The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1848-06-27 00:00:00

La' ely, at Cork, ag

Lately, as_
horn perform(
Lately, at Cork, of brain fever
26th year, JOHN DE COURCY

15-7, ANN, wife of lair. JOHN DISTIN, the Sax

Laiely,'at Downton,dasjcin7
ter of Sir WM. COCKBURN.

her 17th year, MARY, d

Lately, at Lemonfield, Cout
T. H. O'FLAHERTIE.
Lately, suddenly, aged 67.

Rev. G

twenty years principal of the Western Co
Plymouth.
On the Bth January, at Bonny, on board t
field, aged 21, Mr. WM. FAIRBRI
On the 19th January
JOHN MASSEY

yandson

of this town
from Havana to Hambt
On the Ist instant,
Brougham, of Grosvenor
wife of Sir Charles Tavinr

decea
Poulett Scroix
Same day, at

d lady w

er of the li,te Lord

lIGUL IV Illtuy, ag
son of Mr. WM. KIWAUGHT, of Carruchan,eu near
On the 6th instant, Mr. SAMUEL WOOD, of
Marsden, Huddersfield, brother of Mr. Joseph
town.

On the 7th instant, at Constatun.„..__
ESMA SULTANA, sister of Sultan Malimoud.
On the 9th instant, aged 8 THOMAS, son of Mr. R. THOM
SON, plumber and glazier. Lawton-strp,
Same day, at Nice, after a
MESSINGY DE LA PIERRL
Bart., late M.P., Premier Baronet of Ireia..
Same day, at Steventon Rectory, Wilts, of sea..
4 and 3 years, CCELIA and AUUSTA, and, on
MARY AGNES,E daughters of the Rev. WM. KNIGHT.
On Sunday, the 11th instant, in his 54th year,"Mr. THOMAS
HIBLE, of Knight-street South.
Same day, HANNAH, wife of Mr. JOHN JACKSON, Li-
censed victualler, Parliament-street.
On the 12th instant, at Belfast, HILL CHARLEY, Esq., for
many years agent at that port for the City of Dublin Steam.

in her 7

short ill

Le Marchioness DE
f Sir C. H. Coote,

packef Corr p.any
Same day, at Castle Douglas, aged 41, ISABELLA PATON
DUNBAR, wife of Mr. Charles Dunbar, collector, Tranmere
Ferry.

Uri
the 14th instant, at Dewsbury, aged 5,
a native artist, and an eminent landscape paint
On the 15th instant, at Ripor. -
proprietor of the Harrogate Adv..
On the 16th instant, at Darmstadt, of a..
his 71st year, LEWIS 11., Grand Duke of Hes:,
ceeded by his son Lewis.
Same day, at Willow Edge, near Halifax, Yorkshir, ,NANNY,
eldest daughter of the late DANIEL DYSON, Esq., of Willow
Hail.

Mr. D. BARBER,

133, Mr. WM: PALLISER,

)lectic attack, in.
m. He is suc-

Same day, at Richmond, Sure...,
F. DUNDAS, Part.
Same day, at Bath, in her 100th year, MARY, relict of F. G.
GORDON, Esq., of Argyle-house, London, and daughter of the
late Sir W. Aston, Bart., M.P. for Nottingham.
On the 17th instant, at Bootle, aged 71,
THEW.
Same day, in Great George-square, aged 4 years and 3 months,
ADA CATHERINE, daughter of Mr. PHILIP H. DEAN.
Same day, aged 43, Mr. EDWARD BARNES, letter-pr
printer, Salford, for upwards of twenty-three years a
sitor in the office of the -Manchester Guardian.
Same day, in London, in consequence of
the 3d instant from her dress taki^
MONCRIEFFE, daughter of the late Jr.—
relict of the late Sir Thomas Moncrieffe,
Same day, at Hull, aged 82, Mr. GEOR,
r.ierly of Craike, near Thirsk, a menu'
Friends.
On the 18th instant, aged 11 weeks
the late Mr. RD. DAWSON, of Sussex
Same day, at North Cockerington„ agea 90,
farmer. Deceased was noted for exhibiting ti, earliest sam-
ples of new wheat in Louth market for a long succession of
years.

