The Statesman.
London, England, 1815-01-12 00:00:00

Tlie fictitious gime in e 'mice to deice:ea l'ett era j the free export of grime). The effects will, I krust,igeneral survey of every parish been taken, and an
of Europe eeist, influence+ materially the cast at be Imiehly.benefteial to Ireland,-and enable her to lanneal specification of the crops obtained, we should
tr high grain is };row n. Tex/Ilion emenoem balances ! supply the West undies. Every measure which maul- have been able to demonstrate the proportions of
skill, climate, and capital. Deuce arees the tie- tiplies external consumption adds to our internal wheat grown on the different qualities of soil.—This
ceasify of resti 'dines, to produce a gellelid eti,•lll- ,Security. i would havebrought the discussions into very narrow
brium, thereby to protect the indtremy of one owe- I Demand implying a remunerating pike, will prove limits.
try against the advantages of another. Lighten the sa powerful slit:elle, to agricultural exertion. For- On which of these qualities of soil is the price of.
burdens paid by the Emiglish farmer, and he would tuttetely we have the experience of former times to . raising to be calculated ? Can the best soils supply
cheerfully say, open your ports to the glans of all t appeal to. In the year 168 S, when a howdy was our wants?--I have no doubt, under the present
the world. !given of es. a quareir rem exportation, whilst the system of agriculture, they are perfectly inadorpmate.
The adt °cafes for importation would do well to I price was reeler 43s.—whet ensued ? Wheat was If se, the price of raising wheat must be calculated
keep in mettle that it is a growing evil. These who thee at 465.; in the succeeding- year it fell to 30s.— on lands of the worst quality.
supported the change of system in Me, by repeal- iFm rim 1697; e eets the system of the Corn Laws was . Before I proceed further, I must apnlegiae for
ieg the export bounty and encoernging importation conmeleted, to 1765, the average price, taken at five presuming to oppose my opinion oil the average pro-
never dreamt that our wants were proportionally to 'periods, amounts to 33q. 3d. During the 68 years duce of wheat, in opposition to such authority as
encrease. \Vhatevcr step encourages the agriculture i there were four years in which there was no export, that of Mr. Young. I should depart from the can-
of other countmies, must, in an equal ratio, depress . vit. 1698, liee, 1710, and 1757. The total export dour with which I have been discussing this question,
our own. I was 14,3e2,-133 quarters of wheat, and 16,199,082 could I adopt the opinions of others, however high
It seems fully estehlislied, that in the North of ; quarters of malt and barley. The sum received the authority, contrary to my conviction, or stoop
Europe, the Nether lands, and France, grain is raised i amounts to somewhat more than 38,800,0001.; whilst to disguise any sentiment I entertain on this subject,
cheaper than it can be done in the United Empire.— ! the import of 10 years, from 1800 to 1810, amounts however it might affect the question at issue.
Before, however, we decide that the supply of fo- to 40,000,0001. and upwards! The ruinous come- On what grounds the average produce of the
reign corn must consequently be cheaper than that of ! quetices of which is in the view of every one's re- kingdom had been fixed at 23 IVirschesters and a half,
byre° greed', we must consider the various beariegs ! collection, who has paid the least attention to the I know not. If correct 30 years ago, it is reason-
of the subject, and calculate not on one, but a rum- subject. able to conclude modern improvements must have ad-
ber of years. A consideration, of no small weight, arises out of vanced it. The extended culture of wheat on in-
t.; our depending on Foreign Powers for the first the evidence of Mr. A. Young, respecting the state different land will have had its effect. If the pro.
feCC..,, cry of lifo no (*VII And doe, it not Add to of Europe. Ile represents, from indisputable au- portion of inferior soils exceeds what I have con-
the reieeies :immeildamit oil a state of warfare? To tholity, the price.of victual in Russia, from 1781 to ceived it, additional force is given to the argument
the first cost tees: be addrel height, insurance, state 1789, contrasted eith the rise which has taken place of fixing the ratio with a reference to the worst
of exchange, the liability to tnomropoly, as well as from 1790 to 1803, to be 40 per cent. In time same soils.
it e mane.l7amels grails passes throege !Jerome it reaches period victual has risen 41 per cent. in Great Bli- The following estimate, resting on no other basis
the cousurrer. superiority of home supply, fain. Whilst every friend to man must rejoice at than conjecture, will furnish a proof of the ad-
consists in it, heieein so mammy hands as to preclude this improvement taken place in Russia, the advo- vantage which might he derived, if the materials for
combination, and in its passing immediately from the cafes for importarion will do well to consider its forming it correctly were within our reach. If there
grower to the consumper. bearing. if the north of Europe become her own be much error in the proportions between the two
Little doubt can be entertained, that the cost to best customer, what will beret us? Poland, from first and last qualities of soil, I may be widely
the consumer will be governed by the price of afford- whence our most considerable supply is obtained, is wrong. I offer two statements,—one of wheat after
anca of what is raised by ourselves. The lowest es- represented to be in a most deplorable state ; as a green crop, the other from fallow. Light soils may
timarion is 755. the quarter : the more general opi- proof of it, the surplus grain of one year frequently dispense with fellows, which are evidently too costly.
uion varies from 80s. to 90s. Mr. A. Young, whose perishes in the next, for want of renewing the thatch Clay soils, being unfit for green crops, are neces.
serhority is deservedly of great weight, fixes the me- of their stocks. It is ardently to he hoped this sitated to adopt them
mutiereting prime for the grower at 87s. Adopting . much injured kingdom will have justice done her, -
his tem invite, and assuming importation prohibited and that her sovereign rights will be restored. It
below that amen, the consumption of each indite- can scarcely be questioned such a change would be
dual, being taken at a quarter, would be charge- attended with the happiest consequences, as far as
able with 12.. per amour,' above what it is supposed relates to them. What influence this would have on
he would obtain for it, by the importing price re- our supply of grain, will not be overlooked by the
paining as it is. ' wisdom of the Legislature in forming their decision. j
The years of failing crops may be taken, on a mo- There is a general coincidence of opinion, in all
derate computation, at one in five; (then the cost of the witnesses examined before the Committees of the
the quarter of wheat may be supposed 120 s. On an two Houses of Parliament, as to the effect of per- et
average, therefore, of lite years, the consumer would mauent low prices of wheat tending to discontinue T'
pay at the rte of .8I;. the quarter. its growth on land of inferior quality. What would

