The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1835-09-18 00:00:00

DEATH OF DOCTOR ERINKLEY.

The announcement of the death of the great and goOd Bishop
of Cloyne will be received with a sorrow proportionate to the
incalculable loss which literature, religion, and science haie
sustained in his departure front this life, fur a better.
Doctor Brinkley was " a scholar,'and a ripe and good one;"
his scientific attainments' placed him amongst the most eminent
lights of the world, who have improved the arts tjy important
discoveries, or meliorated the condition of society'hv the, eom-
mut.icatiou of profound knowledge. But he was soli-waling far
greater• and better than this—be was a christian bishop, who
faithfully performed the oversight of his Master's Aock ; and so
ordered his diocess, by a paternal and just discharge of his epis-
wpal lUnatroH,, that both ministers. aaillwople were equal/y.
blessed under his government, and both mil equally mourn the
loss of a friend and father.

His lordship- long held with distinguished,credit to himself,
and great advantage to the public, the chair of astronomy in
the University of Dublin; and was thence promoted, solely on
his own merits, talents and piety, in 1826, to the hishoprick of
Cloyne, which he continued to hold till Lis death. His remains
were this morning interred in the vaults of the chapel of Tri-
nity College, with which his name is inseparably connected, to
the lasting honour of both.
Cloyne is one of the extinguished sees :—The patronage and
oversight thereof devolve on the Bishop of Cork.
This is the sixth see, the revenues of which, since the pass-
ing of the 3d and d!h-William IV. ch. 37., have fallen in to the
ecclesiastical commissioners, and the ecclesiastical duties been
transferred to others, viz:—
Waterford and Lisinore to Cashel.
Killala and Achonry to Team. •
Cionfert and Kilmacduagh—to Killaloe and Kilfenora.
Raphoe to Derry.
Ferns to Ossorv.
Cloyne

NEW FERRY COMPANY.—'This company are snaking such
preparations for the improvement of the Woodside ferry, by
causing the pas age to he suede with snore expedition and
safety, as are. likely to increase the intercourse with Cheshire
to a great extent. Two iron steam-boats have been ordered
from Mr. Laird, of Woodside, and Messrs. Page and Gran-
tham, of this town, fitted with powerful engines, by Messrs.
Mattler, Dixon, and Co. and Messrs. Rigby and Co. These
vessels are to hu ready early in the next su.umer.

CatrioN TO CAPTAINS ENGAGING To C,RI:Y EMIGRANT
PASSENGEns.—Yesterday Captain Win. Howie, of the Amei
can ship the Pete!'/1,,, was brought before the sitting magistrates,
the Mayor and Sir Thos. Brancker, by special commons, at the
instance of the.government emigration agent, to answer the
complaint of William Colwell, one of the enugrant passengers,
fur not putting to sea agreeably to his Contract with I'. .W.
Byrnes, a passenger agent. This case being a breach of the
14th clause of the new passengers regulation act, under which
emigrant passengers have a right to claim one shilling per diem
each, when detained beyond the time agreed upon f:Jr• the sail-
ing of the vessel, the magistrates decided in favour of the emi-
grant, and awarded that sumo to each of the passengers from the
14th instant until the ship shall pot to sea. The 1-ncifie has, we
understand, about 80 passengers on board, to whom this allow-
ance must be made until she sails for America.

PA SS !NG IZtCti WITII FORTY POUNDS A YEAR."—In 1795,
died the Rev. Mr. Mattison, for GO years curate of Pattendaie,
in \Vestmorelard. The first infant he christened was• after-
wards his wife, by whom he had one son and three daughters,
all of whom he married in his own church. His stipend for the
first 40 years of his curacy was £l2 a year, znd for the last
twenty not quite £2O. Yet he died, at the age of 83, worth
£l,OOO, of which he had saved four-fifilis out of his stipend., -

