V K Sharma: Affordable housing and housing finance
Address by Mr V K Sharma, Executive Director of the Reserve Bank of India, at the
Conference on "Affordable Housing and Housing Finance", organised by the National
Housing Bank, in association with the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation,
New Delhi, 27 January 2010.
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1. Mr. Abdul Qadeer Fitrat, Governor, Central Bank of Afghanistan, Mr. Arun Maira,
Member, Planning Commission, Mr. R. Gopalan, Secretary, Department of Financial
Services, Mrs. Kiran Dhingra, Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation,
Mr. Kamran Shehzad, Deputy Governor, State Bank of Pakistan, Mr. S. Sridhar, Chairman
and Managing Director, National Housing Bank, Mr. Paolo Martelli, Director, South Asia,
International Finance Corporation, Mr. R.V. Verma, Executive Director, National Housing
Bank, distinguished guests and invitees, members of the electronic and print media, ladies
and gentlemen.
2. First of all, I would wish to thank National Housing Bank for giving me this honour and
privilege to address this distinguished and august audience. The National Housing Bank was
set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India under the National Housing
Bank Act, 1987, to act as a principal apex national agency to promote housing finance by
providing financial and other support to housing finance institutions.
3. I must acknowledge that the theme of the conference is contextually, and topically,
most appropriate and relevant, considering that it represents a very key element/component
in India's indefatigable pursuit of the national agenda of sustainable and inclusive economic
growth and prosperity. I must also acknowledge that the conference agenda is indeed quite
comprehensive what with almost everything that there is to "Affordable Housing and Housing
Finance" included, and to be expertly handled by a formidable line up of internationally
renowned and distinguished professionals. I would, therefore, not venture to encroach upon
their professional expertise and would instead confine my remarks to what to my mind
represent key prudential and systemic concerns in affordable housing involving optimally
harmonising and balancing the interests of lenders and borrowers in the housing finance
market. Coming to brass tacks, I would wish to draw attention to a fairly standard and
generally prevalent predilection on the part of banks and lenders to extend long-term
floatingrate, including, more recently, teaser, housing loans. This is typically rationalized by arguing
that lenders' liability maturity-profile is short-term and, therefore, it is only prudent that
lenders make either short-term loans, or long-term loans, which involve frequently resetting
interest rates depending upon the evolving market interest rates. While prima facie this
rationalization may seem unexceptionable from the point of view of lenders, on a more
incisive analysis, it turns out that, in the medium to long term, it is neither in the interests of
borrowers, nor lenders. This I say because a floating-rate loan typically transfers interest rate
risk to borrowers who, unlike lenders, are far less endowed, in terms of expertise and
capacity, to hedge and manage interest rate risk every which way one looks at it. In other
words, such floating-rate long-term loans effectively substitute interest rate risk of lenders
with potential credit risk in terms of creating potential non-performing housing loans. Of
course, lenders might still argue that in some, or most cases, housing loan borrowers might
prefer a floating-rate loan to a fixed-rate one. But then, it is precisely where the Reserve
Bank of India's guidelines with regard to customer appropriateness and financial literacy and
credit counseling, enjoined upon banks, come in. This is because typically an
unsophisticated, and uninitiated, borrower may be driven largely by the prevailing lower
short-term interest rates, almost completely oblivious to the potentially higher interest rates
over such a long time horizon, as, say, 10 years, or more. At another level, a fixed-rate loan
has more certainty both for borrower and lender and should, therefore, be more prudent one
to make.
4. In support of my above proposition, I would like to cite the US example. In the USA,
housing finance is pre-dominantly of the fixed- rate long-term mortgage variety with an
embedded call option in favour of borrower to pre-pay, and refinance, mortgage should
interest rates decline during the maturity of the mortgage. This structure makes housing
more affordable to small borrowers as they enjoy either a fixed-rate, or a lower rate. Of
course, the option premium is built into the fixed-rate of mortgages in the way of a higher
rate. However, during the low interest rate environment in the USA up to the end of 2003,
when the Federal Funds rate was at its lowest at 1 per cent, a new trend of floating-rate
mortgages, which in the USA are known as Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARMs), emerged
with, of course, its "teaser-rate variant" where, as we know, interest rates were set at rates
lower than the ruling market rates during the initial period and variable rates, higher than the
corresponding market rates, in the subsequent period. It is, of course, history now that when
the Federal Reserve started raising interest rates from 2004 through 2006-07, there were
widespread defaults precisely in the floating-rate/teaser loan/ARM segment with, of course,
collateral damage in the conforming, fixed-rate mortgage segment as well.
5. If, by now, I have been persuasive enough to disarm and convert lenders to the above
proposition, I must still answer the legitimate question that lenders would logically have as to
how then to make a long-term fixed-rate loan, whether for housing, or for infrastructure,
without creating any serious asset-liability mismatch in their balance sheets. To this question,
I have a very simple market-based solution which is that banks/lenders can easily have
recourse to a very liquid and vibrant IRS (Interest Rate Swaps) market, where, as on
22 January 2010, outstanding notional principal amounts aggregated Rs. 38 trillion (almost
75% of the total banking assets in India as also of the nation's GDP), and easily transform
their short-term liability into a long-term fixed-rate one and thus create a synthetic long-term
fixed-rate mortgage financing by doing the following :
(a) Receive fixed-rate for one year and pay floating overnight rate in the IRS market.
(Assuming banks' average liability is about one year).
(b) Receive floating overnight rate and pay 10-year in IRS market. This effectively
synthetically transforms a one year floating-rate liability of bank into a synthetic
10-year fixed- rate liability. By loading margin over this rate, banks can make a
10-year fixed-rate loan to a mortgage borrower. And, significantly, considering that
IRS trades about 50 to 80 basis points below sovereign yield, it is win-win for both
banks and long-term fixed rate mortgage borrower who, even after bankers'
spreads/margins, will be able to borrow at a reasonable spread over 10 year G-Sec
yield (currently 7.55%). Significantly, this can be applied equally to creating
longterm fixed-rate financing solutions for long gestation infrastructure projects as well.
That is as simple as it can get in terms of creating two-in-one fixed-rate long-term
market-based financing solutions for both affordable housing and infrastructure. And
considering that the outstanding housing loans constitute a mere 10%, and
outstanding infrastructure loans of banks, a mere 8% of the total outstanding
notional principal amount of IRS of Rs. 38 trillion, the above solution is perfectly
doable. However, I would still leave the thought with this distinguished and discerning
audience to explore and take it forward.
6. With these remarks, I close my address and wish the Conference all success that it
so much deserves. Thank you all so very much.