K C Chakrabarty: Social banking and finance - opportunities in inclusion
Session keynote address by Dr K C Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of
India, at the 2nd FT-YES Bank International Banking Summit, Mumbai, 15 October 2012.
* * *
Assistance provided by Shri R.K. Jain and Shri Bipin Nair in preparation of this address is gratefully
acknowledged.
Mr James Crabtree, Mumbai Correspondent, Financial Times and moderator for the session,
my fellow panellists Mr Y.M. Deosthalee, CMD L&T Finance; Mr Ajai Kumar, CMD
Corporation Bank; Mr M.V. Tanksale, CMD Central Bank of India; Mr R.V. Verma, CMD
National Housing Bank; Mr Ajay Desai, Chief Financial Inclusion Officer, Yes Bank and
Mr Leonardo Rubattu, General Manager, Iccrea Banca; other important people sitting in the
audience specially Dr Rana Kapoor, Founder, MD and CEO, Yes Bank and Mr James
Lamont, Managing Editor, Financial Times; delegates to the conference; members of the
print and electronic media, ladies and gentlemen. It is, indeed, a matter of great pleasure and
privilege for me to be present here today at the 2nd FT-YES Bank International Banking
Summit 2012 and share some of my thoughts with you on the topic for the Session: "Social
Banking and Finance - Opportunities in Inclusion". The topic is very relevant, particularly in
the light of the prevailing global economic crisis, which was, in part, attributed to the financial
system losing its social orientation and growing into an exclusive universe, disconnected
from the real sector. Social banking and financial inclusion present a significant challenge
and a unique opportunity to build a broad based and stable financial system, subservient and
contributing to growth in the real sector and overall economic prosperity of the masses. It is
also very germane to the overall theme of the conference on "Realigning the Global Banking
System" as inclusiveness and social orientation needs to be the key pillar around which the
post-crisis global financial architecture is developed. I, therefore, congratulate Financial
Times and Yes Bank for including this theme in the conference and look forward to a useful
brainstorming session ahead.
What is social banking?
Before delving into the nuances of social banking, let me briefly dwell on what is social
business, or more specifically, social banking. In my opinion, any activity which is viewed by
society as not being in sync with societal priorities would get weeded out in the course of
time. Therefore, any business, in order to be sustainable, needs to be socially oriented. This
is all the more true of banking business which, due to its financial intermediation function,
has to necessarily be aligned to the developmental needs of the society that it operates in.
Notwithstanding, banks being commercial organisations, must earn profit, else they would
not remain viable or be able to absorb shocks. At the same time, they must serve a social
purpose; otherwise, they will become irrelevant and unsustainable.
The banking business, globally, has followed pricing practices that have resulted in the poor
subsidizing the rich. This has worked to the detriment of the poor, who have had to pay high
cost for accessing financial services, often forcing them to rely on informal sources for their
funding needs at exorbitant rates. This has severely curtailed the opportunities available to
them to use the financial system to improve the quality of their lives. Therefore, intuitively
speaking, to me, social banking is one where the rich subsidize the provision of financial
services to the poor and where banking business is oriented towards serving the masses
instead of exploiting them.
Thus, seen in a broader perspective, banking can never be "unsocial". Hence, the
terminology of "banking" and "social banking" can be used concomitantly. However, as the
organizers of the conference have chosen the topic of Social Banking and finance, I would
continue to use the prefix "social", though, I firmly believe that banking and finance should
always be social to ensure their long term sustainability and viability.
Social banking and finance - more relevant than ever before
Why has social banking and finance become so relevant now? The global financial and
economic crisis has had a significant negative impact on lives of individuals globally. People
have lost their livelihoods, their homes and savings in the aftermath of the crisis. One of the
prominent reasons for the crisis was that the financial system was focussed on furthering its
own interests and lost its linkage to the real sector and with the society at large. The
relevance of social banking and finance also arises from the realization that free market
forces do not always result in greater efficiency in the financial system, particularly while
protecting the interests of the vulnerable sections of society. This is due to the information
asymmetry working against these sections, thereby placing them at a severe disadvantage.
