Determine the bond discount. Calculate the interest payment for each period. Compute the total effective interest expense for each period. Record the interest paid and the amortization of the discount. Verify the ending present value of the bond.

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If the market interest rate is higher than the coupon rate for the bond, then the bond must be sold at a discount.  This means that the price of the bond is less than the face value, or par value of the bond.  This compensates investors for the difference between the coupon rate and the market rate.  For example, Company ABC issues 5-year, $500,000, 10 percent bonds, with interest paid semi-annually.  The market interest rate is 12 percent, so the bond must be issued at a discount. The bond selling price equals the present value of the principal + the present value of the interest payments.  The discount is the difference between the selling price and the face value of the bond.  Interest is paid semi-annually, so the coupon rate per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2) and the market interest rate per period is 6 percent (12 percent / 2). The number of periods is 10 (2 periods per year * 5 years). The coupon payment per period is $25,000 ($500,000 *.05). Calculate the present value of the principal.  Multiply the face value of the bond by the present value interest factor (PVIF).  Calculate PVIF with the formula 1/(1+r)t{\displaystyle 1/(1+r)^{t}}, where r = the market interest rate per period and t = the number of periods.  PVIF=1/(1+.06)10=0.5584{\displaystyle PVIF=1/(1+.06)^{1}0=0.5584} Present value of the principal = $500,000∗0.5584=$279,200{\displaystyle \$500,000*0.5584=\$279,200}  Calculate the present value of the interest payments by multiplying the amount of the coupon payment by the present value factor for an ordinary annuity (PVOA).  Calculate PVOA with the formula (1−(1/(1+r)t))/r{\displaystyle (1-(1/(1+r)^{t}))/r}, where r = the market interest rate per period and t = the number of periods. PVOA=(1−(1/(1+.06)10))/.06=7.3601{\displaystyle PVOA=(1-(1/(1+.06)^{10}))/.06=7.3601} Multiply the amount of the coupon payment by the PVOA to get the present value of the interest.  $25,000∗7.3601=$184,002{\displaystyle \$25,000*7.3601=\$184,002}. The selling price of the bond = the present value of the...


Determine the bottom of your vocal range. Start slowly. Perfect the note before moving on.

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In order to safely learn to sing lower notes, you will first need to find the lowest note you can currently sing. Either use a pre-recorded tool online or have a partner play notes on a piano. Starting from C4, try to sing that note. Work your way down until you reach a note you either cannot match at all or that you strain to sing. The previous note is the bottom of your current range. Because it can be difficult to judge our own voices accurately, it is especially helpful to have a vocal coach or someone else with musical training for this step. Or, use an app like SingScope if you need help. Try your best to work on just the next lowest note after the bottom of your vocal range. Practice with a scale that includes just a few other notes along with the one you're working on. Perform these scales daily for roughly half an hour. Stop the exercise if your voice begins to strain.  Practice relaxing into low notes each day to increase your vocal flexibility. The vocal cords are muscles, so frequent practice can help strengthen them, allowing you to sing lower notes over time.  For example, if C2 is the lowest note you have currently mastered, try singing B1 next. Before going to the next lower note, it's important that you can consistently hit your new note. If you can't comfortably sing one note lower, you will not be able to perform the note below it. If you're finding that your voice breaks frequently during these exercises, you will likely benefit from revisiting a higher note and working on that one first.


Determine the breadth, height and firmness of the Mount of Venus. Check for flabby.

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If the life line is clearly marked and encircles a firm Venus in a wide arc, reaching well across the hand, the person will have plenty of energy and staying power. Conversely, if the life line is weak and hugs close to the thumb, the person will have little energy. If the Mount of Venus is full, but flabby, the person will have great ideas but will never get around to doing any of them. When things go wrong, this individual will always blame others rather than him or herself.


Determine the car’s market value. Lower car costs if you do purchase. Consider your peace of mind. Consider professional factors.

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If the repairs are less than half of your car’s market value, then you should probably do the repair.  However, if, for instance, the repairs are, say $1,500 and the vehicle’s market value is $2,000, then doing the repairs is probably not worth it. Check Edmunds’ True Market Value Calculator or Kelley Blue book to determine the market value of your car. Do you even know your old car’s actual worth? This can matter when you go to trade it in, because the trade-in value will be counted off the price of a new car. Consider how long the repairs will add to the life on your car. A new engine, for example, can greatly extend the shelf life of some cars. Consider how nice it is to enjoy life without a car payment too! What could you do with that extra $300 or so? Within five years, a new car loses about 50 percent of its value. There are ways you can lower costs when you purchase a car. These are things to keep in mind.  Pay cash if you can. This will lower interest costs on the car, and that will make a huge difference in the overall amount you actually end up paying on it. Consider buying a used car. It’s best to consider cars under five years old with mileage limits under 100,000, which have had no refurbishing or major accidents, and for which there is a warranty. They say you should always buy the most house you can afford and the least car you can tolerate, because the value of homes often builds, whereas the value of cars depreciates the second you drive them off the lot. You can only put a mathematical calculation on some things, like the cost of repairs. However, there are some costs to a car that are intrinsic. Safety concerns include whether the car has working seat belts or dual front airbags.  For example, do you worry about being safe? Do you have to drive in tough winters with bad tires? Do you drive at night a lot for work? Are you in situations with children where you just can’t risk the car breaking down and being stranded? It might be worth the extra cost then, if there is one. A newer vehicle is...


Determine the cause of injury. Treat any cuts or open sores. Talk with a doctor. Seek emergency assistance.

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Take a close look at the skin surrounding your nail and try to pinpoint what the problem might be, as this will directly impact your course of treatment. Look for signs of picking or biting. Test out the texture of the skin to see if it feels dry or brittle. Look at the color, as a yellowish tint could indicate an infection or fungus.  Your cuticle should also lay relatively flat against your nail. Extra bumps or ridge can be a sign of trauma or even an illness, such as kidney disease. If you see these, talk to your doctor for guidance and treatment. If the nail or cuticle feels brittle, applying cuticle oil and moisturizer on a daily basis should help to hydrate the skin and nail area. You should be able to see a half-moon shape at the bottom of your nails. If it is not immediately present, try pressing down lightly on your nails. If you still cannot see it, it may be a sign of other underlying health issues, such as hyperthyroidism. In this case, consult a doctor.  If you see signs of fungus, then start by applying an anti-fungal cream, as directed. If this doesn't work, talk with your doctor. They may prescribe a pill that can help. Your hands come into contact with all sorts of germs throughout the day and allowing a cut to go untreated allows these things to enter into your body. Wipe down any cuts with a prepackaged alcohol wipe. Apply a tiny bit of Neosporin and then cover the area with a bandaid. If the cut is small, let it air dry, but keep an eye on it. If you go with a Band-Aid, make sure to remove and replace it every few hours, so that your cut can breathe. If all of your cuticles are causing you pain or if you just can’t seem to heal them, then it may be time to make an appointment with your general physician. It is possible that a more serious infection is causing your problems or even a hormonal issue. If the nail structure looks injured, your doctor may call for an x-ray to check for any broken bones.  Tell your doctor if you have recently slammed or hit your hands against another object or...


Determine the cause of the problem. Assume a friendly posture. Sympathize with the other person. Find a solution. Walk away.

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Perhaps you said something inappropriate or offensive. Maybe there was a miscommunication. If you can find out what went wrong, you may be able to identify a solution.  For example, if you are arguing with a stranger over a fender bender, ask them calmly what their version of events was. Explain afterwards what you thought happened. If you are having an argument at work, see if there was a miscommunication that caused the tension. For example, make sure that a vital email was actually sent and received. Ask your boss or another coworker to mediate the situation. With family members, ask them what you can do to make them feel better. For example, if you are arguing over a broken sink, ask, "Well, what can we do now to fix the problem? Do you want me to call someone or fix it myself?" Hold your arms open. Relax your shoulders so that they drop. Instead of leaning forward towards the other party, step back and straighten your posture. These changes in body language will help you appear less threatening to the other party.  For example, if you think that you might get into a fight with a stranger in a bar, step back. Put some space between you and the other person. By relaxing your body, you are signalling that you are not threatening them. Crossing your arms across your body, clenching your fists, or puffing your chest out can make you seem more aggressive. If the other person is becoming upset or defensive, it might be that they are feeling as though you are attacking them. Even if you disagree with their point or their actions, you can say something sympathetic to soothe them.  You can say, “I understand how you feel right now. I would be frustrated too if I thought someone had taken my seat. But I think that both of us need to consider the facts of the situation.” You can also use sympathy to change the subject. You can say, "I know you're stressed out right about work right now. Why don't we watch something on TV for a little while until you feel better." The best way to resolve conflict is to find a...


Determine the cause or source of the clog if possible. Run hot water through your pipes if you have a partial clog. Turn off all the water to your home to prevent further buildup. Locate the sewer cleanout and open it up.

