Eddie Yue: Why challenges reinforce Hong Kong's value as an
international financial centre
Keynote speech by Mr Eddie Yue, Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, at the
Asian Academy of International Law Conference "Why challenges reinforce Hong Kong's value
as an international financial centre", 26 February 2021.
* * *
Opening
1. Good afternoon. I am delighted to be your keynote at this important event today. I thank the
Secretary of Justice, Tony (Neoh) and Stephen (Phillips) for inviting me.
2. This conference is titled 'Why Hong Kong is irreplaceable'. And in the context of international
finance, I think it'd be fair to start this session with a question rather than a statement and ask:
why is Hong Kong irreplaceable?
3. The answer is that no city is totally irreplaceable as a financial centre. For decades, London
has been established as one of the leading global financial hubs. But even with this entrenched
position, we have been hearing questions whether London can maintain this dominance in
Europe after Brexit.
4. Or look further back in time. Modern banking was probably pioneered in Genoa in the
th
15 century. But no-one sees this picturesque Italian city as a financial centre today. In China,
Pingyao in Shanxi was once the cradle of banking during the Qing dynasty; it is now more of an
open-air museum for tourists.
5. The truth is that what financial centres do is irreplaceable, not where they are. Throughout
history, financial activity has been concentrated where it best meets the needs of market users.
And talent always follows the money. In other words, a financial centre grows when it can
effectively intermediate the demand and supply of money, enable risk management and create
value. When that is no longer the case, capital and talent move on. Ruthless, but that's the
nature of finance.
6. In my view, the qualities of an international financial centre can be distilled in two words:
opportunity and ecosystem. In the rest of my speech, I am going to discuss why Hong Kong's
franchise as an international finance centre remains strong - and how we can make that
franchise even stronger.
The Ecosystem
7. Let me start with the bedrock of the ecosystem, which is financial stability. I've been with the
HKMA long enough to have been part of the team that helped Hong Kong weather the Asian
Financial Crisis and the Global Financial Crisis. We learned a lot about the importance of
financial stability through these experiences.
8. But what Hong Kong has gone through since mid-2019 has been truly exceptional. The social
unrest, China-US tensions and Covid-19 put our financial system under a prolonged, real-life
stress test that featured almost all the worst-case scenarios.
9. How have we performed? Without wanting to sound complacent, I think we've done alright. Let
me share a few facts with you to illustrate this.
10. Our Linked Exchange Rate System stood up to the test. The Hong Kong dollar has been
staying strong against the US dollar, reflecting continuous fund inflows - not the outflows that
some might have feared. Since April 2020, the HKMA has repeatedly taken in the inflows that
came into our System, amounting to a total of 50 billion US dollars.
11. In these two challenging years, deposits at Hong Kong banks have grown by a total of 8.5%.
The perception that capital is fleeing from Hong Kong is simply not borne out by facts.
12. Our banking sector's capital strength, liquidity position and non-performing loan ratios all
compare favourably with those of international peers. Banks in the city have also been using the
buffers they built up when the economy was strong to provide timely financing support to
corporates and households during these testing times.
13. What about the other sectors? If you look at Hong Kong's asset and wealth management
sector, it is the same story. It remains very robust. Assets under management grew by 20 per
cent in 2019. And that growth momentum remained strong in 2020.
14. All this might seem hard to believe when you consider what has been happening. But I
believe our problems during the last couple of years have only served to demonstrate the
extraordinary resilience of our financial system.
15. So these times of trial actually show why Hong Kong is, and will remain, a great financial
centre. Some have seen a challenge to Hong Kong's future in the turbulence we have faced. But
I would argue that successfully weathering another storm has only reinforced Hong Kong's
unique value - to China and to the rest of the world.
16. Another key feature of Hong Kong's ecosystem is our broad-based financial leadership. This
city is strong not only in one or two areas but across the full spectrum of products: commercial
banking, investment banking, equities, fixed income, asset and wealth management, foreign
exchange and more. This is important because it means we can provide holistic solutions to the
specific financial needs of firms and individuals.
17. This array of financial services is supported by world-class professional services. Hong Kong
has top-notch capabilities in law, accountancy, tax, risk management and compliance.
18. And we have an outstanding talent pool. Hong Kong has a well-educated local workforce. But
we are also a welcoming city that attracts top professionals from around the world, creating a
deep and diversified bench of talent.
19. And let's not forget the legal system and regulatory environment. Hong Kong is renowned for
its unique bilingual common law system. We have a highly-regarded, independent judiciary - as
well as an internationally-recognised, forward-looking regulatory environment. That means we
offer a fair and predictable marketplace in which all financial institutions can operate and prosper.
