Gent Sejko: Analysis of Albania's draft budget 2019 and public
finances; recommendations
Presentation by Mr Gent Sejko, Governor of the Bank of Albania, of Bank of Albania's opinion on
the Draft Budget 2019 to the Parliamentary Committee on Economy and Finance, Tirana, 19
November 2018.
* * *
Honourable Chair,
Honourable Members of the Committee,
First of all, thank you for the invitation and the opportunity to present the opinion of the Bank of
Albania on the Draft Budget 2019.
I would like to emphasise that the drafting and approval of this Draft are among the most
important moments in the economic life of the country. Therefore, we have always welcomed the
constructive and professional discussion on the objectives, policies, instruments and projections,
which, overall combined, determine a Draft Budget.
In compliance with the institutional mandate of the Bank of Albania, our opinion will focus on the
correlation between the performance of the economy and the fiscal policy, as elaborated in the
Draft. Next, I will present our judgement on the impact of the borrowing strategy and public debt
management on the Albanian financial market. Then I will provide an overall analysis of Albania's
public finances stability indicators. Lastly, I will present some suggestions of the Bank of Albania
for the period ahead.
Honourable Members of the Committee,
Detailing the governing policies in financial terms, the state budget should not be based simply
and solely on the economic and financial reality of a country, but be viewed as an instrument for
improving it. Let me start the presentation of Bank of Albania's assessment on the domestic
economic and financial developments and the relevant policies to support them.
1. Fiscal policy and Draft Budget 2019
As we have also emphasized in our public communications, the Bank of Albania judges that the
Albanian economy is set on a positive development trend.
The growth pace accelerated in the first three quarters of the current year. In part, the pace
accelerated also as a result of the favourable hydric situation. In addition, employment increased
and the unemployment rate fell, whereas the financial balance sheets of households, enterprises
and the banking sector continue to improve. Likewise, the main indicators of the macroeconomic
balances have improved:
Average inflation approached closer to the target in 2018, despite the negative impact from
the rapid appreciation of the exchange rate;
Current account deficit has trended downward, mainly as a result of growth in Albanian
exports;
Non-performing loans ratio dropped to 12.9%, reflecting the improvement of balance sheets
in the real sector, as well as the measures taken to address it; and,
Fiscal reporting shows that the budget deficit remains at historically low levels, and the
public debt has been decreasing.
All these indicators suggest that the cyclical position of the Albanian economy is improving. In
other words, the economy is moving gradually towards equilibrium.
The Bank of Albania deems that the outlook on economic growth remain positive. The sources of
economic growth appear solid and diversified, in terms of both aggregate demand and
production sectors. In parallel, the external environment remains overall favourable, although
uncertainties and risks surrounding it remain present and are not entirely negligible.
Yet, the positive development trend would not have been possible without a proper mix of
economic policies, i.e., the combination of the accommodative monetary policy with the
consolidating fiscal policy. One the one hand, the monetary stimulus has enabled the lowering of
interest rates; the boosting of crediting; and the easing of debt servicing costs. In turn, it triggered
the expansion of aggregate demand and underpinned economic growth and employment
increase. On the other hand, due to the fiscal consolidation has enabled the lowering of risk
premia and of borrowing costs for both the private and public sectors, and has expanded the
space for withstanding potential shocks in the future.
In our opinion, fiscal consolidation should remain the main anchor in formulating the fiscal policy
and the main guideline for implementing the Budget in the future.
The Bank of Albania finds that the presented Draft Budget accomplishes this mission. In
concrete terms, the Budget envisages:
Reducing further the budget deficit, to 1.9% of the GDP against 2% expected for 2018;
Maintaining the primary balance surplus, projected to stay at 0.5% of the GDP in 2019, as
well;
Reducing the public debt, to 65.5% of the GDP against 69.1% expected for 2018;
Moreover, the Bank of Albania deems that the Draft Budget 2019 is based on acceptable
economic and fiscal projections. In particular, the projected level of revenues is on the up side
our projections, driven also by the projections for an improvement in the revenue collection
process, but the differences in projections appear minor and have immaterial effects on the
Budget.
Based on the above, we deem that the Draft Budget 2019 maintains the fiscal consolidation
trend, remaining harmonised with the direction and intensity of the monetary stimulus and
contributing to the reduction of the risk premia and the costs of financing in the economy.
