Determine what you want to write about. Choose your genre. Read three to four examples that are similar to your story idea. Analyze the examples.

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Think about the story that only you can write, or that you feel most passionate about. This could be a how to book on urban beekeeping, or a memoir about your complicated family background. The best way to get a good start on writing a book is to choose a story idea that you feel committed to and willing to spend a significant amount of time on.  Take out a piece of paper and make a list of things you are knowledgeable about or an idea you feel strongly about and are interested in delving into deeper in long form. You may already have a story idea in mind. If that’s the case, consider if the story idea is engaging enough to sustain 80,000 words. There are many types of writing, from fiction to non-fiction to self-help to memoir. Some writers begin with a story idea or a character first, rather than a genre. But it can help to pick your genre before outlining your story idea. In fact, there are over 70 genres of writing. Your book on urban bee keeping, for example, might fall in the genre of craft and hobby books, while an autobiographical book on your family history could fit in the memoir genre. Head to your local library and look for titles that relate to your story idea. Try to pick newer titles so you can see what the market is like for your story idea. This will also factor in later to your book proposal, as your book should be competing against current titles in order to be relevant to the current market. This will show potential publishers that your story idea is in demand and similar current titles are being read and bought. For a book on urban bee keeping, look for titles in the craft and hobby section that discuss bee keeping for the average person living in a city or urban area. For books that relate to your memoir, look in the historical fiction section as well as the memoir section for titles that seem similar to your family background. Read through three to five books that relate to your story idea and look closely at several details:  What genre does the book fall into, and why? Consider why...


Determine what you will culture. Prepare the culture environment. Decide what type of substrate you will provide.

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It is possible to culture both plant and animal cells. Sometimes people want to culture tissue that has been obtained directly from a plant or animal. Other times the cells are cultured from a cell line that was previously cultured and stored.  New cultures may be created from taking tissue from an organism. These cells are called a primary culture. They will only divide for so long before they go through senescence. A continuous cell line has been altered using chemicals or viruses so that the cells will continue to divide indefinitely. The conditions will be different for different types of cells, but in general, the culture will require:  A controlled temperature. The best temperature will vary on the type of cells you are growing, but it will probably be between 20-45 C. A controlled pH. The best pH will likely be somewhere between 6.0 and 7.5. A controlled osmotic pressure Adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Hormones Growth factors A substrate that will provide the cells with the nutrients they need. This includes amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Light. Light is crucial if you are growing plant cells which must photosynthesize. Many cell types grow best when they are attached to a substrate. Possible types of substrates include:  A solid substrate, also called adherent. Tissues obtained from organs like kidneys are usually adherent because they are fixed in connective tissue. A semi-solid or monolayer substrate. These types of cultures generally form a layer one cell deep on the bottom. A suspension culture. Cells of this type do not need to be anchored to the substrate, and will grow while floating instead. Cells from blood are often cultured in suspension.


Determine what your strings are made of. Spread some lubricant onto a rag. Run the rag across the strings.

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For guitars that use nylon strings, lubricating your strings is unnecessary. Nylon strings are already corrosion resistant. If you have a guitar that has steel strings, however, you'll want to use some lubricant to keep them from getting sticky, dirty, and corroded. You can check the product packaging for the strings you have to find out what they're made of. If you do not have the product packaging anymore, a good rule of thumb to follow is to consider the kind of guitar you have and the genres it's made to play. Acoustic and flamenco guitars that focus on classical and folk music usually possess nylon strings; electric and bass guitars associated with blues, country, and rock and pop music are more likely to have steel strings. You can use the same rag that you used to clean the grime off from before by flipping it over and using the clean side. If you feel it's too dirty and the oils from your hands have sunk into the "clean" side, then you can use an entirely new rag for this portion of the cleaning process. You will want to select a lubricant that doesn't contain a petroleum base when treating your guitar; these can have penetrating properties which may cause damage to your guitar over time.  Dunlop Lemon Oil, Tone Finger-Ease String Lubricant, or GHS Fast Fret are all commercial oiling products you can buy that are made specifically for guitars. If you need something cheap and readily available, you can try olive oil, baby oil, or Vaseline.  You never want to apply the lubricant directly to the strings as there is a good chance you'll get excess grease on the fretboard which will be difficult to clean up. Position and fold the rag the same way you did when removing the grime and run the cloth or towel from the bridge and saddle area to the the nut. Apply pressure to both sides of the strings using your fingers. When done properly, the strings should end looking noticeably shinier. They should also be oily and smooth to the touch.


Determine what your wiki is for before creating it. Check for duplicate wikis. Make a team before creating your wiki. Adjust your permissions. Start creating content. Create the categories. Create a policy guide for your wiki. Brush up on some wiki syntax Copy from the other wikis. Patrol your site. Promote active community members. Get the word out. Expand as you grow. Have fun!

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Knowing the purpose of your wiki will help decide the software and hosting options to choose from. Wikis can be personal pages, sprawling communities, or anything in between. You can use a wiki to track your life goals, create a product manual for your business, collaborate with coworkers on a project, create a neighborhood newsletter, create a discussion place for a hobby, and much more.  Wikis work best when they have a broad focus that allows as many knowledgeable writers and editors to contribute as possible. If you are trying to build a popular wiki with lots of community involvement, then the focus should be open-ended enough to allow for lots of expanding. For example, it would be better to start a wiki about a game company and all their games than just one of their games. It would be useless to create a wiki which is a double of another one. The target of a wiki is to write together, not isolate each other. Be sure to check wiki services other than the one you've chosen. For example, if you're creating a Wikia wiki, check both Wikia and Wikidot for duplicates. Your wiki will need advice and motivation, so talk about your project and make other people follow you. They are more likely to contribute to the project if they are called before the creation of the wiki as they will feel like co-creators. Your wiki will come installed with a set of default permissions that may work for your needs, but many people will want to change who can access and edit what. This is especially important in business settings where you want multiple collaborators to work on a product page, but don't want it vandalized by anonymous users. You can generally use your wiki's settings page to determine who can post or edit, both on a wiki-wide scale and on a per-post scale. As soon as your wiki is up and running, it's time to get to work writing articles! When your wiki is born, it will have no pages and no other contributors. To change this, you'll need to start adding some content. Good content will drive other people to your...


Determine when to use this calculation. Find this year's return to date. Convert this number into a percentage return. Calculate the time factor. Solve for the year-to-date return.

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In some cases, particularly for investments, your returns may not be clearly stated as monthly, quarterly, or weekly rates. In this case, you will have to use year-to-date calculations to annualize your rate of return. This is not a useful calculation for determining an annualized rate for interest payments or calculating any interest rate that compounds during the year. However, it is useful for getting a better idea of an investment's performance on an annual basis so that it can be compared to other investments. Find how much your investment had made or lost this year in dollars (or your local currency). This is done by subtracting it's value at the beginning of the year from its current value. For example, an investment with a value of $20,000 at the beginning of the year and $20,800 now would have a year return to date of $800 ($20,800-$20,000). This is done by dividing the year return to date by the investment's initial value and then multiplying by 100.  For the previous example, this would be $800 (the year return to date) divided by $20,000 (the initial value), to get 0.04. Multiply this number by 100 to get the percentage return, which would be 100*0.04, or 4 percent. The time factor calculates how much of the year has passed. This number is then used to annualize the percentage return. To calculate this number, divide the number of months that have already passed in the year by 12.  For example, if you are calculating these values at the end of August, this would mean that 8 months have passed in the current year. In this case, your time factor would be calculated as 12 divided by 8, which would give a time factor of 1.5. Multiply your percentage return by your time factor to get the year-to-date return. This results reflects how the investment is performing on an annual scale and this number can now be used to compare this investment's return to investments with different time periods.  For the previous example, this number would be the percentage return, 4 percent, multiplied by the time factor,...


Determine where the deep cleaning is needed. Ask about anesthetics. Let the dentist do the scaling. Undergo root planing.

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Before you begin, the dentist should ascertain which parts of your mouth actually need the deep cleaning. For some people, only one part of the mouth may be affected, and they may not need the procedure in other areas. Other people may be affected throughout the mouth. They will need a full scaling and root planing. In most cases, a local anesthetic will be applied to your gums to numb them during the procedure. The most common type of anesthetic is injected into your gums. It will numb your gums, lips, and tongue. Alternatively, your dentist might use a gel. This will only numb your gums.  If your mouth is numbed, you should not eat until the numbness wears away, as you might accidentally bite yourself. You do not need anesthetic, although it is typically recommended. If you are uncomfortable with the use of anesthetics, you can ask your dentist if you may skip it. The first part of the deep cleaning is the scaling. Your dentist will ask you to open your mouth as wide as you can. Using a hook-shaped tool, the dentist will scrape away plaque from below the gumline. Some dentists may use an ultrasonic device that will remove plaque in a similar manner. Both tools are worked around the tooth at the gumline. Root planing is the second part of the deep cleaning. During planing, the gums around your teeth are smoothed down with a tool to reduce pockets that may have formed between the gum and the teeth.


Determine where to advertise. Take pictures. Know about your boat. Set a price.

