The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1842-05-17 00:00:00

are exceedingly beautiful. They are

and the other of

vignette views—one of Rosstrevor, Down ;
Carrickfergus ; both in the exquisitely delicate style of the
art. At the close of this part will be found a very interesting

account :of the redeeming effects of the introduction of
manufactories—particularly of one established on the river
Mourne, in Tyrone, by Messrs. Herdman ; those employed
at which enjoy all the comforts and happiness of English
cottagers. The mill is, we believe, driven by water, of which
there is an ample supply in almost every part of Ireland.
Our authors conclude their remarks on this subject in the
following words :

" We hope the gentry of Ireland will use the exertions
which are called for, and are easily made, to aid the agricul-
turist—by creating fresh consumption for the country's pro-
duce. The establishment of such factories as that of Msirs;

Herdman increases a demand for the ordinary necessaries of
life, and by judicious management one class might be brought
to work for the other, thus combining the rural and manu-
facturing interests, so as to aid the prosperity of the country.
We had so often grieved beside the noble waters rushing
their race, with power to turn the sand they sport with into
gold, that the sound became almost as " a dirge ;" for where-
ever we went, we saw them, like strong giants, eager to
wrestle with something worthy their strength. The factory
in the wilds of Tyrone was so perfectly what we had often
desired to see established and prospering in Ireland, that we
have dwelt upon it longer than may be interesting to an our
readers, though the safe working of such a system carries so
much moral influence with it—induces such genuine prospe-
rity—that we have been more than commonly anxious to sa-
tisfy our English readers of the proof being in existence—
that in a peculiarly wild district in the north of Ireland, ca-
pital may be safely and advantageously invested to any
amount, and a peasantry found, not only to work, but to
understand the respect due to property, and the advantage
which it gives where it is diffused.
" It is slander to characterise the Irish peasant as an idler ;
he is often idle, it is true, but it is only because, as often, his
time is worth so little as to seem scarcely worthy of consi-
deration. Not unfrequently, the waste of an hour involves
the loss of but a single halfpenny ; and it can seldom be said
to cause the sacrifice of a solitary comfort or enjoyment—
much less a luxury. A time is no doubt approaching, when
hard labour will procure something more for the hard la-
bourer than the mere means of preserving existence ; habits
of continuous industry and proper thrift will come with the

change.
" Agitation, even since we commenced this work, has been
gradually but surely losing strength ; causes of complaint are,
every day, becoming less and less numerous and infinitely
less substantial ; there now appears to be but one subject
left to the agitator—and that one is not only not responded
to—it is scorned and scouted by all the rational and right-
thinking of the country, who are " patriots " in the true
sense of the term. The agitators are like workmen who
have broken their tools."

Coombe Abbey ; an Historical Tale of the Reign of James I.
William Currie, jun., and Co., Dublin ; and W. S. Orr

and Co., London

No. 1 of this tale is before us, and we have perused it with

amble interest. The story carries us back to the
stirring political events that marked the beginning of the 17th
century, immediately prior to, and succeeding, the death of
Queen Elizabeth. The characters hitherto introduced to the
reader's acquaintance are well conceived, particularly those
of De Lacy and Lord St. Clare, and his lovely daughter
Edith. The imaginative portion is agreeably blended with
the historical, so the whole has an air of roraisemblance which
renders it more impressive, and, we may add, valuable, than
if it were the mere offspring of fiction. The language is well
chosen, clear, and often elegant, without being overloaded
by cloying and unnecessary ornament—too often resorted to,
in paucity of facts, by our modern novelists. The book is
illustrated by numerous neat engravings on wood. Several
agreeable episodes are introduced ; amongst which the story
of the monk, Thomas of Coventry, will be read with interest,
as demonstrative of the character of the times to which it
As we have yet but the two opening chapters, we
cannot venture to predict what precise rank the tale will hold
amidst thn liter.ry productions of the day ; but, judging by
what is before us, which exhibits considerable powers of des-
cription and vigour of conception, we may augur that its
completion will be as gratifying to the public, as it will be
honourable to the head and heart of the writer. It is from
the pen of an amiable and highly gifted lady, who, with cha-
racteristic modesty, shrinks from the immediate avowal of
" a local habitation and a name."

