The warp consists of strands of yarn or thread strung lengthwise, under tension, across the loom. The ideal warping thread has a slight spring to it. Choose wool yarn, strong cotton thread, or a non-traditional warping material, like grape vine. When warping a standard frame loom, start in the bottom left corner of your loom. Double-knot the end of your thread or yarn to the bottom cross-bar of your loom frame. Pull the piece of thread or yarn under and over the top cross-bar. Bring it down to the bottom cross-bar and loop it under and over.While the thread or yarn should be pulled tight, you must be able to lift the warp with one finger.  When warping a cardboard loom, begin in the top left corner. Secure the warp thread to the back of your cardboard loom with a piece of masking tape—the tail should reach the middle of the board. Insert the thread into the first slit in the top left corner. Pull the warp thread to the bottom left corner and insert it into the first slit. Wrap the thread around the back of the cardboard loom and insert it into the next available top slit. Loop the thread or yarn around the top cross-bar followed by the bottom cross-bar  in a figure-eight pattern.As you move from left to right, evenly space the loops across the cross-bars. Continue to wrap the warp thread around the cardboard loom. Insert the warp thread into the next available top slit, pull it down to the bottom, slide it into the next available bottom slit. Repeat. Create approximately 20 loops. When the thread or yarn reaches the top right corner of the loom frame, loop it around the top cross-bar and double-knot it. Cut the thread or yarn from the spool or ball if you have not done so already. After you have inserted the warp thread into each slit, pull the warp thread to the back of the cardboard. Cut the warp thread so that the tail hits the middle of the cardboard loom. Secure the tail to the board with masking tape. To maintain the warp’s tension, secure each piece of warp thread to the back of the cardboard with masking tape.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Select a warping thread. Begin the warp. Continue looping the thread or yarn. Complete the warp.


The wart is the result of exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV). There are over 120 different strains of HPV, only five to six of which are responsible for plantar warts. The virus is caught through exposure to skin scales that are infected by the virus.  Athletes who shower in common areas are at higher risk due to the increased number of people who use an area, usually without protection over the feet. For instance, swimmers, both indoor and outdoor during the summer months, are at increased risk if they use communal showers and tiled areas around the pool; however, this includes all individuals who use a gym area locker room, shower cubicles, or hot tub areas where people normally walk barefoot. Individuals who have cracked or peeling skin on the feet give the virus good entry into the body. Also, individuals whose feet remain moist or sweaty throughout the day will have an increased risk as the skin breaks down from overexposure to moisture increasing the risk the virus can gain entry to the body. Individuals who have had plantar warts once are at higher risk for having them again. For instance, individuals who pick at a wart can spread the virus more easily to other parts of the body. Individuals who have a compromised immune system from illnesses such as mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus, cancer, cancer treatments used for individuals with psoriatic arthritis, or individuals with HIV or AIDS. It should be a small area of skin that is hard and flat with a rough surface and defined boundaries. Although a plantar wart may start out looking like a callus, warts are caused by an infection. There are two ways the plantar wart may infect your foot: either as a solitary wart or as a cluster, called mosaic plantar warts.  A solitary or single wart will increase in size and may eventually multiply into several solitary warts that are satellites of the original wart. Mosaic plantar warts are a cluster of warts without clear skin between them. They are not satellites of each other, but rather grow very closely...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Figure out if you are at risk of acquiring plantar warts. Look at the area you suspect is a plantar wart. Assess secondary symptoms. Watch for spreading. Prevent another infection of plantar warts. Avoid spreading your warts to others.


The water doesn’t need to be boiling hot, but it should be warm to the touch. Enjoy your glow-in-the-dark slime!

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Pour the hot water into a medium-sized bowl. Finished!


The water droplets may mix with the other layers and not apply well if you don’t allow time for your nails to dry. Take time after you’ve applied the base and matte coat to inspect your nails for any mistakes. Wait until the nail polish is completely dry to move on to creating water droplets. Let the polish dry for a minimum of 10 minutes before moving on.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?


The water flows through the growbed and exits in the opposite corner to which it entered. As the water then flows back to the fish tank, it pushes any solid waste over towards the pump, ready to pulled up into the growbed. Use a bypass ball-valve on this system. This item diverts some of the water from the pump straight back into the fish tank. This lets you control the amount of water going into the growbed, and the diverted water also creates some water movement in the fish tank, as well as providing additional aeration. In this tutorial, 13mm PVC pipes were used throughout. Initially, it's recommended that you too start with the growbed and the siphon used here. Drill a hole in the right place in the growbed––you need to make sure that the female adapter will fit between the wire mesh squares. Make the hole about 6 or 7 centimeters (2.3-2.7 inches) from the edge of the container in each direction; the hole should form a snug fit with the threaded male adapter. Then fit a rubber O-ring onto the threads. Next, screw the female adapter onto the male adapter until you have a nice snug (and waterproof) fit. You can add some silicon to the bottom if you want to, but it's not strictly necessary. Finally, use a reducer on top of the male adapter. The one shown here is a 25mm to 13mm reducer. This whole piece is called the standpipe and this is how the water will exit the growbed. You want the overall height to be about 1 inch (2.5cm) under the top of your growbed media; thus, you will need to cut the pipe down so that it is the right height for you. At this point, let the silicon dry if you have used it.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Use a small 600 lph (litres per hour) electric submersible pump in one corner of the fish tank which takes the water up to the growbed. Obtain male and female threaded adapters. Place the male adapter through the top of the growbed.


The water level is often used to determine the level spot on 2 items that are at a distance from each other, such as posts or stakes in the ground. Make sure the items are in the ground or set up on a clamp attached to a work table so they are stable and firm. You can also use the water level for construction projects where you need to find 2 level areas on different items that are close to one another. Make sure the open end faces upward. Place 2 nails on either side of the end of the tube to keep it in place. The nails should be just wide enough to catch the tube but not pinch it.  You can also use a clamp on the top of the end of the tube if you do not want to put holes in the post or if the item is not made of wood and cannot be nailed into. Keep your thumb over the open end of the tube so no water splashes out. Then, stand back and see where the water sits in either end of the tube. Notice if the water appears higher or lower in 1 end. This means the spots are not level and you need to adjust where the level sits on the posts so the water levels match. Continue to check the levels as you slide the free end of the tube. The water should settle so that it hits the same level on both ends of the tube. If you are levelling items that are more than an arm's distance away from each other, you may need someone to hold the free end of the tube and move it for you so you can ensure the water levels are correct on both ends. Once the meniscus, or water line, is level on both ends of the tube, use chalk or a pencil to mark the spot on both posts or items. You can then release the attached end of the tube and use the water level on a different area, setting it up again with nails or a clamp.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Bring the water level to the items you want to measure. Hold 1 end of the level against 1 of the posts. Place the other end of the level against the other post. Slide the free end of the tube up or down until the level on both ends match. Mark the items at the level spot.


The water should be about room temperature—not too warm and not too cold. It should be deep enough for you to stick your hand into. You can use just about any type of liquid soap, including: body wash, dish soap, and hand soap. Keep stirring until the soap has completely dissolved and no streaks remain.  Plan on using about 1 part soap to 10 parts water.  You can also add liquid glycerin. The glycerin will react with the silicone and cause it to clump together. Purchase a tube of pure silicone from the home improvement store; make sure it is not the quick-set kind. Squeeze enough of the silicone into the bowl to cover your desired item with.  Construction silicone may also be labeled as silicone caulk. If your tube of silicone did not come with a syringe, you will need to purchase a caulking gun, insert the tube, cut the end off, then poke a hole in the tip. Put on a pair of plastic gloves, and reach into the water. Grab the silicone with your fist and squish it together. Knead it until it is no longer sticky while keeping it under the water. This will take about 5 minutes. Begin by rolling the putty into a ball between your palms. Press it against a flat surface, and lightly push down on it. It still needs to be thicker than the item you will be molding. If the silicone is sticky, coat your hands and work surface with a thin layer of your liquid soap. Make sure that you are pressing the item with the design side face-down into the putty. Gently press the edges of the mold against the item so that no gaps remain. Silicone will never turn rock-solid; it will always remain flexible. Simply wait a few hours for the silicone to turn rigid enough so that you can still flex it, but no longer dent it. Take the mold by the edges, and bend it backwards and away from the item. The item should loosen or pop out on its own. Tilt the mold upside-side to tip the item out. Fill the mold with clay, then pull the clay out, and let it dry. You can also try to use resin in this mold as well, but let it cure and harden first.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Fill a bowl with water. Stir some liquid soap into the water. Squeeze some construction silicone into the water. Knead the silicone while it is submerged. Form the putty into a thick disk. Press your desired item into the silicone. Let the silicone harden. Pull the item out of the mold. Use the mold.