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There are many, many websites that allow sellers to connect with potential buyers online. A website like Craigslist allows you to advertise to a broader range of people, but a specialty site like Boat Trader, for example, may help you reach a more targeted audience who know more about boats and are willing to pay more money for certain features. Boat listings with photographs included are always viewed more than listings without any pictures.  Be thorough when photographing the boat. Try to give potential buyers a digital tour of the boat: include multiple views and different angles of the front, sides, back, deck, and cabin.  Don't include anything that won't come with the boat in the photographs. For this reason (and for general appearances), it's best to remove any clutter from your boat and from the area around your boat where you'll be photographing. If your boat is parked on a trailer in your yard, mention in the add whether or not the trailer is included, or if it's for sale at an additional price. Failure to mention these specifics, or failure to remove items from the boat that aren't included, could be construed as a misrepresentation by potential buyers.  Show your boat in action. If possible, have someone take a photograph of your boat cruising away from the dock. This gives a potential buyer some idea of how well the boat performs, and lets that buyer imagine the boat as something he or she could drive.  Capture your boat's best angles. Look at some professional boat listings online and take note of what angles the professional sellers shoot from when photographing their boats. This may take a bit of research and some experimentation on your end, but in the end you will have your own stunning, professional-quality photographs to help sell your boat.  Help illustrate size and dimensions. You don't need to use a boat load of gear for this, as that will only clutter up the photograph. But you can, for example, have someone take a photograph of you extending measuring tape inside the cabinets or...


Determine where to hang your picture. Place painter's tape over the mark. Place another bit of tape below the hole. Carefully drill a hole into the plaster. Hammer an anchor into the wall. Fix the screw into your anchor. Clean the area. Hang up the picture.

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If you're hanging a notably heavy picture, you should locate a stud in the wall and prepare to hang the picture there. For most average, medium weight pictures, though, you should be able to use nearly any space on the wall.  Once you know where you plan on hanging the picture, use a tape measure to determine where the screw will go. Measure where the picture loop is on the back of the frame, then measure out the same dimensions on the wall. After you have determined where the screw will go, lightly mark that location with an "X" using a pencil. Rip off a small piece of painter's tape and poke a hole in the middle of it using the tip of your pencil. Place the tape on the wall so that this hole lies over the "X" on your wall. The painter's tape will provide an additional guide for you when you drill the hole into your wall. Ripe off a slightly longer strip of painters tape and fold it in half lengthwise, with the non-adhesive side folded in. Stick one half of this tape to the wall, just a little below the "X."  The other half of the tape should lie roughly perpendicular to your wall, sticky side up. The adhesive on your mock shelf should catch most of the dust and debris that you'll produce when you drill into the wall, making the clean up process much simpler later on. Strictly speaking, this step is not entirely necessary, but it can be a big help. This tape shelf should be about 4 inches (10 cm) long or so, and positioned about 2 inches (5 cm) below the hole in your wall. Check the instructions on the back of your package of screws and anchors to determine how big the drill bit should be. Then, use this drill bit an an electric drill to drill into the "X" on your wall.  For an average set of wall anchors, you will usually need 1 3/16 drill bit. The drill bit will usually need to be just a fraction smaller than the anchor you plan on using. Again, though, it is best to follow the recommendation on the back of the wall anchor package when selecting the right bit. The drill will stop moving inward when it hits...


Determine where to situate the vertical garden. Select vertical structures. Prepare the soil. Choose containers as applicable.

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Most vegetables require at least 6 hours of sun, so choose a sunny location for the vertical garden. If you live in an apartment building, a sunny balcony may be an option. If you have a yard, consider a sunny location against a south-facing wall of your house. In order for plants to grow vertically, they need a vertical support system. Common support structures include trellises, tripods, pyramids, walls, fences, wire cages and walls. Arches or arbors can serve as focal areas while also supporting vegetables.  Almost any structure that points toward the sky can be used for vertical gardening. Consider creative options like bamboo poles, tree branches, ladders, sunflowers or corn stalks.  Choose a support structure strong enough for the vegetables you want to grow. Mature plants loaded down with vegetables can be heavy. For example, tomato plants require very sturdy vertical structures, while peas may climb almost any structure without bearing much weight on it. Place the support system in your garden or on your patio before planting vegetables. This prevents you from damaging plants. Locate vertical supports on the north or east side of the garden where they won't block the sun from the growing vegetables. Anchor the support system securely. Vertical supports like trellises or wire cages can be staked directly in the ground. Trellises and other flat vertical supports also can be attached to the exterior wall of a home. If you attach a vertical support to a wall, leave space between the wall and the trellis for air circulation as the plant climbs. Whether you plant vegetables in the ground or in containers, soil quality is important for your vertical garden. Use weed-free, compost-rich soil. To encourage proper drainage in containers, mix the soil with peat moss or perlite. If you are growing vegetables in containers, you can use almost any type of container.  Make sure that the container is deep enough to accommodate the type of vegetable you are growing. Larger and heavier vegetables will require larger and...


Determine where you need to break the concrete. Mark the location of the portion of the slab you intend to remove. Shut off all relevant utilities. Saw Chip the concrete near the cut. Gradually deepen the hole. Chip inward to make the gap wider. Break larger pieces using a sledgehammer or electric jackhammer. Clean up the walls of the hole. Search for the damaged pipe (if applicable).

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If you are looking for a broken water or drain line and you can figure out its general location, you'll save a lot of effort and expense. Here are some things to look for:  For plumbing problems, try to determine the location and depth of the underground pipes. Look for an outdoor faucet, sewer cap, or use a line locator. For water problems, look for areas where water is either bubbling up through cracks in the concrete or seeping out around the edges of the slab. For electrical lines, you may find you have to locate the conduit outside the slab area and dig up a length of it to determine where it runs. For other types of repairs, look up the construction blueprints with your municipal government or request them from the contractor who built your home. You may wish to measure distances from the slab's edge to make an even, parallel hole for less visible repairs. Use a pencil or chalk to mark off the location. Since you don’t know what is under the concrete, allow for plenty of room around your repair area to avoid causing further damage. If you are digging toward a specific line or pipe, shut off the power or water before you begin. You don't want to risk electrocution, flooding, or a gas leak. Always call the utility company to find out the location of power lines and other dangerous items before beginning projects that involve digging. the line as deeply as possible. Rent a concrete cutoff or demolition saw. Cut the line evenly to create a clean edge when your work is complete. If you are searching for a broken water pipe, you may have to enlarge the hole after the initial break is done.  Be very cautious while sawing. These saws are powerful and can cause serious injury, property damage, or death if used incorrectly. Always wear a respirator or face mask to protect your lungs from cement dust and always follow the tool's user instructions carefully. Whenever possible, use a wet saw and a steady flow of water to prevent airborne dust and damage to the saw blade. Use a heavy duty hammer drill or a breaking...


Determine where you want the hemline. Take off the pants and measure how much fabric to remove. Pin the pants and mark the fold line. Mark the cutting line across both pant legs. Cut the pant legs along the cutting line. Fold the pants at the fold line and straight stitch across to hem the pants. Iron the new hemline.

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Wear the pants with the shoes you intend to wear with them. This will help you see where the hemline falls. Then, use tailor's chalk to make a mark where you'd like the hemline to be. Since it can be tricky to accurately mark your own hemline, ask a friend to mark it for you. Fold the pants in half and lay them flat so the pant legs are stacked on top of each other. Use a measuring tape to find the distance from the current hem to the mark you made. This will show you how much fabric you'll need to remove when you hem the legs. For example, if you're drastically altering the hemline, you might want to remove 5 inches (13 cm) from the bottom of the pants. Use 2 sewing pins to pin the pants in place near the thighs. The pins will prevent the pant legs from shifting around while you mark the legs. Then, use the tailor's chalk and a ruler to mark a straight line around the entire pant leg where you want the new hemline will be. This will be your fold line. Remember to mark the fold line for the pant leg that's underneath the top one. Since you'll need to leave a hem allowance in order to fold and sew the hemline, decide how much space you'd like to leave in order to fold the hemline. Then, make a straight horizontal line below the fold line to make the cutting line. If you're unsure how much space to leave between the fold and cutting lines, measure the distance between the original hemline and the bottom of the pants. For example, the cutting line might need to be 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the hemline. Use a sharp pair of scissors to carefully cut along the straight cutting line you marked. You can discard the excess fabric and take the pins out of the pant legs. You should have fabric below the fold line that you can now fold inside the pant leg. The fold line that you marked will now be the bottom of the pant leg. Use a sewing machine to straight stitch across the folded pant leg to create the new hemline.  You can fold the pant leg as you sew or fold it all first and pin it in place. If you use pins, ensure that...


Determine where you want to improve. Weigh yourself and take measurements. Take a "before" picture. Buy the bikini you want to wear (unless you already own it) and hang it up in a place where you will see it every day.

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This will help you choose which diet and exercise route is right for you. Ask yourself the following questions: Do I want to lose weight? How much weight do I want to lose? Do I want to gain muscle? Am I happy with my weight, but want to tone up? This will help you track your progress. Remember that muscle weighs more than fat, so if your goal is to add bulk or tone up your muscles, then you might gain some overall weight. If this is the case, then focus on your measurements rather than the number on the scale. This will help keep you motivated and will make you feel incredibly satisfied when you finally take that "after" picture. This will serve as a constant reminder about why you started, especially on those difficult days when you just want to give up.