In former reports, I considered SOs. the quarter
as the lowest point at which importation could he
fixed ; a further attention to the question makes me
an advocate for 87s. as the price neces:iary to protea
the grower, and secure to the consumer an ample
supply, and consequently steady and uniform price.
The methods taken in the present year to screw
from the farmer the utcnost farthing that can be ex.
acted, is unwise and oppressive ; scarce supportable
in a year or hi4liest prices, still more unjust will, a
crop d-fective in quantity. quality, and price. The
bad effects will be Ceti, if the •Incoine Tax is to be
continued another year.

Such are the view's I have taken of this most im-
portant subject. llntl my intention been to frame
an argurn:.mt to sanction high prices. l would have
pursu-d a different course; hut in so doing, 1 should
have lo:t of my duty to the Society, as well as
of their interest, and that of the Empire at large.
pol:cy, and the general advantage of every in-
dividual Aleiber of the community, is to have
rf.r.,4;ry at the lowest rate at which it can be pro-
duced within the realm.—Nlay the measures adopted
Ivy the Logl.lat ure cause may acre of the Empire to
be cul:irated, and every effective arm employed in
apiculture and in manufactures, which cannot fail in
milting us a prosperous, hapey, and contented
nation.

IATE OF WIILAT APTPR fin ELN (TROP.
g" I
t-J
7.1
..'
I
I e
Li Price 87s. Prof,.t I I.'duce ""'"
....
ei .S.• i .
21; ',
,i,7 ..,
If. :1% A'. X. s. d. :I ..• . N • I'.
1) 11 .4:1 In 3 6 4 !•1 ( 4.50'3,03)
9 II 25 i,! to 1i) 210 111, 3,125,01,
8 91 20 lo 17 .61117 6 1 2,.500,630
81 10,125,01)
WIIPAT APT) LL FALLOW.
le. X. 13.'. .e. s. ff. 1 2
I
£. s. d.
H 10 1 :;1 19 3 6 1 3 6 1
8 121 25 12 10 1(4 IIU loi 1
8 101 ‘..4) 10 17 6 1 lOl7 6 1

EST I M AT E

Th-A Il eye blesilogq ri3v attend us, is the sincere
and :?relent nisi, of the Society's faithful and obedient
f7:.%apt,

Till: PRESIDENT.

ir.:rk;o:twi•ll;.'l, Nov. 629. 1811.

