Understand how the area of a circle is calculated Learn a formula for calculating the circumference. Use the area formula to get r on one side. Change the circumference formula using what you found. Plug in the numbers to find the circumference.

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. Most of the time, people don't measure the area (A) of a circle directly. Instead, they measure the radius (r) of the circle, then calculate the area using the formula A = πr2. The reason why this formula makes sense is a little tricky, but you can find out more here if you are interested and willing to tackle some tougher algebra.  Note: If the math problem does not tell you the area of the circle, you may need to use a different method on this page. The circumference (C) is the distance around the circle. Typically, you find it with the formula C=2πr, but because we don't yet know what the radius (r) is, we'll have to spend some time figuring out the value of r before we can solve it. Since A = πr2, we can rearrange this formula to solve for r instead. If the steps below are difficult for you to follow, you might want to start on some easier algebra problems or try some techniques for understanding algebra.  A = πr2  A / π = πr2 / π = r2  √(A/π) = √(r2) = r r = √(A/π) Any time you have an equation, such as r = √(A/π), you can replace one side of the equation with the other. Let's use this technique to alter the circumference formula above, C=2πr. For this problem, we don't know the value of r, but we do know the value of A. Let's change it like this to make the problem solvable:  C = 2πr C = 2π(√(A/π)) Use the area given by the problem to solve for the circumference. For instance, if the area (A) of a circle is 15 square units, enter 2π(√(15/π)) into your calculator. Remember to include the parentheses. The answer for this example is 13.72937... but unless instructed otherwise you can round to 13.73.


Understand how the average profits method is applied. Adjust the numbers before you make the calculations. Do the math. Let's say there was a company that had these profits (in the associated years): Add the Goodwill to the fair market value of the business.

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Under this method,  Goodwill is equal to the average profits for a set time period, multiplied by the number of years.  This is the simplest and the most common method to calculate goodwill.  To summarize the formula:  Goodwill = Average Profits X Number of Years. For example, if you used the average annual profits of the years 2010-14, you would multiply the average by 5. Make sure that you make the following adjustments before computing average profits:  Any abnormal profits should be deducted from the net profits in the year that they were earned. Any abnormal losses should be added back to the net profits in the year they were incurred. Non-operating incomes (e.g., income from investments) should be deducted from the net profits of the year that they were earned. Start by determining the average profits for the years under consideration. To find average profits, you add together the profits of all the years and divide by 4 (the number of years). 2010: $200,000; 2011: $220,000; 2012: $190,000; 2013: $210,000. You would first add these numbers together to get $820,000.   Divide the sum  ($820,000) by the number of years, which in this case is four. The result is the average. In this case, the average profits equals $205,000. As Goodwill is equal to the average profit over a given span of years multiplied by the number of years, Goodwill would equal $820,000. In this case, Goodwill was really just the aggregated total of profits from the given years. In the real world, abnormal costs and profits would have altered the result. If making a purchase offer for a business, this Goodwill amount could be added to the fair market value of the business, or its assets minus its liabilities. In this case, Goodwill is a premium over the fair market value of the business that reflects the average profits the business earns over several years.


Understand how the weighted GPA works. Learn how your classes are weighted. Figure out the score for each class.

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In some high school systems and college admission offices, classes that are considered to be of college level, such as Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate, receive more points than other classes. They receive more points because they require more work and make you perform at a higher level. Different school districts and even different universities weight your GPA differently. For instance, some places add an extra half a point to grades for these classes, while other places add a full point.  Check your school's handbook to find out more. You may also find the information on your school or district website. If you're trying to figure out your GPA for college admissions, look on the admissions sections of the universities you're applying to. Each one may weight your GPA differently. Also, some schools do not add the extra points if you go below a C. For your advanced classes, add the extra number. For your regular classes, keep the number as it normally is.  The normal GPA scale for grades is a 4.0 for an A, a 3.0 for a B, a 2.0 for a C, 1.0 for a D, and 0.0 for an F. In some weighted GPAs, the scale for honors or advanced classes is 4.5 for an A, 3.5 for a B, 2.5 for a C, 1.5 for a D, and 0.0 for an F, while your grades in other classes still use the normal scale. So if your grades for a semester were A, B, and C in honors classes and an A and B in regular classes, your GPA for each class would be 4.5, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, and 3.0, respectively. In other weighted GPAs, the scale for honors and advanced classes is 5.0 for an A, 4.0 for a B, 3.0 for a C, 2.0 for a D, and 0.0 for an F, with some of them leaving off the extra for the D. Your regular classes still use the normal scale. Therefore, if your grades for a semester were A, B, and C in honors classes and an A and B in regular classes, your GPA for each class would be 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 3.0, respectively.


Understand how this works. Download the Follow Cop app. Open Follow Cop. Sign into your Instagram account. Select your account. Tap Recent Unfollowers. Close the ad if necessary. Close Follow Cop, then re-open it when you want to check your followers.

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Follow Cop is an Android-only app that makes a note whenever an Instagram follower stops following you. Unfortunately, Follow Cop requires your Instagram login information in order to determine whether or not you're losing followers.  Follow Cop also doesn't let you see which followers you've lost in the past; it only tracks lost followers starting from the time that you log into Follow Cop. While Follow Cop doesn't use your Instagram data to post or edit your profile, it will automatically cause your profile to follow the Follow Cop Instagram page. If you want to use this method on a computer, you can download and install the BlueStacks Android emulator in order to run the app on a computer. Open the Google Play Store, then do the following:  Tap the search bar. Type in follow cop  Tap Unfollowers for Instagram, Follow Cop  Tap INSTALL  Tap ACCEPT when prompted. If you want to open the Google Play Store in Bluestacks, click the My Apps tab in the upper-left corner, click the System app folder, and click the Play Store icon. Tap OPEN in the Google Play Store, or tap the Follow Cop app icon. This will take you to the Follow Cop login page. Enter your Instagram username and password in the "Username" and "Password" text boxes respectively, then tap LOGIN. Tap your Instagram account near the top of the page. It's an option in the middle of the page. Tap X or Close in one of the corners of the screen to do so. This will take you to the "Recent Unfollowers" page, which will allow Follow Cop to begin monitoring your followers. Some ads will require you to wait for between 5 and 10 seconds before the X will appear. By going back to the Recent Unfollowers section of Follow Cop, you can see a list of people (by name) who have unfollowed your Instagram account. You may see more ads when opening Follow Cop and checking the Recent Unfollowers section.


Understand how to calculate total interest. Input your variables into the equation. Simplify your equation. Solve the exponents. Simplify again. Solve the fraction. Calculate your monthly payment. Calculate your total interest paid.

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The vast majority of car loans use simple interest. In order to calculate the amount of simple interest you will pay, you’ll first have to calculate your monthly payment using this formula: M=P∗i(1+i)n(1+i)n−1{\displaystyle M=P*{\frac {i(1+i)^{n}}{(1+i)^{n}-1}}}  "M" represents your monthly payment. This is what the formula will be calculating. "P" represents your principal. As previously discussed, this is what you will pay for your car after rebates, trade-ins, and your down payment. "n" represents the total number of monthly payments over the life of the loan. So, if you have a standard, 6-year loan, this would be 6 six years * 12 months per year, or 72.  i" represents your monthly interest rate. This is your stated interest rate, usually listed as your APR, divided by 12. So, if your stated interest rate is 6%, your monthly interest rate would be 6%/12, or 0.5%.  For the purpose of calculation, this number will have to be represented as a decimal instead of as a percentage. To get this number, simply divide your monthly percent interest by 100. In the example, this would be 0.5%/100, or 0.005. Even if you don't already have concrete terms for your loan, you can use estimates here and get a good idea of what various different loans would cost you.  For example, we can use the terms discussed previously. That is, a loan with $10,000 principal, 6% APR (interest), over 6 years. Our inputs would then be 10,000 for "P," 0.005 (the monthly interest rate, expressed as a decimal) for "i," and 72 (6 years x 12 months per year) for "n." Our example equation would now look as follows: M=10,000∗0.005(1+0.005)72(1+0.005)72−1{\displaystyle M=10,000*{\frac {0.005(1+0.005)^{72}}{(1+0.005)^{72}-1}}} From here, you'll simply to have solve your completed equation in the proper order. Start by solving the parts within the parentheses. In this case, this just means adding the 1 to the 0.005 in both places. Your simplified equation should now look like this: M=10,000∗0.005(1.005)72(1.005)72−1{\displaystyle M=10,000*{\frac...


