The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1846-07-07 00:00:00

THE LIVtRPOOL STANDARD.

PERUVIAN MODE OF APPLYING GUANO.—Opposite
to the ports of Pisco and Chincha, lie a number of small
islands, noted for their large deposits of guano, or huanu,
as Dr. Tschudi corrects the orthography of the wt'rd.
The doctor gives some very interesting particulars con-
cerning this efficac.ous manure, which, although hut re-
cently adopted in Europe,! appears to have been used in
Peru as tar back as the time of the first. Incas. The
Peruvians use it chiefly for the mai_e and potato fields;
their manner of employing it is peculiar, and but Ii tle
known in Europe. A few weeks after the seeds have be-
gun to germinate, a small hole is made beside each plant,
filled with huanu, and covered up with earth. Twelve or
fifteen hours lever, the whole field is laid under water, and
left so for a few hours. The effect of the process is
incredibly rapid. In a very few days, the plants attain
double their previous height. When the operation is
repeated, but with a smaller quantity of the huanu. the
farmer may reckon upon a crop at least threefold that
which he would obtain from an unnianured soil. Of the
white huanu, which is much stronger than the dark-
coloured, less must be used, and the field must be watered
sooner. and for a longer time, or the roots will be destroy-
ed. When the land is tolerably good, seven hundred and
fifty to nine hundred pounds of huanu are reckoned suffi-
cient for a surface of fourteen thousand square feet; with
poor soil, a thousand to twelve hundred pounds are re-
quired.— VonTschudi's Travels in Peru.
FEMALE LIFE IN GERMANY.—The only recreation in
which she ever indulges is an occasional drive or ball
for the latter amusement there is at Heidelberg every fa-
cility. There are three species of balls—the " Burger
Venrein," or the association of citizens ; the " Harmo-
nie," so called, we presume, from the harmonizing effect
of its society—and the Museum," which is a spacious
building, containing several fine hall and concert rooms
and an excellent table d'bote. This establishment pos-
sesses, also, the additional advantage of a capital news-
room, where all the 'caging continental as well as Engli-h
journals are taken, and amongst the latter, is our friend
Mr. Punch. For a very trifling annual subscription, any
one may become a member if this society, and besides
access to the balls, concerts, news-room, &e., he has the
"entre" to a magnificent library, which is stored with
authors in all languages, and amongst the collection,
strange to say, is a capital selection of some of our best
English law hoolts. There is a ball or a conccrt given at
these rooms at least once a month, and the society fre-
quenting them is considered the most aristocratic of the
town. To the Harmonie, however, all sorts and Condi-
tions of men and women repair; we have seen a grafine
or countess and a laundry maid dancing in the same set ;
a crown prince and ahe waiter vis-a-vis—hut in Ger-
many this is thought nothing of, and the people who thus
attain a temporary elevation, never venture to presume
en it—but the instant the ball or festivity is over, return to
their respective positions, the waiter and the laundry maid
resolve themselves into their original elements, and the
next day you will see him whom you met on the previous
night, arrayed in all the gorgeousness of blue coat and
snowy vest, attired in his accustomed jacket and trousers.
of that extraordinary cut by which the German " kelner"
is distinguished, waiting with meekness beside some so-
litary guest who is eating his breakfast in the coffee room
of the hotel: or the lady whom you beheld in all the
maiden simplicity of white muslin, and "aperient" dia-
monds, carrying away a huge pail of water upon her head,
which she has with much labour just extracted from the
adjoining pump.—Sketches of Burschen Life.

EARTHQUAKES IN LIMA.—"The city of earthquakes,"
would be a far more appropriate name for Lima thsn the
city of the kings. On an average of years, five-ant-forty
shocks are annually fel►, most of which occur in the latter
half of October, in November, December, January, May,
an,'• June. January is the worst month, during which, in
many years, scarcely a day passes without convulsions of
this kind. The terrible earthquakes that play such havoc
with the city come at intervals of forty to sixty years.
Since the west coast of South America was known to Eu-
ropeans, the following are the dates :-1586, 1630, 1687,
1713, 1746, 1806; always two in a century. It is greatly
to be feared that ten more years will not elapse without
Lima being visited by another of those awful calamities.

