The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1842-04-26 00:00:00

BACHELORS OF ARTS

John Udney Robson, Alagdalene Hall, grand compounder;
William Grey, Magdalene Hall ; Thomas Bayley, Magda-
lene Hall; John Peacock, Lincoln College; William Clay-
ton, Queen's College ; Charles Christopher Spencer, Queen's
College ; Hugh St. Aubyn Rogers, Exeter College ; Hugh
Pigot, Brasenose College ; Theodore Beale, Brasenose Col-
lege ; Markby Janeiro Thornton Boys, Wadham College ;
Richard Astley, Pembroke College ; Philip P. Newington,
Worcester College ; William C. Clack, Worcester College ;
Charles Mostyn Owen, Trinity College; Robert Lewis
Bampfield, Trinity College ; Samuel Frederic Bignold, Bal-
liol College.

PROMOTION'S

Rev. John Byron, M.A., to the Vicarage of Killingholme
with Haburgb, Lincolnshire, vacant by the death of the Rev.
W. Hildvard.

Rev. John George Wadsworth, 8.A., of Pembroke Col-
lege, Cambridge, to the Perpetual Curacy of Talk-o'-th'-H ill,
Staffordshire ; patron. the Vicar of Audley.
Rev. J. Hurst, M.A., Vicar of St. Catherine's, to be
Chaplain to Mount Jerome Cemetery; patron, the Arch-
bishop of Dublin._

Rev. J. 0. Oldham, M.A., of Trinity College, Dublin,
Curate of St. George's Church, Edgbaston, to the Incum-
bency of St. Luke's Church, Birmingham.
Rev. Charles Carpenter, 8.A., Chaplain to Lord Beau-
mont, to the Perpetual Curacy of Zeal Monachorum, De-

vonshire

Rev. J. S. Green, formerly Scholar and Tancred Student
of Christ's College, Cambridge, to the Rectory of St. Mary-
le-Bow, Durham ; patron the Archdeacon of Northumber-
land.
Rev. J. N. D. Morest, 8.D., formerly of St. John's
College, Cambridge, and Vicar of Staindrop, Durham, has
been appointed by the Duke of Cleveland to be one of his
Grace's Domestic Chaplains.
Rev. William Forbes Raymond, M.A., of Trinity College,
Cambridge, and of University College, Durham, and also
Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Durham, to the Arch-
deaconry of Northumberland, vacant by the death of the
Venerable Archdeacon Singleton.
Rev. Evan Evans, 8.A., to the Curacy of Carno, Montgo-
meryshire.
Rev. Sir William Dunbar, Bart., Chaplain of the Episcopal
Floating Church off the Tower, the Sailors' Home, Well-
street, London-docks, and the Destitute Sailors' Asylum,
has been appointed to St. Paul's Chapel, Aberdeen.
Joohfn i3isho's
vißcaerva.g De . Robertson, 8.A., Master of Wrexham Grammar
School, to the Curacy of Minera, Denbighshire.
meßre,vt.o be ChaPlain to the CleoburY Union Workhouse.
W 8.A.,
W. M. Rowland, Curate of Welshpool, and
formerly Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge, to the
patron,
o f c
eaorb rti-
-1 uPr oy wmi so.
Rev.
College,
Rev. Henry t Williams, Castle,AssistantSalop
o Curate
Egerton Massie, 8.A., formerly of Queen's
Cambridge, and late urate of Marbury, to be an
Assistant Curate
oe St. Mary's, Shrewsbury.

