The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1842-06-07 00:00:00

EMIGRATION

(From the Scotsman:)
We lately gave an account of the emigration to Canada,
but a recent return puts us in possession of the amount of
emigration to all quarters of the globe. The following table
gives the number of persons who emigrated to all foreign
countries in 1841 :
To America : England. Scotland. Ireland. Total.
United States
Texas 46 46
Central America lO6 106
North American Colonies:
Canada
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia and Cape Breton 618 1693 33 2344
Newfoundland
Prince Edward's Island .. 325 885 621 1831

West Indies :
Jamaica
British Guiana
Trinidad
Other West India Islands
Falkland Islands .
Western Africa ..
Capeof Good Hope ....
Mauritius
Moulmein

Australian Colonies:
Sydney
Port Philip
Van Dietnanen's Land
South Austrrlia
Western Australia ...
New Zealand ...• •• .

26 623

2214 17492
2206 9894
- 806
- 175
- 357
- 3901

757
168
357
3888

72104 14060 32428 118592

There is something curious in the preference which the
emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland display for
different localitl'es. The proportions emigrating to the
countries below are as follow :

EMIGRANTS.
English. Scottish. Irish.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
To United States
To Sydney
To Canada B4 25 50
To Port Philip
The 118,592 emigrants, probably, carried with them, or
expended on their passage, £2O each ; and thus the money
which left the country must have amounted to upwards of
£2,000,000.

This gigantic emigration is one of the things which convey
an idea of the immense resources of Britain. The United
Kingdom contains only the ninth part of the population of
Europe ; and we believe it may be safely said, that all the
other eight parts do not send out half the number of emi-
grants annually which are sent out by the British isles
alone.

ADMIRALTY COURT-FRIDAY

THE VOLANT-COLLISION-JUDGMENT

Dr. Lushington proceeded to give judgment in this case.
The question to be decided, he said, was of some difficulty
and of very considerable importance. It was an action for
damage brought by the owners of the Beatitude, for £2,300.
The vessel proceeded against was of the value of £675 only,
and when the case came before the court, it being assisted by
Trinity masters, it was held that the collision arose in con-
sequence of the misconduct of the captain of the Volant, who
with four other persons were the owners of the vessel. The
question now for the decision of the court was, if the court
could enforce payment beyond the value of the ship, it hav-
ing been asked to pronounce that the master was also liable.
There had been two cases cited; one for and the other against
the liability of the master—the Triune, decided by Sir John
Nichol, and the Hope, decided by himself. He (Dr Lush-
ington) was not aware of the decision in the case of the
Triune, when he decided that of the Hope, and, therefore,
he should look at the point now before him as an open ques-
tion, not being bound by either. By the ancient maritime
law, the owners of vessels doing damage were bound to make
it good, if the amount claimed was not more than the ship
doing the damage was worth. That court had jurisdiction
in cases of damage over the whole seas, and the usual mode
was to arrest the vessel; but its jurisdiction, where an ap-
pearance was not given,'did not exist beyond the value of the
ship. The owners were called to enter an appearance to the
value of the ship in cases of damage, and no further. Bail
could not be demanded beyond the value of the ship, and
the warrant of arrest was confined to that ; nor could any
other claim be engrafted upon it. In the case of Wilson v.
Dickson, 2d Barnewell and Alderson, it was held by Baron
Bayley, under the sth Geo. 111, that the liabilities of owners
were limited. The question then arose if the co-owners
were liable, the master being part owner, and the loss having
occurred through his misconduct. The verdict was for the
defendant. The substance in effect of this decision was to
protect the master, though part owner. He (Dr. Lushing-
ton) was of opinion that the master in this case being a part
owner, and the damage having been the result of his miscon-
duct,m the parties proceeding must sue him in the first in-
stance. The promoters of the suit rnnst set out first with a
personal action, and most clearly that had not been done in
the present case. He must pronounce for the damage; but
the court could not enforce payment beyond the value of the
ship and freight, and condemn the owners who have ap-
peared in the costs.

So soon as the Seine shall have become shallow, from the
progress of the season, says the Moniteur Parisien, the bed
of it, between the Pout d'Austerlitz and the Pont de Gre-
nelle, will be explored by means of a newly-invented diving-
bell, as it is supposed that valuable property was thrown in
there during the revolutions.
SCOTTISH CHURCHES IN ANCIENT TIDIES.7It iS a some-
what curious circumstance that Scotland, which appears in
ancient times to have been distinguished among the nations
for her magnificent temples, should have become remarkable
for the adoption of the most short-sighted notions with re-
gard to the use of churches. The sound opinions formerly
entertained in Scotland on this subject have been noticed by
the excellent Bishop Jeremy Taylor, whose soul loved every
thing that was beautiful and grand, and who speaks of our
country as being " famous in former times for so much piety
that the devotion of the natives under so cold a clime—whe-
ther you t,onsider the rich endowments, or the magnificent
structures of places dedicated to God's service—can hardly
be watched."* Now-a-days a church appears to be consi-
dered by many people to be nothing else but a place for hear-
ing ministers speak in; and consequently. it is thought that
it should be a house just capable of holding as many people
as can hear the minister's discourse, and that it should have
no ornaments which a mob could destroy. It is also a down
laid principle that too little money cannot be spent upon the
temples of religion. Now surely a devout heart would
naturally conceive that there are many uses of a church be-
sides its adaptation to the hearing of sermons. Is it super-
stition to say that a church ought to be vast enough for that
as well as for other purposes—that it ought to be an earthly
symbol of the eternal temple not made with hands—a place
to which the thankful and prosperous might repair, and offer
up their praises to the throne of grace—the meditative to
heighten the rapture of their contemplations—and the broken.
hearted to pour out their souls before. the God of all conso-
lation—and that every aid which the feelings can derive from
external objects, should be there ever present ?—Bruce's
Eminent Men of Aberdeen.—Cafe of Bishop Gavin Dunbar.
In his Address to the Reader, prefixed to Spotiswood's
History of the Church of Scotland, folio, London, 1668,

f Varitaintitt.