Understand how to create folders on your computer. Remember to use intuitive labels for your folders. Go to the folder in which you want to create your filing system. Create a base folder. Open the base folder. Create a "Temporary" folder. Create a folder for each category of document you want to organize. Create subfolders for your category folders. Move files into your filing system. Create hidden folders

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You can create a new, empty folder and name it whatever you like on both Windows and Mac computers:   Windows — Right-click a blank space, select New, click Folder, type in your folder's name, and press ↵ Enter.  Mac — Go to a location in which you want to create a folder, click File, click New Folder, type in your folder's name, and press ↵ Enter. Instead of abbreviating your folder names or using slang, make sure you type out a concise, descriptive name for each folder.  For example, your documents folder should be labeled "Documents" or something similar, not "Docs". A good rule of thumb is to label your folders as though you were creating a filing system for another person to be able to navigate without help. If you're creating your filing system on the Desktop, make sure you're there before proceeding. Windows users cannot create the filing system in the This PC (or My Computer) app. This is the folder into which your filing system's folders will go, so name it something like "Files" or "My Filing System". Double-click the base folder to do so. This is the folder in which you'll store files that don't necessarily need to be saved for more than a few days (e.g., files for a project you're working on). The "Temporary" folder should always be directly inside of the base folder for easy access. Think of category folders as the "drawers" of the filing cabinet. This step will vary depending on your needs, but your necessary folder names may include some or all of the following:  Documents Music Pictures Videos Work Open a category folder, then create a folder inside of it to serve as a subcategory folder. This will further separate your files.  For example, if your category folder is labeled "Documents", you might have three subfolders entitled "Word Documents", "PDFs", and "Spreadsheets". You can repeat this process with subfolders as well: open a subfolder, then create a folder inside of it. Think of subfolders as the filing envelopes used in a filing cabinet drawer (where the category folder is the drawer)....


Understand how to set a reasonable diet timeline. Calculate your daily caloric deficit. Calculate your timeline.

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Often it is tempting to set a diet timeline first, then figure out your calorie goals. However, this often leads to unrealistic dieting expectations, crash dieting and yo-yo dieting. To avoid this, figure out a healthy calorie deficit first in the "Calculate your calorie goal" step, then use this section to calculate how long it will take you to lose 20 pounds. To calculate your timeline subtract your calorie goal (from the "Calculate your calorie goal" step) from how many calories you burn per day (from the "Calculate total calories burned per day" step). This will give you how many calories you should be burning per day.  Example #1: If you burn 2695 calories a day (as calculated from the "Calculate total calories burned per day" step) and decided on a 30% deficit for a caloric goal of 1886 (from step "Calculate your calorie goal") then you would have a deficit of 2695 - 1886 = 806 calories per day. Example #2: If you burn 2695 calories a day (as calculated from the "Calculate total calories burned per day" step) and decided on a 15% deficit for a caloric goal of 2291 (from step "Calculate your calorie goal") then you would have a deficit of 2695 - 2291 = 404 calories per day. There are approximately 3,500 calories per pound of fat . Therefore there are 70,000 calories per 20 pounds of fat. That means in order to lose 20 pounds you will need to burn 70,000 calories more than you consume. To calculate your timeline, divide 70,000 calories by your daily calorie deficit (from the "Calculate your daily caloric deficit" step) to determine how many days your diet will take.  Example #1: If you have a daily caloric deficit of 806 calories you would need to divide 70,000 by 806 to get ~87 days. In other words, it will take you about 87 days (or 12.5 weeks) to lose 20 pounds if you are a a 6', 180 pound, 30-year-old, active man at a 30% deficit. Example #2: If you have a daily caloric deficit of 404 calories you would need to divide 70,000 by 404 to get 173 days. In other words, it will take you about 173 days (or...


Understand how to use UltraSurf. Open the UltraSurf website. Click Download Now. Extract the UltraSurf ZIP folder. Open UltraSurf. Wait for your default web browser to open. Browse unrestricted.

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UltraSurf is a program that requires no installation, meaning you may be able to use it on heavily restricted computers. When you open UltraSurf, it connects to the closest available proxy using your computer's default browser and then it opens an incognito (or private) window in that browser. You can then use the browser to visit blocked or restricted sites. Unfortunately, UltraSurf is only available on Windows computers. Go to https://www.techspot.com/downloads/5711-ultrasurf.html in your computer's web browser. If you can't download this program while on a restricted computer, you can download it at home and put it on a flash drive. You'll then be able to run the program from the flash drive. It's a blue button in the upper-left corner of the page. Doing so prompts UltraSurf to begin downloading onto your computer. UltraSurf will download in a ZIP folder. To do so:  Double-click the ZIP folder. Click the Extract tab. Click Extract all  Click Extract Double-click the u1704 icon in the extracted folder. UltraSurf will begin running immediately. If you downloaded UltraSurf onto a flash drive, first plug the flash drive into the restricted computer and open it. UltraSurf will take a few seconds to find and connect to an optimal proxy server that isn't blocked on your network. Once the browser window opens, you can use it to search for restricted content or view blocked sites.


Understand how to win the game. Move all of your checkers into your home court. Start bearing off your checkers. Bear off all fifteen of your checkers. Play again.

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To win the game, you need to be the first one to bear off, or remove, all of your checkers from the board and into your tray. To bear off your checkers, you need to roll both dice and use the numbers to move pieces into the tray. The numbers you roll must be exact or higher than the number of spaces needed to remove each piece from the board. For example, if you roll a 6-2, you can bear off two pieces that are on these points. But if you do not have a checker on the 6 point, you can bear it off from the next highest point on your board, such as the 5th or 4th point. You can only start bearing off your checkers once they are all in your home court. To begin bearing off, get all of your checkers into the 1-6 points on your board. They can be placed on any of these points. Don't forget that your checkers are still vulnerable when they're in your own home court. If the opposing player has a checker on the bar, then he can still enter it into a blot on your court if you have any, forcing you to take out one of your pieces and move it to the bar. After that, you can't continue bearing off until it's back in the home court. When bearing off, you can only bear off checkers that occupy the corresponding point. For example, if you rolled a 4-1, and you have a checker in the 4th and 1st point, you can bear them off. If your roll double sixes and have four checkers on the 6th point, you can bear off all six.  If you still have a die to play and no checker to bear off, you must move a checker according to the number on the die. For example, if you only have two checkers remaining in the 6th and 5th points and you roll a 2-1, then you can move the checker on the 6th point over to the 4th point, and the checker on the 5th point over to the 4th point. You can use a higher roll to bear off a die on a lower point. If you roll a 5-4 and you only have a few checkers remaining in the 3rd and 2nd points, you can bear off two of these checkers. You must move a lower die roll before a higher one even if it means you can't fully use...


Understand how unions work. Know your rights. Don't believe common myths.

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In the United States, unions are a divisive topic. Some laud them as some of the few organizations fighting for the rights of common people, while others decry them as bastions of corruption and laziness. Before trying to unionize, it's important to understand how unions function in an objective way - free of bias either in favor of or against unions.  In a union, the employees at a workplace agree to band together (either on their own or with employees from other workplaces) to collectively negotiate for any number of things - higher wages and better working conditions, for instance. If enough people in the workplace agree to join in a union and the union is made official, the employer is required by law to negotiate a contract with the union, which represents all the workers, rather than with each worker individually, as the employer normally would. Collectively, workers in a union have greater negotiating power than they do individually. If, for instance, a worker who isn't in a union demands higher wages or better treatment, she or he can often be ignored - the worst-case scenario for the employer is the employee will quit and someone else will have to be hired. If, however, the workers band together in a union and demand better treatment, the employer has to take notice - if all the workers agree to stop working (in an action called a "strike"), the employer has no way to run the business and is out of luck. Finally, members of a union have to pay "dues" - fees that are used to run the union itself, pay pensions, pay union organizers and lawyers, lobby the government for favorable policy-making, and some use a portion of dues to a "strike fund" - money used to pay union members so they'll be able to support themselves during a strike. The amount of money paid as dues varies based on the decision of union members or leadership, depending on how democratically-run your union is. The goal of a union is for increased pay and better working conditions to more than outweigh the cost of membership. Often, the...


Understand how weight loss works. Get a realistic picture of the number of calories you eat each day. Use the Web MD Body and BMI Calculator. Type your body measurements and your weight loss goal into the calculator. Never eat less than 1200 calories per day. Tailor your weight loss plan to your individual situation. Keep a food journal. Weigh yourself once a week.

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In order to lose weight, you need to burn more calories than you consume each day. You can achieve this by cutting calories from your diet and burning calories through exercise. A single pound of weight (.45 kg) has 3,500 calories in it. So in order to lose 3 lbs. (1.36 kg) a week, you'll need to reduce your calorie consumption by 10,500 calories each week, or 1,500 calories a day. In order to figure out how many calories you can realistically cut from your diet, it is a good idea to calculate how many calories you currently consume.  You may think you're only eating 2,000 calories when in fact you're eating 2,200 each day. So if you want to lose weight quickly, it's important to have an accurate idea of how many calories you need to cut from your diet. You can calculate your daily calorie intake by eating as normal, but making a note of exactly what you ate. In addition, you will need to specify exactly how much you ate. For example: half a cup of salted peanuts or 8 oz. full fat latte. Then you can use an online calorie chart to calculate your total daily calorie intake. Although many fitness websites will give you the option to calculate weight loss goals by signing up for their newsletter, this site will give you some solid advice about the steps you need to take, considering your weight, height and waist size. Scroll through the BMI and Weight tabs until you get to “Calories.” This tab will tell you how many calories you should eat per day to meet your weight loss goal in a healthy way. Depending upon your weight and height, you may want to set this restriction at 1500 until you lose some weight, so that your body doesn’t store fat instead of burning it.  This calculator is based on the premise that you should lose no more than one to two pounds per week. Never skip breakfast. This meal restarts your metabolism. Avoiding breakfast will tell your body to store calories, rather than burn them, during the day. Every person is different, so it stands to reason that the same diet plan won't work for everyone....


