Understand what you have done to make your friend upset. Talk to your friend. Be patient.

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Whatever you did may have been a small deal to you, but it might have been a big deal for her. Try to put yourself in her shoes. How would you react if someone did to you what you did to her? This is essential for rebuilding your relationship. Do not contact her by text or email if it is avoidable. Telephone is acceptable in certain circumstances, but face to face interaction is best. When you are talking to her, explain how you feel and what you think you two should do about the situation. Remember to maintain eye contact the whole time if you are talking to your friend face to face. Remember people may need time to get over certain events which may have transpired. If this is the case, do not push it. Just exercise patience and respect your friend's space.


Understand what you have to offer. Build confidence. Know what you’re looking for in someone else.

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Love means sharing yourself with someone else who accepts you for who you are. Before you can expect someone else to accept you, though, you must know what “self” you are projecting. You might start by writing down the answers to these questions. Your answers will help paint a picture of the “you” you are offering to your potential partner.  What are your best qualities? What do you like to do with your time? What do you love about yourself? What would you like to work on? What makes you feel uncomfortable? Whether you are an introvert or an extrovert, a hilarious crowd pleaser or a very kind friend, be confident about what you have to offer someone else. When it comes to finding love, there is no right personality type, no special trait that will get you ahead. Contrary to what you might see in romantic comedies and sitcoms, everyone has a shot at love - not just the most popular or conventionally attractive among us. So know what you have, and own it. Part of knowing yourself is knowing your relationship needs. Writing down what you consider to be the most important traits of your potential partner is a good way to figure out what you actually mean when you say you’re looking for love.  Try not to be too specific with this list of traits. For instance, instead of saying “six feet tall, brown hair, dark eyes,” focus on personality traits that matter to you. Do you want someone who’s honest to a fault? Someone who shares your passion for books? It may also be helpful to write down a list of definite “no’s.” For example, you might not want a partner who travels six months out of the year, or someone who doesn’t get along with your family. Remember that the point here is not to craft a projection of your future partner; you’re just sketching out the basic qualities you’d enjoy having in a partner so you can understand your own needs better. Chances are, the person you end up loving will only have a few of the qualities on your list.


Understand what you will be testing for. Purchase a home water quality test kit. Read the directions. Expose each strip to water. Remove the strip from the water. Determine the quality of your water.

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The quality of water depends primarily on the concentration of bacteria, lead, pesticides, nitrites/nitrates, chlorine, hardness, and the water's pH. Chlorine aids in disinfecting; nitrates leached from fertilizers are harmful to infants; calcium and magnesium (“hardness”) can cause scale buildup in pipes; and water with very high pH levels (acidic water) can corrode fixtures. There are many manufacturers of these kits, but they all function similarly. They will contain test strips that you will expose to water, causing them to change color based on the water's mineral content. You will then match the strip's color to a color chart.  Look for a test kit that contains different strips for bacteria, lead, pesticides, nitrites/nitrates, chlorine, hardness, and pH. If a kit contains only a single kind of strip, it will likely be for testing pH only. In your test kit, there will be some directions. These will explain exactly how long each type of strip should be exposed to water, as well as what temperature the water should be. These directions can vary from test kit to test kit, so even if you have done this before, it is crucial to read and follow the instructions. Follow the guidelines in your test kit to expose each strip to water. Typically, you will start by filling a glass with room temperature water. Then, you will dip the strip into the water and keep it submerged for about 5 seconds, moving it back and forth gently. Pull the strip out of the glass and shake off any excess water. Wait for the strip to slowly change color, as you compare it to the color chart included with the testing kit. Compare each strip's color to the color chart to determine the level of each substance in your water. The color chart will designate different concentration levels as either acceptable or hazardous.  If you register a hazardous result for any mineral, bacteria, or for pH, perform the test again to make sure that the result is not due to human error. If the test shows a hazardous result a second time, contact your local...


Understand what ‘planting out’ refers to. Help your plants to “harden off”. Plant your indoor plants in your outdoor vegetable garden when the soil has gotten soft.

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‘Planting out’ means moving your indoor potted plants to outdoor vegetable beds. The process involves transferring pot grown seedlings, or ones grown indoors or under glass, to the outside garden or vegetable plot. You can start planting out vegetables in early spring but it’s usually better to wait until later springtime when the frosts have passed. Your plants will be slower to grow in the cooler temperatures so there’s little benefit in putting them out earlier in the season. If you’ve sown vegetables indoors, give them some time to adjust to life outdoors by ‘hardening off’. This process lets your plants acclimatize to the moving air, different humidity, and temperatures of the outside world. When you simply place these types of plants outdoors without going through the hardening off process, their development can be detrimentally affected. To harden plants off: Move plants sown inside your home to a cooler space such as an unheated greenhouse. You can leave your plants outside during the day but bring them in at night. You can make your life much easier—and your plant’s life more pleasant—when you plant your vegetables when the soil is easy to work with. Avoid gardening if the ground is still cold and hard.


Understand when and how to use appearance for dating. Identify key 1920s elements. Look for markings of 1930s style. Date a watch made in the 1940s. Know which style elements were common to the 1950s. Note 1960s style elements. Consider key markings from the 1970s. Consider an expert appraisal for watches past the 1980s.

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Since Bulova watches are marked with date codes, you won't usually need to rely on the watch appearance for dating purposes. There are some circumstances that make this a beneficial practice to know, however.  For example, if the date code has worn away or is otherwise obscured, your next best option is to date the watch by appearance. An understanding of watch styles can also help you narrow down a date for pre-1950 Bulova watches. Some of the date symbols used for these watches were shared with watches of other decades. For instance, the asterisk marked watches manufactured in both 1924 and 1941. Knowing the difference between a 1920s style watch and a 1940s style watch can help you determine which date (1924 or 1941) an asterisk-marked Bulova was made in. Note that dating a watch by style will only tell you the decade the watch likely came from, not the exact year. Most Bulova watches from the 1920s feature a "deco" style common to other fashions and decorations of the decade.  The hands of the watch are usually thick. Look at the style of the watch face. The sides and front of the metal will usually be decorated with engraved patterns. Watches of the 1930s were smoother and more elegant than those of the previous decade.  The lines of the watch are generally fairly clean. Watch faces no longer had much engraving on them, and when engravings were used, they were minimal. Square watch faces came into fashion during the 1930s. Rounded faces were still common, especially early in the era, but rectangular faces were more prevalent in the later part of the decade. Watches in general had a more straightforward, "masculine" appearance during this decade. Watches made in the 1940s were very similar to those made in the late 1930s, but the designs were even more rigid.  The lines and angles were much more rigid, with very few rounded edges. Rectangular watch faces were common, while founded faces were fairly rare. Watch faces were small, but the designs were bold and blocky. The hour markers were quite simple,...


Understand when it is safe to try to conceive again. Make sure you are emotionally ready to conceive again. Identify what can cause a miscarriage. Undergo diagnostic tests. Consider genetic carrier testing.

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Your first questions after going through a miscarriage may involve around when it is safe to try to conceive again. The correct timing usually depends on two different factors: your physical health and your emotional wellbeing.  Physically, it is possible to get pregnant again as soon as menstruation recommences and you start to ovulate. This generally occurs four to six weeks following a miscarriage. You can begin trying again after one menstrual cycle has passed. However, you can wait longer to try again if you want to. It may actually be better to conceive sooner than later after a miscarriage. Research suggests that women who get pregnant within 6 months of a miscarriage of their first pregnancy are more likely to carry to term versus those who wait two years or more. Miscarriage can be devastating emotionally both for you and your partner. Thus, it is important you allow yourself to grieve and do not rush into a new pregnancy too soon.  Even if you are physically ready for another pregnancy, it might take you longer to prepare emotionally. Thus, you should assess your emotional wellbeing before you try to get pregnant again to ensure you are ready both physically and emotionally. Talk with your partner and sort through your feelings together. Do not shut each other out but instead understand the emotional toll that the miscarriage had for each of you. If you are having difficulty dealing with the miscarriage, consider hiring a therapist. They can help you to work through any feelings of sadness, anger or guilt that you are feeling and enable you to accept the loss. Miscarriage can occur for a variety of reasons, even if you are perfectly healthy. Becoming aware of possible causes of miscarriage can help you find direction in your family planning. There are some factors that cause miscarriage that are out of your control:  Genetic abnormalities within the fetus can cause the pregnancy to terminate prematurely, which is the most common cause of miscarriages. Uterine abnormalities may trigger a miscarriage...


Understand when the cervix would need to be dilated. Know the risks of inducing labor. Talk to your doctor about medication used to dilate the cervix. Find out if a mechanical dilator will be used.

