The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1842-05-17 00:00:00

energy, all the powers of description, and all that vivid per-
ption of the Irish character, which first drew it into de-
NI repute throughout the kingdom. The number is
ted to the scenery, character, &c., of the maritime
f Down, and the inland counties of Monaghan and
-J.-- The whole is replete with interesting description,
and legendary and historical lore. The plates and wood-cuts
are of the usual excellence. Two of the former, which
appear as frontispieces, are exceedingly beautiful. They are
vignette views—one of Rosstrevor, Down ; and the other of
Carrickfergus ; both in the exquisitely delicate style of the
art. At the close of this part will be found a very interesting
account :of the redeeming effects of the introduction of
manufactories—particularly of one established on the river
Mourne, in Tyrone, by Messrs. Herdman; those employed
at which enjoy all the comforts and happiness of English
cottagers. The mill is, we believe, driven by water, of which
there is an ample supply in almost every part of Ireland.
Our authors conclude their remarks on this subject iu the
following words :
" We hope the gentry of Ireland will use the exertions
which are called for, and are easily made, to aid the agricul-
turist—by creating fresh consumption for the country's pro-
duce. The establishment of such factories as that of Messrs.
Herdman increases a demand for the ordinary necessaries of
life, and by judicious management one class might be brought
to work for the other, thus combining the rural and manu-
facturing interests, so as to aid the prosperity of the country.
We had so often grieved beside the noble waters rushing
their race, with power to turn the sand they sport with into
gold, that the sound became almost as " a dirge ;" for where-
ever we went, we saw them, like strong giants, eager to
wrestle with something worthy their strength. The factory
in the wilds of Tyrone was so perfectly what we had often
desired to see established and prospering in Ireland, that we
have dwelt upon it longer than may be interesting to all our
readers, though the safe working of such a system carries so
much moral influence with it—induces such genuine prospe-
rity—that we have been more than commonly anxious to sa-
tisfy our English readers of the proof being in existence—
that in a peculiarly wild district in the north of Ireland, ca-
pital may be safely and advantageously invested to any
amount, and a peasantry found, not only to work, but to
understand the respect due to property, and the advantage
which it gives where it is diffused.
" It is slander to characterise the Irish peasant as an idler ;
he is often idle, it is true, but it is only because, as often, his
time is worth so little as to seem scarcely worthy of consi-
deration. Not unfrequently, the waste of an hour involves
the loss of but a single halfpenny ; and it can seldom be said
to cause the sacrifice of a solitary comfort or enjoyment—
much less a luxury. A time is no doubt approaching, when
hard labour will procure something more for the bard la-
bourer than the mere means of preserving existence ; habits
of continuous industry and proper thrift will come with the
change.
" Agitation, even since we commenced this work, has been
gradually but surely losing strength ; causes of complaint are,
every day, becoming less and less numerous and infinitely
less substantial ; there now appears to be but one subject
left to the agitator—and that one is not only not responded
to—it is scorned and scouted by all the rational and right-
thinking of the country, who are " patriots " in the true
sense of the term. The agitators are like workmen who
have broken their tools."

Coombe Abbey ; an Historical Tale of the Reign of James I.
William Currie, jun., and Co., Dublin ; and W. S. Orr

and Co., London

No. 1 of this tale is before us, and we have perused it with
very considerable interest. The story carries us back to the
stirring political events that marked the beginning of the 17th
century, immediately prior to, and succeeding, the death of
Queen Elizabeth. The characters hitherto introduced to the
reader's acquaintance are well conceived, particularly those
of De Lacy and Lord St. Clare, and his lovely daughter
Edith. The imaginative portion is agreeably blended with
the historical, so the whole has an air of vraisemblance which
renders it more impressive, and, we may add, valuable, than
if it were the mere offspring of fiction. The language is well
chosen, clear, and often elegant, without being overloaded
by cloying and unnecessary ornament—too often resorted to,
in paucity of facts, by our modern novelists. The book is
illustrated by numerous neat engravings on wood. Several
agreeable episodes are introduced ; amongst which the story
of the monk. Thomas of Coventry, will be read with interest,
as demonstrative of the character of the times to which it
refers. As we have yet but the two opening chapters, we
cannot venture to predict what precise rank the tale will hold
amidst the literary productions of the day ; but, judging by

what is before us, which exhibits considerable powers of des-

cription and vigour of conception, we may augur that its
completion will be as gratifying to the public, as it will be
honourable to the head and heart of the writer. It is from
the pen of an amiable and highly gifted lady, who, with cha-