iged 63, M,

ior-Gen. Sir J

Mr. JAMES WAL

JOHNSON, for

ber of the Socit;ty of

street, Toxteth-park.
Mr. E. WELLS

Same day, JANE MARIA, wife of Mr. JOSEPH KIRK-
BRIDE, and daughter of the late Captain John Ross, of her
Majesty's 80th Regiment of Foot.
Same day, aged 7 years, RICHARD HENRY, youngest son
of the late Mr. H. WAITE, chemist and druggist, Scotland-road.
Same day, aged 91, Mr. GEORGE NEAL, of Grayfriars-lane,
Coventry. Deceased was a native of Coventry, and had lived
as postboy at the King's Head Inn. When eighteen years of
age he entered the navy, and was with Admiral Rodney, in
the Formidable, in the action with the Comte de Grasse, in
April, 1782, when he had his leg broken .by a shot. He was
discharged in 1783. Being under size, he enlisted into an in-
dependent company, under the command of Capt. Roden, from
which he was transferred to the 77th Regiment. He embarked
the same year for India, where he served under Generals Har-
ris and Nichols, and Col. Wellesley, now Duke of Wellington.
He was at the storming of Bangalore, in 1791, where his right
hip was nearly carried away by grape shot; at Colombo, in
1795, and at the storming of Seringapatam, in 1799, in the for-
lorn hope led by Serjeant Graham, who lost his life after plant-
ing the colours. Our hero escaped with three musket-ball
wounds, one of which shattered his right leg, the use of which
he never perfectly recovered. He ha
ous wound on the hack of the head f
which he was obliged to undergo an.operation, havir, a con-
siderable portion of the skull retnoved. He was discharged at
the age of fifty-two, with a pension. •
On the 19th instant, aged 74, Mr. JOSHUA PIERCE, of
Wilton-street.
Same day, after a long and painful Bine
JOHN STANLEY, master-mariner, late of I
On the 20th instant, after a short Mixes
Mrs. ANN YEOMAN, late of the Old Nag
Same day, at Newborough, Anglesea
ness, borne with Christian resig
wife of Captain JOHN JONES,
deservedly regretted by all who knew her
Same day, at lieanor, Derbyshire, in his 87th year, THOMAS
HOWITT, one of the Society of Friends, and father of Wil-
liam Howitt, the poet.
Same day, in the lunatic asylum of the Sheffield Workhouse,
aged 41, Mr. Councillor THOMAS BRIGGS.
Same day, after twelve days' intense suffering, in his 32d
year, Mr. WM. GOODALL, sen., slater and plasterer, Lawton-
street.
On the 21st instant, aged 4 years and 6 months, MARY
HELEN, daughter of Mr. H. HOULT, of The Hollins, near
Warrington

A a danger-

grenad

aged 56, Mr.

67th year,

's Head, Dale-sttee~

fter a lingering ill-
nation, aged 53, Mrs. JONES,
of the Diligence, much and

Same day, in Andsdell-street, Captain JOHN BREW, of
the brig Catherine, formerly of the Mans schooner Douglas.
Same day, in Shaw-street, aged 57, STEPHEN SHUTE,
Esq., of the firm of Gibbs, Bright and Co.
Same day, aged 3 years and 8 months, WILLIAM, son of
Mr. WM. DAVAYNES, cooper.
On the 22nd instant, aged 59,
THOMAS ANDERTON.
day, aged 70, Miss JEMIMA PAI

MARGARET, wife of Mr.

NIER PAISLEY

Sam.
Everton.
Same day, aged 4 years and 9 months, ANNA MARY,
(laughter of Mr. W. A. MASSEY, of Pleasant-street North,
Kirkdale.
Same day, aged 19, GERTRUDE CATHARINE, youngest
daughter of the Honourable C. B. LAW, M.P., Recorder of
London.
liP Same (lay, aged 24, MARY, wife of Mr. WM. CROWE, of

Birkenhead

Same day, A

THOS. LEADS°.

On the 23rd instant, aged 38, MARY, v
KEWLANI

of Stanha-pe-teirac€

ftlyz ,Ltitupool &tanbarb.

TUESDAY MORNING, JUNE 27, 1848.

