Mário Centeno: Monetary policy in transition
Address by Mr Mário Centeno, Governor of the Bank of Portugal, at the Virtual IMF Annual
Meetings: Macro Conversations in the session "Monetary Policy in Transition", Washington DC,
16 October 2020.
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As prepared for delivery.
This time is different. This is a sanitary crisis turned into a economic recession, unbalanced
across sectors, and with harsher consequences in some countries.
Many have said that already.
From a policy perspective was important the lack of initial imbalances and being exogenous the
lack of moral hazard concerns.
In Europe, monetary policy response was strong, stabilized the financial markets and provided
abundant liquidity to economic agents.
On the fiscal side, the process was led by an initial agreement at the Eurogroup, that I had the
privilege to conduct. Three backstops and 540 billion euros, in less than 10 days using new and
available resources. Afterwards, leaders agreed on a wider package of 750 billion euros.
National fiscal authorities responded with a strong resolve. Automatic stabilizers kicked in and
new significant support for firms and workers was added to secure employment and the
European social fabric.
In total, a package of measures amounting to almost 6 trillion euros has been approved
throughout Europe.
This explains the leap of confidence with which our economies began the recovery escalate.
In the Great Financial Crisis the (perceived) late reaction during and in the aftermath of the crisis
are partly to blame for the depth of the crisis and the slow recovery in Europe. However, this has
not been the case so far. Response was fast and polices - monetary and fiscal - acted in a
complementary way.
Activity ended up better than initially forecasted, but the evolution of the pandemics is still
uncertain.
What we know from economics is that the last mile is the most difficult to cover. Three quick
remarks on this issue: reallocation of resources, debt sustainability and convergence.
All crises entail some form of reallocation and structural changes. The sudden stop and go
observed so far resembles a V-shaped, but reaching the top requires an increase in labor market
churning, always full of risks, but needed to promote the return to previous GDP levels. This
eventually requires a departure from protection of existing jobs to the support of new hires in the
dynamic sectors.
Economies are getting out of the woods but with higher debt. Sustainability is dependent on the
decisions taken at this stage. A wise usage of the funds that buttress growth will allow our
economies to overcome the debt problem. After all, debt is sustainable if the debtor generates
sources of income.
Finally, convergence. At national level an inclusive recovery has to be envisaged, but the level
playing field must be secured at the European level. Measures have been adopted to ensure that
the convergence process is not disrupted, but rather promoted, the Next Generation EU
programs are key to achieve that goal.
This is also true at the world scale. The last IMF World Economic Outlook suggests a growing
divergence in the world with increased poverty. Some people and sectors will bear the brunt of
the crisis. That should be a point of concern in our agenda.
This are medium to long-term concerns. The premature withdrawal of monetary and fiscal
stimulus can be detrimental to the rebound of our economies. We need to keep them for as long
as they are needed while adjusting the scale and targets to the challenges ahead.
In addition to facilitating a healthy reallocation, as I mentioned, we should assess possible
frictions that are at work and, if needed, fine tune, drop and/or bring new policy instruments.
Curbing negative incentives is crucial for the success of our policy. And with uncertainty comes
risks. Risks that may be harder to perceive at this stage but may materialize at a later stage shall
be part of central banks' analysis. Policies should be designed - or redesigned - to mitigate such
risks.
Monitoring of the implications of Quantitative Easing on liquidity in the form of safer securities is
important. A shortage of good collateral, that is essential to operationalise a multitude of
contracts in financial markets, could be detrimental to a proper functioning of financial market.
We cannot ignore potential risks emerging from the so-called reversal rate.
The Eurosystem has adapted the implementation of its negative interest rate policy,
implementing a two-tier system for remunerating excess reserves, whereby a multiplier of
required reserves is exempt from the negative deposit facility rate. So far the positive effects of
negative rates have exceeded their side effects. Current estimates suggest that the ECB has not
reached the effective lower bound of this rate.
We also should assure that possible movements of search for yield do not threat financial
stability, especially if agents have myopic expectations and expect low interest rates for long.
In case of need, a set of macroprudential and microprudential policies is available. That is
directed at banks and borrowers, helping to address sector and country-specific financial stability
risks. If other target policy responses are needed, they will certainly be analysed
All instruments are needed. The current crisis cannot morph into a financial crises. For that goal,
it's crucial to preserve the role of our financial institutions.