racteristic modesty, shrinks from the immediate avowal of

al habitation and a name

TENTH LECTURE ON THE CREED OF POPE

The tenth lecture in the series, on the creed of Pope Pius
the Fourth, was delivered on Friday evening last, in the
Music Hall, Bold-street, by the Rev. Dr. O'Sullivan, in the
presence of a very large and highly respectable auditory. The
subject assigned to the rev. gentleman, was the following ar-
ticle in the creed as enlarged by Pope Pius :—" I do acknow-
ledge the holy catholic and apostolic church of Rome for the
mother and mistress of all churches ; and I do promise and
swear true obedience to the Bishop of Rome, the successor
of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, and the Vicar of
Jesus Christ." In the original Latin, this article runs thus :
" Sanctum, Catholic= et A postolicam Romanam Ecclesiam,
onmium Ecclesiarum matrem et magistram agnosco ; Roman-
oque Pontifici, bead Petri Apostolorum principis successori,
ac Jesu Christi Vicario, verarn obedientam spondeo ac juro.”
On the motion of Mr. HOWARD, seconded by Mr. BOUT-
FLOWER, Mr. MIDDLETON was unanimously requested to
take the chair ; and the Rev. THOMAS NOLAN having sup-
plicated the divine blessing upon the proceedings,
Dr. O'SrittivAN rose, and his appearance was greeted by
loud and general applause. After a few appropriate intro-
ductory remarks, he read the article which he was about to
expound, and proceeded—Do you notalready perceive that this
profession is directly contrary to the profession, in the Chris-
tian faith, of the Catholic creed to which it is pretended that
these articles are supplementary ? We often hear those who
undertake to defend the Church of Rome for her issue of a
new creed, affirming that she is justified, because among her
new articles there is nothing in the slightest degree opposed
to the articles of the christian faith. Now you remember,
that the article to which this, under pretence, is supplement-
ary, but in reality opposed, is a promise to believe in one ca-
tholic and apostolic church. The christian faith holds that
that there is one church; all who hold the faith in sincerity,
all who are children of God belong to that one church,
which is catholic, universal, and apostolic. The Romish
creed pronounces that there are several churches—a mother
church, and many of her progeny. And which is the mother
church ? Is it the church of Jerusalem, wherein the Holy
Ghost descended, and set apart the apostles, by a miraculous
manifestation, for the great work entrusted to them ? Is it
that of Antioch wherein the disciples first received the name
of christians ? No. These would be the mother, if there
were such a distinction allowed between churches of the Ca-
tholic faith ; but there are other churches in communion by
means of this creed of Pope Pius the IVth, and if this church
which remains by confession of the Romanists themselves, did
not exist as a church until long after there had been churches
at Jerusalem
Cesarea, Samaria, and Antioch, let her advo-
cates shew her oriein as the mother of all the churches that
had preceded her, and not only as mother but mistress also.
second part of this article is perhaps indicative of a still
more °lt profane opposition to the catholic creed. How is it we
receive
lie faitlaie article respecting the Catholic church in the Catho-
dic %A_ Ghost, 111 in connection with our profession of belief in
prophet:host, the Lord and giver of life, who spake by the
of life. what is
in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and giver
know thee the is
life ? " This is life eternal, that they may
sent." We believe God and Jesus Christ whom thou hast
Ghost whom Chris° in the Catholic church and in the Holy
Christ has sent to ite.Allas sent to govern his church, whom
life in him. If ther—e the knowledge of him, and to give
office of the holy spirits' a vicariate for Christ, surely the
this new creed of RornaVhat vicariate—(hear)—and when
may be a sinful man, a weal; man, that a man who
to be regarded as the vicar of the , an unbelieving man, is yet
1, the Sixteenth against the Gre-
gory e Lord, it is setting up Gre-
Imiril Whom , •
and it is thus opposing Christ ora Christ has sent,
(Loud cheers.) a own appointed vicariate.
The reverend gentleman then said, that although
professions were separated in the article h these two
they might be regarded as one, the pr •
~,, , e had just read,
they faith and-a—ea"ccaning f which'
was a profession of obedience in the Pope°h
But the promise of true obedience to the Pope laboured el
'er the difficulty of not being plainly intelligible. Hoe un-
verend gentleman asked, will you determine true ovt:etr
1 , Is it obedience according to the judgment of him who rights and authority of him who is °
.rs it, or to the
The law, s to
Certainly the latter. our civil conatitu-
military code, require that those who owe obedi-
be accepted as a
-nder it ; and it never will
ex-
man who has notdone his duty by
part of any
he rendered itaccording to
to
obedience, that
law
was • ( due Hear.) The requires that
uate to the authority
Joediedee rendered shall.
be adeq
I Now, how is it that obe-
-1 power of him who exacts -ti, What is the capacity
woe can be rendered to the Pop
in .
) Although we are not all mi-
in w ch, the Pope claims it •
of the various parties into
acquainted with the details
• uainted with the
...re divided, we are all
act% what are called
_action which classes them in t
~
' Ultra-mon ones
-ea"
in
upon the one side and '
and the
upon me other—the Italian school upon one side,
(Hear.)
in
French school upon the other side, of Romanis.
According to one of these, the Italian Romanists, the Pope
the chair of St. Peter is, they say, infallible : whatever lie
speaks is to be regarded with the same submissive deference
as if God visible in the flesh had spoken : he can not in any
respect err from the truth ; he can not mislead ' • and none
can hope to receive instruction in the truth, such as may be
serviceable for his soul's interest, unless he submits himself
implicitly to the direction of the Pope. (Hear, hear.) The
other school holds that the Pope is head indeedofthe bishops;
that is to say, he holds the first rank among the bishops, but
that he, as any other man, may err; that, so far from being
endowed with powers to lead the church, even though the
mass of those who compose the church differed from him, he
may himself be cited to the tribunal of the assembled church,
may be there convicted of error, and may be deposed for his
offence. Now, if either of these be true, it is impossible for
the two parties to ob" true oiled' " serve their duty to God, and render
.. .en,cc to the po-7,
olf the Gallic= school of

receive

and Do

suppoE

which Roinani,

eisapit

conceived that in the system of the Church of Rome it was
possible to distinguish between the church and the court,
between religion and policy. He believed that many mem-
bers of the Church of Rome in their conscience revolted
against the intolerance of that church with the same spirit of

_ .
honour as Protestants revolted ; and he thought it would be
possible to mark out by such distinctions as could not be

misunderstood, who were members of the Church of Rome,
purely in their religious capacity, and those who were

ready to be when time required, the ready instruments
for its practical malignity. In endeavouring to mark this

distinction, he formed a very close intimacy with an eminent
Franciscan, whose name was Peter Walsh ; and, with his
assistance, he framed a document called " A Remonstrance,"
which good Roman Catholics were tp sign—every man who
was willing to sign what are rightly drilled the intolerant po-
litics of the Church of Rome, and those who attached them-
selves to it from motives of religion being invited to affix
their names to this document. Ormond was not so success-
ful as he desired ; the Romanist party then in the rule were
extremely desirous of keeping the whole body together, and
to allow no such separation as Ormond demanded ; and the
consequence was that his scheme fell to the ground. I have
stated these particulars for the sake of mentioning a reply of
Ormond to Walsh. Late in Ormond's life, and after a long,
stormy, and perilous career, where the old friar Walsh and
his benevolent patron were both verging towards the grave,
Walsh, upon one occasion, took -an opportunity of speak-
ing to the Duke upon the necessity of his becoming a
member of the Church of Rome ; and bemoaned himself of
the feverish anxiety that possessed him lest a man so amiable,
generous, and pure-minded as Ormond should die out of the
Church of Rome, and so, as Walsh repeated it, die out of
the pale of salvation. Ormond's reply was characteristic,—
" Have you lived with me these many perilous years, and
have you never expressed that fear to me before ?" (Cheers.)
It never was repeated again. Now, sir, this expression con-
tains the principles of my first objection to the doctrine
assigned by this clause of obedience to the pope. (Hear.)
For 1563 years the church, the catholic church, had no such
clause as this in its profession of faith ; its creed satisfied the
demands of the people of the eastern and western world for
those fifteen centuries; it satisfied the demands and the ne-
cessities of the church assembled in twenty-one general
councils, and in more provincial councils than we should be
able easily to reckon up; and after the last of the general coun-
cils, and after the lapse of 1563 years a bishop of Rome com-
manded that in the profession of faith there must be a
promise of obedience to him, and he gives this promise a
place which assigns to it an equal importance with believing
in God or Jesus Christ! (Hear.)
The rev. gentleman then tested the validity of the excuse
asserted by the church of Rome for not propounding her
doctrines sooner, namely, that she propounds her articles of
faith when men have opposed them, and showed that it
cannot, for one moment, be received.
The second objection to the clause was next considered,
namely, its untruth and unscriptural character. The prin-
ciple upon which the church of Rome rested this doctrine
was, that St. Peter was appointed chief of the apostles, and
he transmitted, having been empowered so to do, the autho-
rity confided to him to his successors in the bishopric of
Rome. Two things were here to be proved—first, that no
such authority was given to Peter; second, that no such au-
thority was transmitted by him to the see of Rome ; and
if either of these failed of proof the Romish doctrine fell in-
defensible.