Towards the close of the last century, when the French
Republic was arranging a descent upon the Irish coast, an-
ticipating a general rising of the Irish population against the
British government, and so contemplating the conjunction of
Ireland with France, the Roman Catholics of Ulster were
associated under the title of " Defenders ;" their avowed
object was to terminate the connexion between England and
Ireland. Upon this point it is needless to state further than
that—according to the authority of Theobald Wolfe Tone, a
conspicuous leader of the disaffected Irish, in French pay—
the oath of the Defenders was, ".That they will be faithful
to the United Nations of France and. Ireland." Into this
subject it is neither requisite nor . desirable that we enter at
any length ; but so much is necessary to show that the par-
ties who combined for the opposite purpose—to continue and
maintain connexion with England—were acting upon the de-
fensive when they took up arms and formed themselves into
societies, which afterwards became known and recognised as
" Orange Societies ;" the adversaries of the " Defenders"
having previously been distinguished as "Peep-of-day boys."
It is difficult now to say, with certainty; how these two great
parties were first created. At that period the penal laws
against the Roman Catholics prohibited them from keeping
arms, and to obtain them they were driven to the practice
(still too common in disturbed districts in Ireland) of taking
them forcibly at night. There were then no organised po-
lice, and the law was very inefficiently administered. The
Protestants, therefore, became greatly alarmed—not without
reason, as the events of the few following years proved—and
in order to discover and prevent the robbery of arms, roamed
about the country in small armed bodies. From the hours
at which these patrols were made, they derived the name of
" Peep-o'-day boys." To oppose this system the Roman
Catholics found it necessary to organise their attacks, and
assumed the name of " Defenders." This account, though
probable enough, is, however, far from certain, and some
suppose that the two parties originated merely in some pri-
vate feud, which, after a time, was converted by political
agents into a religious war.
Their quarrels were conducted with the bitterest animosity,
and gave rise to much bloodshed. The Peep-o'-day boys
had no regular system of union, while their adversaries
formed a perfectly organised combination, with signs and
pass-words. The latter, therefore, in a short time became a
most powerful body—not confined to the north, but extend-
ing over a large portion of the kingdom. Outrage and blood-
shed—amounting sometimes to barbarous massacres—be-
came so common, especially in the northern counties, as to
awaken the serious alarm of the Irish Parliament. A select
committee of the Lords was appointed in 1793, who made a
very strong report upon the subject. To confute the opinion
that the violence of the Defenders had the countenance of
the heads of the Roman Catholic church, a pastoral admo-
nition was immediately afterwards circulated by Dr. Troy,
the Roman Catholic Archbishop, and the then great advo-
cate of the Roman Catholic claims.
Several skirmishes having occurred in the county of Ar-
magh between the opposing parties, and some lives having
been lost, a truce was agreed upon, and a meeting took place
at the house of a man named Winter, in the village of the
Diamond, by which a Roman Catholic clergyman, on the
one part, and a Protestant gentleman, on the other, bound
themselves, for their respective parties, that peace between
both should be strictly preserved for a period named. The
Protestant gentleman was fired at on his way home, after
having affixed his name to the treaty, and his party was, on
the next day, attacked by above seven hundred of the De-
fenders ; but it is asserted that these " Defenders " were, at
the time, ignorant of the fact that an armistice had been
agreed upon.. Thus exasperated, both parties prepared for a
resort to arms—both assembled in large numbers—the one
upon the one hill that overlooked the Diamond, and the
other upon the hill opposite ; each having laid in a large
store of provisions and ammunition, and each being amply
provided with weapons. The battle took place on the 21st
of September, 1795 ; and happily, before very much mischief
was done, although several lives were sacrificed, the parties
were separated by the timely arrival of the military.
Out of this affray—preceded as it undoubtedly was by
many other unhappy quarrels, and a terrible state of insubor-
dination in the county of Armagh—arose the " Orange In-
stitution." For the Protestants of that county, and ulti-
mately of all Ireland, formed themselves into lodges, to which
they gave a name which, ever,since, has been dearly cherished
by the one party, and utterly execrated by the other, until,
within a comparatively recent period, the direct interference
of the crown terminated their existence.
According to some reports, the first lodge was formed on
the field where the battle of the Diamond was fought—among
the men who had been actually engaged in it. According to
other accounts, a considerable portion of the routed Defenders
escaping into the county of Tyrone, renewed the system of
aggression there, and it was more immediately for the pur-
pose of resisting this body that the first lodge was formed ; a
village called Dian, on Lord Caledon's estate, in the county
of Tyrone, claiming the " honour" of being the first place of
meeting. This latter is believed to be the more correct ac-
count. The lodge consisted merely of yeomen and a few re-
spectable farmers of the middling rank of life—iittle ima-
gining that it was to be the germ of so numerous and mighty
a body as the " Orange Institution" afterwards became.
The association of United Irishmen had been formed three
or four months previously—in May, 1795. It is, however,
very unlikely that the framers of the first Orange Societies
had originally any view of counteracting the operations of
this body, although in after years they became so efficient for
that purpose, The circumstances of the formation of the
rly lodges, and the rank in life of their founders, render it

