The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1842-07-12 00:00:00

Lord HATHEATON gave notice, that on Tuesday next he
would move that the select committee be directed to receive
evidence respecting the:bill.
The committee was then nominated.
The Earl of RIPON moved the third reading of the Cus-
toms Acts (New Tariff) Bill.

After a few words from the Earl of RADNOR, the house
divided, and the third reading was carried by a majority of
52 to 9.

The bill was then read a third time and passed.
The Earl of RIPON moved the second reading of the Rail-
ways Bill, which was agreed to, and the bill was ordered to
be committed on Monday.
Lord CAMPBELL gave notice, that in committee he would
move a clause to forbid the locking up of passengers in
railway carriages.
Adjourned.

HOUSE OF COMMONS.—FRIDAY.
In reply to a question from Mr. Forster respectinz our re-
lations with Brazil,

Sir R. PEEL said that a difference of opinion had arisen
between the Brazilian and British governments respecting
the period when the existing treaty between the two countries
would expire. The British government contended that, by
the construction of the treaty, it would not expire until
November, 1844—while the Brazilian government maintained
that it would expire in November, 1842. In order to obviate
the difficulty, the British government proposed to enter into
a new treaty, which proposition was acceded to. A pro-
jected treaty was, in consequence, sent out, but, owing
to the illness of the Secretary of State, and owing also to
other matters, no reply had, as yet, been received to the pro-
position of the British government.
Lord J. RUSSELL asked if the right hon. baronet had re-
ceived any communication to the effect that a project had
been or was to be submitted to the Brazilian chambers, for
the purpose of altering the existing duties on the import of
British goods into that country.
Sir R. PEEL said he had received no intimation of the
kind.

The adjourned debate upon Mr. Wallace's motion for
taking into consideration the distress of the country was
again resumed.

-Mr. O'CONNELL expressed his surprise that such a state
of things could exist as now presented themselves in a
country foremost in the ranks of civilised notions, and said
he had serious fears for our social security should no effective
measures be taken to alleviate the distress which prevailed.
He thought they ought to try the experiment of releasing the
corn in bond ; but, of all things, the government should be-
ware of delay, lest such another alarming and insurrectionary
state of things should arise as occurred in 1830.

Lord ELIO'T read an official report, to prove that attempts
were making to exasperate as well as to exaggerate the state
of distress in Ireland through the medium of the newspapers.
Mr. ESCOTT thought that much of the existing distress
was not to be cured by legislation.

Mr. P. M. STEWART was of opinion that if government
were better acquainted with the extent of the distress, they
would have proposed more effective measures of relief than
those already tried, and the inadequacy of which vas gene-
rally admitted.

_fjord :CLEMENTS contended that no exaggeration had
take❑ place in describing the extent and severity of the dis-
tress prevailing in Ireland.

Mrl P. BORTHWICK lamented the distress, but could not
support the motion.

MARSLAND said that the discussion would be pro-
ductive of one good effect, for it enabled the minority in that
house to convince the people that the lamentable apathy
which was manifested by government, and by its supporters,
respecting their severe sufferings, was not shared by those
who supported the motion of Mr. Wallace. The country
required justice at the hands of government, and not charity.
Mr. CHILDERS contended that the distress was to be at-
tributed to successive deficient harvests, and the consequent
high price of food.

Mr. M. PHILIPS said that much of the distress in the
manufacturing districts was to be attributed to the migration
of labourers from the agricultural districts. He appealed to
Sir R. Peel to abandon all party considerations, and take
that position in the free-trade movement which would cause
his name to be hereafter mentioned as one of the benefactors
of his country.

Mr. R. YORKE and General JOHNSON supported the
motion.