It was perfectly clear that Peter's authority was in no way
connected directly with his acceptance of the Romish epis-
copate. If he were ever made superior to the apostles, it
was before he visited Rome, and be must have been then su-

perior in Jerusalem, in Samaria, and in Antioch. How came
it then that we were to believe, unless there was sufficient
evidence given, that this superiority was in aught connected
with his acceptation of the bishopric of Rome ? And was it
not a very remarkable fact, that the Holy Scriptures left us
altogether ignorant that Peter ever had visited Rome unless
we are to receive the appellation that he wrote from Babylon
as a proof that he was at Rome? (Hear.) It was avery cu-
rious fact that Romanism, in the poverty of its resources, and
in the reckless endeavour to establish her doctrine, pro-
nounced that Peter designated Rome as Babylon, in order to
show a scriptural authority for supposing that Peter was once
at Rome ! But it appeared to him that the silence of scrip-
ture on this subject of Peter's authority was very remarkable.
The reverend gentleman then noticed the argument for Peter
having been at Rome, drawn from the tradition that Peter
had there overthrown the magician Simon Magus, and showed
the absurdity of relying upon it as a proof of the truth of the
doctrine that Peter had delegated his authority to the Popes.
If it had been true, it would have been recorded in the Acts
of the Apostles, but no record of it was there to be found.
In the prosecution of this part of the subject, Dr. O'Sulli-
van recited the texts quoted by the Romanists, and he clearly
established from them that St. Peter never was at Rome,
and therefore could not have transmitted his authority to the
bishops of Rome. Romanism affected to adduce scriptural
proofs that Peter was the head of the Apostles but the pas-
sages which they selected in proof of this had, be found, va-
rious interpretations. There were four interpretations of
" the rock," which the Romanists said was Peter, upon
whom Christ said he would build his church. One consi-
dered Peter as the rock ; another regarded the whole body
of the Apostles as constituting the rock ; a third regarded
the faith confessed by Peter as the rock; and a fourth re-
garded the Lord himself as the rock. For the first interpre-
tation, that Peter was the rock, there had been the authority
of seventeen individual writers in the Church of Rome, and
the authority of one general council ; for the second inter-
pretation, that the Apostles constituted the rock, there had
been nineteen writers and two councils ; for the third inter-
pretation, that the rock was the faith confessed by Peter,
there had been forty-four authorities of individual writers
and five councils ; for the fourth interpretation, that our Lord
was the rock, there were sixteen authorities of individual
writers and four councils. (Hear.) When he spoke of in-
dividual authority, he meant the old fathers, whose writings
were of authority in the Church of Rome, and he included
no Protestant authority. Yet Rome, in defiance of her oath,
presumed to claim support from these councils !
After a very lengthened and most satisfactory exposition
of these several points, in which the true Protestant and
Scriptural principle was most ably vindicated, the reverend
gentleman concluded as follows :
And now, my reverend brethren, shall I say, or speaking
more clearly, all of you, the generous and true, with whom
we have had companionship—through some years of sorrow,
difficulty and apprehension, permit me, before I conclude, to
speak a word of hope and of consolation. Compare the cir-
cumstances under which we are at this day assembled with
what you may remember in a time recently passed, and say
whether we have not much cause for thankfulness and hope ?
I will not enter into details of remembrances with which the
past years have been fought ; they have left their traces, dark
enough, to be remembered ; but I will remind you generally
of a warfare openly and fiercely waged against God's church
—fiercely, though perhaps somewhat more insidiously, di-
rected against God's blessed word. Those times of which I
speak were times in which God put in the hearts of many
faithful servants a resolution to support his truth among
great trials. Some, whose names had been already in all the
churches, proved themselves worthy of the estimation in
which they were held, and even added new claims to the
world's applause ; some there were who came forth from
their retirement—from the quiet duties in which their hearts
had been formed—from homes rich in all household felicity
—and cast themselves upon the storm of public affairs. Was
there not a cause for all? (Hear.) But if they who thus
addressed themselves to the duties which a new state of
things demanded had not counted the cost of the undertaking,
they would soon have retreated from it. (Hear.) They
were tried by the severe test of obloquy—they were tried by
the almost equally forcible temptation of the approbation of
generous friends—for God has- so constituted the human
heart that it is acutely susceptible of praise and censure. By
both were those who stood forward to maintain God's
truth seriously opposed ; by both the cause they had
undertaken to defend was much embarrassed. (Hear.)
Where argument could not be resisted motives could
be suspected, and statements which, considered in themselves
alone, were shaped to bring conviction to many hearts, be-
came turned aside by the insinuation that those who made
them were influenced by evil motives. When they claimed
to be considered as advocates of religious interests, they were
accused of applying themselves to the advancement of poli-
tical ones ;—when they came to advocate a great cause, they
were accused as if they sought only their own advancement.
Can any such calumnies now hope to escape under the dis-
guise of honest censure, that they are attributed to those
who maintain the cause? How are we now satisfied ? If we
sought political ends, those ends have been obtained—those
whom it was supposed we would desire to see enthroned in
the offices of government are placed there ; the government
of the country is confided to them, and they are invested
with a degree of power by which the expectations of most
sanguine fancy are greatly outstripped. Do they require of
us to continue these exertions for disabusing the mind of
error in which we had been previously engaged? Do they
encourage us to continue in them ? (Hear. hear.) Does
any obvious and pressing necessity in their affairs demand,
in the judgment of any man, that we should have recourse
to such an expedient ? Do the friends in whom they are
supposed most to trust countenance or aid us in any such
endeavours ? Or is not the reverse of all this the truth?
Is it not universally the truth, that in a desire for repose,
a natural desire, those who hold place and power are ra-
ther anxious to discountenance every thing that may be
thought to savour of religious controversy? (Hear, hear.)
Is it not certain that the men who continue to engage in such
exertions, if they have the slightest regard to their own per-
sonal interests, will do harm to their personal interests by
continuing them ? And further, is it not the truth, that
they, with political ends in view, joined with us when they
thought that exertions made on behalf of religion would serve
them, now separate from us when they feel we can serve
their political ends no longer? (Hear.) I should be sorry
to
to be misunderstood. I have not the least idea of imputing
blame to anyfall to ; let every man be his. * own judge, and stand or
himself. I look upon it, there was a time when re-
ligious
maintained we we
nt,haenadamtheospeoiwuht.o hßauvte
hgoowt tihse
itg otso-erbnement, con-
vergedhonestly
that the ea explained
maintain the
dissipation of error
for the promulgation of truth and the
testant friends to cost
the world that the object (Loud cheers.) The rev. gentleman
t lecture by calling upon his Pro-
testant
of the truth.
nettle in their course, and thus show all
seat amidst loud cheers, the
they had in view was only the dis-
seminationO'Sullivan then resumed his
within a few minutes. lecture having lasted two hours
FIELDING OULD, the thanks of
On the motion of Mr. Row Atllto, seconded by the Rev.
to Dr. O'Sullivan for his able anaeemeeting were presented
the subject. onaincing exposition of
The Doxology was then sung, and the „app..,
The next lecture will be delivered on the evening
separated.
week, by Dr. O'Sullivan. evening of Friday