Understand how your attitude affects your life. Frame events in a positive way. Change your language. Be proactive instead of reactive. Enjoy the small things. Practice gratitude. Stop reaching for the next big thing. Combine fantasizing about goals with realism.

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Your attitude towards life determines how happy or unhappy your are. You can't always change what happens to you, but you can change how you react to what happens to you. You make a choice each time you are faced with a situation.  For instance, say you get a flat tire. Nobody likes dealing with a flat, but you have options for how you react to the situation. You can get mad and throw a fit, elevating your blood pressure, and then go get your tire changed. If you get mad, you'll spend some time very unhappy. On the other hand, you can chock it up to a normal part of life, take a deep breath, and go get your tire fixed. By not reacting, you won't spend that time angry. In fact, you can turn it into something positive. Maybe while you're fixing your tire, you can catch up on a good book you haven't had a chance to read in awhile. The way you talk about events can affect your attitude. For instance, if you talk or think about an event in a negative way, you'll continue to think about it in a negative light. However, if you talk about it positively, you'll begin to change your attitude about it. For example, say you get an upsetting email early in the morning. You could think, "Well, that means this day is going to be awful." On the other hand, you could think, "Well, that was bad, but my day can only go up from here." The event remains the same, but how you think about it moving forward can affect your attitude. Words such as "I can't do that" encourage you to think that way. If you say something is impossible, you'll likely believe it. Instead, use positive language, such as, "I can do this if I take it step by step." In every situation, you have another choice: you can complain, or you can do something about your problem. Complaining makes you unhappy, but taking action will almost always make you feel better about the situation. It makes you feel productive and like you are actually getting something done because you are. Like most people, you may focus on your big goals all the time, always looking forward...


Understand how your body’s coordination works. Understand what can cause clumsiness. Measure how accident-prone you are.

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The human body is a very complex system, and the operations that control physical coordination have plenty of room for mix-ups. There are four major body parts responsible for coordination, and dysfunction in any one of the areas (or multiple areas) can cause clumsiness.  Eyes. The eyes take in outside information about the body’s physical position in space. Brain and nervous system. The brain and nervous system relay messages throughout the body on how to respond to information about its physical environment. Cerebellum. The cerebellum is an area of the brain that handles physical coordination and balance. Muscles and bones. Your muscles and bones respond to commands from your brain and move you around. There are a whole host of issues that can cause clumsiness, whether it’s temporary or a chronic problem. Some of these are serious medical issues, while others can be addressed at home. Some common causes of clumsiness include:  Head injuries Joint hypermobility Vision issues Arthritis Certain medications Alcohol consumption or drug use Stress and fatigue Muscle weakness or disuse There isn’t a lot of research about why people are chronic klutzes, but some research suggests that people who are particularly accident-prone may experience “cognitive failures,” or lapses in attentiveness. A "Cognitive Failures Questionnaire" developed by experimental psychologist Donald Broadbent may help you quantify your clumsiness. Below are some sample items from his questionnaire; the more you answer "yes" to, the greater your probable level of proneness to these "cognitive failures."  “Do you fail to notice signposts on the road?” “Do you find you confuse right and left when giving directions?” “Do you bump into people?” “Do you find you forget which way to turn on a road you know well but rarely use?” “Do you forget where you put something like a newspaper or book?” “Do you fail to see what you want in a supermarket (although it’s there)?” “Do you drop things?” “Do you find you accidentally throw away the thing you want...


Understand how your diet affects the presence of a pulmonary yeast infection. Cut out or reduce the amount of sugars and artificial sweeteners you eat during the initial stages of your treatment. Read labels on packaged food to avoid certain sweeteners and other ingredients. Reduce your gluten intake. Cut back on your alcohol intake. Switch to a yeast-fighting diet.

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When you have a high sugar, refined carb, and gluten-rich diet, you increase your chances of developing a yeast infection in your lungs. While you can take medications (see Method 2) to clear up the infection, you must alter your diet if you hope to keep the infection from developing again. Fructose, which is found in most fruits and honey, and artificial sweeteners like Saccharin and nutrasweet, should be cut out of your diet while you work on getting better. This is because these sweets can create a good growing environment for yeast, which combats the work you are doing to try to get rid of the yeast. Avoid consuming fruit during the first two weeks of your fight against yeast. Other foods like beets and potatoes, which are also high in sugar, should also be avoided. Packaged food that contains the following items should be avoided because these are all sugars or sugar alternatives. Carob powder, Maltose/malt, Aspartame, Dextrose/ crystallized dextrin, Mannitol, Galactose, Disaccharides, Maltitol, Monosaccharides, Sorghum, Xylitol, Corn starch, Maltodextrin, Suamiel, Levulose, and Sucanat. Most people who suffer from yeast infections of the lungs are naturally intolerant to gluten. Gluten is an elastic protein that is present in triticale, oats, rye, wheat and barley. It is also present in baked goods. Gluten grains are actually a food source of the candida yeast because they have a similar structure to sugar and a high glycemic index. When yeast has infected your body, the yeast actually breaks down carbohydrates you consume and turns it into a form of ethyl alcohol. Drinking more alcohol while this process is occurring will only increase the number of yeast colonies in your body. You should stop drinking alcohol of any kind for at least the first two months of your treatment. If you start drinking again after this time period, it should be in very small amounts. While combating the yeast in your body, you should tailor your diet to help speed up the healing process. While the diet itself is not a...


Understand insulin resistance. Be aware of the effects. Recognize the symptoms. Diagnose gestational diabetes. Know if you're at risk.

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While it is not clear what causes gestational diabetes, some pregnant women develop insulin resistance, which means that the cells in their body do not respond to insulin normally. Every cell in our body uses glucose (sugar) for producing the energy needed for the cells to do their jobs. The glucose is derived from the foods you eat, primarily from carbohydrates. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is the main chemical messenger that tells the cells that it is time to take up glucose. Insulin is also involved in messaging the liver to take up glucose and transform it into the storage form of glucose known as glycogen.  Insulin is also involved in a wide range of other functions like protein and fat metabolism. If the cells become insulin resistant, they ignore or can’t respond to the signal from insulin. This can increase the levels of glucose in the blood. When this happens, the pancreas responds by producing even more insulin.  The problem is that since the insulin has no effect on the insulin-resistant cells, the blood glucose levels can keep rising.  The body’s response is to convert the high levels of glucose in the blood into fat, and that can set up a scenario of chronic inflammation and other disorders like full blown Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and heart disease. During pregnancy, if insulin resistance is not properly controlled, you can develop gestational diabetes. It can have a number of effects on your and your baby's body. The main effect on the baby of uncontrolled gestational diabetes is increased fat in the blood stream, which leads to increased birth weight.  These babies are also at higher risk for difficult deliveries due to the size, breathing problems, obesity, lower than normal blood sugars and, as adults, Type 2 diabetes. The mom is at higher risk for cesarean section, Type 2 diabetes after pregnancy, and high blood pressure before and after delivery. Often, there are no symptoms of gestational diabetes, which most often begins about halfway through the pregnancy. This...


Understand low self-esteem. Evaluate your self-esteem. Know the potential effects of low self-esteem. Pinpoint the root of your self-esteem problem. Understand the low self-esteem cycle. Remember how your parents treated you. Recognize instances of shaming in your life. Identify abuse in past relationships. Identify instances of poor performance in your past. Understand the impact of life events on your self-esteem. Assess your experiences of social acceptance. Know that your opinion of your physical appearance is connected to your self-esteem. Identify instances of bullying in your past.

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Self-esteem, in short, is how we feel about ourselves. High self-esteem means that we love and accept ourselves for the way we are, and generally feel satisfied most of the time. Low self-esteem means that we are not happy with the way we are.  The Centre for Clinical Interventions describes people with low self-esteem as having “deep-seated, basic, negative beliefs about themselves and the kind of person they are. These beliefs are often taken as facts or truths about their identity.” Knowing that you have low self-esteem is the first step to improving and overcoming that mental habit.  You may suffer from low self-esteem if you tend to do the following:  Always criticize yourself. Think of yourself in negative ways. Always compare yourself to your friends or family and feel jealous because you see them as being better than you. Call yourself bad names to yourself and other people. Always scold, criticize, or blame yourself. Think if you do have an accomplishment, you were just lucky. Think everything is your fault, even when it’s not. Think that if a person compliments you, it is not sincere. Having low self-esteem does not just influence your emotional state at any given moment; it can have long-ranging influence on your life.  Understanding the potential effects of low self-esteem may help motivate you to improve your outlook now.  Low self-esteem may lead people to do any of the following:  Tolerate abusive relationships because they feel they are deserving of the treatment or don’t deserve better treatment. Bully or abuse other people. Be afraid to take on goals, objectives, or dreams because they don’t think they are able to achieve them. Become perfectionists to make up for their own perceived flaws. Always feel self-conscious around other people, be overly preoccupied with their appearance, or think that other people think negatively of them. Constantly look for indicators that other people don’t like them or think poorly of them. Think they are a lost cause. Have a low threshold for stress. Neglect...


Understand mixed costs. Measure activity and cost. Calculate the variable cost rate. Determine the variable cost.