The water should be moderately warm, but not scalding. Be sure to fill the tub with enough water to fully immerse the body of your trumpet. Mix a few drops of mild dish soap into the tub. Lay a towel on the bottom of the tub to protect your trumpet from scratching. Your slides should remain in the tub for about 1 minute, while the body can soak for up to 5-10 minutes. Use a cleaning snake or brass saver to clear debris from the insides of the tubing. Run the snake gently through the insides of your slides and tubing once they're finished soaking in the tub. Be careful not to force the snake into any tight areas in the tubing, as this might damage their interior. Dip a washcloth into the soapy bath water, and use the cloth to wash the outside of the trumpet body, the inside of the bell, and the outsides of your slides and tubing. This step allows you to sanitize the exterior of your instrument. For the body, flush clean, lukewarm water through the bell of the horn until it runs clean and soap-free from the other end of the horn, where the mouthpiece is usually attached, and then rinse the outside of the body until all of the suds are gone. Flush water through the slides until they are free of soap as well. Dry one piece at a time, and use caution with the washcloth to avoid damaging any part of your instruments. Gently run the washcloth along the exterior of your slides and trumpet body in order to absorb all excess moisture. When you're finished drying the exterior of these parts with the washcloth, allow their insides to dry by placing them on a thick towel on a dry surface or countertop. Place the slides near the places where they will eventually be reinserted into the trumpet to avoid mixing them up later on.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Fill a bathtub or a large basin with warm water and soap. Place the slides and the main body into the bathtub to soak. Clean the slides and tubing of your trumpet. Clean the body of the trumpet. Rinse your slides and trumpet body with warm water. Dry your slides and trumpet body with a washcloth. Set the body and slides aside to air-dry.


The water should be room temperature—not hot or cold. Make sure the glass is full and can hold 12 to 16 ounces of water.  You can choose to drink something other than water. However, you'll be drinking a lot, so if you choose juice or milk, you may become very full. Avoid carbonated beverages, as they can trigger hiccups. Now hold it. Avoid breathing in or out for as long as you can. People are able to hold their breath for different amount of time. Aim for at least 10 seconds.  Count in your head or watch a clock with a second hand to pass the time. Make sure you're not accidentally breathing in and out through your nose. Without breathing, start to pour the water into your mouth. You should be able to swallow about 10 gulps of water without breathing or hiccuping. If you spill some water, it's okay. Simply keep drinking without breathing in or out. Once you’ve drank the entire cup of water, continue to hold your breath. When you can no longer hold your breath, you can exhale and again breathe normally. It may take you several seconds to catch your breath. This is perfectly normal. Wait 30 seconds to see if another hiccup comes. If it doesn’t, you’ve cured your hiccups! If the cure didn’t work, you can repeat as necessary. No hiccup cure has been scientifically proven to always work. So don't get discouraged if your hiccups are still there.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Pour yourself a glass of water. Take a deep breath. Drink the water very slowly. Finish holding your breath. Check to see if the cure worked.


The water valve controls the flow of water to your shower faucet, and it’s often located in your bathroom or basement. You may find it behind a panel that’s located on the other side of your shower. Turn the knob on your shower valve clockwise to shut off the water. If you’re having trouble finding your shower valve, look in the room next to your shower. You may find the panel there. Put your hand under the leak to check the temperature of the water. If it’s cold, then it’s likely the cold faucet that’s leaking. On the other hand, hot water means the hot side is likely leaking. It’s possible that both sides are leaking. If this is the case, you can replace the washer on the second side if the leak doesn't go away after you replace the first washer. Look for the screw in the center of the shower handle. Fit your screwdriver into the screw that holds the shower handle in place. Then, turn your screwdriver counter-clockwise to loose the screw and remove it. Finally, set the screw and the handle aside for later. This is the metal piece that goes under the handle. Look inside the faceplate to see if it has threads, which it likely will. Gently unscrew the metal plate by turning it counter-clockwise. When it comes off, set it aside until you’re ready to put it back on. This is also called an escutcheon. The nut will be located deep inside your wall, so you'll need a deep well socket wrench to reach it. Choose the size that looks right, then slide it over the metal stem. Secure the end of the wrench over the valve nut that’s at the base of the stem.  A deep well socket wrench is a wrench with a long metal tube on the end. It allows you to reach nuts that are embedded inside a structure. You can find a deep well socket wrench at a local hardware store or online. They're often sold in sets so you can choose the right size socket for your needs. To make sure it’s the right size, turn the wrench counter-clockwise to make sure it’s gripping the nut. Turn the wrench counter-clockwise until the nut comes free. Then, remove...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Switch off the water valve before you get started. Feel the water coming from the faucet to see if it’s hot or cold. Use a screwdriver to remove the shower handle on the leaky side. Remove the metal faceplate that attaches to the shower wall. Slide a deep well socket wrench over the metal stem and onto the nut. Unscrew the valve nut and set it aside. Pull the metal stem out of the wall and put it aside. Remove the old rubber washer and install a new rubber washer. Replace your metal stem, faceplate, and shower handle. Turn on your water valve and test the faucet.


The water valve that controls the flow of water to the toilet tank will be located on the wall behind the toilet. To turn the water off, turn the knob clockwise until you feel resistance. The flapper valve is located at the bottom of the toilet tank (the square water reservoir at the back of the toilet). So that you’re not up to your elbows in water, flush the toilet; this will drain the toilet tank. If the bottom of the toilet tank doesn’t drain completely, you may need to sop up remaining water with a couple of rags or old hand towels. The top of the rubber flapper is connected to the toilet handle by a thin piece of chain. Use your fingers to unhook the chain. The inner parts of the toilet tank will all be wet, of course. Don’t be squeamish though: this water is as clean as the water from your faucet. The flapper is held in place by two thin rubber arms (or “ears”). Each arm is held in place by a pressure-fit around small nubs extending from the overflow tube. Pull the flapper arms off of the plastic nubs and lift the flapper out of the toilet tank. If you look at the underside of your worn-out flapper, you’ll see mineral buildup or small cracks and breaks in the rubber. These cause or contribute to the ghost flushing. Not all toilet flappers are the same size and shape, so you’ll need to buy a replacement that matches your current toilet flapper as closely as possible. If you know your toilet model, the sales staff at a hardware store can help you find the correct flapper. Or, take the old flapper with you to the hardware store, and buy an identical replacement.  Most toilet flappers are 2 inches (5.1 cm) or 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter. The replacement toilet flapper can be purchased at any local hardware store for about $5. Toilet flappers can also be bought at any large home-supply store and possibly at a large supermarket. Push the rubber arms of the new flapper back onto the plastic nubs on either side of the overflow tube. Once it’s in place, hook the chain onto the top of the flapper. If the chain...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Turn off the water supply to the toilet. Flush the toilet. Unhook the chain from the top of the flapper. Unhook the 2 arms of the flapper. Purchase the correct replacement toilet flapper. Install the new flapper. Adjust the placement of the chain on the trip lever as needed. Turn the water back on.


The way he carries himself shows how well the date went. When he’s sitting, see if he spreads his legs. While talking, look for him to raise his eyebrows and use wide hand gestures. He may fix his hair, brush yours out of your face, or stretch his hand towards you. These are all signs that often indicate the guy likes you. At the end of the date, he won’t try to leave you right away. He won’t cross his arms or hide his hands, but he’ll lean towards you. He may still be nervous, so you may have to initiate a kiss. Most people hint at a second date but don’t settle on one. This leads to confusion and a lot of waiting by the phone. The best second date ideas come from your conversations, and you can hint at doing activities together during your date. It gives him an excuse to see you again.  For example, if you talk about zoo animals, say, “I haven’t been to the zoo since I was 9. We should go there sometime.” Some other second date ideas include taking a bike ride, playing mini-golf, going to a sporting event, or playing board games at home. Put down the phone for a few hours. Give him time to miss you and reach out to you about meeting again. Within two or three days, he’ll contact you if he’s interested. If he doesn’t, you can send a brief message to encourage him to set up a second date.  If you talked about going to the zoo, your message can say, “Hey, I’ve been looking forward to seeing the monkeys!” If he doesn’t respond at all, it’s better to move on. Don’t continue trying to contact him. Two or three days is an ideal waiting time. Meet up too early and you’ll intrude on his personal space. Meet up too late and he’ll forget how he felt during your first date. However, be aware that your schedules may clash, so waiting longer than this may be unavoidable. Whatever you do, be respectful of his schedule and don’t pressure him or send a barrage of messages before the second date.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Read his body language. Talk about having a second date. Wait at least a day before contacting him again. Schedule the next date for a few days later.


The way in which you speak and words you choose communicate a lot to others in each conversation you have. The vocabulary you use is not only a sign of intelligence in conversation but is also a major component in the measurement of your Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and education level on intelligence and achievement tests. Increasing your vocabulary will help you to improve that perception as well as:  Avoid repetition. Express yourself succinctly. Increase your creativity. Illustrate your knowledge. There are few ways in which you could do more harm to the perception of your education than to use incorrect grammar, incorrect phrases, or “crutch words” such as “like” or “um.” When you are speaking you'll appear more educated if you enunciate, use proper grammar, complete sentences, and correct phrasing. Some of the more common mistakes include:  "Yeah" instead of "Yes" ”For all intensive purposes” instead of “for all intents and purposes”  "I could care less" instead of "I couldn't care less"  ”Irregardless” instead of “regardless”  Should, could, or would “of” instead of should, could, or would “have” It may be difficult to remain conversational in your speech, but you should try to limit your use of slang words or attempt not to use them at all. Be particularly careful of any slang words that may offend someone, including the use of curse words. While the use of curse words does not necessarily indicate someone is uneducated, it does impact the social perception of intelligence, particularly in conversations where you do not know the other people well. No one is capable of knowing everything, and those who are more educated understand that, and rarely claim to be as intelligent as they really are. Be modest and avoid the temptation to “prove” how smart you are. It will often come off to others as boastful and will lower their opinion of you. Sometimes, in an effort to sound educated or smart, someone can appear to be "trying too hard." If you have a habit of always trying to interject on every conversation...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Increase your vocabulary. Correct your grammar. Use slang sparingly. Stay humble. Be silent.