Dr. Tschudi gives a brief account of the earthquake of
1746. It was on the 28th of October, St. Simon and St.
Jude's day, that at 31 minutes past 10 p.m., the earth
shook with a fearful bellowing noise, and, in an instant,
the whole of Lima was a heap of ruins. Noise, earth-
quake, and destruction were all the affair of one moment.
The few buildings whose strength resisted the first shock
were thrown down by a regular horizontal motion of the
earth, which succeeded it and lasted four minutes. Out
of more than three thousand houses, only twenty-one re-
'arly all the public buildings were
ort of Callao the destruction was
for scarcely was the earthquake
over, when the sea arose with a mighty rushing sound,
and swallowed up both town and inhabitants. in an
instant, five thousand human beings became the prey of
the waters. The Spanish corvette San Fermin, which
lay at anchor in the harbour, was hurled far over the walls
of the fortress, and stranded at more than five hundred
yards from the shore. A cross marks the place where she
struck. Three heavily-laden merchantmen met the same
fate, and nineteen other vessels foundered. The town
had disappeared, and travellers have related how, even
now, when the sky is bright and the sea still, the houses
and churches may be dimly seen through the transparent
waters. Such a tale as this is scarce worth refuting,
seeing that the houses wet e overturned by the earthquake
before they were overwhelrned..hy the_ sea. whose action
;unsure lot.g sluice 6s.wo alet.troved t6eis••eve.y vestige. Rut
the old sailors along that coast lose to tell how, on certain
days, the people are seen sitting at the doors of their
houses, and standing about in the streets, and how, in the
silent watches of the night, a cock has been heard to
crow from out the depths of the sea.— Von Tschudi's
Travels in Peru.

even mere cow

AN INCIDENT OF THE WARS OF WILLIAM AND
JAMES.—WhiIe Jeremiah Tisdel thus railed and cursed
in hoarse accents, as he burrowed with his crooked fin-
gers among the upturned earth, he might not inappositely
have presented to the fancy of the spectator the image of
a famished ghoul cowering over some open grave, and
searching for the fragments of his unclean feast. " Gone,
gone, gone," he cried, in a voice of almost childish rage
and grief, as he sat down upon the cold earth beside the
spot, and smote his clenched hands sometimes upon his
breast and sometimes upon the dull soil, until gradually
this frantic energy of woe subsided into a sullen, black
moroseness, from which, however, after the lapse of some
ten minutes, he on a sudden started up. " Aye, aye," be
exclaimed, with a new and fierce interest, " let's see how
Deveril has fared." With this exclamation, he hurried
toward the ruined walls; the lower windows had all been
secured with iron bars, which had of course survived the
flames, and now showed in sharp black lines against the
grey light of morning which streamed through the build-
ing. Passing the c)rner of the still reeking ruin, Tisdal
stopped short, with a shuddering ejaculation which had a
strange mixture of joy and horror in its intonation.
"Then it is done !—ha, ha !—the hunter caught in his own
toils, the robber bereft of his spoil, the murderer of his
precious life." The spectacle which elicited these words
was one of sufficient horror. Through the bars of a
window, within a few yards of which the speaker stood,
were thrust the knee and the head of a figure, whose es-
cape had been rendered impracticable by two transverse
bars which, deeply sunk in the side walls, secured the
rest. The Lead, and one arm and shoulder, as well as
one knee, were thrust through the iron stanchions, and
all was black and shrunk, the clothes burned entirely
away, and the body roasted and shrivelled to a horrible
tenuity ; the lips dried up and drawn. so that the white
teeth grinned and glittered in hideous mockery, and thus
the whole form, arrested in the very attitude of frenzied
and desperate exertion, showed more like the hideous,
blackened effigy of some grinning ape, than anything hu-
man. With a horrible and icy fascination, old Tisdal
gazed upon this appalling spectacle, till it almost seemed,
to his distempered fancy, that the fiendish grinning thing
was greeting him " with mop and mow," as the coal-
black, shrunken mask, with its shining white Tows of
teeth, set off by the hideous grotesqueness of its attitude,
met, and appeared to return his fixed and thrilling gaze.
" Deveril ! Deveril! muttered the puritan, scarce dating
to speak above his breath, as be drew back a little; for
though he knew it was but fancy, the light curling smoke
rising between him and that fearful object, gave to it an