Thy next point fur us to consider, to enable a be the amount of the supply thus lost to the country,
judemerit to be formed of the interests of the coat- (lees not seem to have engaged the attention of the 2
fo.iiiitv at Large, is to take a view of the present and Committees. Whilst the fact is admitted, the souse- 3
pt obahli. future state of the country. quences resulting from it are not foreseen. I con-
As an axiom, 1 eserree that no country can have a ctive I am fully warranted in supposing the defalea.
sufficient supply of grail', which has not a surplus lion greatly to exceed the whole surplus grain of Eu-
applicable to failure in crops. If it can fairly be in- rope—ritual to one-third of our consumption.
ferred, that the [tilted Empire can raise a sufficiency Weilst our aim and general interest is to have grain
to exonerate her from all dependance on other ciiun- cheap, it believes us well to consider, and not risk ;
trie-, arid to enable her to administer to the wants of the greatest of all calamities—FAMlNE.
her neighbours, instead of requiring their aid, there On the whole, admitting 87s. to be the remune- The lessee
will not be much difficulty iu prow in„ that the sup- rating price, and that those fluctuations, so injurious makes the di
ply least liable in its nature to fluctuation, the most to the consumer, can be avoided, the sum paid in wheat crop.
desirable, and least burdensome to the consumer, will five years, beyond the lowest estimate with a free The produce compared with rent is nearly four
be that of home Krt.) a t',. importation, would amount to no more than 15s. and a half on the better soils, a little more than a
It is supposed the are three millions of acres a-!,gad; a sum so trifling, that it can by no possibi- tenth on the worst. Years of scarcity, taking off a
cropped with sheet in Great Iliitain, the average lity interfere with the comforts or advantages of any sixth, a fourth must be deducted for the supposed
produce of which I e rinhateat 27 Winchester bushels class of society. • failure of crops, which is calculated to be one in
per acre • this gives 10,12.;,0.,Q quarters as the pro- The evils which mutt infallibly result from the five. The object of this statement is to show how
duct. 1. A. Youitg calculates the pro lure at 24 present prices of grain are humerous. The decreased small a return the farmer receives from wheat on
and the consumption at 9.317,597 growth of wheat, maiming further importation in- poor clay lands. Of this I have had but too much
quarters, which wo.,Ald requite 3,115,5(55 accts to he di•peesably nee. .aly ; inability in the farmer to pay experience.
cropped with wheat. Thirty years ago, the average the public burdens, a tick must impose the necessity From the apparent profits must be deducted taxes,
of Eo.(tasid gas taken at 2.3 eViacbesters and a half. of fresh taxes on other classes of society; a reducs interest on capital, &c. To follow this out fairly,
The great in;prosetn; eta made since that time, must tine of wages; and, what is worse, such a decreased would require the calculation to proceed through
Live greatly arl:anced the product of much of the demand for labour as must operate grievously on the the whole course. I take it for granted wheat will
land. The wily set.ele is the tplateity of inferior interests and comforts of the labouring classes ; nn generally govern the price of other grain ; oats 325.
I Ind now aleilied to thi• erne th of wheat. Mr. A. alteration hi the price of' every commodity ur which arid barley 425. the quarter.
Young iterhes his e•timete before the Co:undue." of labour his ally stare; a total change and revolution' It requires no arguments to enforce the impor-
the House of Conimees' on a supposition of 22 in our political economy, by which all ranks in so- . lance of a supply equal to a fourth of our consump-
bus:iris per acre on hied worth 3Us. per acre; and ciety would be sufferers. False and delusive are the tion. The yeavaof greatest import was 1810, when
that 3,331),1'26 acres art' requisite to ans Pr the hopes held out that arty class would be benefited by it amounted to 1,454,905 quarters; the cost of foreign
consumption. The gi ricial opinion in evidence is, encouraging importation of grain. I must premise, ' grain amounting to 7,077,8651.
am a third might be added to the produce by addi- also, in making my estimate at 87s. I have gone to Miserably defective would be the policy which
tional clpitel, and a greater extent of tillav,,e. 11m supposed limit of exclusion. This is not dealing should calculate on the past without a reference to
laud and Wales are supposed to contain le milhuus fairly with my own argument. In presenting the the future. The momentous changes carrying on in
of acres. F ipposing ;J:i millions under the plough : most unfavourable view, I hazarded nothing in the. north of Europe, and probably no where more
_to have four millions under wheat would require showing the superiority of home supply over impor- than in Poland, must affect our supplies from that
one acre coosit!eribly less, I conceive, ! tation. The Legislature would disregard all past quarter. Fortunete:will it be for the general interests
would answer, admittitie a general improvement in experience, and the policy of every enlightened Go- of the etagere. if the measures adopted cherish and
the cultivatioir. To bear nut the supposition of Great vertiment, if they could remain indifferent spectators accelerate that spirit of improvement, which has, in
