Bank of Japan's November report of recent economic and financial
developments1
Bank of Japan, 20 November 2002
* * *
The Bank's view2
Japan's economy has stabilized as a whole, but there is greater uncertainty toward recovery.
With regard to final demand, while the decline in business fixed investment has almost come to a halt,
private consumption continues to be weak. Moreover, housing investment remains sluggish and public
investment is declining. While signs of recovery are still not observed in domestic demand, exports are
losing their momentum.
The completion of the cutbacks in inventory stocks still underpins the increase in industrial production,
but the pace of increase has become slower as exports are not rising anymore. As for the employment
situation, the overtime hours worked continue to increase and the number of employees, which widely
covers various non-regular employees such as temporary workers, appears to have stopped declining.
However, as firms are still maintaining their stance on reducing personnel expenses, household
income continues to decrease noticeably due to, among other factors, an ongoing decline in wages.
Thus, the employment and income situation of households overall remains severe.
Turning to the economic outlook, a widely shared prospect for overseas economies throughout next
year is that they will follow a gradual recovery path. However, an increasing number of economic
indicators are softening in some countries, particularly in the United States. Based on this
development, the recovery in overseas economies is likely to be anemic at least for the time being.
Therefore, exports and industrial production are expected to be more or less unchanged for the
immediate future.
With respect to domestic demand, public investment is projected to follow a declining trend and private
consumption is likely to remain weak for some time due to the severe employment and income
situation. Business fixed investment is expected to be supported by the improvement in corporate
profits to date, but a distinct recovery is unlikely for the time being due to, among other things, greater
uncertainty regarding overseas economies.
Overall, assuming that overseas economies will recover next year even at a moderate pace, the
increase in exports and production will resume, making the foundations of Japan's economic recovery
gradually firmer. However, the economy is unlikely to show clear signs of recovery for some time,
since exports and production are expected to be virtually unchanged for the time being while
restraining forces such as excessive labor input and debt persist. Furthermore, the uncertainty
regarding the outlook for the U.S. and other overseas economies, including geopolitical factors and
their effects on the economies, is becoming greater. On the domestic side, stock prices have fallen to
a considerably low level. Hence, the progress in the disposal of non-performing loans of financial
institutions and its effects on stock prices, corporate finance, and the economy, should be carefully
monitored.
On the price front, import prices are starting to turn up reflecting the rise in oil prices during the
summer and into the fall, and the depreciation of the yen. Domestic wholesale prices are virtually level
since the rise in import prices and the improvement in the balance of supply and demand in the
materials industries have almost been offset by the decline in machinery prices and electricity charges.
However, consumer prices remain on a gradual downtrend and corporate services prices continue to
decline.
Looking at the conditions influencing price developments, import prices are projected to continue
firming up for the time being as the effects from the rise in oil prices will remain. However, the overall
supply-demand condition is expected to keep exerting downward pressure on prices for a while amid
persistently weak domestic demand, although the completion of inventory adjustment and the rise in
capacity utilization rates will support prices to some degree. Moreover, factors such as the ongoing
technological innovations in machinery, deregulation, and the streamlining of distribution channels will
continue to restrain prices. Under these circumstances, domestic wholesale prices are expected to
remain virtually level for a while. Consumer prices are expected to stay on a declining trend for the
time being at the current gradual pace. While the slower growth in imports of consumer goods is
expected to alleviate the downward pressure on prices to some extent, the faster pace of decline in
wages may possibly reinforce the ongoing decline in prices, especially for services prices.
As for the financial market, the outstanding balance of the current accounts at the Bank of Japan is
recently moving at around 17-18 trillion yen, as the Bank provides further ample liquidity following the
guideline for money market operations decided at the Monetary Policy Meeting held on October 30.
Under these circumstances, in the short-term money markets, the overnight call rate continues to
move at very close to zero percent. Meanwhile, TB and FB rates, which declined temporarily after the
Monetary Policy Meeting held on October 30, have inched up since mid-November as banks have
held off buying TB and FB in response to a drop in bank stock prices.
Yields on long-term government bonds declined below 1.0 percent for the first time since November
1998 as banks and institutional investors increased investment in bonds, and are moving around 1.0
percent recently. Yield spreads between private bonds (bank bonds and corporate bonds) and
government bonds remain virtually unchanged.
Meanwhile, stock prices declined and are recently moving around 8,000-8,500 yen due to rising
uncertainty about the economic outlook.
In the foreign exchange market, the U.S. dollar is weakening again on the whole reflecting the strained
situation in the Middle East and the deterioration in the U.S. economic indicators. The yen is currently
being traded in the range of 119-122 yen to the U.S. dollar.
With regard to corporate finance, private banks are becoming more cautious in extending loans to
firms with high credit risks while they continue to be more active in extending loans to blue-chip
companies. The lending attitudes of financial institutions as perceived by firms are becoming slightly
more severe. In the corporate bonds and CP markets, the issuing environment for firms with high
credit ratings is accommodative, but the environment for firms with low credit ratings is severe.
Credit demand in the private sector continues to follow a downtrend mainly because firms' business
fixed investment remains sluggish while continuously reducing their debts.
Amid these developments, private banks' lending continues to decline by about 2-3 percent on a
yearon-year basis. Growth rates of the amount outstanding of corporate bonds and CP issued are on a
declining trend and the amount outstanding dropped slightly below the previous year's level in
October.
Meanwhile, according to business surveys, the financial position of firms, particularly that of small
firms, remains severe.
The monetary base exhibits a high year-on-year growth rate of around 20 percent. The year-on-year
growth rate of the money stock is around 3.0-3.5 percent.
Funding costs for firms continue to be at extremely low levels on the whole.
Against the above background, the financial developments are summarized as follows. Money market
conditions as a whole continues to be extremely easy partly due to the additional monetary easing by
the Bank. Long-term interest rates are low. The money stock and the monetary base maintain high
growth rates relative to that of the economic activity as a whole. However, stock prices remain
unstable. In corporate finance, the fund-raising environment of firms with low credit risks is
accommodative on the whole, but with regard to firms with high credit risks, the stance of investors
remains severe and the lending attitudes of private banks are becoming more cautious. Under these
circumstances, the government released the "Comprehensive Measures to Accelerate Reforms" which
includes policies to accelerate the disposal of non-performing loans. Including the effects arising from
these measures, developments in the financial and capital markets including stock prices, the behavior
of financial institutions, and the situation of corporate finance require closer monitoring.