and economy-wide pension arrangements.
4. Structural changes
Move ahead with required structural changes in the economy to improve competition in key industries
like financial services, energy, water, transportation and communication.
5. Short-term interest rate
If all these changes will be implemented the Bank of Israel will be able to gradually reduce the
short-term interest rate while maintaining price and financial stability.
The challenge ahead
This is an extremely difficult package to implement. But we all remember the story from Alice in
Wonderland, where Alice met a cat at a cross-road:
"Which way should I take" asked Alice.
"It depends where you want to go", answered the cat.
"I don't care" said Alice.
"Then" retorted the cat, "it does not matter which way you take".
We know where we want to go.
We know what is at stake.
We should, then, get organized to implement the required changes to start growing again. We
certainly have the potential to do it and I trust that we will.