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.—On Friday last, the guar
of the trains of the Hull and Selby railway was run on one
un over,
and instantly killed, whilst unyoking one of the
waggonsgemri
the train. On the same day, one of the plate-layers pn the
Great North of England railway, was accidentally knocked
down by one of the trains on the line, and being run over,
only breathed once or twice after.

[Front tables on p. 38-9 it appears that 675 to 1000 is the
.oportion of children to adults in Yorkshire ; of which 352
_ _

are males and 36 females from thirteen to eighteen ; and 246
males and 41 females under thirteen.]
" 3. That in several districts female children begin to
work in these mines at the same early age as the males.
" 7. That the nature of the employment which is assigned
to the youngest children, generally that of trapping,' re-
quires that they should be in the pit as soon as the work of
the day commences, and according to the present system,
that they should not leave the pit before the work of the day
is at an end.

" 8. That although this employment scarcely the name of
labour, yet as the children engaged in it are commonly ex-
cluded from light, and are always without companions, it
would, were it not for the passing and re-passing of the coal
carriages, amount to solitary confinement of the worst order.
" 9. That * * * in some districts they [the workers] re-
main in solitude and darkness during the whole time they are
in the pit, and according to their own account, many of them
never see the light of day for weeks together during the
greater part of the winter season, excepting on those days in
the week when work is not going on, and on the Sundays.
" 10. That at different ages, from six years old and up-

wards the hard work of pushing and dragging the carriages
of coal from the workings to the mainways, or to the foot of
the shafts, begins ; a laour which all classes of witnesses
concur in stating requires the unremitting exertion of all the
physical power which the young workers possess.
That, in the districts in which females are taken down
into the coal mines, both sexes are employed together in pre-
cisely the same kind of labour, and work for the same num-
ber of hours ; that the girls and boys, and the young men and
young women, and even married women and women with
child, commonly work almost naked, and the men, in many
mines QUITE NAKED ; and that all classes of witnesses bear
testimony to the demoralizing influence of the employment of
females underground.

" 13. That when the workpeople are in full employment,
the regular hours of work for children and young persons are
rarely less than eleven ; more often they are twelve ; in some
districts they are thirteen ; and in one district they are gene-
rally fourteen and upwards.
" 14. That in the great majority of the coal mines night
work is a part of the ordinary system of labour. * * *
" 15. That the 'labour * * is generally uninterrupted
by any regular time set apart for rest and refreshment ; what
food is taken in the pit being eaten as best it may while the
labour continues."

And the report, after alluding to the dreadful accidents

which commonly occur in coal-mines, of the victims to
which " the proportion of children and young persons some-
times equals and rarely falls much below that of adults,"
concludes as follows : _ _

" 26. That partly by the severity of the labour and the
Long hours of work, and partly through the unhealthy state
of the place of work, this employment is at present carried
on in all the districts, deteriorates the physical constitution ;
in the thin seam mines, more especially, the limbs become

crippled and the body distorted ; and in general the muscu-
lar powers give way, and the workpeople are incapable of
following their occupation, at an earlier period of life than is
common in other branches of industry.
" 27. That by the same causes the seeds of painful and
mortal diseases are very often sown in childhood and youth ;
these slowly and steadily developing themselves assume a
formidable character between the age of 30 and 40 ; and each
generation of this class of the population is commonly ex-
tinct soon after fifty.';

In subsequent numbers of the STANDARD we shall make
copious extracts from this report.