The way that you think about yourself affects your confidence levels. If you constantly say negative things about yourself, you will begin to believe them. These thoughts are often more damaging than the things that other people may say to you.  When you begin to feel anxious, sad, depressed, angry, or upset, stop and reflect on the thoughts you are currently having.  You can also wear a rubber band around your wrist and snap the rubber band each time you have a negative thought. Instead of accepting the negative thoughts you have about yourself, challenge them. For example, If you ever tell yourself, "I can't do anything right," or "Nobody likes me," challenge those thoughts instead of believing that those things are true.  Ask yourself some of the following questions to determine if your thoughts are true.  Why do I feel the way you do? What do I think about myself in this very moment? What is the evidence for and against my thinking? Can I find out if my thoughts are really true? How else can I look at this situation? Will this matter in 5 years? Does this way of thinking help me achieve my goals? Can I learn anything from this situation? Once you recognize a negative thought, you must replace it with a more positive, realistic thought. This may be difficult at first. However, the more you do it, the more positive your thoughts will become.  Instead of saying, "I flunked my test. I am a complete failure," say, "I didn't do great on this test, but I can prepare better next time. I will ask my teacher for some extra help. I know I can do this." Instead of saying, "That guy doesn't like me. I must be ugly or a loser, " say, "That hurts my feelings that he doesn't like me, but that doesn't mean that no one else likes me. I'm a great girl. I will be able to find someone else who is interested in me." You are probably harder on yourself than you are to your friends and family. Accept that you will not always get things right, and you will make mistakes. That is part of being human.  If you make a mistake or go...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Recognize negative thought patterns. Question your negative thoughts. Counteract your negative thoughts. Be kind to yourself. Use self-affirmations.


The way to get to the options menu may differ on your operating system.  For Windows users, activate the menu at top by right clicking on a blank space on the tab bar then click on “Menu Bar” then click Tools>Options. You can also click on the ☰ icon then click on Options. For Mac and Linux users, on the menu bar click on Edit>Preferences or click on the ☰ icon, then click on Preferences. A list of tabbed settings appear on the left-hand side of the window. ” Firefox will allow you to adjust how it communicates with websites on the internet. Under the History section, change the drop down action for “Firefox will” and change to “Use custom settings for history.” There are several options and closing the window will save your chosen specifications.  “Always use private browsing mode” will prevent websites from storing your information. “Remember my browsing and download history” will keep track of websites and downloads performed in Firefox “Remember search and form history” enables and disables auto complete in text fields and search fields which can store your personal information such as your address and website URLs. “Accept cookies from sites” can be specified to allow to use third party cookies, or cookies that are used from websites accessed from the website you are currently viewing, you can also set a life span by adjusting them to expire or to clear out when you close the browser. “Clear history when Firefox closes” will allow you to remove cached content when the browser closes. Clicking on the “Settings” button allows you to specify what kind of content gets cleared when the browser closes such as cookies, cache, browsing history and more. Click on the Show Cookies button. In this new window you will see a list of cookies. Click on the cookie to remove from the list then click on Remove Selected to remove the selected cookie.  Scroll up and down or search for a specific cookie ID by using the search bar at the top of the window and typing in a cookie you are looking for. You can also delete all...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Navigate to web browser options or preferences. Switch to the Privacy Tab. Set Firefox to “Use custom settings for history. Adjust the cache settings. View the cookies stored in Firefox. Remove cookies stored in Firefox. Keep cookies for trusted websites. Avoid cookies from untrusted sources.


The way you see yourself is shaped by forces that have very little to do with reality. Beauty standards are contradictory and ever-changing. They tend to reflect imbalances of power—racism, ageism, ableism, sexism. When you have a negative thought about your own looks, ask: what is making me feel this way? Am I holding myself up to a standard that is destructive?  Watching a lot of television makes most people wish they looked different. Understand that the reasons some features might be used in advertisements has very little to do with what is attractive in real life. People in photographs are manipulated to look smooth and fit. If someone had no wrinkles or fat or asymmetry at all in real life, they would look frightening. Understand that different kinds of beauty are prized for different reasons. For instance, runway models have skinny bodies so that they don't distract from the clothing they present. Nobody's looks are unique. Find beautiful people who look like you. It is hard to really see yourself when you are surrounded by people who don't look like you. Remember the parable of the ugly duckling: it's not that he became beautiful when he grew up—it's that he was judged out of context when he was young. If you want, find a role model that has the same features as you so you don't have to change a thing!   Gather images of people you find beautiful who have features in common with you. Find pictures and paintings of people with your hair, your body type, skin like yours, and similar eyes, noses, and mouths. Look in magazines, museum catalogs, and on the internet. Find images of people from the countries your ancestors came from. Look for pictures of beautiful people from all different eras. You'll notice that the standards of beauty change constantly, and are never singular, even within a country or a year. Hang the pictures in your room. Dress up as one of your famous beauty icons for a costume party. When someone tells you you look good, believe that they are sincere in their belief. You don't have to...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Confront beauty standards. Collect role models. Accept compliments.


The ways in which a dog holds its body can tell you a great deal about its mood and emotions. Many of the signals will be subtle and it can take some time to learn all of its expressions but it is well worth the effort. Dogs communicate easy confidence and a desire to play through posture and body signals.  Confident stance: A dog that is feeling confident will stand tall, have its tail up and probably wagging slowly, its ears will either be pricked up or relaxed, and it will generally look relaxed. Its eyes will have smaller pupils as they are also relaxed. Bowing: Facing you and with head and chest dipped low to the ground, front legs splayed out, and with rear end and tail up is a clear invitation to play. This is known as the "play bow". It can be mistaken by owners as an attack stance but it clearly denotes playtime. Hip swings: Hip swings or nudges are another sign of play.This involves the dog swinging around another dog and knocking them to the ground using the backside (the end of the dog without teeth!).  When the dog's rear is presented to you, it is an indication of trust and depending on your dog, it might mean your dog wants a scratch. Wiggling its rear end is a sign of excitement and friendliness.  If a dog is stretching with his butt in the air, front legs and paws stretched out in front, and head close to the ground, he is probably feeling playful. If your dog raises his/her paw to touch your knee or another part of your body, the dog wants to get attention, make a request or ask for something, or indicate a wish to play. The gesture begins as a puppy with kneading associated with obtaining mother's milk but becomes similar to that of offering a hand for a handshake – it's about connecting and friendship. Repeatedly pawing at the air is often used by puppies as an invitation to play. If a dog’s tail is in a neutral (level with body or slightly lower, he is most likely feeling secure and friendly.  If your dog’s tail is fiercely wagging and his/her tail up, he/she is feeling mischievous and...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Learn to interpret your dog's posture. Identify playful and affectionate behavior. Interpret discomfort or unease. Recognize warning signs of aggression.


The whole numbers are 1 and 2, so 1+2 =3. The LCD is the lowest number that is evenly divisible by both numbers. Since the denominators of the fractions are 2 and 4, the LCD is 4, because 4 is the smallest number that is divisible by both 2 and 4. Before you can add the fractions, they have to have 4 as their denominator, so you have to make the fractions maintain their value while having a new base. Here's how to do it:  Since the denominator of the fraction 1/2 has to be multiplied by 2 to get 4 as the new base, you should multiply the numerator 1 by 2 as well. 1x2=2, so the new fraction is 2/4. The fraction 2/4 = 1/2, but has been put in a larger ratio to have a larger base. This means that the numbers are equivalent fractions. They have a different base, but their value remains the same. Since the fraction 3/4 already has the base of 4, you don't have to change it. Once you have a common denominator, the fractions can be added by simply adding the numerators. 2/4 + 3/4 = 5/4 An improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator is equal to or larger than the denominator. You need to convert the improper fraction into a mixed number before you can add it to the sum of the whole numbers. Since the original problem used mixed numbers, your answer should use mixed numbers too. Here's how to do it:  First, divide the numerator by the denominator. Do long division to divide 4 into 5. 4 goes into 5 1 time. This means that the quotient is 1. The remainder, or the number that is left over, is 1. Make your quotient the new whole number. Take your remainder and place it over the original denominator to finish converting the improper fraction into a mixed number. The quotient is 1, the remainder is 1, and the original denominator was 4, so the final answer is 1 1/4. To get your final answer, you have to add the two sums you found. 1 + 2 = 3 and 1/2 + 3/4 = 1 1/4, so 3 + 1 1/4 = 4 1/4.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Add the whole numbers together. Find the lowest common denominator (LCD) of both fractions. Convert the fractions to have the LCD as their denominator. Add the fractions. Convert any improper fractions into mixed numbers. Add the sum of the whole numbers and the sum of the fractions.