highly ini-prObable that they—would, or indeed could, form a
design so comprehensive.
The institution was found so effective, that it was soon en-
couraged by the gentry of the neighbourhood. In a short
time several lodges were formed, with a regular system of
rules for their guidance. They consisted chiefly of persons
in the humble ranks of life ; the rules and ceremonies adopted
were such as were likely to strike the minds of such men,
and were full of mysteries. As none but Prdtestants were
admitted, and most of these were Presbyterians, the institu-
tion partook considerably of the religious character of that
sect. United in a cause which they believed to be a holy
one, they always commenced and concluded their meeting
with prayer, a custom which continued to be universally ob-
served ever afterwards, though their other rules were of
course modified and altered when the management of the
institution came into the hands of , more enlightened men.
Among the nobility and gentry of the north who were the
first to join actively in furthering the interests of the new in-
stitution, were Lords Hertford, Abercorn. Northland, and
Londonderry—and the influential families of the Verners,
Blackers, Richardsons, and Brownlows. The institution
spread rapidly through the whole of the north of Ireland,
and there is at least this fact in favour of its utility at that
time, that the north, from being the most disturbed, became,
and has ever since continued, the most peaceable and thriving
subsequent outbreak in
portion of Ireland ; and during theuninjured by that frightful
1798 was the only part apparently
convulsion.
In little more than two years the institution extended itself
to the capital. The first lodge formed in Dublin was founded
early in the year 1798. In after times it became, as is well
known, one of the most influential and numerous associations
that ever existed, extending throughout England and Scot-
land, and even into the colonies. The first lodge in England
was formed in 1808, in Manchester. In 1821, the grand
lodge of England removed to London, and held their meet-
ings in the house of Lord Ken} on, in Portman-square; and
in 1836 the number of orangernp in England was stated to

Ka;el;;;;;lx,Jveen 120,000 and 140,000. -Although the Eng-
lish orangemen were governed by similar rules, and had the
same grand master (the Duke of Cumberland), and the same
system of signs and pass-words, there seems to have been
very little unity of action between them and the orangemen
of Ireland, except, perhaps, immediately after their first in-
stitution.*

The system of secret signs and pass-words in order to re-
cognise each other whenever they might meet, and the strict
privacy of their meetings, were natural schemes considering
the circumstances of their institution. It has, however,
been much regretted by more enlightened orangemen, that so
much mysticism was ever adopted. It gave rise and proba-
bility to all the stories circulated by their enemies, and ren-
dered them as individuals far less able to confute them.
Without examining particularly the merits or demerits of the
institution, or pronouncing to which most weight is due—the
boasts of orangemen as to their loyalty, liberality, and high
character, or the charges of their enemies as to their bigotry,
cruelty, and intolerance—it must be admitted that nothing
could be more charitable, or breathe a purer or more peaceful
spirit, than their recognised book of rules and regulations.
It is also but fair to add that the society stood the test of two
most scrutinizing parliamentary committees—one of the
Lords, in the year 1825, and the other of the Commons, 1836,
without the slightest imputation being cast upon it which has
any weight with rational men.
The orange society was dissolved in the year 1836. After
the proceedings before a committee of the House of Com-
mons, in consequence of the declared wish of the crown, and

before any act of parliament was passed which could inter-
fere with their proceedings, a meeting of the grand lodge was
summbned, on the 6th April, in that year. After much de-
bate, the question of dissolution was carried by a majority of
92 to 62. It was questioned by some of the lodges whether
the deputed authority of the grand lodge authorised this re-
solution. It was, however, in the end generally acquiesced
in by them all, or, at least, with very few exceptions; and a
society of almost unprecedented magnitude, comprising a very
large proportion of the most wealthy and influential noble-
men and gentlemen in the kingdom, and numbering, we un-
derstand, above 250,000 members, voluntarily separated.

