Recognize body language. Introduce yourself. Offer a genuine compliment. Ask open-ended questions. Listen more than you talk. Be a polite speaker.

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If someone wants to talk and is open to a conversation, that person's body language will probably give you a clue. Though some people may think of body language as more of a dating/flirting ritual, we all send subconscious and conscious clues about how we feel towards someone with our body's movements, positions, and mannerisms. Being aware of your own body language, as well as the body language of someone you're trying to start a conversation with, will send mutual signals to indicate an interest in talking or a desire to be left alone.  If someone faces you, leans in to talk, or keeps her arms open instead of crossed, that person is probably eager to talk.  Smiling, especially a Duchenne smile, is a sign of welcome and positive engagement. To decipher a Duchenne smile (often called a genuine smile), look for narrowed eyes that form wrinkles or "crow's feet" at the outside corners of each eye.  Direct eye contact is a very strong indication of interest and engagement. If the person you're chatting with is looking you in the eye, she probably is interested in what you're saying, or at least wants to continue the conversation. Conversely, if the person avoids your eyes or moves away from you in some way, she probably does not want to continue the conversation. If someone seems open to having a conversation and you've approached one another, introduce yourself. It may sound obvious that introductions are an important part of a conversation, but how you introduce yourself can convey a lot of subtle information, and could set the pace for the rest of the ensuing conversation.  Shake hands when you first meet. It's a good way to initiate the greeting, as it shows courtesy and respect.  Make eye contact and smile while you extend your hand to shake. Say hello and state your name. Try something like, "Hi, I'm ____." If the setting is very casual, you can use a more informal greeting like "Hey" or "What's up," but be sure to still say your name. If the other person does not offer her name, you can ask, "What's your...


Recognize breastfed baby poop. Identify poop produced by formula-fed babies. Consider what can cause some other colors.

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Poop of breastfed children can come in many shades.  Your baby’s poop might be green, brown, or yellow.  The texture might be seedy or pasty, and might be as runny as diarrhea.  It will also, compared to normal poop, smell a bit sweet.  Yellowish to yellow-green, grainy poop is also normal starting at about five days after birth for breastfed babies.  Your baby’s stool will be loose. Green-brown, yellow-brown, yellow-green hues are all also normal for breastfed infants. Babies who are not breastfed will have healthy poop of either a mustard yellow or a brown color.  Their stools are likely to be larger and less frequent than those of babies who are breastfed.  The texture should resemble peanut butter.  Medium brown poop is completely normal.  Formula-fed infants may produce light brown and pasty stool. Light-tan or yellow-tan poop is also normal. This tends to happen more in formula-fed babies. If your baby’s poop is of a normal consistency -- which, depending on the baby, could range from the firmness of hummus to peanut-butter -- other colors alone need not cause concern about your baby’s health.  However, there are a wide variety of other colors linked to various foods.   If the baby has eaten berries that have become undigested, the poop may be of a streaked dark-blue color.  Pumpkin or carrot might cause your baby’s poop to be orange due to the beta carotene (an antioxidant) within the vegetables.  Orange poop might also result from a random mix of other foods. Spinach, broccoli, and other green foods might dye your baby’s stool green. Foods or drinks with food color or dyes can also change the color of the poop. In addition, certain medicines can occasionally change the color of the poop, as well as lead to some diarrhea or constipation. For example, an antibiotic called cefdinir can cause orange poop, and iron supplements can lead to dark green poop.


Recognize bullying behavior. Don't respond to name calling or mean behavior. Avoid areas you know the bully hangs out, if possible. Block the bully online.

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You may not even realize you're being bullied, or contributing to the bullying of others. The first sign is often that you feel bad about yourself when certain people are around. This is especially true of bullies who are girls. While girl bullies may use violence and verbal taunts or threats, they are skilled at using relational aggression to hurt others too. Relational aggression refers to behavior that aims to diminish social standing and relationships. A bully might spread rumors, try to get you to do embarrassing things, or point out flaws or mistakes to humiliate you, exclude you from group activities, and/or convince others they shouldn't talk to you. Bullies feel powerful because they believe they are able to exert control over the feelings of others. The goal of bullying is to illicit a reaction from the bullied. Refusing to respond diminishes the sense of power the bully feels.  Continue doing your activity without acknowledging a bully's comments. For example, if you are hanging out with your friends, continue your conversation as if the bully wasn't there. If the bully has positioned him or herself to be intrusive in your activity, turn your back to the bully and continue what you were doing. If the bully physically attacks you, protect yourself and get away. This type of behavior needs to be reported immediately. Violence is never okay, and this type of behavior typically escalates; reporting it is absolutely necessary for your safety and possibly others'. This can be tricky, especially when the bullying occurs at school. Girls tend to bully covertly, so making a girl bully go out of her way to engage in bullying behavior will expose her.  Don't tiptoe around the bully, as this will be perceived as a reaction, but there is no need to hang out in the same area of the quad. If you have lockers near one another, you can ask school office staff to reassign your locker. If avoiding the bully isn't possible, ask friends to go with you when you must be in the same area as the bully to create a buffer....


Recognize characteristic symptoms (Criterion A). Consider whether you could be having delusions. Think about whether you’re experiencing hallucinations. Think about your religious beliefs and cultural norms. Consider whether your speech and thinking are disorganized. Identify grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Think about whether you have experienced a loss of function.

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In order to diagnose schizophrenia, a mental health clinician will first look for symptoms in five “domains”: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and thinking, grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms (symptoms that reflect a reduction in behavior). You must have at least 2 (or more) of these symptoms. Each must be present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (less if the symptoms have been treated). At least 1 of the minimum 2 symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Delusions are irrational beliefs that often emerge as a response to a perceived threat that is largely or entirely unconfirmed by other people.  Delusions are maintained despite evidence that they are not true.  There’s a difference between delusions and suspicions. Many people will occasionally have irrational suspicions, such as believing a co-worker is “out to get them” or that they’re having an “unlucky streak.” The difference is whether these beliefs cause you distress or make it hard to function. For example, if you are so convinced that the government is spying on you that you refuse to leave your house to go to work or school, that is a sign that your belief is causing dysfunction in your life.  Delusions may sometimes be bizarre, such as believing you’re an animal or a supernatural being. If you find yourself convinced of something beyond the usual realms of possibility, this could be a sign of delusions (but is certainly not the only possibility). Hallucinations are sensory experiences that seem real, but are created in your mind. Common hallucinations may be auditory (things you hear), visual (things you see), olfactory (things you smell), or tactile (things you feel, such as the creepy-crawlies on your skin). Hallucinations may affect any of your senses. For example, consider whether you frequently experience the sensation of things crawling over your body. Do you hear voices when no one is around? Do you see things that...


Recognize comedonal and/or inflammatory acne. Try oral antibiotics. Try benzoyl peroxide. Use a cleanser with salicylic acid. Try topical retinoid ointments. Ask about a combination treatment. Avoid makeup and hair gels that might worsen the condition.

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Comedonal acne consists of small whiteheads and blackheads that are the result of oil and dead skin cells that clog pores. Inflammatory acne is a step beyond comedonal acne, where the blackheads and whiteheads gain an inflamed, red halo and also lead to red bumps and pimples. Comedonal acne is most commonly found on the chin, nose, and forehead. Oral antibiotics work by reducing inflammation caused by bacteria that lives on your skin. Some antibiotics may not work if build up a resistance to them; in that case, your doctor will change your prescription. Common side effects of oral antibiotics include upset stomach and dizziness. A particularly concerning side effect of antibiotics for those with fair skin is increased sensitivity to sunlight. Benzoyl peroxide comes in the form of topical lotions, creams, and gels. It is effective at treating mild to moderate acne because it causes the outer layer of the epidermis to shed.  When applied on the skin, benzoyl peroxide breaks down into benzoic acid and oxygen that are toxic to the bacteria that cause acne.  Apply the benzoyl peroxide to the affected areas with acne after washing your face with a gentle cleanser and warm water. It should typically be applied twice a day or as described by your dermatologist.  Side effects include mild skin irritation, tingling, and dryness. The side effects are usually more severe if your skin is already dry. Products containing salicylic acid are especially helpful for comedonal acne and are available over-the-counter. It can unclog pores and help slow the shedding of cells. Salicylic acid is most effective when used regularly, but make sure you read the directions so you don't over-use it and cause irritation. Retinoids, derived from vitamin A, are and effective acne therapy that have been used for over 30 years. Retinoid creams reduce blackheads and whiteheads by preventing hair follicles to become clogged with dead skin cells and sebum.  Retinoids are available as topical acne treatments (ointments, lotions, creams) and may be...


Recognize common STD symptoms. Recognize that many STDs are treatable. Determine whether you are in a high-risk group. Get tested frequently. Provide blood, urine, and fluid samples. Get your partner tested. Find free services if you need them. Do not be ashamed. Recognize that not all STDs can be tested for. Follow your doctor's instructions. Notify all sexual partners of a diagnosis.