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Sometimes costs cannot easily be categorized at variable or fixed. These costs may vary with production, but also are necessary even in the absence of production or sales. These costs are referred to as mixed costs. Mixed costs can be split up into fixed and variable components as part of an effort to accurately measure either type of cost.  An example of a mixed costs is the wage expense for an employee that earns salary plus commissions. The salary is paid even if no sales are made, but commission depends on the sales volume. In this example, the commission is a variable cost and salary is fixed.  Mixed costs can also apply to wage earners if they are guaranteed a fixed number of hours each pay period. Regular hours would be a fixed cost, but any overtime would be variable. In addition, the cost of employee benefits might be recognized as a mixed cost. A somewhat more complicated example is that of utilities costs. Electricity, water, and gas must be paid even if no production occurs. However, they may be used in greater amounts as part of production. Splitting these costs into fixed and variable categories requires a more complex method. In order to split up mixed costs into fixed and variable components, you can use the "high-low" method. This method starts with the mixed costs from the highest and lowest months of production and uses the difference to calculate variable cost proportion. To get started, determine which months experienced the highest and lowest levels of activity (production). Record the activity in a measurable way (like machine-hours) and the mixed cost you want to assess for each month.  For example, imagine that your company cuts metal parts with a water cutter as part of a production process. This requires water as a variable cost that increases with the amount of production. However, you also use have a water expense that arises from running your production facility (for drinking, restrooms, etc.). Your water costs would then be a mixed cost. Say that in this example, in the highest...


Understand musical steps and musical half steps. Understand major scales. Understand minor scales. Understand musical thirds and musical fifths. Understand major chords. Understand minor chords. Understand diminished and augmented chords.

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Half steps and steps are both intervals, or distances between two notes. They are the building blocks of musical scales.  A scale is a group of notes arranged in ascending order. They span an octave, a set of eight notes (from the Latin word octavus, or “eighth”). For example, the major scale in the key of C Major goes C D E F G A B C. The bottom note of a scale is called the “tonic” note. If you imagine the above scale as a ladder, each half step is one rung above the previous. Thus, the distance between B and C is a half-step because no other “rungs” come between them. (On a piano, the B and C keys are white keys directly next to each other, without black keys in between.) The distance from C to D, however, is a whole step, because there is an extra “rung” between those notes on the ladder (i.e., the black key on the piano, which represents either C-sharp or D-flat). In the C major scale, the only half steps are between B and C and between E and F. All other intervals are full steps because the C major scale does not include sharp (#) or flat (♭) notes. The major scale always has the same pattern of whole steps (1) and half steps (½): 1 - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - 1 - ½. Thus, the C Major scale is C D E F G A B C. You can create any other major scale by changing your beginning note -- called the “tonic note” -- and following the interval pattern. Minor scales are more complicated than major scales and can follow any of several patterns. The most common pattern for minor scales is the Natural minor scale.  The Natural minor scale has a pattern of steps and half steps that goes like this: 1 - ½ - 1 - 1 - ½ - 1 - 1. You can transpose this scale pattern (i.e. rewrite it at a different pitch) by starting at a different note and counting up the “rungs” of your scale ladder. Thirds and fifths are types of intervals (distances between notes) that are very common in music. They can be useful in determining what key your music is in. Minor intervals have one less half step than major intervals have, which alters their sound. ...


Understand ovulation. Measure LH. Determine estrogen levels. Check your chloride ion levels. Monitor cervical fluid consistency. Check basal temperature.

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Each month during ovulation, a mature egg is released from your ovary and travels to the end of the fallopian tube where it can be fertilized by sperm. The egg will remain there for 12 – 24 hours. If it’s not fertilized during that time, it will be shed with the uterus lining during menstruation. Your most fertile time period is during this window when your egg is available for fertilization. You can get an estimate of the days you will likely ovulate by determining the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP). You can also figure it out by calculating about 12 – 15 days from the day you expect to start your next menstrual cycle. Ovulation usually occurs sometime between Day 11 – 21 from the LMP. Most ovulation kits use luteinizing hormone (LH) surges to indicate the beginning of ovulation. Estrogen levels are low when your cycle begins but rise when your egg is ready to be released. This causes LH to surge and push the egg through the ovary wall within 24 – 36 hours where it moves to the fallopian tubes to be fertilized. Measuring this hormone can be a very effective method of determining when intercourse will likely allow sperm to reach the egg.  The day that you ovulate can fluctuate from month to month and can occur any time during your cycle. Each woman’s cycle is unique, so keeping track of your cycle is the best way to tell when your peak fertility dates are likely to be.  It is possible to ovulate without having a menstrual period. You can also have a menstrual period without ovulating, which means you would not be fertile that month.  Sometimes you can have an LH surge that does not release an egg ready to be fertilized. It is important to remember that ovulation kits do not tell you that ovulation has actually occurred — only that it is likely to occur. Many tests that use saliva check for an estrogen surge. This is because estrogen surges around the same time as LH when it is time for your body to ovulate. Estrogen can be measured in your saliva and creates the “fern-like” pattern that can be...


Understand photometers that measure lux and foot-candles. Know how to interpret illuminance units. Understand lumens and luminance. Measure beam and field angle.

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These are units that describe the intensity of light on a surface, or illuminance. Photometers that measure this are usually what people are looking for when they want to set up a photo shoot, or test whether a room is too bright or too dim.  Some light meters are specialized for different types of lighting. For instance, one may produce more accurate results when used to measure sodium lighting. You can even purchase a "light meter" in some mobile device's app stores. Check the reviews first, as some of these apps are inaccurate. Lux is the modern accepted standard, but some devices still measure in foot-candles. Use this online calculator to convert between them. Here are a few examples of typical illuminance measurements, to help you determine whether your lighting needs to change:  Most office work is comfortably done at 250 – 500 lux (23–46 foot-candles). Supermarkets or work areas that involve drawing or other detail work are typically illuminated to 750 – 1,000 lux (70–93 foot-candles). The upper end of this range is equivalent to an indoor area next to a window on a clear, sunny day. If a light bulb or lamp label or advertisement mentions "lumens," it is describing how much total energy is emitted as visible light, a concept called luminance. Here's what you need to know:  The "initial lumens" describes how much light will be given off once the light is stabilized. This takes about 100 hours of use for fluorescent and HID lights.  The "mean lumens" or "rated lumens" tells you the estimated average luminance over the life span of the device. The actual luminance will be brighter than this early on, and become dimmer than this near the end of the light source's recommended lifespan. To figure out how many lumens you need, use the steps above to determine how many foot candles of illuminance you want in a room, and multiply by the square footage of the room. Aim higher than the result for rooms with dark walls, and aim lower for rooms with other major light sources. Flashlights and other devices that...


Understand polarization basics. Protect your eyewear. Get professional cleanings and repairs.

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Without going into great detail, polarization works by filtering out horizontal glare — that is, light reflecting off of water, fallen snow, car hoods, etc.  The substantial reduction in glare they can achieve helps explain why polarized eyewear is a favorite among skiers, fishermen, and professional drivers. The effect is achieved by applying a thin coating to each surface of the lens. This coating is susceptible to scratching or dissolving without proper care. Although there are budget-friendly polarized glasses out there, odds are good that you spent a decent chunk of change on your pair.  So always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper care, along with these tips:  Always keep your glasses in the provided protective case when not in use. This is one of the easiest ways to prevent scratches and the accumulation of dust and dirt. Don’t leave your glasses exposed to extreme temperatures, which can deform the polarized coating.  Avoid, for example, leaving the glasses under the front windshield, where they can bake under the blazing sun.  Never “dry rub” your polarized lenses, even with a clean microfiber cloth.  The friction caused by even tiny bits of dust or debris can cause damage if not lubricated with water or an approved cleaner. You may receive a cleaning and repair kit with your polarized glasses.  Use these as recommended for regular cleanings and minor repairs.  However, going back to the retailer or another eyewear store that will do cleanings, inspections, and repairs can really pay off. High quality polarized lenses can be quite expensive, and it is likely worth your investment to have occasional professional care done on them.  Go in when something is obviously wrong or the glasses are too caked with oils, residue, etc. for you to clean yourself.  Also consider going in for check-ups once or twice a year as well.


Understand selection tools. Understand brushes. Understand blur, sharpen, and smudge. Understand dodge, burn, and sponge. Understand the clone tool. Understand gradients.

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The selection tools work in a number of different ways to allow you to select parts or all of your image. Once your image is selected you can copy/paste or simply edit just the selection. You can see when something is selected largely by the “marching ants” which enclose it. To deselect and get rid of the marching ants, press control/command+D. Be aware that the image selection is dependent on the active layer, although you can also select “copy merged” from the Edit menu if you wish to copy all layers without actually merging the layers.  Marquee: This will select a set shape, which you can change by clicking and holding or bringing up the menu for the button. It is used in much the same way that you select files on your computer, by clicking and dragging. Constrain a rectangle to a square or an oval to a circle by holding down the shift key while you are making your selection. Lasso: The lasso tool is the same as the marquee, but allows “freehand” selection. The main lasso is the fastest but least accurate selection option. The polygon lasso is similar but requires you to click to create anchor points. The third option is the magnetic lasso, which helps you follow the edge of an object. All three lasso tools require you to close the object before it can be selected. Do this by clicking at the starting point (you will see a little circle appear next to your cursor). If you make a mistake, delete an anchor point by pressing the backspace button. Magic Wand: This tool will select like-pixels, pixels which are similar in color. You can change how picky it is about the color by increasing or decreasing the tolerance. This will allow you to select only particular areas or entire objects. Quick Selection: The quick selection is probably the most common and most useful selection tool for editing particular areas of an image. It is a combination of the magic wand and magnetic lasso tools. Click and drag to select the contiguous areas of an image you would like to alter. Brushes will be used to add pixels to an...