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Since the dilation of the cervix happens when labor moves from "early" to "active," intervening in the process instead of letting it occur naturally is essentially the same as inducing labor.  There are some reasons why a doctor or midwife might determine this to be the best course of action:  If you're two weeks past your due date with no signs of early labor. If your water has broken, but no contractions have occurred. If you have an infection in the later stages of pregnancy. If there's a problem with your placenta. If you have a medical condition that might pose a risk if you wait too long to have the baby. If you're undergoing a dilation and curettage procedure. Inducing labor should not be done as a matter of convenience since it can pose risks to both the mother and the baby. Inducing labor should not be done lightly - be sure you understand exactly what your body will experience before you agree to take medication. Inducing labor increases the risk of these complications:  Having a C-section. Premature birth. Lowering the baby's heart rate and oxygen intake. Contracting infection. Uterine rupture. The most common medication used for this purpose is synthetic prostaglandin. Dinoprostone and misoprostol are two synthetic prostaglandins that may be used. Both of these medications are administered vaginally or orally. These medications have side effects that may impact the health of the baby. Be sure to talk with your doctor about the risks involved before taking medication. Sometimes doctors use implements that will dilate the cervix mechanically, rather than chemically.  Either a balloon-tipped catheter or a type of seaweed called laminaria is inserted into the cervical opening.  Once the balloon-tipped catheter is inserted, saline is injected into the balloon, causing it to expand and dilate the cervix. Laminaria is a type of seaweed native to Japan that forms a thick, sticky gel when wet. The dried stems of the seaweed are formed into "tents" that will swell up gradually. A layer of this substance is...


Understand when to bathe ferrets. Choose the right supplies. Make sure the water temperature is okay.

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Many ferret owners love their pets but get frustrated by their smell, which can be quite strong. Bathing ferrets can be a good way to combat odor, but only if it's done following proper protocol.  Bathing a ferret too often can actually make the smell worse. Bathing strips oils from a ferret's skin and oil glands go into overdrive to replace what's been lost. This result in added stink. Ferrets should not be bathed more than once a month.  Ferret smells are actually more often related to a ferret's bedding, cage, and blankets than to the ferret itself. Try washing these items before bathing your ferret to rule them out as the primary cause of smell.  Ferrets become itchy and uncomfortable when bathed too often. If your ferret is itching frequently and appears otherwise distressed, you might want to cut back on how often you're bathing him. All your supplies should be ready before you bring your ferret to the tub or sink. To bathe a ferret, you will need:  Shampoo. Choose a shampoo specifically made for ferrets. Shampoos made for other animals can easily dry out a ferrets skin and cause him discomfort. Depending on your ferret's needs, choose a shampoo right for him. If he's not well behaved during bathing, for example, get tearless shampoo in case shampoo gets in his eyes. If he has fleas, special shampoos that kill flees are available. Ferret shampoo can be purchased online or from a pet store.  If you want, you get conditioner for your ferret. This replenishes the oils lost in bathing. Once again, be sure to select a conditioner specifically made for ferrets.  A towel should be available to dry the ferret after the bath. Ferrets get cold quickly, so you may want to put the towel in the dryer before the bath so it's warm to the touch afterwards. A ferret's normal body temperature is between 101 and 103 degrees Fahrenheit. Water that feels lukewarm to you is cold for a ferret. Fill the tub or sink with water that is warm to the touch but not boiling. Go for the water temperature you would want when taking a hot bath.


Understand when to cite APA, or American Psychological Association. Make it look like this.

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APA is a common reference style for the social sciences. APA requires both in-line citations and a references list.  List last name and initials for all authors. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" for multiple authors in one work. Only capitalize the first word in the title. Capitalize proper names as well. You may use italics instead of underlining phrases for titles of books and journals. In practice, the APA reference list should look like this:


Understand when to disable an extension. Open  Google Chrome. Click ⋮. Select More tools. Click Extensions. Click the blue switch  below an extension. Try using YouTube in full-screen mode.

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If you began noticing full-screen issues immediately after installing an extension, chances are that the extension is to blame. Disabling (not removing) the extension may fix the problem. Chrome updates can also cause some older extensions to become unstable, which can result in unusual errors. Click or double-click the Chrome app icon, which resembles a red, yellow, green, and blue sphere. It's in the top-right corner of the window. A drop-down menu will appear. This is in the drop-down menu. Selecting it prompts a pop-out menu. It's at the top of the pop-out menu. Doing so opens the Extensions page. The switch will turn white, signifying that the extension has been disabled. Repeat this step for any other necessary extensions before proceeding. Once you've disabled any potentially problematic extensions (or all of your browser's extensions), go back to your video and click the "full-screen" icon in the bottom-right corner of the player. If an extension was causing the problem, the player should now be in full-screen with no problems.


Understand when to see a doctor. Wash the bruise with soap and water. Apply a cold and hot compress. Take over-the-counter painkillers. Rest and elevate the injury.

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A paintball welt usually does not require any medical attention. However, if you notice any of the following symptoms developing make an appointment with your regular doctor:  Very painful swelling around the welt A welt that does not improve within a week A lump forming around the welt Any welts to the nose or eye area A raised area with extreme discoloration A bruise that shows the pores of the skin (looks polka-dotted) If you experience abnormal bleeding elsewhere, such as from your nose or in urine or stools As soon as you notice a paintball welt, take time to wash it with soap and water. Any dirt and debris caught in the bruise should be removed to prevent an infection. Pat the area dry when you're done washing with a clean paper towel. Rubbing the area dry could cause irritation and make the welt worse. It's not a bad idea to use rubbing alcohol or Neosporin to make sure the wound is clean, though you should not use alcohol on an open cut or wound. Apply a cold compress to the welt within the first 48 hours after the injury occurs. The cold temperature causes the blood vessels to constrict, therefore reducing blood flow and inflammation in the affected area.After that, apply a hot compress. This can help reduce pain and swelling.  You can buy an ice pack at a drug store. Just be sure not to apply it directly to your skin. Wrap it in a towel beforehand. You can also put ice cubes in a plastic bag or use a bag of frozen vegetables.  Make sure the ice or cold pack is wrapped in a towel or cloth to protect yourself from frostbite. You should apply a cold compress for 10 minutes at a time a few times a day as symptoms persist.  After 48 hours, run warm water over a washcloth and then apply it to the bruise. A welt can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. This can reduce discomfort caused by the wound as well as reduce swelling and inflammation.  Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) are probably your best options for over-the-counter pain relief and reduction in swelling....


Understand when to use Device Manager. Open the advanced Start menu. Click Device Manager. Find a hardware category to review. Expand the hardware category. Review the list of hardware components.

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If you want an advanced, in-depth list of all of the hardware that your computer uses, you can use Device Manager. This is useful when attempting to find out what type of proprietary hardware your computer uses. Either right-click the Start icon in the bottom-left corner of the screen or press ⊞ Win+X. You should see a pop-up menu appear on the left side of the screen. It's in the pop-up menu. Doing so opens the Device Manager window. Scroll through the different categories of hardware until you find one that you want to open.  For example, if you wanted to find out more about your computer's processor, you would double-click the Processors heading. Depending on who built your computer, what you see in Device Manager may vary slightly. Double-click the hardware category, or click the "expand" icon to the left of the category. You should see at least one indented item appear below the category heading. If you see a list of indented options below the hardware category, the category is already expanded. Depending on your selected category, you may see anywhere from one hardware item to upward of 10; double-click an item to view its properties. Make sure you don't uninstall or disable anything in Device Manager without explicit instruction on how to do so, as accidental uninstallation can cause your computer to stop working.


Understand when to use this method. Find your hosting service's FTP information. Copy your website files. Open  Finder. Create a new FTP folder. Open the server folder. Paste in your website's files. Access your website.

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If you're just attempting to test your website's appearance and function without uploading the files to your web host, you can use your computer's built-in FTP function to temporarily host the website. Your website will go down as soon as your computer loses connection to the Internet or turns off. Before you can upload your website, you'll need to know your username, password, and website address for your hosting service's FTP server. This can usually be found in the "FTP" section of the hosting service's dashboard. If your web host doesn't support FTP, you'll need to use the web host's control panel instead. Click and drag across the files you want to upload, then press ⌘ Command+C. Click the Finder app icon, which resembles a blue face, in your Mac's Dock. Once Finder opens, do the following:  Click Go at the top of the screen. Click Connect to Server... in the drop-down menu. Type in your website's FTP address, then click Connect  Enter your website's FTP username and password when prompted. Double-click the "public_html", "root", "index", or similar folder in the main section of the hosting folder. If you don't know which folder is supposed to house your website's files, check your website host's FTP page for specific instructions. Click a blank space in the folder, then press ⌘ Command+V to paste the files into the folder. In your computer's web browser, go to your website's domain address. As long as your website's files have finished uploading to your website's FTP folder, your website should be live.


Understand when to use this method. Open ExtractMe. Click Choose file. Select your JAR file. Click Open. Wait for your JAR file to extract. Click Save all as ZIP.

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ExtractMe is a website that will extract your JAR files for you; however, even though ExtractMe is secure, you shouldn't use it to extract JAR files which contain sensitive or private information. Go to https://extract.me/ in your computer's web browser. It's in the middle of the page. Doing so opens a File Explorer (Windows) or Finder (Mac) window. Go to the location of the JAR file you want to extract, then click it once to select it. It's in the lower-right side of the window. Your JAR file will be uploaded to ExtractMe, which will begin extracting the file. Once you see the "Archive successfully extracted" message appear, you can proceed. It's a blue button at the top of the list of archive files.  Depending on your browser's settings, you may have to select a download location or enter a save name before the ZIP folder will download. If your browser alerts you that downloading a ZIP folder from online is potentially dangerous, confirm that you want to download the folder.