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Not all STDs are symptomatic; however, there are some indicators that you or your partner might have contracted an STD and should see a doctor. Common symptoms include:  Sores and bumps around the vagina, penis, or rectum Pain while urinating Pain during sex Unusual or foul-smelling discharge from the vagina or penis Unusual vaginal bleeding Do not avoid doctors if you are worried about an STD. Many STDs are treatable and even fully curable, if caught early. Be honest and open with your doctors, and inquire about your treatment options. While everyone should get tested frequently for STDs, there are certain demographic groups who should be tested more frequently. These include:  Pregnant women or women who are trying to become pregnant People who have HIV — they are more susceptible to contracting other STDs People who have sex with HIV-positive partners Men who have sex with men Sexually active women under the age of 25 — they require more frequent chlamydia tests Sexually active women over the age of 21 — they require HPV tests People born between 1945 and 1965 — they are at higher risk for Hepatitis C, a curable disease  People who have multiple partners, have a single partner who sleeps with multiple partners, use prostitution services, use certain drugs, have unprotected sex, have a history of STDs or STIs, or had a parent with certain STDs when they were born are all at higher risk Get yourself tested every three to six months if you are at high risk and every one to three years if you are at low risk. Anyone who is sexually active is at risk, so even if you are in a monogamous relationship it is a good idea to get tested every few years. In protecting yourself and dealing with the problem before it is spread to others, you reduce the risk of STDs spreading in the general population. You protect everyone by protecting yourself. Testing can be done in doctor's office, a local clinic or via a lab-certified at-home testing service, such as myLABBox.com.  Testing is especially important when you have a new...


Recognize different personality types.You will be able to understand people better if you evaluate what type of personality they seem to have. Use the Big Five or OCEAN. Try the Four Ps. Meet people’s needs.

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Figuring out what type of person they are will help you understand why they say and do certain things.  It will also help you understand how to interact with them in a way that works for both of you (or to your advantage). There are several different theories of personality, many of which have years of research supporting them.  Listen to what people are telling you and watch their actions and body language to evaluate what type of personality they have. For instance, watch the person you don't understand's body language when you're talking. If his body language suddenly stiffens when you touch on the topic of family, then you can pretty safely assume that is a sensitive topic. Gathering information like this over time can help build a clear outline of that person's personality. While personality types can serve as a guideline for understanding people, keep in mind that experiences, situations, and even the person's current mood can all influence how he acts. This method looks at people's Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. By observing whether or not a person has these traits, you may have a sense for how willing someone might be to try something new, work with a group or team, or even start a conflict.  Determine how open to new experiences and ideas a person is by watching how she responds to change or novel suggestions. Does she welcome the new plan or resist it? Observe her habits to see how conscientious, or aware of herself, her goals, and environment she is. Is she detail-oriented and well-organized? Pay attention to how she interacts with others to determine how extroverted she is. Does she seem to prefer to work alone? Does she move around talking to everyone in the room? Ask open-ended questions to see how agreeable she is like, “What do you think about the new project?”; “How do you feel about our sales goal?”; “What’s your opinion on the lunch menu?” Notice neuroticism (how moody, negative, or anxious she is) by listening to and observing her. Does she...


Recognize dry skin. Change your bathing routine. Protect your skin. Apply moisturizer products throughout the day. Control environmental factors when possible. Drink plenty of fluids. Wear soft and breathable fabrics. Avoid scratching. Use 1% hydrocortisone cream to treat itching.

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Dry skin is a major cause of itchy breasts. Itching from dry skin often involves more areas of your body than just your breasts. Treating your current outbreak of dry skin can also help to prevent future problems.  Dry skin can develop in patchy areas. The patchy areas tend to have flakes or the area may tend to peel. Areas of dry skin can feel tight or stretched, especially after exposure to water. Patchy areas of dry skin appear darker or duller than normal skin tissue and may appear wrinkled when compared to the smoother texture of healthy skin.  Dry skin on your breasts may tend to get worse in the colder and dryer months of the year. Lengthy showers or baths and using hot water temperatures can cause your dry skin problem to linger, or possibly get worse.  Bathe or shower in warm water and avoid prolonged exposure to hot water. Use unscented soaps that have a high fat content or those that contain glycerin. Avoid perfumed products like bubble baths. Use a loofah sponge or gentle bath cloth and avoid scrubbing your skin harshly. When showering, consider applying soap to your breasts only every two to three days. This will allow your body's natural oils to be replenished.  Pat your skin to dry off after bathing or showering and avoid harshly wiping with a towel. Apply an unscented moisturizer immediately after your bath or shower. An alternative to applying a moisturizer after your bath or shower is to apply a bath oil product immediately before you get out of the shower. Let your body dry naturally without wiping harshly with a towel, especially around the areas of your breast that are the itchiest. Bath oil products are slippery so take precaution not to fall. If you are an athlete or go to the gym regularly, take quick showers after your workout and bring your own soap. Limit your use of antiperspirants and perfumed products due to their ability to dry the skin. Deodorant products are less drying to the skin than antiperspirants. This includes protection from the sun and harsh chemicals. Wear clothing...


Recognize early symptoms of an asthma attack. Recognize the onset of an asthma attack. Know the symptoms of asthma in a child. Evaluate the specific situation.

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People with chronic asthma may wheeze occasionally and require the use of their asthma medication to control symptoms. An attack is different in that it results in more severe symptoms which last longer and require immediate attention. Early symptoms that an attack may be imminent include:   Itchy neck Feeling irritable or short-tempered Feeling nervous or edgy Fatigue Dark circles under the eyes An asthma attack can deteriorate into a life-threatening situation that requires immediate medical attention. Know how to identify an asthma attack so that you can begin treatment as soon as possible. Although signs and symptoms of an asthma attack vary depending on the person, the most common symptoms include:  Wheezing or whistling while breathing. Most often the wheezing is heard when a person is breathing out (exhaling) but can sometimes also be heard when they are breathing in (inhaling).  Coughing. Some sufferers may cough in an attempt to clear the airway and get more oxygen into their lungs. This may be especially aggravated at night.  Shortness of breath. People suffering from asthma attacks will complain of being short of breath. They may be breathing in short shallow breaths that appear to be faster than normal.  Chest tightness. Attacks are often accompanied by a feeling that chest feels tight or that there is pain on the left or right side.  Low peak expiratory flow (PEF) readings. If the person uses a peak flow meter, a small device that measures the maximum speed of expiration in order to monitor a person's ability to exhale air, and the measurements range from 50% to 79% of your personal best, this is indicative of an asthma flare-up. Children will often have the same symptoms as adults with asthma, such as wheezing or whistling when breathing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness or pain.  Fast breathing is common in an asthma attack in children. Children may show 'retractions' where you can see their neck pulling, belly breathing, or their ribs when they breathe. In some children a chronic cough...


Recognize erotomanic delusions. Look for delusions of grandiosity. Look for jealous behavior that might signal a delusion. Watch for behaviors that indicate a persecutory delusion. Watch for delusions that involve bodily functions or sensations.

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Erotomanic delusions involve themes that another person is in love with the individual. Usually, the person who is believed to be in love with the individual is of higher status, such as a famous person or boss.  Often, this person will try to make contact with the person she believes is in love with her. It can even prompt stalking or violence.  Usually, erotomanic delusions involve peaceful behavior. But sometimes individuals with the delusion can become irritable, passionate, or jealous.  Common behavior for those with erotomania include: The belief that the object of her delusion is trying to send her coded messages, such as in certain types of body language or words. She may participate in stalking or making contact with the object of the delusion, such as writing letters, sending texts, or emails. She may do so even if the contact is unwanted. There is a persistence belief that the object of the delusion is still in love with her even with contrary evidence such as a restraining order.   This particular type of delusion is more common in women than in men. Grandiose delusions are delusions with the theme of having an unrecognized talent, insight, or discovery.   Persons with grandiose delusions are convinced of their own uniqueness such as having an important role or other powers or abilities.  They may also believe themselves to be a famous celebrity or think they have invented  something fanatic such as a time machine. Some common behaviors for those experiencing grandiose delusions may include seemingly boastful or exaggerated behavior, and they may come off as condescending. Additionally, this person may seem impulsive and unrealistic about goals or dreams. Jealous delusions have the common theme of having a spouse or lover being unfaithful.  Even if these is evidence to the contrary, the person is certain that his partner is having an affair. Sometimes people with this type of delusions will piece together certain events or experiences and conclude that it is evidence of infidelity.  Common...


Recognize faulty thought patterns. Question the validity of cognitive distortions. Aim to reframe negative thoughts. Designate a "worry time" to half an hour each day. Identify and postpone worries. Go over your worries at the designated time. Acknowledge the power you have to control worrying and negative thinking.