The French government having iutimated that it was desir-
ous of perchasiug the house, No. 59, on the Homeward du Tem-
ple, from whence Fiescht tired the infernal machiee, the- iiii-
prietor has offered it for sale, but lie asks no lese than 130,000
francs for it.—./se Voleur.
The Marpis of Chandos, last week, gave a fete to his te-
nantry at NI otton. It commenced with an early dinner; mar-
quees were erected ou the laviei in the weptfront of the. man-
sion, and they were stored with a variety of the lighter refresh-
ments. In the evening the grounds were illuminated \vith Chi-
nese lanterns and festoons of lamps. The dein* wus kept up
anerrily for many .bears,. and 1441 A ait.. -lesieth-sinterrarftett by a
splendid exhibittou of fireworks, and a hearty welcortni—CO 'sup-
per.
DISTINCTION IMTWERN MORALITY AND MORAL 'PHIEDSO-
- old play writers are distingnistied by an honest
boldness of exhinittun; they show evereihing without being
ashamed. If a reverse in fortune be the thing to be persohitierf,
they fairly bring us to the prison-gate and the aline-basket. A
pout man on wig stage is always a gentleman; he may be kuown
by a peculiar neatness of apparel, and wearing black. Our de-
licacy, in fact, forbids the dramatizing of distress at all. It is
never shown in its essential properties; it appears but as the
adjunct to some virtue, as something which is to be relieved,
from the approbation of which relief the spectators are to derive
a certain soothing of self-seferred satisfaction. We turn away
from the real essences of things to hunt after their relative,
shadows, inoralduties, whereas, if the truth of things were fairly
represented, the relative duties. might be Safely trusted to them-
selves, and moral philosophy lose the• name of a science..—
Leed's Specimens.
Srg AM-BoAl` TxPLOSrONe.—Tt PsicbcY oft THE SAFETY
VALVE.—If the trial of the engineer of the Earl
.Grey steiern-
beat (in whose acquittal we entirely concur) proves anything,
it proves that no reliance can be placed on the safetY valve in
preventing such a dreadful casualty as that which beret the Earl
Grey. It appears from the evidence of several practical
engineers who were examined on the eccasion, that so tar from •
the valve operating in all cases as a safety principle, that it has
a tendency to act the very reverse—to become " gagged" or
locked down without any apparent cause all of a sudden, and iii
such cases the valve will not rise, however ',peat the pressure of
steam may be in the boiler. It follows that, if by any accident
this circumstatice bas not been observed, the result is inevitable;
the boiler explodes, and perhaps every cause but the true one is
assigned for the catastrophe. As the subject is au interesting
our to scientific men, and is of tae first importance iii its bear-
ing upon Guinan life, we beg to suggest that the Society of Arts,
or other scientific body, should stimulate the inventive faculties
of mechanics and engineers to the discovery of a substitute for
this capricious agent, by the offer of a suitable reward to the
inventor. As the lives of all on board lie at the mercy, so to
speak, of the element confined in the boiler, nothing should be
left to the operation of chance which regulates the explosive
force of the steam.—Edinburgh Evening Post.
ROTTERDAM, SEPT, 7.—The Bishop of London, Dr. Blom-
field, who arrived in a steam-boat, specially ordered by his Ma-
jesty the King of England, preached on Sunday, Aug. 39, in
the episcopal church, and on the following day .confirmed fifty-
one persons belonging to that congregation. His lordship,
before he proceeded on his journey fur the same purpose to the
Hague, Haarlem, and Amsterdam, where he now is, acconi-
pawed by his lady, two daughters, a son, and his chaplain,
visited everything remarkable in this city, where he was particu-
larly gratified with the attention shown him, as well by the
authorities as by.many persons eminent for their rank, learning,
and talent. The 'bishop himself,- an elegant and profound classic,
who formerly published a fine edition of eEschylus, was highly
gratified with his visit to the Erasinian schools, and has since
expressed his approbation of the mode of instruction adopted in
them.
DEPARTURE OF THE REV. JOSEPH WOI.FP, THE HEBREW
MISSIONAIIY.—Last evening a public meeting of the Society
for Promoting Christianity among the Jews was held in the
ancient I,adye Chapel, Southwark, for the purpoee of hearing
a farewell address from the Rev. Joseph Wolff, who, after an
absence from this country of eight years, arrived here in Apr.
last, and is about to take his departure on a mission to Tim
bubtoo early next month.— London paper. -