Beyond the stabilising effect of the fiscal policy, and analysing the Draft Budget, along with the
accompanying fiscal package, from the long-term perspective of the country's development, the
Bank of Albania finds the following:
1. The Draft Budget 2019, envisages public investments at 5.1% of the GDP. From the long-
term development perspective, as well as taking into account the great need for developing
and improving the country's infrastructure, the Bank of Albania considers maintaining the
high level of public investments as an important element of any Draft Budget.
2. The fiscal package accompanying the Draft Budget does not envisage radical changes in
the tax system. Generally, the stability of the tax system is a welcomed development by both
domestic and foreign investors. In particular, the Bank of Albania finds that the proposed
reduction of the tax on dividend, from 15% to 8%, creates premises for Albanian businesses
to have lower costs of financing with capital sources. The lower costs serve potentially to
boost domestic and foreign investments, and contribute to improving the structure and
enhancing the stability of the balance sheet of enterprises, increasing, therefore, the share of
financing with capital sources and decreasing the share of financing with borrowed funds.
3. The Draft Budget 2019 aims at continuing the fight against informality. The Bank of Albania
has supported and supports any initiative that promotes fair competition in the economy.
Such initiatives not only render balance sheets in the public sector healthier, but also
introduce the right stimuli to enhance efficiency in the private sector and ensure a better
allocation of resources in the economy.
I will now focus on developments in financial markets and their interaction with the level and
strategy of public debt financing.
2. Financial markets, budget deficit and public debt
The Draft Budget 2019 envisages the budget deficit level to be ALL 32.9 billion, or 1.9% of the
GDP. This level is envisaged to be financed ALL 25.7 billion (or 1.5% of the GDP) by funds
ensured during 2018 and ALL 22.9 billion (or 1.3% of the GDP) by domestic financing.
Conversely, the level of foreign debt is envisaged to be lowered ALL 15.7 billion (or 0.9% of the
GDP).
In view of the two-fold objectives that the borrowing and debt administration strategy should have
- to reduce the cost of financing and minimising the liquidity risk and debt volatility - the Bank of
Albania deems that this financing plan is reasonable.
In line with our accommodative monetary policy, as well as supporting the fiscal consolidation
process, the Albanian financial market appears calm, with low interest rates and good liquidity
indicators. In particular, the banking sector appears liquid, well capitalised, with improving
profitability indicators.
The borrowing strategy should continue to be oriented toward extending the average term of the
debt, which reduces the risk of refinancing, and reducing the share of variable cost instruments,
which decreases the volatility and increases the ability to project public debt servicing flows. In
parallel, in the medium and long term, the public debt management should focus more on:
Diversifying the investors' base, increasing the attention toward expanding the domestic
market by means of improving the functioning of the securities secondary market;
Limiting the foreign currency borrowing, which - under a free exchange rate regime, applied
in the case of Albania - is a premise for high fluctuations both in the debt level, and in the
debt servicing costs.
Empowering structures and improving strategies on debt management, implying a more
integrated analysis of costs and benefits for various management strategies.
The need to improve debt management structures and strategies becomes even more pressing
if we take into account two important trends:
First, the trend of an increase in the share of debt financed at market terms against the
share of debt at concessionary terms, exposes increasingly the debt level and its structure,
as well as the health/soundness of the Albanian public finances, vis-à-vis the attention of
international financial markets.
Second, the debt financing over the recent years has benefited from a very favourable
backdrop, in terms of low interest rates, both in the domestic and in the international financial
markets. The continuous improvement of both the European and Albanian economies
implies that these interest rates will be upward, in line also with the communications of the
respective central banks.
Honourable MPs, the following sections presents a summary of Bank of Albania's opinion on the
long-term sustainability of public finances.
3. Long-term sustainability of public finances
The organic budget law sets out specific clauses, aimed at disciplining the fiscal policy with
regard to efficiency in the use of funds and safeguarding and enhancing the long-term health of
public finances.
The Bank of Albania finds that these clauses have been complied with. The projections for the
gross domestic product are, in nominal terms, within the latest available projections of the IMF.
Also, the trajectory of the public debt is downward, public investments are higher than the value
of the budget deficit and the draft envisages contingencies for withstanding adverse volatilities in
the exchange rate and interest rates.
Also, a table of medium-term projections for public finances is attached to the Draft Budget. The
table suggests fiscal consolidation will continue in the medium term horizon.