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Cognitive distortions are unhealthy or irrational thoughts that worsen feelings of anxiety or depression. Consider the most common cognitive distortions below and see if you can spot these patterns in your own self-talk.  All or nothing (or black and white) thinking: Viewing situations in absolute categories — something is good or bad, right or wrong, with no subtleties, complexities, or gray areas. Mental filter: Exaggerating the negatives while minimizing the positives. Jumping to conclusions: Assuming someone else's negative reaction is because of you; predicting the future to be negative. Magnification or minimization: Either maximizing or minimizing the importance of a situation. Overgeneralization: Seeing a negative event as a part of a nonstop pattern. "Should" statements: Judging yourself or others by what they "Should," "Ought," "Shouldn't," "Have to," or "Must" do. Emotional reasoning: Reasoning based solely on your emotions — "I feel stupid, so I must be." Discounting the positives: Diminishing the value of your accomplishments or positive attributes. To eliminate negative self-talk, you have to notice yourself taking part in these cognitive distortions, and then make a conscious effort to challenge these self-statements.  First, you notice negative self-talk: "I can see everyone watching me and I know they think I'm awkward." Next, you challenge this thinking with one of the following questions: What would I say to a friend who said something like this? What evidence do I have that this thought is true? What evidence do I have that this thought is not true? Am I confusing "possibility" with "certainty"? Is this thought based on how I feel rather than on facts? The primary focus of cognitive restructuring is to notice when you are having unhelpful thoughts, challenge the reality of these thoughts, and transform them into thoughts that are neutral or life-giving and positive. Reframing negative thoughts is one way to think more realistically and reduce anxious feelings. For example, the statement...


Recognize feeling overwhelmed. Consider whether you feel bored and unsatisfied. Look for mood changes. Recognize difficulty concentrating.

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People often tend to take on more responsibilities than they can actually deal with, and the end result is exasperation, frustration and stress. If this sounds like you, your responsibilities at work, school, or home may make you feel overwhelmed. This could mean you are under too much stress. This type of over commitment can result in chronic stress, which is stress that appears over time.  This can include things like work stress, continuous monetary worries, or even long-term relationships issues. A study conducted by the American Psychological Association found that many Americans reports stress being caused largely by occupational, financial, or economic factors. Being overwhelmed with many obligations or external pressures can leave you feeling unmotivated, irritable, or angry. If you notice that you are feeling unfulfilled or bored with your work and it is causing you to be restless, anxious, or depressed, this could be a sign of stress. There is conflicting research evidence whether boredom causes stress. Some research studies have found that boredom at work causes stress and can even cause anger or withdrawal. They also found signs of decreased competency and increased stress levels for surgeons on the frontlines of war who had no incoming patients.  However, another study showed that merely being bored in itself was not a cause of stress, but that if a person was bored and under a state of expectancy, such as in the case of the surgeons, or has a high need for activity, this combination can cause stress. Additionally, there is some evidence that suggests that it is not the amount of work that fixes this type of boredom, but rather how engaging and fulfilling the work it. So in other words, you can be busy and still be bored. Another common indication of stress is feeling anxious or depressed, which can cause changes in mood. You may feel like you don't have the energy to interact with people, or that you just can't connect with them anymore. You may be more irritable than usual, that you snap at...


Recognize general Simmental coloration. Identify Fleckvieh-Simmental cattle. Recognize modern Simmental cattle. Identify Fullblood or Straightbred Simmental cattle.

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Most Simmental cattle have a white face with a brownish-red body.  Other Simmental cattle will be lighter in color, while some will be all black, and others mostly brown or mostly red.  Some that are otherwise all black or all red will have a white face.  In the U.S., where certain traits have continuously been selected for, Simmental are characterized by a wider range of color patterns. While American Simmental are mostly black, they may actually be any color or color pattern – from all black, to spotted or patchy, to all white. European Simmental are red or yellow with lots of white. All Simmental start life as greyish calves with shades of red and yellow hair. Pigmentation around the eyes, as well as the udder and scrotum, are common, especially in the U.S. Nearly all Simmental cattle will have ears that are the same color as their body. Flechvieh-Simmental cattle will range in color from a light buckskin-yellow to a brownish-red.  They will have a white face that almost always has a border line just before the jawline, and a white underbelly.  Some may have a patch over each eye; others may have one patch over one eye. White will likely show on the flank and elbows, sometimes forming a stripe from behind the elbows or from the flank all the way up to the topline. They will have a lot of white on their belly and legs. The tail of a Simmental-Fleckvieh will usually be all white or white half-way down. Simmental cattle do not have a white stripe down the nape of their necks, nor white dewlaps.  If these are present, the cattle are likely Hereford. Some more modern breeds of Simmental will have less white markings and will be mostly darker brownish-red to black.  If they do have some white, it will likely be lower on the leg.  White faces are common in modern Simmental, though they may have different colored eye patches and less white overall. Some Modern Simmental cattle may still have a recognizable white stripe from the shoulder down to the elbows, or from the top of the loins to the flanks. These will...


Recognize generalizations. Stop yourself any time you're about to generalize. Assess the situation. Reframe your argument.

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Generalizations often fall into "you always" or "you never" statements. These broad characterizations of your spouse are unfair and will only hurt your spouse's feelings, whether you mean to or not.  Generalizations usually come up when you are exhausted with your spouse or have witnessed them say or do something more than once - hence, two occasions become "You always side with your friends instead of me." Generalizations may also come up when you have not seen or heard something in a while. For example, a generalization of this type might be, "You never invite me when you go to parties." Speak slowly during an argument, and try to refrain any time you're about to say "You always do that" or "You never do this." For example, you might catch yourself planning to say in an argument, "You always talk over me when you don't like hearing the truth." This type of statement is usually an exaggeration or completely untrue, but in the moment it may seem like a good response to your spouse.  Talk to your spouse about generalizations and try to help one another by policing each other's words during a fight. Have a nonverbal code, like holding one hand up, that signals to your partner that they've just used a generalization or were about to. Agree that when this happens, you will both take a five minute break and return when you're both calm and relaxed. Any time you're thinking a generalized thought in your head, it may be helpful to challenge that thought by looking at the facts. Ask yourself whether your spouse actually always or never does what you're about to accuse them of. It can help you to see this as just that - an accusation. Think about all the times your spouse has broken your "always/never" accusation. Let yourself appreciate your spouse for all the times they've made you happy. Once you've learned to recognize generalizations and you've taken a moment to cool off and collect your thoughts, you can restructure the conversation to be more productive. Instead of saying your spouse always or never does...


Recognize generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Identify social anxiety disorder. Note symptoms of panic disorder. Recognize obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Notice symptoms of a phobia. Observe symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

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Everybody has worries from time to time. Generalized anxiety disorder affects you long-term and anxiety is experienced in various situations and not around one specific event. You might worry about many things, and spend much of your day worrying. Despite efforts to stop, you cannot seem to get your mind off of your worries. With GAD, worry and anxiety are part of every day and can cause physical and emotional symptoms on a regular basis.  Your worrying may distract you from things you need to do, or you may constantly feel like something bad will inevitably happen. You may not know why you feel so worried.  For more information, check out How to Reduce Generalized Anxiety Disorder. It’s normal to feel nervous before a date or presentation. However, some people have such intense fears around social events that it causes harm to their lives. If you have social anxiety disorder, you may tend to have intense fears about talking to people, being in large groups, or giving speeches or presentations. Social anxiety can occur when meeting new people, speaking up in a group, or feeling like the center of attention. You may feel like all eyes are on you or that people are waiting for you to make a mistake to judge you or your performance. Activities such as talking on the telephone or eating and drinking in public may fill you with fear.  You may tend to avoid social situations, such as parties and gatherings to the point that it disrupts life. Some symptoms of social anxiety include intense fear prior to social situations, turning red or feeling nauseous around other people, feeling dizzy, and trembling or shaking. If you’d like to know more, read How to Recognize Social Anxiety Disorder. Panic disorder is when you experience a surge of worry accompanied by startling physical symptoms. Some people report feeling like they are having a heart attack, despite being in good health. You may start to breathe shallowly, sweat, feel like you are choking, feel dizzy, or fear you are losing control or going crazy. You may...


Recognize hoarding behaviors. Understand underlying issues that lead to hoarding. Check on the hoarder frequently. Identify the problem. State your concerns in a non-judgmental manner. Ask for permission to help. Ask questions about the collected items. Help the hoarder establish goals. Avoid causing distress. Praise improvements. Find a motivation to improve. Develop a plan. Know the consequences of extended hoarding. Give it time.

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People who struggle with excessive hoarding save excessive items in a disorganized manner, often creating a dangerous living environment.  People who hoard are often unable to discard any items, even if they have no monetary value.  They save these items out of sentimentality or due to fear that they may need the item in the future.  Hoarders often create rooms in their homes that can no longer be used as they are intended due to an accumulation of clutter. Hoarders often collect newspapers, magazines, brochures, and other documents that contain information so that they can read and digest the information at a later date, but many do not get around to actually reading the papers. Hoarders attach strong emotions to objects and feel that possessions offer them a sense of comfort or security.  They may feel as though letting go of a possession is losing a part of themselves. The reasons behind hoarding vary from person to person, but hoarders consistently show an emotional or psychological connection to the items.  They also exhibit a resistance to thinking or talking about the extent of the clutter. If you do not live with the hoarder, be sure to stop by to check on and socialize with him when you can.  You should use your visits to determine whether conditions are improving or worsening.  You may need to evaluate whether the hoarder has reached a point of being a danger to himself. Many hoarders may admit to being “pack rats” or wanting to keep things, but they do not understand concerns about health or safety.  They may not see their behavior as problematic, and often do not realize the impact that their behaviors have on others. You should communicate your concerns for the hoarder’s health and safety, but try not to sound judgmental.  Try focusing on the health risks, including mold, dust, and cleanliness.  You can also focus on environmental safety, pointing out fire hazards and blocked exits.  Try not to spend too much time focusing on the clutter or objects themselves, as this will likely cause the...