Determine where you will place the arch. Determine the size of your arch. Determine the sizes of your beach balls and inner tubes. Figure out approximately how many beach balls and inner tubes you’ll need.

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Locate an area at your party that will make a good space for the arch. This will allow you to determine how big the arch will be, and how many beach balls and inner tubes will be needed.  You can create the arch as a backdrop piece for photo ops, or as something your guests will walk through. If you plan for people to walk through the arch, consider the height of your guests. If you don't know the height of your guests, 6–7 feet (180–210 cm) is a good size. You may want to look for an area that offers some support for the arch, such as an existing doorway. The arch should be self-standing, but any additional support can be helpful. Place one end of a piece of rope on the ground where the arch will begin, and place a rock on top of it. Then run the rope along the area where you imagine the arch (use a friend and/or a step-stool to help you). Make a mark on the rope where it reaches the ground on the other side. Then lay your rope out straight and use your tape measure to determine the length. To determine the size of your arch, you will need a long piece of rope or twine, a tape measure, a marker, and a rock. You may also need the help of a friend and a ladder or step-stool. You are going to use 1 larger inner tube as the base for each side of the arch (so you'll need 2 altogether). Then you will alternate between beach balls and small inner tubes, making your way across the arch. In order to know how many of each you'll need, you need to select your materials and measure them.  The most common size of beach ball is 11.2 inches (28 cm), but they are also available in 16 inches (41 cm), 24 inches (61 cm), and other sizes. Inner tubes are available in a wide variety of sizes and thicknesses. You may need to purchase a few inner tube options and then measure them blown up. (The measurements on the package generally refer to the diameter of the inner tube, whereas you need to know the thickness.) You will want an even number of small inner tubes, plus 2 larger ones for each base. You will want an odd number of...


Determine where you'll need to work. Decide how your company or team needs to be structured. Determine what materials you will need. Identify the cost of your materials. Identify any required technology.

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Part of your feasibility study should be devoted to exploring the details of where you'll be working.  For example, you may need an office space to serve as headquarters for your business operation or project, or you may need land with special features, if for example, you are planning to expand your orchard for your business. Make sure that you have access to the space and facilities you'll need, and research any leases or permits that you'll need. If you won't be heading this project alone, you'll have to think about what sort of help (paid or volunteer) you'll need from others. You need to give serious thought to all of the following questions:  What are your staffing needs? What qualifications will your staff need? Are there qualified people available to hire or recruit to volunteer? How do you see these staffing needs changing as the business grows or as the projects unfolds? Will you need a board of directors? What will their qualifications need to be? Who would serve on it? This is the point at which you'll have to carefully research and list all of the materials you'll need for each specific stage of your project:  What raw materials will you need? From where will they be sourced? For example, will you be able to grow all of your own fruit or will you need to purchase it in bulk from a separate grower, especially in the off-season? How much sugar and pectin will you need on a regular basis? Will you have to drive to a wholesaler to get these, or can they be regularly delivered? You should also think about the smaller details such as the materials you'll need for packaging and delivering your product, if you are creating something to be sold. Also, don't neglect to include such necessities as office supplies. While you will get more specific with the details of your budget in the next phase of the feasibility study, make sure to record the prices of the materials you'll need as you research their availability. Make note of whether or not you'll be able to comparison shop for your materials, or if...


Determine whether a state estate or inheritance tax applies. Use your estate tax calculations to determine your state liability. Establish an alternative residency.

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Several states have estate taxes or inheritance taxes, but these states are the minority. Inheritance and estate taxes are very similar taxes, as both seek to minimize the transfer of inherited wealth. However, an inheritance tax applies to transfers, while the estate tax applies to the estates themselves, regardless of who the recipient is.  The following states have estate taxes: Washington, Oregon, Minnesota, Illinois, Hawaii, New York, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. New Jersey and Delaware no longer have estate taxes for deaths that occurred after 1/1/2018. For example, if you live in Oregon, the exemption threshold is $1 million and the tax rate is somewhere between .8% and 16% (depending on the size of your estate). The following states have inheritance taxes: Nebraska, Iowa, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. For example, if you live in Iowa, transfers at death may incur a tax of somewhere between 0% and 15% depending on the amount of the transfer. Use your calculations in order to identify your taxable estate. If your taxable estate exceeds the exemption threshold in the state you live in, you may want to consider moving in order to avoid the tax liability. If you live in a state with an inheritance tax and wish to avoid it, consider establishing residency elsewhere, in a jurisdiction without an inheritance tax. You may relocate permanently, or divide your time between your old residence and your new one. If you divide your time, however, be sure to establish a record that supports your claim of a new residency. Do things like change your vehicle registration, voter registration, and forward your mail to your new address.


Determine whether bankruptcy is necessary. Consider student loans. Consider impact on your credit.

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When deciding whether to file for bankruptcy, it is important that you understand what debt bankruptcy will eliminate and what debt will remain. The most important question to ask yourself is “will bankruptcy help me?” When making your decision about whether bankruptcy is helpful, consider the following:  Depending on the type of bankruptcy filing, you may be able to eliminate or pay off most of your debt. This is called a discharge and allows you to have a new financial start. Filing for bankruptcy may stop foreclosure on your home or provide you time to restructure your debt. Filing for bankruptcy stops debt collection processes, which means debt collectors will no longer be able to call your home or repossess your items. Filing for bankruptcy prevents utility companies from stopping your heat and hot water. You may be able to restructure your debt so that you have lower monthly payment for mortgages or car loans. You cannot discharge your student loans, or stop paying alimony and child support. You are still responsible to pay any court restitution orders, criminal fines and most taxes. A friend or family member that has co-signed a loan with you will be responsible to pay your loan even if you file for bankruptcy. As mentioned above, in most cases student loans will not be discharged through bankruptcy. If the majority of your debt is from student loans, Chapter 7 may not be a good choice.  A person can seek a discharge of student loan obligations be demonstrating undue hardship on the debtor and his or her dependents. While you may not be able to get a complete discharge, if you file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you may be able to negotiate a reduced monthly payment for your loans. Before choosing bankruptcy, you should consider the impact that a bankruptcy filing will have on your credit. A bankruptcy filing will remain on your credit report for 10 years after you file your petition. This may impact your ability to secure credit during that time period.


Determine whether crowdfunding is your best option. Start an official project. Put a price tag on it. Decide if you will offer a gift to your contributors.

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Before committing to an online fundraising campaign, you should consider why you are choosing this option to raise money versus more traditional methods, like a local fundraising event or dinner for a charity, or asking for loans from family or the bank for a business venture. Think about the advantages and disadvantages of crowdfunding as they apply to your project.  Crowdfunding involves setting up a convincing online campaign that invites a large number of small donors to contribute money to a project. In return, these donors receive a product, ownership equity in the business, or, in some cases, a small gift of appreciation for their donation.  Crowdfunding can be an incredibly effective way to raise money. You're able to reach a huge market of potential investors or contributors, avoiding the hassle of trying to convince one major investor or a bank that you're worth the trouble of lending money to. It also provides a certain feeling of engagement in your contributors or customers, which may lead to contributions on future fundraising efforts. However, crowdfunding also requires you tell an engaging story to your backers. If you can't provide them with a compelling reason to invest in a few quick paragraphs and a video, odds are you won't get many backers. In addition, if your backers expect to see some sort of progress, or a product, in return for their contribution. If you underestimate your budget or fail to deliver, you risk being sued. Finally, there are certain benefits to traditional types of investor-seeking, particularly for businesses. Startups gain from the knowledge and guidance of angel investors and institutional investors in starting and running their businesses. A crowdfunded business doesn't have these advantages. People generally don't like giving to a “general fund,” so establish a goal you'd like to achieve. Describe your project as specifically as you can. Your project can be a charitable cause, new product launch, or a creative project. Be specific about what you hope to attain and...


Determine whether it is a lease or a loan. Check your loan contract. Speak with your creditors and find a buyer. Come to an agreement with the buyer and your loan company.

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You will no doubt already know this, but if you are in any doubt be sure to clarify whether your have leased the car or have an auto loan. A loan would mean that you have in effect bought the car and you are paying off the cost in instalments to a bank, auto dealer, or other financial institution. A lease, on the other hand, is a limited term contract that will expire after a certain length of time.  If you are leasing a car it is generally easier to transfer the lease to another person than it is to transfer a full auto loan. It is often not possible to directly transfer one loan between two people, but there are alternative ways to bring about the same result. Before you go any further you need to make sure you understand your contractual situation. Thoroughly read through all the documentation you have about your auto loan, looking for information about your options if you are struggling to make the payments, or want to get out of the contract early for whatever reason.  There may be options in your contract to sell the car and pay off what you owe, or to trade in the car for another model and adjust the loan accordingly.  If you are uncertain about your position, contact the loan company and consider getting some legal advice from an attorney. Once you have established your position with your loan company, you may well find that your best option is to sell your car privately. You could then use the money to pay off the amount you owe, with the new owner making the payments to the bank or loan company. If you decide this is your best option you need to have the agreement of your loan company before you go ahead with it.  Until you have paid off all the debt on the car, you will not completely own it, so you will need to get permission from your loan company to sell it. Taking responsibility for the sale yourself will make it more likely that you will get a good price than if you left it to the creditor to sell.  Defaults and repossessions are costly for creditors so they will most likely be interested in...