Post crisis, social banking has become an important theme across the globe. The need for
banks to be relevant to society, besides pursuing their own business interests, has been
reflected in various measures introduced through legislations and regulations in several
jurisdictions. The fact ,that developments in the financial world can have severe spillover
effects on the real sector, thereby materially impacting the lives of the masses - has been
the thought process behind these measures. The stability and strength of the financial
system is, thus, a matter of public concern and is reflected in these steps.
It is pertinent to note that banks are an integral part of the social system. They draw
resources such as manpower, funds, support services, etc. from the community, which also
acts as customers for banks' services. Banks are, therefore, heavily reliant on society for
their operations and it is, thus, fair to expect that banks reciprocate by ensuring that the
interests of the society are taken care of through social banking measures.
History of social banks
Historically, the first social banks were founded in Italy in the 15th century. Their primary
responsibility was to be an intermediary between those with money to save and those who
needed money to do business. In India, the history of co-operative banks goes back to the
year 1904, when the Co-operative Credit Societies Act was enacted. Thus, social banks are
not a new concept but rather an idea that has had a long history both globally and in India.
Distinguishing features of social banking
The critical difference that sets social banking apart from conventional commercial banking is
that though earning profit is one of the objectives of social banking, it would not be their
raison d'être. Social banking would also be concerned about the community, about
contributing to the well-being of the masses and ensuring that their activities are carried out
in a manner that is in congruence with the broader goals of the society. They would not
encourage businesses that harm the ecosystem and would support sustainable
environmental practices through their lending policies.
Social banking would seek to closely understand the requirements of customers and develop
products that are best suited to their needs. They work towards developing technology
leveraged models that bring down the costs of providing services and make banking
affordable to the masses. By extending the reach and penetration of banks, social banking
tries to make banking services available to the marginalized segments of the society.
Social banking also needs to promote inclusion to address poverty
About 2.5 billion people across the globe do not have access to basic banking services. The
unbanked population, which lives primarily in developing countries, comprises nearly half of
the world's working-age population. Their exclusion from the formal financial system restricts
their participation in the global economy and severely curtails the opportunities available to
them to pull themselves out of poverty.
Banks should have a vested interest in poverty alleviation as improvement in the economic
status of the poor would enable the latter's joining the formal financial system and becoming
prospective bank customers. Social banking can contribute to poverty alleviation by
developing low cost products customized to the needs of the poor and providing them access
to affordable credit for entrepreneurial and emergency purposes. Social banking can, through
financial literacy initiatives, generate awareness among the poor about financial products and
their utility. Banks can also contribute towards making the poor creditworthy through training
and counselling programmes.
Let me now briefly discuss the social banking initiatives in India.
Social banking as an instrument for financial inclusion - Indian experience
Though social banking initiatives were introduced in India long back through measures such
as the cooperative banking movement, nationalization of banks, creation of Regional Rural
Banks, etc, their success was largely constrained by the size and population of the country
and non-availability of banking services. This constraint could be overcome only through the
emergence of suitable technology and hence, in the last decade, with the developments in
technology, financial inclusion has received a big boost in India and greater efforts have
been laid on inclusive banking.
Inclusive growth in India: a key objective
•
The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) envisioned inclusive growth as a key policy
objective. The Plan document noted that economic growth had failed to be
sufficiently inclusive, particularly after the mid-1990s. Though the Indian economy
achieved high growth rates between 2003-04 and 2007-08, it did not result in
unemployment and poverty reducing to tolerable levels. Thus, the Eleventh Plan
Document tried to restructure the policies in order to make the growth faster,
broadbased and inclusive. Huge investments in education, health and rural infrastructure
were the key elements of the inclusive growth strategy as envisaged.
•
Broadly, the policies aimed at increasing the income and employment opportunities
and the financing of programmes capable of making the growth more inclusive, such
as development of agriculture and small scale industries.
•
It was recognized that state governments have an important role to play in achieving
the objectives, especially in providing suitable infrastructure/ extension support for
facilitating enhanced credit flow to agriculture.