Recognize how negative self-talk affects you. Listen to your self-talk. Challenge these messages. Develop healthier affirmations.

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The things you repeat to yourself throughout a day can have an overwhelming impact on your mood. If you are feeling insecure about your weight gain, it may not be because of anything someone said to you, but is, instead, driven by what you're saying to yourself about your weight. Some self-talk is practical like "I need to get my homework done early" while other statements may be shaming or self-defeating like "I'm so fat. I should be in the gym all day long". Once you realize that some aspects of your internal voice may be contributing to your body insecurity, it's time to pay closer attention to these thoughts. Negative self-talk reinforces itself and creates your reality. The only way to stop it is to become aware of it.  Spend a few minutes each day tuning in to your thoughts, particularly when it comes to your body. Maybe you can tune in when you are getting dressed in the mirror or when you are preparing a meal. What kinds of thoughts are going through your head about yourself. Do these thoughts build you up and make you feel positive or are they making you feel worse about yourself? In order to improve your self-talk, you must attack those statements which are unhelpful or unrealistic. Using the statement "I should be in the gym all day long", let's challenge this self-talk by:  Reality testing: What evidence is there for or against it? Since this statement is very extreme, you are unlikely to find any evidence that supports the idea that you should be in the gym all day. However, you can find evidence that says working out for too long can cause injuries or exhaustion that makes it even harder to lose weight. Overdoing it won't help you lose weight. Goal-directed thinking: Is thinking this way solving my problem? No, telling yourself what you should be doing is punishment not a solution. A better way of helping yourself solve the problem is by simply saying "I would like to make the effort and visit the gym today". Rather than feeding into the nonstop self-criticism make an intentional choice to...


Recognize how your parents are bothering you. Notice your behavior towards your parents. Find out if anything has changed in your parents' life. Talk to others about your parents' behavior. Wait it out.

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Try to figure out which aspects of your life your parents are bothering you in.  You won't be able to get them to leave you alone completely, but you could figure out what area of your life is most important to be your time not theirs. Keep track of your time with your parents for about a week.  Write down specific events or conversations that are especially bothering you. Relationships are a two-way street. If you are acting rude towards your parents, they could feel inclined, out of concern, to become more involved with you.  If you continue to get into a conversation or argument you dislike, then recall your language and tone. Is this different than your normal speaking voice? Even if you consider yourself to be a friendly person, recognize if this behavior is causing your parents to interact with you more than you'd like. Your parents could be going through a hard time at work or even experiencing a rough patch in their relationship.  Try asking your parents how their day was.  Inquiring about what they are going through could help lead them to admit they're recent over-involvement with you. If you are only experiencing annoyances with one parent, try asking their friend or your other parent/guardian about the parent in question.  They may have good advise on what is bothering them. If you have an older sibling, then find out if they went through the same thing.  Ask your friends about their relationships and inquire if you're problems are common among your group of friends.  Meet with a trusted mentor (teacher, adviser, babysitter, etc) and ask them about your parents being overbearing. If you are still unsure about your dilemma, consult with a guidance councilor or ask your parents for a therapist. If this feeling is a recent development, then try waiting a week or two to see if their actions persist.  Issues can fluctuate into an overwhelming period of time, and sometimes during this time people need help or the company of others. Remember your parents are also human beings and deserve your patience.


Recognize if you need couples counseling. Accept that you need counseling. Know what to expect from couples counseling. Find a licensed counselor. Make time in your schedule.

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Couples counseling can be attended by anyone in a romantic relationship. Although some go to couples counseling before marriage to make sure their relationship is at the right place for the next step, it is typically for those couples who having issues within the relationship that they need outside help fixing. Often, those that attend couples counseling are working through problems that may lead to separation or a divorce/breakup, such as:  Infidelity Sexual dissatisfaction Communication issues Power struggles Betrayal Anger Issues with child bearing, rearing, or blended families Substance abuse Financial issues One of the most important things you can do before you go to couples counseling is accept that you and your partner need help. This needs to be done by both of you. If your partner is not willing to go to counseling, then you can still go on your own and benefit from therapy. It might just be harder to improve your relationship this way.  Accepting that you need help does not mean failure. It means that you understand that you and your partner care enough about each other to work on your relationship and need a little help to figure everything out. You should also be committed to making your relationship work. If you don't allow yourself to be open to fixing your relationship, you will not be able to fully participate in counseling. Couples counseling is a method of talk therapy that focuses on your relationship with your partner. You will work with your counselor to express emotions, get closer, and work through your relationship issues. You will also decide whether or not you can move past your issues and if you can save your relationship.  You and your partner will talk through your problems with the help of your counselor, where he or she will lead you and your partner in the right direction to heal. Although the sessions will focus on you and your partner as a couple, you will also be able to complete some individual sessions if desired. Once you decide that you need couples counseling, you need...


Recognize if you're being sexually objectified. Watch for misogynistic tendencies. Evaluate whether you want to stay.

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There is a clear distinction between sexual attraction and sexual objectification. While your boyfriend may claim he's just attracted to you, an obsession with a particular body part can cross the line to objectification.  Do you feel like your boyfriend views your butt separate from you? If your boyfriend is treating you as a body and not an individual, this is sexual objectification. Think about the way your boyfriend talks about your butt, and interacts with you physically. Do you feel like he's paying attention to you as a person? Do you feel like he values your personality and intelligence in addition to your body? These kinds of tendencies can really harm a relationship over time. If your boyfriend has a misogynistic mentality, it may be hard for him to change his behavior.  Does your boyfriend have a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde personality? He may cross your boundaries and upset you, and then try to make up for it with kind, charming behavior. With time, however, he'll cross your boundaries again. Does your boyfriend act controlling or competitive with you? Does he have rules for how you dress and act? Does he feel threatened by your success or achievements? Is he inconsistent with how he communicates? Does he sometimes talk to you every day, and then disappear for a week without an explanation? Relationships take work. There are a lot of things you have to compromise on, but your personal boundaries not not one of them.  Your boyfriend should respect you as an individual. If he is not respecting you, the relationship is not worth it.  If you've talked to your boyfriend about your boundaries and he still violates them, this shows a fundamental lack of respect. You owe it to yourself to find someone who treats you with respect. If your boyfriend consistently violates your boundaries, this is a clear indicator the relationship is not healthy. It may be best, at this point, to end the relationship and move forward.


Recognize if your guest of honor is mobile or requires assistance. Note if there are any risks involved. Consider transportation to and from the party. Remember the interests of the honored guest. Include your honored guest in the planning.

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Does he or she get around easily, or only with help? Does he or she have trouble with steps, or walking through crowded rooms? Make sure your chosen venue is wheelchair-accessible (if necessary). Consider both the guest of honor and his or her friends. For example, if you are planning a party in January and live in Michigan, you must consider the possibility of snowy or bitingly cold weather. It may not be the best decision to bring a senior citizen out in nasty weather conditions as they are more susceptible to catching illnesses. Be prepared to change plans if the honoree is unwell on the date of the party. It would not be wise to have a 90-year-old attend a party if he or she was under the weather. Many (though not all) 90-year-olds no longer drive their own vehicles on a daily basis. Recognize if this will be an issue for your guest of honor. Offer to be a driver, or find someone who is willing to drive your honoree and his or her friends, if necessary. While you are planning a 90th birthday party, it does not have to be solely focused on the number 90. Instead, think of the current or past interests of your honoree and see if you can incorporate these into the party. This is a great opportunity to be creative!  If your birthday honoree loves the outdoors, consider booking a place in a local park and bringing food to cook on a grill. If your birthday honoree loves Italian food, book a private room at the nicest Italian restaurant in town, and decorate it before the party. If your honoree’s favorite and most memorable moment was her honeymoon in Paris, recreate a French restaurant in your kitchen and dining room and take her back to her younger days. Giving him or her a hand in the party planning can be a great topic of conversation and a fun way for them to stay involved in the party process.  Questions you may want to ask include:  Would you rather a small family gathering, or a large event with friends included? Would you rather a party in the afternoon or in the evening? Would you like a home-cooked...


Recognize immediately dangerous wounds. Be aware of dangerous developments, including potential infection. Make sure tetanus shots are up to date.