THERE is a retributive tendency in our free trade
policy, which modern legislators do not seem to
have sufficiently recognized. In dealing with Bri-
tish and native interests throughout our vast colo-
nial empire—in inflicting upon colonial enterprise
and industry heavy blows and great discourage-
ments—they have not adequately weighed the fact,
that every such blow must inevitably recoil upon
home industry ; that every article of colonial
growth and manufacture which we shut out from
our markets, deprives us of customers to the amount
of the produce so excluded. Countries which have
nothing which they can profitably remit, must
speedily cease to purchase. It is a universal rule ;
and it is especially the case with those countries,
such as our East and "West Indian possessions,
whose populations can without difficulty fall back
into the position which they occupied before the
spread of civilization imparted to them new wants,
new habits, new tastes for the consumption of ma-
nufactured articles, and new incentives to convert
to advantage the resources of their soil and their
climate, or the products which nature has placed
within their reach.
We propose to show this fact as exemplified in
the effect of our policy, for the last fourteen years,
towards our East Indian empire. In 1836 we
created a trade in sugar between Great Britain and
the East Indies; other sources of wealth were in
the course of rapid developement; and we beg the
reader's attention to the progressive increase which
has taken place in the imports of British manufac-
tures into the port of Calcutta, step by step with
the increased exports of sugar and other produce
from the same port to this country, as exhibited in
the following table, which we have gathered from
an official source :

CC CA 00 CX, CO OD OD 00 On 71 01 0 ." 1
5
.1,.. 04,4,...p.4. A,- ... c.... ck.? ~. c... c....., eD cgt. M•cs
ao•-sc., so..
I. ,L. I. 4. .1 I- 1.- I- C. C 4 L., C.C.., E rig°
....4c,c0.4,..c4 r.t ...co co c 00..../ ol co • '6' .—pg.
, co
.1...-4-.44... co c.,,SA to 3 16., ts.o ND 1-,-. (3' Atd,-
-t.D......-c7p..bB-c.,..b7=4
bt. CO Ca c 0 00 ...4 VD .CoCOCo 00 g 4 E. •ne °
t 0 CD c 0 ••••414. ,
"7:::)1,z1,76-,01.0.--as., • 10 -.4+ -C.P.1,0 .... ..• p
Op V. .
N r... to c.n N. cc t. o ......, •-•1
1-3 rir a
W. W.
CO. 00t.4. a .0 &
CP
c.port.oc,W-4. .-... Cl: ......it I.
7::, c-11), -co ix, • Irs;-.• -c-,• a:..1., .
0 o 4,
Q 0
co .... co co oc, co to co
~... cp co oo co =CO CO WOOD
61 10. psi
. ...
4+ C. 71 CO 0, 00..01N. 0, 01, t 0 tso 1-1 o-. n ....
7....... E. b. -b
-:..-oc, . 7...,....,....a. w ---, t 4
C=o“.o-41.ISO• OG4,0(0 0-- I:zj n ;•.1
CO 1--. CO OICA C-4 GT, Ca• 1--..--T C.l. 00 it O. 81 :2-5. '8
7..E..05-0,-E.101.D-0, • 14 -0.3 -,=, -, 5.y ;2;-,
t 0 C.P Ce,+o Sn Coa 04 CD 0 • I.
C. 7, Ge; to co -.1 Ca CA 00 ....) ot Co o 0 . ~ 0
H = ...0.,..*
0
.... (7 6 rn 9
. nzro to. . . •••4 1-.... p., ci.i co -•- ~...,
• n., ••••17:1 • • • -ce czi.).o c''
i ,-.• .1 ~.:
,-• co c, co op ab CA 0... 42E.
0000
c“: 11 co co o, co .17? c..., to N•-.
....acncl--zwc...c,0,--c4-4. H ,C)
loisD :•471,t41.4b 70 -co ""o:, :p..7.. • o 'elt74
I.......i?.c.cocrice..,acotcr..tOt O
C)0c...-.0•....1g.e...,cacitc...2... co o 7.... t. 0
'1 _
r, ~.
Ei. r-1-
r., ''
..•••• ..1 `.y= 0 ...1
-8. g
.....t C o . .--. Et. o
CD c:›FE. P...,•;...„9.........0 E 4 aq co r, 0 '-,
14.851;4...F458,0 454
.1- = o
-a)
Pr, g =
tt = ", o co e. 2 CD f.f. 0 A., 4 ~.„. sa2
Me.oww.mwoo-.-,5, Fel 0-• F-2;
.•••• o , ... 0 0 - ~..„-•
g.'"-•°'ol7-gt;•
0
00 O.
1;3" 2. X
F-0 4•'s"q 0'• (,' r-iir 0 r., .1' 0 0
5.„.• 64 Bcrs4rD c't '2..,...•:51 so ~
-•.,4 7, e
.-1
~..
~...... ° '..?
P, CD "t:s , Ug ~.., 43 ?I, S
- ..-9,..n 15 .aTco 4,
'Pm-el-v-7%1. —,7:1.0 tt 14 C.,., C:1: 0
g" ,e.co•.-Por° 0 0 r4,,.-.._.... ''' 0 M
ei3Welo".''ol'-
Cr'PeWElslgeg
-CS
~, 1
en ... .-. • ~... sa.
p• 0
8' 8 .-• —0 t.--.a c 3 o'
~._,., ~.
u, p p... n = 2 a l'-'• 0 ce ?... 5"
eD
ET4-7T.PP75.5.5w S• 1 ...., ,;,.

