The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1833-11-22 00:00:00

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MHE IRISH FARMER'S and GARDENEWS MAGA-
ZINE, and REGISTER of RURAL AFFAIRS, No. 1.,
for NOVEMBER, price One Shilling, conducted by Mr. MAR-
TIN DOYLE and Mr. MIYRPIIY, contains :—lntrodiictioa. On
the Villa Plantations in the neighbourhood of Dublin-By Mr.
Nevin. On Raising Native Hyaci Its—By Mr. Ryan. Re-
medy for Mildew, Green Fly, and S le—By Mr. Foran. On
the Cultivation of the Commelina celestis—Bv Mr. Murphy.
Ou Planting—By Mr. Murphy. n the Evil Effects of Late
Pruning of Forest Trees—By Mr Murphy. On the Phormimn
Tenax. —Observations on 's Farming—By Mr. Martin
Doyle. '1 h e .Dankey Plough On the Use of Bones as Manure
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Elements of Bota:ny—Reviewed by J. H. On the Cultivation
of Sea Cale.—Horticultural Society of Ireland.—Waterford
Horticultural Sbow.—Ballinasloe Horticultural Society.—Bel-
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In 2 vols. Bvo, price 21s. boards,
NARRATI'VE of the EXP ' IrrtoN to PORTUGAL,
under the orders Of his Imperial lajesty Dom Pedro, Duke of
Braganza. By G. LLOYD Ho GES, Esq. late Colonel in the
Service of her most faithful N jesty the Queen of Portugal.
"Colonel Hodges, with th sensitiveness to fame, and to that
hgood opinion of the count • and of his brother-officer s, would
ha-ve (as he states) iintn alely on his return published his vin-
dication, but for fear of juring the cause he had so- gallantly
fought for. His motives for the delay were equally honourable
and delicate. The work itself, we have every reason to believe,
is the strict truth."—Times, July 16.

"Replete with amusing matter, and written in a daShing
soldier-like style."—Age, July 7. _

" No person could be enabled, by disposition and circum
stances, to afford a clearer view of the contest in Portugal than
the author of these volumes."—Literary Gazette.
"A pleasant, an honest, and unaffected narrative."—Athenfrioa
"As the production of an avowed partisan, the volumes dis-
play infinitely more candour, liberality, and even generosity,
than could reasonably have been anticipated. They present
clear and simple statements of facts, expose much petty- in-
trigue, furnish many personal and characteristic sketches, anti
abound with incidental description and anecdote."—Court Jour-
nal, July 20.
"This is a very entertaining, and, at the present crisis, a very
interesting work."7---Halifas Guardian, July 26.
"Much- has been said of Pedro within the last three or four
years, but we shall uo where gain a better insight into his cha-
racter than in these pages of Colonel Hodges."—Spectator,
July 13.
"W'y'e recommend every body who is interested in the subject
to peruse the Narrative. With a good taste that is creditable
to his character, Colonel Hodges suspended the publication
during the period that fortune seemed to have set iu against the
Queen ; but now that the fate of arms appears to have declared
in her favour, his motives for suppression no longer exist."—
Atlas, July 28.
"As a continuous account of events which have led to the
present auspicious position of affairs, and which must form a
very important portion of the history of Portugal, the work of
Colonel Hodges will be found most valuable; and from the
nature of the details of which it is composed, and the style in
which it is written, it cannot fail to be read with great in-
terest."—Naval and Military Gazette, July 27.
"The volumes before us evidence an intelligent and reflecting
mind, a generous dispoSition, accompanied by no mean talent for
obeervation and composition."—United Service Gazette, qf 27th
July.
,TT

In lrol. 4to, neatly bound, with gilt leaves, price £2 2S. plain
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Now ready, in 1 thick Bvo vol., consisting of 150 pages, price 12s.
OLD BAILEY' EXP ERIENCE. Ily the Author
Schoolmaster's Experience in Newgate.'
The following Critiques appeared among the notices of
Fraser's Magazine, during the time that the Schoolmaster's
Series were in the course of publication in that Periodical:—
Fraser, of this month, appears to us to outstrip all his con-
temporaries. In support of our opinion we need only refer to
`the Schoolmaster's Experience in Newgate,' a most able ex-
position of the abuses in the administration of the criminal
law."—Morning Herald.
"In Fraser's Magazine for July, there is an article nnder the
title of 'the Schoolmaster's Experience in Newgate,' the second
of a series, which lays bare the shocking injustice towards the
poor in our criminal courts in a masterly manner."—Morning
Chronicle.
"'The Schoolmaster's Experience in Newgate' is again at the
head of the very ablest papers iu the number."—True Sun.
"A most important exposure, evidently the work of a sensible
man, thoroughly acquainted with the workings of our vicious
system in all their details, and having accurate ideas of the
necessary improvements."—Examiner.
"The third paper on 'the Schoolmaster's Experience in New-
gate' contains such important matter as must arrest the atten-
tion of those in authority."—Derbyshire Courier and Chesterfield
Gazette. _ _