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Get to a hospital if the wound is jagged, has gaping edges, or cannot be cleaned.  There are other serious conditions to watch for, as well.  Go to the hospital immediately if the wound bleeds in spurts or bleeding continues after 20 minutes of continuous pressure. Get to the hospital if the wound is deep, you can see any fat or muscle, or if you cannot easily and completely close the wound. It may need stitches. The sooner a wound is properly closed, the less likelihood of infection and better the chances that there will not be serious scarring. If the wound becomes more tender or inflamed, or begins to drain a thick or whitish-grey fluid, see a doctor soon. There are a few things you should watch out for.  If any of the following occur, see a doctor:  Numbness develops around the wound. The victim’s temperature rises above 100.4°F (38°C). Discomfort accompanies simple movements. Red or otherwise discolored streaks develop near the wound. The wound isn’t healing, begins to swell, or increases in warmth or drainage. Check to see if the victim is up to date with their tetanus immunizations. Especially if the wound is deep or dirty, and the victim hasn’t had a tetanus shot in the previous five years, a tetanus booster shot is a good idea.


Recognize left hand and right hand lines. Recognize the pitches on your piano. Use the pedals when indicated. Read the lines of music. Go slowly. Practice.

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When you look at piano sheet music, you will see that there are two staffs which are attached at the beginning of each line and at the measures. These two lines indicate which hand plays which notes. The upper staff indicates the notes played with the right hand and the lower staff indicates which notes are played with the left. Each key, both white and black, represents a particular pitch and like the repeated pattern of the keys, the pitches also repeat. Look at your piano and you will see two black keys close together and then three black keys close together. Starting with the first of the two keys and moving to the very next key (including white notes) the pitches are: C#/Db, D, D#/Eb, E, F, F#/Gb, G, G#/Ab, A, A#/Bb, B, and C. The bolded text indicates a black key. Labeling the keys while you learn may be helpful. You may see pedals at your feet if using a proper piano, rather than a keyboard. The left pedal is called the “soft” pedal, the middle pedal is called the “sostenuto” pedal, and the right pedal is called the “sustain” or “damper” pedal. When to use the most common pedal, the sustain pedal, is indicated on the sheet music: The sustain pedal should be pressed when the word “Ped.” is written below a note and released when you see a star. Alternatively, you may see horizontal, vertical, or angled lines together. A horizontal line means to press the pedal, an angle means a brief release, and a vertical line means to release the pedal. Reading music is just like reading a language. Think of the staff as the sentence and the notes as the letters. Put your knowledge of the staff together with your knowledge of the notes and begin to play the music that you see on the page. You won’t be very good at first but you will get better and better as you get more experience. When first learning to play piano, play slowly. Over time you hands will get used to the movements and it will be easier to play without looking at your hands constantly. Play songs very slowly until you are comfortable and ready to speed...


Recognize linear functions as simple, easily-graphed lines, like y=2x+5{\displaystyle y=2x+5}. Use the constant to mark your y-intercept. Find the slope of your line with the number right before the variable. Break the slope into a fraction. Starting at your y-intercept, follow your "rise" and "run" to graph more points. Use a ruler to connect your dots and graph your linear function.

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There is one variable and one constant, written as F(x)ory=a+bx{\displaystyle F(x)ory=a+bx} in a linear function, with no exponents, radicals, etc. If you've got a simple equation like this, then graphing the function is easy. Other examples of linear functions include:  F(n)=4−2n{\displaystyle F(n)=4-2n} y=3t−120{\displaystyle y=3t-120}  F(x)=23x+3{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {2}{3}}x+3} The y-intercept is where the function crosses the y-axis on your graph. In other words, it is the point where x=0{\displaystyle x=0}. So, to find it, you simply set x to zero, leaving the constant in the equation alone. For the earlier example, y=2x+5{\displaystyle y=2x+5}, your y-intercept is 5, or the point (0,5). On your graph, mark this spot with a dot. In your example, y=2x+5{\displaystyle y=2x+5}, the slope is "2." That is because 2 is right before the variable in the equation, the "x." Slope is how steep a line is, or how high the line goes before going to the right or left. Bigger slopes mean steeper lines. Slope is about steepness, and steepness is simply the difference between movement up and down and movement left and right. Slope is a fraction of rise over run. How much does the line "rise" (go up) before it "runs" (goes to the side)? For the example, the slope of "2" could be read as 2up1over{\displaystyle {\frac {2up}{1over}}}. If the slope is negative, that means the line goes down as you move to the right. Once you know your slope, use it to plot out your linear function. Start at your y-intercept, here (0,5), and then move up 2, over 1. Mark this point (1,7) as well. Find 1-2 more points to create an outline of your line. To prevent mistakes or rough graphs, find and connect at least three separate points, though two will do in a pinch. This is the graph of your linear equation!


Recognize melanoma skin cancer. Notice non-melanoma skin cancer. Decide if you are at risk. Notice the causes of cancer.

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Skin cancer can be divided into non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Melanoma skin cancer is the dangerous kind. Your skin grows normally to naturally replace cells that die off. With cancerous cells, however, there is an uncontrolled growth of cells to form a solid tumor. These can be benign, which are not cancerous, or malignant, which are cancerous and can spread the cancer.  Different types of melanoma skin cancer include:  Atypical moles, also known as dysplastic nevi, which are larger than normal moles (greater than ⅓ inch or greater than 8 mm), have irregular or non-smooth edges, and are often darker than normal brown moles. Actinic (solar) keratosis, which is a rough and scaly patch of skin that has often been exposed to the sun, most commonly found on the face, ears, lips, scalp, neck, back of your hands, and forearms, and that get bigger over time. Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common forms of skin cancer. Almost all of these forms of skin cancer can be cured, with better chances of a cure arising if you spot them early. The different forms of non-melanoma skin cancer are:  Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), which is commonly found on the head, face, arms, neck, and hands, looks like waxy, raised, small, pearly bumps, grows slowly and rarely spreads.  Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), which is found on the neck, face, arms, head, and hands, is scaly and rough, reddish in color, and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), which is a less common and very fast growing skin cancer, shows up as firm, shiny lumps on the skin with a reddish, pinkish, or bluish color, and do not hurt but may be tender to the touch. Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma, which starts in the blood, appears as scaly or bumpy patches on the skin, and is very slow growing. Kaposi’s Sarcoma, which is usually associated with HIV/AIDs, is purplish in color, and appears as a flat patch of skin or inside the mouth, nose, or throat. There are certain situations that make you more at risk for skin cancer. These...


Recognize moments that can easily escalate. Stay calm. Return when you are calm. Exit if possible.

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If you notice you are constantly getting in fights in a certain mood or when certain things are said, detach before you get angry. To do this, recognize the triggers and prepare for moments in which they may appear. Go back over past confrontations and isolate the things that made you angry, or made the other person angry.  You might notice that your partner always picks a fight when she or he is stressed about work. On stressful workdays, you can prepare to detach ahead of time by reminding yourself that she or he may be in a bad mood later. If the issue is not between you and one person, but rather between you and one situation, recognize that situation. For instance, you might always start to panic in bad traffic. Recognize that this is a big stressor for you. When a moment escalates, or when a trigger is presented, take a moment to calm yourself down. Remind yourself what is happening, and take two deep breaths. Remember that in these moments you can only control yourself, not anybody else. Take as much time as you need to step away from a confrontation. Spend some time stating how you feel. Say "I feel angry that my mother tried to tell me what to do, and I feel frustrated that when I said this she started yelling at me." Naming your emotions will give you some space from them. Only return when you can name how you feel without feeling a new surge of emotion. If it feels safe to take a physical break from a situation you would like to de-escalate, go ahead and take it. A walk around the block or a little time to yourself in another room can help you calm down. On your break, focus on how you feel. Try to name it if you can. Forget your partner for a moment, and take care of your own feelings. You can return when you are ready to re-engage. Come back calmly, knowing that your partner may still be upset.


Recognize negative thought patterns. Question your negative thoughts. Counteract your negative thoughts. Be kind to yourself. Use self-affirmations.

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The way that you think about yourself affects your confidence levels. If you constantly say negative things about yourself, you will begin to believe them. These thoughts are often more damaging than the things that other people may say to you.  When you begin to feel anxious, sad, depressed, angry, or upset, stop and reflect on the thoughts you are currently having.  You can also wear a rubber band around your wrist and snap the rubber band each time you have a negative thought. Instead of accepting the negative thoughts you have about yourself, challenge them. For example, If you ever tell yourself, "I can't do anything right," or "Nobody likes me," challenge those thoughts instead of believing that those things are true.  Ask yourself some of the following questions to determine if your thoughts are true.  Why do I feel the way you do? What do I think about myself in this very moment? What is the evidence for and against my thinking? Can I find out if my thoughts are really true? How else can I look at this situation? Will this matter in 5 years? Does this way of thinking help me achieve my goals? Can I learn anything from this situation? Once you recognize a negative thought, you must replace it with a more positive, realistic thought. This may be difficult at first. However, the more you do it, the more positive your thoughts will become.  Instead of saying, "I flunked my test. I am a complete failure," say, "I didn't do great on this test, but I can prepare better next time. I will ask my teacher for some extra help. I know I can do this." Instead of saying, "That guy doesn't like me. I must be ugly or a loser, " say, "That hurts my feelings that he doesn't like me, but that doesn't mean that no one else likes me. I'm a great girl. I will be able to find someone else who is interested in me." You are probably harder on yourself than you are to your friends and family. Accept that you will not always get things right, and you will make mistakes. That is part of being human.  If you make a mistake or go...