Thus, whereas in 1834-35 the imports and
just about balanced each other, and the
only reached £1,387,247, in 1846-47 the
had been more than trebled, whilst the su,
ported reached the amount of 61,910 tons. r]
portance of this branch of the trade betty
two countries will be best seen by dividi
imports and exports into their several items, 1

exports
former
imports
gar ex-
ile im-
ten the
ing the
thus :

3-3 s,,Traog„.7.eaten
.• . ~, 0
;
O .t .-4 °.O rc:a t=l- =
vs n
DI Etgl-4 1:1:i. t.I
4 0
t'l SE qyq' OgS
'l7)
.
4 -% e" 0
0 : ° .3
.•
C" • t. . o 1-3
1,... - o . . o •
O . r... a..
" •-•,,
Z 4
g, F.,.: 5 s'f° :..- to.. •
ED v.. =.., ps . TNT -I
cl iilcoF•e•
o
5 c,.,
%D .k .k ra c)
.0
e 0 CD CC Ca 0
la. . . . 50 . . . IN co ,-• 0 t--I
0..•. . . - - -
..0 0, Ca C• 05 Fe- ("5
co c.• N . •-•
Ca. tt
1-i
O .
4. 1-0 Po
0 4--• c.O ts., 4-4 •-..1 co .I. 0 1
co •••.4 ...t tsD G. CC c.." h., Ca N. § C...
U 2 -CD... -Ca-C.a.:ta.Z.1";.0 Z./ 'd 0. F - 11.,‘ •=I
-
N w -...3 .coooOD CO Ca VCO CO CD CD 4... 4-. CO CO co Da 0 4
0
..-Ca .... °
CD C.'" OD Ca CCDOD Ca 00 ?) .07 a. ::::
Ca 4--..-,
Ca •
7.... •-• CD I tt
v -,.., 0 ~,...
-• • • co • • . . ts. co co 0 0-3
~.. • • t.o • • • • NCO =
13 co iv co t. ~,.•• td
to co = to to
'':4
& ts:, ....„-,
.--, N ot:1 a--; 1-3
=.: ..•
cs w ,0.. c, ;-• 0 1- ...I
St 4 C,1NC....= A......C.2 ....1 ,
C. 4. ~ ... ... .4. CO CO C:, i, = ,ID I '..- I Z
t 12,742.,3 0,;C.7, Z/2.14. 00 Nd
NCJ Or.. ... .... C, ...• ~., VO, o'2 CA 0, OD VI 1.. yia. Q aL. =
. , ...
1.-,
U 2 .... CO
"C 2 1...... 1..../ , 8' 0 C.,.
C, C.C•coCecnCocatsD co .- a. •ias
CD I
-Ca 4-4 Ca
O
4..... , ~,
CD alas. ts., Ca. Ca. Ca IND caD ....-, , .4
AO •••s1 CO c.O 00 01 • Ca p = C >
I-,
co ;;;.•t5.,1.,D7-.3....7:4. : O -.4 ",; v.
F' =co co cov IV wv . co •...,
=o ca CA Ca I-4 ro 0
..•
O ...... .r''.r''s
F..,
ONOccotC to 0
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---------
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cc .... _,
~..,
Coo it r) :4
8 9..
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2 co to
C 9
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NI
0 -
0-to -.....:-.=
;S.. a. ''' O. Cg ow' Pc' E-/Q
C, co pa 5 5 cr, 0 0 1:1 aq g
g -F2- -4 g. 9 I o
'6 8 c' • • trl
u, .1 g
:. 0 gy cp
: . ••
CO
LI rp• • 6 tt
... 0• . rn 0 . : . ›C
,-, 112 ; • w o • • .
• : S 0., • •
. • • 3 .0
CD ;: • `.. . • : 8 o
I •: : • : • : % P 5
... • . . ma
--, : : . . • : • a 2
I :: a ,74 a ; • Z 1
A : Pie.4.92-F„-i.) cS&n-•
0
0
a Cra t 0 Co 03 •-• tr) Z
•la. t 0 cC c.... at• Co Co Co 0
0 Co C. Ca t 0 c.O ••-.1 Co
0 wlOl,-N
-.4-=O-w...1,-co §' P.
••4 o o• co co to ,-. wg,,.. 01 CD ...