" Fraser's Magazine for August is-replete with much interest-
ing matter. We hive been much struck with a paper, which
has been continued in several numbers, on the criminal ,juris-
prudence of the country, and entitled the Schoolmaster in
Newgate."—Plymoutli Herald.
"We are glad to find 'the Schoolmaster' is to be continued,
for it lays open such an hitherto unknown field of observation—
it places the condition of Newgate and the conduct of the judges
iu so new a light, and yet so evidently correct, that every law-
milli in- the kingdom, be he attorney, conveyancer, especial
pleader, or whatever else, will benefit from its perusal; and
will be glad after that perusal to use his influence to procure a
change in the practice of those who preside at the criminal
courts of the criminal sessions in the metropolis. The cause
and continual increase in London of thieves is distinctly pointed
out, the manner and accuracy of which is it impossible to dis-

putc."
"But the Schoolmaster's Experience in Newgate' is the
article of articles, for utility and deep interest, among all the
magazines of the month."—Gloucester Journal.
-
"The Regina, of July, exhibits many beauties, and some good
intentions, which atone for her political sins—the errors of ultra-
Toryism. Few periodicals have so rapidly progressed, or have
been so firmly fixed in public estimation, iu the same given time,
as Fraser's Magazine. The boldness, vigour, and originality of
its political papers, and the freshness and playful humour of its
lighter articles, render this monthly visitor generally interesting.
A. continuation of the Schoolmaster's Experience in Newgate'
is a production of the deepest interest; it is a distressing deve-
lopment of the map-administration and anomalous working of
our criminal code, as proved by the proceedings at the tJld
Bailey. The writer appears accurately conversant with the
operations of this abominable system, and has furnished a body
of evidence, which ought to arrest the immediate attention of
those who devote their talents and influence to reform existing
abuses."—Morurrouth Merlin.
"There are many other papers in Fraset's Magazine that de-
serve comment, but we have neither space nor tune for the task,
especially as we intend to draw largely upon the Schoolmaster's
Experience.' Ihe public are deeply indebted to this writer for
his able series of papers."---- Weal Dispatch.
" Fraser has sent forth a shrewd number this month; it con-
tains one excellent paper, the Schoolmaster's Experience in
Newgate,' which is entitled to our praise with respect to its hu•
inanity, talent, and interest."—Dorchester and Taunton Journal.
" Amongst the many interesting articles iu this month's Maga-
zine, a paper entitled the Schoolmaster's Experience in New-
gate' merits every attention : it should be read by every one who
teels an interest in the jurisprudence of his country."—Decon-
_
port and StOnehouse Herald.

" 'The Schoolmaster's Experience,' which graces the pages
of Fraser's Magazine, is a most admirable exposure of the man-
ner iu which justice, or rather injustice, is administered at the
Old Bailey session; it cannot fail to awaken attention to the
subje,et, and to be productive of much good."--Bluekburn
Gazette.

In 1 vol. small Bvo, price Gs.
BARBADOES and OTHER POEMS. By M. J. Cu e-
MA N, Esq.
"The author of this little volume enlists our feelings in be-
half of his subjects, inasmuch as he is a native of the island,
whose natural beauties and other distinguishing features he has
presented to us."—Bristol Juurna/.
'Barbadoes' occupies nearly half the volume, and being
written by_one to whom the scenes are familiar, there is a de-
lightful freshness and vigour in the descriptions, which a stranger
ought in vain have hoped to obtain."—Berks/iire Chronicle.
"A neat little volume of poems, the longest and ►cost inte-
resting of which is entitled Barbadoes," and reiates chiefly to
the scenery, the manners, and the historical incidents of that
island."—licerpool Sunulard.
" Mr. Chapman's versification is easy and harmonious; 1h: •,;
has imagery, force, and i►athus at command;, and from his local
knowledge, au eve fur • the beauties of nature, and a heart to
estimate their value, he has been enabled to sketch many a
' glowing scene."—Court Journal.
"Barbadoes has at last got a bard of her own; one who writes
natural and harmonious verse. Mr. Chapman is a West ludiau,
and Barbadoes -is the burden of his sung►. lie sings with truto
and ease, and with a voice melodious rather than load."—
Athena,uni.
"The principal subject of Mr. Chapman's volume, as the title
• imports, is Barbadoes, where tile scenery, habits, pursuits, and
eniployments of one of the most itnpo►taut of the Vest India
islands, (the author's birth-place,) are depicted with consider-
abie agility, and, ips we are assured, with a scrupulous adhesion
to the literal trah. Besides poetical talent, this publicatiun
bears the. impress of -refined taste and extensive infolinatiou
connected with the western world. Several of the sunsucr
pieces, too, are very beautiful.—Newcastle Cuutunt.

n

• EPITOME OF POLAR EXPEDITIONS.