The wings are an essential component of what makes an angel costume and, in all likelihood, the most time consuming. Begin with the wing to ensure they’re exactly how you want them and afford time to make any necessary changes.  One of the easiest routes to go down involves simply taking a piece of poster board and crafting paper wings. While it may not initially sound like much, these wings can easily be spruced up by covering them in tin foil before adding your own blend of decoration via paint, glitter, etc. These wings are also easier on your wallet. Begin by getting a large piece of poster board. These can be found at any local grocery store that sells office supplies. Draw a large heart on the piece of poster board. Each half of the heart will eventually serve as a single wing, so bear that in mind when buying the piece of poster board and sketching. Cut around the heart to cut the shape out. Cut down the middle to have two separate pieces or just fold the heart in half to achieve the effect of wings. Decorate, draw in detail and customize the paper wings as much as you like to make them your own. Don't be afraid to get more creative. However, know that, depending on the type of wings you choose to make, crafting your wings can range from being a simple scissor cut to an elaborate process. While balloon wings will take hardly any time at all, fairy wings and  elaborate methods of traditional angel wings will require a bit more. The halo is the second most recognizable detail of an angel costume. While this item may seem like an intimidating part of the costume, there are a few quick methods to ensure you’ll have a halo in no time.  The easiest way to obtain a halo for your angel costume involves purchasing golden or silver spruced pipe cleaners from any local party supply store. Some grocery stores carry these pipe cleaners as well. Take a single pipe cleaner and measure out about a foot and a half to two feet. If the pipe cleaners you purchased do not meet this desired length, twist two together....

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Make your wings. Craft your halo. Combine the pieces into a costume.


The wiring from the fixture should be exposed and ready to be attached. It's sometimes helpful to set the new fixture on something to allow you to work on it without it hanging down, if possible, like the top of a ladder. The length of the exposed wire should match the manufacturer’s recommendation for the wire nuts, usually around 3/8ths to ½ in of exposed wire. The wires should be reattached in the same places as the old fixture, usually white to white, black to black, and ground (bare copper) to the metal junction box. Neutral wire–usually white–should be attached to neutral wire. Twist the wires two or three times together clockwise, or the same direction you turn the wire nuts. You can use either the old wire nuts or the new ones provided with the fixture. To use the wire nut, place the stripped ends of each wire next to each other, with their points facing the same direction. Then place the wire nut over the ends and twist clockwise until the wires are secured inside the wire nut. If there is, either remove the nut, trim the exposed end, and replace the nut, or cover with electrician's tape. Give a quick tug on each wire to make sure they’re not going to come loose. Once all connections are made, gently tuck them back into the box as you’re lifting the fixture up. You don’t want to overstuff. Once the majority of your wires are in the box, you can loosely screw in the fixture to the bracket. Once it’s installed but not fully tightened, make sure you won’t pinch any wires and tighten the fixture. Once your fixture is installed to the bracket, you’ll install the bulb following manufacturer’s recommendations about the wattage. Then you can flip on the circuit and check your work. If it doesn’t turn on, most likely culprit is a loose connection. Check to make sure that the wires didn’t come loose while you were tucking them into the box. Also, check that bulb is the proper type or that another switch isn’t interfering with anything.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Prep the new fixture by removing glass cover and bulbs. Connect the wires to the new fixture. Make sure no exposed wire is sticking out beneath the wire nuts. Fold all the wires back gently into the junction box. Test your work.


The wiring socket is a wide plug that will power the lights on your trailer. Look for a small panel on the back of your vehicle, inside the trunk, or even a loose wire close to the hitch ball. Make sure it isn’t damaged and is free from any corrosion that may prevent it from working properly.  If you cannot find the wiring socket on your car, check the manufacturer’s instructions for your car for further assistance. If your wiring socket is damaged, corroded, or frayed in any way, have it looked over by a mechanic before plugging the trailer wire into it. There should be a loose wire with a plug on one end near the trailer coupler. Run the wire above the coupler and the hitch ball and plug it into the socket on the back of your vehicle. Press the plug securely into the socket and use any latches on the wire to hold them together.  Some trailers will have metal loops along the side of the coupler that the wire can be threaded through to keep it out of the way. Avoid running the wire underneath the coupler and hitch ball, as this will increase the chances of it getting damaged or becoming unplugged should the trailer detach from your vehicle. Before you start driving, you should always make sure the trailer lights are working. Start your vehicle, engage the handbrake, and turn on the headlights. Check the appropriate lights on the back of the trailer are on, before repeating the same process with each indicator and the brake lights.  If any of the lights aren’t working, you should not drive the trailer. This is the same as driving without the corresponding light on your car working. Call a mechanic to ask for assistance before driving your car with the trailer attached. Rather than moving back and forth from the driver's seat of your car to the rear end of your trailer, ask a friend to check the lights while you activate them.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Locate the wiring socket on the back of your vehicle. Plug the trailer wire into your vehicle. Test the headlights, blinkers, and brake lights on the trailer.


The wiring to your current speedometer feeds from the vehicle’s battery, and you risk shocking yourself while dealing with these wires if you do not disconnect the battery first thing. One of the schematic pages in your owner’s manual should point out the location of each screw you will need to remove. Pay close attention to which screws instead of removing every screw around the cluster since some of them may not need to be removed.  Make sure you store the screws in a safe spot where you will not lose them while working on the installation. After removing the screws, the face plate around the instrument panel will still be held in place by pressure clips. Use a flathead screwdriver to pry an edge of the plate forward gently and pull lightly on the plate until all of the pressure clips release. Be very careful during this because it is possible to break the clips.  There will be large electrical plugs connected to buttons such as your hazard lights as well. You can hold the release to easily remove these plugs. In most model vehicles, these plugs only fit into their proper housing, so incorrectly connecting them later is impossible. When in doubt, label each with a piece of tape as you disconnect it. Though all of the wiring will still be connected, you will have some room to ease the instrument cluster forward from the dash. The backside of your speedometer will be a rounded or squared box with several wires attached for powering the gauge itself as well as the dash lighting that illuminates the gauge when you turn on your headlights. When all else fails, connecting the wiring to look like the picture is better than trying to remember how the configuration looked before disconnecting the old speedometer. Between the pictures you take and the schematic in your owner’s manual, you should feel more comfortable disconnecting the old speedometer as well. Depending on your vehicle’s manufacturer, disconnecting any wiring connectors may require the use of pliers, wrenches, and/or a screwdriver. Loosen any screws...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Disconnect your vehicle’s battery. Loosen the screws around your vehicle’s instrument cluster. Pull the instrument cluster out of the dash. Locate your speedometer in the instrument cluster. Take pictures of the current configuration. Disconnect the wiring from the current speedometer.


The withers of the horse is the high point above the shoulder blades along the back. There three general types of withers, which determine the length and rocker angle of the saddle.  Defined withers are recognizable by a definite high point, and then a gentle slope back to the croup. Most ‘regular’ or ‘medium’ saddles will fit this type of horse. Rounded withers occur when, just as it sounds, the withers are gently sloped and the horse has a more flat back. The withers are typically a bit more flat as well, requiring a wider saddle tree. The topline of the horse is the shape/curve of the back from the withers to the croup. The topline has four primary build types: level, straight, swayback, and downhill. Each build will require a different saddle build, or the use of special saddle pads.  A level topline can be recognized when a horse has withers and croup that are about the same height, and lacks a large dip between the two. Most regular saddles will fit this topline build. A straight back is most common in mules, but it sometimes seen in horses. Straight backs occur when the withers and croup are fairly low, and don’t have much of a dip between the two. From the side, their entire back will be almost level. This requires a special ‘straight’ saddle built with bars that lack much of a rocker angle. Swayback horses have incredibly prominent, narrow withers and a prominent croup. This typically occurs in horses that are poorly conditioned or that are very old, and makes it so that the saddle cannot sit flat against the back; it balances between the withers and croup. Special pads can be added to fix this problem. A downhill topline occurs when the croup of the horse is slightly higher than the withers, causing the saddle to tip forward. You can get a saddle adjusted with more flocking near the front to balance it out, or you can use special pads under the pommel/fork to force the saddle upright. A ‘regular’ saddle is built to fit a horse with an average length back. A special saddle is not needed for a horse...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Examine your horse’s withers. Look at the horse’s topline. Look at the length of your horse’s back. Consider the horse’s age.


The wooden kind from a restaurant will work, but not for any good length of time because they can snap easily, causing splinters to get caught in your hair and possibly even hurt you. There are smooth bamboo ones that you can buy that are much higher quality. You can also buy plastic ones, which tend to be the best and are inexpensive.  Whatever you decide to use, be sure the sticks are clean and new! Metallic chopsticks are another option, although these are a little more difficult to find. Check out the hair care aisles of your local drug and grocery stores - you'll be able to find a variety of different styles that you can experiment with. You may want to put a few bobby pins in for additional security. Once you're certain it feels comfortable and in place, it's ready for finishing touches.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Locate a pair of chopsticks. Make sure the bun is secure.


The word "Salam" literally translates to "peace" and is used as a general greeting throughout the Muslim world. This greeting is appropriate to use with anyone, at any time of day.  Another common greeting in Farsi is dorood (درود). This is an older, more traditional greeting that means "hello." If you're greeting someone who is entering your home, you might also say Khosh amadid! (!خوش آمدید), which means "welcome." (حال شما چطور است؟) for "How are you?" After saying "hello," it's common in Persian cultures to ask after the other person's well-being. If the other person asks you first, you might reply Man khoobam (.من خوبم), which means "I'm doing well." If you're talking to a close friend or someone your age or younger, you might try Halet chetore? (چطوری؟), which is a very informal, similar to saying "What's up?" .. ast (.اسم من است). To tell the person your name, say "Esme man," then your name, followed by "ast." For example, if your name is Sarah, you would say "Esme man Sarah ast." To ask the other person's name, say Esme shoma chist? When the other person tells you their name, you might say Az molaaghat e shoma khosh-bakhtam. (.از ملاقات شما خوشبختم), which means "nice to meet you." You can also simply say "khoshbakhtam." If you're just learning Farsi but still want to have a conversation, you might say Farsim xub nist (فارسیم خوب نیست), which means "I can't speak Persian/Farsi well." You might also say mishe ahesteh tar sohbat konid or "please speak more slowly," if you're having trouble understanding the person.  You could add nemifahmam (نمي فهمم), which means "I don't understand." If you would feel more comfortable talking in English, you might ask Engelisi yâd dâri? (انگلیسی یاد داری؟) or "Do you speak English?" " This is a relatively formal way to say "thank you" in Persian. Persians also say merci, like the French. However, this is considered a more casual expression.  If the person thanks you, reply khahesh mikonam(خواهش مي كنم), which means "you're welcome." Other polite words in Farsi include...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Use Salam (سلام) to say "hello" in most settings. Ask Haleh shoma chetor ast? Introduce yourself by saying Esme man. Explain that you only speak a little Farsi. Express your gratitude by saying mamnūnam (ممنونم) for "thank you. End a conversation with bedrood (بدرود) for "goodbye.