cc CD 4. •-•44 00 1,0 CID ala. co Ca. ca ."-
... c)
PJ r„,, ... N •-• Cs, •-• '" cc
Ca.
O t„., ,I cp r.„5 -4 coo o'. cdo
tc 0:) ,-. t‘D .--' 2,2- 4..
'0 © 0 t.D --1"-4 - - ri) 0 1 1
coe) c, C0i.....0.7.-, 7.4-0, ;0 0: oit r, 0 uo
0. ,p. 0, -4 -4 c. 4 oco 4 ...9 SF, , ~.
P
tsD CO 6,1 C.. 11 CP NI 1-, s''•d .3
Nl-, •-• 1-I 0 0
4-.
.;.0 r, co A, gy. co cD Cr C N /4. *''' °. lq• 0
Co. 0 C.l
10 Alt.
000000000CP' o
co tri
;C.. P.. ,
CD •-• .. .I 0
pi
W -, to 05--c.4 t...,-= Cr et 0
•• • t•D 4n 0, .-. oo ..1,-..--. -4 co 0 I:0
.--. 4,.. co -,,,i 0 03 C.. 0 c..: c..,, Fr.
K
.1 1,D70...-...0.000c00..a1. 'At: p-4
al. co .-c..../ 0. to ca 0. 4.,. c 4
0-, 0: NI o. 1,0 co c: a...../ 01 I '.4
CO 4.-I
CD PO'
ag, pia.
c 0 Z
B.' IsD ...a
..... Ca C 0... CD C
I ..
V t 0 •-, tsD ts., Cra. C,•,/ ...1...-1 Co
4,..vi .4. 4,....tc0 .r... czn c:0 o h ra g •D. 4-.
tit 7,110:4.t..0,110-111.-4-..4. g . ~7 CA
-P 54W4"4%)441"dcT0r=1 5 C. 4
11;,..
...Z Oro
W ......... ...... ...,... 0,1,
..I,D IX) tsD .r.. N t.z wt. .. 4,. 00 = • • g CA
,C CP
•CZ 0 C CD 0 0 0 0 CD =
C, - Z
Y.. ...., 0
-.-. ita. Ca..
0 .-,-.N*--tWc..44a...... t...
I-s ''.'.1'0D,7,--a..4C...C.P44a“...00u 4
.... ~!...,---,1.1,0-c...c.7-1.-..." t-,
..,.... 0 ,It 41C1.1 ...41 CO Co
CC C. '.O Ccl 1-•"•••1 c 0 at•• -sar Ca CIO 4.9 g
_
..., -......m..",„,„,v
ei, D
K
8 ccocooczocooF.
ez -
• •asuanaa 1

Of the total amount of the imports, £4,241,072,
it will be seen that in 1846-47, £3,087,135 was
composed of cotton goods, employing the manu-
facturing population of Lancashire and Yorkshire,
the quantity in 1834-35 having only been £729,387
leg, 'And of the amount of exports from Calcutta,

£4,459,495, the article of sugar amounted in 1846-47
to £1,518,124 125., or one-third of the total ex-
ports, the amount of that article in 1834-35 having
been only £131,995 4s. Every year the sugar cul-
tivation has been increasing in importance to the
country, notwithstanding the suicidal legislation of
the British Parliament ; yet it is this very cultiva-
tion, which represents, and forms a means of remit-
tance for, a million and a half sterling value of
British manufactures, which we are now preparing
to destroy altogether. The sugar cultivation of
Bengal alone is estimated to employ from 400,000
to 600,000 of the population, and 300,000 acres of
land, in which if, as is anticipated, it is reduced
from its present quantity, 60,000 tons per annum,
to 20,000 tons, something like 300,000 people must
be deprived of employment, and 200,000 acres of
land thrown into its primitive state of jungle, whilst
a million sterling of exports must be lost to the
British manufacturer.