Recognize negative thoughts. Discover the causes of your negative thoughts. Challenge and let go of negative thoughts. Respect your feelings. Don't let anyone belittle your feelings.

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Negatives thoughts are often unrealistic thoughts about a situation, yourself, or future events. These can overwhelm your positive thoughts and change your view of yourself. If you don't catch these negative thoughts, you won't be able to use healthy coping skills. Having a negative view of yourself can lead to depression.  For example, you might be sad because you were just broken up with. After a break up, most people have some negative thoughts like, "I wasn't a good partner," or "I'll always be alone." If you start believing these negative thoughts, your actions will start supporting them. For example, you may stop going on dates because you think you'll always be alone. Think of the concerns you have underneath the negative thoughts. For example, if you think you'll always be alone, your underlying concerns might be related to lack of self-confidence when meeting new people. While becoming aware of your feelings may not be comfortable, it is important to understand what's creating your negative thoughts.  You might try making a thought record by writing down an event that you wish happened differently or that you could have handled better. Track any feelings of sadness or events surrounding the feeling.  For example, your initial negative thought might be, "I'm a loser since I can't get a date." The underlying cause of this thought might be that you're feeling sad about the breakup and you feel alone since you had plans to go on a date. Simply ask yourself if the thought is the truth. This will lead you to realize that most thoughts are not true, but are just reactions. You might also ask yourself the following questions to challenge and let go of negative thoughts:  Why do you think the thought is true? What facts support it? "I don't even know how to ask someone out on a date. I'm out of practice." What are your reactions to the negative thoughts (actions, feelings, and other emotions)? "I'm scared to ask someone to go on a date with me." How would not having that thought change your actions or...


Recognize physical abuse. Look for sexual assault. Watch for psychological abuse. Recognize financial abuse. Watch for neglect.

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Elder physical abuse is when physical force or violence is inflicted on elders that results in pain, bodily injury, or physical impairment. A sub division of physical abuse is domestic abuse, which is when a spouse is responsible for physical abuse. Signs of physical abuse include:  Bruises and injuries Broken bones Dislocations, sprains, or fractures Scrapes on any part of the body Burns from cigarettes, hot water, or appliances Unexplained or suspicious injuries A change in behavior towards others Differing explanations of how injuries occured Since elders can be weaker than others, they may be the target of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is when any elderly person is subjected to unwanted sexual contact of any kind, from groping to intercourse, especially when he or she does not have the mental capacity to consent. Although the majority of sexually abused elders are women, it can happen to men as well. Signs include physical pain, tenderness, or bleeding from the genital or anal region, bruises on the inner thighs or genitalia, clothing that is torn, bloody, or stained, and difficulty walking or sitting when there was no previous issue. The elderly may be subjected to psychological abuse. This type of abuse is the intentional and willful infliction of mental or emotional duress or anguish through humiliation, threats, or other verbal means. Common indicators of psychological abuse include:  Depression Uncharacteristic confusion Problems sleeping Being emotionally withdrawn, upset, irritable, or non responsive Signs that can be attributed to dementia, such as rocking or biting Unexplained weight loss or weight gain Unexplained stress symptoms, such as high blood pressure Financial elder abuse covers any activity that takes the money or resources from an elder under questionable circumstances. This includes taking money or property, forging a signature to gain resources, using property or possessions without permission, taking money for services not given, and scams or cons of any nature. Signs include:  Unpaid...


Recognize potentially threatening situations. Prepare family members for what may happen. Track the progress of imminent disasters. Evacuate before disaster strikes

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Watch news and weather reports in your region so that you can be aware of potential disasters in the area. You can also download apps for your smartphone, like Natural Disaster Monitor or Weather Underground, that will alert you of potential disasters near your location. If your family is at risk for exposure to a natural disaster, explain to them what is happening. Review your emergency preparedness plan so that everyone knows what to do in the event of a disaster. Make sure you are prepared to either shelter in place or evacuate, if necessary. Check back with your news station frequently so that you will be aware of changes in weather or conditions that could alter the course of a disaster. Sign up to receive alerts or updates from your local government or weather service so that you will be well informed of what’s happening. , if possible. If danger is imminent in your area, evacuate before it strikes. Your local government or authority may order evacuations if a natural disaster is looming, so be sure to follow their instructions. If you aren’t able to evacuate, shelter in place until it is safe to leave the area.


Recognize prejudice at play in your life. Accept that these prejudices are learned and can be unlearned.  Commit to changing Observe your self-talk.

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Prejudice, when broken down, basically means pre-judgment. Having awareness that you do, in fact, make unfair assessments or judgments about others is a great starting place. Take a close look at your life and your everyday interactions. Think about the beliefs, thoughts, and opinions you have developed about others. When did these prejudices take root? What is happening to reinforce them in your life?  Researchers believe that, as early as age 3, children begin developing an attachment with their own cultural or racial group, the in-group, and unconsciously have negative views of all other groups, the out-groups.  Some of these biases are learned within the home or cultural group. Others are emphasized within the media. So, we know that children learn prejudice early on in life. Given that prejudice is learned, it, too, can be unlearned. No matter how long you have had certain viewpoints about other groups, it is entirely possible to change these views. Prejudice can be unlearned with diversity education. One study found that students who took a prejudice seminar had significantly reduced prejudice and stereotypes after completing the seminar. your personal prejudices. Implementing a change as substantial as transforming your personal prejudices requires great commitment. You must truly want to change these biases with maximum effort and continue in the change process despite difficulty or loss of motivation. You can show commitment to changing your personal prejudices by developing a plan to take action. Choose one prejudice at a time that you want to change and identify methods in which you can change it. Set a deadline. Over time, check your progress. Self-talk includes statements that we tell ourselves throughout the day. Bringing awareness to your personal prejudice demands paying very close attention to what you are telling yourself about different groups. In addition to helping you overcome prejudice, improving negative self-talk can also boost your self-esteem and mental well-being. Intentionally...


Recognize previous abuse. Notice more aggressive behavior. Recognize more erratic tendencies. Examine empathy.

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While psychopaths tend to have a strong genetic link, sociopaths appear to have a more environment-based development. For example, a sociopath may have grown up in an unstable, neglectful, or violent home or community. The sociopath may develop traits as a defense mechanism or response to harsh conditions. Experiencing a traumatic childhood and adapting to the harshness is much more likely for a sociopath than a psychopath. While the psychopath may be benevolent, charming, and calculated, the sociopath may be more aggressive, rageful, and reckless. Sociopaths may be more violent than psychopaths and experience more emotional outbursts. Sociopaths are much more likely to behave in reckless behavior without regarding potential outcomes or consequences. While psychopaths tend to be meticulous and detail-oriented, sociopaths may be more careless and erratic. A sociopath may not think of potential outcomes or how to anticipate them. Sociopaths tend to have more difficulty holding down a job.They may move frequently or cycle through jobs quickly. A sociopath may decide to rob a bank one day and go do it without much planning. The psychopath, however, would spend weeks or months planning “the perfect crime.” Sociopaths tend to experience more empathy and more guilt than psychopaths. A sociopath may be capable of creating social bonds with people or romantic relationships. A sociopath may have no problem hurting a stranger, but may feel remorseful for hurting someone close to him or her.


Recognize red shorthorn cattle. Learn about white cattle. Don’t forget about roan shorthorns.

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Red shorthorns range from deep red to brownish-red and may have white specks on various parts of their body.  Look for white on their belly, from the brisket to the hind legs and possibly on their foreheads. In crossbred cattle it's the red shorthorns, which are most often used to help maintain those solid colored cattle. The white shorthorn is most often used to breed with females, which is referred to as a crossing bull.  White shorthorns are predominately white. However, they may have a few visible red hairs. Look for their hair to be medium in length and soft. Roan shorthorns have a more interesting pattern. Most are red from their head to their shoulders, while the rest of their body is roan.  You can often find splashes of red and white on their lower body, legs, and possibly the rump as well. There are all sorts of possibilities for coloration on the roan shorthorn cattle. Even Googling the word "shorthorn" and looking at the images will give you an idea of the variety of interesting patterns you may find on a roan shorthorn. Look for a large star or diamond of white on their foreheads with red from the rest of their heads to the base of their necks.


Recognize risk factors. Watch for swelling. Notice pain and immobility in the joint. Check for a fever. Observe fatigue and weakness. Detect irritability.