OBJECTIONS TO OATHS

(From the Watchman.)
A short time ago, Lord Denman introduced a bill for the
purpose of affording to certain persons, having conscientious
objections to an oath, the same relief which is enjoyed by
the members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. His
lordship has since withdrawn the bill, for the purpose of
making certain alterations in it; but the measure itself, in
its general principles, may be considered as still pending.
We shall, therefore, request the reader's attention to a few
observations upon the subject.
To really conscientious objections—objections supposing
in those persons who make them a full submission to the
authority of Scripture, and arising from a persuasion, how-
ever mistaken we might consider it, that in Scripture oaths
were universally condemned, and all persons were bound by
it to speak on all occasions as in the divine presence—to ob-
jections of such a character, made under such circumstances,
great respect is undoubtedly due ; and the utmost relief that
is consistent with the unaltered maintenance of the princi-
ples of the British constitution in the administration of jus-
tice should be extended to the objectors. But the greatest
care ought, at the same time, to be taken,—that while all that
is consistently possible shall be done for conscientious, but,
as we must think them, mistaken, Christians, nought shall be
done to alter the originally religious character of the consti-
tution, to gratify the Infidel Latitudinarians,—the men who
are continually opposing charity to truth, and whose language
and conduct have long ago abundantly demonstrated that
their charity extends to anything, and everything, except
truth. Too much has been already conceded to this class ;
and its members evidently regard every concession as an in-
stalment which they receive both as payment in part, and as
an admission of their entire claim. Now, although, a news-
paper is not, by any means, the best place for theological
discussion, yet, as religious journalists, when a subject such
as the administration of oaths in courts of justice obtains par-
liamentary consideration, we may not only be allowed to refer
to it, but should be inexcusable were we not to do so.
The simple—we believe the exclusive—question to be de-
cided is—Whether, when our Lord said—(Matthew v. 34,
&c.)—" Swear not at all ; neither by heaven, for it is God's
throne ; nor by the earth, for it is his footstool, &c.—he re-
ferred only to the ordinary intercourse between man and
man, or whether he included the most solemn occasions, the
very solemnity and remarkableness of which proved their pe-
culiarity, and might, but for the command, have seemed to
justify a religious appeal to God himself,—and likewise, the
administration of justice, in which, heretofore, such appeals
had ordinarily been made ? We take the former view of the
case, for reasons to which we may be permitted to refer,
without entering into them fully.
In the first place, the passage in Matthew seems evidently
to refer to the ordinary intercourse of social life. And no
one who is at all acquainted with the writings of antiquity
can doubt but that oaths constituted—among the heathens
at all events—a regular portion of their speech. And Chris-
tianity was for Gentiles as well as Jews. Besides, there is a
plain reference in the passage to the oaths which bound in-
dividuals to particular acts, and which, therefore, they were
to " perform to the Lord." But there is no reference what-
ever to solemn appeals to God himself, in the administration
of justice, by those whom the Christian scriptures expressly
call " the ministers of God to us for good." (Rom. xiii.
4,6.) Let any person read, for instance, the conversation
between Socrates and his friends just before the fatal draught
was administered to him, and notice the plentiful admixture
of oaths, even in serious discourse ; and then let him notice,
with careful thought, the peculiar wording of the text relied
upon by those who think all oaths, on all occasions, unlaw-
ful,—" Swear not,—neither by heaven,—nor by earth,—nor
by Jerusalem,—nor by thy head,"—no mention being made
of solemn appeals to God himself—" but let your communi-
cation be, Yea, yea ; Nay, nay ;"—and say, whether it does
not appear, on the very face of the passage, that it refers to
the usual intercourse between man and man.

And, secondly, long after theproiiii)itlonin this text had
been delivered, we find the most unequivocal instances of
oaths by Christians. Our Lord himself, when false wit-
nesses testified against him, " held his peace ;" but when the
High Priest said—" I adjure thee by the living God, that
thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God,"—
then, being thus put, by the proper officer, the highest eccle-
siastical authority, the High Priest, to answer upon oath, he
did answer, and answer explicitly. And in the inspired
epistles,—for in this argument we go upon Christian princi-
ples,—instances occur, which we do think could not possibly
have occurred, had the prohibition of our Lord been as ex-
tensive as sometimes has been supposed. If the reader will
carefully peruse, Romans i. 9. " God is my witness, that with-
out ceasing I make mention of you in my prayers ;"—Roin. ix.
I.—" I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience

also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost ;"—I Cor. xv. 31,
"I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus
our Lord, I die daily;"-2 Cor. i. 18, "But as God is true,
our word toward you was not yea and nay ;"—ib. 23,
" Moreover, I call God for a record upon my soul, that to
.spare you I came not as yet into Corinth ;"—and Hebrews
vi. 13,-18, "When God made promise to Abraham, because
he could swear by no greater, he aware by himself. For men
verily swear by the greater, and an oath for confirmation is
to them an end of all strife. Wherein God, willing to show
the immutability of his counsel, confirmed it by an oath, &c.
To us it does not appear to be in the slightest degree proba-
ble, that if our Lord had intended an absolute and universal
prohibition of all direct and solemn appeals to God, such
passages as those above quoted would have occurred in the
inspired records and documents of the Christian religion.
We think, therefore, that though every form and shape of
swearing in the social intercourse of life is explicitly forbid-
den, yet that the prohibition does not extend to occasions,
solemn and decidedly peculiar, calling for appeals to God,—
nor to the administration of oaths in courts of law, in the
regular course of justice. We do think that had it been in-
tended to include those latter, the prohibition itself,—for
" Swear not all," is not the whole of the injunction, nor
ought it ever to be quoted as though it were so,—would have
been expressed in different language ; no direct appeals to
God,—the very essence of an oath,—would have occurred in
the inspired Scriptures; and when oaths. and their effect,
bad been referred to,—so that God himself is represented as
condescending thus to bind himself,—some caveat would
have been introduced to prevent the otherwise obvious infer-
ence, in limitation of the prohibition in Matthew.
We again say, that we entertain a sincere respect for the
real convictions of conscience, even when we think them
mistaken ; and that, to those who object to an oath because
of their conscientious submission to the authority of the
Scripture, whose language they see in a different light from
ourselves, all practicable relief should be extended. But we
w
this so done as to guard against the insidious
of the infidel philosophy and politics, which
banish
all religious observances from the State, in its
would
0u ldmovementsh a v
e
various branches, considered as the State, and when acting
officially. However necessary they may sometimes allow
ate life re t ,th
they would confine it to priva , s e State upon
and carry on the business of public
religion to be for wives, ser.vants, children and the poor,
human foundations alone,
life by means only of human principles. For ourselves, we
think that if the fear of God be taken away from our courts
be sufficient
of justice, the fear of man will not to secure that
the decisions of justice in point of law. .
reniaming portion of the
attainment of truth, in point of fact, which is necessary for
Next week, we shall consider the
d e placed on them.
justice, and the limitations which shoal
subject,—the expediency and propriety
be
oaths in courts of

A WINDMILL EXPORTED !—On Wednesday, the entire
machinery, sails, stones, &c., of a wind corn-mill, was
1 ,I.ipped for Hamburg, on board the steamer Transit, at Hull.
ma is truly a novel expedition,—.Leeds Mercury.