20. Each of the above is a great asset in its own right. When you put them all together and it runs
like clockwork, you have a powerful ecosystem that would be very hard to replace. This kind of
infrastructure is so sticky that it's "hard to move" - to quote a senior executive at a leading global
asset manager, who just reaffirmed that Hong Kong will remain their one and only Asian hub.
21. Because our system functions so smoothly, even under stress, it's easy for people to take it
for granted. At the HKMA, we can never do that. As a market facilitator, we are always looking for
new opportunities for our financial sector. And, as a supervisor, we are constantly working to
create policy headroom so that market players can seize those opportunities.
Opportunity - China
22. As we speak of opportunity, the future of finance - from Hong Kong's perspective - can be
summed up in three words: China, green and technology.
23. By China, I mean connecting the Mainland and international financial markets via Hong Kong.
Hong Kong is the only gateway of its kind to the Mainland's capital markets. Only Hong Kong can
play this role - because of a combination of advantages that only Hong Kong has.
24. We are part of China, supporting the country's economic development for more than four
decades. That's why the financial infrastructure connecting Hong Kong with the Mainland has
continued to grow. And we provide global investors with a familiar, trusted point of access to
Mainland markets. That's why about two-thirds of the Mainland's two-way capital flows
consistently go through Hong Kong.
25. Some argue that this advantage is temporary. As China's domestic capital markets open up,
the argument goes, surely international capital can bypass Hong Kong and go directly to
Shanghai and Shenzhen?
26. It is true that the Mainland authorities are pursuing further liberalisation of the onshore capital
markets. This was evident in a series of reforms to the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor
regimes last year. Access to the China Interbank Bond Market has also been enhanced, making
it easier for investors anywhere to directly access this 16 trillion US dollar market.
27. And yet Hong Kong's own portal to Mainland bonds is more popular than ever. Orders going
through our Bond Connect link to China's Interbank Bond Market account for more than half of its
turnover by foreign investors. More than 2,400 institutional investors are registered on the
platform. And Bond Connect has continued to grow right through the social unrest and pandemic:
volumes rose by 82 per cent in 2020.
28. Hong Kong's two Stock Connect links - with Shanghai and Shenzhen - are also very popular
with international investors. Average daily turnover on Stock Connect more than doubled last
year. 'Northbound' traffic from here to the Mainland rose by 119 per cent. This reflects continued
global demand for Chinese securities as their weighting in benchmark indices increases.
29. And investors choose Stock Connect for the same reason they choose Bond Connect.
Through Hong Kong, they can enter Chinese markets on a platform that is proven and familiar,
using English-language documentation and applying international norms and practices.
30. The opening-up of various channels into China's domestic markets gives options to
international investors. They can choose to have an onshore presence and trade directly in the
local market. Or they can continue to use Hong Kong as their base if it makes sense for their
strategy and resources.
31. The fact that the majority of foreign investors access the Mainland capital markets using the
two Connect schemes speaks volumes about the unique value proposition of the Hong Kong
platform. In recent years, that financial connectivity has been boosted by increasing 'southbound'
traffic from the Mainland to Hong Kong.
32. It is well known that Hong Kong is the leading hub for Mainland enterprises looking to issue
equity or debt in the international market. That activity continued to thrive in 2020, thanks to the
secondary listings by home-coming Mainland corporates and IPOs by new economy companies.
33. But Hong Kong is much more than a capital-raising gateway for Chinese firms. Today,
Mainland institutions and individuals use Hong Kong to put their capital to work. Southbound flows
from the Mainland to Hong Kong through the Stock Connect schemes rose by 128 per cent last
year.
34. The volume of capital flowing from the Mainland into Hong Kong is set to grow further. Very
soon, we will be launching a Wealth Management Connect scheme. This next Connect will
ultimately offer customers across the Greater Bay Area access to Hong Kong's world-leading
wealth management services. We are also in discussion with our Mainland counterparts about
launching Southbound trading under Bond Connect.
35. Both of these developments will create great opportunities for Hong Kong as a financial
centre. But we will not stop there. China's economic growth and wealth generation, as well as
global investors' increasing appetite for RMB-denominated assets, all point towards a bigger role
for Hong Kong. Our city can intermediate financial flows between the Mainland and the rest of the
world for decades to come. At the HKMA, we are continuously working towards new policy
breakthroughs that can strengthen Hong Kong's ability to do that.