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Unless you have a professional plumbing service come and thread a video monitor down your pipe, it’s difficult to know for sure what or where your clog is in the line. However, if you dump grease down your drain all the time, or if there are giant trees right near your sewer line, you may be able to form an educated guess. If you can still flush your toilet or if water is still draining down the sink, you may just have partially clogged pipes. Turn your water on as hot as it will go and let it run for 5 to 10 minutes to dissolve or break up the clog.  You can also replace the water in your toilet tank with hot water, then flush it. Do this once a week as a preventative measure if you want to avoid fully clogged pipes. If you keep flushing the toilet or running the water in the sink, the clog will just get worse. Shut off the main water valve so whatever’s left in the pipes can drain out and no more water can come into the house.  A house’s main water valve is often located in the basement or on an exterior wall. If you aren’t sure where it is, look for the water meter, which is often in the front yard under a cement or iron lid. Lift the lid to find the meter and look for the main water valve, which should be close by. This is the entryway to the main sewer line, and is usually situated just outside the front of your house, in between your home and the city sewer line. Once you find it, unscrew the cap to open it.  Sewer cleanouts might also be in a garage or basement. Look for a piece of pipe that’s about 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter and that usually has a cap with a square knob or indentation.


Determine the comedy persona that you fit into best. Brainstorm topics that you think are funny. List ideas relating to the topics you choose. Write a set-up made of smaller jokes that build off of one another. Make the punchline of your joke the funniest moment. Organize 3-4 jokes into a short setlist. Practice telling your jokes in front of friends and family.

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While comedians are usually themselves on stage, they’re usually elevating certain qualities to make them sound more funny. Start by brainstorming words that you would use to describe yourself, such as shy, angry, or energetic. Choose one of your qualities and try to incorporate it into the jokes and style you want to perform.  For example, if you want your persona to be “angry,” then you may tell jokes about things that make you upset. You can also base your persona off of how energetic you are. If you have a lot of energy, you may be more physical with your comedy. If you feel more laid-back, you may tell jokes slowly and act more relaxed on stage. Jokes can be about anything you want as long as you put your own personal and funny spin on them. Write down a list of things that you think are funny on a sheet of paper so you can keep a running list of ideas. You may add personal stories or topics that others can relate to, such as dating, getting married, or having kids. Write down all of your ideas, even if they seem stupid or unfunny at the time.  If you want to do topical humor, watch the news to stay up to date with current events. Write down funny things as they happen in a notebook or on your phone so you don’t forget material later on. It’s okay to tell raunchy jokes or use bad language, but avoid poking fun at people’s race, gender, or ability since it could limit your chances at being successful. Remember that every joke isn’t going to be appropriate for every audience. Once you have a list of topics written down, choose one of them to expand ideas on. Write down why you think the topic is funny, other things related to the topic you chose, or ideas you have for jokes. Think about things that you’ve experienced relating to the topic to incorporate into your jokes to make them more personal.  For example, if your topic was going out on a date, you may write down an awkward experience you had while you were out or how it feels hard to meet people. Include all of your ideas at first, even if they don’t...


Determine the composition of your metal. Identify the best chemical treatment for your patina. Prepare the metal for patination. Follow safe handling procedures. Prepare and apply chemicals carefully. Handle treated metal safely and responsibly. Neutralize the chemical treatment, if necessary. Seal your patina for protection, if desired.

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Some metals are made up of a single component, like gold and copper, but others are combinations, called alloys, like brass and steel. Each one has unique properties, which means some chemicals will work and others won't. Calculate the density of your metal to help determine if it is one of the following common metals/alloys:   Aluminum, or one of its alloys, which are often silvery-white. It is a light, common metal that shares a density of 2.7 g/cm³ ( .098 lbs/in³) with most of its alloys.  Copper, or one of its alloys, which are usually reddish in color. Deoxidized copper has a density of 8.9 g/cm³ (.322 lbs/in³), copper nickel 8.8 g/cm³ (.318 lbs/in³), navy brass 8.6 g/cm³ (.311 lbs/in³), and silicon bronze of 8.7 g/cm³ (.314 lbs/in³).  Iron, or one of its alloys, which are relatively lustrous and gray in hue. Cast iron has a density of 7.5 g/cm³ ( .271 lbs/in³), wrought iron shares the same density as steel at 7.8 g/cm³ (.282 lbs/in³), and stainless steel of 7.9 g/cm³ (.285 lbs/in³).  Silver, or one of its alloys, are bright and shiny. Silver has a density of 10.5 g/cm³ (.379 lbs/in³) and nickel silver 8.4 g/cm³ ( .303 lbs/in³). Now that you know the kind of metal you're working with, you'll need to research what kind of chemical treatment will work best for patinating that kind of metal. Some common treatments include:  Jax Chemical Company's pre-mixed metal coloring solutions. Many of these are formulated to work well on copper, brass, and bronze. Baldwin's Patina, which is suited for copper and steel clays as well as brass, bronze, and copper metals. Liver on Sulfur (LOS), which works for many metals and alloys, with the exception of brass, gold, aluminum, and stainless steel. Contaminants on the surface of your metal could negatively impact the end result of your patination. For most light to moderately dirty metals, briskly scrub it with dish soap and water, then air dry.  For dirtier pieces of metal or a deeper, more thorough cleaning, soak the metal in degreaser overnight, rinse it clean with...


Determine the composition of your vents. Turn off your heat, air conditioning, or vent fan. Clear loose dust and grime from the vent. Remove your floor vents. Insert the vents and start your dishwasher. Replace your vents after washing.

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In most cases, vents made of metal can be cleaned in your dishwasher. Avoid washing vents with paint, as the heat from your dishwasher can cause it to peel. You should not use your dishwasher to clean:  Wooden vents, which are especially susceptible to intense heat. Never clean wooden floor vents in a dishwasher, unless otherwise indicated by the product's care instructions. Plastic vents, because the heat of the dishwasher can cause these to deform, ruining them. Manually cleaning these instead is safest. If you leave your home ventilation system on while cleaning vents, the blower might turn on and kick dust and grime into the air. This will only cause the dirtiness on your vents to spread around your home.  Dust and grime that have become airborne can irritate your eyes and lungs when cleaning. If you have sensitive eyes or lungs, or if you suffer from allergies, you may want to wear protective eyewear and a dust mask. Clearing loose dust and grime will prevent it from falling on your floor when transporting your vents to the dishwasher. This can be done easily with a vacuum equipped with a crevice tool, or by wiping down vents with a clean, water damp rag. You don't have to be especially thorough when cleaning loose dirt on your vents. A few passes with a vacuum or water damp rag should be sufficient. Most floor vents are fastened in place with standard screws. Use a standard screwdriver to loosen the screws and remove the vents you'd like to clean. Have a vacuum or water damp rag handy, as additional dirt and grime may be built up behind the vent.  You'll likely find more loose dust and dirt behind your vents. In most cases, a quick pass with the crevice tool of your vacuum will clean this away. You may want to lay something, like a drop cloth newspaper, under wall floor vents or next to vents positioned flat in the floor. This way, you'll catch extra dirtiness and have a place to set removed vents. Arrange your vents in your dishwasher without stacking them on top of each other. Avoid using dishwasher...


Determine the correct amount of daily zinc. Incorporate more zinc if you are vegetarian. Know the importance of zinc. Know which nutrients zinc interferes with.

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The amount of zinc a person should have differs based on factors, such as age and gender. You should determine how much zinc you require each day because getting too much zinc can be harmful.  Children seven months to three years old need 3 mg each day. Children younger than seven months need 2 mg. Children four to eight years old need 5 mg. Children nine to 13 years old need 8 mg. Both can get up to 23 mg safely each day. Male teens 14 to 18 years old need 11 mg. Females need 9 mg. Both can get up to 34 mg safely each day. Males over 18 need 11 mg, while females need 8 mg. Both can get up to 40 mg safely each day. Zinc needs increase when pregnant and/or breastfeeding  — 11 mg and 12 mg respectively. These numbers will be even higher if you are a teenager. Vegetarians need to be particularly careful to get enough zinc from non-animal sources. You can get zinc from beans and legumes, nuts and seeds, oats, and wheat germs Vegetarians and vegans may have a zinc deficiency because many of the main sources of zinc are not acceptable to vegetarians. The other reason is that grains and legumes, main foods for vegetarians, contain high levels of phytic acid. This component may reduce zinc absorption. Zinc is important for many bodily functions. It is important for your immune system. Zinc also plays a critical role in over 300 enzyme reactions in the body. Zinc also plays a structural role for proteins and cell membranes.  In proteins, zinc provides a sort of scaffolding to keep proteins folded correctly. This scaffold is called the “zinc finger motif.” Proteins containing a zinc finger motif are important in regulating how genes, coded for in the DNA, are expressed. These proteins act as transcription factors, controlling gene expression. Zinc is also important in how cells communicate with each other and is important in control of hormone levels and in the transmission of nerve signals Zinc plays a role in a process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This is particularly important to control cancer cells...


Determine the correct postage. Be aware of different postage rates. Place a stamp on your envelope.