Determine whether it's time to repot. Don't repot orchids unless you really need to. Figure out what potting material you need. Decide what size pot to use.

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The ideal time to repot an orchid is right after it finishes flowering, when it begins to produce new growth. However, you don't need to repot your orchid every time this happens; rather it should be done no more frequently than every 18 - 24 months. If you're not sure when your orchid was last repotted, and it seems to be growing out of its pot, yours may be overdue for a repotting. Take a look at your orchid for the following signs to know if it's ready to be repotted:   Several roots are growing over the pot. If you see many roots - not just one or two - dangling over the pot, your orchid needs more room, and it's time to move it to a bigger space. Some of the roots are rotting. If they seem soggy, and the potting material is no longer draining properly, you'll need to repot the orchid. The plant is growing over the edge of the pot. If the bulk of the plant is leaning way over the edge, it needs more space. Being overzealous with orchid repotting can throw off the plant's growing cycle. An orchid should only be repotted if the above symptoms are evident. If it looks to be healthy and well contained in its current pot, put off repotting for another year. It's better for the orchid to get a little overcrowded than to be repotted too soon. Now that you know it's time to repot your orchid, it's important to figure out the right type of potting material to use. Many orchids used as house plants are epiphytic, rather than terrestrial, meaning they don't grow in soil. These types of orchids will die if you repot them in regular potting soil.   A combination of fir bark, sphagnum moss, charcoal and coconut husks is appropriate for many orchid genera. Most common orchids will do well with this mixture: 4 parts fir bark or coconut husks 1 part medium charcoal 1 part perlite   If you're not sure exactly what kind of orchid you have, packaged potting mix for orchids is a safe bet for most epiphytic orchids. It's available at many nurseries and home and garden centers. If you have a terrestrial orchid, you'll need soil...


Determine whether or not she is interested in you romantically. Send an opening text. Let her know how you feel about her first. Ask her to be your girlfriend. React appropriately.

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In most cases, you should only ask a girl to be your girlfriend after you have gone on several dates and know that she is interested in you as more than just a friend; if you're younger and are used to asking girls to be your girlfriend before going on dates, then look for signs that she likes you, such as her blushing when you talk, or the fact that she waits for you after class. Having an idea of whether or not she likes you back can improve your chances when you ask.  If you have never spoken to her, don't know her very well, or know that she is already romantically involved with somebody else, then don't ask her out. There are plenty of other fish in the sea! You don't have to be 100% sure about whether or not she likes you, but try to read her body language and words the next time you're together. Does she turn her body toward you, seem a bit nervous in your presence, or look excited to see you? If so, then these are pretty good signs that she might be interested. Start off by greeting her with something like "Hey you," "Hey, how have you been?" or "Hey, how is your day going?" This will help ease into the conversation and prepare her for the question. Let the conversation flow naturally. There's no need to be extra clever right at the beginning or to make what you think is a hilarious comment. It's better to be direct and to stick to the point; she'll be impressed by your confidence if you don't dilly dally too much. Though you may not know what every second of her day looks like, try to send it at a time when she is likely to not be too busy. For example, if you know she has soccer practice right after school, send it a few hours after that. Tell her that you enjoy spending time with her, and compliment the qualities that make her unique, explaining why you like spending time with her so much. Try saying something like "I've really enjoyed spending these last few weeks with you," or "You really make me feel special," or "I've never felt this way about anybody before." Whatever you choose to say, be...


Determine whether or not your computers have Ethernet ports. Buy an Ethernet adapter if necessary. Check to see if you have a crossover Ethernet cable. Plug one end of the Ethernet cable into one computer. Plug the other end of the Ethernet cable into the other computer.

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Ethernet ports resemble large, rectangular ports which usually have a three-box icon next to them. You'll usually find Ethernet ports on one side of your computer's housing (laptop) or on the back of the tower (desktop). On iMac computers, the Ethernet port is found on the back of the monitor. If your computer doesn't have an Ethernet port, you'll need to buy a USB Ethernet adapter for your computer. You can find these online (e.g., Amazon) and in tech stores (e.g., Best Buy). If you have a Mac, check your USB ports as well. You might have only USB-C ports (e.g., oval ports instead of rectangular ports) meaning that you'll either need an Ethernet to USB-C adapter or a USB to USB-C adapter as well. While most Ethernet ports support both conventional Ethernet cables and crossover Ethernet cables, you can avoid potential errors by using a crossover Ethernet cable. To determine whether or not you have a crossover cable, view the colored wires at the end of each side of the cable:  If the colors are differently ordered on one end, you have a crossover cable. If the colors are the same for both ends from left to right, you have a conventional cable. You can still use this cable for most computers, but if you're connecting older computers to each other, consider buying a crossover cable if you run into issues. The Ethernet cable's head should fit into the Ethernet port on your computer with the lever side facing down. If you have to use an Ethernet adapter, plug the USB end of the adapter into one of your computer's free USB ports. The other end of the Ethernet cable should plug into the other computer's available Ethernet port. Again, if you have to use an Ethernet adapter for the other computer, plug it in first.


Determine whether or not your hair needs to be toned. Get a bottle of toning shampoo. Apply the product to wet or damp hair in the shower. Leave the shampoo in your hair for the time recommended on the bottle. Wash the shampoo out with cool water.

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Most hair will turn yellow or orange when it is bleached. If you are dyeing your hair a warm shade of pink, such as salmon, you do not need to tone it--just be aware that the pink will turn out warmer than what's on the bottle. If you want a cool or pastel shade of pink, however, you will need to tone your hair to get it as white/silver as possible.  A cool pink is anything that includes blue or purple tones. How white or silver your hair turns after toning depends on how light you managed to bleach it. Orange hair will turn more silver, while yellow hair will turn more white. A toning shampoo is a special type of shampoo that cancels out the yellow or orange tones in your hair it more silver/neutral. You can also create your own toning shampoo by mixing some blue or purple hair dye into white-colored conditioner; you want a pale purple/pastel blue color.  If your hair turned yellowish, get a purple-tinted toning shampoo. If your hair turned orangish, get a blue-tinted toning shampoo instead. Store-bought toning shampoo comes in different strengths, so you have to experiment. Making it yourself will allow you to adjust the proportions and get the right strength. You can apply the shampoo to your hair as you normally would. Squeeze a small amount into your hands and gently work it through your hair from root to tips. Be sure that you completely saturate your hair. This can be anywhere from 5 to 10 minutes. If you made your own toner using hair dye and conditioner, leave it on for 2 to 5 minutes instead. Do not leave it on for too long, however, or your hair will turn out blue or purple. If there is any color residue left in your hair after this, follow up with a color-safe shampoo. Let your hair air dry completely, or speed the process up with a hair dryer. Toner can make your hair pinkish. If you like the color it turned, then you are done!


Determine whether or not your interest rate compounds annually. Find out the period interest rate. Determine the number of periods in a given year. Calculate the annualized percentage rate.

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This should be listed in your loan contract or investment documents. Interest rates may also compound quarterly (4 times per year), monthly, or weekly. If your compounding rate is anything other than annually, you should go to annualizing a compounding interest rate to calculate your rate. Credit cards, for example, may advertise monthly interest rates, like 1 or 2 percent, but they have to show borrowers the annualized rate when they sign credit contracts. This will be listed as the annual percentage rate, or APR, on the contract. This is the amount of interest earned or paid each period. Again, this can be weekly, monthly, or quarterly. For example, you might pay 1 percent per month in credit card interest. This is your period interest rate.  For the purposes of calculating the annualized rate, you will have to know your period interest rate expressed as a decimal. You can find this value by dividing the stated period interest rate by 100. For example, 1 percent would be 1/100, or 0.01. This is the number of interest periods there are in one year. For a stated monthly interest rate, there would be 12 period in a year. Similarly, a loan or investment using a weekly interest rate would have 52 periods in a year and one with a quarterly rate would have 4. Alternately, a bond payment may make semiannual interest payments. This would be 2 payment period per year. The annualized percentage rate can be calculated using the following formula: n∗r{\displaystyle n*r}. In the formula, n represents the number of periods in the year and r represents the period interest rate.  For example if you were quoted a rate of 1 percent per month (r=0.01, n=12), compounded annually, your annualized interest rate is 12∗0.01=0.12{\displaystyle 12*0.01=0.12} (or 12%). This calculation should be used if the rate compounds annually, rather than quarterly, monthly, or some other frequency.


Determine whether the chimney needs to be cleaned. Check the chimney for animals. Measure your chimney flue. Buy chimney cleaning supplies. Dress in appropriate clothing. Prepare your house for the cleaning. Remove the damper from the chimney flue.