Understand when to use this method. Open Terminal. Enter the "Show IP" command. Press ↵ Enter. Find your computer's heading. Review the private IP address. Try the "hostname" command.

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If you're trying to find the IP address of your computer within your Wi-Fi network (e.g., if you want to forward your router for your computer), you'll need to know the IP address. Click or double-click the Terminal app icon, or press Ctrl+Alt+T to bring up the Terminal window. Type ifconfig into the Terminal window. Other commands you can try include the following:  ip addr ip a Doing so runs your command and displays the IP address information of any network items, including your computer. You'll usually find your computer's information under the "wlo1" (or "wlan0") heading, just right of the "inet" tag. The IPv4 address is to the right of the "inet" tag. This is the IP address of your computer on your current network. You can usually see the IPv6 address next to the "inet6" tag. The IPv6 address is less commonly used than the IPv4 address. On some Linux versions, such as Ubuntu, you can bring up your computer's IP address by typing in hostname -I (that's a capital "i", not a lower-case "L") and pressing ↵ Enter.


Understand when you can use a music streaming app. Download a music streaming app. Open the app. Sign up for the service. Navigate through the initial setup. Select music to listen to. Consider purchasing a subscription.

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Streaming apps such as Spotify and Pandora are available on smartphones and tablets such as iPhones, iPads, and Android items. If you have a traditional MP3 player rather than a smartphone or iPod Touch, you'll need to use one of the above methods instead. Common streaming apps include Spotify and Pandora, but you can use any free streaming app in your smartphone's app store. Once you've decided on a streaming app, download it:   iPhone — Open the, tap Search, tap the search bar, type in the name of your app and tap Search, tap GET to the right of your app's name, and enter your Apple ID or Touch ID when prompted.  Android — Open the Play Store, type in the name of your streaming app and tap Search, select your app's name, tap INSTALL, and tap ACCEPT if prompted. Tap OPEN in the App Store or Play Store, or tap the app's icon on the Home Screen. Tap the Sign Up (or similar) link, then fill out the resulting form to create an account. If you already have an account, sign in with your account credentials (e.g., email address and password), then skip the next step. This will vary depending on your selected app, but you'll usually have to select your preferred genre(s) and/or artist(s). Once you've finished setting up your account, you can proceed with searching for songs, artists, playlists, and more; selecting an item (e.g., a song) will usually prompt it to begin playing. Free versions of streaming apps are usually supported by ads, so you may not be able to create a playlist or select all of the songs you want to listen to without having to listen to ads and/or other music that you didn't select. Purchasing a monthly subscription to your streaming service will usually allow you to remove ads and listen to music in sequential order. If you're using Spotify, you'll have to buy your subscription on a computer.


Understand when you want to use an FTP client. Download and install an FTP client. Create a new connection. Connect to the FTP server. Navigate to the folder you are allowed to upload to. Use the left panel to navigate to your files. Start uploading the files. Monitor your uploads.

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Although both Windows and Mac computers have FTP functionality built-in, the tools are rather limited. If you're going to be uploading a lot of files and need features like queuing and upload resuming, you'll want to use an FTP client to connect to the server. There are tons of FTP clients out there, many of which are free. One of the most popular free clients is FileZilla, which is an open-source FTP client available at filezilla-project.org. FileZilla can be installed on Windows, Mac, and Linux. When you start your FTP client, you'll need to create a new connection profile. This will save your connection information, allowing you to quickly reconnect in the future. Once you've entered in all of your information, you can connect to the FTP server by clicking the Connect or Save button. You'll see the connection log in the status section of the client as your computer contacts and connects to the server. Many FTP servers restrict uploads from users to specific folders. Refer to your FTP server's documentation to see what folder you have permission to upload to. Use the right panel to navigate through the FTP's folders. Typically speaking, the left panel in the FTP client shows your local computer's directories. You can navigate through the folders here to find the files you want to upload. Either double-click a file to begin uploading it, or drag it from the left panel to the right panel. The upload progress will be displayed in the bottom panel of the FTP window. Wait until your upload has completed before disconnecting from the FTP server. Depending on your selected FTP client, you may be able to queue your uploads (e.g., upload files automatically from a list).


Understand when you would need to use this method. Connect the printer to your network. Get the printer's IP address. Connect to the printer (Windows). Connect to the printer (Mac OS X). Print to the network printer.

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Oftentimes older equipment will not cooperate well with newer printer-networking setups. Connecting via the printer's IP address has the most compatibility, but also means you won't have access to any of the printers extra features. Some typical cases include:  If you're trying to connect an older printer to your network, it may not support being added automatically by your operating system. If your printer is connected to a print server, you'll need to connect to that server instead of the printer. If you're using an older version of Windows or OS X, such as XP or Snow Leopard, you may not be able to automatically add new printers. If you're connecting to your school's printers, you will likely need to use the IP address. You can plug it directly into your network switch using an Ethernet cable, connect it to a print server connected to your network, or connect it to your network using the printer's built-in wireless adapter. There are a couple of different ways you can get the IP address of your printer.  If your printer has a display, you may be able to see the IP address in the printer's Networking or Settings menu. Most printers will print the IP address on the configuration page. You can print this from the printer's Settings menu. If you're using an older printer, you may have to access your router to determine the IP address of the printer. If you're connecting to a print server, you'll need the server's IP address. If you are connecting to a school's printer, the IT department will be able to provide you with the IP addresses. If you are using a Mac, skip down to the next step.  Open the Control Panel and select "Devices and Printers" or "View devices and printers". Click the Add a printer button and then select "Add a local printer". Select "Create a new port" and then select "Standard TCP/IP Port" from the menu. Click Next. Enter the printer's IP address into the "Hostname or IP address" field. Click Next. Select your printer make and model. If its not listed, click Windows Update to check online...


Understand when you would want to use shortcuts. Press . Press . Press . Edit your screenshot in Paint.

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Screenshot extensions are the most convenient way to screenshot web content, but if you need to take a screenshot of the Firefox window itself, you'll want to use the Windows shortcuts. This is also the quickest way to take a screenshot when you can't install extensions. ⊞ Win+PrtScn to take a screenshot of your entire display (Windows 8 and newer). The screen will dim for a moment, and the screenshot will be created as a file in a folder called "Screenshots". The Screenshots folder can be found in your Pictures folder.  PrtScn may be labeled differently on your computer, such as "Print Screen", "Prnt Scrn", "Prt Sc", or other variations. It can usually be found between the ScrLk and the F12 keys. On a laptop, you may need to press Fn as well. PrtScn to copy an image of your display to the clipboard (Any Windows). Pressing the PrtScn key will copy an image of everything currently displayed on your monitor to your clipboard. You can then paste this screenshot into a program like Paint or Word to save it as a file. After taking the screenshot, open paint by pressing ⊞ Win and typing "paint". Press Ctrl+V to paste the copied screenshot into the blank Paint document. Save the file to save the screenshot to your computer. Alt+PrtScn to take a screenshot of your active window. If you just want to take a screenshot of your Firefox window, make sure it is active and press Alt+PrtScn. This will copy the image of the Firefox window to your clipboard, allowing you to paste it into Paint. If you've saved your screenshot using the ⊞ Win+PrtScn command, right-click on the file and select "Edit". This will open it in Paint. If you pasted the screenshot into Paint, you can edit it before saving. use the Paint tools to highlight important parts, add notes, and more.


Understand where your sensitivity to jokes comes from. Consider if you are struggling with other emotions like stress and anxiety. Notice if you are sensitive due to discomfort. Ask for clarification if you are confused by a joke.

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Often, your reaction to a joke is based on your thoughts associated with the joke. You may be interpreting the joke in a more serious way than was intended or are not understanding the joke correctly. As you process the joke, you may want to consider why you are reacting so seriously to the joke and why you are sensitive to the joke. This will help you to build more self awareness around the root of your sensitivity to certain jokes and tackle it head on.  Consider if your interpretation of the joke is realistic and accurate. Are you basing your understanding of the joke on assumptions or first hand experience? Is your sensitivity based on previous experiences or a false sense of the intent of the joke teller? You may also consider if there is evidence to show that you should not take the joke seriously and can process your sensitivity in a way that is not angry or negative. Taking these questions into consideration may help you to realize that your sensitivity to the joke may not be warranted and your sensitivity may be based on other feelings or emotions that do not have anything to do with the joke. Sometimes, other emotions can take over and it can be hard to laugh or smile at someone’s jokes. You may be feeling stress and anxiety due to a deadline, a commitment, or a recent set back, and not in the mood to listen to a funny story or a witty one liner. You may end up taking someone’s jokes seriously because you are caught in a negative headspace or too wrapped up in your issues to see the lighter side of things. Keep in mind laughter and joking around can be very effective stress relief, especially if you are struggling to maintain a positive outlook and are in a troubled or dark place. Though you may be in a mindset where everything is serious and dire, it’s important to allow yourself to lighten up and laugh, even if it’s at a silly joke. You may be in a situation where you are taking a joke seriously because you are uncomfortable with the joke’s subject matter or you are confused about why the joke is...


Understand why a balloon rises. Know the basic structure. Wear protective clothing. Let out more propane to rise. Learn how to stay at a stable height. Open the parachute valve to lower the balloon. Raise or lower to control direction.

