The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1851-04-22 00:00:00

CHURCH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTION.—It will be per-
ceived by advertisement, that the first of the course of
supplementary lectures will be delivered at the Concert-
hall, Lord Nelson-street, on Thursday evening, by the
Rev. Samuel Minton, the talented incumbent of St.
Silas. The subject selected is, " A Papist Represented
and Misrepresented, which is which ;" the former part of
which our readers will remember forms the title of a work
recently published by the Romish Bishop Chalmer. The
rev. gentleman's former lecture will be fresh in the
memory of our readers, as well as the challenge which he
threw out to the Romish priests, which was modestly
declined by them, and we have no doubt that numbers
will avail themselves of again listening to his ableargu-
ments upon such an interesting subject. Tickets for the
lecture may be hail at the office of this paper.
THE BOROUGH SESSIONS.—Owing to severe indisposi-
tion, the learned recorder was unable to take his seat in
court, on Saturday and yesterday, and the business of the
sessions was continued on those days before Mr. Blair,
barrister. On the Wednesday and Thursday previously,
Mr. Henderson was compelled to avail himself of the ser-
vices of Mr. Temple and Mr. Rushton, both of which
gentlemen took notes of the several trials for the recorder.
We are happy, however, to state that the learned gentle-
man was much better yesterday, and it is understood that
he will resume his seat at one o'clock this day (Tuesday),
to dispose of the few remaining cases yet to be investi-
gated. -The calendar contained the names of 193 prisoners.
One can only read well : none have received what is called
a superior education, whilst the large number of 102 are
unable either to read or write, having in fact received no
education of any description.
ATTEMPT TO TAMPER WITH WITNESSES.—On Satur-
day an inquiry of considerable length took place in the
magistrates' private-mom, at the Sessions'-house, which
resulted in the committal of three men, named Edward
Davies, John Bickerstaff, and William Tudor. On the
17th of March last five men, named John Ormsby, Edw.
Richardson, Matthew Richardson, John Lucas, and John
Mercer, were comm tted to take their trial at the sessions ;
the four former charged with stealing some plate and
jewellery belonging to James Gregory, and the latter with
receiving the stolen property. It appears that, since the
committal, the three men above alluded to have endea-
voured, on the part of Mercer and the other men impli-
cated, to get Gregory and his wife out of the way, and at
one time offered as much as £l5O and a ring (part of the
stolen property) if they would absent themselves during
the sessions. However, the detective officers, who knew
pretty well with whom they had to deal, were on the alert,
and, having communicated with Gregory, the three
prisoners were taken into custody, on "Wednesday, at a
public-house in Matthew-street, where they had invited
Gregory and his wife to meet them.
THE AVIARY AT KNOWSLEY PARK.—For a. long
series of years the Knowsley aviary has been celebrated
for its treasures in natural history, and also for the success
which has attended its efforts to reproduce the races of
animals and birds. The 1-" test novelty, and one which
certainly has had no parallel in this country, has been the
hatching of six emus. It has been found possible on for-
mer occasions, to hatch the birds in a natural way ; but
recently a case occurred which called for artificial incuba-
tion, or the entire loss of the eggs. One of these birds
laid ten eggs, the ninth of which she broke ; and the bird
refused to sit. Eight of the eggs were therefore placed in
the artificial incubator, and two. were left to the bird,
in the hope that she would again lay, and that the eggs
would be hatched. This, however, proved a failure. The
eggs placed in the incubator remained during the custo-
mary time of the bird's sitting, and they were watched
with great interest day and night. At length the time
was completed. On Tuesday week the shells began to
crack, and the birds successively made their appearance
out of six eggs—the other two failing. The birds are
covered with down, and the feathers are beautifully
striped. Incubation is performed by the male bird alone.
The eggs are of a deep green, and are about as big as six
hens' eggs rolled into one. The young bird has its fea-
thers marked in black and white stripes, running from the
bill to the tail in lines; and it is also dotted with spots of
black.
THE WARRINGTON MUaDER —On Wednesday, a com-
munication was received by the governor of Kirkdale Gaol
from the Home Office, announcing that the execution of
the femele prisoner, Bridget Lyons, would be respited
during her Majesty's pleasure. She did net seem at. first
to understand the true state of her ultered circumstances,
but her first impulse, on learning her actual situation,
was to express, in rambling terms, her gratitude to the go-
vernor for what he had done for her ; and on the governor
telling her that he had no more to do with the matter than
communicating to her the Queen's command that she was
not to be executed until further orders were received,
and that she ought. to he thankful to Almighty God for it,
she fell down on h r keees, apparently absorbed in deep
feelings of gratitude. With regard to her husband, the
male prisoner, until within the last few days he has exhi-
bited a kind of careless indifference to the awful situation
in which lie is placed. Although he has often repeated
his confession, inculpating himself and entirely excid-
patiog his wife, lie seemed to have been almost inaccessi-
ble to religious impressions or spiritual consolation. Lately,
however, a marked change for the better has taken place,
and from his religious instructors we learn that he is now
keenly alive to the position in which he is placed, and the