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Chimneys should be cleaned at least once a year, and more often if you use your fireplace frequently.  Take a flashlight and peer inside the chimney flute. Use a pencil or plastic knife to scrape off a bit of the creosote that has accumulated on the side of the chimney. If it's 1/8-inch thick or thicker, it's time for a cleaning. If you only clean your chimney once a year, do it in the fall, before the burning season begins. Otherwise, you risk sparking a chimney fire the first time you light up your fireplace in the winter. If it has been awhile since the last time you used your chimney, check for critters before you begin cleaning. Birds, squirrels and raccoons like to nest there, especially in the cooler months. Shine a flashlight up the chimney from the fireplace, and if you find an animal, take steps to have it removed. To clean your chimney, you'll have to use properly-sized tools. Measure the sides of your chimney from the bottom, through the fireplace. You could also climb up a ladder and measure it from the top.  Determine the size and shape of the flue. It will be either square or round, 6" or 8." Determine the height of the chimney. If you're guessing, it's better to overestimate, so you have more than enough extra rope or piping to make sure the chimney brush can reach the entire length of the chimney. Go to the hardware store and buy the following items in preparation for cleaning the chimney:  A chimney brush, either wire or plastic. Use your chimney's measurements to buy the right size. Chimney brush extension pipes, to help you clean the whole length of the chimney. Alternatively, you could buy a weighted rope designed to be used with the chimney brush, or a rope pulley system. A smaller stiff wire brush. A plastic tarp or drop cloth for use inside  your house. A ladder tall enough to reach your roof, if you plan to clean your chimney from the top down. A broom and dustpan. A dust mask and goggles. Wear old clothes that you don't mind getting messy with soot. Cover your hair with a bandanna....


Determine whether the female is in heat. Only place the hamsters together when the female is in heat. Place the hamsters in the same cage when the female is in heat. Supervise the mating process. Separate them when they are finished. Make a record of the date.

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You cannot mate your hamsters if the female is not going to be receptive to the male. At this age, she could go into heat every four to five days. Gently stroke the female on the bottom. If her tail goes erect, she is in heat and ready to mate with the male. Hamsters are territorial animals. If they do not want to mate, they will likely ending up fighting, leading to injury, or even death. Check the female every day until she is in heat before placing them together. Either gently place her in the male's cage or put both hamsters in a neutral third cage. Do not place the male in the female's cage, however, as she will likely fight him to protect her territory. If all goes well, the female's tail should go erect, and the male should mount her more than once. This may last for around 30 minutes, and the male will likely clean himself between attempts. Be watchful for fights, even if the female seems receptive. You will be able to tell when they are finished because they will suddenly seem disinterested in each other. When this happens, move the female back into her cage. An important part of breeding hamsters is keeping good records. Either mark mating dates on a calendar or write them down in a notebook. Hamsters hibernate when the temperature dips below 50°F (10°C). They will not breed at that temperature.


Determine whether the person has woken up. See whether the person is easy to awaken. Observe the state of the person after the episode. Note when the episode occurs.

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A person who has a sleep terror episode will remain asleep, while someone who has a nightmare will wake up and may remember vivid details about the dream. Someone who is having a nightmare can be easily awoken and brought out of the nightmare, but this is not the case with a night terror. In the case of the latter, the person will be extremely difficult to wake up and may not actually emerge from their deep sleep. If the person who has experienced the episode appears confused and is unaware of the presence of others in the room, s/he has likely experienced a night terror and will often immediately return to sleep. On the other hand, if the person wakes up with feelings of fear or anxiety and seeks out the comfort or company of another person (especially in the case of children), s/he has had a nightmare. Remember that a person who has had a nightmare will often take longer to fall back to sleep. If the episode occurs during the first few hours of sleep (most commonly about 90 minutes after falling asleep), it most likely has occurred during the early short wave period of sleep. This indicates that the episode is probably a night terror. However, if the episode occurs later on in the sleep cycle, it most likely has occurred during REM sleep and is a nightmare.


Determine whether there is any possibility of verbal communication. Speak slowly. Don't shout. Keep your words simple. Beware of challenging phrases. Be consistent. Listen actively. Put it in writing. Be patient and polite. Get a foreign language dictionary or phrasebook.

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Your first step should be to determine whether you and the person you are talking to know any of the same words. Even a few basic words can help, whether you can understand a few terms in their language or vice versa.  If you recognize their language and you know a few words, that's great. If not, ask if the other person understands any English. English is the language of travel and business. It is likely that even in parts of the world education is not widespread, many people will still know a few words or phrases in English.  If that fails, try any other languages you know, even if you only understand a little bit. See if the other person shows any signs of understanding. Just a few words can make communication much easier, even if they're not in either of your native tongues. If it seems there is a chance the other person will understand even few words, try speaking to them in English (or any other language both you and he or she understand a little) very slowly. Slowing down will make it easier for him or her to understand.  That said, try to keep a normal rhythm. When you slow down your speech, you may have a tendency to get into an odd, stilted rhythm and/or put emphasis on the wrong words. This can make you harder to understand. If you speak English with a strong regional accent (e.g. you live in the deep south or have cockney accent), speaking slowly is doubly important. Many people have a tendency to raise their voices when talking to someone who doesn't speak their language, or doesn't speak it well. This isn't actually helpful. Avoid doing this. Shouting will only make you look foolish and may offend the person you are trying to communicate with. Use the simplest words you can to express yourself. Definitely stay away from any jargon, technical language, or similarly complex words.  Likewise, stay away from the use of idioms or figures of speech. These are expressions that, by definition, are culturally specific, and are not likely to be understood by non-English speakers. For example, don't say...


Determine whether to use a bandage. Cover the wound. Cover large scrapes and scratches with an occlusive or semi-occlusive bandage. Change the bandages once a day. Leave the wound uncovered once it has formed a scab.

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If the wound is on your hand or somewhere else that may allow it get dirty or be irritated by daily activities, you’ll want to cover it.   If the wound is in a location that will not get dirty or be rubbed by clothing, you may not want to cover it. Leaving a wound uncovered will allow it to dry and heal quickly.  If the cut or scrape is very small and shallow — and especially if it closes on its own after cleaning — leave it uncovered. Bandages are worth using if necessary to keep the wound clean by preventing bacteria or irritation of the wounded tissue.  Use an adhesive strip or sterile gauze fastened with adhesive tape. Use butterfly tape or another thin, flexible type of adhesive tape to cover wounds in areas where it is difficult to attach bandages, such as hands and feet. All sorts of bandages and adhesion materials are readily available at pharmacies and corner drug stores. If you have a scrape or scratch covering a large area of your body, use a bandage designed to help such wounds heal faster and reduce scarring.  Occlusive bandages of different types are available at most pharmacies. If a bandage becomes wet or dirty, change it as soon as it is convenient to do so.  Always use entirely new materials, including both bandages and adhesion materials, when changing your bandages.  If the adhesive tape or strips are bothering the skin around the wound, switch the type of bandaging you’re using. Sterile gauze with an elastic bandage or paper tape are especially gentle options. Once the risk of infection or irritation is diminished by the formation of a scab, you no longer need to use bandages.  Think of scabs as the body bandaging itself.  Leave them alone and fight the urge to pick at them, as doing so reopens the wound and increases the risk of infection.  Protect healing wounds from the sun. Exposure to direct sunlight will increase the likelihood of visible scarring. Use clothing, bandages, or even sunscreen — if the would is mostly healed — for protection.


Determine whether you are reading a semi-log or log-log graph. Read the scale of the main divisions. Notice that the minor intervals are not evenly spaced.

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Graphs that represent rapidly growing data can use one-log scales or two-log scales. The difference is in whether both the x-axis and y-axis use logarithmic scales, or only one. The choice depends on the amount of detail that you wish to display with your graph. If numbers on one axis or the other grow or decrease exponentially, you may wish to use a logarithmic scale for that axis.  A logarithmic (or just “log”) scale has unevenly spaced grid lines. A standard scale has evenly spaced grid lines. Some data needs to be graphed on standard paper only, some on semi-log graphs, and some on log-log graphs. For example, the graph of y=x{\displaystyle y={\sqrt {x}}} (or any similar function with a radical term) can be graphed on a purely standard graph, a semi-log graph, or log-log graph. On a standard graph, the function appears as a sideways parabola, but the detail for very small numbers is difficult to see. On the log-log graph, the same function appears as a straight line, and the values are more spread out for better detail.  If both variables in a study include great ranges of data, you would probably use a log-log graph. Studies of evolutionary effects, for example, may be measured in thousands or millions of years and might choose a logarithmic scale for the x-axis. Depending on the item being measured, a log-log scale may be necessary. On a logarithmic scale graph, the evenly spaced marks represent the powers of whatever base you are working with. The standard logarithms use either base 10 or the natural logarithm which uses the base e{\displaystyle e}.   e{\displaystyle e} is a mathematical constant that is useful in working with compound interest and other advanced calculations. It is approximately equal to 2.718. This article will focus on the base-10 logarithms, but the reading the natural logarithm scale operates in the same way. Standard logarithms use base 10. Instead of counting 1, 2, 3, 4… or 10, 20, 30, 40… or some other evenly spaced scale, a logarithm scale counts by powers of 10. The main axis...


Determine whether you are ready to buy a puppy. Decide what breed is a good fit for you. Create a budget for puppy-related expenses. Puppy-proof your home. Choose a veterinarian.