Costustes.-eThe French, from the earliest times, 'have paid:.
serious attention to objects de mode.. After long conferences in
1449 bonnets and chapeaux were adopted in France to the ex-
clusion of the modest chaperons and the uul captielions. Up-
on the article of costume we may remark that in India, Egypt,
and Palestine, the laws regulate vestments, which in other
countries could not be worn. Rome had its toga, Greece her
palliutn, and Gaul its brayettes, which were long the national
dress; but fashion, by degrees, produced a change, and at last
the total disappearance of those vestments. It was the same
with the heard, by turns despised or respected, Scipio,• the
African (202 years before Jesus Christ), was the first of the
Romans who, in imitation of the Orientals, oppeared shorn.
Leather hoots continued in Greece from the time of Laerte, but
Caligula imposed his name upon those worn by the .soldiers
The name of caliga was subsequently changed to calceui., pan-
teat., soulless, and shoes. The head-dress at. Rome in 137
was a cap, the symbol of liberty, because every slave enfran-
chised had permission to wear u. . In the 15th century they
wore in France square caps, calottes (skull caps). Francis I.
made them adopt chapeaux, then common in Route and Spain.
The hair was worn in all fashions; some had it long, some
short. Chausses (hose) and cravates were introduced to France
in 1636. Also the gilet (flannel waistcoat). In the 18th cen-
tury they received the houppelande (great coat), known in
1,319; and the English hai,illernent named redingote, was adop-
ed in 17:15.--I'rivres de 1 Industrie.
DEATii of A HORSE; FROM H DROPUOR I Paris, a
horse of 14 years old, which had been bitten by a dog, was re-
cently observed pot to feed so well as he was accustomed, and
when, in the evening, Ise was placed in the stable, be attempted
to bite the horses that were nearest to him. In the morning he
showed the same disposition. A veterinary surgeon treated him
for stomach staggers. On the following day all the seruptems
„were aggravated, and the veterinary attendant thought he was
affected with frenzy rather than indigestion : anti, placing him
in another stable, he practised two copious bleedings. and in-
serted two setups in the chest, and the same number in the
thighs. The violence of the symptoms rapidly increased ; the
animal hit himself every moment, tore the setons from his
chest, and rolled obout, and rushed at every one whom he saw.'
At length he broke his hailer, and was loose in the stable, from
which every one 'hastily escaped. On the fourth day he couti-
nued to eat and drink even with avidity. It not being thought',
prudent for any one to go near him, his food was thrown to hint I
through an opening of the door, and a .bucket was. suspendede'
and supplied with water b3' means of a tube.. As soon as he:
heard the water falling into the pail he fell into violent consul
.sions, seized the tube, and crushed it to pieces. On the fifth day
he was covered with sweat, his eyes glared, he continually shook
his head, furiously bit the right bide of his chest, plunged about,
and sighed deeply every moment. When the water in his hue--
ket was agitated he was.seized with violent convulsions. These
symptome were (heedfully increased if water were thrown upon
his head. This continued until the next day with little c.haudge,
AIWA) Jie droll in Yi‘elP.P.t..APAYleleisseee.