Multi agency approach
We have a multi-agency approach to financial inclusion in India.
•
The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) is mandated, inter alia, to
focus on Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy issues.
•
In order to further strengthen the on-going financial inclusion agenda in India, a high
level Financial Inclusion Advisory Committee has been constituted by the
Reserve Bank of India. The collective expertise and experience of the members of
the committee will be utilised to pave the way for developing a viable and
sustainable banking services delivery model focussing on accessible and affordable
financial services, for developing products and processes for rural as well as urban
consumers presently outside the banking network and for suggesting appropriate
regulatory framework to ensure that financial inclusion and financial stability move in
tandem.
• Financial Sector Regulators including the Reserve Bank are fully committed to the
Financial Inclusion Mission.
Financial inclusion - what has been done so far?
Some of the steps initiated for enhancing financial inclusion in India include:
•
ICT based Business Correspondent (BC) Model for delivery of low cost door step
banking services in remote villages is being implemented.
•
Board approved Financial Inclusion Plans (FIPs) of banks for 3 years, starting April
2010 are being implemented, with close monitoring by RBI.
•
Roadmap to cover villages with population above 2000 by March 2012 was
prepared and successfully implemented. Process of ensuring coverage of villages
with population below 2000 is underway.
•
Mandatory opening of 25 % of new branches by banks in unbanked rural centres.
•
Introduction of Basic Saving Bank Deposit Account for all individuals
•
KYC documentation requirements significantly simplified for small accounts.
•
Guidelines for convergence between Electronic Benefit Transfer and FIP have been
issued.
•
Pricing for banks has been totally freed. Interest rates on advances have been fully
deregulated.
Approach adopted by RBI - some specifics
• In India, we have adopted a bank-led model for financial inclusion which seeks to
leverage on technology. The financial inclusion initiatives would have to be ICT
based and would ride on new delivery models that would need to be developed by
the market participants to best suit their requirements.
•
Our experience shows that the goal of financial inclusion is better served through
mainstream banking institutions as only they have the ability to offer the suite of
products required to bring in effective/meaningful financial inclusion.
• Other players such as mobile companies, etc. have been allowed to partner with
banks in offering services collaboratively.
• We recognize that technology is the key to our financial inclusion efforts.
Technology needs to be leveraged both for improving access to financial services
and for bringing down the cost of providing these services. As a starting point, we
have insisted that all bank branches including RRBs should be on CBS. We have
encouraged a multi-channel approach including mobiles, hand held devices, smart
cards, micro-ATMs, kiosks, etc for providing financial services. However, the
frontend devices need to be seamlessly integrated with bank CBS systems.
Coverage
A village is considered to be covered by banking service if either a bank branch is present or
a BC is physically present or visiting that village.
Availability
Availability of Banking Services means availability of a minimum of four products
i) A Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (formerly termed as No-Frills account) with
Overdraft Facility.
ii) A Remittance Product for Electronic Benefit Transfer and other remittances.
iii) A Pure Savings Product, ideally a recurring or a variable recurring deposit.
iv) Entrepreneurial Credit such as General Credit Card, Kisan Credit Card.
Challenges to social banking
The concept of social banking, despite its inherent merits, faces several significant
challenges in the process of scaling up. An efficient business/ delivery model that is capable
of delivering banking services to the masses in a cost effective manner is yet to be
implemented by banks. While several delivery models have been experimented with, the
same has not yet stabilized. Similarly, several alternate technology options are being tried
out. However, the alternative that would be able to handle high volume low value
transactions, cost efficiently, is yet to be crystallized. Banks also have to refine their pricing
practices in order to ensure that the basic goal of social orientation is maintained while
ensuring viability and sustainability of social banking initiatives.