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Postage is required to send mail through the postal services in most countries. If you are using a standard business envelope, you will most likely only need one stamp to mail your letter.  Currently, stamps are $0.49 each. One stamp is sufficient for a letter that does not exceed one ounce in weight.  If your letter weighs more than one ounce, you will either need to affix an additional stamp, or better yet, you should take it to a local post office to be weighed. You can then pay the exact postage needed. You can also calculate your required postage by going to the United States Postal Service's website. Postage rates do change fairly frequently. If you haven't mailed a letter in awhile, the old stamps that you have stashed in the back of your desk drawer may be insufficient.  A good way to handle surprise increases in the cost of a stamp is to purchase Forever Stamps. These are non-denominational stamps which once purchased can be used to mail First-Class letters forever—regardless of any subsequent price increases.  Currently, a First-Class Mail Forever Stamp is priced at $0.49.   Currently, a First-Class Mail International Global Forever Stamp and/or a Postcard Stamp is priced at $1.15. If you send a lot of letters (and you should consider doing so—writing letters is a lost art!), you should definitely stock up on Forever Stamps. The stamp goes in the upper-right corner of the envelope.  Make sure that you do not place your stamp over any part of the mailing address (the mailing address should be centered lower on the envelope, so this shouldn't be a problem). Make sure as well that you do not write over the stamp. Of course, if you do not have stamps, or do not have the correct postage, take your addressed envelope to the nearest post office and they will handle it from there. Double-check that you've included all of the necessary, correct information. You're ready to mail!


Determine the details to make sure you don't flip-flop. Give two weeks notice to leave on a good note. Ask for time off to attend to personal matters. Plan to stay till your last day. Write a signed letter of resignation. Request a meeting with your manager and/or human resources.

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Before you announce your resignation to anyone you must have your plans in order. The last thing you want to do is give false or changing information throughout the process of leaving.  If you don’t have all your details in order, you can make it harder for your employer to hire a replacement and plan for your departure. A situation such as this may lead to ending your employment on bad terms with a bad reference and/or a disbelief that you are actually leaving with a chance of being asked to leave. Be absolutely sure you are resigning. Whether you have another job or are leaving for other reasons, it is important to stick to the plan once you have made an announcement. Know your exact last day and follow the two weeks or more notice rule. It is most important for your current and future employer (if there is one) to have a solid date of when you are leaving your current job.  For most companies and positions, a 2 week notice is standard and acceptable. However, your company may require more time due to job specific circumstances. For example, if you are the only one in the IT department, you most likely will be asked to stay longer than 2 weeks to allow the employer to find a replacement. If you need to attend to personal matters, make sure you give your employer dates or times you may need to take care of personal matters prior to your resignation. For example, if you are moving out of state or resigning due to an illness, your employer may be flexible in giving you some time off to take care of personal matters. Once you have announced your resignation, it may be hard to stay as long as you have agreed to. This can be for many reasons, including being over your current job or being anxious to start a new one.  If you leave your current job prior to the time you agreed to stay, it will most likely be considered insubordination. This will render you ineligible for rehire and can present a bad reference issue in the future. A letter of resignation is generally very brief and to the point. In your letter of...


Determine the diameter of your chair. Pick out a fabric. Determine the size of your piece of fabric. Cut out circles on your fabric. Sew together your two circles. Finish off your beanbag chair.

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This is totally up to you as to how wide you want your chair to be.  Some people like beanbag chairs which are about the size of a normal chair.  Others like the chair to be almost oversized, so that they can rest their arms on the excess fabric.  The average width of an average beanbag chair is around 32 inches wide.  42 inches wide will get you a large beanbag chair, while 56-70 inches will produce an extra large beanbag chair. You may want to visit stores which sell beanbag chairs to measure each size of beanbag chair and see how they feel.  Because this project is relatively easy, you can afford to make a mistake, and restart with a different size. The best thing to buy is a cotton-polyester blended fabric in your local arts and crafts store.  Beanbag chairs that are available in stores are usually made with specially designed, elastic fabric which is not easily available.  You can of course choose from any design they have available, such as solid colors, polka dots, stripes, animal prints, etc. All you have to do is add 4 inches to the total width of your chair.  For example, let's assume that your diameter length will be 60 inches long.  Add 4 inches to this length and you get 64 inches.  Therefore, you will need to purchase either two separate pieces of fabric, each 64X64 inches, or one continuous piece of fabric that is 64X128 inches.  You need two pieces of fabric to form the top and bottom of your chair. Don't worry if you buy one continuous piece of fabric.  All you have to do is cut it in half using scissors when you get it home so that you have two even squares. If the fabric is available directly off the bar, you can get it cut exactly the size you need.  If however it is only available prepackaged, make sure you buy a piece of fabric that is larger than what you will need. If you have bought one large piece of fabric, now is the time to cut the piece in half so that you have two equal squares.  You will then flip both pieces of fabric over on a safe, flat surface so that the design is facing...


Determine the direction of the grain. Choose a non-abrasive compound or cleaner. Mix powdered compounds with water. Rub the compound into the scratch. Wipe off excess compound. Dry and examine the surface.

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The most important part of repairing stainless steel is rubbing in the same direction as the grain. Look very closely at the steel and determine which direction the surface seems to be running in. This is the grain.  Working against the grain can actually make the scratches worse. That’s why it’s so important to know the direction of the grain before you begin. The grain will generally run either from side to side (horizontally), or up and down (vertically). There are a few compounds and cleaners that can be used to fill and smooth very light and minor scratches on the surface of stainless steel. Products you can try include:  Bar Keeper's Friend Perfect-It Rubbing Compound Revere Stainless Steel and Copper Cleaner Whitening toothpaste Some compounds and cleaners come in a powdered form, and these must be made into a paste before you can apply them to the steel. Mix a tablespoon (14 g) of powder with a few drops of water. Stir to combine, and add a few more drops of water until you have a smooth paste. The consistency you're looking for is that of toothpaste. Pour a few drops of cleaner onto a clean microfiber cloth. For the paste, spoon about a quarter of the paste onto a cloth. Working in the same direction as the metal’s grain, rub the compound gently into the scratch. Because the compound isn't abrasive, you can rub back and forth over the scratch. Continue rubbing, adding more compound as needed, until the scratch has been buffed away. Soak a clean microfiber cloth with water. Wring out all the excess so the cloth is barely damp. Wipe the surface of the steel with the cloth to remove excess compound and shine the surface. Wipe the surface with a dry microfiber cloth to remove any leftover dampness. Examine the surface of the stainless steel to assess whether the treatment was effective.  Repeat the buffing process again if the scratch improved but is still slightly visible. If the scratch is still quite visible, you may have to take more drastic steps, such as sanding the entire surface.


Determine the dog’s age for its first two years. Calculate the rest of the dog’s age. Use an online dog age calculator.

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The first and second years of your dog’s life equal about 10.5 human years for each year for a medium dog, 9 for a large dog and 12.5 for a small dog (a range of 18-25 that also depends on breed).  There aren't as many differences among breeds for the first few years. Basically, your dog is about 21 years old at age 2.  Dogs reach full sexual maturation even after only a year in some cases. Smaller breeds mature faster than large breeds do. Every year after the first two years equals about 4 human years. You can find charts online that show the age estimate in human years for dogs.  People often mistakenly think that every dog year equals 7 human years but this discounts the complexity of the calculation. It varies by breed and size, as noted.  Dogs age more quickly toward the front end of their lives and slower toward the end. You can find many of these on the Internet. Typically they all work the same way and will do an instant calculation of your dog’s age. This is probably the best way to know for sure because you can often narrow the calculation by breed and size.  These calculators usually ask you to select your dog’s age and then to select your dog’s breed. Hit “calculate” to learn the dog’s human age. Some calculators allow you to do this in reverse too: you can calculate your age in dog years. You're probably the equivalent of a giant dog!  To give you a sense, at age 8, a small dog is roughly 48 in human years, a medium-sized dog is 51, and a large dog is 55. At age 10, the numbers are 56, 60, and 66. At 15, the numbers are 80, 87, and 120.


Determine the eligibility requirements. Check your anticipated Social Security retirement benefits online. Consider at what age to apply. Apply for Medicare at 65.

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You need to understand the basic eligibility requirements before you begin the process of applying for Social Security retirement benefits. You must be at least 61 years and 9 months old to apply for retirement benefits, you must not be currently receiving benefits on your Social Security record, and you can't have already applied for Social Security retirement benefits.  Apply for retirement benefits approximately four months before you want to start receiving them. For instance, if you want to receive benefits starting in January then you should start the process at least by October. If you want to apply for benefits that will start more than four months in the future, your claim will not be able to be processed. It is highly recommended that you evaluate the level of benefits that you are likely to receive when you apply for Social Security before you begin the process. You can check your anticipated Social Security retirement benefits online at any time by going to the SSA website at: http://www.ssa.gov/planners/benefitcalculators.html.  These online calculators can give you a clear picture of your financial future and help inform your decision about when to collect Social Security and how to secure your future. The "Retirement Estimator" will provide you with a personal estimate of how much your benefits will be, depending on when you retire. The main decision you need to make with regards to your retirement benefits is when to apply. As you are eligible to apply anytime between 62 and 70 years old, you need to weigh the pros and cons for your particular situation. Generally, whenever you choose to retire, the benefits you receive will be about the same over your lifetime.  If you retire earlier, the monthly amounts will necessarily be a little smaller in order to cover the longer period in which you are collecting them. As such, if you collect later, the monthly amounts will be greater, but the duration of the payments will be shorter.  For example, if your full retirement age is 66 and you were to...


Determine the exact payoff amount of your car loan. Obtain a copy of your bank or loan agreement. Calculate savings as a result of making extra payments. Consult with your financial institution for loan payoff recommendations.