dreadful fate that awaits him. He frequently dwells upon
the enormity of his crime, fully acknowledges the justice
of his sentence, and says that he is quite ready to die.
The execution is fixed for the 26th instant.
CHARGES OF BITING MEN'S NOSES.—At the borough
sessions, yesterday, John Jennings, (who had been ad-
mitted to bail) was charged with the misdemeanor of
having unlawfully wounded Thomas Walsh, by bitinghim
on the nose. The complainant and defendant were em-
ployed at the brewery of Mr. Hugh Bullen, Maguire-
street. On the 29th of January last, the plaintiff and
defendant quarrelled. They struggled and fell together
to the ground ; and, while down, the defendant, it was
alleged, seized the complainant by the nose with his teeth,
and completely separated the nasal organ. Walsh, in
cross-examination by Mr. Tindal Atkinson, " fenced"
with the questions put to him, in consequence of which
he was most severely handled by the learned counsel; he
(Walsh) at length admitted that the quarrel had originated
in consequence of sonic remarks he had made relative
to the non-chastity of Jennings's sister. The defence of
Mr. Atkinson was, in effect, that the complainant had
lain the aegressor, and that the wounds on the nose had
been inflicted, not by the teeth, but with the finger nails.
Several witnesses were called to establish this view of the
case. The jury, after some little deliberation, returned a
verdict of guilty against the defendant of an aggravated
assault, but said their opinion was, that the wounds on
the nose had not been caused by the teeth. Jennings
was ordered to be imprisoned for two months.—ln another
case, Themes Davies was sentenced to seven months' im-
prisonment, for severely biting the nose of Lawrence
Finnegan, a sailor, who resides in Norfolk-street.
I.IIE CORPORATION BATHS IN CORNWALLIS-STREET.
—The plunge baths show an area of upwards of 1,000
ft-et of water space. There are two tepid swimming
baths, but the description of one will apply to both. On
the margin of the baths there are pillars, which carry
arches, making an !wended walk around. On the top of
this arcade the private baths are arranged; They project
about four feet, forming something like a blind gallery,
leaving the space above the plunge bath open to the roof.
It is forty feet in height. The roof is of corrugated iron,
and the whole of the centre space being formed of rough
p"ate glass, half ground, (ground only on one side,) a
peculiar mellow light is diffused into the apartment. The
trottier around the baths is of asplialte, and there are
twenty-seven dressing-rooms which, when boys are
bathing, will hold four each. These are enclosed only
by half doors; but we have no doubt that a curtain will
ultimately be added to complete the front. There is, at
the south end, a keeper's apartment, fitted up with locked ,1
drawers, numbered so as to correspond with the various
dressing-rooms.. Each is provided with a separate lock
and key, and here it is intended that such bathers as choose
may deposit their valuables till they are ready to leave.
Next to the keeper's room, we find cupboards with heated
pipes, for the warming of the towels to be handed to each
bather ; and one apartment, with a purposely very wide
entrance, that an invalid may be carried in upon a chair;
and this will be ultimately fitted up with medicated
baths, and so " sanatory good," it is hoped, be effected.
The baths, when filled, will have a varying depth, accord-
ing to the incline, from two feet six inches at the upper
end to five feet nine inches below. Fault being found
with the usual tile lining of the floors of previous plunge
baths, which become slippery from the accumulation of
a green slime, the present are floored, as an experiment,
with Portland cement, which we have no doubt will an-
swer well. There are seven longitudinal overflows, com-
municating with the drain, and trapped, so as to prevent
any current of air or offensive smell. There is some very
ingenious apparatus for filling the baths and carrying off
the waste water. The process of filling will be
somewhat as follows :—A pipe is laid for supplying
the baths with cold water early in the morning.
Immediately after being filled, the wateris heated to a tem-
perature of peculiar construction, When the bath has been
heated to the temperature stated, which can be accom-
plished, small as the apparatus appears, in some 20 minutes,
heated water is supplied by the pipes used for the purpose,
till the temperature rises to 120 degrees. Each bather on
entering displaces his own bulk of water, and the waste
by the overflow takes place, fortunately, from the surface,
where the water is usually most foul. And now we come
to a beautiful principle of compensation which has been
introd coed. A mysterious wooden erection stands in one
corner at the bottom of the swimming-bath, not unlike a
sentry-box pierced with bullet holes. Every depression
of the surface of the water, however slight, depresses a
large float contained:in this, which opens an equilibrium
valve of large diameter, and which immediately supplies
the waste from the hot water-pipe; so that the water in
the bath is perpetually changing in the retie of the num-
ber of bathera. It is estimated that if a thousand baths
are taken, the Water, by that time will have been COM-
PLETELY changed. The steam nozzle ,to.. which we have
referred has been invented in the establishrnenteand,, al-
though a useful novelty, is of very simple construction.
The mouth of the pipe is extended to about three times
the diameter of the pipe itself, and covered, forming a
box filled with discs of flannel or other soft material. The
condensation of the steam takes piece in this stuffing-
box ;the steam acts on the soft material instead of against
the sides of the pipe, and thus that very disagreeable loud
cracking nose which would otherwise take place is pre-
vented ; all that is heard, as the steam forces itself with
great force into the mass of cold water, being a gentle
hissing noise.—Journal.