The word "chia" became popular in Western culture thanks to the commercially produced "Chia Pet," but you can make your own cheap version of this at home by sprouting chia seeds in a small pot and watering consistently.  Fill a clay pot with soil. If you want to get creative, you can find a pot shaped like an animal, but any pot can be used. Sprinkle the chia seeds over the pot. Gently press them into the soil with your fingers. Add enough water to keep the soil moist. Continue watering the plant, keeping it regularly moist, and let the chia plant sit in a sunny area. It should only take a few days for chia to sprout. If you pack chia seeds into a dark area of your yard, they can help prevent mud and make your lawn look neater and cleaner.  Spread a handful of chia seeds evenly over a small patch of yard in a shaded area. Use your feet or the back of a shovel to pat the chia seeds into the ground. Without sun and regular watering, the chia seeds are unlikely to sprout into chia plants.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Grow your own chia plant. Use chia seeds to prevent mud.


The word looks similar to the English word "papa," which is also a word for "dad." However, the accent mark over the second syllable tells you that you need to place the emphasis on the second syllable, not the first.  Each syllable is pronounced the same, but you want to put more emphasis on the second syllable, maybe even drawing it out a little: pah-PAH. There's another reason pronunciation is important. "Papa" is a Spanish word as well, but it means "potato." Even though a Spanish speaker would likely understand what you meant, you probably don't want to call anyone a potato. All nouns in Spanish are gendered. Papá is masculine, so it takes masculine articles. "El" means "the." You also could use "un," which means "a." For example, you might say "Ha de ser el papá de Pedro" to mean "He must be Pedro's dad." " In some Spanish-speaking countries, it is considered appropriate to use papá as a form of address for older people, even if you aren't related to them. This is particularly common in Central America. It's typically best not to do this unless you hear locals doing it first. Even then, you may want to first ask about the custom.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Pronounce papá correctly. Include the article el (ell) when using the word papá in a sentence. Refer to elders as "papá.


The word rojo is Spanish for the color red. To pronounce this word correctly, you must roll the "r." Learning how to roll the "r" can be difficult, especially if your first language is English.  One way to get better with the rolled "r" is to say the word "butter" over and over again very quickly. Your tongue is in the same position when making the "tt" sound as it is when you make a rolled "r" sound correctly. You also can start with an "l" sound, which puts your tongue in the right position. Try to gradually morph it into a rolled "r." There are two different words in Spanish for "orange" – naranja, pronounced nah-RAHN-hah, and anaranjado, pronounced ah-NAH-rahn-HAH-doh. Typically, the word naranja is used to refer to the fruit, while anaranjado is used to refer to the color. While Spanish speakers may talk about the color orange using the word naranja, the word anaranjado would never be used to refer to the fruit – although perhaps you could speak of having an "una naranja anaranjada," or an orange-colored orange. You may be familiar with the city of Amarillo in Texas, but the city's name is given the English pronunciation. You may have to practice this one more to train your brain to produce the correct pronunciation. Other shades of yellow have different words in Spanish. For example, you might use the word limón (lee-MOHN), Spanish for "lemon," to describe a lemony-colored object, or dorado (doh-RAH-doh) for something that is gold-colored. The Spanish word for the color green is pronounced BIR-day. Remember that in Spanish, the letter "v" always makes a "b" sound, similar to the English words "bike" or "belt," although you don't close your lips completely as you would for an English "b." There are several shades of green that have a compound word to describe them. For example, lime green in Spanish is verde lima (BIR-day LEE-mah) and apple green is verde manzana (BIR-day man-ZAHN-ah). You may be familiar with the English word "azure," which is typically used to describe a particular shade of blue in the...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Say rojo, pronounced roh-hoh. Use naranja or anaranjado to say "orange" in Spanish. Pronounce amarillo ah-mah-REE-yo to describe something yellow. Use "verde" to talk about something that is green. Say azul, pronounced AH-sool, to describe something blue. Use the words morado or violeta to describe something purple. Choose marrón or café to describe something brown. Describe something as having a black color by saying it is negro. Use the word "blanco" to talk about something that is white.


The word you've probably heard before, or learned in a phrasebook, is adiós. You can think of adiós as approximately equivalent to "farewell" in English. In practice, this word isn't used as much as you might think. Typically Spanish speakers use it if they won't be seeing the other person for a longer period of time, if ever again. For example, if you were ending a relationship with a significant other, you might say "adiós." " This phrase uses the familiar tú form of "you" and basically means "I'll see you." Pronounce it tay VAY-oh. This is a casual form that shouldn't be used with anyone you're expected to address formally, such as your teacher or boss. You also can say "nos vemos" (nohs VAY-mohs), which literally means "we see ourselves." The phrase's actual meaning is more like "we'll see each other later." Sometimes spelled "chao," this is another friendly, informal way to say goodbye. It's technically an Italian word, but is used among Spanish speakers casually – similar to the way English speakers would say "peace" or "peace out." In Spanish, "hasta" means "until." There are several phrases using this word that can be used to tell someone goodbye. Some of these phrases specifically say when you will next see the person.   Hasta mañana means "until tomorrow." Pronounce it AHS-tuh men-YAHN-uh. This phrase is appropriate in both formal and informal settings. You also can use hasta with a specific day. For example, you might say "hasta el martes," to mean "see you on Tuesday."  Hasta luego (AHS-tuh loo-WAY-goh) is less specific, meaning "until later" or "see you later." Another way to say "until later" is hasta más tarde (AHS-tuh mahs TAR-day). You also can say hasta pronto (AHS-tuh PRAHN-toh), which means "until soon" or "see you soon." This phrase is used less often than "hasta luego." If the person to whom you're speaking has mentioned the time when the two of you will next see each other, you can say "hasta entonces" (AHS-tuh ehn-TAHN-says), which means "until then." While the phrase "hasta siempre,"...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Start with the basics. Say goodbye in a casual or informal way with "te veo. Say "bye" to your friends with chau. Use a phrase with the word hasta. Avoid "hasta siempre" (AHS-tuh see-IMP-rray) in most circumstances. Tell someone "good night" by saying "buenas noches" (boo-EHN-uhs NOH-chays). Ask native speakers about local slang.


The word “Chicago’s” pronunciation (especially its first syllable) makes more sense when you realize its etymology (history).  The word derives from the Native American Algonquian language. It was first seen, though, on a map created by French explorers in the 17th century. The soft “ch” sound is likely also attributed to the French language influence on the word.  The Indian word “Checagow” meant “place of the smelly onions” and was a reference to an onion field.  French explorers wrote it down as they heard it, changing the spelling. Others think it was a reference to the Chacaqua River. Sometimes the best way to learn how to pronounce any word is to watch a video of it online. However, be aware when it comes to this word that the sites tend to favor the “ah” pronunciation.  You Tube is filled with such videos, where you can hear native speakers pronounce the word “Chicago.”  Record yourself saying the word for comparative purposes, and listen to the audio side-by-side. This should help you improve the pronunciation.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Study the history of the word. Listen to pronunciation videos or audio online.


The word “pesticide” is an umbrella term for herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and more. They came into use in the 1960s and are used to kill weeds, insects, fungi, plant diseases, and rodents that damage crops, lawns, and gardens. Since their introduction, researchers have documented widespread pesticide contamination in soil, waterways, groundwater, the air, animals, plants and even humans. Research has also shown that pesticides can kill “keystone” species they aren’t meant to target, such as earthworms, spiders, termites, honey bees, and micro-organisms like bacteria that are critical links in the food chain.  For instance, honeybees and wild bees pollinate 71 of the 100 crops that constitute 90% of the world’s food supply. Yet since 2007, between 20-30% of all honeybee colonies in the U.S., Canada and Europe have been wiped out each year.  The most recent research shows that one class of widely used crop and lawn/garden pesticide (called neonicotinoids) is directly linked to the drop in honeybee colonies.  In 2013, the EU issued a 2-year ban on three of the neonicotinoids used on flowering crops attractive to bees. Several member countries, however, lifted the ban for certain crops.  While the U.S. has not instituted a similar ban, environmental organizations are pushing heavily for one. You can help by joining and/or donating funds to these organizations. Research by the U.S. Geological Survey found that urban waterways were just as contaminated, and in some cases more contaminated, with pesticides than rural waterways. In fact, pesticides were found in 99% of water and fish samples taken from urban streams. The levels also often exceeded those used as guides for the protection of aquatic life. There are ways, however, that you can avoid making the situation worse by reducing or eliminating your use of pesticides in lawn care.  Do not treat your lawn with pesticides.  Many people use lawn care companies that spray their grass lawn with pesticides that limit or eliminate the growth of weeds and the...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Educate yourself about pesticides. Decrease your own use of pesticides. Control weeds without pesticides. Keep pests out of your garden without pesticides. Minimize unwanted bugs with household items. Ask your local farmers about their pesticide use. Buy organic food products. Understand the compounding role of genetically modified crops. Know which species are invasive. Eat less meat or consider becoming vegetarian.


