Jean-Claude Trichet: Introductory remarks at ETUC Congress
Speech by Mr Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, at the 11th ETUC
(European Trade Union Confederation) Congress, Seville, 22 May 2007.
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Let me begin with a few remarks about the importance of price stability for the welfare of euro area
citizens. The successful maintenance of stable prices and longer-term inflation expectations that are
securely anchored at levels consistent with price stability is a necessary condition for attaining
sustainable growth in economic activity and sustainable employment creation. Looking back over the
period since the euro was launched euro area inflation has indeed been very close to 2% on average.
Stability-oriented monetary policy has therefore directly improved the well-being of euro area citizens,
inter alia, by supporting the purchasing power of their income and savings.
While single monetary policy continues to deliver on its mandate, the euro area economy also faces
significant challenges that point to the need for structural reforms. Among these challenges, improving
the productivity performance of the euro area is particularly important: at the level of the euro area as
a whole, the average annual increase of labour productivity declined from 1.6% between 1991 and
1998 to 0.8% between 1999 and 2006, whereas it increased in the United States from 1.3% to 2.2%.
Pursuing structural reforms is also essential to maintaining the competitiveness of the euro area as a
whole and to translating the opportunities brought about by globalisation into achievements.
At the same time, euro area labour markets have been characterised by favourable trends in the last
few years. Since 1999 the euro area has witnessed an increase of more than 12 million in the number
of people employed and a substantial decline in the unemployment rate from 10% to 7.9% on average
in 2006 and 7.2 % in March 2007.
Looking forward, it is important that this favourable trend in labour markets continues, so contributing
to the diminishing of unemployment as well as a prolonged and robust economic growth. In this
respect, the Governing Council of the ECB considers decisive that the social partners continue to meet
their responsibilities. Wage agreements should avoid wage developments that would eventually lead
to inflationary pressures and harm the purchasing power of all euro area citizens. Beyond this, it is
important to point out that particular wage agreements should take into account price competitiveness
positions, the still high level of unemployment in many economies and productivity developments
across sectors. Wages should be sufficiently differentiated across countries and sectors to reflect
these factors.
More specifically, moderate wage developments in the euro area as a whole reflect an aggregation of
diverse wage developments across euro area countries with important implications for cost
competitiveness. Indeed, over longer horizons we observe that euro area countries that have been
able to preserve a low level of unit labour cost growth have also experienced significant gains in
employment. At the same time, when looking at accumulated unit labour cost changes we observe
that a number of economies which lost cost competitiveness also experienced a loss of market shares,
less gains in job creation and/or deteriorating current account position.
Despite the decline in the euro area average unemployment rate over the last few years,
unemployment remains too high in several countries and regions of the euro area. In these countries
and regions, wage increases should not fully exhaust productivity gains in order to provide incentives
for firms to create additional jobs. In this respect, sufficient wage differentiation is also required to
improve the employment opportunities for less skilled workers where there is high unemployment for
this category of employees.
The extent to which an increase in nominal wage growth leads to upward pressure on inflation
depends crucially on trend labour productivity growth. Under normal circumstances, stronger labour
productivity growth would justify an increase in nominal wage growth, thus allowing wage earners to
participate in economic growth without adding to inflationary pressures. But for the same reason,
without sustained improvements in labour productivity higher nominal wages would not lead to
improvements in real purchasing power, but fuel inflationary pressures. Importantly, industries are
characterised by different productivity developments. Therefore, wage setting should allow for
sufficient wage differentiation and agreements in one industry or sector can not readily be transferred
to others.
Those are the reasons whey the Governing Council calls for a high level of responsibility from social
partners. It is aiming at preserving and improving the situation of employees and of all our fellow
citizens in the euro area. Such a responsible policy directly benefits those who are unemployed by
significantly improving their employment possibilities. It benefits all our fellow citizens by supporting
the purchasing power of their income, thus preserving the well-being of euro area households. And it
contributes to meeting one necessary condition for sustainable long-term growth and active job
creation in the euro area, which is price stability.
Naturally there are also a number of other factors that are contributing to sustainable growth and job
creation, in particular sound public finances and, as I already said, structural reforms that enhance
competition, increase productivity and foster economic flexibility in order to elevate the growth
potential of our vast euro area economy. Augmenting the growth potential of Europe is a major goal for
all of us.
Background information
Table 1: Compensation per employee growth (whole economy) across euro area countries
Table 2: Unit labour costs growth (whole economy) across euro area countries
Table 3. Labour productivity growth in the euro area countries
Table 4. Employment growth in the euro area countries
Table 5. Unemployment rates across euro area countries
BIS Review 52/2007