The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1843-06-09 00:00:00

nfiderstand the Chancelloi of the DioeeiEr 6
Blythe, of I

has been pleased to appoint
Apparitor to the Ecclesiastical Court for that town, vacat
by the decease of Mr. W. Maybrick.

PACKET-SHIP STEPHEN WHITNEY.—The following gra-
tifying letter, dated June 3d, 1843, has been addressed to
Captain Thompson, the commander of this vessel. It is
signed by all the passengers (24 in number). " Sir,—As the
noble ship Stephen Whitney (which we, with touch cheerful-
ness, recommend to the travelling public as a vessel replete

with every convenience and comfort) is now approacl
destination, we, the undersigned cabin passengers, ha

pleasure in uniting our sincere testimonials of esteem and
regard for you, her worthy commander. Reports had spoken
highly of you. sir, but our expectations have been more than
realised, during a pleasant and agreeable passage. In part-
ing, permit us to subscribe cordially to your well-earned
reputation as a careful and skilful commander. We cannot
withhold the expression of our respects, drawn forth by the
observation of your courteous and gentlemanly conduct—
your kindness and good feeling—your attention to the wants
of all on board—which stamp your character as a good, be-
nevolent, and truly worthy man. Please convey our sincere
regards to your able and efficient officers, who have added to
the pleasantness of our voyage by their attention to our com-
forts. Wishing you a prosperous and happy career, we beg
to assure you of our friendly regards."

DISTURBANCE IN LORD NELSON-sTREET.—A meeting
was held on Tuesday night at the Hall of Science, in Lord
Nelson-street. for the purprme of hearing a lecture on the
subject of the repeal of the union, from an individual named
Christopher Doyle, who has, we believe, been hitherto known
as a speaker amongst the Chartists. Shortly after the com-
mencement of the lecture, a number of lads assembled about
the doors, and after making some noise on the stairs burst
into the room, and carried off one of the forms. This they
took into the street and smashed to pieces on the pavement.
The fragments they gathered up and thres through the win-
dows. creating great alarm in the neighbourhood. The street
was instantly in a commotion, hundreds of people hastening
to the spot and swelling the crowd. At length Inspector
Abraham arrived with a few men, and he for a short time
kept the crowd from the. doors. Shortly afterwards, Super-
intendent Quick, with a tile of men, marched into the street,
and in a few minutes another body of men came up under
the command of another Superintendent. These in a very
short space of time, cleared the street. so that it presented
the most extraordinary' appearance of desertion. A number
of individuals. however, remained at each end of the. avenue
where they were kept back by tiles of officers. About nine
o'clock, a body of men appeared in Hotham-street, bearing
an orange flag. Mr. Whitty immediately advanced to them
with a file of policemen, on 'seeing whom they turned and
fled. They were pursued in' o Hanover-street, where they
dispersed. About ten o'clock the meeting terminated, and
as there was a strong force of police on the ground the streets
were cleared without further disturbance.