" On the 19th of September, at 50 minutes past 9 p.m,
found a thick smoke suddenly issue from the bulkhead, im-
mediately abaft the boilers, when we instantly turned all
hands out to reduce the fire, though we did not know exactly
where it could be, as the ship was full of coals, having only
left Hongkong two days before. After great labour, we suc-
ceeded in clearing away the coals in the boxes, and on ripping
open the latter (of iron) found the vessel in flames, the after
bulk head (immediately abaft the boiler) being on fire. This
was about 45 feet from the magazine ; every method was
adopted to reduce it, streams of water poured down, and five
feet let into the ship's hold, but it mastered all our efforts,
and about 4 o'clock on the morning of the 20th Capt. Dicey
acquainted me with his determination to leave the ship,
taking command of the first cutter himself, giving me the
second, second mate the third, and third mate the gig, and
was fully aware that there must be many poor fellows con-
signed to a watery grave, as, from the violence of the wind
and sea, I knew, from eleven years experience, that the third
cutter and gig could never live. However, the orders were
obeyed ; the gig, with second and third cutter, with twenty
was shoved off, and must have very shortly after perished ;
the captain left in the first cutter, telling me he would re-
main by the ship till I was ready to leave also ; and had
the doctor, purser, gunner, and two engineer apprentices
with me. As soon as they had got into the boat I could
have followed, but she broke, or was cut adrift at the mo-
ment, and we were left without a boat (as she could not reach
the ship) fur some minutes, with the flames twenty feet from
the magazine, and rapidly gaining ground, till the captain
succeeded in getting near the stern, and we managed to
swing into the boat. At this time, it was impossible to stand
the deck without keeping your face outside, the smoke was
so thick and painful, and 15 minutes after the fire was first
discovered it was impossible to go below (in the cabin),
though we made several attempts, and consequently we had
not a drop of water in the boats, or a morsel of provisions,
as we never thought of leaving the ship till we were fairly
turned out by the fearful fire. It was blowing half a gale of
wind at the time, with a tremendous sea. At five o'clock
a.m. the mainmast, from being burnt through below, rolled
overboard, and we pulled away from our ill-fated ship to save
all that were left, as we expected her momentarily to blow up.
At seven made sail to keep the boat ahead of the sea, which
was increasing every minute, second cutter in company.
The ship did not blow up till about ball-past nine a.m., owing
to the quantity of water, the fire having, we think, burnt
through her sides and let the sea in. You may imagine bet-
ter than I can describe our situation. About 50 miles from
land, with 42 men in a boat only 24 feet long by six feet six
inches in breadth. At about 12 o'clock something happened
to the second cutter's mast, and the sea immediately covered
her • she was about a quarter of a mile from us astern ; we
could not render the slightest assistance, as to have brought
our boat to the sea would have been instant and certain de-
struction. Our only chance was by holding on sail and run-
ning right before the wind; even as it was, the sea astern
came rolling after us so high that our sail was constantly be-,
calmed, and we were only saved by making the men set all
round the gunwale of the boat, thus breaking the seas that
came in with this living bulwark, and keeping men constantly
bailing. At four p.m. saw the land, and at eight p.m. were
close in among the breakers, which forced us to pull out
again, though with the greatest difficulty it was that we
managed to move the boat, all being so exhausted from our
exertions the night before, and our cramped up position in
the boat. We were among rocks and breakers all night, the
boat often covered by the latter. However, I cannot describe
the horrors of that night, even if I had time. We were blown
on shore at 4 o'clock in the morning of the 21st. I had justgot
into a doze, notwithstanding the sea had been rushing over
us. Three breakers went right over the boat's masthead, and
I, of course, expected our hour was come, as we could not
see the low sandy beach for a minute or so, and expected we
were on some reef. However, we soon found out that through
God's mercy we were saved from a watery grave at the time,
and we were all very soon on shore. Had we been stranded
a hundred yards further off, the boat would have been dashed
to pieces, as there were a great many rocks. We were at
this time about fifty-five miles from Amoy, where, about
ten days before, the Chinese had been severely beaten, and
an immense number killed. At daylight a number of Chi-
nese came down, and in five minutes our boat was in pieces,
but not a vestige of her left where she stranded. We, through
our Chinese carpenter, explained to them that we were ship-
wrecked Americans, and we offered them a large sum to
get us a boat to take us to Hongkong ; they made us no an-
swer, but as we wanted something to eat, after having tasted
a little fresh water and a few grains of cold rice, they told us
we must go on to another village, a short distance off. As
soon as we proceeded, according to their direction, we were
surrounded by some hundreds of naked wretches armed with
knives, spears, and various other rude implements of war,
and plundered of everything. Dicey's trousers were cut off
him—they would not wait for him to take them off, and he
was left with nothing but his socks, linen drawers, and shirt,
as were all the rest of us. When any resistance was made,
the knives were shown, and would have most certainly been
used if we had not given in. Some of the Lascars were
stripped almost naked, and not one of us had more than
shirt, trousers, and socks, though few of the latter left. When
we were thoroughly plundered, they proposed to murder us,
but some mandarin's people coming down, the idea was given
up, as I suppose they thought if we turned out English we
might at present be more valuable; at all events, if we were
murdered we would satisfy a larger populace. On arriving
at the village, we were shoved into a dirty cowhouse with
a very large accumulation and abomination, where we were
nearly stifled by the stench of the number of people that
crowded around us, being a dreadfully hot day. About one
o'clock they brought us a little red rice, and a few heads and
tails of the worst description of salt fish, which we swallowed
with avidity. About two o'clock a few bundles of straw were
brought, which were spread by us for a bed near the abomi-
nation, and where we that night, after returning thanks to
the Almighty, for our safety up to that time, slept,. or at all
events I did, as well as ever in my life. We remained here
the next day, and having recovered from our fatigue, were
dragged along 29 miles to a place where there was a manda-
rin, through crowds of brutal Chinese, who, to add to our
comforts, made signs constantly that our heads would all be
cut off. We arrived at this place about six o'clock in the
evening, and were kept jambed in the middle of a crowd of
some 20,000 men for two hours. Our feet were bleeding
and blistered very much, and I would sooner have died than
have walked a mile the next day. About Bor 9 'o'clock p.m.,
we were dragged into an old distillery, and at 11 p.m. got
a scanty meal of rice, half full of stones, and were soon
asleep, though our bed was the ground, and our arms our
pillow. However, the next day a man who was in charge of
us being of the same clan as one of our carpenters, offered to
take a letter from us, and forward it to our friends at Macao,
or elsewhere in China. This was an unlooked for blessing,
as the most painful part of all was the idea of being mur-
dered without one of our friends ever hearing of our fate,
as at this time we had not the slightest probability of our
ever meeting them again. The letter was written, and
directed to the merchants at Macao, but it was of such a
tenor that the Chinese could not have ascertained to what
nation we belonged, and would rather have supposed us
Americans. The next day it was sent, the bearer of it to
receive on delivery a large sum. We were tried here by the
mandarins, and nothing elicited to prove that we were En-
glish. After being in all seven days at this place, we were
marched off again on our way to Canton, and were daily
dragged along and fed with the coarsest rice, with occasion-
ally a few rotten salt fish by way of luxury. For some days
we proceeded, till 12th of October, when we received a letter
from an American, at Canton,to say that w 9 had been de-
manded of the Chinese as Americans, and that there was
every chance of our being delivered up; we were then im-
prisoned at a place called Wichnw, were we were better
treated, were tried again, and satisfied them that we were
really Americans. After being there a month, we were liked
by our keepers. I used to draw American ships for them,
and learned Chinese, and can now make a very moderate
interpreter. Here we remained for three months, till at last
under God, we were indebted for freedom to the constant
and unremitting applications of Mr. Matheson's agent, an
American, Mr. Ryan. The Governor of Canton granted our
release, and here we are, having left Winchow on the 31st
of December, 1841, and arrived here the sth of January,
1842, where we were most hospitably received by Mr.
Matheson, with whom we are now staying, prior to our de-
parture to Hongkong, where we shall have to wait the orders
of the senior naval officer. Our ruse is considered perfectly
fair,'and we are lucky fellows. Our crew was 99 therefore
57 poor fellows were called from this world—at bow short
a warning ! We have seen death close, and knew that to
the Almighty and most merciful God alone can we ascribe
our wonderful deliverance. I have not the slightest fear
of succeeding well again, if permitted to return to Calcutta.