From this perspective, the Bank of Albania finds that the deficit of social security schemes,
health insurance schemes and other social securities is at around 4.6% of the GDP or 2.6 times
higher than the overall budget deficit. Analysed in greater detail, the deficit of the social security
scheme, also known as the pension scheme, is expected to be at around 1.5% of the GDP,
within the projections made in the reform of this system, and set on a downward trend. On the
other hand, the deficit of the other schemes is more stable. Beyond the counter-cyclicality of
various elements in these schemes, the Bank of Albania judges that spaces should be
considered for further reducing their structural deficit.
The Draft Budget 2019 introduces a novelty in terms of explicitly assessing the potential risks to
the realisation of the budget. The Bank of Albania welcomes this novelty and encourages that it
become an integral part of annual and medium-term budget plans.
With regard to these risk scenarios, the Bank of Albania has the following comments:
First, the assessment of the impact from potential negative shocks, on the economy and
public finance, should be accompanied by the identification of measures that need to be
taken in order to cut expenditures and comply with the budget deficit value.
Second, the assessment of the risk arising from public-private partnership programmes, the
so-called PPPs, suggests that deviations from the requirements of the law for annual PPP
payments to the level of 5% of tax revenues of the previous year will be covered through the
increase in revenues. The Bank of Albania judges that, beyond this regulatory mechanism
for the purpose of complying with the legal ceiling, the potential increase in the budget deficit
should be avoided by reducing budget expenditures. Moreover, this reduction should target -
to the maximum possible extent - budget sectors that generate such deviations.
The sanctioning of this principle serves to maintain budget balances, maintain balances in
the inter-sectorial allocation of funds and discipline the contracting of such programmes.
The Bank of Albania also suggests the need for implementing best standards in the aspect
of accounting for their effect on debt indicators.
In the following section, I will present some additional suggestions by the Bank of Albania.
4. Some suggestions on enhancing the effectiveness and stability of public finance:
On the pace of fiscal consolidation in the medium term
Improvement of the cyclical position of the country, that is the fuller utilisation of production
capacities of the economy, eases the burden of fiscal consolidation. The Bank of Albania
suggests that, in accordance with the degree and pace of economic improvement, the possibility
of accelerating the pace of fiscal consolidation in the medium term be taken into account. Such
acceleration would contribute to accommodating the expected rise in the costs of debt servicing
in the medium term, and increase the space for withstanding potential negative shocks in the
medium and long term.
On the tax system
The Bank of Albania deems that, beyond the stability of the tax regime, another desired feature of
the tax policies is the simplification of the system, with regard to reducing tax exemptions. Except
for the case of protecting the people in need, a simple tax system eases the burden on tax
system administration and tends to improve the efficiency in the allocation of resources in the
economy.
On the further enrichment of the fiscal rule
The inclusion of clauses on fiscal accountability in the Organic Budget Law was a great step
forward as concerns legal sanctioning of the fiscal stability. Meanwhile, taking advantage of the
time and the accumulated experience, the Bank of Albania would suggest enriching the Law with
the following clauses:
Identifying a desired speed of fiscal consolidation over a one-budget-year horizon, in order to
better guide the process in the medium and long term.
Including ceilings on the overall contracted value of the PPPs. The Bank of Albania deems
that the inclusion of ceilings on the overall contracted value of PPPs in the Organic Budget
Law would supplement the limitation laid down in this law about on the maximum
permissible limits for the allocation of funds for PPP services over a one-budget-year
horizon. In addition, it would anchor, on a more stable basis, the potential budget obligations
arising from PPPs.
On the pace of the realisation of budget expenditure throughout the year
The realisation of budget expenditures throughout the year continues to show more
concentration in the fourth quarter. This phenomenon - repeated and dictated to a larger extent
by the uneven realisation of public investments- creates unnecessary fluctuations throughout the
year in liquidity indicators and interest rates in the domestic financial market. It also tends to
render more difficult the control of expenditures and compliance with budget limitations, and
reduce their effectiveness.
On the management of Public - Private Partnership programmes
Further to previous comments on such programmes, I would like to emphasise once again the
need for: constantly improving professional capacities of units responsible for the assessment,
contracting and monitoring of these projects, especially with regard to the legal and financial
aspects. Also, the contracted PPPs in the field of public investments should be in conformity with
the strategic medium and long-term programme of investments, as identified in the development
programmes of the country.
Thank you for your attention!