It must be borne in mind by the advocates of
free trade, that the sugar cultivation once destroyed,
India has nothing of importance to substitute for
it ; for it will he seen that, out of a total increase
of exports to Great Britain since 1834-35, of
£2,932,946, the three articles of sugar, indigo and
silk made up £2,575,678 18s. ; and during the
past year the production of one of these, indigo,
has been a ruinous trade to the Indian farmer. Of
course, we shall be told that, although we may
lose the sugar trade of India and, with it, the sale
of the manufactured goods taken in exchange for
that commodity, the latter will be made up to us
by the increased purchases from us of the foreign
planter. We shewed, however, in our last that no
such result has followed our increased importations
of slave-grown sugar during the past year; and
the fact must be taken into consideration that, by
encouraging the industry of India we are aiding
the march of civilization, and spreading European
tastes and wants amongst a population of a hundred
millions of freemen, whilst, by encouraging slave
production, we are distributing our favors amongst
a class, who never have consumed, and never are
likely to increase their consumption of, manufac-
tured articles of other than the very rudest de-
scription.

IT is rather too much the practice of our Free-
trade authorities to argue from premises and results
denuded of the correlative circumstances by which
those results have been influenced. An instance
of this practice is contained in an article in the
Manchester Guardian of Wednesday last. We
quote it as follows :=
" Every advance in the price of sugar led to an increased
competition for the services of labourers,—to a rise in the
rate of wages,—and to such an increased cost of produc-
tion—as rendered it of no value to the planter. SUGAR
CULTIVATION IN THE WEST INDIES IS SHOWN, BY CLEAR
EVIDENCE, TO HAVE BEEN A RUINOUS PURSUIT—IN
YEARS WHEN THE PRICE IN THE COUNTRY REACHED NO
LESS THAN 48s. IN BOND, OR 725. DUTY PAID. This was
in 1840. A high price is, therefore, most clearly not the
road through which the planter can be saved."

We are not at all certain that the fact relied upon by
our contemporary, that sugar cultivation was so very
ruinous a trade in 1840, is so well proved as he
alleges. We find that, in Antigua, Mr. Tollemache
made a profit on five estates of £12,843 in that year,
whereas, in 1846, he suffered a loss of £26g. Of
course, in other colonies there might be varied
results. We pass, however, over the question as to
the correctness of the Guardian's facts to deal with
his principle. A high price of sugar, he says, leads
to a high rate of wages; and with high prices in
1840 the cultivation was ruinous. But was there
nothing but the high price of sugar to give a sti-
mulus to the rate of wages ? Of course there was.
There was the direct interference of the British
Government in 1839, by which the apprenticeship
system was terminated ; and the negroes in our co-
lonies, released from every tie, unrestrained even by
laws similar to those which bind employer and
labourer together in this and other countries, were
enabled to gratify their own indolent inclinations,
to laugh at their former masters, and to steal off
and squat or vagabondise in the canebrakes or in
the bush. Doubtless under such circumstances,
with their crops rotting in the ground, the planters
hid tolerably high for labour; but that high bidding
was a result, not a cause—the result of circum-
stances, which the Guardian disingenuously keeps
in the back ground.
Let us see how the termination of the period of
apprenticeship—that breach of a direct compact
with the planters—affected wages. We have before
us a table, handed in to the committee on sugar
planting by Thomas Naughten, Esq., a Demerara
planter and West Indian merchant, giving the
results of four years' cultivation of three sugar
estates in British Guiana in four years of slavery,
four years of apprenticeship, and six years of free
labour. In the four years of slavery, viz., from
1825 to 1828, the estates in question yieldedBs,o7l
cwts, nett of sugar, the annual average cost of pro-
duction being about 6s. per cwt., and the average
annual nett revenue £20,523. In the four years of
apprenticeship, terminating in 1838, they yielded
71,073 nett, the average annual cost of production
being about Bs. 9d. per cwt., and the average an-
nual nett revenue £17,559. And now comes the
reverse of the picture. Apprenticeship had been
abolished, and the planter submitted to the caprice
of the labourer, by a Government which threw every
possible obstacle in the way of additional hands
finding their way to the colonies to replace those
who had permanently withdrawn themselves from
the cultivation. In the six years, from 1840 to
1846, although in two of these estates there was a
profit in 1840—the Guardian's ruinous year—of
£8,500, there was only at the end of 1846 a nett
gain of 'E1,139 for the whole six years, in estates
which returned annually £20,500 in the first period
and £17,500 in the second. The nett produce for
the six years was only 55,593 cwt., or less by 30.000
cwts. than in four years of slavery, and less by
25,000 cwts. than in four years of apprenticeship,
whilst the average cost of production for the six
years had risen to 295. sd. per cwt., or 20s. Bd. in
the very year specified by the Guardian over the
previous four years of apprenticeship, and '23s. sd.
over the cost in four years of slavery.
It is not fair to lay down such a dogma as that
of the Guardian, as applicable to the present posi-
tion of our sugar colonies. When we were totally
dependent upon them for our supply, high prices
would, no doubt, in an artificially restricted labour
market, induce high wages; hut, with the competi-
tion to which we are now submitted, and with real
and bona fide measures, for promoting the immigra-
tion of labourers, provided for our colonists, this
result can never happen to ally great extent.