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Hot air balloons are based on a simple concept. As you heat air, or any other gas, it becomes less dense. Just like a bubble rising in an aquarium, the hot air will float above the denser, colder air around it. Get the air in the balloon hot enough, and it can lift the balloon canvas, the basket, and everyone inside it as well. Air gets progressively thinner (less dense) as you travel upward, because there is less pressure from the weight of the air above it. Because of this, a hot air balloon only rises until it reaches the point where the density of the balloon plus the air inside it is equal to the density of the air around it. The structure is so simple that you may already understand it, but learn the terminology so you and your crew can communicate to each other:  The fabric balloon itself is called an envelope, made from sewn panels called gores. In most balloons, there's a hole at the top of the envelope, tightly covered by a flap of fabric. This is called a parachute valve. It is attached to a rip line that runs all the way down to the basket. The bottom end of the envelope, or mouth, is located above a burner, which produces flame fueled by the propane tanks underneath. The propane tanks, passengers, and cargo all stand in a basket attached beneath the envelope. The pilot should wear safety goggles, since they will be close to the flame. Pilot and crew should wear heavy-duty gloves, long sleeves, and long pants, and avoid nylon, polyester, or other materials that melt when exposed to flame. Everyone in the basket should keep in mind that the balloon may land in mud or rough terrain, and wear comfortable clothes and shoes. All it takes to add propane to the fire is opening a simple blast valve on the line attached to the propane tanks, typically located just beneath the burner. The wider you hold the valve open, the more heat rushes into the balloon, and the faster it rises. Dropping ballast, or any heavy object, over the side of the balloon will reduce the overall density of the balloon, and cause...


Understand why a pansy might become too ‘leggy’. Determine how long you would like your pansy stems to be. Consider cutting back the whole ‘leggy’ plant.

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Pansies are generally a low-growing plant and fairly compact. However, if they are grown in the shade, they are more likely to grow tall and become a bit ‘leggy’. If your pansies are too ‘leggy’ they can look straggly and flop over, which generally doesn’t look as good, particularly if the flowers become hidden. Your pansy plant can also become leggy if they are fed too often, so try to stick to monthly fertilizing treatments.    To deal with a leggy pansy stem, consider the length you would prefer the stem to be. Once you’ve determined the length you would like, find the nearest leaf set to your desired length. Cut back to about a quarter of an inch above the leaf set. For most pansy varieties you can aim to cut the leggy parts of the plant back to about four inches of stem length (or the leaf set closest to this height).    If the whole plant is leggy, you may want to cut the whole stem back to a stem length of about four inches. Try to make the cut just above the leaf set closest to this four-inch length. When the plant grows back, it should grow back more compactly.


Understand why coworkers are important to you. Treat coworkers similarly to customers. Be outgoing. Work hard. Don't gossip. Communicate clearly.

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Having coworkers on your side confers a wealth of benefits. When you get along with your coworkers, you have people at your level who can empathize with your day-to-day experience, which helps keep your stress level down on the job. Coworkers who like you are also easier to ask favors of, and more likely to provide favors for you without being asked. Finally, coworkers can give you advance warning about management changes, upcoming reviews, and anything you're doing or not doing that might result in disciplinary action. Experienced customer service veterans often say that any customer service job is bearable, and can even be enjoyable, as long as you and your coworkers like each other. Feeling as though you're a valued part of the team drastically increases your job satisfaction. In particular, smile and say hello to every one of them, even if you don't like them or care about them, and even if they don't smile back. People are awash with insecurities, but nearly everybody appreciates a person who seems to like them enough to smile at them without trying to hide it.  You should also follow the rule of leaving your “self” at home when interacting with coworkers. Don't get emotional with them. Keep conversations light and inconsequential. Don't assume your coworkers agree with your opinions. Instead, ask them what they think of something, so you can respond with your opinion in a way that won't offend or alienate them. Even if you aren't much for socializing, fake it at work. Once you've settled into your job, invite your fellow shift workers to come have coffee or a beer with you after ward – and keep doing it every week until people start to say yes. Agree to spend time at other people's functions, if they invite you. (If they don't, try not to sweat it – it's probably nothing personal against you.) Make conversation with coworkers whenever you share a break or have some down time. There's no call to put pressure on people to spend more time with you. Sometimes, your coworkers won't be interested. That's fine...


Understand why destructive behaviors occur. React calmly and compassionately. Offer help. Use rewards.

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Possibilities include:  Frustration over a lack of communication. Imagine having something important to say, but being unable to form words or coherent sentences. This feels incredibly frustrating, and your child may act out.  Sensory overload. Autistic individuals can become overstimulated when too much is going on in a room. Bright lights and loud noises may be very upsetting and painful. This can lead to meltdowns (which look like tantrums, but aren't done on purpose) or shutdowns (which involve passivity and withdrawal). A desire not to do something. When pushed to do something they don't want to do, your child may throw a fit. Last resort. If a child doesn't believe that you will respect verbal or alternative communication, they may act out due to the belief that it is the only way to be acknowledged. Never raise your voice or frighten your child. Behave the way you want your child to behave when they are angry, because they will learn from watching you. Take time to cool down if you need to.  Make it clear that you care about what's bothering them, even if you don't know what it is. Help your child calm down. Allow them some quiet time, or offer to use some self-calming strategies together. Figure out which strategies work best for your child. Show your child that they don't have to deal with frustration or overstimulation alone. If, for example, your child is upset because you are pushing them to make the bed, you can offer to make the bed together, or let the issue drop. It can be very effective to offer your child a reward for completing a task or handling a frustrating situation. Perhaps your child is afraid of doctor’s appointments but loves building model cars. Tell your child that once the doctor’s appointment is over, the two of you can build a car together. Doing so adds a level of excitement and a possible reward, which may be enough to help her handle the frightening situation.


Understand why dogs are shy. Expose dogs slowly. Try socializing him with another dog. Have someone the dog is shy around offer food. Be patient and consistent.

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There are a number of reasons why a dog may be excessively shy around people.  Some dogs are frightened or shy around people because they were not properly socialized as puppies.  Some dogs are simply prone to anxious behavior, and will always be shy around people for no real reason. If your dog is shy whenever he meets new people, expose him gradually, but make sure that he is having exposure. If your dog clings to you whenever other people are around, try to ignore his pleas for attention. Eventually your dog will realize that he will not be rewarded with attention or affection until he is willing to interact with other people. Some dogs are shy because they never learned how to interact with people. If your dog is shy of humans but gets along well with other dogs, try having your shy dog spend time with a more social dog. Your dog may, over time, learn from his canine companion how to behave around humans. Once the dog has shown some progress in being around other people, have someone he is becoming more comfortable around offer him food. This should only be done with dogs that do not exhibit signs of food aggression, for the safety of all parties involved.  Have the person crouch low or sit on the floor. While avoiding eye contact, have the person hold out the dog's bowl with food in it. Do not force the dog to come eat; let the dog come when he is ready. Reward your dog with treats and verbal praise every time he comes out of his shell enough to interact with other people. Rewards should be given immediately, to help establish the reward as being related to his behavior.


Understand why dogs chase cats. Supervise the animals, always. Use timeouts when your dog chases the cat. Make cats undesirable for your dog. Consider working with a trainer or behaviorist.

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The primary reasons a dog chases cats are because the dog wants to play with the cat (perhaps thinking it's another dog), or because the cat's movement triggers your dog's predator/prey instincts. Both scenarios require you as the owner to step in whenever necessary to prevent the animals from harming one another. Even if your dog is trying to play with the cat, it's possible that he may play too aggressively, and may try to chase or bite the cat as a means of playing with her. If your dog is chasing the cat for predatory reasons, it's even more important for you to step in, as your dog could easily kill your cat, and your cat could seriously injure your dog. The training and adjusting period will most likely take a while. Eventually, once your cat and dog have become accustomed to one another, it may be safe to leave the animals alone together unsupervised, but that will take at least a month, most likely longer. The important thing is to ensure that the animals will not harm one another if left alone. Any time your dog breaks the training and chases your cat, you may want to consider putting him in a time out. Timeouts should never be harmful to the dog; rather, you simply want to remove him from the situation, letting him know that he behaved badly in that situation.  Choose a timeout room, and use that room consistently for timeouts. Someplace isolated, like a bathroom, would work well. But be sure that the room is not uncomfortable. For example, an unheated basement in winter would be a bad timeout location. Likewise, an unventilated or un-air-conditioned room in summer would be a bad timeout location. Calmly say the word, "timeout," when your dog begins to chase the cat.  Gently lead your dog by the collar out of the room where he chased the cat and into the chosen timeout room.  Wait a short while - about a minute or two should be sufficient - and then calmly release your dog from the timeout room. If he repeats his bad behavior, calmly and promptly return him to the timeout room. If none of your...


Understand why leaf mold makes a good mulch. Decide how to use your leaf mulch. Use leaf mulch as a lawn improver. Use leaf mulch elsewhere in your garden.