Understand skin shedding. Check for signs of dehydration. Reduce food for an obese gecko. Take your animal to a veterinarian for other problems. Respect your gecko's privacy.

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Young leopard geckos shed their skin about once a month. Adult leopard geckos also shed their skin, but less frequently. The skin will turn grey or white a day or two before the shedding begins. As long as the old skin is successfully removed, usually eaten by the gecko, this is a harmless process and nothing to be concerned about.  If the skin gets caught around the toes, gently rub it off with a damp Q-tip. Your gecko probably won't like this, but if left on, the gecko could lose a toe. If the old skin clings to other areas of the gecko, it's generally best to leave it on unless it's near the eyes, as this could cause eye problems. Your gecko may shed in patches as opposed to shedding all of its skin at once. If you keep the "humid hide" shelter moist, as described in the set up section, adult leopard geckos are usually able to regulate their own skin moisture. However, if the gecko develops sunken eyes, constipation, or slow shedding (old, white skin clinging to the new), it may have a serious health problem. You could consider gently misting the gecko's skin once every day or two, but be aware that too much moisture can cause dangerous skin problems and respiratory infection. It may be safer to take the gecko to a veterinarian. Leopard geckos under a month old may "scream" when misted, but this is not a sign of harm. Leopard geckos store fat in their tails, so they should have a wide, fat appearance. However, if the gecko's tail is wider than the body, and/or if fat deposits have built up around the limbs, reduce the amount of food per feeding. Seek urgent veterinary attention if the lizard is not responding to your touch or to food, or if you notice twitching, weight loss in the tail, bleeding, or other serious health problems. Consult a veterinarian within 24 hours if you notice diarrhea, constipation, crusty material building up, or a dark, discolored toe or tail tip. Behavioral changes in eating preferences or sleeping schedule can occur naturally with age, but talking to a veterinarian or reptile...


Understand some warning signs. Understand the side-effects of your medication. Visit your doctor.

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While some people are naturally clumsy, and many of us have occasional bouts of clumsiness, conditions such as diabetes, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and dyspraxia (a syndrome that affects mostly children) can also cause consistent problems with coordination and clumsiness.  If you experience consistent dizziness or nausea, this could be a sign of blood sugar issues such as diabetes. Seek medical help if these symptoms are a frequent problem Sudden numbness or weakness, difficulty seeing, and loss of balance or coordination can be signs of a stroke. Call for emergency assistance immediately if you experience these symptoms. If your muscles sprain or strain easily, you experience frequent joint stiffness or muscle aches, or your joints dislocate easily, you may be suffering from a condition known as joint hypermobility. While this condition is usually not life-threatening, you should talk with a physician if you frequently experience these symptoms. Many medications, including psychiatric medications, migraine medications, and even allergy medications, can cause dizziness, balance issues, and a loss of coordination as side effects. These symptoms may be exacerbated by consuming alcohol. If you take medications that cause any of these side-effects, pay extra attention to your surroundings to reduce your chance of accidents. If you feel as though the side-effects of your medication have become unmanageable, talk with your doctor. He or she may able to suggest an alternative medication. If despite your increased attentiveness and physical training you’re still having coordination issues, your clumsiness may be a symptom of a more serious medical issue. Visit your doctor and explain the issues you’re having to see if any treatments are available.


Understand standard deviation. Know the population mean. Learn to calculate an arithmetic mean. Recognize sample means. Understand normal distribution. Know your basic formula.

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The standard deviation of a sample is a measure of how spread out the numbers are. A sample standard deviation is generally signified with an s. The mathematical formula for standard deviation is shown above. The population mean is the mean of a numerical set that includes all the numbers within the entire group – in other words, the average of an entire set of numbers, rather than a sample. The arithmetic mean is simply an average: the sum of a collection of values divided by the number of values in the collection. When an arithmetic mean is based on a series of observations obtained by sampling from a statistical population, it is called the “sample mean.” It is the average of a numerical set that includes an average of only a portion of the numbers within a group. It is denoted as: Normal distributions, which are the most commonly used of all distributions, are symmetrical, with a single central peak at the mean (or average) of the data. The shape of the curve is similar to the shape of a bell, with the graph falling off evenly on either side of the mean. Fifty percent of the distribution lies to the left of the mean, and fifty percent lies to the right. The spread of a normal distribution is controlled by the standard deviation. The formula for standard error of a sample mean is shown above.


Understand standard form in this context. Look at the original number. Move the decimal point behind the first number. Count the number of places. Write your final answer.

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In this context, standard form is used as a way to change very large or very small numbers into an abbreviated form. This method is only known as "standard form" in British English. In the United States, this numerical format is usually referred to as "scientific notation." Usually, it will either be a very large number or a very small number, but any number with more than one digit to the left of the decimal point can be changed into standard form.   Example A: Change the following into standard form: 429000000000  Example B: Change the following into standard form: 0.0000000078 Locate the decimal point. Shift it from its current position to a point just to the right of the first integer.  Do not forget where the decimal point originally was while doing this.  Example A: 429000000000 => 4.29 Note that there was no visible decimal point in this problem, but the decimal point was implied at the very end of the whole number.   Example B: 0.0000000078 => 7.8 Count the number of places you moved the decimal point. This number will become the index.  When you shift the decimal place to the left, the index will be a positive number. When you shift the decimal place to the right, the index will be a negative number.  Example A: The decimal point was moved 11 places to the left, so the index is 11.  Example B: The decimal point was moved nine places to the right, so the index is -9. To rewrite the number in standard form, you must write the new numerical value multiplied by 10 raised to the value of your index.   Example A: The standard form of 429000000000 is: 4.29 * 1011   Example B: The standard form of 0.0000000078 is: 7.8 * 10-9


Understand staph infections. Learn about strep infections. Know about Escherichia coli. Understand Salmonella infections. Understand Haemophilus influenzae infections.

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Staphylococci, more commonly referred to as “staph,” are gram-positive cocci in clusters. The “gram” in gram-positive refers to the gram stain pattern of the bacteria when viewed under the microscope. The “cocci” indicates the shape when viewed under a microscope.  This types of bacteria usually invades the body through a cut or wound.   Staph aureus is the most common type of staph infection. Staph aureus may cause pneumonia, food poisoning, skin infections, blood poisoning, or toxic shock syndrome. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a staph infection that is hard to treat. MRSA does not respond to some antibiotics and it is thought that the strain developed in response to antibiotics. Therefore, many doctors will not prescribe antibiotics unless it is absolutely necessary. Streptococci, more commonly referred to as "strep," are gram-positive cocci in chains and a common type of bacteria. Streptococci cause strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, and many more infections. Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is a gram-negative rod, that is found in the waste material of animals and humans. There is a large, diverse group of E.Coli bacteria. Some strains are harmful, but most strains are not. E.Coli can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and other infections. Salmonella is a gram-negative rod that can disrupt the digestive tract. Salmonella can cause severe illness and it usually requires a lengthy antibiotic treatment. Raw or undercooked poultry, meat and eggs can contain salmonella. Haemophilus influenzae are gram-negative rods. Haemophilus influenzae is transmitted by air so it is highly contagious. It can cause epiglottis, meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia. This bacteria can cause a severe infection that may lead to a lifelong disability. It can even be fatal.  Haemophilus influenzae is not covered by the common “flu shot,”...


Understand symptoms of social anxiety. Understand physical symptoms. Learn to recognize your triggers. Pay attention to situations you tend to avoid.

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There are some common symptoms or experiences of social anxiety. Common markers of anxiety disorders include:  Excessive self-consciousness and anxiety in everyday social situations that generally others would not find overly stressful. Extreme worry about social situations for days, weeks, or even months beforehand. Intense fear of being watched or judged by others, especially people you do not know. Avoiding social situations to a degree that limits your activities or disrupts or otherwise negatively impacts your life. Fear of humiliation. Fear that others will notice that you are nervous and react negatively. While experiencing anxiety affects the way you feel emotionally, your body creates triggers to clue you in on how you’re feeling. People with social anxiety may experience:  Blushing Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Nausea, or “butterflies” Shaky hands or voice Racing heartbeat Sweating Feeling dizzy or faint Different people with social anxiety have different triggers, although many are pretty common. By knowing what causes you to react with anxiety, you can start to process these experiences in a more positive manner. It may be obvious, or sometimes seemingly random. Sometimes keeping a journal can help pinpoint common experiences. For example:  Do you feel anxiety when you walk into a classroom? Is it the same for math class as it is for art class? Do certain people, like your boss or coworkers, trigger anxiety when you interact with them? Do you feel anxiety in social situations? Is it the same for a restaurant as for a concert? Is a group of close friends different than strangers? Do you always sit by yourself at lunch, rather than asking to sit with others? Do you always turn down invitations to parties? Do you avoid family get-togethers? Do you avoid using public restrooms? Some other common triggers include: Meeting new people Being the center of attention Being watched while doing something Making small talk Being called on in class Making phone calls Eating or drinking in public...