Prepared expressly fur ti►e Liverpool Standard.)

We now attempt a brief survey of the daring enterprises and
the perilous and perservering efforts of our early navigators in
the frozen regions of the north. The flourishing commerce of
Spain and Portugal.in the India seas, stimulated the merchants
of Eng.and to a participation in that great source of wealth, by
the discovery of a passage that would shorten the voyage to
India and China, to less than half the distance of that round
the Cape of Good Hope, or Cape Horn. -
As the unabated zeal, and the extraordinary perseverance
which actuated the promoters of these early voyages of discovery,
were kept alive by the prevailing opinion that the north-west
passage had actually been made by the Spaniards and Portu-
guese, and particularly by a Greek pilot of the name of Juan
de Fuca, it may be right that we should briefly examine the
shallow pretensions of these discoverers, before we proceed to
the really erlicieut expeditions confided to British seamen,
valour, and enterprise.
In the year 15W, the passage round America was supposed
-to have• been made by Caspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese of
some rank. Coasting to the northward, and opening out a
wide passage (uow called Hudson's Strait), he concluded
he had discovered the so much desired passage. With-
out exploring this entrance, he hastened back to Portugal
to communicate the agreeable intelligence, and was s!ut the
following year to complete the discovery, but was never heard
of more; and his brother, Michael de Curtereal, who afterwards
went in search of him, shared the same fate.
In 1525, Estovan Gomez attempted to enter Hudson's Bay,
in search of aN. W. passage. He reached only the coast 01
Newfundland, in the fiftieth parallel of latitude, and carried
off some of the natives. Being asked in the course of his voyage
home what he had brought, lie answered "ssclaros," which the
inquirer mistaking for dam:, or cloves, concluded that Gomez
had discovered the N.W.
_passage to the Moluccas, "and so
posted to the court," says Parchase, "to carry the first news of
this spicy discovery." 'Of this voyage, the jest seems the chief,
if not the only record !
Laurent Ferrer Maldonado was supposed to have passed, in
1588, " from the coast of Labrador to the great ocean," upon
the doubtful authority of a manuscript of the voyage—"being
the relation of the discovery of the strait of Amen, made by
the author in 1588"—alleged by Nicolas Antonio, in his- Bibli-
ozhera hispana, to have been seen in the hands of Mascarenas,
bishop of Segovia. 'Without, however, detaining our readers by
a detail of the proofs by which this pretended voyage of Mal-
donado may be shown to be an imposture, it may be sufficient to
state, that it is generally considered as destitute of " veracity
and authenticity;" iu tact, a mere fabrication.
The old Greek pilot seems to have been the only real disco-
verer of the lot. In 1599, he entered a strait between 47. and
48. of latitude, and Baited above twenty days in a broad sea;
but opposed by savages, clothed in skins, he returned to Aca-
pulco. The strait, the sea, and the savages were recognised by
.vied.res and others, in the very spot pointed out by the old Greek
pilot, to whom modern geographers have rendered tardy justice,
by assigning to the strait he discovered the name of June de
Fuca.

We owe, perhaps, to the "resolute, gallant, glorious attempts"
(as Purchase terms them;) of our early navigators, nyuch of the
rapid growth of our infant navy. Henry VII. caused the great
Harry to he built at the expence of .E.i5,000, an enormous sum in
those days. He engaged the Cabots of Venice in the discovery
of Newfoundland ; and it was accident only that prevented him
(emu employing Columbus. But the spirit of discovery died
away, and revived only in full vigour after receiving the foster-
ing hand of Elizabeth, whose lung and flourishing protection
of it has been exceeded only by that of Geo. 111. and his royal
succes.rois. It was in her glorious reign that the first English-
man undertook the discovery of aN. W._passage to China. Mr.
(atterwards Sir Martin) Frobisher left England in July, 1576,
with two small vessels and a pinuance, the largest only 25 tons ;
and proceeded to the entrance of a supposed strait, in latitude
63 16 N. Ile returned to Harwich on the 2d October, bringing
back from an island on the coast of Greenland, "one of the sal-
vages," and some stones which " glistened with a bright marquis-
set of gold."