The ceremonies observed at the institution of an orangeman
were briefly these—The candidate, carrying in his hand a bible and
the book of the rules of the society, was introduced at a meeting of
the lodge, of which he proposed to become a member, by two
sponsors—one of whom was his proposer, and the other the mem-
ber who had seconded him. He was placed at the end of the room
while the other members stood in their places. The chaplain of
the lodge, or in his absence a brother nominate* by the master,
repeated some scripture verses expressive of the power and pater-
nal care of Providence, and the necessity of trust in Him in time
of danger. The master then asked, " Friend, what lost thou desire
in this meeting of true orangemen ?" The candidate answered,
" Of my own free will and accord I desire admission into your loyal
institution." The master then asked, "Who will vouch for this
friend that he is a true Protestant and loyal subject ?" to which the
sponsors replied, giving their narres. The master then questioned
the candidate thus—Master: " What do you carry in your hand ?"
Candidate : " The word of God." Master : " Under the assurance
of these worthy brothers we trust that you carry it also in your
heart. What is that other book ?" Candidate : " The book of your
rules and regulations." Master: "Under the like assurance we
trust that you will study them well, and obey them in all lawful
matters. Therefore we gladly receive you into the order. Orange-
men, bring to me your friend." The candidate was then invested
with the decoration of the order—an orange sash. The chaplain
then again repeated a selection of scripture verses, and the master
said, " We receive thee, dear brother, into the religious and loyal
institution of orangemen ; trusting that thou wilt abide a devoted
servant of God, and a true believer in his son Jesus Christ—a faithful
subject of the King and supporter of our constitution. Keep thou
firm in the Protestant church, holding steadily her pious doctrines
and observing her ordinances. Make thyself a friend of all pious
and peaceable men ; avoiding strife and seeking benevolence; slow
to take offence and offering none. In the name of our brotherhood
I bid thee welcome, and pray that thou mayst long continue among
them a worthy orangeman, namely—fearing God, honouring the
King, and maintaining the law." The master then communicated
the signs and pass-words of the order, and the chaplain, in conclu-
sion, repeated the verse, " Glory to God in the highest, on earth,
peace, and good will towards men,"

SUBSTITUTES FOR THE INCOME TAX

" A Modest Old Bachelor," recommends a tax upon old
maids ; but, in our editorial capacity, we beg most vehe-
mently to protest against any such unjust and inquisitorial
tax—the more especially as it is owing to the conduct of men
of the stamp of our " Modest Old Bachelor," that such ar-
ticles as old maids are allowed to have any existence.
" Stoicus" would tax kisses—holding them to be a decided
luxury. There would, however, be a great difficulty in
knowing were they " went off." Besides, it is to be pre-
sumed that Cupid might refuse to accept the office of tax-
gatherer.

`• A Married Woman" would tax all husbands who sit in
public-houses, talking politics and drinking beer, while their
wives were sitting alone at home, anxiously waiting for them.
" A Maid," who begs to caution us against supposing that
she is " sour," would tax unmercifully low-bosomed frocks
and short petticoats. She would also impose a duty on
sheep's eyes as cast about in parish churches and chapels.
" A Cloth Merchant" is in favour of taxing little men
heavier than tall men, inasmuch as they consume less cloth,
linen, cotton, &c. On the other hand, " A Man of Five
Feet Four" proposes to tax a tall man at the rate of one shil-
ling an inch for the first five feet—the tax to rise one shil-
ling with every inch above that stature. His reasons are,
that the tall men consume more oxygen gas, and pick up all
the best-looking women.
For ourselves, we are inclined to recommend Dean Swift's
plan to tax female beauty, and to leave every lady to rate her
own charms. He said the tax would be paid, and, more-
over, very productive, which no doubt would be the case.

VESSELS ENTERED FOR LOADING
(SINCE OUR LAST PUBLICATION.)

EAST INDIES, CAPE OF GOOb HOPE, &c.
Nile, J L Anderson, 247 Ceylon, Cotesworth & Wynne

WEST INDIES AND MADEiIm
Papineau, J Allan, in St. Thomas, Eshelby, Rowett & Co
Robert James Haynes, J Graham, 206 Barbadoes, Imrie & Co

SOUTH AMERICA.
Black Prince, EII Martin, 298 Lima, Cotesworth & Wynne
Windsor, H Hayton, 207 Ceara, R Singlehurst & Co

UNITED STATES.
Abbotsford, 543 New York and Quebec, %V Quayle
BRITISH AMERICA.
Silksworth, J Meidrum, 337 St. John, N.B. H Smith &Co
Crown, 350 St. John, N.B. Cannon, Son & Co
Haberdine, J liore, 53 St. John, Nfld, Valiance & Henry
Normanton, J Robinson, 265 Montreal, Crozier Brs & Co