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Obtaining the exact amount of money owed on your car loan will allow you to make financial plans regarding paying off the loan. If you do online banking, this information can be found under your account summary. Alternately, you can review your mailed monthly statement. You can request this from your financial institution in person or by logging in to your personal account on your lender's website. Speak directly with a loan adviser or review the terms and conditions of your loan to determine if penalties apply for paying the car loan off quickly. Some banks or financial institutions may charge you fees or penalties for paying off the car loan sooner than the original life of the loan, especially if you cause them to lose money in interest. These are typically called "prepayment penalties." You can find online loan payoff calculators at Bankrate.com or MortgageLoan.com where you can plug in your loan's interest rate, monthly payment and payoff amount. Then you will be able to compare how much you can save by paying the car off in one lump sum, making payments twice a month, or increasing the amount of your monthly payments. If there are penalties for paying off your car loan early, compare the savings you calculated with the amount of the penalties. Then you will know if you will save money by paying off your loan early. Your loan advisor may be able to educate you on the most beneficial way for you to pay off your car loan faster, especially if penalties apply. For example, ask your lender if they can decrease the balance of your car loan if you can pay the remaining balance in one lump sum. In some cases, lenders may lower the remaining balance of your car loan substantially if you can pay off the remaining balance with just one payment.


Determine the expression you are simplifying. Write out the factors of each factorial. Cancel out any terms common to the numerator and denominator. Complete the calculations.

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Often this will be stated as a fraction. For example, you might need to simplify 7!5!⋅4!{\displaystyle {\frac {7!}{5!\cdot 4!}}}. Since the factorial n!{\displaystyle n!} is a factor of any factorial larger than it, to simplify, you need to look for factors that you can cancel out. This is easy to do if you write out each term. For example, if simplifying 7!5!⋅4!{\displaystyle {\frac {7!}{5!\cdot 4!}}}, rewrite as 1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5⋅6⋅7(1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5)⋅(1⋅2⋅3⋅4){\displaystyle {\frac {1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5\cdot 6\cdot 7}{(1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5)\cdot (1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4)}}} This will simplify the numbers leftover that you need to multiply. For example, since 5!{\displaystyle 5!} is a factor of 7!{\displaystyle 7!}, you can cancel out 5!{\displaystyle 5!} from the numerator and denominator:1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5⋅6⋅7(1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5)⋅(1⋅2⋅3⋅4)=6⋅7(1⋅2⋅3⋅4){\displaystyle {\frac {{\cancel {1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5}}\cdot 6\cdot 7}{({\cancel {1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4\cdot 5}})\cdot (1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4)}}={\frac {6\cdot 7}{(1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4)}}} Simplify if possible. This will give you the final, simplified expression. For example:6⋅7(1⋅2⋅3⋅4){\displaystyle {\frac {6\cdot 7}{(1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4)}}}=4224{\displaystyle ={\frac {42}{24}}}=74{\displaystyle ={\frac {7}{4}}}So, 7!5!⋅4!{\displaystyle {\frac {7!}{5!\cdot 4!}}} simplified is 74{\displaystyle {\frac {7}{4}}}.


Determine the external size you want. Determine the internal capacity you need. Decide how fast you want your food to cook.

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Microwaves come in multiple sizes, usually ranging from 10x18x14in (25.4x45.7x35.6cm) (Height-Width-Depth) to 14x24x20in (35.6x61x50.8cm)(HWD). To choose the right size for you, first establish where you will place your oven. Then, consider how large your kitchen counter is and how much food you expect to be cooking. Measure the space where you plan to put your microwave prior to purchasing the appliance. The internal capacity of a microwave can range from less than 1 cubic foot to over 2 cubic feet. This will typically be listed on the box when you buy the appliance and can help you determine whether your favorite dishes will fit inside the microwave. Wattage is key here: higher wattage ovens typically cook food faster and more evenly than lower wattage ovens. Larger microwave ovens usually offer a higher wattage (power) than smaller ovens. Wattage is listed on the box the microwave comes in.


Determine the final size. Gather your materials.

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This will make a big difference in your construction, materials, and of course, cost. Also consider that a full-sized replica will be incredibly heavy, so you'll want to build it in place.  For this article, the measurement used is referred to simply as "units" rather than inches or meters. For example, instead of 1 inch or 1 cm, the article uses the abbreviation 1u. This will be the basis for all the relative dimensions you will need to calculate the final sizes. If your TARDIS is to be 4 cm square, then everything is multiplied by 4. For example, say that the vertical posts on each corner are 2u high by .1u square. Multiply everything by 4, and the final dimensions will be 8cm x .4cm x .4cm. Refer to the Things You'll Need List below, and have all the pieces cut to size and ready build before you start. For the balance of this article, it is assumed that you're building a scale replica. If you wish to build the full-sized version, be sure to build securely, using screws and braces as necessary.


Determine the governing system or systems. Decide how the economy functions in the universe. Consider the role of theology. Outline the dominant and nondominant cultures of the universe.

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Determining the governing system of the universe will come in handy later when you start to have your characters move around and interact in your story. You can use the political allegiances of the characters to create conflict and tension, especially if your characters are on opposite ends of the political spectrum.  Is the universe a democracy, a dictatorship, a republic, or a mix of different governing systems? Does the universe have a stable government or a government in upheaval? Maybe there are different governing systems in each planet or land in the universe and these systems compete against each other or fight for power over the universe as a whole. You may want to use an existing governing system and add to it until it becomes a weird hybrid system. For example, maybe the governing system has elements of democracy but it is run by otherworldly beings and some decisions are made using magic. You should consider how the beings in the universe exchange goods and services. Do they use currency to purchase items from each other? Is the currency in the form of paper money, gold coins, or live birds? Be specific about the details of the economy in the universe so your reader or viewer can get a better sense of what it is like to exist in this fictional world.  If there are multiple lands or planets in the universe, you should determine if there are different currencies in each land. There may also be different economic systems in each land or planet. You could use an existing economic system and adjust it or add different elements to it. You may use elements of capitalism, for example, but add elements of socialism to the system. Most worlds include some element of theology, whether it is organized religions, pagan beliefs, or the belief in one higher power. Your universe may have one theology, such as an organized religion, or there may be several different theologies in the universe. The type of theology may be based on the beings who populate an area as well as the governing system of the area. You may...


Determine the grain of the hair. Use a pre-shave lotion. Use a brush. Use sharp blades only. Use hypoallergenic products.

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It is easiest to feel the grain if you haven't shaved for a couple of days. Run your fingers along your face. The direction that feels the smoothest and easiest when you rub is the direction you should shave. Every face is different, take the time to find out how your hair grows.  Your blade should travel the direction with the least amount of resistance. Moustache and chin hair typically grow downwards. Neck hair typically grows upwards. The grain may change around your jawline as well. If you feel the need, use a pre-shaving medium before you apply your shaving cream. A pre-shave lotion will soften your hair and protect your skin. Pre-shaving and shaving products for men should contain ingredients such as Camphor, Clove Flower Oil, Glycerin and Sodium Hyaluronate, Wheat Germ Extract, or Yeast Extract. This step can really make a difference in how your skin feels after you shave. If you are shaving the same area twice, you will need to re-apply your pre-shave and shaving cream again. Apply your shaving cream with your hands and then use a brush to lather the cream. The brush will lift your facial hair and allow the cream to better coat your hair. Badger brushes are best for shaving. These brushes hold more heat and water than other materials.  Use circular motions to lather your face and neck. A sharp blade will cut your hair more effectively. Dull blades will tug at your hair and require you to put more pressure on your skin to get a close shave.  This can cause your skin to become irritated. In addition to using sharp blades, use razors with one or two blades. If you have acne, try both electric and disposable razors to see which one works best for you.  Electric razors do not shave as closely and will prevent you from getting as many nicks and cuts as you might get from a safety razor. Look for pre-shave, shaving cream, and after shave products that are hypoallergenic and do not have fragrance. If you typically develop razor bumps after you shave, use products that contain glycolic or salicyclic acid. ...


Determine the injection site based on your doctor's instructions. Proceed with the injection. Determine your angle of entry. Inject the medicine into the patient. Administer an insulin injection.

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A subcutaneous injection (SQ) is one given into the fatty layer of the skin. SQ injections are necessary for specific medications and for doses that usually require small amounts. The fat layer where the injection is given is between the skin and the muscle.  One place that is good to give a subcutaneous injection is the abdomen. Select an area below the waist and above the hip bone, and about two inches away from the belly button. Avoid the belly button area. SQ injections can be given in the thigh area, halfway between the knee and hip, and slightly to the side as long as you can pinch up one to two inches of skin. The lower back is a good place for SQ injections. Target the area above the buttocks, below the waist, and halfway between the spine and the side. The upper arm is a usable site as long as there is enough skin to pinch up one to two inches. Use the area of the upper arm that is halfway between the elbow and shoulder. Alternating between sites will help prevent bruising and skin damage. You can also alter within the same general site by using different patches of skin within that area. Clean the skin on and around the site with rubbing alcohol. Allow the alcohol to dry before administering the injection. This shouldn't take more than a minute or two.  Do not touch the wiped area with your hands or any other material before giving the injection. Verify that you have the right drug, right site of injection, and that you have prepared the correct dose for administration. Hold the syringe with your dominant hand and pull the needle cover off with your other hand. Pinch the skin with your non-dominant hand. Depending on the amount of skin you can pinch, you can insert the needle at either a 45 degree or 90 degree angle.  Use a 45 degree angle if you can only pinch about one inch of skin. If you can pinch two inches of skin, then insert the needle at a 90 degree angle. Grasp the syringe tightly and use a quick motion of your wrist to puncture the skin with the needle. Insert the needle quickly and...