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Individuals of any age can develop septic arthritis. However, some people may be more susceptible to this condition. Children, older adults, and illegal drug users are more likely to have septic arthritis. Other risk factors include:  Having existing joint problems such as gout or lupus. Taking medication for rheumatoid arthritis. Having fragile skin that breaks easily. Having a weakened immune system. Having joint trauma such as animal bites or puncture wounds. Having recent surgery.  Taking immunosuppressants. Septic arthritis generally comes on quickly. Symptoms are usually in one joint, though in rare cases may affect two or more areas. One of the most common symptoms of septic arthritis is swelling around the affected joint. This is caused by a buildup of infected fluid around your joint. Watching for swelling in one joint can help you diagnose septic arthritis. Pay attention to any warmth and redness that accompanies the swelling. This can also indicate septic arthritis. The swelling caused by septic arthritis infection can also bring on mild to severe pain. It can also lead to an inability to fully move your joint.  Watching for any pain and immobility in the joint can help you diagnose septic arthritis and seek prompt treatment.  Recognize that your pain may get worse when you move the affected joint. Avoid forcing a painful joint to move. Septic arthritis may also lead to an inability to move the joint.  Listen for crying or whimpering in infants and small children when the joint is moved. This is a sign of pain and may indicate that the child is suffering from septic arthritis. Infections, including septic arthritis, are often accompanied by a fever. This is a sign that something out of the ordinary is happening in the body. Taking the temperature can indicate a fever which may be the result of septic arthritis.  Recognize that chills, muscle aches, sweating, and headache are common symptoms of a fever. These may also accompany a fever with septic arthritis. Seek immediate medical attention if your...


Recognize rude behaviors. Empathize with your parents. Put your decision in writing. Figure out why you act this way. Find other ways to satisfy yourself. Reward good behavior. Ask your parents for help. Don't beat yourself up.

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Think back to your interactions with your parents, whether they were actually arguments or regular conversations. Did you refuse to listen, roll your eyes, yell, call them names, or curse at them? All of these actions are considered rude, but there are likely others. Ask yourself, "If someone did that to me, how would I feel?" If you think you would be offended, chances are what you did was rude. Being able to understand other people's feelings, including directly opposing viewpoints, is an important skill that takes effort to develop. Ask yourself, "If I was my mother/father and I was on the receiving end, would I have been angry? Would I have felt hurt? What would I have done if someone treated me that way?" This will help you understand why they reacted the way they did and help you to be less angry. Being able to see your decision written out will make it feel more concrete and real. It also means that you can put the written declaration somewhere you will frequently see it, like on your mirror, your laptop, or in your pocket, to serve as a reminder to you. Make your written statement specific and descriptive. Write about which exact behaviors, such as rolling your eyes or mouthing off, you recognize in yourself that you need to avoid. Don't be afraid to add more things if you realize later there was something you forgot. Everybody does things for a reason whether they know it or not. You can think of this reason as your "pay-off" or motivation. Ask yourself, "What am I getting out of acting this way?" Your reason could be anything from a feeling of control in your relationship, relief from frustration, retaliation from having your own feelings hurt, or maybe even you're hoping to look cool in front of friends or siblings. Once you've identified what you are actually getting out of your rude behavior, you can start thinking of alternative ways you can achieve your goals. Once you no longer need to rely on being rude to satisfy your needs, you will be less likely to depend on it.  If you're feeling angry,...


Recognize second-degree burns. Remove jewelry. Rinse the burn. Apply an antibiotic cream. Clean a popped blister. Apply a new bandage daily. Make a homemade honey ointment. Monitor the burn.

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Second-degree burns are more severe than first-degree burns because they extend past the epidermis and into the lower layer of skin (the dermis). This doesn't necessarily mean they need medical care. The burns will be a dark red and will produce blisters on the skin. They are more swollen and splotchy than first-degree, with more reddened skin, which may look wet or shiny. The burned area itself may look white or discolored.  If the burn is larger than 3 inches, treat as third-degree and seek medical attention immediately.  Common causes of second-degree burns including scalding, flame, contact with a very hot object, bad sunburn, chemical burns, and electrical burns. Burns can cause swelling, which could cause jewelry on the burned hand to become uncomfortably tight, cut off proper circulation, or dig into the skin. Remove any jewelry on the burned hand, such as rings or bracelets. Treatment for second-degree burns is almost the same as first degree burns. When the burn occurs, quickly but calmly get to a sink and put your hand or arm under the cold water for 15-20 minutes. This will help pull heat away from the skin and reduce inflammation. If blisters are present, do not pop them. They help the skin heal. Popping them can introduce infection and delay healing time. Don't apply butter or ice to the burn. Also, do not blow on the burn because it can increase your likelihood of infection. Because second-degree burns extend further into the skin, the potential for infection is greater. Apply an antibiotic cream to the burned area before bandaging it. Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) is a popular antibiotic ointment for burns. It is often available over-the-counter without a prescription. Use a lot of the cream so that it will soak into the skin for a long time. If a blister does pop on its own or by accident, do not panic. Clean it with a mild soap and clean water. Apply an antibiotic ointment and cover the burn with a new bandage. Burn dressings should be changed daily to help prevent infection. Remove the old...


Recognize self-esteem issues. Find out about cultural differences. Think about gender differences.

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Unfortunately, some people really don't like themselves. This can stem from growing up in an unsupportive environment or other factors and can be very hard to overcome.  A person with low self-esteem may hate compliments because it contradicts her negative view of herself and she can't believe it.  She may worry that the compliment means you have high expectations that she can't live up to, and that she is destined to disappoint you. Does the person come from a different country or culture than you do? That could have something to do with it.  Some cultures are averse to compliments because they feel it is like coddling and that you are treating them like a child.  In some cultures, to accept a compliment is to place yourself above others, which is unacceptable. Have you noticed that many women have a hard time accepting a compliment? They will do anything to convince you that you're wrong or to minimize their positive aspects.  Women are conditioned to deflect praise because they are taught to be humble, unlike men.  Women are also taught not to make someone else feel bad in comparison, so they will deny praise so as not to hurt someone else's feelings.


Recognize separation anxiety. Try counterconditioning your dog. Desensitize your dog to solitude. Be patient. Consider alternative arrangements.

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Separation anxiety can take various forms in a dog, but the most common signs of separation anxiety are destroying the house/apartment and barking incessantly. These behaviors are typically only engaged in when the dog's owner is at work or otherwise out of the house, and if the dog is not destructive, some owners may not even be aware that their dogs have separation anxiety. Common signs of separation anxiety to look out for include:  following you from room to room, no matter how briefly you are gone  shaking, panting, or crying when you get ready to leave for the day  urinating or defecating indoors while you're not home  chewing household objects when you're not home  scratching or "digging" at the floor, walls, or doors when left alone  possible complaints from neighbors about barking or howling when left at home alone Counterconditioning is a common treatment method for dogs that typically involves training the dog to associate something fearful with a reward. In the case of separation anxiety, instead of fearing someone or something, the dog fears being left alone. To counter condition  separation anxiety, you'll need to train your dog to associate being left alone with something the dog enjoys (like treats).  Whenever you leave the house, try giving your dog a puzzle toy stuffed with food. Something hollow that can be stuffed with treats, spray cheese, or low-fat peanut butter will keep your dog occupied for at least 20 to 30 minutes, which may be long enough for her to forget that she was afraid of you leaving.  When you get home, remove or hide the puzzle toy(s) so that your dog becomes conditioned to only having access when you're out of the house.  Be aware that counterconditioning typically only works for mild cases of separation anxiety. Though puzzle toys will certainly be enjoyed by your dog no matter how severe her condition, you may need to resort to stronger approaches if your dog suffers from moderate to severe anxiety. If your dog has moderate to severe separation anxiety, she most likely...


Recognize signs and symptoms of an eye infection. Know that the choice of treatment depends upon the causes of your eye infection. Understand that occasionally steroid drops are prescribed for your eyes in addition to treating the underlying infection.

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See your eye doctor immediately if you experience any of the following:  Blurry vision Excessive tearing Eye pain Sensitivity to light The sensation of having something in your eye Swelling, unusual redness, or irritation in the eye. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, viral infections with anti-viral medications, and fungal infections with anti-fungals.  The most common form of treatment is prescription eyedrops given to you by your doctor. He or she will give you instructions of how many drops to put in each eye how often, and an expected time-frame for recovery. The eye drop prescription will, of course, be tailored to the diagnosis of what type of eye infection you have. If you do not get better within a few days to a week (or if your symptoms get worse at any time), book a follow-up appointment with your doctor to rule out that nothing more serious is going on. This depends upon the severity of your infection, as topical steroids can sometimes be useful to diminish inflammation and redness in you eye(s).


Recognize signs of a manipulator. Talk about your interactions. Ignore guilt trips. Point out their inequality.

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A manipulator  intentionally creates an imbalance of power and exploits the victim for their own agenda. They may let you talk first so that they can find holes in what you’re saying or twist your words. This person might lie or make obvious excuses for their behavior, particularly blaming you for ‘making’ them do something. A manipulative person will often be judgmental and critical of you. They might make you feel guilty when they’re actually at fault.  Manipulators share a few common characteristics:  They know how to detect your weaknesses. They use your weaknesses against you. They often convince you to give up something of yourself in order to serve their self-centered interests. Once a manipulator succeeds in taking advantage of you, they will likely repeat the violation until you put a stop to the exploitation.    For example, the person might say, “Well, if you had made dinner for me, I wouldn’t be in a bad mood!” The silent treatment is a common manipulative tactic for someone trying to get their way. Especially if the manipulator is someone you talk to regularly or work with, it might be beneficial to talk about the behavior. Make it clear that you don’t like them treating you that way. You can also say what you’d like instead.  For example, if you’re on a project and the person is trying to manipulate you to do something their way, say, “I don’t like it when you talk to me that way. I’m capable of making a decision on my own.” If the person is manipulating you to buy something for them, say, “It’s not acceptable to talk to me that way. You can make a request if you’d like, but guilting me into buying something won’t work.” Recognize if the person is using guilt as a way to control you or to get you to do something you don’t want to do. Try putting their statements back onto them for self-reflection. For example, the person may say, “You’re never there for me when I need you.” Simply say back, “That’s not true, and it makes me feel like you don’t appreciate me when I help you.” Point out their...