very conside

TENTH LECTURE ON_THE CREED OF POPE

The tenth lecture in the series, on the creed of Pope Pius
the Fourth, was delivered on Friday evening last, in the
Music Hall, Bold-street, by the Rev. Dr. O'Sullivan, in the
presence of a very large and highly respectable auditory. The
subject assigned to the rev. gentleman, was the following ar-
ticle in the creed as enlarged by Pope Pius :—" I do acknow-
ledge the holy catholic and apostolic church of Rome for the
mother and mistress of all churches ; and I do promise and
swear true obedience to the Bishop of Rome, the successor
of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, and the Vicar of
Jesus Christ." In the original Latin, this article runs thus :
" Sanctum, Catholicam et A postolicam Romanam Ecclesiam,
omnium Ecclesiarum matrern et magistram agnosco ; Roman-
oque Pontifici, beati Petri Apostolorum principis successori,
ac Jesu ChristiVicario, veram obedientam spondeo ac juro.
On the motion of Mr. HOWARD, seconded by Mr. BOUT-
FLOWER, Mr. MIDDLETON was unanimously requested to
take the chair ; and the Rev. THOMAS NOLAN having sup-
plicated the divine blessing upon the proceedings,
Dr. O'SULLIVAN rose, and his appearance was greeted by
loud and general applause. After a few appropriate intro-
ductory remarks, he read the article which he was about to
expound, and proceeded—Do you not already perceive that this
profession is directly contrary to the profession, in the Chris-
tian faith, of the Catholic creed to which it is pretended that
these articles are supplementary ? We often hear those who
undertake to defend the Church of Rome for her issue of a
-, affirming that she is justified, because among her
new articles there is nothing in the slightest degree opposed
to the articles of the christian faith. Now you remember,
that the article to which this, under pretence, is supplement-
ary, but in reality opposed, is a promise to believe in one ca-
tholic and apostolic church. The christian faith holds that
that there is one church; all who hold the faith in sincerity,
iren of God belong to that one church,
which is catholic, universal, and apostolic. The Romish
creed pronounces that there are several churches—a mother
church, and many of her progeny. And which is the mother
church ? Is it the church of Jerusalem, wherein the Holy
Ghost descended, and set apart the apostles, by a miraculous
manifestation, for the great work entrusted to them? Is it
that of Antioch wherein the-disciples first received the name
of christians ? No. These would be the mother, if there
were such a distinction allowed between churches of the Ca-
tholic faith ; but there are other churches in communion by
means of this creed of Pope Pius the IVth, and if this church
which remains by confession of the Romanists themselves, did
not exist as a church until long after there had been churches
at Jerusalem, Cesarea, Samaria, and Antioch, let her advo-
cates show her origin as the mother of all the churches that
had preceded her, and not only as mother but mistress also.
The second part of this article is perhaps indicative of a still
more profane
.opposition to the catholic creed. How is it we
. article respecting the Catholic church in the Catho-
lic faith ) .
the %A' connection with our profession of belief in
It is in
prophets Ghost, the Lord and giver of life, who spake by the
of life. s‘tve believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and giver
know thee shi. is ? " This is life eternal, that they may
sent." we God and Jesus Christ whom thou bast
Ghost 'Awns Cl
ersie in the Catholic church and in the Holy
Christ has sent t •st
has sent to govern his church, whom
life in him. If there be to the knowledge of him, and to give
office of the holy spirit be a vicariate for Christ, surely the
spirit is that vicariate—(hear)—and when
es
this new creed
may be a sinful manlt, o arnanimn pronounces that a man who
weakto be regarded as the man, an unbelieving man, is yet
car
gory the Sixteenth against ttfi the Lord, it is setting up Gre-
nd it is thus o ;
ng Che*:virit whom Christ has sent,
a PP°s•
(Loud cheers.) t a own appointed vicariate.