appearance of motion, which enhanced the horrible effect
of the spectacle upon his imagination. " Deveril ! De-
veril-s—this is horrible! Who could have thought he'd

have struggled so hard ? Why did they not pike him ?
How could they let him roast there? It was frightful 1"
With a violent cffurt Tisdal turned, and two steps placed
the corner of the building between him and that terrible
object. A strange feeling, sometimes almost bordering
upon a gush of tenderness, came upon him as he conti-
nued—" Deveril! Deveril ! poor Deveril! it was dread-
ful ! it was frightful !—he was my staunch companion in
evil days. Oh, Deveril ! Deveril !—he saved my life once
—why did I forget Blackheath? Oh, Deveril, was it for
this you saved it ? Oh, my God ! that I could call him
back !—or—or at least that he had died elsewhere, and an
easier death! He was my clmrade—wy comrade—when
no one else would consort with me! Is he dead ?—is he
quite—quite dead ? If he had but life enough left to for-
give me !—oh, that be had but life enough to forgive me!"
Thus speaking, with a strange hysterical revulsion of feel-
ing, Tiadal distra^tedly returned to the spot where first
the dreadful apparition had met his eye. There, fixed as
the bars themselves, stood still the awful, monkey-like
figure, black and grinning as ever. "Deveril! Deveril !
—old boy, Deveril!" cried his former associate, almost
frantically ; but the sounds echoed unheeoied through the
empty walls, and the thin vapour curled, undisturbed by
breath or movement, like the smoke of his torment for
ever ascending about and above the sooty, grinning effigy ,
" Deveril! Deveril! is there any life in you? Old fellow,
it's I—it's Tisdal—burnt brandy ! Oh, God ! Deveril !
Deveril ! won't you answer Captain Gordon ? It's I-1
—it's brother Snap ! Oh, Deveril, my boy, you saved
me—you saved me—l know it—l remember that night.
Speak, old boy, one word. I think you moved I—you
did move !" Tisdal distractedly snatched up a long
charred joist, which lay among the smouldering rubbish,
and, stretching across the smoking embers and ashes, he,
with the end of it, pushed the ghastly figure. The effect
was horrible; for though the pressure was but light, the
grinning bead separated from the body, and rolled, amid
a cloud of dust, towards .Tisdal's feet, while the body
dropped back into the ashes and rubbish within the walls,
leaving but the blackened aim still clinging and sticking
to the bars. If the frightful apparition had spontaneously
sprung from its position, and leaping at the throat of its
betrayer, Tisdal could hardly have felt a pang of terror
wilder than the paroxysm which froze him, as he saw the
head of his victim thus rolling and plunging through the
ashes, towards his feet. At length, relieved by some-
thin,/ between a sigh and a shudder, and trembling so vi-
olently that his legs could scarcely bear him, ne managed
to withdraw as far as the low fence which enclosed the
little paddock, within which had stood the mansion of
Drurngunidol, now but a scorched and smoking ruin, and
seating himself upon the low grassy bank, he strove to re-
collect his scattered wits, and to quiet his terrible agita-
tion.—Fortunes of Turlogh O'Brien.

LATEST FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE,

THE WEST INDIA► AND MEXICAN MAILS.
The royal mail steam-ship Tee, Captain Sharp, arrived
on Saturday evening, after a fine run of 13i days from
Bermuda, her last port of communication. She was not
due until to-day, and her early arrival is, therefore,
another practical illustration of the continued improve-
ment in sailing of the various powerful steam-ships be-
longing to the Royal Mail Ccmpany. Her latest dates
are, I I onduras. May 20th; Tampico, 26th ; Chagres, 26th ;
Carthagcria, 29th ; Vera Cruz, June 2d ; Demerara, 4th ;
La Guavra, 5.h ; Trinidod, Gth ; Barbadoe,z, Bth ; Ja-
maica, Bth; Grenada, 10th ; Havannah, llth ; St. Thomas,
16th ; and Bermuda. 20th.