OFFICIAL RETURN OF THE ROYAL NAVY,
COMPRISING THE SHIPS OF WAIL AND STEAMERS NOW

BUILDING AND FIT FOR SERVICE

STEAMERS FOR SERVICE.-Acheron, Adder, Advice,
African, Alban, Albert, Alecto, Ariel, Asp, Avon, Black
Eagle, Beaver, Blazer, Boxer, Carron, Charon, Columbia,
Comes, Confiance, Cuckoo, Cyclops, Dasher, Dee, Dotterel,
Dover, Echo, Experiment, Fearless, Firefly, Flamer, Fury,
Geyser, Gleaner, Gordon, Hecate, Hecla, Hermes, Hydra,
Jasper, Kite, Lightning, Lizard, Locust, Lucifer, Medea,
Medina, Medusa, Megara, Merlin, Messenger, Meteor,
Minos, Monkey, Myrtle, Otter, Phoenix, Pigmy, Pike, Pluto,
Polyphemus, Prometheus, Prospero, Redwing, Rhadaman-
thus, Salamander, Sampson, Shearwater, Soudan, Sprightly,
Spitfire, Stromboli, Swallow, Tartarus, Toronto, Traveller,
Urgent, Vesuvius, Vixen, Volcano, Wilberforce, Widgeon,
Wildfire, Zephyr.
STEAMERS BUILDING.-Ardent, at Chatham; Beelzebub,
Portsmouth ; Bulldog, Chatham ; Centaur, Portsmouth ;
Cormorant, Sheerness ; Devastation, Woolwich ; Driver,
Portsmouth ; Gladiator, Woolwich ; Growler, Chatham ;
Infernal, Woolwich ; Inflexible, Pembroke ; Janus, ditto ;
Rattler, Sheerness ; Scourge, Portsmouth ; Sphynx, Wool-
wick ; Spiteful, Pembroke ; Styx, Sheerness ; Thunderbolt,
Portsmouth ; Virago, Chatham ; and Vulture, Pembroke.
SHIPS OF WAR BUILDING.--Aboukir, 90 guns, Ports-
mouth ; Active, 36, Chatham ; Albatross, 16, Portsmouth ;
Albion, 90, Plymouth; Algiers, 110, Pembroke; Amethyst,
26, Plymouth; Amphvon, 36, Woolvvich ; Arab, 16, Cha-
tham ; Boscawen, 70, Woolwich ; Calypso, 20, Chatham ;
Cambrian, 36, Pembroke ; Centurion, 80, ditto ; Chesa-
peake, 36, Chatham • Chichester, 50, Woolwich ;
Colling-
wood, 80, Pembroke' ; Colossus, 80, ditto ; Constance, 36,
Portsmouth ; Coquette, 20, Chatham ; Creole, 26, Plymouth;
Cumberland, 70, Chatham ; Daring, 10, Sheerness ; Dart,
3, ditto ; Despatch, 10, Chatham ; Elk, 16, ditto ; Exmouth,
90, Plymouth ; Flora 36 ditto ; Goliath, 80, Chatham ;
Hannibal, 90, Woolwich :Heroine, 10, ditto ; Helena, 16,
Pembroke ; Heron 16 Cl'iathana ; Hindostan, 78, Plymouth,
Hound, 10, Woolwich • Irresistible, 80, Chatham; Juno.
26, Pembroke ; Liberty, 'l6 ditto ; Lion, 80, ditto ; Majes-
tic, 80, Chatham ;
80, ditto ; Mariner, 10, Pembroke ;
Martin, 10, ditto Niobe 26 Plymouth ; Philomel, ditto ;
Royal Albert, 120,; Portsm'outh' ; Princess Royal, 120, ditto ;
Prince of Wales, 120 ditto • Royal Frederick, 110, ditto ;
Sealark, 10, ditto ; Sir,en 16, 'Woolwich ; Spartan, 26, Ply-
mouth ;
Spy, 3, Sheerness' • Squirrel, 16, Pembroke ; Superb,
80, ditto ; Sybille, 36, ditto' • Victoria, 110, ditto ; and Wor-
cester, 50, Deptford,
The British navy consists of 605 ships of war in ordinary
and commission (including steamers), carrying from 1 to 120,
guns each, of different calibre.
This fleet, the largest in the world, employs in time of
peace 33,000 able-bodied seamen, 2,000 lads, and 13,000
Royal Marines, forming in all an effective naval force of
46,000 men and 2,000 lads.