new creed

all who are chit

article
The reverend gentleman then 5%;,1 - -
oheedractical '
professions were separated i said, ahltehohutt these two
they might be regarded as on.e the
heapng of which
was a profession of faith andjust read.
But the promise of true obedienceerehinpope laZuhri:!self.
der the difficulty of not being plainly' ..4e
reverend gentleman asked, will you intelligible. Hewd un-
ence ? Is it obedience according to the judgmentine true obedi-
ence
we obedi-
ence it, or to the rights and anthorityf of him
who -
receive? Certainly the latter. The law, o°,rtinll,,who is t,
Lion, our military code, require that those i;0-01c"stitn-
ence shall render it ; and it never will be accepted
euse upon the part of any man who has not done hisdan exHear.) The law requires -
rendering true obedience, that he rendered it according to
what he supposed was due.
the obedience rendered shall be adequate to the author:
and power of him who exacts it. Now, how is it that obey-
dience can be rendered to the Pope? What is the capacity
in which the Pope claims it ? Although we are not all mi-
nutely acquainted with the details of the various parties into
which Romanists are divided, we are all acquainted with the
• __L:_t, i..,:eg, them into what are called
• ~

one great distinction which cias.se 1.4,0,--• :
d ''-Ultra-raontanes"
" Cisalpines" upon the one side
up
R .ffianism• (Hear?)
upon the other—the Italian school Por one side, and the
French school upon the other side,
.o o .
the
arosts, Pope in
According to one of these,
the chair of St. Peter is, they say, infallible •
- • 've deference
the Italian Rcin? • whatever he
speaks is to be regarded with the same submissive
as if God visible in the flesh had spoken : he can not in any
respect err from the truth ; he can not mislead ;
be
can hope to receive instruction in the truth, such. as may lf
serviceable for his se
and none
soul's interest, unless he submits himself
implicitly to the direction of the Pope. (Hear, hear.) The
other school holds that the Pope is head indeed of the bishops ;
that is to say, he holds the first rank among the bishops, but
that he, as any other man, may err; that, so far from being
endowed with powers to lead the church, even though the
mass of those who compose the church differed from him, he
may himself be cited to the tribunal of the assembled church,
may be there convicted of error, and may be deposed for his
offence.
the Now, if either of these be true, it is impossible for
. two parties to observe their duty to God, and render
" true obedience" to the Pope. If the Galilean school of

ceedingly that all the subjects of the kingdom of Great Britain
should enjoy a subject's privileges; and he thought it was pos-
sible to communicate to the members a the Church of Rome
in Ireland the full benefits of citizenship, that they might be-
come partakers in all the freedom and franchises of British
subjects. He felt there was much reason for the enactment
of laws which were a restriction upon this freedom ; but he
thought he saw how reasons could be alleged. and satisfactory
reasons too, for the removal of all such restrictions. He
conceived that in the system of the Church of Rome it was
possible to distinguish between the church and the court,
between religion and policy. He believed that many mem-
bers of the Church of Rome in their conscience revolted
against the intolerance of that church with the same spirit of
honour as Protestants revolted; and he thought it would be
possible to mark out by such distinctions as could not be
misunderstood, who were members of the Church of Rome,
purely in their religious capacity, and those who were
ready to he when time required, the ready instruments
for its practical malignity. In endeavouring to mark this

distinction, he formed a very close intimacy with an eminent
Franciscan, whose name was Peter Walsh; and, with his

assistance, he framed a document called " A.Remonstrance,"
which good Roman Catholics were to sign—every man who
was willing to sign what are rightly called the intolerant po-
litics of the Church of Rome, and those who attached them-