"THE Itttsx FELON."—The first number of this trea-
sonable paper (the successor of The United Irishman)
made its appearance on Saturday. It does not, how-
ever, come up to its model in point of vigour, or open and
advised writing of sedition. The leading article bears the
signature of John Martin, who is evidently displeased that
the insurrection did not break out on the day that Mitchel
was transported, as he conceives that the " abject submis-
sion of the Irish people, in that matter, might destroy the
national cause for this generation." Much nearer to
the mark," and with far more vigour, comes out Mr.
Devin Reilly, who addresses a letter "to the Englishman,
calling himself Earl of Clarendon, her Majesty's chief
legal murderer, and jury-packer-general of Ireland." He
declares his intention to tell his Lordship all that goes on
whilst his hand remains without a handcuff or a weapon,
He commences each paragraph with the words " My Lord
Assassin," and signs himself " My Lord Assassin, your
enemy to the death." The following sentence is a fair
sample of the whole letter, which is very long :—" An
eminent diplomatist, like your Lordship, a mild and equa-
ble chief governor, who can walk from that den of conspi-
rators you call your Privy Council, with the blood of men
marked out for slaughter clotted round your soul, into a
philosophic re-union of bullock-feeders and men-starvers,
and there talk blandly and glibly of the state of the
country' you wilfully devastate—a man like you, who can
plot in your chamber with that recreant bravo you call
your Catholic Attorney-General,' and his sheriffs and
jurors, to take away honest men's liberties and lives, and
then ride out in gilded caparison, with the tailoring of a
soldier on you, and look Heaven in the face, and man—a
Lord Lieutenant,' I say, with a convenient conscience of
that kind, might forget the truculent, base, and cowardly
manner in which you have done, into the slavery of the
hulks in a distant land, your mortal enemy and my im-
mortal friend. I will take care you shall not. Step by
step, and week by week, free or chained, with pen in hand,
by word of mouth, in prayer to God. I will repeat your
infamy, and make others repeat it, till the Irish winds that
whistle round you byday, and the serpent conscience which
coils you round by night, scowling on you, shall alike hiss
in your ears the one word—' Assassin !' " To wind up, it
is to be observed that the Felon sneers down the grand
" Irish League," laughs outright at simple Repeal, and
will be content with nothing short of a wholesale revolu-
tion. and the establishment of an Irish Republic. Inde-
pendent of this new firebrand, the treason market is
pretty well supplied. The Nation is highly peppered with
allusions to the pike as the veritable "queen of weapons;"
and the Tribune is scarcely a whit behind its more ancient
teacher of the science of warfare. The former organ is
filled with the weekly proceedings of the clubs. Lectures,
inculcating the imperative necessity of procuring arms, are
delivered almost nightly at these foci of sedition. Several
of the " presidents" are young men of respectable birth
and education.