Mr. GRIMSDITCH contended that the distress was to be
mainly attributed to the increase and improvement in ma-
chinery, which caused a continuous depression in the rate of
wages. This distress would, in his opinion, be aggravated,
rather than mitigated, by the repeal of the corn law.
Mr. LEADER supported the motion.
Mr. C. BULLER denied that the distress could in any way
be attributed to the foreign policy pursued by the late go-
vernment. The trade in tea, so far from having been stopped
by the Chinese war, had actually been increased. The
quantity imported was greater, and the price lower,
since the commencement of hostilities. The great cause of
the distress was having a restricted trade in corn, for although
some portion of the evils of the corn law had been done away
with the monopoly itself remained as stringent as ever. The
people had borne their sufferings patiently, and would con-
tinue to do so if they supposed that those sufferings were
attributable to the inscrutable designs of Providence; but
such was not the case; they attributed them to dishonest
legislation, and under such circumstances he would ask if it
was safe to leave the country in its present condition ? He
hoped the right hon. baronet would take a wise and bold
course, for such a course alone could save the country.
Mr. EwART urged the argument so often repeated, that by
taking American corn we would open an extensive field to our
manufactures.

Mr. COBDEN denied that the distress was to be attributed
to the increase and improvement of machinery. On the
contrary, its direct tendency was to increase employment, as
was proved by the cotton trade of this country. It was said
that the distress was to be attributed to over-production—
that, in fact, the people were too industrious ! What, then,
must be the condition of a country where the people pro-
duced so much and where they possessed so little ? Did it
not at once show that there was some mal-distribution of
that enormous produce which resulted from their labour?
As a proof that the distress could not be attributed to ma.
chinery, he contrasted the distress in Nottingham and
Hinckley with Manchester, stating that deplorable as was
the condition of the operatives in Manchester, the condition
of the same classes in Nottingham and Hinckley was infinitely
worse, although in these latter towns there had been no im-
provements whatever, in their ancient machinery. The
country' Was', in his opinion, drifting on to ruin without
'rudder or compais,, ,its only hope of salvation was in a
-repeal of the cortYlaWs. :They were encouraging emigration
as a remedy, biit the emigrants were the best artisans—
they left the worst at home. They were sowing seeds broad-
cast in the western world, which would spring up a bitter
crop to this country one day yet.

Mr. FERRAND contended that fair play should be given to
the measures of Sir R. Peel, instead of seeking to defeat
them by an opposition which he must term factious. To
such an extent had the Anti-Corn-Law League gone in this
factious course, that at a meeting held recently, a dissenting
minister had stated that a respectable person had told him
that he would be one of a hundred to draw lots as to which
of them should take the life of Sir R. Peel.
Mr. VILLIERS said the people were starving, and they
were not such fools as to be persuaded that food was not a
remedy. They were industrious, and had the means of
earning food, but the landed interests stood between them
and that food, and were driving them to starvation.
Mr. ROEBUCK was decidedly opposed to a motion which
went the length of pledging the government and the parlia-
ment to provide employment for the people. He regretted
that Mr. Wallace should, by his motion, place his friends in
difficulty, for vchile the country was plunged in such awful
distress all those who were opposed to the motion would be
exposed to imputations which they did not deserve. The
hon. member then contended at great length that the repeal
of the corn laws would do much towards remedying the dis-
tress, although he would not go the length of saying that
all the distress of the country was to be attributed solely to
the restrictions on the importation of corn. He should,
before parliament separated, bring before the house some
resolutions affirming the distress of the mass of the people,
and that a portion of that distress was attributable to the
corn laws, and then declaring the necessity of instituting an
inquiry as to whether a remedy could be found for that dis-
tress.

Mr. FIELDEN then moved the adjournment of the debate.
Mr. WALLACE begged of Mr. Fielden to withdraw his
motion.

Sir R. PEEL opposed the adjournment. The public ser-
vice required that they should go into committee of supply ;
the motion had been a week before the house, and now he
appealed not to the country but to the justice of the house
to bring the debate to a close that night.
The house then divided, and the motion for adjournment
was negatived by a majority of 255 to 24.
Mr. HINDLEY then moved the adjournment of the house
which, on a division, was negatived by a majority of 213
to 18.