.1•••1 s!,.

It is the wish of Colonel Bruen, that the money raised to
present him with a service of plate or other testimonial of
esteem, be laid out in building a free church in the town or
neighbourhood of Carlow, for which he offers ground for a
site.

MELANCHOLY ACCIDENT.-011 Friday last four sailors,
namely, William Agnew master of the Friends, David Tor-
rens, master of the Rob 'Roy and James M Cready, master
of the Christian and Catherine, all lying at Ballylig, and
James Agnew, a seaman on board the Friends, left their ves-
sels in a small boat, and came into Larne en business. They
left the Curran to return to their vessels, when they were
suddenly overtaken by a squall, which took effect on the
boat, the sail being then set, and upset her, when David Tor-
rens and James Agnew were both drowned.—Ulster TimeB.

ARRIVED.—Parker, Risien, from Demerara and Barbadoes, left
Barbadoes 16th April—Albion, Moran , Olive Branch, Dyer; and
Ellen Brooks, from Savannah—Silvanus Jenkins, Seymour, and
Herman, Allen, from Mobile —Mobile, —, from St, Domingo—
Ulster, , from Maracaibo—Challenger, —, from Laguna
—Robert Isaac, Sherman, and Rose, Tucker, from Apalachicola—
Nautilus, -, from Alexandria—lsabella, —, from Mar-
seilles—Saracen, Puckey, from Lisbon—Rose, —, from Guern-
sey.
SAlLED.—Denison, Pearson, for Antigua—Mary Ellen, Joy, for
Barbadoes—Cora, Miller, for Pernambuco—Clutha, Munn, for
Newfoundland—Kathleen, Williams, for St. John, N.B--Susque-
hanna, Miercken, for Philadelphia—Chronometer, Purse, for Mon-
treal—P. Dean. Sohier, for Valparaiso—C. Carter, Broad, for Con-
stantinople—Ellida, Sanftleben, for St. Petersburg—Messenger,
Cargill, for Hammerfest—Principe Radaly, Costa, for Naples—R.
E. Ward, Baillie, for Rotterdam—lnverness, James, from Nantes
—Argo, Reeves, for Messina—Shannon, Maulden, for Harlingen—
Mary, Gress, for Antwerp—and Gazelle, Lakey, for Genoa, &c.

Zeno, Sutherland, from Jamaica, at this port. The Coquette,
Alexander, Mary Jones, Charlotte, and Science, were loading for
Liverpool. The Columbia was loading at Black River, and the
Barbadian, at Falmouth, also for Liverpool
Hesperus, Kelly, hence for Calcutta, was spoken 23rd Feb. in
lat. 23 S, long. 26 W
Barbara Catherina, Cools, and Minerva, Baals, hence at Ant-
werp
Triton, Scorgie, hence at Aux Cayes
Zante, Henry, hence at Almeira
Jane, Quick, hence at Rouen
Superb, Keith, hence at Riga
Emerald, Brown, hence at Hamburg
Maria Emilia, Caffiero, hence at Cuxhaven
Thomas, Askendorf, hence at Bremen

Ceres, Vernes, and Ann Eliza, Beckout, hence at Helvoet
lrt, , hence at Pernambuco
Marmion, Jellarcl, hence and Sincapore, at Siam
Venilia, Daniel, hence and St. 'Thomas, at Aux Cayes

Richmond, from St. Thomas, at Maracaibo
Eliza Johnston, , was to sail from Pernambuco 24th March
and Prince Albert, 30th March, both for Cork, and Rowena, 30th
March, for Cowes

SUNDAY, MAY 15.—Wind N,N.E. light

ARRIVED.—Siddons, Cobb, from New York—James Auden,
Browhead, from Ancona—Tennant, Meek, from Marseilles—and
Helen, , from Mobile.
SAlLED.—Roscius, Collins, and New York, Niven, for New York
—and Espindola, Barstow, for New Orleans.

Cynosure, Viner, hence at the Cape of Good Hope, and sailed
13th March for Batavia
Mary Elizabeth, -, hence at the Cape of Good Hope
Peter Senn, , hence at Leghorn
Cabella, hence at Londonderry, and sailed 10th May for St.
Petersburg
Don Juan, Luscombe, sailed from Marseilles for Liverpool 7th
May
Rosalie, of Liverpool, was spoken 7th April, in lat. 11 N. long.
22 W

Governor Davies, hence for -. was spoken 3rd May, in lat.
48. long. 10
Thomas Sparks, Sparks, from China, at St. Helena, and sailed
23rd March for London
Susannah Collings, from Mauritius, at St. Helena

MONDAY, MAY I6.—Wind S.E.

ARRlVED.—Britannia, (steamer) Hewitt, from Boston, sailed Ist
May. and from Halifax sth—Chaos, Pratt, from New Orleans—
Helen, Allen, from Mobile—Laurel, —, from Savannah—Pa-
trict, Pollock, from Hambro—Quiz, Bennett, from Jersey—and
Caroline, Menhennet, from Waterford.
SAILED.—Henry Bliss, Smith, for New York—James Graham,
Stewart, for Alexandra—and Isabella, Rymer, for New York.

Royal William, Smith, from Ceylon, at St. Helena, and sailed
22nd March for London
Caledonia, (steamer) hence at Halifax 3rd instant
Ellen German, hence at Laguira
, (steamer) from Turk's Island. at Havana 19th April,
with the mails from England of 15th March
Desdemona, Childs, hence at New Orleans
Monument, , hence at New York
Richmond, Mustard, hence at Boston
Ganges, Blythe, hence at St. John, N,B,
Clarence, Betts, from London, ditto
Tyro, Mitchell, and Enterprise, NV Ritchie, hence at Lisbon
Coral, Butler, sailed from Lisbon 'lnd May; Mischief, Campbell,
3rd May; Waterlily, and Sylph, 4th May, all for Liverpool
GIBRALTAR, May 3.—The Nacisco, Casilano, from Barletta to
Liverpool, was totally lost 29th ultimo, near Tariffa ; crew saved,