She brings 2,000,000 dollars on merchants account, but
none on account of the Mexican dividends. I,BBooz. of
gold dust, 5201 b. of platina, 32 serons of jalap, 93 serons
of cochineal, 100 bales of tobacco, 26 cases of cigars, 55
packages of pines, 5 cases of tortoiseshell, 13 cases of tur-
tle, and 80 packages of sundries; the value of the whole
freight may be estimated at 3.000,000 dollars. The gradual
increase in the goods on freight by these ships is a strong
proof of the wisdom of tie company in carrying cargo, only
a recent arrangement, and which is now forming a con-
siderable addition to the Southampton imports. The Tay
also brings the large number of 93 passengers.
4We have letters from Mezico to the 31st May.

The Mexican ports on the Atlantic were blockadeJ by
the American squadron, and an attack on the castle of
San Juan de Ulloa was expected immediately.
The port of Mazatlan and city of Guadalaxara had both
declared against the government. The republic seemed
to he fast verging on anarchy.

Arista 's army in the north is understood to have dis-
persed in great confusion.
About half the members of the new congress had been
got together. They elected General Bustamante president
of the body.

Senor Gorostiza bad retired from the Ministry of Fi-
nance' and was succeeded by Senor Iturbe, who had
seized all the funds in the ports, including the English
dividends.
The light is removed from the castle of San Juan de
Ulloa, at Vera Cruz, during the blockade.
The Tay brings our usual files of West India pavers,
by which we are glad to find a favourable change of the
weather has occurred in many of the islands, too late,
however, to repair the great damage the long-continued
drought occasioned. The Barbadoes Slanda, d states
that they have had several showers. 'J he rain appears to
have been general; it continued to the end of the month.
The Trinidad Standard estimates the probable amount
of sugar likely to reach the home market, as the crop from
that island for 1846, at 22.000 hhds., a decrease on the
past year of 1,265, and 2,000 hhds. short of what might
have been expected from the appearance of the crop at
the commencement. The crop of the coming year, it is
said, will prove a short one, probably not more than
17,000 hbds., arising from many untoward circumstances,
especially the frequency of fires. These fires continue.
In Naparima,. the principal sugar district, a severe fire
commenced (16th) on Friendship Estate, and swept Espe-
ranee, Corinth, Concord, Ne Plus Ultra, M r. Navet's Mon
Repos, and Mr. Andre's estates, and entered the suburbs
of San Fernando; a change of wind saved the town.
The fire ravaged an area of ground 5 miles in extent ; a
spark from a boiling-house chimney was the cause. A
similar eonfl,teration occurred the following day at Cedros,
devastating the St. John, Union, Perseverance, and Loch-
maben estates, on the latter it destroyed canes sufficient
to make 150 hogsheads of sugar; the village fell a prey to
the flames. Lord Harris, the governor, exerted himself
greatly during this severe visitation, in giving directions
and using every effort to subdue the fires.
Immigration still gees on to British Guiana ; Berb.ce
has received 139 Coolies by the Raymond, and 269 by the
Britannia, and they have had 235 Portuguese by the
Planter, from Madeira, and a late arrival of 351 Coolies
by the Sir Robert Peel. The Madeira immigrants are
turning their attention to the cultivation of the vine.
In Demerara a favourable change has taken place in the
weather; constant and heavy showers have fallen. Grind-
ing has been resumed in several districts. The return,
however, expected from the canes is very small ; the crop
is variously estimated at 10,000, 15,000, and 20,009, or
not more than half th 9 crop of the previous year.
The members of the House of Assembly at Tobago
continue to refuse to meet to transact any business until
the Chief Justice is suspended, on account of that officer
not furnishing them with a copy of certain documents
which they required. One or two slight showers had
fallen in Grenada, but the severe drought in that island
for the most part continued, and the estates are in a de-
plorable state. A smart shock of an earthquake was felt
at Jamaica. but was unattended with damage.

The Municipal Council of Metz have voted a sum
of 60,000.000 f. of the budget of that place, to enable
bakers to sell bread to the poor under the assize price.
The growth of apples in Normandy, from which the
cider is made, is this year so scanty that the measure,
which in ordinary years is sold for If. 25c., is now quoted
at 4f. and upwards.

The German journals contain accounts of several fires
in Hungary, which are said to be the work of incendiaries.
The towns of Leibiiz and Durant were on fire on the same
night. In the former 22 houses were destroyed, and in
the latter 101 houses and the Lutheran church.