THE MODEL OF ROME.—At the present time the
beautiful model of Rome, which is now exhibiting at the
Exhibition Rooms, in Post-office-place, will be found one
of the roost pleasing and instructive amusements of Easter
week. With the exception of Jerusalem, no city in the
world possesses so much interest for persons of every class
—who may, whatever be their station, receive much valu-
able instruction from the interesting lecture of the pro-
prietor. The charge of admission has been reduced to
6d., in order to give the working classes an opportunity of
eeing it.

CORRESPONDENCI.

EDUCATION AND THE CORPORATION

TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD.

SIR,—In order to the carrying out of an effective sys-
tem of national education upon the most genuine prin-
ciples commensurate with the wants and necessities of
this great empire, considerations must be given to the
requisite platform or necessary school premises in every
destitute locality or district. The many evils of a fearful
and gigantic character which are manifestly festering in
society, particularly in all our large manufacturing and
commercial towns, are not only to be deplored, but re-
sisted and attacked in every legitimate way possible. The
fluidic notices or suggestions which were given to the
Town-council by the late much esteemed stipendiary ma-
gistrate, Mr. Rushton, were doubtless excellent ; but in
one sense only of a topical nature, because calculated at
most to meet such eases as might be found in the way of
the scum of our juvenile population. The intention being
good, and the object to be aimed at in this respect being
of the most creditable character, it would indeed he a pity
to say one word which might have the slightest tendency
to discourage the erection of a juvenile reformatory.
However, from the topical of Mr. Rushton's suggestions
it may be further suggested, that so far as the gentlemen
of the Town-council are concerned, a more suitable,
effective, and laudable step, in regard to popular education
and combating the difficulties referred to, would be the
purchasing and erecting requisite school premises, co-
vered and uncovered, in connection with each of. what
are called, the corporation churches, so as to afford an
effective education, physical. moral, religious, and intel-
lectual for the numerous infant and juvenile population
within the district wherein each of said churches is
situated. This, it is imagined would be worthy the dig-
nity of the Liverpool Town•council, creditable to the
locality, and beneficial to the community at large, and
that, too, in a far wider sense than the establishing of a
reformatory for such as are left to become " delinqu
I would gladly proceed with my observations bearing
upon popular education, but lest doing so at present
should preclude your giving them insertion at on 'e. I
shall crave other opportunities at your hand to do so, and
in the meantime subscribe