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Leaf mold is a good garden mulch as it is freely available and breaks down easily, as well as offering all the properties of a regular mulch, such as keeping weeds down, protecting the plant roots through colder months, and keeping moisture in the soil. You have two choices when it comes to using your leaf mulch. Either leave it in place on the lawn, where it will help to improve the lawn, or rake it up or catch it in the grass catcher on your mower and use it elsewhere in the garden. You can use leaf mulch over any kind of plant, hedge or shrub. If you leave the mulch leaves on your lawn after mowing, you'll be doing it a favor. It will improve the soil and add some nutrients.  Although fallen leaves will mulch the lawn naturally, mulching the with the mower helps them to break down (decompose) faster, especially if they are mixed in with grass clippings. This will happen naturally if you use a mower to make the mulch. Fall is a good time to do this, as the leaf mulch will also protect the grass roots over winter. Leaf mold also makes a great mulch for garden plants. Apply it under plants, shrubs and hedges in a layer 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) thick. You may need to water the plants first if the weather has been dry recently.  If you are replacing a mulch layer from the previous year, remove any old mulch before you apply a fresh layer. Leaf mulch is also good for adding to the compost heap.


Understand why motivating students is such a challenge. Make a positive impression. Go the extra mile. Offer extra information about your subject. Give assignments that let students think outside the box. Have a good sense of humor. Show that you're competent. Be on the lookout for students who need extra reassurance. Ask the students to share their opinions. Encourage lively class discussion. Get to know the students before you praise them. Show the students how your subject matter impacts the world.

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The thing about students is that they are exposed to so many different people acting as "teachers" in their lives. Everyone and everything is trying extremely hard to stimulate these students, make them think, make them work, and make them into people the world can be proud of. Because of this overwhelming input of stimulus and influence, students struggle to find their own identity and are inherently suspicious of anyone who tries to influence them. Once they have recognized this, they tend to deal with the constant environmental pressure by adopting one important policy: "I will only allow you to influence me if you prove to me that you're worth it." This policy is their mechanism of making sure that the right person gets to them at the right time, and it's a good way of doing it. The only time it becomes an issue is when they get impressed by a person who is a bad influence, or when a good person makes no effort to impress them. If you want to motivate your students, then you have to prove that you are person who is worth listening to. They may be suspicious of you on the first day, but you can work to earn their trust and respect. To do this, you have to stand out to them. You can't do this if you blend into the murky background of life. You need to stand out, catch their attention and hold it. Here are some ways to make a positive impression on your students:  Be vocal. Have an opinion and make sure you submit it at an appropriate time. Avoid talking too much and/or being too opinionated. You need to come across as being informative, intelligent, and as a person who is not afraid to speak their mind, not someone who is arrogant and self-centered. Be passionate about what you're teaching. Wide eyes, a grin and barely suppressed enthusiasm does wonders for a student. Even if they're not interested in your subject, your manner would amuse them. Most of all, because you are adamantly expressing your love for a subject, they will tend to mark you as a genuine person. Be energetic. Enthusiasm is contagious. It...


Understand why normal anti-flea products can't be used on puppies. Bathe the puppy in warm water. Use a flea comb to groom the puppy's coat and remove fleas. Kill the fleas by squashing them or putting them in boiling water. Keep the puppy away from infected bedding and animals. Know when it's safe to start using anti-flea products.

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Newborn puppies provide the perfect host for fleas — they are warm, produce moisture and provide blood for food. Unfortunately, there are no flea products that are safe for use on newborn pups. This is because puppies' internal organs are more delicate than those of older dogs and therefore more prone to adverse side effects caused by the anti-flea medications.  Depending on the medication, these side effects may include excessive salivation, vomiting, respiratory issues and either over-sensitivity to stimulation or profound depression. Some anti-flea products will be clearly marked as unsuitable for puppies on the label. Other products have never been tested on puppies, so the manufacturers advise against using them.   In particular, stay away from pet shop products that contain permethrins, as these are not safe for use in youngsters. Puppies' metabolisms are too immature and are unable to break down the permethrins, which can build up in the puppies' systems and cause neurological damage resulting in excessive shaking, drooling, paralysis or even seizures. Pet shop products that don't contain permethrin are unlikely to be effective and are a waste of money. As there are no commercial or prescription products suitable for use on young puppies, the only solution is to keep the puppy clean and try to remove any fleas manually. To bathe the puppy:  Place a few inches of warm water into a sink or basin. The water should be approximately the same temperature you'd use to bathe a baby. Place the puppy in the water, using your hand to support its head and keep it above the water. Use your hand to scoop water over the puppy's coat until it is completely wet. Lift the puppy out of the water and place him on a clean, warm towel. Gently rub the puppy with the towel to remove excess water. Place the puppy on a dry towel on a flat surface. Use a flea comb to groom the puppy's damp fur and remove any fleas.  Flea combs have teeth that are very close together and work by physically pulling fleas out of the fur. Start at...


Understand why skin itches. Determine the cause of itchy skin. Assess your symptoms. See a doctor for a diagnosis and treatment.

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There are specific nerves that carry information about different bodily sensations (like an itch) to the brain. When these nerves are stimulated, they release various chemical messengers called cytokines that activate nearby nerves. Histamine is an example of a cytokine that is responsible for itching in allergic reactions. Once more and more nerves get stimulated, the messages bombard the brain, and the brain responds with directions to scratch. Itchiness, also known as pruritus, can be accompanied by and result in redness, bumps, and other kinds of rashes on the skin. In other cases, there are no changes in the skin. Itchiness can have a variety of causes that range from mild and temporary insect bites to specific skin conditions (e.g. eczema or psoriasis) to more serious medical conditions, such as liver and kidney disease. The main causes of itchy skin include:   Dry Skin - One of the most common causes of itchy skin is dry skin, which can be due to environmental factors (e.g., indoor heating or cooling, low humidity or too many baths or showers with drying cleaning agents) or inadequate amounts of water.  Skin Conditions - Eczema (atopic dermatitis) and psoriasis are common skin conditions typically accompanied by itching, reddened and irritated skin, bumps and blisters. Sunburns can be itchy as well.  Viral and Fungal Infections - Infections like chicken pox, measles, shingles, and genital and anal herpes can cause the body to feel very itchy.  Parasites - Pubic and head lice are itchy infestations by tiny wingless insects called lice.  Diseases - Liver disease is often accompanied by moderate to intense pruritus. Other conditions where itchy skin appears include certain blood disorders (e.g., iron deficiency anemia, polycythemia vera, etc.), cancer (such as leukemia and lymphoma), and thyroid disease.  Allergic reactions - Allergic reactions to insect bites, pollen, toxins from plants, cosmetics, personal products, and foods can cause mild to severe itching. Rashes caused by a contact dermatitis (a...


Understand why some people seek refuge in bullying. Know the type of bully you're dealing with.

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People bully for a number of different reasons. However, the most common reason that people resort to bullying is that they're envious of something you represent and that they don't possess, such as status, money, smarts, or health. Or, they may be jealous of your relationship with someone they want to have in their life too.Be sympathetic, for trying to be like you is a strange form of flattery and it shows that they are truly misguided by not realizing that bettering themselves requires looking deep within, not scouting for scapegoats external to themselves. Along with understanding why people bully, you need to understand what kind of bully you're dealing with. The most common types are:  Aggressive bullies: These people are likely to abuse physically and without hesitation. Aggressive bullies hurt people to get their anger out physically and make you fear them. However, aggressive bullies usually get into the most trouble when you report them. Some aggressive bullies might threaten you by saying something like "report me and I'll beat you up". Learn to ignore the nonsense threats, they won't touch you.     Taunting bullies: These people are verbally abusive (calling names, making jokes, teasing, etc.). Taunting bullies usually work when there's a big crowd around you so they can make people laugh. They aim to make you hurt on the inside as opposed to on the outside. They could hurt you saying something against the way that other people think that you're cool. Remember that this is only because they wish people thought they were cool and they're trying to act big so people respect them.     Cyber bullies: These people harass other people through instant messaging, e-mail, and any other electronic means. Cyber bullies hide behind computers so that they don't have to face you. Unlike the other two types of bully, cyber bullies very rarely strike when you're with other people. This is because they can easily be caught out; what they've said is on the chat history. Cyber bullies often have nothing to say when...


Understand why the after-tax cost of debt is calculated. Determine the corporate income tax rate. Determine the interest rate on the debt. Calculate the adjusted interest rate. Calculate the annual cost of debt.

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The interest a company pays on its debt is tax deductible. Therefore, it is more accurate to adjust for this tax savings when calculating the cost of debt. The net cost of debt equals the interest paid less the deductible amount of the interest payments. The after-tax cost of debt gives investors information about the stability of the company. Companies with a high after-tax cost of debt may be riskier investments. The federal government levies a graduated corporate income tax rate. The rate a company pays is based on its taxable income.    Between 2005 and 2015, businesses in the United States paid between 15 percent and 38 percent of their income in taxes. The lower tax bracket applies to the first $50,000 of earnings, with the tax rate increasing up to 35 percent as income rises.  The higher tax bracket applies to businesses with higher income. Personal service corporations pay a flat rate of 35 percent. Some corporations may also be responsible for accumulated earnings tax of up to 20 percent for taxable income in excess of $250.000. Interest rates on corporate commercial loans depend on the size of the loan, the type of lending institution used and the type of business being funded. This information can be found in the loan documents from the lending institution.  Interest rates on bonds are stated on the face of the bond. Multiply the interest rate by 1 minus the corporate tax rate.  For example, suppose a company with a 35 percent income tax rate issues a bond with a 5 percent stated interest rate. The adjusted interest rate would be calculated with the equation .05 x (1 - .35) = .0325. In this example, the after-tax interest rate is 3.25 percent. The after-tax cost of debt would be calculated using the 3.25 percent adjusted interest rate.  In the finance industry, cost of debt is usually represented using this adjusted interest rate, rather than as a dollar amount. To calculate the annual cost of debt, multiply the after-tax interest rate of the debt by the principal amount of the debt. For example,...