THE STATE RELIGION OF CHINA,

•,.The Chinese- have no generic term for religion. The,wout,
heave, which means to teach, or the things taught,' doctrine or
instruction, is indeed applied by theM to the religious setts of
Tam] nod .13tidlia, as well as to the ethical sect of Confucius.
And they apply this same word also to thatiananiedans and Chris-
tians. they to not apply it to the!state religion ; for that
does not consist of cloctrineswhich ate to be taught, learned, and,
'‘;elievecl; hut of rites and cerentmies. It is entirely a "Noddy
service," which_ however tacitly implies the belief of some
opinions; thriugh to have correct opinions, according to :some
prescribed rule or articles of faith, forms no part .of the system.
rhe state religion, as practised by the court at Peking and by
the provincial governments, is contained in the eiple of laws,
called Ta tsing hwuyteen, and in the Ta tsiugleuhte, ender the
head le, rules of propriety and decorum or rites and ceremonies,
and in the subordinate division tae sze, sacrifices and offerings.
From these two works we shall briefly specify ; 1, the persons
urthings to whom these sacrifices are presented, or the oh,jects
of governmental worship; 2, the ministers or priests, who offer
these sacrifices, and the preparationTequired of them ?or the per-
formance of this religious service; 3; the sacrifices and offerings,
the times of presenting them and the ceremonies accompanying
them; and, 4, the penalties for informality or defective perform.
ance of the state religion.
First, we are to speak concerning the objects,of wniship, or
things to which sacrifices are offered, These are chiefly things,
although persons are also included. The state sacrifices ace
divided into-three classes; first, the to sze,. or great sacrifices ;
second, the chung sze, or medium sacrifices;
.and third, the
seaou sze, or little sacrifices. These last are also denominated
keun sze, the crowd or herd of sacrifices; theword !min,'" a
flock of sheep," being used as a noun of multitude. Ili
following list, the Ist, '2d, 3d, and 4th are the objects nr classes
of objects to which the great sacrifjces are offered; frail the sth
to the 13th are those to which the medium sacrifices ore offer-
ed; those of the 14th and onward, have right only to the little
sacrifices.

1. Teen, the heavens or sky. This object of worship is other-
wise called the azute heavens; and hwang kung yu, " the in)•
perial concave expanse."
2. Te, the•earth. This, like the heavens, is dignified with
the epithet imperial.
3, l'ae meaou " the great temple" of ancestors. This title is
used to include all the tablets contained therein dedicated to the
manes, or shades'ef the deceased emperors of tile present
nasty. This triad of titles, teen, te. tee meaou, always placed
together on a level in respect of dignity at the grand sacrifices,
are.also worshipped apart. The lines or columns of Chinese
characters being read from top to bottom, dignity is always
denoted by tile height of the title; which...corresponds in some
degree to our use of capitalletters. Itiferioriq of-rankor dig-
nity is marked by the title being placed (Meir more characters
lower. 1-leaven. earth, -arid ancestors, as objects of worshipsand
of equal rank and dignity; are placed on a level, and one .or
more characters higher than other nideets, as the sun, moon,
stars, &c. An idea of this may he conveyed to the reader by
the position of the words in lines, thus :
Ileaven, Earth, Ancestors,
Sun, Moon, Stars, &c.
4. Shay tseih, the gods of the land and gain; these are the
special patrons of each existing dynasty, and are generally
cated in the f,urtli place.
5. Jeih, the sun, called also to ming, the "great light."
6. Yue, the moon, called also vay ming, the " night light."
7. Tseen tae te wang, the manes of the emperors and kings
of former ages.
8. Seen sze Kungtsce, the ancient master, Confaciui.
9. been nung, the ancient patron of agriculture. • . •
10. Seen tsan, the ancient patron of the manufacture of silk.
14. Teen shin, the gods of heaven.
12. Te ke, the gods of the earth.
13. The sny, the god of the passing year.
14. Seen e, the ancient patron of the healing art ; together
with shoo j in kwei else tse, the innumerable ghosts of deceased
philanthropists, faithful statesmen, eminent scholars, martyrs to
virtue, &c.
15. Sipg shin, the stars, are sometimes placed next after the
sun and moon.
1(3. Yun, the chidds. )
17. Yu, the rain. (These atmospheric divinities are
18 Fang, the wind. usually placed in one column.
19. Luv, the thunder. 1.
20. Wtio ye, the five great mountains of China.
21. Sze hae, the four seas; i. e. all the waters of the °titan.

22. Sze tuh, the four rivers.
23. Ming Shan, famous hills.
24. Ta chuen, great streams of water.
2.5. Ke tnh, military flags and banners.
26. l'aon 100 the shin, the god of the road where an army
must pass.