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Puppies are cute and furry, but require a lot more time, attention, and money than you may think. It would not be fair to you or your puppy to bring him home when you are not truly ready for, or committed to, caring for him. Asking yourself a few questions—and answering them honestly—will help you determine if you are ready to take on the responsibility of buying a puppy.  Do I have the time groom, train, and exercise my puppy? Puppies are very time-intensive—although some breeds are more laid back than others, you will need to devote a lot of time to properly caring for your puppy. If you have a busy schedule or are out of town a lot, you may need to reconsider if you will be able to make time to take care of a puppy. Am I financially able to cover the costs of caring for a puppy? There’s no getting around the fact that puppies are expensive. Think about if you are ready to pay for all of the necessities (food, collar, toys, bedding, etc.) plus regular and unexpected veterinary visits.  Is anyone at my house allergic to dogs? If you do not live alone, you should consider whether anyone else who lives with you is allergic to dogs or pet dander in general. Research breeds with characteristics (e.g., small dog, calm temperament, etc.) that make them a good fit for your life situation. The AKC has a matching quiz that can help you choose a breed.  Dogs come in all shapes, sizes and personalities. Choosing the wrong breed can result in heartbreak for all if you realize that he is not a good fit for your home. A few examples of important factors to keep in mind include your living situation (apartment vs home) and work schedule (regular work hours vs constant travel).  Consider the energy level of the breed. For example, if you don't enjoy being outdoors much, getting a Siberian husky probably isn't the best idea. Huskies love to jump and run, and they need hours of daily exercise. It may be better to choose a puppy who will grow up to be a dog that likes napping and hanging out with you at home, such as a...


Determine whether you can get a green card through family. Determine whether you are eligible to get a green card through a job. Determine if you have fall into the refugee or asylee green card category.

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This is one of the most common ways to get a green card, and in many ways the simplest. If you're directly related to a US citizen, US immigration law allows your relative to petition for you to be able to live in the US.  Many obtain a green card as the immediate relative of a US citizen. If you're a US citizen's spouse, unmarried child under the age of 21, or parent of a US citizen over the age of 21, your relative may be able to file Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative. You would then follow up by going through the "Adjustment of Status" process to become a permanent resident of the US. The procedure is slightly different for people not already in the United States, and is referred to as "consular processing"; a visa is administered by the US Department of State, and you would become a permanent resident once you are admitted into the US. The procedure is similar, but slower, if you are trying to get a green card through an immediate relative who is a permanent resident, but not yet a US citizen. If you turn older than 21 or get married, your status as an immediate family member changes, and this can delay getting your green card under the "family" category. You can also get a green card through special family situations including being a battered spouse or child, a widow or widower of a US citizen, or a child of a foreign diplomat born in the US. This general category is divided among many subcategories, but essentially entails all instances of green cards being issued for purposes related to a job offer, investment or having a specialized job. Determine whether one of the following situations applies to you:  You've received a permanent job offer for employment in the US. If this is the case, your employer will need to get a labor certification and fill out Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker.  You want to get a green card through investment. If you're an entrepreneur and have made an investment of either $1,000,000 or $500,000 in a targeted employment area, and plan to create at least 10...


Determine whether you can go to small claims court. Choose the right court. Research state laws on serving the other party. Obtain a complaint form. File your complaint. Await a summons. Serve the other party. Prepare for your hearing. Attend your hearing.

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If the amount in dispute is less than the small claim limit of the state where you file suit (usually between $1,500 and $15,000), you may file in small claims court instead of county civil court.  Check with the county clerk’s office to determine what the small claim limit is.  Small Claims Court is less formal than civil court and is designed to allow parties to represent themselves, saving the cost of attorney fees. Many of the complicated rules of civil court do not apply in small claims court. Suing in small claims court instead of civil court, however, means that you must give up some of your rights, such as the right to appeal.  You may wish to talk to an attorney  to determine if civil court or small claims court is best for your suit. Each of the parties’ state and county of residence and the contract itself will help you determine which court is most appropriate.  You may need to consult an attorney to determine the appropriate court for your suit.  If your contract does not specify which court has jurisdiction, here are some guidelines:  If all parties to the contract are residents of the same state, you may file your suit in any civil court or small claims court in your county or the other party’s county.  If all parties to the contract live in different states, the contract may determine that one of those states will have jurisdiction. If so, you will likely need to file suit in that state’s civil court, and in the county of the party who lives there.  You may wish to contact an attorney to determine if there is a way around the jurisdiction clause. If all parties to the contract live in different states and the contract does not specify which one will have jurisdiction, you may be able to file suit in your state and county. If the case involves a large amount of damages, you may need to file in a federal court.  You may need to file in federal court if your case is based on any federal law (for example,  a business contract that violates federal antitrust laws) or if you are suing a citizen in a...


Determine whether you can machine wash the item. Put your clothes in a delicates bag. Choose cold water. Pick the shortest possible cycle. Turn it to the gentlest cycle. Pay attention to your load mix. Air dry your clothes. Use a home dry cleaning machine.

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If the item says “Dry Clean,” as opposed to “Dry Clean Only,” and is made of cotton, polyester, nylon, spandex or cotton, you can machine wash it. Although hand-washing is generally advised for wool, silk and linen, you could also use the hand-wash cycle on your washing machine.  If you have a garment made from multiple fabrics, you should treat it as though it were made completely of the more delicate fabric.  Sophisticated garments made from multiple fabrics and involving intricate designs are generally best left to the dry cleaner. Embellished tops with sequins are hard to successfully wash at home.  Rayon and viscose should always be dry cleaned. Turn your clothes inside out. Then, place them in a mesh bag designed for washing delicates. You should always choose the cold water setting when machine washing items that you normally take to the dry cleaner. Warmer temperatures may result in problems like shrunken or misshapen clothes. Delicate fabrics like silk, for instance, do not benefit from prolonged exposure to water. As such, it is always best to choose the shortest wash cycle. Washing machines have a range of options for the speed and force that they use to wash your clothes. Pick “delicate” or “slow” cycles. Avoid “regular” and “permanent press” cycles, which are not sufficiently gentle. You want to wash silk with silk and wool with wool, rather than mixing everything together. Put all your delicate items in one load, rather than adding towels or other items with your delicates load. Remember to wash light colors with other light colors, rather than mixing darks and whites in the same load. The dryer should be avoided at all costs, since it will likely result in shrunken or misshapen garment. Instead, let your clothing dry on a clothes line or on a clothes horse.  If you are drying wool, remember to lay it flat so that it doesn't get misshapen. You should air dry your wool clothes away from hot areas, since they could shrink if exposed to excessive heat. If you want to avoid the time involved in...


Determine whether you have a first-degree burn. Examine whether you have a second-degree burn. Identify a third-degree burn. Seek medical care if needed.

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First-degree burns are the most common burns. You have a first-degree burn if only the outermost layer of skin is affected. These are the least severe type of burn and can usually be treated at home. Symptoms involve:  Pain Area is sensitive to the touch and warm to the touch Minor swelling Reddening of the skin Second-degree burns are more serious than first-degree burns. The damage goes beneath the outer layer of skin to affect the layer underneath. You may have a scar after it heals. Symptoms of a second-degree burn include:  Pain Swelling Blistering Red, white, or blotchy skin Reddened areas “blanch,” or turn white, when pressed with finger The burned area may look wet Third-degree burns involve severe damage that includes tissues beneath the skin such as the layer of fat below the skin and possibly even the muscle or bone. Symptoms include:  A waxy or leathery appearance to the skin Reddened areas do not “blanch” or turn white when pressed on, but remain red Swelling Black or white areas on the skin Numbness where the nerves have been damaged Breathing problems Shock — pale, clammy skin, weakness, blue lips and fingernails, and decreased alertness Someone with a third-degree burn requires immediate emergency care and EMS (9-1-1) should be called. If you have less serious burns you may still need to go to the emergency room. Seek professional medical care if:  You have a third -degree burn. You have a second-degree burn that covers more than 3 inches of skin. You have a first or second-degree burn on your hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or a joint. The burn is infected. Infected burns may seep liquid from the wound, and have pain, redness and swelling that gets worse over time. The burn has extensive blistering. You have a chemical or electrical burn. You have inhaled smoke or a chemical. You have problems breathing. Your eyes have been exposed to a chemical. You are uncertain of the severity of the burn You have severe scarring or a burn that doesn’t heal after a few weeks.


Determine whether you have a linear polynomial. Set the equation to equal zero. Isolate the variable term. Solve for the variable.

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A linear polynomial is a polynomial of the first degree. This means that no variable will have an exponent greater than one. Because this is a first-degree polynomial, it will have exactly one real root, or solution. For example, 5x+2{\displaystyle 5x+2} is a linear polynomial, because the variable x{\displaystyle x} has no exponent (which is the same as an exponent of 1). This is a necessary step for solving all polynomials. For example, 5x+2=0{\displaystyle 5x+2=0} To do this, add or subtract the constant from both sides of the equation. A constant is a term without a variable. For example, to isolate the x{\displaystyle x} term in 5x+2=0{\displaystyle 5x+2=0}, you would subtract 2{\displaystyle 2} from both sides of the equation:5x+2=0{\displaystyle 5x+2=0}5x+2−2=0−2{\displaystyle 5x+2-2=0-2}5x=−2{\displaystyle 5x=-2} Usually you will need to divide each side of the equation by the coefficient. This will give you the root, or solution, to your polynomial. For example, to solve for x{\displaystyle x} in 5x=−2{\displaystyle 5x=-2}, you would divide each side of the equation by 5{\displaystyle 5}:5x=−2{\displaystyle 5x=-2}5x5=−25{\displaystyle {\frac {5x}{5}}={\frac {-2}{5}}}x=−25{\displaystyle x={\frac {-2}{5}}}So, the solution to 5x+2{\displaystyle 5x+2} is x=−25{\displaystyle x={\frac {-2}{5}}}.