Understand why the clogging has happened. Unscrew the swivel ball nut that holds the shower head to the mounting collar. Before you disassemble the shower head, make a note of how it went together. Completely immerse the disassembled parts in white vinegar or a lime cleaning solution. If, after soaking, you discover that some areas still need some attention, scrub stubborn deposits with a small wire brush or the straightened end of a paper clip. Use the diagram to reassemble the shower head.

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Mineral deposits collect in the fine mesh and holes of the shower head's screening material and disk, disrupting water flow. This usually consists of hardened lime and particulate matter. Then remove it. The internal parts will come apart easily, but getting the shower head off the pipe may require a wrench. This will let you know how to reassemble it once the parts have been cleaned. The washer will seat with a specific orientation, so be sure to note which way it was turned. Draw a diagram of the parts and where they go, to ensure you don't forget (take a digital photo of this diagram and you'll always be able to find it for each subsequent clean). If you see a large buildup of lime, heat the vinegar in the microwave beforehand until it's hot to the touch. The cleaning process will probably take five or six hours, so plan on performing the repair when the shower won't be needed. Most of the lime will dissolve, although there may be residue caught in the screen's mesh, embedded in the threads, and in the small holes around the disk. Soak the parts again for a few minutes and rinse. Apply silicone grease to the threads. Turn the water on and inspect for leaks. In order to keep the shower head flowing freely, plan on making this a yearly chore. This procedure will also work on faucets, toilets, and your refrigerator's water dispenser. If you can't immerse an object in vinegar, saturate a cloth and wrap it around the area you want to clean.


Understand why the file type matters. Open Finder. Select the Excel file. Click File. Click Get Info. Expand the "Name & Extension" section if necessary. Change the file type. Click Use .xlsx when prompted. Try opening the file.

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Sometimes, Excel documents created on older computers or versions of Excel become unstable on newer versions; similarly, Excel documents can be saved in many different file formats. By changing the Excel file format to "xlsx" (or "xls" for older programs), you can fix this problem. Click the blue, face-shaped app icon in your Mac's Dock. Go to the folder in which your Excel file is located, then click the Excel file that you want to recover. This menu item is in the top-left corner of your Mac's screen. Clicking it prompts a drop-down menu. It's in the File drop-down menu. This will open a pop-up window. If you don't see any file name or extension below this category, click the triangle to the left of the "Name & Extension" heading to view the file's name and extension. Replace whatever comes after the period at the end of the file name with xlsx and then press ⏎ Return.  For example, if the document was named "Spreadsheet1.txt", you would change it to "Spreadsheet1.xlsx". If the file extension already is "xlsx", try using "xls" or "html". This will confirm your decision and change the file type. Double-click the file to open it. If the file opens in Excel (or, if you selected "html" as the extension, a web browser), your file has successfully been recovered.  If you chose the "html" extension, you can convert the webpage into an Excel document by dragging the html file onto the Excel icon and then saving the file that opens as a new "xlsx" file. If the file still won't open, proceed to the next Mac method.


Understand why the sheep needs to be sheared. Choose the right time of year. Consider calling an experienced sheep shearer. Gather the right equipment. Herd the sheep into a pen.

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Shearing is done for two main reasons: to collect sheep's wool for sale, but more importantly to relieve the sheep of heavy wool which may cause them to overheat in summer. In some parts of the world, sheep shearing is even considered a sport!  If the sheep are not sheared, they will become uncomfortable and possibly unhealthy, due to the dirt that can become matted up in their wool. Therefore, even if you do not plan on selling the wool for profit, your sheep will still need to be sheared at least once a year. Due to its warmth and the ease with which it can be spun into yarn, the wool from certain breeds of sheep is a valuable commodity. These animals are often raised differently and fed a special mineral-rich diet to improve the quality of their wool. A single sheep can produce 8 to 10 pounds of wool. Most sheep only need to be sheared once a year, although some breeds with faster-growing wool will need to be sheared twice. The best time of the year to shear your sheep is in early spring, before the lambing season starts and the hot summer weather sets in.  Shearing ewes before lambing season is a good idea for many reasons. It will help to keep them cleaner while giving birth, and make it easier for the lambs to find their mother's teats for feeding. If the animals are kept in a barn during lambing season, the sheared sheep will also take up less space. Another reason shearing before lambing season is a good idea is that sheared ewes will often eat more grass in order to produce more body heat. This provides them with the extra nutrition they need before giving birth. Try to shear the sheep about a month before they give birth to the lambs. This will give them time to get over the stress of shearing. If you own a breed of sheep with fast-growing wool (such as Cotswolds, Icelandics and Lincolns) aim to do the shearing in late summer or early autumn. Sheep will need at least six weeks to grow their wool before the winter weather sets in. Although it may not seem like it, shearing a sheep is very hard work....


Understand why violinists use rosin. Choose a rosin. Make sure that you are using violin rosin.

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Rosin is a mild adhesive that's used in string instrument playing to increase the friction between the hair of the bow and the string.  The rosin temporarily "sticks" to the string until its limit of adhesion is reached, and then releases.  When a bow is new, or has been rehaired, the initial layer of base rosin may take some time to get in place, depending on the "roughness" of the hair-string (stallion vs. mare, cold vs. warm climate, what the horses ate, etc.) it may take very little time, or quite a bit more time.  Rosin is basically the same substance that you see pitchers use on the pitching mound in a baseball game to increase their grip on the ball. It is generally produced as a refining by-product while distilling turpentine from tree saps (mostly various species of pine) - it's the goo that's left after the spirits have been evaporated off. Contrary to many old beliefs, the hair does not have microscopic hooks that are raised up by rosin. Under a microscope, the hair looks like a swamp reed, with slightly ragged growth rings that themselves don't have enough friction to do any more that just tickle a whisper from a string. However, they do have enough friction to provide a way for the rosin to transfer and hold to the hair. Once there, the rosined hair will begin a succession of "grab and release" catches of the string to cause a somewhat sustained vibration of the string. There are also various types of rosins, most notably by color: some are lighter, and some darker. The best rosin is the one that works best under the playing conditions you are presently experiencing, which is why many advanced players carry a variety of rosins with them to meet the needs of varying playing conditions.  As a somewhat general rule, darker rosins tend to be softer, melt at a lower temperature (like in the summer sun), and grip better in colder weather. Very light rosins tend to be just the opposite:  harder, work better in warmer weather where a darker rosin might tend to soften and became gooey while playing. Using...


Understand why you need a VPN. Know how to pay for a VPN. Try to purchase and install your VPN while out of the country. Select a VPN service. Purchase a VPN subscription. Install your VPN on your computer.

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A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, can hide your computer's IP address from your Internet Service Provider (ISP); your computer's address can then be routed through a server in a different country. This will remove the Internet restrictions imposed by Iran.  Another reason you'll need a VPN is that lower-security services, such as proxies, don't protect your IP address from being exposed by a DPI attack from your ISP. VPNs, on the other hand, can make your web traffic look like normal, restricted traffic.  If you use a free VPN or a free IP-hiding service, your ISP will often be able to tell that you're using a VPN; this can lead to anything from your Internet being turned off to legal repercussions. Since Iranian ISPs can track all of your Internet activity—including outgoing payments—consider using the payment details for someone outside of Iran (e.g., a relative or friend) when purchasing your VPN. Given that VPN services are usually hosted in places such as North America, Iranian payment details may not be available if an embargo is in place. Ultimately, the best way to ensure your VPN purchase isn't caught is by purchasing and setting up your VPN while not in Iran. You can still attempt to install a VPN while in Iran, but do so at your own risk. As of June 2018, two of the most secure VPN services for Iran users are NordVPN and ExpressVPN, but you can try your luck with different VPNs such as CyberGhost, VyperVPN, and PrivateVPN. When selecting a VPN, make sure that the service includes some form of "IP obfuscation", which is a feature that hides your VPN use from ISPs. Both NordVPN and ExpressVPN offer this feature. While your selected VPN service will dictate the specific steps used here, you will typically need to do the following:  Go to your selected VPN's product page. Select a payment tier. Create an account. Enter your payment details, then check out. Once you've purchased a subscription to the VPN, you should be redirected to a download page from which you can do the following:  Download the...


Understand why you need to convert. Download the Adobe DNG Converter. Run the converter program. Select the files you want to convert. Select where you want to save the converted images. Set the image naming settings. Set your compatibility preferences. Start converting.