HOUSE OF LORDS,—Ttitiftsn4Y.
The LORD CHANCELLOR read her Majesty's most gFa•
cious answer to their lordships' address on her recent escape,
which answer was ordered to be entered on the journals.
On the motion of the Earl of RIPON the Income Tax Bill
was read a first time, and ordered to be read a second time
on Friday next. . .

Lord KINNAIRD then brought his motion for a select
committee to inquire into the present state of distress pre-
vailing through the country. He adverted to the Queen's
letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, which he thought
most impolitic, because it was addressed exclusively to the
established church, instead of being addressed generally to
the clergy of all denominations, calling upon them to aid in
the work of charity. He supposed its being exclusively ad-
dressed to the right rev. prelate was with a view to show a
mark of distinction to the established church. The noble
lord then charged the government with applying public
money to suppress the exposure of the magnitude of the dis- I
tress by doing something towards its alleviation. The peo-
ple being in a state of deep suffering asked their lordships
for bread, and they gave them a stone, as was evident from
the fact that since the passing of the late corn law the price
of corn had risen 35., with a likelihood of a still further in-
crease. The noble lord entered into various statistics re-
specting Manchester, Bolton, Dundee, Leeds, Paisley, and
other large manufacturing towns, showing that both crime
and distress were largely on the increase of late years,
although the poor's rates had also been largely increased du-
ring the same period. Such, in fact, was the state of the
manufacturing districts, that their lordships were treading on
a mine. After dwelling at much length on the intense suffer-
ings of the people, the noble lord besought them, on behalf
of that people, to grant the committee for which he prayed.
The Duke of WELLINGTON said the noble lord had at
great length laboured to prove that which every one admitted
—the great distress prevailing through the manufacturing
districts. With respect to the money advanced by govern-
ment to relieve distress, he admitted it was not exactly con-
sistent with the principles of our law to do so, but at the
same time it was by no means unprecedented. When the
means of a particular locality became wholly exhausted, the
Government had stepped in to afford assistance, and were
justified by the necessity of the case. With respect to ad-
dressing the Queen's letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury
exclusively, it was impossible that any other course could be
adopted to obtain the end in view. The whole aim and ob-
ject of the noble lord, in moving for his committee, appeared
to be ultimately to have the corn law, so recently passed, re-
pealed ; and certainly an inquiry going on in this way from
day to day could scarcely fail to produce a great excitement
through the country. He hoped their lordships would nega-
tive the motion of the noble lord.

The Earl of RADNOR said the noble duke had attributed
motives to his noble friend (Lord Kinnaird) for which nothing
that had fallen from him had given the slightest foundation.
The fault be found with the Queen's letter was that it was
a most inadequate and ridiculous mode of endeavouring to
meet distress of such magnitude as that which now prevailed.
The noble earl then contended, that the new corn law, at
present prices, was quite as prohibitory to importation as the
old corn law ; and that the recent alteration had, therefore,
been productive of no benefit to the mass of the people who
were in such deep distress.
The Duke of RICHMOND was of opinion that they would
only aggravate the distress which now prevailed by assenting
to this committee. It would create alarm amongst the agri-
culturists, for the obvious inference would be that another
change of the corn-laws was in contemplation. He regretted
that his noble friend had permitted himself to be made a tool
of by the Anti-Corn-Law League.
The Marquis of CLANRICARDE thought it was a fact cal-
culated to excite deep horror to know that, although the
population of the country had largely increased, the consump-
tion of food had considerably diminished. He hoped his
noble friend would not press his motion to a division, for the
committee must go into a variety of subjects, for the discus-
sion of which he did not think the house suffi&ently prepared.
Lord WESTERN thought some inquiry should take place
into the cause of the distress.

Lord MONTE A GLE thought it was an unfortunate circum-
stance that this inquiry should have been introduced so late
in the session, and still more unfortunate that it should be
refused by the government.
After some explanations from the Duke of WELLINGTON,
the Earl of RADNOR, and Lord FITZGERALD,
Lord KINN A IRD withdrew his motion, after which their
lordships adjourned.

-...11,1..-..-•---.....

HOUSE OF LORDS.-FRIDAY

Lord BEAUMONT presented a petition from the East India
Committee of the Colonial Society, praying for the produc-
tion of papers connected with the affairs of Affghanistan, in
order to enable them to judge of the necessity for the recent
proceedings in India. The noble lord entered into a long
narrative of the transactions which led to the occupation of
Affghanistan, and intimated that if any public inconvenience
was likely to follow the production of the papers, he would
not for a moment press for them.
Lord FITZGERALD declined to follow the noble lord in the
history which he had given of these transactions, be-
cause it would not only be unfair to the late government, who
were responsible for these transactions, but because, in the
present imperfect state of our information, and in the doubt-
ful position of our army beyond the Indus, such a discussion
would be both premature and ill-timed.
The petition was then ordered to lie on the table, and some
bills being forwarded a stage their lordships adjourned.