Yours faithfully,
JAMES GILLESPIE

Liverpool, lith April, 1851

THE LABOURER AND HIS NECESSITIES.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD,

SlR.—Permit me, through the medium of your valua-
ble paper, to throw out a few suggestions, which I hope,
at this season of the year especially, may tend to some
practical good. Summer—a season characterised in the
natural world by so much that is beauteous, peaceful, and
bounteous, but in our social and commercial world.
alas! too often by much weariness, disease, and sorrow—
is fast approaching ; and, despite all the drearful warn-
ings which we from time to time have received, how,
may I be allowed to ask, are we preparing to modify
those evils to which the poorer class are often subject at
that season ? It has become so customary to ascribe
those ills to their vices and intemperate habits, that the
subject may, perhaps, appear threadbare. Now, I am
not going to turn lecturer on teetotalism, and set. man
egainst man, class sgainst class. lam not of those who,
for one moment, suppose artificial beverages unnecessary
for the human frame. I address you, Sir, on very diffe.
rent grounds. lam of opinion that if man ha one
great. r appetite than another, it is that of thirst—if
toiling man has one greater necessity than another to
keep up the vigour of his frame, it is that of drink.
Whence is it that, in all ages, the most noble-minded,
the most virtuous, and the best men have so often fallen
victims to the influence of intoxicating drinks ? Doth
this not speak in language too strong to be doubted,
how great are the necessities of this appetite ? God bath
given it to man, and with it " taste" above the brute
creation ; and I esteem it the greatest gratitude we can
evince towards Him for His manifold gifts, ellen we use
them in accordance with that taste, which He bath given
to guide us, in satisfying our appetites. This nary be
said to be the argument of the sensualist; be it so !
There is still temperance to be exercised. But, Sir, it is
a painful thing to see H;s gifts perverted and abused ;
an lit is painful to a sensitive mind to see that, amid all
our boasted greatness, all our commercial and national
advantages—and what country bath more ?—the poor of
the land are not able to purchase any of those so painful
necessaries of refreshment in a state calculated to produce
ought but ill. I ask the philanthropist, whose lot it may
be to witness the labourers in our streets, to ling under
the oppression of a summer's sun " from morn to dewy
eve,' to follow them into the hou=es of refreshment
which tempt their wearied souls on every side, and which
it is so fashionable to term " dens of vice," but which
ought to be to them as springs in dese! t waste, and taste
the quality and flavour of all the drinks which their
means enable them to purchase. My object is, if pos-
sible, whilst there is yet time, to stir up men's minds to
the improvement of these necessaries, and to the right
use of those provisions which God bath made for that
purpose. It will be necessary for me to deal very plainly
in this matter; and I shall, therefore, first inquire what
article of drink, consistent with the means of the poor
man, can be purchased in this town of Liverpool produc-
tive of aught but ill to the consumer? The rich man,
who can afford to indulge in his expensive mixtures—
soda water, flavoured with hock, champagne, or brandy—
and frequently during the day take his substantial repast
to qualify what those gaseous, mixtures have served to
weaken, may, doubtless, be inclined to smile at what he
may term my narrow-minded views ; but may I ask if he
ever calculated what it might have cost him in one day
in endeavouring to satisfy the cravings of his thirst, and
then, with common humanity, turn to the condition of
the labouring man, with greater necessities, because of
his greater toil—and, if be have any bowels of compassion,
ha will shudder to think how, with small earnings, added
often to his domestic claims, he can possibly support the
energy of his constitution. Whence come diseases of
every sort, premature old age, lunacies, &c., amongst the
poor ?—from drunkenness and its consequent vice, it will
be said : and whence cometh drunkenness ?—from their
depraved appetites, it will be as readily answered. Let
us argue this matter. I speak as one not without expe-
rience—as one who, from childhood, have been associated
with drinking and drunkenness in all its forms and
phases, but who, through the mercy of God, have, to my
memory, never been drunk, nor am I ever influenced by
liquor. Is it becanse I never require it ? (Who has ever
felt its necessity more, who has suffered more constitu-
tional debility for want of refreshing drinks, or sacrificed
more opportunities of worldly advantage by refraining
from those now in general use ?) No! But because I
am convinced by experience that the thinks now in
common use do not answer the cry of nature, or have,
mentally or bodily, a beneficial effect. Where, then,
are we straitened ? In Providence ? God forbid we
should so argue ! Too manifest is His bounty
towards has all—too loudly are His goodness and
loving-kindness proclaimed o'er all His works, and
tell too plainly how righteous His dealings towards
us ; but that we have sought out many inventions.
Have the rich in wealth, station, and understanding,
endeavoured to seek out the root of the evil, and applied
their energies and talents to its removal? Have the
manufacturers of these articles, to whom is entrusted
wealth and power, ever asked themselves, whether they
are using rightly, or utterly perverting, the gifts of nature ?
or does a consideration for interest of capital applied ab-
sorb all more humane considerations ? Do " temperance
advocates," as they are styled, (whose chief object has
often appeared to me to have been to stigmatise and
bring reproach upon all who ate engaged in the drinking
trade, especially the retailers, amongst whom may be
found some of the best members of society,) think they
are going the right way to remove this great evil ? or are
they not rather cutting off the sympathies of society from
their cause ? I have (with as strong a desire for the
spread of real temperance as they can entertain), as
have been proceeding to church on a Sunday evening,
had the finger of some popular orator, mounted on a tub,
addressing a large assemblage in the market-place, scorn-
fully pointed at me, exclaiming, " There goes a brewer,
with the curse of God on his forehead !" Is that the way
to invite people to be temperate ? Combine, then, to
overcome this evil, not with evil, but with good ; and
instead of heaping reproach on drinking-houses in general,
try to make them honoured, by aiding in the improvement
of all that is sold therein. There is much to be done
hefore this can be accomplished, and will require all ener-
gies. There is unfortunately a prevailing opinion in so-
ciety that what has been must be: men are averse to
changes, and, as Bacon says, think many things impossi-
ble, but when they are accomplished, wonder they were
not done before.