The words are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Lawyers have graduated law school and received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. Attorneys have been admitted to the bar and are licensed to practice law. Many professional people have law degrees but are not working in the legal field. If so, you should follow the rules of etiquette for their chosen profession. Generally, letters written and addressed to attorneys will be for one of several reasons: personal, client business, business to business, honorary, or social. The reason behind the letter will dictate the level of formality.  Business to business includes sales pitches for products or services. An example of an honorary letter would be an invitation to speak at a luncheon. Social correspondence is an invitation to an event where the attorney would be a guest and not part of the program. The first step is to know who will be receiving the letter. You need to know if the person is male or female and if he or she is part of a law firm. A little bit of basic information helps you follow the rules of etiquette in formal correspondence.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Decide if you are writing to a lawyer or an attorney. Categorize your correspondence. Learn about the attorney.


The words of the warm-up chant are typically shouted by the leader. They are intended to inspire the group and to warn the opponent that the dance is starting. This part of the chant also gets the group in proper body position. The haka leader will often begin this chant with the phrase "Kia rite!" (get ready). The five lines of the chant are (with their English translation, which is not spoken):  Ringa pakia! (Slap the hands against the thighs) Uma tiraha! (Puff out the chest) Turi whatia! (Bend the knees) Hope whai ake! (Let the hip follow) Waewae takahia kia kino! (Stamp the feet as hard as you can) Haka chants have several variations. The Kapa O‘Pango Haka was composed in 2005 as a special Haka for the All Blacks the New Zealand national rugby team. It is often performed by the All Blacks instead of the Ka Mate Haka, and specifically references the All Blacks.  Kapa o pango kia whakawhenua au i ahau! (Let me become one with the land) Hi aue, hi!  Ko Aotearoa e ngunguru nei! (This is our land that rumbles) Au, au, aue ha! (And it’s my time! It’s my moment!) Ko Kapa o Pango e ngunguru nei! (This defines us as the All Blacks) Au, au, aue ha! (It’s my time! It’s my moment!) I ahaha! Ka tu te ihiihi (Our dominance) Ka tu te wanawana (Our supremacy will triumph) Ki runga ki te rangi e tu iho nei, tu iho nei, hi! (And will be placed on high) Ponga ra! (Silver fern!) Kapa o Pango, aue hi! (All Blacks!) Ponga ra! (Silver fern!) Kapa o Pango, aue hi, ha! (All Blacks!) The Ka Mate version, a war dance, is another Haka performed by the All Blacks. It was originally composed by Te Rauparaha, a Maori war leader, around 1820. The chant is shouted in an aggressive, fierce voice.  Ka mate! Ka mate! (It is death!, It is death!) Ka ora! Ka ora! (It is life!, It is life!) Ka mate! Ka mate! (It is death! It is death!) Ka ora! Ka ora! (It is life! It is life!) Tenei Te Tangata Puhuru huru (This is the hairy man) Nana nei tiki mai (Who fetched the sun) Whakawhiti te ra (And caused to shine again) A upa ne ka up ane (One upward...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Learn the warm-up chant. Learn the Kapa O‘Pango Haka lyrics. Learn the Ka Mate Haka.


The works cited page is where you list all of the works you referenced in your essay. You should list your sources in alphabetical order based on the information that appears first in the citation (generally the author’s name.) Write: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. (Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1906. Print. Write: Lastname, firstname of first alphabetical author, and then firstname, last name for the rest of the authors’ names. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. (Hu, Carol, Kat Koller, and Marie Shier. The Book About Things. San Francisco: A Publisher, 2013. Print. Write Title of publication. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. (The Book by No One. San Francisco: A Publisher, 2013. Print. Write: “Name of Article.” Name of Website. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available-if not, put n.d.). Medium of publication. Date of access. (For example, “Blah Blah Blah.” Citings Unlimited. Writing Corporation, n.d. Web. 23 Aug 2013.) Write: Lastname, firstname of interviewee. Personal interview. Date. (Perhamus, Cody. Personal interview. 01 Aug 2013.) Write: Lastname, firstname of interviewee. Interview with Name of Interviewer. Publication or program (year): page numbers if applicable. Medium of publication. (Smith, John. Interview with Jan Davis. Good Night John (2013). Radio.) Write: Lastname, firstname of sender. “Title of Message.” Medium. Date. (Example: Perhamus, Cody. “Regarding our discussion.” Email to the author. 23 Aug 2013.)

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

List references in an MLA style essay on a page entitled ‘Works Cited’. Cite a book with one author. Cite a book with multiple authors. Cite a book with no known author. Cite a page on a website. Cite a personal interview. Cite a published interview. Cite a personal message.


The world is a big place, and there are many, many different places you can visit. Decide if you want to spend all of your time in a single country, a single continent, or if you truly want to travel over the entire globe. It can be helpful to start your international travel in a location you've been to before, and branch out further from there.  Certain countries (especially in Asia) can be less expensive for Western travelers, although they may lack some of the amenities that we've grown used to. Certain regions are also better set up to accommodate tourists and travelers, by offering hostels and other accommodations. (For example, New Zealand is well set up for travelers, while Japan is less so.)  However, if you're looking for a more adventurous travel experience and want to avoid places most international travelers visit, you may want to plan to visit less accommodating destinations. Before you jump on a plane, train, or ship, you'll need to have at least a rough idea of where you'll be going and how long you'll spend at each destination. It can be easy for a worldwide vacation to take more time than anticipated, so try to set out as specific of a schedule as possible before you leave. Alternately, some people prefer to leave their travel open-ended, and to only plan one week and one destination into the future.  How long do you want your trip to be? Your schedule will be dramatically different if you want to travel the world for a month, 6 months, or a full year. Plan ahead for how your world travel will fit into your life back home. Are you going to quit your job, or will your employer allow you to work while you travel? Do your homework about histories and current events in each country you plan to visit when you travel across the world. This will help you be aware of any local customs you need to follow and any conflicts or dangerous areas of the country you should avoid. If you know any individuals in a country you'll be traveling too (even if they're only the friend of a friend), get in touch and...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Decide where to travel. Make a travel schedule. Research the country (or countries) you'll be traveling to. Budget for your international travel. Let your travel pay for itself.


The worst feeling as a third wheel is never knowing how or when to be a part of a conversation between two romantic partners. Sometimes it’ll feel like you’re stuck on somebody’s else date, and maybe you are. So don’t be afraid not to participate when it doesn’t feel right.  Naturally, always speak when spoken to. Don’t be purposefully un-talkative or it might come off as rude. Chime in every once and awhile, especially in conversations the topics of which don’t involve their relationship. If they start talking about future plans, or reminiscing together, feel free to opt out. While it may certainly be an awkward situation for you, nothing will compound the awkwardness worse than acting awkwardly in response. Not butting into conversations that seem personal to the relationship is important here; being comfortable with your single-dom is crucial here as well.  Don’t point it out. You may feel compelled to make light of your situation by addressing it outright: “Feels weird being the only one here without a girlfriend;” “Always awkward being the third wheel, right?” Don’t make it seem any more than a conversation between friends. Let them go on in conversation. Sometimes being around others in a relationship will mean hearing about those relationships, possibly for a long time. Accept the situation and let them talk. It’s better than shifting the impetus of the conversation to yourself. When the couple you’re with is droning on to one another, or friends in relationships are chatting endlessly about fun couples activities, it’ll help to have a friend to text during the boredom. Use them to blow off steam about the awkwardness or poor conversation. If you’re stuck with a couple who has begun a disagreement, things can get uncomfortable fast. Many times couples will want you to weigh in on their squabble; don’t. You’ll only alienate one or the other of the people you’re with. Be upfront about your neutrality.  "Hey, let's not do this now. Try to keep it civil, we're out to have fun!" "I'm not going to be roped...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Go easy on the conversation. Don’t make it awkward. Keep a friendly contact. Never take sides.


The worst text flirting crime you can commit is to be boring and predictable. Your text messages should be fun and interesting. If you can't think of anything fun or interesting to say, then you probably shouldn't text her at all.  For example, you shouldn't start a text conversation with messages as boring as "Hey :)" or "How is your day going?" Total snore fest. She probably gets those kinds of messages from every guy she meets, so do something to make yourself stand out. Try something a little more unique, something which gives her an incentive to reply, like "you totally cheated at football last night. I call for a rematch." Text messages can feel a little impersonal at times, so do your best to make them as personal as possible, when you can. This will create more of a rapport between the two of you.  Use her name in a message -- girls get a real thrill from seeing their name in a message, there's something much more intimate about it. Alternatively, you could use the special nickname you've christened her with, this makes it feel like the two of you are sharing an inside joke. Use the terms "us" and "we" in your messages -- this creates a "me and you against the world" vibe that girls love. Try for example "Wow, love your hair today, you look so gorgeous." It's pretty simple -- girls like to be complimented, it makes them feel special and appreciated. So if you can work a few good compliments into your messages, go for it.  Try a classic (yet effective) compliment like "I can't stop thinking about you in that black and blue dress" or go for something a little more unconventional like "you have the weirdest sense of humor -- but I like it." Make sure the compliment is genuine -- don't say something you don't mean just to get on her good side. Girls can smell a fake from a mile away. There's no harm in being somewhat mysterious in your text messages -- you want her to feel like she's chasing you, not the other way around, so try being a little vague or aloof at times, just not as much so she gets...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Don't be boring and predictable. Get personal. Pay her a compliment. Be mysterious. Tease her a little. Be suggestive.