Britain being, able to supply her-elf, we may also add of the ruin that threatens the agriculture of the err. the course of the last 20 years, done so much. Great
the great aid afforded by Ireland. ! pire. Agriculture cannot be paralysed without the as hove been the advances in agriculture, we arc yet
The deerit of a liiiirse crop I would take at one- whole political economy being deranged. By fixing widely distant from any thing approaching to perfec-
eixth, or 1,687,900 quarters; or, according to Mr., the rate of import so as to secure a continuance of tion. I most cordially coincide with the opinions,
N. Toone, the produce of 71,`_5() acres. This is• so that spirit of improvement which has been so bene. that a third may be added to the victual raised within
greatly beio,y the epitrious of persons presumed to be ticiat to the country, the interest of the whole com- the Empire, by leases, capital, and a more improved
well acquainted with the subject, as to give the muility is most likely to be consulted. system of farming.
strangest evidence to the beliet that the country is I In attempting to elucidate the second point, 44 At In support of this opinion, I would suggest how
secptal to supple ing its own victual, and to secure it. what price can a sufficiency of grain be raised within much the produce of indifferent land might be aug-
self against years of failure. the united Empire to supply our wants ?" lem not mmited by the expenditure of capital. The experi-
If what I here contend fur is conceded to me, the unapprised of the difficulty of affording a satisfactory merit of Mr. Stewart, of Aberdour, in Fifesitire,
next questien is, how are we to dispose of the sur- solution of the question. cannot fail of being highly interesting to the Society.
plus ? Tee farmer cement keep it in bull:, without 'Much ns lam disposed to respect the authority of The adoption of soiling would make a retying of
Incie jury to i ;Toe' al routine of crops, admitting he. the individuals who have given evidence before the two-thirds of the lands appropriated to grazing; and
ceuld spats the sum from les capital. The poisons-, Committees of the two Houses of Parliament, and to it appears probable, the same system may be Lippe.
a•ld siolii;g it by tlovertrinent, as practised in r agree with them on the necessity of an advance of cable, with great advantage, to the rearing of cattle,
other count is, !am a nate, objectionable. lio%v . the rate at which importation should be permitted, as 1 have endeavoured to explain is the Report.
for our (seiner eoi:ey, of forcing an export by a the estimates on which these opinions are formed Tine application of a great proportion of the best
bounty, wouldnew answer, I have my doubts.— embrace so wide a field of speculation, that they are lands to grazing, especially those adjoining to towns,
']'there is fortonaoiy, hoe ewr, another mode that !more calculated to perplex than to convince those where manure could be more readily and cheaply ob- The present paucity of important foreign intelli-
Thielit afford that sect:ley, so absolutely necessary for slightly acquainted with husbandry. Nor are they tainted, is a great national loss. As a proof of this,
[(mice leaves us room to devote a considerable war-
preventing tine great iluctuations of price, arising devoid of difficulties for those more conversant with would refer to the practiceof Scotland, arid instance
from defective crops. In this would coesist• the the business. Estimates are always liable to error. the lands near Edinburgh, Glasgow, and other great tion of our columns to a subject of far deeper in-
great superiority of the home supply, over what !To be able to deduce a satisfactory argument from cities where the most abundant crops of grain are terest to the people of this nation than any which its
could be obtained from abroed. NViiat objections to • them, requires a perfect acquaintance with the soil, procured.
,tcia;ty matter of
the
external relations ran now be expected to afford.--
to
applyiee wheat for the distilleries %%hen below 80s. local situation, and climate. It is true that the price of grain has rapidly ad- 'fine ill:tli
domestic
agriculturalpolitical
an de ctoomy
rrai
the quarter? Tire substitution of barley proceeded This constitutes the peculiar difficulties of the sauced within a few years, but has not labour, arid ,hic: ti ii i
during the present ,
on the supposition that wheat could be but par. case. The soil of Great Britain consists of such every article connected with it, doubled in the same
tially grown, and that a sufficient supply could riot various qualities as to require distinct and separate! period? It is generally admitted, that the profit on interests of the empire su Ise
be raised for victual. liarley was at that time the views to be taken of each, in order to decide this im- I agricultural capital is less than any other trade, Bests a prospective which cannot be indifferent to
food of a great portion of the people. The case portant question correctly. Where truth and ac. whilst the risk is greater. any individual. Whatever, therefore, tends to (!crow
.how entirely changed ; the numbers fed ou it are curacy are most required, we are compelled to con. Nor can I omit calling the attention or the Society light upon the important concern of the notion's
eew, tent ourselves with conjecture. The classification Ito the depreciation of money. Sir George Shuck- prosperity and happiness, cannot but be accepttrble to
Stopping the distilleries is no longer the resource of soils, with their respective produce, is_the most i burgh Evelyn, Bart. has calculated the depreciation