A dreadful accident took place on Friday last on board
a steamer plying between Paris and Montereau. The
boiler of the engine exploded with great violence, and en-
g‘seer and two ear..kers were killed, and several passengers
danzeroosly wounded.
HURRICANE IN RUSSIA.—ST. PETERSDURGFI, JUNE
22.—News has been received to. day from the interior of a
tremendous hurricane along the banks of the Wolga,
Which destrove'l between 100,000 and 150,000 chetwerts of
flour, rye, wheat, linseed, &c., which were destined for
thi. place. _ _ _ _ _

VlDocQ's LAST TRIM—Most of the Paris jnnrnals
announced some months ago that the celebrated Vidocq
was dead. The Democratic, Pacifique, in giving this news,

followed it up with certain reflections, which he consi-
dered to be a libel, and commenced thereupon an action
against the responsible editor. The case came yesterday
before the Correctional Tribunal, and the editor, not ap-
pearing, wa3 condemned in default to pay a fine of 50f.—
Galignanes Messenger.

TREASON IN A DOG.—An amusing story is told of the
boys of Heriot's Hospital, in 1682. The Earl of Argyle
was in this year convicted of high treason, f,r refusing
the test oath without certain qualifications. The Heriot
boys ordered their watch-dog to take the test, and offered
him the paper. When he refu.ed, they rubbed it over
with butter. He then licked off the butter, but spat out
the paper. They empannelled a jury, tried him for trea-
son. and hanged him.—Steven's Menroirsof Geo. Heriot.
EARLY DAYS OF HAYDON, THE ARTIST.—Mr. Hay-
don was born on the 26th January, 1786. at Plymouth
where his father was a bookseller of good reputation. Be
was educated at Plymouth Grammar School, and after-
wards removed to Plympton, where his education was
completed in the same grammar school in which Sir Joshua
Reynolds acquired all the scholastic knowledge he ever
received. Haydon, in after life, was fond of referring to
this circturstance ; nor unwilling, indeed, to have it said
that his father, who drew a little himself, had given him
the Scriptural name in the thought that, as Plympton had
sent a Sir Joshua into the world, Plymouth might send
her Benjamin to follow. The boy evinced a love for art
at a very early period, and is said to have exhibited his
first fondness for his calling on the occasion of a print
which the servant bad given him to keep him quiet. Thus
early initiated, he found materials for his purpose in Lis
father's house. He drew, read, and resolved; and, Rey-
nolds' " Discourses" attracting his attention, lie became,
before he was eighteen years of age, an enthusiast in high
art, whose first word was Raphael, and his second Michael
Angelo. Thus irrecoverably a painter, he left fur London
on the 14th of May, 1804, and entered his name as a stu-
dent of the Royal Academy. His skill and attention were
soon noticed. Prince lloare introduced him to Fuseli, an
introduction which had something to do, perhaps; with
the after errors and eccentricities of his character and
style. Fuseli was fearless and outsroktn, and Haydon
became the same. Fuseli, in painting, was violent in
action and exaggerated in expression, and Haydon was, at
once, his admiring imitator. Thus injnriomly misted,
he never recovered from the false worship of his early
faith ; but, through the whole course of a long and active

career, mistook Fusell's exaggeration of attitude and
drawing for the tranquil grandeur of Michael Angelo and
Ra ph3el. —A llaeneurn.

AN EGYPTIAN FUNERAL.—Another uncommon fune-
ral proctssion, that of Kharsiteed Pasha, late governor of
Sennar, passed our house a few days after that of the
saint ; and as it was the most remarkable of all such spec-
tacles seen in Cairo since my arrival I am induced to de-
scribe it to you It was preceded by six camels, each bear-
ing two bcxrs filled with corn and dates, above and be-
tween which sat the distributor with'a stick in his hand
to drive off the crowd that presssed upon him. making as
great a clamour as though they were all starving ; and
strange to say, the most decently dressed persons were
the most importunate. Then followed three camels with
water; and then two buffaloes to be sacrificed at the tomb,
and the flesh to be divided among the poor. These practices
are al ways observed at the funerals of rich per sons in Egypt,
and, I believe, throughout the East. About thirty reciter
of the Kur-an followed next, and about tire same number
of Sheyks headed a large body of Turks of the middle classes,
chiefly wearing the military dress. Then followed a tribe of
Chaooshes, two and two, in full uniform ; and after these
walked about fifty grandees of all ages. Their dresses
were most picturesque, the varieties of colour they dis-
played rendering the group they formed by far the most
striking feature in the proce-sion. There were among
them some old men who had doubtless seldom before
walked in the streets of Cairo. One, bent with age and
apparently blind, was leaning on a 3 outh who seemed to
be his son, and many were much exhausted. They had