The worst thing you can do is rip your tongue off the metal in a panic. This could give you a serious injury. Instead take a moment to think about your situation clearly. Assess whether you have someone near who can help you. If you have someone with you, make sure they know that you are not joking and that your tongue is really stuck. Basically, your tongue is stuck because your saliva is frozen solid. The reason this happens so quickly on metal, and not on other surfaces, is that metal is a great conductor. In order to unstick your tongue, you will need to warm up the metal above freezing temperature. When you make contact with the metal, it sucks the heat out of your saliva rapidly so that the surface it is in contact with becomes the same temperature, which is called thermal equilibrium. This happens so quickly that it doesn't give your body a chance to make up the difference in heat. It will be easier to get your tongue unstuck if you have someone to help you. Once you get someone's attention, tell them to bring warm water and then have them poor it slowly over your tongue. Don't let embarrassment get in the way of getting help. Your situation may be embarrassing but it's better to deal with a little embarrassment than an injured tongue.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Don't panic! Understand why your tongue it stuck to the metal. Make noise so someone can come to your aid.


The worst thing you can do is try to convince them to see a doctor when their health is in dire jeopardy. If you do this, the decision may be made hastily and may not include your relative’s best interests. Instead, start having the conversation early on.  For example, a teenage relative becomes pregnant, but doesn’t trust that the doctor will respect her privacy. She may fear they will tell her partner or her parents about the pregnancy. You might want to start asking her about her prenatal care plan as soon as possible so that the baby can get proper care that the mother feels comfortable with. Similarly, try to get your aging parents regular checkups before a problem arises. That way, you will understand their wishes and be able to follow appropriate measures in the event of a serious health scare. Don’t back them into a corner. Cornering your loved one may make them even more resistant to help. Have an easy-going conversation with no pressure. Choose a time when you are both relaxed and able to talk without distractions. Bring the subject up casually. For example, you might say, “Mom, when was the last time you saw a doctor?” or “Jody had to leave early to take his dad to the clinic. It made me remember that you haven’t gone in a while.” If your loved one isn’t open to a casual suggestion, you will need to approach the discussion head-on. Be clear and direct about your concerns, especially if their health is in a critical state.  You might say, “Mom, I can tell that your arthritis is getting worse. You didn’t even get out of bed yesterday. I love you and I am worried. I would feel so much better if you saw a doctor.” Keep in mind that you may have to repeat this step several times before your loved one truly starts to consider your suggestions. If your loved one continues to show reluctance about seeing a doctor, you may want to probe them for more information. Figuring out where the root of their hesitation is can help you come up with a viable solution. You might ask, “Do you not like your doctor?”,...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Don’t wait until a crisis. Approach the subject with care. State your concerns clearly and with love. Ask questions. Discuss the consequences of denial.


The wringing technique is a fast and easy way to wring out the excess water from a wet article of clothing. You will use your towel to absorb all of the excess water, so choose a big, fluffy towel. Your garment should not overlap the towel at all. Lay your garment flat on top of the towel, making sure the entire garment is on the towel. Begin by placing your wet garment on the towel. Take one end of the towel, and roll it tightly with the garment inside. As you roll your garment in your towel, it should look like a log or sausage. The ends of the towel should be swirled, like a cinnamon roll. As you do this, the towel will absorb water from the wet garment. Once you have done this, unroll the towel and remove your garment – it should feel barely damp at this point.  Only wring out one garment at a time so that you can get the most excess water out of each garment. Once your towel has become very damp, switch towels. Your towel must be relatively dry to absorb the most amount of water. If you're drying small items, such as socks, spread them out on your towel so that you can wring them at the same time. As long as these small items aren't touching, it will be like wringing out one large piece of clothing.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Spread a large towel across a flat surface. Roll your garment in the towel. Drain the excess water by picking up your rolled towel and twisting it as tightly as possible.


The wrong brow brush can make it difficult to feather your brows successfully. You should not use any brow brush to fill in your brows. Opt for a thin, angled brush as you can use this tool with more precision. You do not want the makeup on your brows to look unnatural. Make sure you make enough brush strokes that any makeup fades into your natural hair color. It can take awhile to blend, so have patience. A spoolie brush, sometimes called a brow wand, can be helpful for blending. Make sure to select a color that closely matches your natural brow color. You should also make sure you only use a light layer of brow makeup. Too many layers can make your eyebrows look unnaturally dark.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Choose the right brow brush. Make sure to blend when you're done. Select the right color.


The yellow capsules that come inside Kinder Surprises almost look like minions. All they need are some small details. This section will show you how to make a minion using a Kinder Surprise egg. If you live in the United States, however, you won't be able to find these in a store; you will need to purchase them online. Here's what you'll need:  1 Kinder Surprise egg Blue paint Nail, awl, knitting needle, or small screwdriver Yellow pipe cleaner Air-dry clay Black marker Googly eyes Black yarn Glue These are unavailable in the United States, but you can purchase the eggs on Amazon. You can also try using plastic Easter eggs, although they might be more difficult to drill through.  You can use other options like any egg shape toy or snack packaging.  Simply paint it yellow and glue them together. Glue the egg shut. Open the egg and place a thin line of super glue along the inside rim. Close the egg and wait for the glue to dry. This will help keep your Minion together longer. This will make the arm holes.  Do this by folding 1 centimeter of each pipe cleaner arm inside the egg. Place a large drop of hot glue over each fold. This will be the uniform. If you want, you can also paint n's right above the seam line to make the straps. In the movie, the Minions also had a letter "G" on the front pocket. You can also make this your personal minion instead, and draw your first initial instead. You can use any color of clay, and color it black later, of you can use black clay. Once you make the gloves, stick them onto the arms before they dry. You can use black paint or a marker. Let the paint dry before moving on. Cut some black yarn into short pieces, and attach it to the top of the minions head using some glue. Place the glue onto the egg first, then press the eye down onto it. The gloves should already be on the arms, but you might want to put some glue around the cuff of each glove so that it won't fall off. To attach the shoes, place a large drop of glue on to the of each shoe, and press it against the bottom of...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Gather your supplies. Find a Kinder Surprise egg. Use a nail or screw driver to poke a hole on each side of the egg, right above the seam. Cut two short pieces of yellow pipe cleaner and poke each piece into each hole. Secure each piece with hot glue. Paint the bottom half of the egg blue using acrylic paint. Consider drawing the pocket with a black pen. Make the gloves and shoes out of air dry clay. Color the gloves and shoes. Add the hair. Glue on one or two googly eyes onto the top half of the egg. Secure the shoes and gloves. Use a black marker to draw the face and goggle strap.


The “Buy it Now” option allows you to purchase the item for a set price instead of having to go through the bidding process. For rarer items, using the “Buy it Now” option may actually save you money if a bidding war starts. Be sure to check the average price for the item you are purchasing. If you use the “Buy it Now” option, you may end up paying more than it’s worth. Your bid will automatically increase by the minimum bidding interval until you reach the maximum amount you entered. This will allow you to set a maximum that you’re comfortable with without having to constantly monitor the auction.  Placing any bid binds you to the auction. By placing the bid, you are agreeing to pay the amount that the auction closes at. You cannot retract bids, so be sure that you are sure that you want the item. Bids can only be retracted if there was an error in entering a bid to begin with, not if you change your mind on an item. As the auction progresses, you will be notified if your maximum amount has been outbid. If you can and want to, you can increase the amount of your bid by returning to the listing and entering in a new amount. If you win the item, you will be notified. Once the auction ends, you are obligated to get in touch with the seller and work out payment and shipping details.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Decide if you want to buy immediately. Put the highest amount you want to pay if bidding. Increase your bid during the auction. Wait for the auction to end.


The “Organize Pages” feature, which allows you to duplicate and rearrange your PDF pages, is not available in the free version of Adobe Reader. Duplicate the pages prior to converting your document into a PDF file. To duplicate the pages using this feature:  Click on the “Tools” tab and select “Organize Pages. Select the page or pages you wish to copy. Hold down Crtl or ⌘ Command as you drag the thumbnail to a second location. ” In order to print multiple PDF pages on one sheet, you need to change the print settings.  Click on File and select “Print.” Find the “Page Scaling” or “Page Sizing and Handling” section and select “Multiple Pages Per Sheet.” Use the drop down menu in the “Pages per sheet” section to select the number of PDF pages you would like to print on one sheet. Locate the “Page Order” section. You will have 4 options to choose from.  If you select Horizontal, the pages will appear from left to right in rows. If you choose Horizontal Reversed, the pages will appear from right to left in rows. If you pick, Vertical, the pages will start in the upper left corner. They will appear from top to bottom, left to right. If you click on Vertical Reversed, the pages will start in the upper right corner. They will appear from top to bottom, right to left. After you have altered the settings, click “Ok” to print the PDF. Collect your document from the printer. To save paper, print the document double-sided.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Duplicate the PDF page. Select “Print. Set the page order. Print the document.