X.
4
2
1

NEXT IV ON LSD %)( LOTI'I:RC BEGINS—THE
FIRST 'l' !CR LT Ir.Z AV. N A PRIZE A HOV L
WILL IMCI.I E ,Sl',ool IN A DDITLAN, AND
PROVE A PR. d:30,040.

Vahon
liarnhurgh
I toltargt

4. 1
' CB.
8 8
'2 I 8

!t. quantii
itTerence

ty of manure given to fallow
in tho cost of the putting in the

01 NI tn•KS THIS
Figs t. 25'2
3 per tent Red. r.,.;1
pes gent. Cow,. 11.54
I per t7euts. 8211. i
5 per Cent. Nair, !iik

DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK
Ann. 16) 5-16
India Bonds 20 18 p
Ftchequer Hen. 3 5 p
(h•.nium
'onsoLs fur Asc. 6611 i

THE ST AT E SMA N.

LONDON:

THURSDAY, JANUARY 12, IRIS.

A Meeting of the Common Council was held this
day, to consider of an Address to the PRINCE
REGENT on the termination of the American War.

Mr. lir.trmaixti opened the business by observ-
ing, that he trusted they were not met there for the
purpose of expressing an unqualified approval of the
measures which had been pursued on.either side dur-
ing the prosecution of this unfortunate contest.—
lie hoped that whilst they sent up their congratula-
lions to the Throne on the cessation of hostilities
with the United States of America, and the return of
peace to all the %%odd, the Address of the Common.
Council of the City of London would be sufficiently
dignified to express the opinion, without subservi-
ency, of that body, iu reran to the po:iey or
impoliey of the measures which had protracted
the war, and on the real situation of the cout:;r-..

Mr. Waithman then put the Court in possession of
his views of the expediency of the Peace, w hick, he
said, looking nt the embarrassed state of the nation,
its increasing Wilkens, and diminished rrsoures,
was tt most fortunate event,and n subject of just eon—
g.attilatioo. Ile would thort.fino more, that a loyal,
doti:'ol, and sincere Address of Conaratu'atioo on
the conciusion of Peace with the Chited States of
North America, whether the treaty 'to that erect
should he ratified hy;the American PuEsrursT or not,
should he voted to his Royal Highness the Pitme
REGENT. Litt h• opposition was exported to the Ad-
dress. The business had not concluded when. our
Paper went to press.

St formerly wa6. The injury that would arise from
tliseouragiog the growth of barley, by substituting
wheat, would be comparatively little, whilst the be-
nefit to the community woo!;I be great. A most im-
porivit change ia the Cora Laws has been effected,
without its appearing to attract notice; I allude to

momentous consideration of the whole. I can only! of money, from 1760 to 1800, to be in a ratio ofspeak hypothetically, and am fully aware of the risk, 342 to 562 ; so that one pound in 1760, could com-
I incur by it. 1 mend as many of the necessaries of life as 11.12 a. 10d.
Much have we to lament, that past sufferings had ,in 1800. From 1800 to 1813, a considerable fur.
not suggested the necessity of acquit ing a thorough' ther depreciation has taken place. I donut think I
knowledge of the interior of the kingdom. !lad a hazard much in Supposing) between 1760 and 1811,

the•public; and will, the just maxim of 46 bear all
parties" before u., we lay before our Readeirs some
highly itnportant observations on the Corj Law.;,
submitted to the consideration of the Members of the
Workington Agricultural Society, by the President,
J. C. Ct,:unt.N) We could point out remarks