While strangers were excluded the adjournment was again
moved.

Sir R. PEEL complained of the obstruction offered to
public business by seeking again to adjourn the debate, and
said the country would judge who were the parties by whom
the business of the nation was obstructed. He would, how-
ever, do all that in him lay to prevent the present attempt
becoming a precedent.
The house again divided, and the motion was once more
defeated by a majority of 209 to 19.
The house then divided on Mr. Wallace's motion, which
was negatived by a majority of 174 to 49.
The house then went pro forma into committee of supply.
The other orders of the day were subsequently disposed of,
and the house adjourned.

FASHIONS FOR JULY

(From the "London and Paris Ladies' Magazine of
Fashion.")

With the warm weather, some new bareges have appeared,
termed bareges bayaderes ; they are equally light and pretty,
of very soft texture, sprigged with flowers or covered in
Arabic patterns ; next to glacee silks, they are the materials
most in demand. In Paris, white seems to be quite confined
this season to evening dress. Embroidered muslins, India
muslins, organdys, lace pointed, muslins and jaconets are no
longer visible by daylight ; silks and worsted materials in a
thousand different styles are the only articles in demand.
Walking dresses are generally made high, to wear with the
transparent mantelet or pelerine ; the skirts are of prodigi-
ous width, and the length as inconvenient as during the win-
ter; short sleeves are fashionable for the house; in long
ones, those a la Diane de Poitiers and the Amadis are much
worn. The pointed corsages are almost exclusively reserved
for dress toilettes ; the rounded point is worn en neglige, and
the ceinture with long ends. Dinner dresses are of foulards,
satins princesses, pekins, poult de soie, &c.
A novelty in trimmings is a new style of flounce made
quite plain at the top, but falling in flutes at the edge ; they
form elegant trimmings without loading the dress ; they are
pekins; very full and narrow ruches
in favour for redingotes and peignoirs.
vchericyopr r6eetst yairne s
mt riupeehd
Scarfs of embroidered muslin are trimmed with Valenciennes
lace, headed by a bouillonne, through which a ribbon is
passed, corresponding with the colour of the dress. Man-
telets are made of glacee silk trimmed with bouillons, with
armholes, and forming very large round at the back. The
round pelerines continue to be much worn. Camails of
shot silk are also trimmed with ruches of the same colour,
and black ones with gimp. There is at present little to say
about bonnets : fancy straws and a new kind of paille de
riz which cleans well, are the principal novelties. Crape
bonnets and tulle bouillonne are very elegant and suitable
for the mourant. Capotes a coulisses are always fashionable ;
they are frequently entirely covered with tulle, which gives
them a very light appearance. Capotes composed of folds of
crape should always be of the colour of the dress. Couron-
nes Josephine or Ceres, bunches of lilies of the valley, are
used for capotes of gauze ; double poppies, daisies, camellia,
aloes, wild roses, for Leghorns.

The London Times states, that Archdeacon Robert Wil-
berforce is likely to be the new Regius Professor of Modern
History in the University of Oxford.

THE AUCHTERARDER CASE.—An appeal arising out of
this celebrated case was heard in the !louse of Lords on
Thursday. It will be remembered that it has been decided
that the General Assembly of the Church .9f Scotland had no
right or power to pass an act (called the Veto Act) by which
Presbyterians were empowered, if the male heads of families
in a parish dissented from the call of a presentee, to refuse
to put that presentee on his trial, and that the presbytery of
Auchterarder, having in that manner refused to put on his
trial the Rev. Robert Young, presented to that parish by the
Patron, the counsel were heard on Friday in the case, and the
further arguments were adjourned until yesterday (Monday.)

UNITED STATES.

--

By the packet-ship England, Captain Waite, we have re-
ceived New York papers to the 20th ult. ; and by the transit
ship Russell Glover :0 the 22d ult.