Determine the legal structure of your business. Register your business name with your state government, if necessary. Determine if you need to get a tax identification number for your business. Obtain the necessary licenses and permits to run your business. Register your trademarks and other proprietary information.

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This will have implications for how you file taxes and how much you will need to pay. Most small businesses are sole proprietorships which are the easiest to set up and require the least paperwork. If you are considering another legal structure, you may wish to consult a lawyer who specializes in internet law and who can help you pick the structure best for you.   Sole proprietorship – A sole proprietorship is owned and run by one person, and there is no legal separation between the individual and the business. As a result, all profits, losses, debts and deeds of the business are your responsibility. This is an easy option for a home business.   Partnership – A partnership means 2 or more people share ownership. Typically, a lawyer helps negotiate a partnership agreement. Each individual partner is liable for the full debts of the business but share profits, losses, or liabilities. You might choose a partnership if you want to work with someone else.   Limited liability company (LLC) – To start an LLC, choose a name and file articles of organization with your state, which requires a fee. LLC owners pay taxes on their profits through their individual income tax returns and have to pay self employment tax, but they’re protected from personal liability for the decisions and actions of the company.   Corporation – This is an independent legal entity owned by shareholders. To register your corporation, choose a company name and file articles of incorporation with your state. You will also need to register with the IRS and get a tax ID. Corporations file taxes separately from their owners. It’s best to speak with a lawyer or accountant to see if this form of business will benefit you. This structure is generally not appropriate for smaller businesses.   S Corporation – This is an independent legal entity owned by shareholders, like a typical corporation, except that to avoid double taxation, profits and losses are passed through to the owners’ personal tax returns, instead of the company paying taxes. A DBA (Doing...


Determine the length of each side. Add the length of all the sides together. Deal with variables. Pay attention to units of measurement.

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Since perimeter is just a measure of the outline of a two-dimensional figure, you don't usually need a specific formula to find perimeter (though there are equations for specific shapes to make it easier). However, you do need to know the length of all the sides of the shape.  For example, a pentagon has five sides, and you need to know the length of each one to determine perimeter. Even with an irregular polygon that has 20 sides, you can still find the perimeter as long as you know the length of each side. To find the perimeter of non-circular objects, find the sum of all the side lengths to determine the distance around the shape.  Say the irregular pentagon has the following lengths: A = 4, B =2, C = 3, D = 3, and E = 2 Add 4 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 2 = 14, where P (perimeter) = 14 You can still find perimeter when you are working with variables. For example, say you have a triangle with the side lengths 14a, 11b, and 7a:  Find the sum of all the sides: P = 14a + 11b + 7a Combine the like terms: P = (14a + 7a) + 11b P = 21a + 11b In a real world application, finding the perimeter of an object won't do you much good if you don't know what unit of measurement you're working with (such as feet, miles, or meters). With the pentagon, if each side was measured in centimeters, then you know that P = 14 cm.


Determine the likelihood of needing the service. Ask yourself whether you need extra coverage. Know who you will be contracting with. Think about alternative options.

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Before creating and signing a service contract, think about the product you are purchasing and whether that product is likely to need the services covered by such a contract. Oftentimes, the product you are purchasing is not likely to need repairs or, if it does, the cost of repairs may be low.  For example, you may not need a service contract for a washing machine you buy from a reputable company with a great track record for making quality products. Also, if your washing machine comes with a warranty, that warranty may cover all of the repairs you think you will need. However, you may want to consider a service contract for a used vehicle you purchase when that vehicle has a reputation for breaking down and needing frequent, expensive repairs. Also, in this situation, it is unlikely a warranty will be included with your purchase, so a service contract may be a good idea. When you are purchasing an item with a warranty, read and analyze that warranty so you understand exactly what it covers. In a lot of situations, a service contract will not include a lot of additional coverage so it may not be a wise addition. Compare the warranty's coverage to that of your potential service contract to determine if the service contract is worth the cost.  Consider the duration of a service contract. In some situations, a service contract may only last for a period of months, and therefore may not be worth the cost.  Look at the terms of a service contract. In some situations, a service contract may only cover a very limited set of repairs, and therefore may not be worth the cost.  However, remember that if you are going to write your own service contract, you will be able define the length of coverage as well as what will be covered. If you are purchasing an item and want to enter into a service contract, you need to research the company or individual you will be contracting with. If you enter into a contract with another party, and that other party goes out of business or cannot repay claims, you may not be able to...


Determine the main objective of the case study. Select the best approach. Conduct research for your case study.

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You may be writing a case study to fulfill an academic requirement or to help solve problems in real-life situations. An academic assignment typically will come with a specific objective and instructions, whereas a professional assignment might require you to define the objective. Choose an analytical approach to increase awareness. In the preliminary stages of solving management problems, an analytical case study might best meet the goal of alerting upper management to core facts and issues. An analytical case study primarily focuses on what has occurred and why. Select a problem-solving approach to pinpoint and solve major issues. If the goal is to make solution recommendations, write a problem-solving case study that clearly outlines problems and solutions. Examine the facts, dynamics, communications and all relevant aspects of the particular situation. Research might involve interviewing people in an organization, reviewing written documents or looking up relevant statistics.


Determine the most recent version. Find a download. Determine if the version is compatible. Uninstall the original app.

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As of January, 2017, the latest version or Minecraft: PE is 0.17.1. A quick Internet search for Minecraft: PE latest version will tell you if it’s still the most current version. You already have to have Minecraft: PE installed on your device for this to work. Search “Minecraft: PE 0.17.1 free download” or “Minecraft: PE latest version APK.” Once you’ve found a reliable site, download the latest version. Open the file. If no error appears, you have successfully downloaded a compatible version. For the new update to work, you must uninstall the actual Minecraft: PE from your device. Once that’s complete, install the updated version.


Determine the native resolution and refresh rate. Go to the Control Panel. Adjust the resolution. Change the refresh rate.

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Every monitor has a native resolution and optimal refresh rate, and the display will look best when the settings match these specifications. This information can be found on the box your monitor came in, in the information that came with it, or online from the manufacturer. This can be found by pressing Windows key + X or going to the start button and finding Control Panel. From here, go to Display > Adjust Resolution, or just search for “resolution.” Or, from the Control Panel, go to More Settings, or locate Appearance and Personalization > Adjust Screen Resolution. Use the slider bar to match the resolution to your monitor’s native resolution. You can also try the recommended settings if you weren’t able to find your monitor’s native resolution. Some common native resolutions are:  800 x 600 1024 x 768 1920 x 1200 1680 x 1050 Go into Advanced Settings > Monitor tab, and then choose the correct refresh rate to match the monitor’s default. Click OK, and the advanced settings box will disappear. Click Apply, then OK.  Most LCD monitors have a refresh rate of 60Hz, but 75Hz tends to produce less flicker.  For CRT monitors, you generally want to increase the refresh rate as you go with a higher resolution.


Determine the nature of your podcast. Choose the products you'll use to Podcast. Pick your software.

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What will the content be? Write it down so you don't forget. Come up with an outline or some sort of organizer to keep track of what you will discuss and/or promote.  There are countless examples among the podcasts already in existence. Podcasts.com lists podcasts by categories, which include comedy, news, health, sports, music and politics. Some examples include Mugglecast, which covers "Harry Potter" novels and films; The Word Nerds, who discuss the etymologies of words and other linguistic matters; Fantasy Football Minute, a podcast to help all fantasy football coaches and general managers; and NPR Science Friday, a podcast version of the weekly show broadcast on local public radio affiliates, just to get your mind rolling.  Listen to some of the more popular podcasts to get a feel for style and content. Draft up an outline to keep the awkward pauses at a minimum. If you're going to be doing interviews with your pets, this will be something you probably want scripted. Most podcasts include a microphone (USB or analog), mixer (for analog mic) or even a new computer. There are different podcast starter packages out there you can buy for around $100.  Don't rely on the standard (and iffy at best) microphone your PC came with if you want to sound as professional as possible. You'll want a full headset with a noise-canceling mic to be positive your listeners aren't getting distracted by the sound of your air conditioner in the corner. For affordable voice recording, a unidirectional, dynamic-type microphone is good. Radioshack sells inexpensive ones and you’ll also find a good selection of higher quality mikes at most music stores.  Is your podcast going to be portable or will you record at home?  Maybe you want to podcast using your smartphone or tablet (Android, iOS). But the basics you'll need are a microphone and voice recording podcast software. You'll only need a mixer if you have multiple inputs. Smaller units with around four inputs will suit all but the most ambitious podcasts. If you have a Mac, you...


Determine the number of hits. Find the number of bases on balls. Note the number of times the player was hit by a pitch. Count the number of at bats. Factor in the number of sacrifice flies. Plug your values into the OBP formula.