Understand tendencies of diaper lovers. Realize that many diaper lovers (DLs) currently or formerly had issues with incontinence. Look at personal history. Accept that not every adult diaper lover prefers to act like a baby.

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One study examined adults who wore diapers and discovered that most individuals who like to wear diapers or engage in adult infant behavior began to express these desires in early adolescence, around age 11 or 12 and have been engaging behaviors for many years.  Most diaper lovers are male, employed, and in their mid-30’s.  More men than women engage in diaper behaviors, such as wearing a diaper, wetting, and messing in the diaper. Some individuals begin to wear adult diapers when they start to have problems with uncontrolled accidents. As a result, they had to wear diapers, and over time, grew to like some aspects of them. Some studies have shown that adults who participate in infant behaviors and diapering may have a history that includes childhood sexual abuse and/or transgender expression.  Some individuals express a different gender than the one assigned at birth, preferring to be called “she” when biologically a male. Some individuals involved in diapering express gender fluidity. It’s important not judge people on their past or for the way they express themselves now, even if they make choices you would not make. While some DLs like to live in infant lifestyle, not all do. Some use diapers to relax, to feel comfortable, or for sexual foreplay. Wearing a diaper does not automatically mean you want to act and be treated as an infant.


Understand that Agar.io is like a food chain. Take down the leaderboard! Protect yourself. Take chances.

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The lower you are in this food chain, the more likely it will be for you to lose the game/be eaten. The size of your cell is very important, you must pay close attention to who you try to pick a battle with.  Bigger cells have the ability to eat the smaller cells. Find a way to knock them down to size, or find out how to grow fast enough to eat them first. If you are equal to, or very close to, the size of another cell, you cannot eat each other. In Agar.io, spikes spawn throughout the entire map. Use these spikes to take down larger cells that are chasing you. Shooting out mass into these spikes with the 'W' key will make them grow to a certain point. Once they pass the point, the spike will split itself and throw it into the direction you are aiming. Successfully hitting the larger enemy and making them explode will most likely cause them to run away in fear of being eaten, thus saving yourself and giving you the opportunity to eat them and grow drastically! If you are greater than the Viruses and/or  "Green Spikes", in size, going inside of it will make you explode into mini-cells, giving everyone around you the opportunity to eat even quicker.  If you are less than or equal to the size of the spike, you will be able to "safely" hide inside of it. Although larger cells are able to eat you if they go inside of the spike, it is unlikely that they will, due to the fact that they will split in to tons of tiny cells, ultimately risking them losing the game. If you find a prey to eat, go ahead and eat it, using multiple techniques on this page. Just make sure he is considerably smaller than you.


Understand that Cephalexin is used to combat bacteria within the body. Take Cephalexin to combat bacterial infection. Be aware that improper use of Cephalexin may reduce its effectiveness.

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This drug is known as bactericidal, which means that its primary mode of action is to inhibit or disrupt the bacteria's cell wall and cause it to burst or rupture.  Cephalexin is effective against gram positive bacteria. These bacteria include bacillus, corynebacterium, clostridium, listeria, staphylococcus and streptococcus. Cephalexin does not exhibit any therapeutic effect on viral infection. It is also not used to treat methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Cephalexin is primarily used against bacterial infection. Bacterial infections may include bone and joint infections, pneumonia, skin, urinary tract and middle ear infection. In some cases, Cephalexin serves as a prophylactic drug - meaning, it is used to prevent certain infections. For example, this drug is used to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Taking Cephalexin when you do not have a bacterial infection may reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics when you really need them. Cephalexin may also be less effective if you do not take the full dose or cycle that your doctor has prescribed. Talk to your doctor if you still have symptoms of infection after taking all of your medication.


Understand that PVC sometimes occurs without any obvious cause. Know that a heart attack can cause PVC. Know that cardiomyopathy may cause PVC. Be aware that valvular heart disease may cause PVC. Understand that high blood pressure can cause PVC. Know that electrolyte imbalances can cause PVC. Be aware that hypoxia can cause PVC. Keep in mind that certain medications may cause PVC. Know that certain addictive substances can cause PVC.

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PVCs may occur in apparently healthy individual without any cause. Signals for rhythmic contraction of the heart originate in sinoatrial node (SA node) located in the right atrium. It is also called pacemaker of the heart. The signal then travels through specialized conducting tissue to the ventricles, causing them to contract. However, ventricular muscle cells are also excitatory and can initiate self-contraction without any signal form SA node. In normal and healthy subjects there may be occasional self-contraction causing PVCs. It is medically known as myocardial infarction. There is damage of heart muscle due to impairment of blood supply. Coronary arteries provide blood supply to heart muscles. If one or more of them are blocked by a blood clot or plaque, the area supplied by them undergoes ischemic necrosis or death.  The damaged heart muscle cannot contract properly and synchronously with the remaining area. As a result, there may be initiation of contraction signal anywhere in the ventricles that spreads to other parts causing a premature beat. The risk of PVCs is greatest in the hours following heart attack. It should be managed appropriately because it may be the early sign of life threatening arrhythmia. It may be dilated or hypertrophic type. Cardiomyopathy occurs as a consequence of long term cardiac disease.  Common causes are hypertension, heart attack, heart valve disease, alcohol, obesity, diabetes, thyroid disease, vitamin B1 deficiency etc. The heart chambers are dilated, muscle wall becomes thick or thin. The normal architecture of the heart muscle is deranged. It leads to alteration of excitatory pattern of the muscle. There may also be fibrosis in different areas of the heart. All these contribute to abnormal signal transmission and PVC. Most common is mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve is located between left atrium and left ventricle that controls one way blood flow. The cusps or leaflets are directed towards left ventricle. Long standing heart disease of the valve particularly...


Understand that Photoshop works in layers. Open up an image. Select "Image Size" from the Image menu. Save the image. Save for web.

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You can add layers to your image to create modifications or you can modify the current layer. Layers can be anything from filters to new objects placed on the image.  Some finished projects will have hundreds of layers, each only accounting for a small portion of the total image. If you are only making basic changes, you can probably just modify the image as a single layer. Masks can be added to layers to determine the transparency of a layer. A completely black mask means the layer will not be at all transparent, while a white mask will make the layer almost entirely transparent. After opening the Photoshop program, decide what photo you want to mess with. You can open up an image on your computer or on an external drive by clicking on "Open" under the File drop-down menu in the upper left of the screen.  On a Mac, you can simply open a photo by dragging the photo to the Photoshop icon, and it should open. Navigate to your photo in the appropriate folder, select it, and then click "Open". Photoshop can take a variety of document types, including .jpg, but the photo will be converted to a .psd once saved. Once "Open" is clicked, the photo will appear in a new window. This will be your workspace for the project.  When you are creating a new image, specify the image's size, resolution and background. Only do this if you are working with an existing image. The Image menu is located in the Menu bar.  Uncheck "Resample Image." Resampling changes the amount of data in an image and can negatively impact image quality. Resize your image by adjusting either the width or height in either pixels or inches. To adjust the size of your image proportionally, select "Constrain Proportions." Adjust image resolution, if you think it is necessary. A higher resolution will be needed if you intend to zoom in and make small changes to the photo. If the photo will be printed out and displayed on paper, a higher resolution is not as necessary. 300 dpi is the standard minimum of high resolution used for print. Use a new file name by...


Understand that a good profile picture will represent you and your personal brand. Know that a good profile picture will make you more approachable to others. Be aware that a good profile picture can help you to make meaningful connections.

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A personal brand is how you represent yourself across all mediums. It should be consistent, professional and leave a good impression on those who don’t know you. A perfect LinkedIn profile picture will portray you as a strong and professional individual, encourage someone to read through your profile and entice the reader to make a connection. Putting a face to a name and accomplishments makes it easier to form connections with people you do not know. People are more inclined to request or accept a connection if the person looks nice and professional.  Non-approachable photos are those that seem arrogant or unprofessional such as unnecessary hand gestures, props or facial expressions. For more information on how to look approachable, see this article. The purpose of using LinkedIn is to make connections that may be helpful to you in the future. Your photo will be the first step to making these meaningful connections. As stated in the section above, representing yourself professionally and seeming approachable is key when choosing a perfect LinkedIn profile picture.


Understand that a lack of responsiveness is a common sign of autism. Teach social skills directly. Encourage limited social interactions. Make sure your child spends some time with both autistic and non-autistic children. Offer plenty of positive reinforcement.