27. paou ate shin, the god of cannon.
28. Mon shin. gods of the gate. •
29. How too the shin, the queen goddess of the ground.
341. Pih keih, the north pole, Fse.
. Front this specimen it is apparent that in the Chinese state
religion, the material universe, as a whole, and in detail, is wor-
shipped; and that subordinate thereto, they have gods celestial
and terrestrial, and ghosts infernal; that they worship the work
of their own hands, not only as images of persons or things
divine, but human workmanship for earthly purposes, as in flags
and banners, and destructive cannon. That the material uni-
verse is the object of worship appears not only from the-names
of those several parts which have been given abovea.butsalse
from other circumstances. Thus the imperial higtrririest, when
be warships heaven, wears robes of itzese colour, in allusion to
the sky. When he worshipstlisreaFtla his robes are yellow to
represent. thealav earthly clod. When the sun is the
object, his stress is red and fot the moon he wears a pale white.
Tise kings, nobles, and centenary of official hierophants weal'
their court dresses. The altar on which to sacrifice to heaven
is round, to' represent heaven; this is expressly said. The altar
on which the sacrifices to the earth are laid, is square; whether
for the same wise reason or not, is not Aimed. The " prayers,
boards," chuhpan, are of various colours, for the same reasou
the emperor's robes. In the worship of the heavens an •'azure
ground with vermilion letters is used ; in the worship of earth,
• a yellow ground is used with black characters; for the-Worship
of ancestors, a white ground is reguircd with black characters;
forstite sun, a carnation, with verttilion characters.; • wad forais-
•
moon, a white ground with hlick characters.
We proceed now to the seel)Ud part of our subject, and notice
the sacred persons who perform the rites of sacrifice. -The
priests of the Chinese state reSigion are the emperor himself',
who is the high priest, the " poutifex ntaximus ; ' and subordis
ante to hint, the;kings, nobles, statesmen, and pih kwan, (as;
they phrase it,) the centenary or crowd of civil and military
id-leers. The joo keanu, or sect of philosophers, monopolize
both the civil and sacred functions. At the grand state worship
of neture neither priests nor women ate admitted; and it isoulv •
•when the sacrifice to the•patroness of silk manufactures takes,
place by itself, that the empress and the several grades of
•
penal concubines, princesses, &ca may take a part. '
It is requited of the Chinese hierophaets, that they be free
from any recent legal crime, and not in mourniug-for the dead.
For the first order of sacrifices they are required to prepare
themselves by ablutiOns, a change of garments, a vow, and a
fast of thtee.days. Miring this space of time they mast occupy
a clean chamber, and abstain--1, front judging erimittals t,
from being present at a feast ; 3, front listening to music ; 4,
from cohabitation with wives or coneuhittes ; 5, front inquiries
about the sick; 6. from mourning for the deads 7, from wine; .
and 8, from eating onions, leeks. or garlic. " For," says the.
annotator, ''sickness and death defile, while banqueting and
feasting dissipate the mind, and unfit it for holding communion
with the gods."
The victims sacrificed and the things offered form our third
topic. 'The animal or bloody sacrifices for heaven anti earth
are divided into the four fidlowingelasses :—I, A heifer or new
tsze, " a cow's child ;" 2, a bullock or hew fon," a cotes father;"
3, oxen generally; 4, sheep or pigs. The things offered are
chiefly silks, on which we do not dwell. "The Greeks gacii •
ficed the ox, hog, sheep, kid, cock, and goose. The victims
were to be "sane et integre." The different deities had the
proper victims. Jupiter, nu ox five years old. Neptune, a
black bull, a hog, and a tam. Minerva. a heifer and- ati ewe.
Esculapius, a she-goat and a cock." The Chinese also require
that the victims should he, whole and sound, and they prefer an
azure-black colour. Fur the grand sacrifices the victims are to
be purified nine decides, or Cleansed ninety days; for the Mos
diuns classes, three decades; mid for the herd or flock of Bassi-
fices, one decade, or ten days. We do nut perceive any cere-
monies connected with killing the victims. There are no wreaths
or garlands as there were among the Greeks, nor, as among the
Jews, any sprinkling of blood particularly mentioned. The "
victims seent to be simply butchered tire .day before they are
to be offered and dressed, we rather' think, ready to be distri-
buted (after being laid on the altar,) -among the henry petits
cipators of the tse fuh jow, "the sacrificial blessed flesh," which
the civil and military priesthood will no doubt relish after si
three days' fast. The times' ofsacrificeare specified as followS:
Those to heaven are offered 'on the clay of the Winter solstice ;
those to earth on the day of tha sumtncr solstice; and the others
at regularly appointed times, which it is not important to detail
in this sketch.