Ale and porter are the chief drinks used by the mass of
people in this country, and nauseous indeed are most ales
that are sold, more especially those at the working man's
price. Bass's and Allsopp's light ales assimilate to the
promptines of our taste more than any in the market—
whence their universal sale; but ale may be made more
congenial to our taste than theirs, and accessible also to
the poor. The superiority of the Burton ales is ascribed
to the water, but I do not concur in that opinion, impor-
tant as I admit the consideration of water to be in brew-
ing. Why are not all the Burton ales alike, that are
made from the same water ? There is as bail bitter ale
comes from Burton as any town in England.; and the
superiority of some of that ale is owing to the good taste
and judgment of those that brew it. The Liverpool water
is very healthy and beautiful : softer water may be found
that would yield a denser extract, but the Liverpool ale
does not lack density ; it is too heavy and strong already.
It !s that peculiar lightness on the palate, and refreshed-
ness, that is so much required, and which has given im-
pulse to the sale of the Burton ales. Our system must
be altered. Science (commonly so called) is too busy at
work already in our breweries : we must have simplicity !
The best way to brew a very light and refreshing ale is
this :—Suppose, for instance, I want 30 barrels of very
cheap ale, and I have 60 bushels of malt, and 60 lbs. of
very choice pale hops. Of course the malt is the grand
consideration— its extract and the care thereof the
groundwork of all I have to do ; at least so I can imagine
the practical brewer saying, and fancy I see him tucking
up his sleeves to commence his mash. However, it shall
not be so on tbis occasion : the mash shall be a secondary
consideration. lam not seeking " density," the brewer's
god ; I want a pleasant and refreshing drink. I run say
20 barrels of water into my lower copper (if I have two) ;
throw in a little lime, to purify, should the water require
it, and to ensure brilliancy after ; boil well, then throw in
my hops, loosely, and continue to boil for about 20 or 25
minutes, so as not to get an unpleasant flavour ; turn out
altogether into a receiver, and there allow to remain until
my malt extract is ready. Take sufficient mashing water
(which will during this time have been boiling in your
top copper, prepared as the other), according to the con-
dition of your malt, to produce you about 11 barrels of
strong wort, your temperature having been rather high,
and allowing it to stand sufficiently long to complete the
a small quantity
chief of your work in the first mash, only
chef

Nlie.rux