LECTURES AT THE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTION.—On
Tuesday evening R. Addunis, lesq. delivered the titth of his
course of interesting lectures on electricity, before a
highly gratified audience, in the theatre of the institution.
The subject for the occasion was on telegraphic. communist].
bons, including voltatype and electro-magnetic telegraphs,
which he introduced by some pleasing anti appropriate.
re-
marks on the undoubted advantages of the trantransmission of
information, by signals or telegraphs, .witha rapidity which
could not otherwise be attained. The practice had been pur-
sued from the earliest ages, even among at uncivilized tribes.
The deaf and dumb, too, resorted to signs for the expression
of thought, and thereby communicated their wauts and wishes.
The organs of sound, as well as sight, were called into re-
quisition for the conveyance of information to those at a dis-
tance : the church bell was itself an intimation without words
for the people to attend divine worship ; the minute gun at
sea, by day or night, indicated the danger by which the ma-
riner was 'surrounded ; and military telegraphic communica-
tions were found of the utmost importance in conveying
in-
telligence from station to station, which could not otherwise.
be accomplished in time to be available in consequence of
the distance. Resort had therefore been had to various sys-
tems of signs and signals, some of which of late years had
been much improved ; and to this subject lie bespoke their
attention that evening. A number of fires burning in certain
positions on the tops of hills, had, in ancient times, been le-
sorted to for this purpose ; and the Greeks and Romans had
employed small twigs, Sze.. sprinkled with oil, and capable of
ready ignition, by. which, in various numbers and positions,
they could make'briel announcements. The lecturer then
supplied a short and interesting account of the progress of
telegraphic communication. So early as 1684, it was pro- •
posed (by, as we understood. Hawke) so to communicate by
suspending great letters of tin ; but we had no practical tele-
graph
in this country, until 1791 ; and we were indebted to
the French for firststirrieg us up to the use of it. The first •
apparatus they used consisted of a lona cross piece of wood.
at the top of a pole, with two arms at its extremities, which
last, by being moved in various positions, answered the pur-
pose to a certain extent. In 1796 another more complicated
plan was employfal between Paris and a distant station,
. having four posts, with a cross piece, and five arms or flaps,
which increased the vocabulary of communication. Of these
be showed neat models. The British at length set up a
teleeraph on the admiralty to communicate with Chatham.
This was the six flap 'telegraph, and consisted of a frame- •
work, elevated on a pole or pillar, The frame had six open
squares or compartments within it, in each of which was an
octagonal board, which might be turned so as conspicuously to
face the distant observer in signalizing, or kepi. horizontal, with
the edge towards him, so that it would appear as a mere line
if it were at all eisible. and signify nothing. On the board
were the figures 1 to 6 inclusive, which could be seen in clear
weather a distance of 15 or 20 miles. The next telegraph
was that of the admiralty, communicating from London to
Portsmouth, and resembling a long ladder, narrowing to the
top. A fine model of this was shown, with brass machinery
below for Working it. It had two sets of arms, each of eight
in number, which, when all extended in a vertical sloping or
horizontal position, formed two figures resembling the points
of the compass, with the cardinal and the four intermediate
points. The flaps of the upper set represented the figures 1
to B—beginning at the top, and going round like the face of
a clock, and the lower one 10, 20, 30, Sac. up to 80. There
was also a signal calling .attention to those at the next
station before a communication was commenced. There
were fourteen stations for this line similarly provided, and
each with tables of numbers with alphabetic letters.
so that words could be signalled or spelt. The government
could have a key privately sent to the stations, altering the
indication of the letters by figures ; so that though the figure
for otie letter was signalled, another letter was to be taken.
for it. By this means no one could know what the nature of
their communication was, even if they had the usual tables.
The telegraph more tecemly in.,mted by Lieut. Watson had,
however, superseded this, and it was contemplated to have it
established all round the coast and across the island, so
that in fine weather there would be no difficulty in commu-
nicating all over the country at the rate of 40 miles an hour.
His telegraph (which was known here) had four arms, or
rather pairs of arms, (or eight flaps,) four of which signified
four distinct figures at once; and his vocabulary was a com-
prehensive one, containing, under classes, short sentences or
words;—chess 1 being those from 1 to 1,000; 2 those from
1,000 to 2,000; and so forth. The vocabulary was well ar-
ranged in sentences or portions of sentences. Thus, if be
(the lecturer) opened the book promiscuously, opposite 3425
he found the words " during the night"-3426, " during
last night." But it was quite clear that even this ingenious
plan was not available during hazy weather or at night, and
this defect had given the idea of constructing electromagne-
tic telegraphs. The first of this hind was by Messrs. Cooke
and Wheatstone. This, of which he showed a working mo-
del, had a cloak face on a square frame, with a magnetised
hand, which, being communicated with by the wires of the
galvanic battery, pointeut to letters desired to he indicated by
the party, at guy distance. • He explained the reason why it
was necessary that the wires' should be wrapped round with
white cotton or white silk, or varnished over. lie showed