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They may not know how to offer social or emotional support to others, and a few may display extreme unfriendliness and detachment. Other autistic people deeply care about others, but are unsure how to act appropriately and help the people they love.  This lack of responsiveness is one reason for the difficulties that some autistic people face in securing and keeping employment, and making friends. Keep in mind that even an extremely unresponsive child can probably still hear you; they just don't have a way to communicate yet. Therapies such as RDI and RPM can help them engage more. While many children pick up social skills naturally, just by observing and participating in groups, autistic children often need direct instruction. Parents and special education teachers can and should spend considerable time teaching autistic children to socialize politely (often, at first, following “scripts”) and recognize the needs and emotions of others. Many autistic children begin, over time, to express an interest in making friends–especially if they are offered many opportunities to do so. Set up brief playdates and visit fun places where other children will be present. If your child doesn't socialize well, explain to them that it is for a limited time only, which will help them feel less overwhelmed. Interacting with non-autistic children helps your child develop more attentive and responsive behaviors. Fellow autistic children teach your child that there is nothing wrong with them, and that there are other people just like them. For older children, autistic peers can offer support and insightful tips on a level that no one else can.  Some school programs offer various degrees of “mainstreaming,” in which autistic children spend time in regular classrooms. Depending on your child's learning abilities, this may be a good idea. Don't force your child to spend time with bullies or unkind children. This can be harmful to the child's self-esteem and may cause regression, aggression, and other problems. Instead of punishing,...


Understand that a pilot starts with the aircraft ID number. Listen for instructions from the control tower. Be prepared to change your radio frequency. Landing at an uncontrolled airports. Learn the phonetic alphabet.

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If a controller gives a pilot an instruction, he or she will prefix it with the aircraft's identification number.  For commercial flights, this will just be the flight number, such as United 2311. A smaller aircraft is identified by the number on their tail. After the flight number, the controller will give an instruction such as "enter downwind."  This instructs the pilot to enter the traffic pattern at a specific location.  The pilot will then read back the instruction, so the controller can verify that it was understood correctly. Sometimes, controllers will "hand off" a pilot to another frequency. An example would be a controller saying,  "November-12345, contact Approach on 124.32, good day." Once again, the pilot will read back the instruction. Operations at uncontrolled airports are much less formal.  Most of the time, pilots will broadcast blind transmissions to anyone on the frequency, announcing their position or intentions.  Words like "upwind, crosswind, downwind, base, and final" denote specific positions in the traffic pattern. Pilots and controllers use it to communicate letters, since they can often be confused.  You might also hear someone use "niner" to communicate "nine," "fife" to communicate "five," or "tree" to communicate "three."


Understand that a stem cell transplant is another treatment option. Be aware of the eligibility criteria for a stem cell transplant. Receive strong chemotherapy prior to the stem cell transplant.

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A stem cell transplant holds the potential to be a very effective form of treatment, and it can lead to cure from multiple myeloma for about 4% of people (in others, it improves the disease but not to the point of cure). The caveat to stem cell transplants is that, because they are higher risk procedures, there are certain eligibility criteria that must be met in order to receive this treatment. Stem cell transplants are usually autologous, meaning that they use your own cells in order to ensure an exact match. Sometimes another's cells can be used for the transplant, but this is much less common. Due to the higher risk of this treatment, it is up to your doctor's discretion whether he or she recommends to proceed with it. Factors where doctors would likely not recommend a stem cell transplant include:  Age greater than 77 years old Significant heart problems or heart disease Impaired kidney function Impaired liver function Overall poor health and day-to-day function, as assessed by your physician. You will be given a high dose of chemotherapy treatment prior to the transplant to eliminate as many of the cancer cells as possible from your bone marrow. This is another reason that good health is key in order to undergo this treatment; people with poor health may not be able to tolerate the intense chemotherapy that is required prior to the stem cell transplant. The goal of the chemotherapy is to remove the diseased cells from your bone marrow prior to transplanting healthy ones; if all of the diseased cells are unable to be removed, it puts you at risk of a relapse down the road.  If you are going to be cured of multiple myeloma, strong chemotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant is your best bet. Although it can be a challenging procedure to go through, it is likely to be the most effective. Radiation may also be given prior to a stem cell transplant as a further means to get rid of as many cancer cells as possible prior to the transplant.


Understand that age matters. Know and follow all laws regarding age of consent. Accept your differences. Stick to your boundaries.

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As you get older, age differences will not matter as much, but in high school they matter a great deal as it includes both students who are legally adults and those who are just entering puberty. Knowing that age matters ahead of time can save you from trouble and potential heartbreak in the future. In high school, there’s generally more division of social groups based on grades as well. Understand that the activities seniors engage in may be very different from what you are used to. For example, it’s common for seniors to go out and party more than freshmen. Don’t engage in any dangerous or illegal activities just to spend time around your crush. Sexual acts between a minor and someone who is legally an adult (18+) is called statutory rape. The age of consent varies from state to state but generally charges can be brought against an 18 year old if they are caught in a compromising situation with a minor so be safe and don’t break the law. Understand that this is one major drawback of dating an older person in high school. If they start pressuring you to engage in sexual acts that you are not ready for, stay true to yourself and don’t cave. If they do not respect your boundaries, it’s time to end the relationship. In terms of expectations and daily life, being a senior can be pretty different from being a freshman. After all, seniors are in their last year of high school and therefore have to prepare for the future. Oftentimes, this means that seniors are busier with college applications, job searches, testing, socializing, and more. Be prepared for and accepting of these and any other grade-related differences. Not only are there differences in terms of workload and social groups, but freshmen and seniors also differ in terms of maturity, both physical and psychological. Because of this, it may be inadvisable to get into a relationship with someone who is much older than you unless you are both sure that you’re at a similar level in terms of emotional and psychological maturity, which will lead to the two of...


Understand that all chronic illnesses are experienced differently. Know what the symptoms of depression are. Be aware of the risk factors for depression. Get help.

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Chronic disease is a wide category that encompasses conditions that many people can effectively manage with lifestyle and medical treatments, such as seasonal allergies, to those that require serious medical intervention, such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological conditions. If you are able to manage your chronic illness, which is easier (though not easy) if it is a less severe disease, you will feel empowered and more in control of your life and may be thus less likely to ruminate or feel depressed. That said, however, you may still feel depressed even if your illness is technically manageable and not life-threatening. Everyone is different and it's important to validate whatever you are feeling. There is no "right way" to feel when you have been diagnosed with a chronic disease, whether that be minor, mild, or severe and life-threatening. If you are concerned that you may develop depression because you are dealing with a chronic illness, it is good to know the signs and symptoms that you should look for. If any one a number of these symptoms begin to affect your daily functioning, that is when you should consult your physician and open a discussion. Note that some of the symptoms of depression, such as insomnia, poor appetite, lethargy, etc., may also be a result of your illness. One way to decipher depressive symptoms from those related to your illness is to determine whether you are also experiencing emotional symptoms alongside the more physical ones. These symptoms include:  Extreme sadness or low mood Insomnia Poor appetite Feelings of guilt Suicidal thoughts Low self-esteem Lack or feelings of pleasure or joy Hopelessness An inability to process information quickly. Some factors and situations can increase your risk of developing depression, including:  Excessive financial constraint Lack of social support and isolation Pessimism and history of mental illness Excessive dependency on another person or persons Lack of independence Persistent and ongoing deterioration in health and functioning...


Understand that all organisms are composed of cells. Remember essential molecules. Analyze inherited traits.

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The most basic foundation of biology is that all organisms are composed of some number of cells that are independent of each other, but function as a multicellular organism. The number of cells varies from single celled organisms to organisms with trillions of cells. Keep in mind that not all cells in an organism have to be identical to one another (e.g. brain cells and heart cells). Cells function by moving molecules and energy back and forth. There are a number a molecules that are key to life as we know it. You should have an understanding of these biologically significant molecules and what they do. This will make understanding biology much easier. For example, ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy storage molecule. It allows cells to store energy and use it later. No organism lives forever. Instead, organisms reproduce one generation after another. Their genetic information is passed down through DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) to guide the development of their offspring. Traits that help an organism survive in its environment are favored and get reproduced more frequently, while other traits die off. This forms the basis for concepts such as inheritance and evolution, and is central to the biology field.


Understand that an executive summary is a short review of a business document. Make sure it adheres to certain stylistic and structural guidelines. Define the problem. Provide a solution. Use graphics, bullet points, and headings if the document is easier to skim that way. Keep the writing fresh and jargon-free.

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"Short" and "review" are key words here. The executive summary is not going to be comprehensive in any way, nor will it be a substitute for the original document. An executive summary should never be longer than 10% of the original document. Shoot to have it somewhere between 5% and 10%. Most authoritative sources who write executive summaries agree that certain stylistic and structural guidelines should apply. These include:  Paragraphs should be short and concise.  Executive summaries should make sense even if you haven't read the original report. Executive summaries should be written in language that is appropriate for the target audience. An executive summary needs to clearly define a problem, whether it's supply-chain management or marketing campaigns overseas. Executive summaries, especially, need clear definitions of problems because the documents that they are based on, Requests For Proposals (RFP), are often written by technical people with a poor grasp of conceptual issues. Make sure the problem is defined in clear, understandable terms. A problem is always in need of a solution. In order to deliver a claim statement of purpose (and a reason to fund the venture), you need to present your solution so that it effectively tackles the problem. If your problem isn't clearly written, your solution is less likely to make sense. An executive summary is not an essay; it doesn't need to be long blocks of text. If they enhance understanding or make the summary more skimmable, it's okay to use:  Graphics. A well-placed graphic illustrating the precise nature of the client's problem could drive home the point of the summary. Stimulating the visual sense is often just as effective as their analytical sense. Bullets. Long lists of information can be broken down into more digestible bullets. Headings. Organize the themes of the summary, if necessary, by heading. This will help orient the reader as they dive into the summary. Jargon is the enemy of understanding. It just so happens to be popular in the business...