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Recall that a batter earns a hit (H) when he hits the ball into fair territory and safely reaches first base. As an example, take Charles Cobb Blackmon of the Colorado Rockies. Say that when he played against the San Francisco Giants, he scored 2 hits. In this case, H would equal 2. Once you’ve noted the number of hits, note also the number of times the player reached first base because he received four pitches outside the strike zone. In the example above, Charles Cobb Blackmon was walked just once. In this case, BB would equal 1. In addition to hits and bases on balls, you need to know if the player ever reached base because he was hit by a pitch. In the example above, Charles Cobb Blackmon did not get hit by a pitch. Therefore, HBP would equal 0. In order to determine the on base percentage, you need to know how many times the player batted. Most batters will stand to hit 4 or 5 times during a game, but there is tremendous variation here. In the example above, Blackmon stood to bat 5 times, so AB would be equal to 5. If the player hit any sacrifice flies, you need to know that to determine the on base percentage. In the example above, Blackmon did not hit any sacrifice flies. SF would therefore equal 0. To find the on base percentage, you add the players hits, hits by pitch, and bases on balls together; you then divide that number by the sum of the at bats, hits by pitch, bases on balls, and sacrifice flies. The formula looks like this. In the example above, you would plug Blackmon’s stats into the formula. Here are his relevant stats.You would add H + BB + HBP to get 3, and AB + BB + HBP + SF to get 6. Then divide 3 by 6. Blackmon’s OBP for this particular game was therefore 0.5.


Determine the place value to which the number is to be rounded. Identify the place value that you will round the number to. Locate the number to the right of the rounding number. Round the rounding digit up one digit if the digit to the right is greater than or equal to 5. Round the rounding digit down if the digit to the right is less than 5.

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This can be determined by your teacher if you're working on a math problem, or you can figure it out based on the context and the sets of numbers you're using. For example when rounding money, you'd most likely want to round to the nearest hundredth, or the nearest cent. When rounding off a weight, round to the nearest pound.  The less precise number required, the more you can round (to higher place values). More precise numbers should be rounded to lesser place values. If you're working with the number 10.7659, let's say you've decided to round the number to the thousandth digit, which is the 5 digit in the thousandths place, the third digit to the right of the decimal point. You can also think of this as rounding the number to five significant digits. So, focus on the digit 5 for now. Just look one digit to the right. In this case, you'll find a 9 next to the 5 digit. This number will determine whether you will round the 5 digit up or down. This is called rounding up because the number you were rounding to becomes greater than the original number. Your original digit, 5, becomes a 6. All of the numbers to the left of the original 5 will remain the same, and the numbers to the right of it will disappear (you can think of them as becoming zeroes). So, if you're rounding the number 10.7659 to the 5 digit, it would be rounded up to a 6, making the number 10.766.  Though 5 is in the middle of the numbers 1-9, it is generally agreed that the digit 5 will require a number before it to be rounded up. This may not apply to your teachers when they submit final grades, though!  Standard bodies like the NIST adopt a different method: When the rounding digit is 5, look at the digits to the right of it. If any subsequent digit is different from 0, round up. If all subsequent digits are 0 or there are no more digits, then round up if the rounding digit is odd and round down if the rounding digit is even. If the number to the right of your rounding place value digit is less than 5, the rounding place value digit will...


Determine the placement of the blind. Measure the space. Purchase a roller blind.

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Although roller blinds are typically installed inside of the window frame, it can also sit outside of the window frame or above the window. The location of the blind is personal preference. Make sure that you determine where you would like to install the blind before buying the blind.  Hold the blind up to the window to visually see where you would like to secure the brackets. Use a pencil to mark where you want to blind to be secured. Use a tape measure to measure the distance of the space that you would like to blind to be secured. Measure horizontally from one point to the other point. Once you have determined the measurement of the space, you can purchase your blind. Purchase the blind that best fits the space that you have measured. If it is not exact, opt for a larger blind. The blind can always be cut to fit the space. Most roller blinds can be purchased at a home improvement store.


Determine the presentation style and format for each audience. Create a process to track information you will need throughout the event. Boil it down to the key points.

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Event reports can be bound, stapled, emailed PDFs, PowerPoint presentations, and so on.   Make sure the event report is organized into clear sections. You want to determine how the results of the event compared to the objectives for it. Summarize the main outcomes of the event. Tailor the event report for the needs and interests of each sponsor and audience. Consider the objectives of the sponsors. To some degree, sponsors are the key audience for an event report. They want to know whether it was worth sponsoring the event. So consider what they will want to know and what their hot buttons are. Tailor the event report to also meet the specific needs of the uniqueness of the event and sponsors. Don’t write a color-by-numbers report. Other audiences for the event report include senior executives and financial managers. You don’t want to have to rely on your memory.  Tracking key information before, during, and after the event will allow for a more specific, and ultimately more effective, report. It will also allow you to compile it all in a timelier fashion.   Consider data collection to be continuous, using multiple people if necessary (including possible interns) to collect data. The bottom line is that you should not wait to create the report until the end of the event. One problem with some event reports is that they do little more than regurgitate the agenda or focus on feel-good, booster-ish statements. Don’t do that. Instead, highlight the key points with a clear, analytical eye.  Pick out some of the event highlights to discuss in detail. Consider which three things worked best, and which three points were most surprising.  Avoid packing the article with mundane details, such as the luncheon menu or a detailed summary of the entire presentation of the keynote speaker. You want to pull out the things that mattered.


Determine the probabilities of each event. Multiply the probability of each event times the expected losses. Find the sum of each column. Interpret your results.

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From your company’s research predictions or other source of data, you will need to determine the relative probabilities for each event. For the marketing problem, assume for now that there is 40% chance of a low demand market. Since there are only two event options, this implies, therefore, that there is a 60% chance of a high demand market. You will use the probabilities of 0.4 and 0.6, respectively, in your final calculations. Referring to the Opportunity Loss table that you calculated above, multiply each of the predicted losses times the probability of that loss occurring.  For example, the top row represents the low demand market, which has a probability of 0.4. Multiply each of the terms in this row by 0.4, to find the expected losses in a low demand market. The second row represents the high demand market, with a probability of 0.6. Multiply each term in this row by 0.6, to calculated these expected losses. The completed table should look like this: (0)(.4)=0      (6)(.4)=2.4 (6)(.6)=3.6     (0)(.6)=0 Each column represents the expected losses for each course of action you might choose, taking into account the probability of each event’s occurrence. When you add them together, you get the weighted total for each course of action.  In this example, the first column is the gradual marketing campaign. Add the values 0+3.6 to get an expected loss of $3.6 million if you choose that marketing campaign. The second column represents the extreme marketing campaign. Total those figures to get 2.4+0=2.4. This suggests an expected loss of $2.4 million from electing that advertising campaign. Notice that these calculations are very simplistic, because this is a simple 2x2 model. In a real situation, you would have more options and more probabilities to consider. The sum total of the probabilities would be more meaningful. These results show the expected opportunity loss of choosing the “wrong” course of action under given circumstances. To optimize your profit, you would select the course of action that corresponds...


Determine the problem. Try basic troubleshooting. Connect to a nearby Wi-Fi network. Improve weak or fluctuating signal strength. Reconnect to the Internet.

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When using your iPod Touch, you may occasionally run into problems:  Unable to locate or join a nearby Wi-Fi network The Wi-Fi signal strength is weak or low You are connected to the Wi-Fi network, but are not able to access the internet. Many Wi-Fi issues can be fixed with a few simple steps. Try these things:  Tap Settings > Wi-Fi and turn off Wi-Fi, then turn it back on. Verify you are in your Wi-Fi station's signal range. Confirm your Wi-Fi router and cable/DLS modem are connected and powered on. Check to see of other network-aware devices (laptops, phones, tablets, etc.) are able to access Wi-Fi and the Internet. Update your Wi-Fi router to the latest firmware. Restart your iPod Touch. If you are still experiencing a Wi-Fi problem after trying these steps, continue reading. Check to see if the network is available by tapping Settings > Wi-Fi and choose from the available networks listed there. Note: It may take a few seconds for the Wi-Fi network name to appear.  Wi-Fi networks configured as closed or private do not broadcast the network name to Wi-Fi devices. Join a closed or private network by tapping Settings > Wi-Fi > Other and entering the Wi-Fi network name, security, and password.  Restart your Wi-Fi router by turning it off and then on again. Note: If your ISP also provides cable or phone service, check with them before attempting this step to avoid interruption of service. When joining an 802.11n Wi-Fi network, ensure your router is properly configured. Reset network settings by tapping Settings > General > Reset > Reset Network Settings. Note: This will reset all network settings, including passwords, VPN, and APN settings. Move closer to the Wi-Fi router or base station to see if the Wi-Fi signal improves. You may need to adjust the antenna direction to improve transmission and signal strength. Check for sources of potential interference. Microwave ovens, satellite dishes, power stations, monitors, wireless speakers, or any devices that operate in the 2.4GHz or 5GHz bands, all can reduce...


Determine the proper toe. Draw a line. Lower the car. Roll the car. Stretch a string. Subtract the differences.