another apparatus with two hands, which, by the like elec-
tric influence, both pointed to a le t r over them or to one
under them. This showed the princidle of the electro-mag-
lactic telegraph, which he explained by diagrams, &c., at
considerable length. Ile then showed, by a diagram in the
form of a large diamond intersected into smaller diamonds,
with each its separate letter, and having five magnetic hands in
the middle, that these hands could, by the electricity passed
to them by five wires, be made so to point, though at a great
distance front the operator, as to spell distinct words. (lie
also exhibited a beautiful model of a new telegraph, with
balls at the top and arms at the side, worked by machinery,
which had been sent to him by a gentleman whose invention
it
was, and which he would explain in a future lecture.)
The electro telegraphs noticed had, however, given way to
another of a touch superior description, a large model or re-
presentation of which he first explained, before allowing the
real and smaller one in operation. It consisted of a circular
wheel face or index, with circles of letters and figures marked.
upon it. The face of this was covered with another face
hiding the whole of it, with the exception of the letter or
figure which was to be signalled, and which could be seen
through teamed square opening at the top part of the outer
circle or face, in the same manuer as the day of the month is
observable through a clock dial. There was employed in
working it what is called a permutation table, on a circle or
wheel, with numerous little points, against each of which
was a letter or figure corresponding with those on the move.
able dial. When the two wires of the galvanic battery
were passed from the perinutator to the telegraph, (no
matter how many miles apart,) and the table was moved
round and stopped at the letter required, the electricity, pass-
ing instantaneously along the wires, moved the index or face
of the telegraph, so
.that the party there could distinctly and
quickly spellwordatter word—a cross being shewn indicating
the termination of each. lie showed in a very pleasine ' and
clear manner the nature of the apparatus, and the niiteliee
in which it worked, but it is difficult for us to convey an
adequate idea of it without diagrams. It must suffice,
therefore, to say, that close behind the moving dial is a'
wheel with a thin rim having teeth on each edge. Let us
suppose a narrow saw, having sloping teeth on each edge, to
be doubled or bent round in a circle, it would represent this
.wheel, and a piece of iron which may be called a double pall,
and which by being moved backwards and forwards on the
top of tins wheel so that at each moverneut the perpendicular
part of it would fall between two of the teeth first on one
side of the rim and then oh the other, arid w‘i.i(i)cullit,il;ruoriirli the
.teeth forininw.on one sida.an unlined eases,
the
wheel in one din ection in a short jerk at each movement,
—and we may have a notion of its action. A large horse-
shoe magnet is placed fist. behind this piece of iron and the
polarity being alternately ehaeged, through the wires, &c.,
the iron moves backwards and forwards till the index-wheel
reaches the required letter, when it is stopped for a moment
to give the person sufficient time to note it. The' permuta-
tion table is then turned to the next letter, and so on through
whole sentences. A very small instrument was required in:
practice for this admirable inutile of communication-
cotnparatively small battery)—orie of which the lepe.atih'tiar.,r
pro-
rimmed and worked. The telegraphic or index
bled a small brass time-piece. He placed it at one eXbietru'e.--1
and thebater‘iyvoiltibe.omugt
tufty of the platform, and the battery and permutation '•
at the other. A young gentleman from the bod • wheel
the
" nobl
room undertook to read off the index,
applied, he readily made out a sentence telegraphed,
any clue' being furnished him—namely,
lion wits opened for the purpoaestelsstiinotnfhil,!eddatuuhdciainetkniio.cre:iitineic:lthBilf,r4heititn.
This was decidedly the best and most gratifying e ...rbetec,
es t
lectures,usei.ul,
their
and.ad coduringof
t h etIT
delight by repeated bursts of applause. The telegraph
also made to ring, a bell as a signal of attention, al7ddi.) il•wgas
model of a bell, showing the whole system of working,its' ar,-e
shewn and rung byat distant battery with sufficientlod was
to awaken the heaviest sleeper at a station! The belluofhtesies
little model also rang very distinctly, though the battery
heresmall. we had. a telegraph as efficient by night as wasl
day, and the communication was made with the velocity6ias )Y.
lightning—a velocity indeed annihilating distance .
of the er»
itself might be communicated with in an incredibly shirtll4
time. The only difficulties were the laying
wires, and so protecting them that the electric current would
.Pass freely along them, and .also in getting a sufficient gal-
vanic power. One of these telegraphs was now established
between -London and Windsor, and the precise result of a
debate in Parliament could thereby be made known in a few
moments. lie concluded by expressing an opinion that to
pursue the science of electro-magnetism to perfect such dis-
coveries, was not thereforea waste o. t money and time, but
benefitsworthy
by theoftrbilosis)ocepdhy conveyance philosophical
nivtlieny of minds, as
to
place. in the course of the lecture lie also showed other
systems of electro-magnetic communication, which by time
touching of balls or keys (in the manner of
nt musical in-
strument), balls at distant stations were raised and let fall
successively, so that language could be conveyed by the mute
and extraordinaryelectricity! agency of He was listened to
with the most respectful attention throughout, and announced
that he should on Friday (this evening) continue this branch
of his subject—lclocntros kdUclng an electro•piinting telegraph,
eleetro-magnetto , 84e.