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NEF files are RAW image files, and are different for each Nikon model. In order to open the NEF file in Photoshop, Photoshop will need to have the latest version of the Photoshop Camera Raw plugin. The newest version of this plugin is not available if you are running Photoshop CS5 or earlier, so converting the file is the only way to open it in Photoshop for editing.  You will be converting the file into DNG (Digital Negative Gallery) format, which allows it to be opened in any version of Photoshop. You may also need to convert the file if you have the latest version of Photoshop but the plugin doesn't yet support your new camera model. This is a free utility that is available for both Windows and OS X. You can download it for free from here. Once you've finished downloading it, run the setup program to install the converter on your computer. Once the installation has completed, run the Adobe DNG Converter program to open the conversion interface. Click the Select Folder... button in the first section to choose which images you want to convert. You can only select folders containing images, not single images. By default, they will be saved to the same location that the original images are stored. In the third section, you can set how you want the converted images to be named. By default, they will keep the original file name but add the .dng extension. Most users can leave these at their default settings, but if you're trying to convert an image so that it opens in an older version of Adobe Photoshop, click the Change Preferences... button and select the version you use from the "Compatibility" drop-down menu. If you want to embed the original NEF file in the DNG file, you can select this from the Preferences menu. This will result in a larger DNG file, but will allow you to extract the NEF file again later if you need it. Once your settings are correct, click the Convert button to begin converting the files. This may take a while, especially if you are converting a lot of files at once.


Understand why you self-harm. Tell someone. Practice other coping strategies.

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There are a lot of reasons why people self-harm, and most of them have to do with psychological trauma. If you are using self-harm as a way of coping with something else in your life, identifying the real problem can help you find ways to stop.  Some people turn to self-harm as a way to cope with current or past abuse. If you are using self-harm to cope with current abuse, talk to a counselor or police officer and get help. You can also read this wikiHow article for tips on how to deal with abuse. There are lots of other reasons people self-harm, ranging from being bullied and feeling rejected to feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, or numbness. Sometimes, self-harm is linked to drug use, since certain drugs can cause depression and feelings of worthlessness. It is incredibly difficult to tell anyone if you have been hurting yourself. But if you are struggling with self-harm, telling someone can be the first step in recovery.  If you're in the United States, call the 24-hour National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK. Talk to your parents or other loved ones. Telling someone you trust can ensure you get the help you need. Talk to your doctor. If you have no one else to talk to, tell your school nurse, doctor, or school counselor. These people can get you a referral to a therapist or psychiatrist for an evaluation. Most people who self-harm do it as a way to get a quick rush of endorphins, a feel-good chemical that helps to combat issues like depression and anxiety. This can be soothing, distracting, or a way to vent. It is a coping strategy to deal with anything from awful life circumstances to mental illness. Finding other ways to cope can help you overcome.  Talk to a therapist. A therapist can help you think of strategies to cope with stress and also to deal with the root cause of your self-harm, such as a traumatic past or bullying from your peers. You can find a therapist by talking to your regular doctor or school counselor and asking for a referral. Exercise. Doing daily aerobic activity...


Understand why you should try to identify the worms. Look for migrating tapeworm egg packs. Check your cat's feces for tapeworms. Recognize roundworms. Identify hookworms. Ask your vet to check your cat for heartworms. Have your vet take a fecal sample for analysis.

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If you suspect your cat has worms, the next step is to try to identify the type of worm. This helps you to know what sort of medication is going to be effective in getting rid of the infestation. Look under your cat's tail. Tapeworm egg packets migrate out of the cat's anus and get stuck around the fur near the rectum. The egg packets are a creamy-white color and are variously described as looking like rice grains, cucumber pips, or sesame seeds.  The egg packets may also get stuck to the cat's bedding, so have a quick look at your cat’s bedding as well. If you find these, take your cat to its veterinarian to get treated for tapeworm. This is much easier to do if your cat uses a litter tray. Examine the feces for the presence of worms. Sometimes these are visible on the surface of the stool, but more likely you will need to put on plastic gloves and use a disposable tool to break the pellet open and look for worms inside.  Tapeworms are a creamy white color, flat, and segmented. They average around 4 to 28 inches in length.   Dipylidium caninum: The cat can get this type of tapeworm by eating fleas infected with tapeworm eggs.   Taenia taeniaeformis: Cats can get this type of tapeworm when they hunt, catch and eat rodents infected with this kind of tapeworm. Roundworms are very common and look like spaghetti or noodles. On average they are two to four inches long, but can grow up to five inches in length. There are two different kinds of roundworms, both of which can be picked up in different ways:   Toxocara cati: These worms can be picked up via the mother's milk, and most kittens are infected at birth. These are commonly responsible for pot-bellied kittens, and cause vomiting and diarrhea.  Toxascaris leonine: These roundworms are acquired from contact with infected cat or rodent feces. The worm is sometimes vomited up whole, or passed out in the stool. Hookworms are small (0.5 to 1 centimeter), curly worms that have a hook-like mouth. They are very hard to see with the naked eye. Ancylostoma duodenalis...


Understand why you'd want to convert first. Gather your tools. Open the image you want to convert in your image editor. Open the Channel Mixer. Select the black and white preset. Use the sliders to adjust the levels. Save your adjusted image.

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While you can open any picture and quickly print it in black and white, you may want to use image editing software to convert it first. This will result in much better detail and shading, and will lead to more artistic photos. It may take a while to convert your first image, but once you get used to the process it will go much quicker. If you don't want to convert the image and just want to print it in black and white, click here. In order to do this, you'll need an advanced image editing program. The most popular option is Photoshop, which costs an arm and a leg. You can also use GIMP, which is a free, open-source image editing program. It offers many of the same features as Photoshop, but is known for being a little less user-friendly. You can download GIMP from gimp.org/downloads/ You can use your image editing program to open image files in almost any format. This tool allows you to adjust the color levels of your image.  Photoshop - Click "Layer" → "New Adjustment Layer" → "Channel Mixer". This will create a new channel mixer layer and open the Channel Mixer tool. GIMP - Click "Colors" → "Components" → "Channel Mixer". This will open the Channel Mixer tool. Both Photoshop and GIMP include a preset for converting the image to black and white.  Photoshop - Click the "Presets" menu in the Channel Mixer and select "Black & White". GIMP - Check the "Monochrome" box in the Channel Mixer. Once you've applied the black and white preset, you can use the sliders to make fine adjustments to the shading. There are three sliders: Red, Blue, and Green. Adjusting these sliders changes the strength of the original colors. For example, putting the Red slider at 100 and the other two at 0 will make the red parts of the image much lighter and the blue and green parts much darker. Keep the total value of all three sliders at exactly 100 to preserve the exposure of the original image. Values above this will result in a much brighter image, and values below will be darker. Once you are satisfied with the changes, save your...


Understand why your pet rabbit might be afraid of you. Create the right environment. Gather some enticing treats. Let your rabbit out of the hutch to explore. Allow the rabbit to explore you and the environment. Pet your rabbit when they feel confident. Move the rabbit onto your lap. Know how to pick up your rabbit in a hurry.

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Rabbits are prey animals and are easily frightened. Your pet rabbit may be shy or afraid of you because it does not know if you can be trusted. If you want your rabbit to be comfortable approaching you, then you will need to do some work to boost their confidence and prove you are not a predator.  Avoid chasing your pet rabbit, as this increases their stress and reinforces the idea that they should be fearful. Though your rabbit looks fluffy and cuddly, they naturally will resist being held, especially if you carry them around high off the ground. Forcing this on your rabbit can cause them to struggle and kick, which may harm you and may even be fatal to the rabbit, should they fall on the ground. Remove any other pets, turn off the television, and make the room as quiet and peaceful as possible. You want to create an environment in which your rabbit can feel relaxed and safe. To get your shy rabbit to approach you, try having some of their favorite treats on-hand. Little bits of carrot, apple, bananas, or oats should do the trick. Sit or lie flat on your belly and wait for your rabbit to leave their hutch. Do not remove them yourself or try to pull them out. Your bunny is naturally curious and will come to you in time. It may take a while for your rabbit to approach, possibly even an hour. Stay as still and quiet as possible. Resist the urge to grab or even touch your rabbit. Let your rabbit sniff you, hop on you, and, if they find the treat in your hand, allow them to nibble on it while you hold it in your hand. You may need to do this every day for some time to earn your rabbit's trust. Moving too early can undo your hard work, so be patient. As your rabbit gains confidence and begins to approach you regularly, slowly reach out and pet them gently on the side or on the flank. Avoid raising your hand above your rabbit's head, as this could frighten them. Rabbits are ground-dwelling animals and do not like being lifted high above the ground. When your rabbit is comfortable and happy with your touch, you can...


Understand with whom you are working. Be clear and specific in what you expect from others. Set timed expectations and goals. Follow up with people. Be aware of colluding expectations. Practice acceptance rather than perfection.