No authentic particulars had been allowed to transpire
respecting the negotiations between Lord Ashburton and the
United States' Executive. The Queen's messenger, carried
to Halifax by the Rhadamanthus steamer, arrived at Boston
on the 18th ult., in the Britannia, and proceeded express to
Washington. The negociations for a settlement of the dif-
ferences between Great Britain and the United States would
be quickened on the arrival of the despatches of which he
was the bearer, and terminate, it was hoped and believed,
in the early and satisfactory adjustment of the boundary and
other disputes.
_ .

The bin extending the tariff laws till the Ist of August was
before the Senate on the 18th ult. Mr. Preston on that day
expressed a hope that the bill would be taken up on the 20th.
The subject, he said, was pressing and important, and con-
nected with exciting questions, and the sooner it was disposed
of the better. It was generally believed, that the President
was determined to veto any bill providing for the collecting
of the existing tariff after the Ist of July, or imposing any
additional tariff, unless the same bill should provide for the
repeal of the law distributing the proceeds of the public lands
among the States. _ _ _

Two speeches had been delivered in support of the assump-
tion by the Federal Government of the debts of the insolvent
States. The proposal had caused no little sensation among
the citizens.

The proceedings in Congress are reported to the 20th ult.
inclusive. The House of Representatives, on the motion of
Mr. Fillmore, resolved itself into a committee of the whole
on the state of the Union, and resumed the consideration of
the bill " to provide revenue from imports, and to change
and modify existing laws imposing duties on imports, and
for other purposes." A debate arose, which turned on an
amendment, that. instead of Mr. Fillmore's bill, the bill
which had heretofore been reported from the minority of the
committee on manufactures should be adopted. Several
members spoke, but the usual time having elapsed, the
committee rose and reported progress.
The money market was easy. Not much business had
been transacted in the stock market. Gold was finding its
way from England, the imports of specie having been con-
siderable. _ _

A few bills on London had been negociated for the Eng-
land at 106* to 107. On France the rate was 5,40 to 5,374.
Buenos Ayres papers to. .the 2d of May bad been received
at Philadelphia. The Bratsk Packet, of the 30th of April,
contained the official account of the complete defeat of the
forces of Lopez of Santa Fe, on the 20th, at San Pedro, about
nine leagues to the north of the capital of that province, and
on the borders of the Chaco. Lopez, it appears, was drawn
into the action by a stratagem of General Oribe, and disco-
vered his error when too late to avoid the encounter. The
results of the affair are stated to be 200 killed and 250 pri-
soners. There were also captured 15,000 horses, 30,000 head
of cattle, 4 pieces of artillery, baggage, &c. Of the 2000
men carried into action by Lopez, some 1200 to 1300 almost
at the first charge passed over to the ranks of the Federal
army. Lopez himself, accompanied by two adjutants, had
effected his escape to an island in the Parana. The head-
quarters of the army of the Confederation were at Coronda.
The force consisted of more than 10,000 effective men of the
three arms, under the orders of Generals Oribe, Pacheco,
and Echague. A small body under Colonel Santa Coloma
had occupied the city of Santa Fe.

RAILWAY ADJUDICATIONS

COURT OF EXCHEQUER.-JULY 7

PICKFORD V. THE GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY COM-
PANY.—Mr. Baron PARKE gave judgment in this case as
follows :—The two main questions raised in this case are
first, whether the defendants were bound to carry a hamper
containing several parcels, each less than 1121b5., directed
to and intneded for different persons, for the sum offered to
them by the plaintiffs ; and secondly, whether they were
bound to carry a parcel from Manchester to Camden Town
for the sum offered to them by the plaintiffs. There were
two hampers, each containing several small parcels, tendered
at different times to the defendants, but the same question
arises out of both. The sum tendered in respect of each is
found to be the frill amount the defendants were entitled to
receive for the receipt and carriage of the hamper and its
contents, and for all other charges, unless the defendants
were entitled to charge for each parcel contained in the ham-
per separately, or to charge a penny per pound on the gross
weight of the hamper and its contents. We are to determine,
therefore, whether the defendants are entitled to make either
charge—a mixed question of law and fact—the fact being
submitted to us, by the consent of the parties, as to a jury.
Under the Act of Parliament establishing the Grand Junction
Eailway Company, 3d Geo. IV, cap. 34, the company is au-
thorised, by sec. 156, to carry on that railway all such goods,
&c., as shall be offered to them, and to make such reasonable
charges for such carriage and conveyance as they may from
time to time determine upon, in addition to the tonnage and
toll, without any other restriction, in the case of goods, than
that the charge should be reasonable.