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Toe is the amount by which the wheels are closer (toe-in) or further apart (toe-out) at their front edges than at their rear edges, as viewed from above.Depending on your car, your manual will probably recommend either zero toe (equal distance between the front and back) or slight toe-in, which increases stability. Toe is the source of most alignment problems, and the easiest to correct yourself. With the car still up on the jack, hold a pocketknife, thin piece of chalk, or white pencil against the center of tire tread. Hold your hand very still and have an assistant turn the tire one full turn, creating a line around the circumference. Do the same on the other side. If there is no area on the tire where the tread is flat, you may need to suspend your marking tool with a clamp or similar stabilizer. After you lower the car to the ground, push down on the car above each wheel a few times to allow the car to settle. Push the car forward at least 10 feet with the steering wheel unlocked to make sure the wheels are straight. With an assistant, take a piece of string or wire and stretch it between the lines on the front of the tires, even with the spindle, and measure the distance on the string. Repeat at the process at the back of each tire. As long as you use string or wire that does not stretch, you can get a very accurate measurement this way. If the distance in the front is smaller than in the back, your wheels toe-in. If the measurement in the back is smaller, they toe-out. If they are identical, you have zero toe. Rear toe is also important for control and tire life. It is also important to have your front and rear wheels aligned with one another (e.g. parallel). You can measure your rear toe similarly to the front. If your rear toe is out of alignment, you may need to see a professional mechanic. Rear toe should be adjusted before front toe, so if you find a problem with the rear, don't waste time adjusting the front yourself.


Determine the purpose and audience. Determine how frequently you will publish. Decide on your newspaper’s circulation. Decide on the newspaper’s size. Figure out how you’d like to publish the paper. Determine how you will finance the newspaper. Give your newspaper a short name.

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Newspapers can report on happenings for a school, community or neighborhood, or organization. They can be local, regional, national or international in scope. Determine who your audience is and why you want to publish this newspaper. Be realistic about your reach. If you want to publish nationally, think about how you will reach your audience and convince them to read your paper. Newspapers can be published daily, weekly, monthly, or even less frequently. Think about how frequently your readers will want news. Think too about how you will be able to handle publishing as frequently as you would like. Do you have the staff to support frequent publishing? Are you doing everything yourself? Consider starting publishing less frequently and as your newspaper builds its readership and financial support, you can switch to a more frequent schedule. Circulation is the reach of your paper, or how many copies you will print and circulate. If you are publishing online, circulation numbers are measured in how many people visit and read your online newspaper. Think about how many copies you can afford to publish and how you can realistically distribute them. Choose a number of pages and size of the page for your newspaper. Newspaper pages are typically printed in multiples of 4, with smaller papers running about 8 pages, and larger newspapers running more pages than that. Think about how many sections you’d like in your paper (news, opinion, etc.) and how many pages to devote to each of these. Newspapers can be printed in hard copy, but increasingly, newspapers are turning to an exclusively online format. If you do print in hard copy, consider also offering some of your stories online, or at least having some kind of online presence. Consider too if you are publishing any of your pages in color or black and white . Online printing is in full color, but physical printing will cost more if you add colors. Talk with a printer to find out your options. Most newspapers are funded a combination of advertising and subscriptions or...


Determine the purpose and target audience of your pamphlet first. Do research on your target demographic online. Use a pamphlet design program to create your pamphlet. Use images that will provoke an emotional response in the reader. Include your logo on both sides of the pamphlet. Make a sketch of your pamphlet before designing it online. Design a front and back cover for the pamphlet.

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Knowing the demographic who will most likely read your pamphlet can help you choose the text and images that will be most effective. Narrow your audience down to a specific group of people based on who would find the information most useful. If you are making a pamphlet for a nursing home, for example, you may want to target older adults who are either reaching the age of retirement (60s-70s) or whose parents will soon be retiring (40s-50s). Find out what values are important to them, what their general needs are, and what their relationship is with your business or organization. This will help you tailor your information around your pamphlet's audience and select images that will emotionally move them. If you're making a pamphlet about skateboards and your target demographic is teenage boys, for example, you might research what features teenagers like in skateboards, the price range teenagers are most likely to spend on skateboards, and where they are most likely to pick up your pamphlet. Programs with a pamphlet template will help you make yours quickly and easily. Choose one of the following popular programs with a pamphlet template or find another online:  Microsoft Word Google Docs Adobe InDesign LucidPress Try to avoid images that are dull or generic, like clip art. Instead, choose images that are relevant to the purpose of your pamphlet and will encourage your audience to take action in some way.  If your pamphlet is selling a product, for example, you could include a picture of someone using the product or the different varieties that the product comes in. Make sure you have the proper license to use any images you put on the pamphlet. Keep a consistent style of imagery throughout the pamphlet. Avoid, for example, switching between drawings and photography. Because you don't know which side of the pamphlet a reader will see first, adding your business's or organization's logo to both sides will help them understand what the pamphlet is for quickly. Make sure your logo is clear and visible so that, if...


Determine the purpose of the letter. Think about who you are writing to. Examine the job description and advert. Write a plan for the letter.

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Before you get to work on the letter think about what you are trying to achieve by writing it. A cover letter to Human Resources will most often be attached to your resume or CV when you apply for a job. There are instances when you might be writing to a company to express your interest in working there, even if you are not applying for a specific advertised position. Make your motivations clear.  If you applying for a particular position your letter will need to be tightly focussed to explain your suitability for that job. If you are writing a more general introductory letter you will be highlighting your broader range of skills and their potential application. In either case you should always focus on explaining what you can do for the company not what they can do for you, and you should be concise and to the point. When you are preparing your cover letter think about who exactly you are writing to. If you're applying for a position, Human Resources may be the first people to read it before it is forwarded on to the relevant manager who has a vacancy. People who work in Human Resources and Recruitment are likely to have a great deal of experience with cover letters, so it's important you make a good impression at the start.  If you don't have the name of somebody in HR to address the letter to, do some research online to try and find the name of the HR manager. Seemingly minor things like addressing the cover letter to an actual person can help create a good impression. If you can't find a name, you could even call up the office and ask who the appropriate person to address the letter to is. If it is unclear from the name whether the addressee is a man or a woman, use the full name when you write your letter, for example write "Dear Chris Sharpe". Names like Dylan and Ryan can also be used for girls, so do some research on the company website to try and determine the gender and avoid potential embarrassment. If you are writing a cover letter for a particular position, it is very important that you closely...


Determine the purpose of the monologue. Decide who will be addressed in the monologue. Consider the beginning, middle, and end of the monologue. Read other monologues.

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Consider what the point of the monologue is, as it should serve a key purpose within the rest of the play. The monologue should reveal something to the audience that cannot be revealed through dialogue or character interaction. This could be a story, a secret, an answer to an ongoing questions in the play, or an emotional release by a character. Your monologue should serve a clear purpose and act as a revelation for the speaker.  The monologue should add tension, conflict, or emotion to the rest of the play and give the audience new insight into an existing issue or problem. For example, if there's a character who has been mute during the first act, they could have a monologue in the second act where they reveal why they are mute. You should determine who your speaker will be talking to or addressing in the monologue so you can frame the monologue with the audience in mind. The monologue may be addressed to a specific character in the play, the speaker may be addressing themselves, or they may be addressing the audience. A monologue can address a specific character, especially if the speaker wants to express their emotions or feelings to them. The character can also express their thoughts or feelings about an event for the audience's benefit. A good monologue will have a clear beginning, middle and end. Like a mini story, the monologue should also include a clear shift from the beginning to the end, where the speaker has a revelation or a realization. Your monologue should begin and end with purpose.  Create an outline that includes a beginning, middle, and end for the monologue. Note what will occur in each stage of the monologue. For example, you may write: “Beginning: Elena the mute speaks. Middle: Elena tells us why and how she became mute. Ending: Elena realizes she prefers staying silent to saying her thoughts out loud.” Alternatively, write the first and last lines of the monologue, then create the content between them to generate ideas and thoughts for the monologue. You can get a better sense of...


Determine the reason for your bad mood. Reach out to friends. Affirm your self-worth. Forgive yourself. Listen to music. Complete a task. Spend some time with a happy person. Distract yourself. Do your hobbies. Take advantage of your bad mood. Turn off social media. Be yourself Write down things that stress you out. Write an entry in a gratitude journal.

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Sometimes a bad mood is like the weather: it just happens. Other times, a bad mood has a specific cause. Perhaps you are stressed out at work, or perhaps you had a fight with a close friend. Take a few minutes to breathe and think about why it is that you are feeling down: that is the first step to finding a solution to your bad mood. One of the most common reasons for a bad mood is feeling lonely and rejected. Rather than stewing when you feel lonesome, consider reaching out to your friends or family members. Write them a letter, give them a call, or schedule a coffee date. This will help you realize that you are not alone. If you do not have friends or family nearby, consider joining a meetup group to . You can also volunteer or attend classes to meet like-minded people in your neighborhood. Sometimes a bad mood can be caused by receiving a compliment when you do not feel worthy of admiration. To make sure that you admire yourself as much as the rest of the world does, undertake self-affirmation exercises. Write down in a journal your talents, skills, abilities, and positive traits. This will help you see yourself in the positive light that others see you. It isn't always possible to just "snap out" of a bad mood. When you get into a funk and nothing seems to be working, forgive yourself for feeling bad. Understand that everyone experiences these moods sometimes: it is not a reflection of your worth as a person. Studies show that listening to music can help improve moods. When you feel a bad mood coming on, put on your favorite album or find a new artist. Sing and dance along to make yourself feel more positive about the world. If you feel stressed out, consider listening to classical music, Celtic music, or Indian raga music. Listening to these types of music for 30 minutes a day can help lower blood pressure and help you feel healthy and relaxed. One common reason for a bad mood is having too much on your plate, leading to stress and a general feeling of being overwhelmed. To get yourself out of a funk,...