Understand that as much as your parents love you, it's still their home.

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Even though you might contribute financially, it isn't the same situation as any other payment for shelter arrangement; your parents are used to things being as they like them, and it all rests on them having funded it in the first place. Treat it like a "first come, first served" policy. Most of all, be willing to share and be ready to compromise quickly on things that you know mean a lot to them and maintain their level of comfort and space.


Understand that autistic people will sometimes act out. Recognize that autistic people often miss social cues. Calmly explain to your child that a particular action is not appropriate. Watch your own behavior. If you follow all these steps and your child continues to misbehave, implement consistent consequences.

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The same issues that cause other challenging behaviors – frustration, insecurity, and overstimulation – can also make an autistic child prone to behave in socially unacceptable ways. They may do unusual things, like screaming or making strange noises. Autistic people may not realize when their behaviors are making others uncomfortable, and they don’t necessarily recognize facial expressions or body language. It’s important to understand that they are usually not being intentionally disruptive. Leave it at that. If the child was not intending to misbehave, then chastising will only make them feel worse, and if the child is looking for attention, then refusing to engage with bad behavior signals that this is not the way to get it. If your child continues misbehaving for attention, even after you ignore the bad behavior, calmly say "Screaming is not going to get you what you want. If you want something, why don't you talk to me or type me a message about it?" Being explicit, and offering a better solution, clearly communicates that the behavior is ineffective. If, for example, you do not want your child to curse, then you should refrain from cursing. Children learn from observation, and the “do as I say, not as I do” rule will not work. Take away something your child sees as a privilege – for example, you might eliminate television for the day.  The most important aspect of this technique is consistency. If your child suspects that you may not follow through, he or she is unlikely to stop the behavior. Consistency makes it clear that you mean what you say. Only use punishment as a last resort.


Understand that bacteria are resilient. Learn how bacterial infections spread. Know when to call the doctor. Seek immediate medical attention in more severe situations.

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Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can live under extreme conditions. Some bacteria have been found in the hot springs in Yellowstone National park where the water is near boiling temperatures and also deep inside the ice in Antarctica. Bacteria require certain nutrients to survive and multiply or some may hibernate until the right conditions arrive.  Many bacteria cling to sugars and starches that are found in most organic matter, which is why bacteria are often found in food. Bacteria will multiply or make copies of themselves under the right conditions, so it is important to prevent these conditions when you can.  Biofilms on surfaces such as toilets or sinks can also support bacterial growth. Keep in mind that not all bacteria is bad for you. Many different types of bacteria live on your skin and in your gastrointestinal tract, and some of these bacteria help your body to function. Bacterial infections can be dangerous and life threatening. If you have not been able to prevent an infection it is important to know when to call the doctor for medical assistance. Call your doctor if you have:  Had a fever over 101 for more than three days Symptoms that do not resolve on their own after a couple of days Pain and discomfort that requires pain medication A cough that either does or does not produce sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) that continues for more than a week A ruptured eardrum with pus drainage A headache and fever and are unable to hold your head up Been vomiting a lot and can’t hold down fluid Some situations may require immediate emergency medical care. Have someone take you to an emergency room or call 911. Seek immediate medical attention if you:  Experience swelling, redness, fever, and pain Weakness, sensory loss, a stiff neck, fever, nausea or vomiting, tiredness, and disorientation Have seizures Have trouble breathing or feel like you won’t have the strength to continue breathing


Understand that certain parts of each trick are smoke and mirrors. Identify unique patterns and occurrences in mathematics. Acknowledge that every answer hinges upon the constant information in the equation. Try inventing a trick of your own.

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A large part of performance magic is in distracting your audience with otherwise useless steps and information. The core mechanic in a lot of these tricks is getting your friend to eventually subtract his given number from the equation. Once the variable is out of the way, you have full control over where the equation goes. The reason why the "Lucky Number 13" trick works so well is because multiples of 9 between 1-10 operate under in a uniquely identifiable way. In the case, each answer (e.g. 9, 18, 27 etc.) will equal to 9 if you add each digit together. Although this property is unique to multiples of 9, it makes a great trick, especially if your friend was quick to catch onto the fact that other tricks are quick to discard the original number. Adding superfluous additions and subtractions can be done as many times as you want, so long as you're ultimately able to nullify your friend's chosen variable. For instance the "End With 3" trick can be rearranged to end with any number. Once you've had some time getting used to mathematical mind tricks, you might be ready to try crafting your own. While they can become as infinitely complex as you want, it's a good thing to start out small, and slowly work your way up. For starters, use the "End With 3" as a template, and change the values of the constants to make a new equation. From there on, you'll be able to create new and inventive ways of ultimately removing the variable.  Don't forget to consistently develop your presentation as well. People want to be entertained, and the way you baffle them with your trick is going to be just as important as the trick itself!


Understand that clots can be inside or outside a vein or artery. Be aware that clots in the brain can lead to a variety of frightening symptoms. Recognize that chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating may signify a blood clot in the heart. Know that blood clots in the lungs can cause chest pain and a variety of other symptoms.

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When a clot is inside a blood vessel it may partially or completely block blood flow, or become dislodged and lead to complications like stroke, pulmonary embolism or a heart attack. When the clot is outside the blood vessel it can still partially or completely block blood flow by putting pressure on nearby vessels. The brain controls the body’s functions. If a clot impedes the flow of blood to the brain, it can affect sight, speech, and virtually all other functions of the body. This can result in a stroke. As a result, you may experience:  Visual disturbances. Weakness. Paralysis. Seizures. Speech impairment. Disorientation. When clots develop in the heart, it can cause an irregular rhythm and block the flow of blood. This leads to chest pain (which may radiate to the arms, back, neck or jaw), shortness of breath, and sweating. Clots in the heart can lead to life-threatening problems, such as a heart attack. As with clots in the heart, clots in the lungs may cause severe, sharp chest pain which can radiate to the arms, back, neck or jaw. In addition, you may experience:  Rapid pulse. The heart compensates by beating fast in order to supply sufficient blood to the body. As a result, your pulse rises. Bloody cough. A clot can irritate your lungs, causing bleeding. You may cough up blood. Shortness of breath. A clot can block the passage of air in your lungs, leading to difficulty breathing.


Understand that colors can signify different personality traits. Wear brown if you want to look dependable. Try a blue outfit to show that you're a team player. Put on something black to appear powerful. Wear gray if you would like to represent yourself as logical and analytical. Try accenting your outfit with red to convey passion and energy. Don a white article of clothing to seem organized. Wear small amounts of bright colors like green, orange, yellow and purple to indicate creativity.

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Different colors and shades make our environment, and they also send different signals to our brain and invoke varied responses. Because of this, it is important to think about the colors you are wearing and what they say about you. A recently published survey by CareerBuilder revealed that black and blue are regarded as the best colors to wear on a job interview while orange is the worst. In a professional setting, the safest bet is to go for a conservative color. Brown is a neutral color and signifies a calm feeling. It is a good color for an interview as it is an earthy and non-distracting color. It portrays a warm and dependable personality; many brands use it for their logo. For example, a brown skirt paired with a white top may be a good choice for an outfit if you want to portray yourself as dependable. Blue is a great color for an interview, especially dark and navy shades of blue. Lighter shades of blue signify a calm, trustworthy and confident personality. Navy also signifies an authoritative disposition. Studies show that interviewers are more likely to select a candidate who is wearing blue than any other color. Black is a very popular color for any professional setting and displays power and confidence. Black is a particularly good choice if you are interviewing for a higher up position, or for a job at a law firm or bank. However, at the same time, black can be very domineering for a casual fun loving office. It is a good color for a leadership position. You may want to add a little color, such as a scarf or fun tie, to soften the look for environments where black looks too overwhelming. Gray works well for interviews because it is not flashy or domineering, but still provokes a sense of sophistication. It also says that you are logical and to the point. However, keep in mind that some people find that gray may signify isolation or independence. If you are going to be working on a team, you might want to choose a warmer color than gray. If you are working on your own project, gray should suit...


Understand that friendship and dating are different. Be honest about your feelings. Communicate respectfully and openly that you’d like for your friendship to become romantic.

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The rules and expectations that govern how you communicate with her should be different. If you want to change her mind and get her to view you romantically, do not continue to abide by friendship dynamics. Is a romantic relationship what you actually want? Could you stand losing her friendship? Do not be friends with a female in hopes that you can change her mind about you. This is unfair to her as friendships should be based on trust and respect. The best way to change her mind about you as more than a friend is to be direct. There is no sense in trying to manipulate her or trying to wait her out. If she declines your romantic overtures and wishes to stay friends, respectfully decline. Your emotions may be too raw after you have been rejected to maintain a friendship. A friendship is based on mutual support and respect. Ask yourself if you can truly give that to her after you have clearly expressed that you see her as more than a friend. Can you still be friends with her if she is dating someone else?