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Sometimes you will set expectations for a spouse, partner, or child. If you are in management, however, you likely will set expectations for myriad diverse people. When setting goals in those instances, work to appreciate each individual’s personality, work patterns, hobbies, and passions. By having a sense of the person, you will be better able to set realistic expectations. Ask the person:  What work tasks makes you concerned? Which work activities give you energy? What are your work goals? How do your work and personal goals jive with our expectations here?  How can I help you work towards your various goals in a strategic, effective manner? Make sure contracts explain duties thoroughly and the employee's specific role in your organization. Convey job responsibilities to employees. Outline the person’s responsibilities, duties, and purposes.  When making a new request, check whether your request is realistic. Ask yourself whether you can visualize your employee doing what you desire. If the person has done the task previously, your request is likely realistic. When the assignment is something new, consider whether your employee could complete the task with the available time and resources.  If possible, help make the task easier. For example, if you need your employee to write a very important report, give her a quiet office where she can work on the report. Be concrete in your expectations but be flexible in your timeline. Craft a timeline that works for both of you. Offer your assistance when it is possible as well. Meet with your employees to set regular goals. Split projects into smaller sections with each section having its own goals. Set regular meetings at which you can review progress. If people are not meeting your expectations, have an open dialogue with them. People cannot read your mind. In some cases, your expectations might be too high. In other scenarios, it is possible you did not transmit your expectations clearly. Either way, it is best to check in with people regularly about...


Understand you shouldn't always pet every bird. Approach the bird calmly before petting it. Assess the bird's body language and make sure it's comfortable.

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Birds are very individual, unique creatures - some really enjoy being petted by anyone and everyone, while some others won't be willing to accept touch even from their owner.  If you're trying to pet a bird you don't own, understand that it may need to get to know you before it becomes comfortable with letting you pet it. It may be better to visit with the bird and gain its trust before attempting to physically touch it at all. If you do own a bird, understand that not every bird will eventually warm up to petting. Some just do not enjoy it, instead preferring their personal space. If you find this to be the case, you should not try to force it to enjoy being pet. Instead, it's much better to try and find other ways to bond with your bird, such as teaching it tricks or letting it perch near you while you work. Make sure it's aware you are there and sees your approach. Speak to the bird for a bit before reaching out to it; don't just grab for the poor thing. Make sure it's warmed up to your presence first and is aware of what you're doing, especially when you first try petting the bird for the first time or two. Birds have a wide array of communications, but a lot of it is nonverbal, so it's important to read any cues you're getting.  Is the bird extremely stiff and staring at you as you approach? Is it trying to move or lean away from you, or pushing you away? Is it attempting to bite you? All of these are more or less obvious signs the bird is uncomfortable with what you're doing, and you should stop.  Is the bird turning its head a bit, or even bowing its head on your approach? Is it closing its eyes? Is it ruffling or fluffing up its feathers a bit? These are signs that the bird is relaxed, trusting, and comfortable with what you're doing. Which is good!


Understand your assignment. Choose a topic. Determine the purpose of your research project. Limit the focus of your topic. Develop a research question. Set a research schedule. Talk to your teacher or a librarian.

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It is important, with any assignment, to understand fully what is expected of you before you start.  Be sure that you know the details of your instructor’s expectations for the research process and the resulting product.  If you have a printout with assignment details on it, keep it with you while you work and reread it occasionally to be sure that you are staying on track.  A few questions to ask or keep in mind about your research follow:  How many sources are expected or required? Is the final project a paper or a multimodal (creative) project? How long should your final product be? Are there minimums for the types of sources (ie: print versus web-based)? How long do you have to work on your research? What resources are available for you to conduct your research (for example, customized databases, reserved library books, etc)? Consider yourself lucky if you are assigned a topic; you can skip this step!  In some ways, determining what topic to research can be the most difficult part of your project.  It’s often best to select something that you already have some interest in and at least a cursory knowledge about, but not something that you are so passionate about that you may find it difficult to be objective.  Many instructors will provide you with a list to choose a topic from: if you have such a list, circle 3-5 topics that jump out at you.  If you have time, look them up online and see if you feel genuinely curious about one of the topics.  Rank your top 5, as you may not be able to use your first choices if others in your class have already “claimed” them. If your topic selection is wide-open, brainstorm a list of potential topics within the parameters of the assignment.  If you are not given parameters, you may have to come up with them on your own; you can assume, for example, that if you’re in a biology class, your research topic will have to do with biology. If you are assigned parameters, such as “research an endangered species,” you should be able to find a list and select a specific animal, such...


Understand your bird's basic needs. Provide a wide variety of nuts, fruits, and vegetables for your bird. Vary the foods you provide for your birds to ensure proper nutrition. Avoid feeding your birds avocado, celery, tomatoes, garlic, onions, mushrooms, coffee, or chocolate.

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Most pet birds require broadly similar diets of seeds or pellets, fruits, and vegetables, with other foods providing extra enrichment.  Some birds, however, are more prone to obesity than others, and understanding your breed's distinct needs will help you provide the proper amount and variety of nutrition.  African gray parrots typically thrive on a diet of 70 percent pellets or other basic nutrition and 30 percent other foods (seed mix, fruits, nuts, vegetables). Amazon parrots have varying needs depending upon their size and activity level.  Experts recommend using a gram scale to carefully weigh and adjust both birds and their food.  Typical Amazon diets are 30 percent pellets or other basic nutrition, 20 percent whole-dried foods (seeds, nuts, fruit, vegetables), and 40 percent fresh vegetables and fruits.  Cockatiels are more prone to obesity than many breeds, so keep a careful eye upon your bird and watch for signs of excess weight. Canaries typically need a breed-specific seed mix, pelleted mix, and song mix, with vegetables provided about twice a week. Cockatiels thrive upon 60 percent pellets or other basic nutrition and 40 percent breed-specific seed mix, plus vegetables for added nutrition.  Like Amazons, cockatiels are more prone to obesity than many breeds, so keep a careful eye upon your bird and watch for signs of excess weight. Conures are such active birds that they rarely experience weight problems.  Conures thrive on a base diet of pellets with rotating additions of vegetables, soaked seeds, dried fruit, and enrichment treats. Eclectus parrots' diets should be weighted heavily toward fresh foods.  One expert recommends 25 percent pellet and seed mix and 75 percent fresh foods, including grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Macaw diets should be composed of approximately 70 percent pellets or other basic nutrition, 20 percent vegetables, and 10 percent nuts, seeds, and treats.  Macaws are also prone to obesity. Quaker parakeets benefit from roughly equal parts pellets, vegetables, and...


Understand your customer. Analyze yourself and your business. Perform a SWOT Analysis.

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Customers are the focal point of your business, so you need to grasp who they are and what motivates them so that you can meet customer needs.   Ask yourself important questions about the types of customers who spend money at your business. Are they rich or poor? Educated or not? Young or old? Male or female? Business or consumer? Where are they? Create a mental image of a customer you would like to serve and use this image when you are creating marketing campaigns. Make sure that you direct your message to this customer and not to some general population. Really try to connect with your ideal customer. Consider market segments that may exist for your customers. For example, does your business have both male and female customers, but you may need to market to them differently? Other examples of market segmentation include age and geography.  Remember that business is all about serving others. They are the only ones who will put money in your bank account. The more a business focuses on serving others, the more successful it will be. In order to learn who your customers are, you must understand your business thoroughly. This requires a realistic view of yourself and your business. What makes your business special? What is unique, different, important? Be able to clearly answer the question, "Why should I buy your product or service when there are so many other choices?". SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. A SWOT analysis can help you better understand your business, which can improve your ability to identify your ideal customers.  Strengths and Weaknesses are factors of internal to your organization. An example of a strength is having an excellent location. An example of a weakness is lack of capital for investment. Opportunities and Threats are factors external to your organization. An example of an opportunity is a growing number of your target customers moving into your area. An example of a threat is a new competitor moving into your area.


Understand your debtor. Call the debtor about the account. Call back in 15 to 30 days. Discontinue all services or goods that the debtor receives. Write demand letters. Negotiate with the debtor. Send a "pre-collect notice" to the debtor. Be aware of bankruptcy.

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Try to figure out why the payment is late. Most debtors fall into 1 of 3 categories—either they want to pay but can’t do it on time because of difficulties with finances, they habitually delay payments as long as possible due to priorities for the month or they have decided not to pay you at all.  When you speak to the person or department that owes you money, try to uncover what type of debtor they are. Once you understand if non-payment has to do with finances, priorities or actual avoidance, you can come up with a solution for both parties that is, hopefully, mutually beneficial. Keep in mind that negotiating with a debtor is a process. Take time to listen to the customer and offer solutions that you think will be appealing to them. This will increase your chances of achieving a win-win situation. Know that a business with financial trouble may not want to discuss their possible failure. If the business is in financial trouble, then you may consider offering them a settlement amount instead of trying to obtain the full payment. The first step after mailing a bill and reminder is to contact them by phone. Identify yourself and your reason for calling.  Do not harass the debtor, just be straightforward. Always use a civil tone and try to convey a desire to keep a positive relationship. You can address consequences further down the line. Ask the person how they are and if they received your invoice. To discuss the late payment, try: "I am concerned because your payment is now (insert how many days) late. What can I do to help you make this payment and minimize consequences, such as (insert consequence)?" You can also ask if there is a reason they want to discuss on why the payment has been late. Try to get a verbal agreement that the invoice will be paid and when. Follow up the conversation in a week by phone, email or mail. Never apologize for asking about a debt that is owed to you. Remember that the money rightfully belongs to you. If the debtor has not yet paid the debt, then you will want to remind them...