Sensitization of bank's manpower on their role in implementing the bank's social banking
measures is also a significant challenge as the rationale and guiding spirit behind the
initiatives need to be conveyed to the operational staff on the ground. This is of utmost
importance as they serve as the frontline contact of the bank with the target groups and
hence, are a vital cog in the implementation of bank's social banking initiatives. Besides
being technologically conversant with the innovative platforms being adopted by banks, the
staff needs to have a behavioural orientation that grooms them to empathise with the
vulnerable groups and gain their confidence.
The way forward
With the introduction of banking technology and the realization that poor are bankable, the
coverage of unbanked population into the financial system is expected to improve. Financial
inclusion, along with Government's developmental programmes, is expected to result in
overall financial and economic development in the country. As in the case of most developing
countries, extending the banking services to unbanked groups is expected to be the key
driver for inclusive growth.
Developing innovative delivery channels would be the key to our financial inclusion initiatives.
There are several success stories globally where market players have worked out innovative
models, often harnessing on technology, to overcome financial exclusion barriers. Mobile
phone services for instance, have been harnessed by several jurisdictions such as Kenya,
through their M-PESA model, for providing access to financial services to people. The fact
that there is a huge mass of people with mobile phones, but no bank accounts highlights the
potential available through this channel. Similarly, use of microfinance, banking agents, etc
by various jurisdictions has resulted in impressive gains from a financial inclusion
perspective.
In India, the policy framework is already in place. However, an efficient business model and
delivery platform for provision of services by financial service providers is still evolving.
Banks, in collaboration with other stakeholders and civil society, are working towards
stabilizing and scaling up their models for social banking. As mentioned previously, we are
pursuing bank-led model which leverages on technology to expand coverage and minimise
cost of providing service. We are technology neutral and banks can select any technology
option. We encourage banks to develop models which can operate in a viable and
sustainable manner.
Conclusion
In the wake of the financial crisis and growing disenchantment among the general public,
reflected in the "Occupy Wall Street" and similar protest movements worldwide, the
consequent reform measures have focussed on promulgating laws which seek to exercise
greater control over the investment practices of banks and to limit speculation. What appears
as a more promising approach in the long run is to develop socially, morally and ethically
responsible banking practices oriented towards all stakeholders, even while pursuing profit
motives. Social banking model can emerge as a very sustainable model that can emancipate
the global financial system from some of the ills that plague it at the present moment.
The impetus for social banking can come from two approaches - one of them being through
legal and regulatory requirements. This approach could, however, result in social banking
being pursued only from a compliance perspective. The other alternative, which holds
greater promise, requires a realisation by market players that social banking could be a
viable business proposition. For this, banks need to be fully convinced that social banking is
in their own interest and that success in pursuing this business model would ensure their
long run sustainability and growth. It is well recognized that without voluntary efforts by
banks, it would not be possible to scale up social banking into a viable alternative.
Accordingly, in India, we have encouraged financial inclusion initiatives to be bank-driven
and to be guided by Financial Inclusion Plans developed by the individual bank Boards with
self-set targets.
As highlighted by the Nobel Peace Award Laureate and former Russian President Mr Mikhail
Gorbachev, the imperatives for a better future are - peace, fighting poverty, promoting global
social justice & common wealth, and protecting the environment. In our attempts to achieve
these objectives, social banking would have to play a significant contribution.
I congratulate Financial Times and YES Bank for organizing this Summit and once again
thank them for providing me the opportunity to be present here today. I look forward to an
interesting and stimulating discussion with my learned fellow members on today's panel and
hope that the session succeeds in generating ideas that financial market players, regulators
and civil society can work on so as to make social banking a sustainable idea.
Thank You.
Select references
1. Address by Dr K.C. Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor, RBI at St. Xavier's College
(September 6, 2011) on Financial Inclusion.
2. Doug Johnson, Centre for Microfinance, "Financial Inclusion & Delivery of Social
Transfer Payments", 2010
3. Social Banking and Social Finance: Answers to the Economic Crisis, Springer, New
York, 2010.
4. Draft Five Year Plan Document (2007-12), Planning Commission, New Delhi, 2007.
5. Daniel M. Schydlowsky, Peru's Development Finance Corporation, "Financial
Inclusion to Address Poverty".