Opportunity - Going Green
36. The China opportunity for Hong Kong is compelling. But Hong Kong must also lead the other
trends shaping the future of finance. And in my view, at the top of the global financial agenda are:
sustainable finance and technology. And that is where the HKMA, in its market development role,
is focusing its efforts.
37. To meet the Paris Agreement climate change target, the world needs to transition to net-zero
carbon emissions by 2050. That will cost an estimated one to two trillion US dollars a year,
making sustainability one of the biggest drivers of capital flows in the decades ahead.
38. In Hong Kong, we are determined to be at the forefront of this transition. First, the government
has set a net-zero emissions target by 2050, in line with developed economies globally. We are
also integrating sustainability into our Exchange Fund investments and banking system. And the
HKMA is co-operating with other regulators to green our financial system by setting supervisory
expectations, encouraging climate disclosure, and building industry capacity. In fact, Hong Kong
is the first Asian jurisdiction that has committed to comply with the recommendations of the Task
Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures by 2025.
39. We are also pioneers with our dedicated government green bond programme. Last month,
we returned to the international market with a 2.5 billion US dollar deal, attracting an
overwhelmingly positive response from global investors. To build on this momentum, the
Financial Secretary just announced in his latest Budget that the government will double the size
of the green bond programme and increase the diversity of future issuances. We will also
provide grants to encourage more corporates to seek green and sustainable financing in Hong
Kong. Both initiatives will help strengthen the fast developing green finance ecosystem in Hong
Kong.
40. We are also partnering with the international community to develop green financing. Hong
Kong is the founding member and first regional anchor for the Asia Chapter of the Alliance for
Green Commercial Banks with the International Finance Corporation.
41. Our financial centre is also embracing the rise of investment in line with Environmental,
Social and Governance - or ESG - principles. As the manager of the Exchange Fund, the HKMA
has ensured that ESG principles are now an integral part of our investment criteria, investment
process and asset allocation decisions.
42. And, once again, Hong Kong's status as China's offshore financial centre gives us an edge in
sustainable finance. No financial centre is better positioned than Hong Kong to channel global
investment into China's ambitious plans to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
Opportunity - Technology
43. When it comes to technology, Hong Kong is already at the forefront of the global fintech
scene. The HKMA's Smart Banking initiatives have helped drive the digital transformation of
banking services, bringing competition and promoting financial inclusion that directly benefit
customers. This is just the start of a long journey. The adoption of AI and data analytics in
banking operations, the use of Regulatory Technology - or Regtech - in compliance and the
need for enhanced cybersecurity are high on our agenda.
44. Looking ahead, apart from the technology itself, it's clear that data will be central to the future
of banking innovation. That's why we're building next-generation financial infrastructure. Last
November, we announced plans for a pilot to build a Commercial Data Interchange. The project
will enable corporates to share with banks their digital footprint kept by their business partners on
a common platform. This data access will provide new ingredients for innovative banks to create
new products or processes which will allow thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises to
access bank credit in an easier and cheaper way than before.
45. We're also looking to apply new technologies to addressing long-standing pain points in
banking. Take international remittances for example. The process is currently slow and costly.
Along with the Bank of Thailand, the HKMA initiated a central bank digital currency project for
cross-border payments that has now been joined by the central banks of the United Arab
Emirates and China. This 'm-CBDC Bridge' project is exploring the potential of using blockchain
technology to facilitate real-time cross-border payments, which could reduce costs and enhance
transparency for users. CBDCs have a range of promising applications and, together with our
partner central banks, we want to be at the forefront of this development.
Enhancing the Platform
46. We understand that a supportive regulatory environment matters a great deal to the providers
and users of financial services. That's why the HKMA and other financial regulators are working
closely with the Government to keep enhancing the attractiveness of the Hong Kong platform.
We keep our market infrastructure, legal framework, regulatory regime and tax system under
constant review to make sure that they are business-friendly, forward-looking and competitive.
47. In recent years, we've been undertaking reforms that provide modern legal structures
catering to the evolving needs of the asset management industry. And we are revising our tax
code to make it more competitive for a wide range of financial services, including corporate
treasury activities, the fund industry, private equity and wealth management.
Closing remarks
48. Ladies and gentlemen, I started my speech with the question why Hong Kong is
irreplaceable. In the past 15 minutes or so I highlighted the strength of Hong Kong's ecosystem
as an international financial centre, the scale of opportunity ahead and the actions we are taking
to maintain our competitiveness. I hope you will agree with me that Hong Kong's exceptional
resilience under recent pressure reinforces - rather than calls into question - its long-term future
as a global financial hub.
49. The legal profession has an important role to play in this journey, and I look forward to our
continued close collaboration.
50. Thank you.