By 4th William IV, cap. 19, these powers are
extended to the carriage of all goods that should be offered
on other railways, but they are still to make reasonable
charges for such carriage. By virtue of this clause, the com-
pany in their character of common carriers are bound to
carry for reasonable charges, if reasonable charges are ten-
dered. The true question, therefore, is resolved into this :
whether for the hamper containing small parcels it is reason-
able to charge either for each parcel contained in the hamper
separately, small parcels consigned to different persons, or
one penny per pound on the gross weight of each hamper and
its contents. The charge is no doubt to be varied according
to the trouble, expense, and responsibility attending the
receipt, carriage, and delivery of the different articles, and
for small parcels more ought to be paid than a proportionate
part, according to the weight and price of larger parcels of
the same commodity, by reason of the great trouble in re-
ceiving, dispatching, and delivering, as they are exposed
to a much greater risk of abstraction or loss. But if all
the small parcels are united in one package, and delivered
for carriage in that package, consigned to one person, the
trouble and responsibility are apparently reduced precisely
to the same degree as if all the articles contained in the
package were the property of the same owner, and intend-
ed to be delivered to him. There would seem, there-
fore, to be no right to charge for such package of distinct
parcels belonging to different owners, more than if they be-
longed to the same ; but then, it is urged on the part of the
defendants, that there really is an increased responsibility,
arising from the simple fact that each parcel is the property
of a distinct owner, because it is said that in the event of a
misdelivery, the company would be liable to several actions
of trover instead of one; and even in case of loss or damage
by neglect, each separate owner might maintain an action,
on the custom of England, with respect to his own goods.
It is very doubtful at least whether on
,the custom of Eng-
land separate actions could be maintained, as the relation of
employer and carrier would not have subsisted between
them and the companY, but between them and the plaintiffs.
As the action of trover, however, could be maintained, it
would not be unreasonable to allow some additional remu-
neration on account, not of the liability to pay greater
damages, for they would be the same in both cases, but to
pay the same damage by means of different suits. We are
relieved, however, from the necessity of deciding what the
precise amount of additional compensation should be (which
at all events should be trifling), because it is admitted in
the special case the sum', tendered is proper, unless the de-
fendants had a right to charge for separate parcels, which
they certainly had not ; because, neither the trouble, ex-
pense, nor responsibility is the same as if the parcels had
been separate, or unless the defendants had a right to charge
one penny per pound. We have no difficulty in saying, that
the last-mentioned remuneration is excessive, and unjustified
by the increase of responsibility, from the circumstance of
the properties being separate. It is impossible to support,
on this ground, the charge £4 Is. Bd. for the first package,
of which, if it had consisted of parcels, one property,
£1 6s. fid would have been the property charge, and a charge
of £3 is. 6d. instead of 9s. for the second.
We are of opinion that the plaintiffs are entitled to our
judgment on the first question raised between them, which
is the subject of the two first counts. On the second ques-
tion the Court have already intimated their opinion that this
Company cannot support a claim for the same sum for car-
riage to Camden Town, and for a carriage thither and deli-
very at any place in London. By the provision already re-
ferred to they are to carry for reasonable charges for carri-
age ; and by the 3d Victoria, cap. 49, sec. 26, such charges
are to be made equally; and it is clearly unreasonable and
unequal to charge the same sum to a consignee who is willing
to receive the goods at Camden Town, and one who requests
them to be delivered at the London Docks or elsewhere in
London. _

The plaintiffs are bound to pay the balance of 655. per ton
after deducting a reasonable charge for delivering in London
and no more, and the defendants must carry to, and deliver
at, Camden Town for that sum. The plaintiffs are there-
fore entitled to succeed on the second issue raised by the
special case, and the verdict on all the issues is to be entered
for the plaintiffs.