The ceremonies of this grand worship of nature, this " natnial
religion," consisting in bowing, kneeling, and knocking the
head against the ground, or in Chinese, pae, keel, koiv. it;
those sacrifices in which the emperor officiates, in prquia per- ,
sutra, he never knocks his head against the ground. What he
requires of the greatest monarch on earth, he will nut give totha
greatest, " supremest" thing that 'he worships. The three
kueelings and nine knockings of the head against the 'ground •
Ilse turns into three kueelings and nine bows. The kow or the
pae, i. e. the knocking or the hewing seems.to make a material
or rather a feelialy difference in the estimation of his majesty.
. .The last topic On whiCh ice aitailiosed to.reinark is the-penalty
of informality. -The punishment-annexed to the neglect of due
preparation, imperfect victims,.&e., is either forfeiture of saint y
for a month or longer, or a specified number of blows with the
hamboo,•which can be avoided by the payment of a very small
SUM. of money. There is not the least ;allusion to any tfisplea-
snre of the things; or beings worshipped. There is nothing tp
be feared brit inatt's wrath : nothing bat a forfeiture or a fine.
The fines in these cases are ratedawcording to the ailimher of
blows adjudged to the delinquent. But while such isihe ear
penalty of these philosophical legislators and hierovhants in ,
cases where they themselves -offend, the ease is very different
if any of the coalition people presume to arrogate the right of
-worshiping heaven and etnleuncit,g their affairs thereto, .ur
lighting lamps to the Revert stars of urea major, &c.: they shall
be puuish,ed, Loaafde,
.with eighty i.,lows or strangulation. For
the. atate religion and the objects of .worship proper for monarchs
and Philosophers are not to be .desecrated and dishnneured liv
vulgar adoration: Ye vulgar piebians go and worship things
suited to your stetion, arrogate not the right of worahipieg Use •
supreme powers!
Thus we. have given a sketch of the state religion of China ;
and though incomplete, yet it is faithful, so far as it goes. And
in view of the whole subject we would say one word to the deist.
the Romanist, the conformist, and the voluntary christian of the
western world. To the deist we say, _look .at Chinese, deism.
Say, is it such as von approve ? Or does it require some reve-
lation, direct or indirect, to set it right ? 'To the limnanist .we
soy, if you may worship departed saints or worthies, or pray to
either with the greater or lesser pray er, why may not the Chine
arid pagan do the same ? To the conformist ire sav, look sit
your state religion and state establishments. 'Will iou 4dvise
us. to ,conforin iu the event of our filling an atioial station
Shall we obey the majority ? shall we submit to the throne.?
or shall we be dissenters in China ? To the voluntary christian
we say, rejoice and he grateful; adore arid bless Jelivah, soar
maker, your father, your saviour, and %our friend, forthe rev*,
lation of himself which he has sent and induced \lilt to rea•eise:
And since the grant is universal, and the last coMmand of Jests
binding on all his servants, use the means which be givea ypiA
to diffuse the knowledge of the Lord throughout the whole ex-
tent of creation.—C/antse Repository.

IVltt.x..—A few :days ago, an elderly landlady, a resident in
Barnsley, who keeps several cows, made e hat may be termed
an exceilent itnprovetnent in this article A litcher, which
supposed to contain water, was emptied into the can, and its
contents turned out to have been strong gin, two degrees abi,e
proof. This,mixture wasaistrittted, as usual, to all euntostnemt,
many of whom said it was.the best milk they had ever tasted in
their lives.

COVENT-,GARDEN ThEArszn.—.A. negotiatiola haR bovil Air:
ing for some days relative to the letting of Corent-garden 1 'ea.
tre. The points under discussion were, reductitm of anti
the expediency of lowering the prices of adin both of.whiolit
were cenceded ; but the parties differed pp Ap0w„6443.q. 044,4*
00 the PAVe

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