selves to it from motives of religion being invited to affi

their names to this document. Ormond was not so success-
ful as he desired ; the Romanist party then in the rule were
extremely desirous of keeping the whole body together, and
to allow no such separation as Ormond demanded ; and the
consequence was that his scheme fell to the ground. I have
stated these particulars for the sake of mentioning a reply of
Ormond to Walsh. Late in Ormond's life, and after a long,
stormy, and perilous career, where the old friar Walsh and
his benevolent patron were both verging towards the grave,
Walsh, upon one occasion, took an opportunity of speak-
ing to the Duke upon the necessity of his becoming a
member of the Church of Rome ; and bemoaned himself of
the feverish anxiety that possessed him lest a man so amiable,
generous, and pure-minded as Ormond should die out of the
Church of Rome, and so, as Walsh repeated it, die out of
the pale of salvation. Ormond's reply was characteristic,—
" Have you lived with me these many perilous years, and
have you never expressed that fear to me before?" (Cheers.)
It never was repeated again. Now, sir, this expression con-
tains the principles of my first objection to the doctrine
assigned by this clause of obedience to the pope. (Hear.)
For 1563 years the church, the catholic church, had no such
clause as this in its profession of faith ; its creed satisfied the
demands of the people of the eastern and western world for
those fifteen centuries; it satisfied the demands and the ne-
cessities of the church assembled in twenty-one general
councils, and in more provincial councils than we should be
able easily to reckon up ; and after the last of the general coun-
cils, and after the lapse of 1563 years a bishop of Rome com-
manded that in the profession of faith there must be a
promise of obedience to him, and he gives this promise a
place which assigns to it an equal importance with believing
in God or Jesus Christ! (Hear.)
The rev. gentleman then tested the validity of the excuse
asserted by the church of Rome for not propounding her
doctrines sooner, namely, that she propounds her articles of
faith when men have opposed them, and showed that it
cannot, for one moment, be received.
The second objection to the clause was next considered,
namely, its untruth and unscriptural character. The prin-
ciple upon which the church of Rome rested this doctrine
was, that St. Peter was appointed chief of the apostles, and
he transmitted, having been empowered so to do, the autho-
rity confided to him to his successors in the bishopric of
Rome. Two things were here to be proved—first, that no
such authority was given to Peter; second, that no such au-
thority was transmitted by him to the see of Rome ; and
if either of these failed of proof the Romish doctrine fell in-
defensible.