Determine whether you have a quadratic polynomial. Make sure the polynomial is written in order of degree. Set the equation to equal zero. Rewrite the expression as a four-term expression. Factor by grouping. Factor the second group. Rewrite the polynomial as two binomials. Find the first root, or solution. Find the second root, or solution.

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A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of the second degree. This means that no variable will have an exponent greater than 2. Because this is a second-degree polynomial, it will have two real roots, or solutions. For example, x2+8x−20{\displaystyle x^{2}+8x-20} is a quadratic polynomial, because the variable x{\displaystyle x} has an exponent of 2{\displaystyle 2}. This means that the term with the exponent of 2{\displaystyle 2} is listed first, followed by the first-degree term, followed by the constant. For example, you would rewrite 8x+x2−20{\displaystyle 8x+x^{2}-20} as x2+8x−20{\displaystyle x^{2}+8x-20}. This is a necessary step for solving all polynomials. For example, x2+8x−20=0{\displaystyle x^{2}+8x-20=0}. To do this, split up the first-degree term (the x{\displaystyle x} term). You are looking for two numbers whose sum is equal to the first degree coefficient, and whose product is equal to the constant.   For example, for the quadratic polynomial x2+8x−20=0{\displaystyle x^{2}+8x-20=0}, you need to find two numbers (a{\displaystyle a} and b{\displaystyle b}), where a+b=8{\displaystyle a+b=8}, and a⋅b=−20{\displaystyle a\cdot b=-20}. Since you have −20{\displaystyle -20}, you know that one of the number will be negative. You should see that 10+(−2)=8{\displaystyle 10+(-2)=8} and 10⋅(−2)=−20{\displaystyle 10\cdot (-2)=-20}. Thus, you will split up 8x{\displaystyle 8x} into 10x−2x{\displaystyle 10x-2x} and rewrite the quadratic polynomial: x2+10x−2x−20=0{\displaystyle x^{2}+10x-2x-20=0}. To do this, factor out a term common to the first two terms in the polynomial. For example, the first two terms in the polynomial x2+10x−2x−20=0{\displaystyle x^{2}+10x-2x-20=0} are x2+10x{\displaystyle x^{2}+10x}. A term common to both is x{\displaystyle x}. Thus, the factored group is x(x+10){\displaystyle x(x+10)}. To do this, factor out a term common to the second two terms in the polynomial. For example, the second two terms in the polynomial x2+10x−2x−20=0{\displaystyle x^{2}+10x-2x-20=0} are...


Determine whether you have the need for a consulting contract. Determine whether you have the ability to enter into a consulting contract. Ensure the terms and provisions you want to put in your contract comply with your state's laws.

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A contract is a legally enforceable agreement. You will write a consulting contract if you are looking to hire a consultant or if you are a consultant looking to be hired. A consultant is someone who provides professional or expert advice. You will need to decide if you have the legal capacity to enter into a valid contract, which involves knowing what you are getting yourself into by entering into the agreement. Also, you will want to know what is needed to create a legally binding contract. Those requirements include:  An offer; Acceptance; Valid consideration; Mutual assent; and A legal purpose. Contract law is always going to be state law, so you will need to make sure you meet your state's requirements. For example, some states have strict laws regarding liquidated damage provisions while other states allow them more freely.


Determine whether you meet the requirements. Get a teaching placement in a public school. Apply to teach in a private language school. Apply for your work visa at your local embassy. Register at your local government office.

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If you don’t speak Japanese, which is a requirement for most jobs in Japan, then a great way to work in the country is to teach English. Even if you do speak Japanese, you may want the rewarding experience of teaching overseas.  You will need a bachelor’s degree (not an associate's degree) in any subject and possibly a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) or TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) certification. You can get certified as an English language teacher in about three months. Get certified via online or in-person courses. Visit the TESOL or TEFL websites to find accredited classrooms near you. You will need to pass a criminal background check and possibly a drug test. One way of finding a teaching job in Japan is through a program such as the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET). This is run through the Japanese government and places qualified candidates as Assistant Language Teachers in public schools across the country.  Participants sign a 1-year contract and can spend a maximum of 5 consecutive years in the program. You can apply for the program through an online portal during the fall. Your application will need to include the application form, a medical form indicating that you’re in good health, your university transcripts, proof of degree, a 2-page essay explaining why you want to participate in the program, two letters of reference, and proof of American citizenship. It is a very competitive program so not all applicants will be accepted. There are hundreds of private schools offering English classes throughout the country. Typically, you will apply for a teaching position online through the school’s website and be interviewed via Skype if you’re a promising candidate.  Search online for private schools and visit their websites to see if they're hiring. You can also check for job advertisements on Japanese job sites like Gaijinpot.  Make sure the school is legitimate by doing online searches to turn up any negative stories about it. Watch out for red flags....


Determine whether you need to obtain a single reading or continuous monitoring. Remove anything on the site of application that absorbs light. Warm the area where the probe is to be attached. Clear out any sources of environmental interference. Wash hands. Attach the probe. Read the measurement. Keep records of the readings. Troubleshoot if the oximeter makes an error.

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Unless you are to have continuous monitoring, the probe will be removed after the test. For example, if you plan to apply the oximeter to your finger, it's important that you remove anything that absorbs light (such as dried blood or nail polish) to avoid false low readings. The cold can cause poor perfusion, or blood flow, which in turn can lead the oximeter to make an error in its reading. Make sure the finger, ear, or forehead is room-temperature or slightly warm before beginning the procedure. High levels of ambient light, such as overhead lights, phototherapy lights and infrared warmers, can blind the light sensor and give you an inaccurate reading. Troubleshoot by reapplying the sensor or shielding the sensor with a towel or blanket. This will reduce transmission of microorganisms and body secretions. Probes are usually placed on the finger. Turn the oximeter on.  Probes can also be placed on the earlobe and forehead, although research suggests that the earlobe is not a reliable site for the measurement of oxygen saturation.  If a finger probe is used, the hand should be rested on the chest at the level of the heart rather than the affixed digit held in the air (as patients commonly do). This helps to minimize any motion.   Minimize movement. The most common cause of inaccurate oximeter readings is excessive movement. One way to make sure that motion isn't affecting the reading is to check that the displayed heart rate matches the heart rate when you check it manually. The two rates should be within 5 beats/minute of each other. Your oxygen saturation level and pulse rate are displayed in seconds on a lighted display screen. A range of 95% to 100% is generally considered normal. If your oxygen level drops below 85%, you should seek medical attention. Print out readings, and/or download them onto a computer if your oximeter has this capability. If you believe that your oximeter has given an imprecise or inaccurate reading, try the following:  Make sure there is no interference (environmental or on the...


Determine whether you'll need a cool-season grass or a warm-season grass. Take a soil test Check the area that you intend to seed for signs of persistent, invasive weeds.

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Where you live should affect which type of seed you plant in your lawn. In the United States, cool-season grass flourishes in the north, while warm-season grass flourishes in the south. A swath of between the northern and southern United States is named the "transition zone," where mixes or cool- and warm-season grasses generally flourish.  Cool-season grasses, which include Bentgrass, Bluegrass, Fine Fescue, Tall Fescue and Ryegrass, should be seeded mid-August through mid-October, depending on local conditions. They thrive in temperatures above 60 °F (16 °C) and lay dormant when temperatures fall in the winter. Warm-season grasses, which include Bahia, Bermuda, Carpetgrass, Centipede, St. Augustine and Zoysia, should be seeded March through September, depending on local conditions. They thrive in temperatures above 80 °F (27 °C) and need less water, helping to make them more drought resistant. to determine the lime and fertilizer recommendations for your new lawn. A soil test will measure the amount of helpful elements in your soil (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc.), as well as the pH of the soil. Your local county extension office should be able to give you instructions for administering the test. If any hard-to-control weeds have taken over the area, you may need to treat the soil with a non-selective herbicide to kill off the invasive weeds. Wait a few weeks to allow the herbicide to work before continuing with soil preparation if it was necessary to use one.


Determine whether your crab is molting. Look for a "fat bubble". Isolate a molting crab from other crabs.

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Your crab may be molting if it is out of its shell and not moving. Signs of molting include general lethargy, less antennae activity, tangled and confused-looking antennae, an ashy exoskeleton, and dull eyes (like human cataracts). Your crab may remain still for long periods of time, and it may even bury itself in the sand as a safety tactic.  Smaller, quickly-growing crabs can molt every few months, while larger crabs tend to molt about once a year. Note the dates and duration every time that your crab molts; this way, you'll know what to expect. If your crab is new, or if you haven't seen it molt before, you'll need to wait it out until you're certain.  Wait several days. If there is no fishy smell, there's a good chance that your crab is molting. Molting usually lasts about two weeks, so you may need to wait some time before you are absolutely sure. Consider whether your crab has been eating a lot over the past few days. Before a molt, a crab will store extra fat and water in a small blackish "bubble" – usually on the left-hand side of the abdomen, just under the fifth pair of legs. However, do not assume that a crab is molting just because he has made a bubble. Molting crabs are vulnerable to stress and injury from other hermit crabs due to their inactivity and their soft new exoskeleton. If one of your crabs is molting, and you have other crabs in the same tank, put the molter into a temporary "isolation tank" so that it can shed in safety and privacy. It is very important that hermit crabs are not disturbed during the molting process. If you only have one tank, improvise an "isolation cell" within that tank. Cut off the ends of a 2-liter soda bottle, then sink the edges into the sand to protect the molting crab. Be sure that the top of the "isolation cell" is open so that oxygen from the surface can replenish the space.