RAIN.-Dr. Dalton gives the following, as the results de-
rived from forty-seven years' observation and experience, in
the last and recently published volume of the " Memoirs of
the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society." It
refers, of course, chiefly to the quantity of rain that has fallen
at Manchester within that period :—" The rain in the first
six months of the year is to that in the last six months almost
exactly as two to three, on the general average, for the last
47 years ; and it cannot fail being remarked that the transi-
tion from the wet period of the year to the dry one, and vice
versa, is very abrupt. December is nearly the wettest month
of the year, and January nearly the driest; there is 1 2-10
inch of rain in difference. Again June is one of the dry
periods, and July is eminently wet ; the difference of the rain
in these two successive months is one inch ; this is about
twice as great as any other difference in two successive months
months of the year. In my former essay I have advanced
a reason, which, indeed is obvious to any one acquainted
with the constitution of the atmosphere, why the first half
of the year should be the dry season, and the last half the
wet season. In January the portion of vapour in the atmos-
phere is small; the general temperature of the air is daily
increasing till July, so as to enable it to support the quantity
of vapour already in it, and to maintain the increasing portion
of it also. But from July to January the extra quantity of
vapour must fall in addition to the other causes of rain,
which operate at all seasons of the year. This principle is
general, and must operate on all parts of the earth. The
dry seasons universally will be found to take place during
the period the sun is approaching the zenith, and the wet
seasons during that period the sun is retreating from the
zenith. But the very abrupt transition from dry to wet in
the months of June and July, and also, from wet to day in
the months of December and January, is by no means so
obvious. The maximum of temperature takes place in July,
and even sometimes in August.

IRON WILL SUPERSEDE WOOD FOR SHIP-BUILDING.—
Iron ships are especially calculated for that vast revolution
in the navigation of the world which is at hand, by steam
vessels superseding every other navigation or mode of sail-
ing. Without iron ships this could never be, from the diffi-
culty of building very large ships of wood to draw little water,
with a due regard to those principles of naval architecture
which are indispensible in their structure. The consequence
would be, that sailing vessels never would be superseded by
steamers for the conveyance of general freights, but for iron
ships. Hitherto, wood ships of an ordinary build have been
as large as may have been deemed manageable under sails.
There has been the limit. But where will be the limits of
steam power ? The only limits to the size of iron vessels are
the draft of water and extent of traffic. As far as relates to
the strength, fiotition, and control, there is no limit. Such,
indeed, are the advantages of iron ships over those built of
wood, that they only require to be known and understood to
be universally adopted, to the exclusion of all others. No
wood ships can compete with iron ships in profit or seem_
modation ; and, wherever wood ships are now employed,
iron ships may supersede them, and defy competition, even
with old established trades. 1 fearlessly predict this to be
the case, and that, after a few years, no large wood ship will
be built in England, either for mercantile or naval purposes.
I make these statements after a mature and deliberate con-
sideration. I feel that I may be saying more than can be at
once admitted by your committee; but whether they may
establish confidence or distrust in.tuY opinion, ' feel that I
should be wanting in my duty, both to you and 'the mamit..
wood shiPs,
tee in Bengal, were Ito express less than .1 have .1
-one, hav-
-9
ing the fullest conviction that, were you to .build
you could not work them longer than you could replace them
with iron ; consequently great loss would be the result._
From Mr. Holmes's Report on Steam Navigation to India,
quoted by Mr. Grantham in his recently published work on
" Iron, as a Material for Ship-building." .