It was perfectly clear that Peter's authority was in no way
connected directly with his acceptance of the Romish epis-
copate. If he were ever made superior to the apostles, it
was before he visited Rome, and he must have been then su-
perior in Jerusalem, in Samaria, and in Antioch. How came
it then that we were to believe, unless there was sufficient
evidence given, that this superiority was in aught connected
with his acceptation of the bishopric of Rome ? And was it
not a very remarkable fact, that the Holy Scriptures left us
altogether ignorant that Peter ever had visited Rome unless
we are to receive the appellation that he wrote from Babylon
as a proof that he was at Rome? (Hear.) It was every cu-
rious fact that Romanism, in the poverty of its resources, and
in the reckless endeavour to establish her doctrine, pro-
nounced that Peter designated Rome as Babylon, in order to
show a scriptural authority for supposing that Peter was once
at Rome! But it appeared to him that the silence of scrip-
ture on this subject of Peter's authority was very remarkable.
The reverend gentleman then noticed the argument for Peter
having been at Rome, drawn from the tradition that Peter
had there overthrown the magician Simon Magus, and showed
the absurdity of relying upon it as a proof of the truth of the
doctrine that Peter had delegated his authority to the Popes.
If it had been true, it would have been recorded in the Acts
of the Apostles, but no record of it was there to be found.
In the prosecution of this part of the subject, Dr. O'Sulli-
van recited the texts quoted by the Romanists, and he clearly
established from them that St. Peter never was at Rome,
and therefore could not have transmitted his authority to the
bishops of Rome. Romanism affected to adduce scriptural
proofs that Peter was the bead of the Apostles.; but the pas-
sages which they selected in proof of this had, he found, va-
rious interpretations. There were four interpretations of
" the rock," which the Romanists said was Peter, upon
whom Christ said he would build his church. One consi-
dered Peter as the rock ; another regarded the whole body
of the Apostles as constituting the rock; a third regarded
the faith confessed by Peter as the rock ; and a fourth re-
garded the Lord himself as the rock. For the first interpre-
tation, that Peter was the rock, there had been the authority
of seventeen individual writers in the Church of Rome, and
the authority of one general council ; for the second inter-
pretation, that the Apostles constituted the rock, there had
been nineteen writers and two councils ; for the third inter-
pretation, that the rock was the faith confessed by Peter,
there had been forty-four authorities of individual writers
and five councils ; for the fourth interpretation, that our Lord
was the rock, there were sixteen authorities of individual
writers and four councils. (Hear.) When he spoke of in-
dividual authority, he meant the old fathers, whose writings
were of authority in the Church of Rome, and he included
no Protestant authority. Yet Rome, in defiance of her oath,
presumed to claim support from these councils !
After a very lengthened and most satisfactory exposition
of these several points, in which the true Protestant and
Scriptural principle was most ably vindicated, the reverend
gentleman concluded as follows :
And now, my reverend brethren, shall I say, or speaking
more clearlY, all of you, the generous and true, with whom
we have had companionship—through some years of sorrow,
difficulty and apprehension, permit me, before I conclude, to
speak a word of hope and of consolation. Compare the cir-
cumstances under which we are at this day assembled with
what you may remember in a time recently passed, and say
whether we have not much cause for thankfulness and hope ?
I will not enter into details of remembrances with which the
past years have been fought ; they have left their traces, dark
enough, to be remembered ; but I will remind you generally
of a warfare openly and fiercely waged against God's church
—fiercely, though perhaps somewhat more insidiously, di-
rected against God's blessed word. Those times of which I
speak were times in which God put in the hearts of many
faithful servants a resolution to support his truth among
great trials. Some, whose names had been already in all the
churches, proved themselves worthy of the estimation in
which they were held, and even added new claims to the
world's applause ; some there were who came forth from
their retirement—from the quiet duties in which their hearts
had been formed—from homes rich in all household felicity
—and cast themselves upon the storm of public affairs. Was
there not a cause • for all? (Hear.) But if they who thus
addressed themselves to the duties which a new state of
" things demanded had not counted the cost of the undertaking,
they would soon have retreated from it. (Hear.) They
were tried by the severe test of obloquy—they were tried by
the almost equally forcible temptation of the approbation of
generous friends—for God has so constituted the human
heart that it is acutely susceptible of praise and censure. By
bath were those who stood forward to maintain God's
truth seriously opposed ; by both the cause they had
undertaken to defend was much embarrassed. (Hear.)
Where argument could not be resisted motives could
be suspected, and statements which, considered in themselves
alone, were shaped to bring conviction to many hearts, be-
came turned aside by the insinuation that those who made
them were influenced by evil motives. When they claimed
to be considered as advocates of religious interests, they were
accused of applying themselves to the advancement of poli-
tical ones ;—when they came to advocate a great cause, they
were accused as if they sought only their own advancement.
Can any such calumnies now hope to escape under the dis-
guise of honest censure, that they are attributed to those
who maintain the cause ? How are we now satisfied ? If we
sought political ends, those ends have been obtained—those
whom it was supposed we would desire to see enthroned in
the offices of government are placed there; the government
of the country is confided to them, and they are invested
with a degree of power by which the expectations of most
sanguine fancy are greatly outstripped. Do they require of
us to continue these exertions for disabusing the mind of
error in which we had been previously engaged? Do they
encourage us to continue in them ? (Hear, hear.) Does
any obvious and pressing necessity in their affairs demand,
in the judgment of any man, that we should have recourse
to such an expedient? Do the friends in whom they are
supposed most to trust countenance or aid us in any such
endeavours ? Or is not the reverse of all this the truth?
Is it not universally the truth, that in a desire for repose,
a natural desire, those who hold place and power are ra-
ther anxious to discountenance every thing that may be
thought to savour of religious controversy? (Hear, hear.)
Is it not certain that the men who continue to engage in such
exertions, if they have the slightest regard to their own per-
sonal interests, will do harm to their personal interests by
continuing them ? And further, is it not the truth, that
they, with political ends in view, joined with us when they
thought that exertions made on behalf of religion would serve
them, now separate from us when they feel we can serve
their political ends no longer? (Hear.) I should be sorry
to be misunderstood. I have not the least idea of imputing
blame to any ; let every man be his own judge, and stand or
fall to himself. I look upon it, there was a time when re-
ligions men, and those who have got the government, con-
verged to
we
maintain tl
jlratiel to the same point. But how is it to be explained
maintainedcsuse we then held we hold now—the truth then
dissipation
concluded a maintain now ? How, I ask, is this to be
Pro-
testant friends to
explained, except by admitting that we to this day
the world that tho
of fight for the promulgation of truth and the
ra:rstror ? (Loud cheers.) The rev., gentleman
semination of the truith
eloquent lecture by calling upon his Pro-
seat amidst loud chee •
continue in their course, and thus show all
within a few minuteZa' the
t they had in view was only the dis-
semination
the motion of Mr. Dr. O'Sullivan then resumed his
lecture having lasted two hours
to Dr. O'Sullivan for his able and FIELDING OULD, the thank seconded by the Rev.
of the meeting were presented
The Doxology was then sung and
rdae convincingdoii
th ee v
evening
exposition
Friday of
the subject.
The next lecture will be delive the meeting separated.
week, by Dr. O'Sullivan.