In 1577, Frobisher anchored on the west coast of Greenland,
unere one of his people found the horn of a sea unicorn. They
also caught two women, one of whom was so ugly that the sailors
suspected her to be the devil, and stripped off her skin boot to
see if she had a cloven foot. Queen Elizabeth, it seems, was so
much satisfied with the report of this voyage, that Frobisher
was sent out a third time, in 1578, to take ossession of Gleen-
l.tad, with fifteen ships and 120 settlers; but the ice opposing
their passage through the strait, and the season being far au-
vanced, they contented themselves with taking on board a large
quantity of the " glistering" stones, and returned to England.
The unfavourable result of I,robisher's third expedition,
seemes for a while to have cast a damp on the spirit of enter-
prise in this quarter; which, however, was revived in 1585, when
some noblemen and gentlemen formed an association for effecting
the discovery of the N.W. passage. John Davis, of Sundridge,
in Devonshire, was engaged to conduct the expedition. He left
England with two ships, and, on the 20th July, passed the south
point of Greenland, and making land on the tith August, in lat.
t:d 40 N., he gave to a high mountain, " glittering like gold,"
the name of ' Mount Ruleigh." He proceeded up Cumberland
Strait (of modern charts) about 60 leagues, where adverse winds
and tides obliged him to return.

In 1586 Davis was again sent, with four ships, but made no
discoveries of importance, and reached not beyond his former
latitude. In 1581 (his third voyage) he was more successful,
having proceeded along the west coast of Greenland to the lati-
tude of 72 deg. 12 min. N. He then steered westwardly to-
wards the continent of America; but being opposed by fields
and mountains of ice, which alarmed his people, he coasted
to the southward, along the same land he has discovered on his
first voyage, and returned. Ile says, " I have been in 73 de-
grees, finding the sea all open, the passage most probable, the
execution easy."
The failure of Davis, however, nut an end to any further
attempt in that century; and, in 1591, Sir James Lancaster was
sent with five ships, .by the usual but circuitous route of the
Cape of Good Hope. In a postcript in one of his letters, it is
stated, "The passage to the Indies is in the N.W. of America,
in 62 deg. 39 min. N." This once more revived the question ;
and in 1602 Captain Wayinouth left England, with two fly
boats, in search of the N.W. passage. He succeeded in reach-
ing the latitude of 63 deg. 55 min. N., on the coast of America;
but here his crew mutinied, which obliged him to return to
England.
. . .

lu 1006 and 1607, Knight and Hall lost theirlives in a scuffle
with the natives, before they had made any discovery of im-
portance. _ _ _

Notwithstanding all these failures, a society of merchants
still persevered in the attetopt to discover a northern route to
India and China. They engaged for this purpose Captain Henry
Hudsou, a wan of approved great experience and daring
int~epul.ty.
He left England in 1607, but instead of entering any of the
straits, he stood direct.y for the east coast of Greenland, which
he made in let. 73, and named tile point Hold-wiih-Hope. The
weather continued mild and even warm, till he reached the let.
of 78; the sea open, with much drift-wood. In lat. 80 A N.,
he sent his boat on shore with the mate and boatswain, who
quenched their thirst, the weather being hot, at two excellent
streams of fresh water. He still advanced to the northwatd
as high as lat. 82 N., when, falling in with mountains and fields
of ice, he returned home, and arrived at Gravesend on the lait
September. The following year he made a second voyage, to
attempt a passage between Spitzbergen and Nova Zambia, few
particulars of which were made public. The third, and, to
Jinn, the last and fatal voyage, was undertaken in 16W. Hav-
ing passed the Strait, which now bears his name, and doubted
tile westernmost,capes of Labrador, which he named Wolsten-
holme and Digges, he stood to the southward down the great bay
which bears his acme, and entered a harbour which they called
aLchaelrnas, where it was Hudson's intention to have passed
the winter; but an accident prevented hint, and he stood down
to the lowest bight of the bay. Here the chief employ of his
cvew was to procure provisions, with which they appear to have
been scantily supplied in the ship; but they killed above one
hundred dozen of partridges, as white as milk; and in the spring,
when these left them, "came birds of divers sorts, as swannes,
geese, duck, and teale." White thus employed, a mutiny was
stirred up amongst them by one Greene, a person whom Hudson
had taken ou board out of charity, and treated as his own child.
The mutineers forced Hudson and his son and seven others
into the boat, amidst fields of ice, with a scanty supply of pro-
visions—she was never heard of more, and all that were in her
must have miserably perished. Divine justice, however, found
executioners even in this region--Greene and another of the
principal mutineers were killed by the natives of Digges Island,
at the mouth of Hudson's Bay. The remainder of the crew
made the best of their way homewards, being reduced to the
greatest distress. living chiefly on seaweeds, fried with candle
ends, and the skins and feathers of the fowls they had eaten.
(To be continued.)