Recognize signs of an infection. Disinfect the area with a saline compress. Do not remove your jewelry or use an antibacterial ointment. Consider supplemental remedies. See a doctor for a serious infection.

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The area around a new piercing may be red, tender, and/or swollen for a few weeks. However, if these symptoms last more than three weeks, they may indicate an infection. Similarly, yellow discharge is normal for about a week after getting a belly button piercing. If discharge continues, turns green, or includes blood, this likely indicates an infection.  Other indications of an infection include excess crust around one or both of the piercing’s holes, persistent pain or soreness to the touch, skin sensitivity, the ability to see the piercing through the skin, or any movement or loosening of the piercing itself. If any of these symptoms are present, see you doctor. A saline press is another way to wash and disinfect your belly button piercing that will also reduce pain or other irritation from infection.  Dissolve a quarter teaspoon of salt into a cup or so of water that is warm, but safe to touch.  Use a cotton ball of piece of clean gauze to soak up the solution. Lie on your back and gently hold the saturated material onto your belly button area for 10 minutes.  Repeat this process twice a day to help kill bacteria and reduce irritation. Dry your belly button with a disposable paper product such as paper towel. A clean towel and gauze are other good alternatives. While these actions may be tempting, they may actually prolong the healing process.  In fact, removing your jewelry can lead to other health complications. Similarly, antibacterial ointment can inadvertently trap bacteria within the infected area. Tea tree oil, aloe vera, white vinegar, and chamomile tea are all said to have infection-fighting properties as well. While saline solution is the recommended method of disinfecting your piercings, these may offer supplementary relief from irritation and other symptoms of an infection. Aloe vera gel can help soothe an irritated belly button and may even help prevent scarring.  Get aloe vera gel from your local pharmacy. Home treatment may not be adequate to rid your piercing of a persistent infection.  If...


Recognize signs of bullying. Understand why people bully and spread rumors about others. Know who your real friends are. Avoid participating in gossip. Do things that make you feel good about yourself.

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Someone who is a bully may exhibit some of these behaviors toward you or others: forcing you to do something you would not normally do, or don’t want to do; hitting you, or using any other form of physically aggressive and abusive behavior; taking and breaking your property, such as a cell phone or toy; calling you names or using any other form of verbally aggressive behavior toward you. Realize that bullying can come from many sources such as older siblings, a parental figure, friends, or even strangers who use aggression and intimidation to get their way. It’s possible that the bully has an undiagnosed or diagnosed learning or other disability which inhibits their ability to learn both social and problem-solving skills.  Bullies also often have cognitive distortions, which means that they see their situations in such a way that they truly feel they can justify their bullying behavior, even if we can see that it is wrong. Bullies like to rebuild their internal sense of control that they may have felt was lost. When they feel powerless and afraid, they show it through aggressive behavior because that's what makes him feel more in control. A “friend” who talks about you behind your back isn’t a real friend. Spend your time with people who are loyal, honest, and caring, and don’t waste your time on the others. A true friend is someone who would stand up for you instead of believing a false rumor about you. Gossiping can feel fun, but it has the potential to hurt people. If you’ve been the subject of malicious gossip, use the experience to become more empathetic. Avoid talking about other people behind their backs, and if you hear other people gossiping, say something to shut it down. For instance, if two of your friends start gossiping about someone else, say something like, “Sarah has always been nice to me. I’d rather not talk about her while she isn’t here.” Spend time developing your skills, taking care of your health, and trying new things. Learn to enjoy spending time by yourself as well as with other...


Recognize signs of hunger in your baby. Help your baby latch on properly to your breast. Try out different breastfeeding positions. Develop a routine as your milk comes in. Ask for help if you need it.

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At first your baby will want to drink frequently, possibly even once per hour. The first milk your body makes will be colostrum. It is often slightly yellow and it is very concentrated. Your baby will probably only drink about a teaspoon at each meal. You will notice that your baby is hungry when they:  Move their head around looking for the breast Make sucking motions. Many babies suck their fingers. Cry or fuss. Using the correct feeding position will help your baby drink easily. You can do this by:  Holding your baby close so that their nose is at your nipple. Softly rubbing their upper lip to encourage them to open their mouth wide and keep their tongue down. Bring them to your breast as they tip their head back. Your nipple should go into their mouth towards the roof of their mouth and they should have a large mouthful of nipple. This will help you to figure out what works best for you and your baby. Different positions to try include:  Cross-cradle hold. Hold the baby with the arm that is opposite from the breast they are feeding from. Support their head with your hand. Use your free hand to support your breast. Bring the baby to you, instead of leaning towards the baby. Cradle hold. Cradle the baby in the arm that is on the same side as the breast you are giving the baby. Football hold. This position is good for women who just had a C-section because the baby doesn’t rest on your belly. Hold the baby like a football at your side on the same side as the breast that you are offering. The baby’s feet will be towards your back. Side-lying hold. Lie on the bed with your baby next to you. You should be tummy to tummy with your baby. This position can be good for night feedings — just be sure to return the baby to their own bed when you both go back to sleep. After about two to four days, your breasts will become warmer and enlarged with milk. As your baby drinks your milk supply, your body will make more. You should breastfeed as often and as long as the baby wants. This is called baby-led feeding.  You...


Recognize signs of hunger. Feed the newborn frequently. Burp the baby.

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If your baby is stirring, stretching, or making sucking motions, your baby is showing early signs of hunger. Crying and fussing are later signs that the newborn is hungry. Try to start feeding as soon as you recognize that the baby is hungry. This will keep you from having to spend so much time soothing the baby.  The baby will let you know when it's time to eat. Listen to your baby and feed when he or she wants to eat.  If your baby sleeps for more than three or four hours, wake them to eat during the first few weeks. After this, it is okay to let your baby sleep longer.  If your baby stops sucking, turns away from the food, or closes his or her mouth, the baby may be full. Burp the baby and wait a few minutes to be sure. Newborns eat eight to 12 times a day. This is about one feeding every two or three hours. Only feed the newborn breast milk or formula. If you are using formula, your baby may only eat every three to four hours. A newborn does not need water or juice. The amount of food your newborn needs varies with each baby; however, most newborn babies take about 1–3 oz per feeding.  Trust your gut and look for signs that your infant is eating enough such as:  Weight gain Appearing satisfied in between feedings At least six wet diapers and three bowel movements each day (after the first five days) Feeding is also another time for you to bond with your baby. Don't forget to talk to, make eye contact with, and rub your baby during this time. After a few ounces, or while switching breasts, hold the baby over your shoulder and gently pat or rub the back until you hear the baby burp. You can also place the baby in your lap, use your hand to support the chest, support the cheek bones with your thumb and finger. Lean the baby slightly forward and wait for the baby to burp.  Your baby may not burp every time, but burping keeps your baby from eating too fast and helps reduce gas.  Burp her after feeding as well.


Recognize sincerity. Look for honesty. Identify openness and non-defensiveness. Watch for signs of respect.

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Being sincere means expressing oneself openly and without pretense. Look for this  key personality trait when searching for a faithful man. Try and observe sincere actions in a man before getting in a serious relationship with him. Look for things like:  Doing things without looking for a reward or recognition. For example, has he helped someone with something, not been rewarded, and been okay with that? Or has he shown resentment? Standing up for his own beliefs. For example, has he stated he likes a person but then talks negatively when s/he is not around? Or, is he sincere and sticks up for that person? Not acting against his stated values. For example, if he has remarked he does not like drunk people, does he avoid getting drunk himself? You want a man who exemplifies honesty in his everyday life; this will, hopefully, translate into his love life. Watch, listen, and learn about how honest of a person he is before you commit yourself to a relationship. A man may lie to get into a relationship with you so it is important to look for a honest partner. Consider:  Do his actions match his words? Pay attention to the things he does, rather than the things he says. Does he say he loves to work out but he never seems to be at the gym, doing sports, or exercising? Look for inconsistencies in what he says and what he seems to do.  Trust your own judgement. If you feel like he is lying to you, ask him about it. If he falters or tries to make excuses, he may be dishonest. It is better to voice your concerns then to let them fester. When meeting a potential partner, be sure to talk to him at length. See how open he is with his feelings, opinions, and responses. If he is defensive about his views or gets angry easily when you ask him questions, this might be a red flag in a relationship. It's said you can tell a lot about a person by how he treats wait staff. Observe how he treats other people such as waiters, service people, neighbors, and strangers. If he is rude or dismissing what is important, perhaps this may be...