ayewguard on one
over,
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.—On Friday last, th
of the trains of the Hull. and Selby rally;
and instantly killed, whilst unyoking one of the waggonsrn
the train. On the same day, one of the plate-layers from
Great North of England. railway, was accidentally = the
down by one of the trains on the line, and being run eevkeerd,
only breathed once or twice after.

[From tables on p. 38-9 it appears that 675 to 1000 is the
proportion of children to adults in Yorkshire ; of which 352
are males and 36 females from thirteen to eighteen ; and 246
males and ,11 females under thirteen.]
" 3. That in several discricts female children begin to
work in these mines at the same early age as the males.
" 7. That the nature of the employment which is assigned

o the youngest children, generally y that of trapping,' re-
tuires that they should be in the pit as soon as the work of
he day commences, and according to the present system,
hat they should not leave the pit before the work of the day
3 at an end.

` 8. That although this employment scarcely the name of

labour, yet as the children engaged in it are commonly ex-
cluded from light, and are always without companions, it
would, were it not for the passing and re-passing of the coal
carriages, amount to solitary confinement of the worst order.
"9. That * * * in some districts they [the workers] re-
main in solitude and darkness during the whole time they are
in the pit, and according to their own account, many of them
never see the light of day for weeks together during the
greater part of the winter season, excepting on those days in
the week when work is not going on, and on the Sundays.
" 10. That at different ages, from six years old and up-
wards the hard work of pushing and dragging the carriages
of coal from the workings to the mainways, or to the foot of
the shafts, begins; a labour which all classes of witnesses
concur in stating requires the unremitting exertion of all the
physical power which the young workers possess.
" That, in the districts in which females are taken down
into the coal mines, both sexes are employed together in pre-
cisely the same kind of labour, and work for the same num-
ber of hours ; that the girls and boys, and the young men and
young women, and even married women and women with
chill, commonly work almost naked, and the men, in many
mines QUITE NAKED ; and that all classes of witnesses bear
testimony to the demoralizing influence of the employment of
females underground.
" 13. That when the workpeople are in full employment,
the regular hours of work for children and young persons are

rarely less than eleven ; more often they are twelve ; in some
districts they are thirteen ; and in one district they are gene-
rally fourteen and upwards.

" 14. That in the great majority of the coal mines night
work is a part of the ordinary system of labour. * * *
" la. That the labour * * is generally uninterrupted
by any regular time set apart for rest and refreshment ; what
food is taken in the pit being eaten as best it may while the
labour continues."
And the report, after alluding to the dreadful accidents
which commonly occur in coal-mines, of the victims to
which " the proportion of children and young persons some-
times equals and rarely falls much below that of adults,"
concludes as follows :

" 26. That partly by the severity of the labour and the
long hours of work, and partly through the unhealthy state
of the place of work, this employment is at present carried
on in all the districts, deteriorates the physical constitution;

in the thin seam mines, more especially, the limbs become
crippled and the body distorted ; and in general the muscu-
lar_ powers give way, and the workpeople are incapable of

following their occupation, at an earlier period of life than is
common in other branches of industry.

" 27. That by the same causes the seeds of painful And
mortal diseases are very often sown in childhood and youth ;
these slowly and steadily developing themselves assume a

formidable character between the age"--of 30 and 40 ; and each
generation of this class of the population pis commonly ex-
tinct soon after fifty.';
In subsequent numbers of the STANDARD we shall make
copious extracts from this report.