Determine whether your factors have the same sign. Determine whether your factors have opposite signs. Write out the options for the roots. Simplify the roots for the first option. Check the validity of the roots for your first option. Simplify the roots of the second option. Check the validity of the roots for your second option.

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If, according to the inequality, the product of the factors is greater than zero, then either both factors will be negative (less than 0), or both factors will be positive (greater than 0), since a negative times a negative equals a positive, and a positive times a positive equals a positive.  If the inequality is greater than or equal to (≥{\displaystyle \geq }) or less than or equal to (≤{\displaystyle \leq }), one or both of the factors may be zero. For example, for the inequality (x+7)(x−3)<0{\displaystyle (x+7)(x-3)<0}, the product of the factors is less than 0, and so the two factors will not have the same sign. If, according to the inequality, the product of the factors is less than 0, then one factor will be less than 0, or negative, and the other factor will be greater than zero, or positive. This is because a negative times a positive equals a negative.  Again, if the inequality is greater than or equal to (≥{\displaystyle \geq }) or less than or equal to (≤{\displaystyle \leq }), one or both of the factors may be zero. For example, for the inequality (x+7)(x−3)<0{\displaystyle (x+7)(x-3)<0}, the product of the factors is less than 0, and so the two factors will have different signs. Write these options by turning each factor into an inequality, based on whether they will have the same or opposite signs. You should have two options.  For example, you found that the factors of the inequality (x+7)(x−3)<0{\displaystyle (x+7)(x-3)<0} must have opposite signs, so your options would be stated thusly:x+7<0{\displaystyle x+7<0} AND x−3>0{\displaystyle x-3>0} (That is, the first factor will be negative, and the second factor will be positive.)ORx+7>0{\displaystyle x+7>0} AND x−3<0{\displaystyle x-3<0} (That is, the first factor will be positive, and the second factor will be negative.) To simplify, isolate the x{\displaystyle x} variable for each factor. Don’t forget that if you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number, you must flip the inequality sign.  For example, the first option for...


Determine whether your fraction is improper. Interpret the denominator. Interpret the numerator. Draw circles to represent the whole. Shade in pieces according to your numerator. Count how many whole circles you shaded in. Count how many parts of a whole you shaded in. Simplify your answer, if necessary.

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An improper fraction is a fraction that has a larger numerator than denominator. For example, 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}} is an improper fraction, because ten is greater than 4. The denominator is the number below the fraction bar. It tells you how many equal pieces a whole is divided into. For example, in the fraction 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}}, 4 is the denominator, and it tells you that a whole is divided into four equal parts, or quarters. The numerator is the number above the fraction bar. It tells you how many pieces you have. For example, in the fraction 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}}, 10 is the numerator, and it tells you that you have 10 parts, or 10 quarters. Divide each whole according to the denominator of your fraction. For example, if your denominator is 4, then divide each circle you draw into 4 equal pieces, or quarters. The number in the numerator tells you how many pieces you should shade in. For example, if your fraction is 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}}, you will shade in 10 quarters. To simplify an improper fraction, you must turn it into a mixed number, which includes a whole number and a fraction together. The number of whole circles you shaded in represents the whole number of your mixed fraction. Write this number down. For example, for the fraction 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}}, you should have shaded in 2 whole circles, so the whole number of your mixed number will be 2. The leftover shaded parts will represent the fraction in your mixed number. Write this fraction next to your whole number, and you have your mixed number. For the fraction 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}}, you should have shaded in 24{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{4}}} of a circle, so the fraction part of your mixed number will be 24{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{4}}}. So 104{\displaystyle {\frac {10}{4}}} is equal to 224{\displaystyle 2{\frac {2}{4}}}. Sometimes the fraction of your mixed number will need to be reduced before you reach your final, simplified answer. For example, if your mixed...


Determine whether your nickname is appropriate for the job. Avoid listing offensive or overly casual nicknames. Stick with the same name throughout your resume. Use your legal name on formal employment paperwork.

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Before you include your nickname on your resume, consider how it might be viewed by the employer who will be reading it. By presenting the wrong image up front, you could end up taking yourself out of the running for a job you might otherwise have landed. Certain nicknames may be more suitable for some types of workplaces than others. It may be okay to go by “Venus” at a holistic therapy center, but not so much at a high-profile financial advisory firm. If your nickname isn’t related to your given name in some way, your resume probably isn’t the best place to display it. This applies to any handle that’s not actually a name. Many professional employers might be understandably reluctant to hire someone who calls themself “Lefty” or “T-Bone.”  If you’re attached to a particular nickname, it may be wise to ask your coworkers to use it privately in order to keep from hurting your chances of being hired. The rare exception is when you’re known for your nickname, as may be the case for entertainment personalities, sports figures, and performers with unique stage names. No matter what name you go with, the most important thing is that you use it consistently. Listing your name as “Robert” in one section and “Bob” in another could be confusing to the person reviewing your information. Even worse, it could make your resume look disorganized. Generally, your safest bet is to put down whatever name you respond to most often. Your resume is not a legal document, but job applications, contracts, and employee information forms are. Anytime you’re filling out any kind of hiring paperwork, always provide your first, middle, and last names the way they appear on your birth certificate. That way, there will be no question as to who you are.  Many hiring forms offer prospective employees a place to include a preferred name or nickname. Having the wrong name on file with your employer could result in other unintended consequences, like having important files sent to the wrong person.


Determine whether your old test qualifies. Include necessary documentation for school administered tests. Follow Mensa guidelines for privately administered tests. Fill out an application and fee payments. Send your documents to Mensa for evaluation. Wait patiently to hear if your test results were accepted.

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Various intelligence tests administered throughout your schooling are acceptable to Mensa as proof of your superior intelligence. Many supervised intelligence tests are accepted by Mensa, however, each document must be individually assessed by a Mensa psychologist. A short list of accepted tests include:  ACT (composite) GRE LSAT PSAT Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales Stanford Binet You'll have to get a letter from your school on school letterhead that's been signed by an approved representative to prove that your test was properly administered. If your test was administered by a psychologist, have her sign the original or a notarized copy of your reported test results.  A school administrator can sign in place of a school psychologist, if necessary. An official transcript reflecting your test score that has your school's seal stamped on it or a transcript enclosed inside an school envelope is also acceptable. These tests should have been administered by an appropriate proctor, in most cases a psychologist, and will require that professional's documentation on official letterhead. In addition to this, you will be expected to include documents containing:  Your name The testing date The full range of the IQ scale The percentile you were ranked at The original signature of the proctoring psychologist The license number of the psychologist Along with your testing evidence you'll also send an application and payment for your application fee. This fee is a generally a $40, one-time, nonrefundable payment, though sometimes this fee is waived for promotional reasons. You might be able to instruct your school or psychologist to send your test results directly to Mensa for evaluation. Other testing agencies might only send your test results directly to you to protect your privacy. If this is the case for your test results, send the results unopened to the following address:American Mensa, Ltd.Attn: Testing and Admissions Manager1229 Corporate Drive WestArlington TX 76006-6103  Original documents you want...


Determine whether your student status in Ireland would fall under the Degree Programme or the Language and Non-Degree Programme. Determine whether or not you must apply for a visa. Register with the immigration authorities.

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New guidelines were put into place in 2010 dividing the regulation of students. The Degree Programme refers to full-time enrollment in a program that will lead to anything from a bachelor's degree to a Doctorate degree. The Language and Non-Degree Programme refers to full-time enrollment in an English Language Course or a Further Education course.  Make sure that you meet the qualifications under the specific educational programme. These can be found through the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service. The list of countries whose citizens are not required to obtain a visa includes the US, Canada, Mexico, Australia, most European countries, and others. You can find more information from the Irish Naturalization and Immigration Service at http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/INIS/Pages/Check%20if%20you%20need%20a%20Visa  If you need a visa, apply for your visa at an Irish Embassy or Consulate. This visa allows you to seek entry to Ireland, it does not guarantee it.  If you need a visa, apply for your visa at an Irish Embassy or Consulate. This visa will allow you only to seek entry to Ireland, it does not guarantee it. If you are successfully enrolled in an Irish university on a Degree Programme or a Language and Non-Degree Program, and you have your visa if you require one, you may travel to Ireland. Once there, you must register for residency with the Garda National Immigration Bureau within 90 days.  This must be done in person.The Immigration officer and Garda station can be found in Burgh Quay for those residing in Dublin. Those outside of Dublin should contact their local Garda station to locate the local Immigration Registration Officer.  If you're a non-EEA national, you will be issued a GNIB (Garda National Immigration Bureau) card when you register. There is a €300 fee. This can be waived for spouses of Irish citizens, those under 18, and refugees.