The “blue jean” look is a classic favorite because of its versatility. In fashion, blue jean has come to be considered a neutral, so it’s easy to pair with other, more eye-grabbing items in your closet. White jean jackets are a popular alternative to blue jean, as they can add a clean look to your outfit. Denim jackets come in a range of colors as well, so blue isn’t your only option! These colors range from forest green to bright orange. Since colored denim tends to be more attention-grabbing, it’s better to balance it out with neutral, more muted pieces. For example, you could match a burgundy denim jacket with black jeans. If you’re looking for a blue jacket, the wash of denim is basically the shade of blue that you want. There are three main washes: dark, medium, and light.  Medium wash is the most popular for jean jackets because it goes well with a variety of looks. It also usually feels a bit softer than dark wash jeans.  Light wash, the closest to white of the washes, has a faded look to it, which is why it works best in casual settings. Dark wash jean jackets can be easier to pair with more formal tops and accessories. Just keep in mind that, with enough washes, dark wash jackets will likely fade into a more medium-wash color. For men, dark wash jean jackets can take the place of a blazer when paired with a nice dress shirt, slacks, and formal shoes.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Select a blue jean or neutral colored jacket if you want a more versatile piece. Try brighter colored denim for a more eye-grabbing look. Choose medium and light washes for casual looks. Select a dark wash jacket for more formal occasions.


The “breech” of a muzzle loader is in front of the bolt mechanism; think of it as the base end of the barrel. The breech plug is a roughly two-inch metal “plug” located at the back of the breech. You can unscrew this using your firearm’s combo tool or a screwdriver as needed. To find the specific location of the nipple and breech plug on your muzzleloader, consult the diagram or layout of the firearm that came with the gun. The ramrod is on the underside of the barrel, and can be slid out by pulling forward on its tip (at the muzzle of the gun). The nipple is a small metal nub (about ¼ inch high) that the firing cap is set on for the firing pin to strike and ignite the charge when firing. The nipple is set on the tip of the breech plug. You should be able to pull this off, but may need to unscrew it with your muzzleloader’s combo tool. Before you begin cleaning the barrel, run the ramrod down once to make sure that the barrel is unloaded and contains no charge. These parts can be completely submerged in bore cleaner oil and left there as you finish cleaning the firearm. Pour approximately a quarter cup of bore cleaner oil into a small, clean bowl, and set the nipple and breach plug inside. The bore cleaner oil will loosen any grime or powder residue that has accumulated on these parts.  Take a small cleaning brush (a toothbrush in a pinch) and dampen it with bore cleaner oil. Use this to scrub clean the threads inside the breach that you have unscrewed the breech plug from. When working with cleaning oils, be careful not to spill them, as they will likely stain your clothing and carpet. You’ll need to first dampen a cleaning patch with bore cleaner oil. Once the patch is damp, set it on the end of the ramrod. A cleaning patch is a small piece of cloth which is pushed through the barrel in order to clean out any powder residue. Once you’ve balanced the patch on the tip of the ramrod, push this through the barrel from tip to base. For some muzzleloaders, the ramrod must be assembled before being used to clean...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Remove the breech plug. Remove the ramrod and nipple. Soak the nipple and breach plug in bore cleaner. Clean the barrel with the ramrod. Run a dry cleaning patch through the barrel. Dry and reinstall the breech plug and nipple.


The “candlestick” position in gymnastics involves lying flat on your back, then raising your legs and torso into the air perpendicular to the floor so you resemble a candle stick.  Stretch your arms out at a forty-five degree angle from each side of your body to support your core and legs as you raise them up at straight as you can.  Practice rolling up and into then back from the “candlestick” position. The way you make your approach and execute the punch (your departure from the floor) will determine the height and distance of your jump.  Practice your approach by taking a five rapid steps toward your jump.  Put your feet together and launch yourself as high into the air as you can with your feet together and toes pointed. Keep your arms up with your elbows straight through your practice jumps. The forward roll makes up the second half of the dive roll, after the approach and punch.  Start by squatting down on the balls of your feet.  Place your hands flat on the floor, then tuck your head and lean forward the back of your head is aligned with your hands. Push forward with your legs until you begin to roll, then tuck your body and keep your back rounded. Complete the technique on your rear end or roll up onto your feet.

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Master the candlestick. Run through your approach and punch. Execute a forward roll.


The “come” is used whenever you want your dog to come to you. This command is potentially life-saving, as it can prevent your dog from running off if he gets loose. You always want to start training indoors (or in your fenced yard) with low distraction. Attach a 6-foot leash to your dog’s collar so that you have a way to keep his attention and prevent him from running away. You want to make him run toward you. You can do this with high-pitched noises associated with play, with a toy, with an excited clap, or just opening your arms. Running a short distance away from him and then stopping can also work, as dogs will naturally start to chase. Use praise and your “happy voice” to encourage him to move toward you. Sound your clicker, give him praise in your “happy voice,” and give him a treat when your dog reaches your side. As your dog begins to realize he’ll be rewarded for coming to you, start giving the verbal command “come.” When he responds to the command, reinforce it in praise by pairing it with “good”: “good come!” Because the “come” command could save your dog's life, he must learn to respond to it even when he's distracted. Move the training sessions from your home or yard to a public park. There are more sights, sounds, and smells demanding his attention there. You began training with a 6-foot leash, but you want your dog to come longer distances than that. Try attaching two leashes together to increase the distance. This will teach him to come over long distances. Ask someone to help with off-the-leash training. You can play “ping pong” and take turns calling the dog to each of you. Because this command is so important, the praise you give for performing it should be extravagant. Responding to the "come" command should be the best part of your dog's day. No matter how upset you are, never reinforce the "come" with anger. Even if you're furious that your dog slipped the leash and ran free for five whole minutes, lavish him with praise when he finally responds to the "come." Remember that you're...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Understand the value of the command. Prepare your dog for “come” training. Attract your dog’s attention. Give immediate praise. Pair the behavior with the verbal command. Move the training to more public spaces. Increase the leash length. Work up to training your dog off the leash in a fenced environment. Give enormous rewards. Do not create a negative association with this command. Go back to basics. Reinforce the training throughout your dog’s life. Keep the fun going. Acclimate the dog to collar grabs.


The “speak” command teaches your dog to bark in response to your verbal cue. On its own, this command is something of a novelty. But in combination with the “quiet” command, it can help manage a barking problem in an overly vocal dog. Take extreme caution when teaching this command. Inexperienced trainers sometimes find "speak" training spirals out of control. They end up with a dog who barks at them all the time. "Speak" training requires immediate praise, more so than other commands do.  Teach your dog to associate the click sound with a treat by clicking and treating a few times in a row. Continue this clicker training until your dog sees the click sound as a reward in and of itself. The treat will come later. This will vary from dog to dog, so you have to observe your specific pet. He might bark most reliably when you withhold a treat, when someone knocks on the door, when someone rings the doorbell, or when someone honks a horn. Once you’ve figured out what makes your dog bark, perform that action in front of your dog. The idea is to encourage him to bark on his own, then praise him for the action.  You can see how this might be dangerous in the hands of an inexperienced trainer. That's why "speak" training is a little different from the other commands. You'll incorporate the verbal command from the very beginning. That way, the dog doesn't think you're praising him for his natural behavior. As soon as your dog barks for the very first time, give the verbal "speak" command, click, and give him a treat.  The other commands thus far have taught the behavior first, then added a command that preceded the behavior. However, "speak" training gets out of hand too easily that way. The dog gets rewarded for barking at first. Thus, it's better to associate the verbal command with the behavior already in progress. Never reward the dog for barking without the verbal command. If you have a dog who naturally barks too much, you might not think teaching him to "speak" is going to help your situation. However, if you...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Understand the command. Clicker train your dog. Figure out when your dog barks most. Recreate the triggering event. Use the verbal "speak" command from the beginning. Combine the “speak” with the “quiet” command.


Their name should make them stand out from the crowd and give off sinister undertones. It may relate to a nickname they were given as a child or to an event in their past. It may also connect to their physical features. For example, the villain “Voldemort” in the Harry Potter series has a name that sounds sinister and threatening. The villain “Mr. Tom Ripley” in The Talented Mr. Ripley has the word “rip” in his name, indicating violence and destruction. Build empathy for the villain by creating a backstory that includes a troubled childhood or a dark past. Rather than have the villain be born evil, show the reader how they came to be evil. Explore their past and the events that led up to their turn to the dark side.  For example, you may give the villain a violent childhood where they were bullied by their peers or abused by their parents. Or you may have a villain who was victimized by a predator when they were young and this resulted in their turn to evil. You can also give the villain feelings of being unloved or underappreciated by a parent or a sibling. This could then lead them to feel angry and vindictive. Determine the key moment or experience where the villain shifted or changed and embraced their inner darkness. Include the moment as a scene in your fiction to show the reader when the villain became evil. The moment could have happened in childhood where the villain felt neglected or unloved. Or it could be an experience in adulthood that was traumatic and scarring for them. For example, you may have a villain who turned when they were humiliated by bullies at school in front of someone they loved. Or you may have a villain who became evil when they watched their family be murdered. Even villains will have an honor system or a moral code that they live by. Think about what your villain values and believes in life. You can give them skewed or messed up values as long as you show they have a moral code of their own. This will help to make them more believable to your readers. For example, you may have...

How would you rephrase that briefly using English?

Give the villain a distinct name. Outline the villain’s dark past. Identify when the villain became evil. Determine the villain’s core values and beliefs.