Determine the requirements for eligibility. Fill out the required form. Determine your identification requirements. Print out your completed package. Surrender your out-of-state license. Pass a vision exam. Pay the required fee.

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Arizona requires that you get an Arizona driver license immediately upon becoming an Arizona resident. If any of the following apply, you will need to visit your local Motor Vehicle Division (MVD) office as soon as possible:  You work in Arizona; You are registered to vote in Arizona; You have children in school in Arizona and don't pay nonresident prices; You have a business that operates in Arizona that operates vehicles in the state; You pay in-state tuition fees at a university; You remain in Arizona for seven or more months out of the year. If you are moving to Arizona from another state, and have become a resident of Arizona, you will need to fill out Form 40-5122 (Driver License/Identification Card Application). The form can be found at http://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/mvd-forms-pubs/40-5122.pdf?sfvrsn=5. You can also complete and submit the form online at https://apps.azdot.gov/mvd/Application/ApplicationForm.aspx. To successfully fill out the form, you will need the following information:  Your Social Security number; Your personal information, including your Arizona address; Disclosures about past license suspensions; Medical alerts; and Donor information. Before you visit your local MVD office, you will need to obtain acceptable forms of identification in order to prove your age, identification, and legal presence in the United States. When you visit your local MVD office, you will be required to show two documents, one of which needs to have a photo. If you do not have some form of identification with a photo, you will need to present three documents. Any document you present must be an original or certified copy.  One of your documents must be a primary document, which must show your date of birth and includes enhanced driver licenses from other states, birth certificates, passports, and military ID cards. The other documents can be secondary documents, which do not have to show your birth date and includes Social Security cards, selective service cards, W-2 forms, concealed carry...


Determine the right camber. Cut a measuring triangle. Place the triangle. Take your measurement.

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Camber is the vertical angle of the wheels when looking at the car head on. Wheels that are closer together at the top are considered to have "negative" camber, those closer together at the bottom have "positive" camber.Depending on your car, the manual will probably recommend slight negative camber, as this increases stability. Get a piece of stiff cardboard or wood and cut it into a perfect right triangle (one with a 90 degree angle) that is the same height as your wheels. Starting in the front of the car, put the base of the triangle on the ground, perpendicular to the car, and the other side of the 90 degree angle against the center of one of the wheels. There will be a gap between your measuring device and your tire, probably at the top. Measure this with a ruler or calipers. This is your camber.  Repeat with the other front wheel. The two wheels should be about the same and within the range specified by your manual. If not, your camber may need alignment. Repeat the process in the back. If you think the camber is off, move your car forward or backward enough to spin the tires half a turn, then try measuring again.  Problems with camber, front or rear, can affect how your car handles.. At the same time, however, unless your car has been in a serious accident, it is unlikely that your camber will be seriously out of alignment. If your camber does need to be corrected, it should be done before adjusting the toe.  Camber cannot typically be corrected at home with ordinary tools, and indeed, for some cars it cannot be adjusted at all without bending or replacing major parts. Unless you have experience with automotive repair and professional tools, do not try to adjust this yourself.


Determine the right time to transplant. Choose the right soil. Select the right pot. Separate plants grown from cuttings. Transplant the violets. Water the plants and store them somewhere warm and humid.

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Seedlings should reach a certain size before they're transplanted, but plants sprouted from cuttings will be ready to transplant after a certain amount of time.  For seedlings, wait until the seedlings have leaves that reach 2 inches (5 cm) in width. For cuttings, the babies should be ready in about eight to 10 weeks, once new leaves are roughly the size of a dime. African violets grow best in a slightly acidic medium that has a pH between 6.4 and 6.9. Because the medium must be loose, well-draining, and allow for free root development, African violets are not often grown in soil.  Most garden and home stores will sell a medium specifically designed for African violets. You can also make your own African violet mix by combining equal parts perlite, vermiculite, and peat moss. Because African violets are grown indoors, choosing the right pot is like choosing the right home for your plants. These plants grow best in pots that are sized for their root systems. Don’t put your plant in a pot that’s too large, otherwise it may not bloom.  A good rule of thumb is to put your violet in a pot that’s one-third the size of the plant itself, because this will match the size of the root system. For the current size of your seedlings or babies, a 2-inch (5-cm) pot will probably be sufficient. You can use either plastic or terracotta pots for your violets. Plastic pots require less watering, but terracotta pots provide more air flow. When you propagate violets by cuttings, you could have as many as 15 babies grow from a single parent. These must be separated before they're planted. Gently turn the cutting, along with all the soil, out onto a newspaper or table. Carefully remove the soil with your fingers to reveal the cut stem and all the babies.  To distinguish one baby from another, look for small clusters of leaves that are attached to the parent. When you’ve located all the babies, carefully trim each one from the parent using a sterilized cutting tool. Fill your small pots with your African violet medium. Leave the...


Determine the right venue for the suit. Gather information about how to file suit. Determine the exact name(s) of the person(s) you want to sue. Determine how you can pay court costs. File the claim. Serve the defendant.

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Figuring out where to file the claim can be tricky. For assistance, visit the local superior court in the county where you live. Or you can use the Internet to find out which court handles small claims in your county. The place where you’ll file suit will most likely depend on the following:  Where the defendant lives. Where the contract was signed or carried out. Where the business involved is located. Where the damage happened. Where the goods involved are permanently kept. After locating the appropriate court, call or visit the court website to find out if it operates a self-help center. If the court offers this service, ask the self-help center staff for more guidance on how to file a case in small claims court.   Some counties, such as the County of San Diego, provide detailed guidebooks on how to file a small claims court case.  Certain professional organizations, such as the Texas Young Lawyers Association, also provide guidebooks. It's important that you use the exact legal name of the person you want to bring to small claims court. Use the country clerk's computers to track down the legal name(s) of anyone you wish to name in your suit.  If you are suing a business, corporation or partnership, you can identify the legal name  of the business entity by visiting your Secretary of State’s website. For example, the California Secretary of State’s website allows Internet users to search for the legal name of a particular business entity. This will allow you to locate the identity of the business owner. Your local County Clerk/Assessor or Recorder may be able to help. Some offer an online option that allows you to access the Fictitious Business Name Index from your own computer. This allows you to track down the identity of a business owner. Ask the county clerk for permission to access the Fictitious Business Name Index if you can't search for it online. Before heading to the courthouse to file your small claims complaint, contact the clerk of courts office. The clerk will tell you how you can pay your...


Determine the rituals of the world. Describe the social and cultural practices of the world. Decide how technology works in the world. Create a brief history of the origin of the world.

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Decide what types of rituals are practiced by the inhabitants of the world. Does everyone celebrate the same holidays or practice the same rituals at home? Are there special, government recognized days in the world? Do certain groups have certain rituals that are private, or considered taboo? For example, you may describe death rituals done at home by the main character that are considered taboo by the rest of society. What are the common ways the inhabitants socialize and spend time with others? Are there large public gatherings or parties in the world? Do the social practices change based on where you are in the world? If so, how?  Consider the cultural practices of the world, which can range from how the inhabitants socialize and speak to one another, to how they dress and act. Focus on the cultural practices surrounding your main character first. For example, in your world it may be customary to greet someone with a hand gesture. This is part of the social and cultural practice of socializing in the world. Figure out if technology plays a major role in your world, or no role at all. Is the world pre-technology, where there is no technology at all? Is the world technology heavy, with all inhabitants using technology of some kind? Maybe one group of people have access to technology and others do not. For example, you may create a version of the iPhone in your fictional world that is connected directly to people’s brains. Deepen the fictional world by coming up with a brief timeline of how the world came to be. Was it formed out of matter in space? Was it a man made endeavor to create the world? Describe the origins of the world so you can then refer to it in your fiction. Include any wars or conflicts that shaped the history of the world. For example, a world war that wiped out an entire species in the world, or a dark period where the world was frozen and uninhabitable.


Determine the root cause of why the child became a bed wetter after already being nighttime potty trained. Visit a doctor to eliminate the risk of a serious undiagnosed medical problem.

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Causes can include:  Medical conditions like diabetes, constipation, urinary tract infections, spinal cord trauma. Your Pediatrician will usually check a urine sample collected first thing in the morning - to rule out diabetes mellitus/too much sugar in the urine, diabetes insipidus/too dilute urine, and occult urinary tract infections.  Your pediatrician will also carefully examine your child's perineum and the reflexes around the perineum and lower extremities to rule out any neurological conditions that are causative of enuresis. Psychological stress including divorce, death of a loved one, a housing or school relocation, or family tension.  Deep sleep patterns observed in some teens. Consult a counselor to address any psychological stresses that might be occurring.