all walked nearly a mile, and had to walk nearly a mile
and a half further, the last half mile exposed to the
burning sun. But to return to the order of the proces-
sion. Some bois walked next, each bearing a Kur-an ;
and they were immediately followed by a crowd of men
bearing incense in silver censors, filling the streets and
houses with clouds of frankincense and other perfumes ;
while others, carrying sprinkling bottles of silver,
showered :heir sweet contents around them on the more
distinguished of the spectators. Then passed the bier,
the appearance of which was not unusual: it was
covered with a red figured Cashmere shawl, and borne
by four men. The ladies, female slaves, and friends
and at endants of the harem next followed, consisting
of about twenty-five or thirty ladies, mounted on high
donkeys, and perhaps twenty slaves on ordinary donkeys,
and a host en foot. All the last mentioned screamed and
wailed so loudly that the noise cannot easily be forgotten
by those who have heard as well as seen a grand funeral
Procession ; the mingling of voices—the reciters of the
Kar-an—the chaunting boys—and the wailing women, oc-
casioned a deafening yell hardly to be imagined. The led
horses of the grandees bore up the rear, and thus con-
cluded a spectacle as singular as almost any which can
have been witnessed in the streets of Cairo.—Corres-
pondent [of the Times.

STANCE OF AFFECTION FOR A CHILD.—I wit-
din the family of native, named Alligator, an
nee of affection for a departed child, which, though

hibited itself in this peculiar manner, was extremely
touching. The wife had treasured up the bones of the
little one, and constantly carried them about with her, not
as a memento mori, but as an object whereon to expend
her tenderest emotion, whenever they swelled within her
breast. At such times she would put together these
bones with a rapidity that supposed a wonderful know-
ledge of osteology, and set them up that she might weep
over them. Perhaps in her imagination, as she performed
this melancholy rite, the ghastly frame-work before her
became imbued with the comely form of infancy; bright
eyes once more sparkled in those hollow cells, and a smile
of it-Id:fade delight hung where in reality was nought but
the hideous grin of death. I exceedingly regret that the
mother who could feel so finely was some time afterwards
overp-rsuaded to part with the bones of her child.—Cap-
lain Stokes's "Discoveries in Au,tralia"
NEW METHOD OF FINISHING BRONZE STATUES.—
The bronze statue of Huskis,on, just completed in the
royal brass foundry of the Bavarian capital, deserves an
especial notice, on account of a new method of chasing
which has been resorted to in this case. It is known that
newly-cut brass possesses a strong lustre, which destroys
the mellow aspect of the work, on which account artists
have resorted to the expedient of producing a sort of arti-
ficial patina by the use of mineral acids. For the sake of
imparting to the above work a uniform mellow appearance
without using acids, Inspector Muller has resorted to the
method of deed chasing. This has been perfectly success-
ful ; and the uniform tone which has been obtained in the
whole work bids fair that the patina, as it will appear in
due course of time, will be also uniform. By the use of
d fferent sorts of _files a really different grain of the metal
has been cut out, which the artist was able to produce in
accordance with the nature of the part thus treated. This
method is said to be a real advance in the mechanism of
the bronze-founding process.—The Builder.
GOVERNESSES.—In Russia the governess is held in such
respect that she is led forth as au honoured guest, taking
precedence of the pupil whose education she has completed.
In England it would be difficult to ascertain her position—
charged with the sole care of the " precious jewels" of an
illustrious house—considered competent to cultivate their
minds—to form their manners—to enlarge their views, that
they may keep their position, and become all that is desired
in Engl sh gentlewomen—the person who does all this, if
admitted into society at all, is thrust, unintroduced, into
a corner, and expected to retire when the younger children
are sent to bed—slighted by the servants, who consider
, her a servant—and looked upon as a person to be dis-
missed as soon as done with by the mistress ! Fcr one
governess who receives a pension for past services—services
which can never be repaid—there are, protected and pros-
perous, a hundred ladies' maids; it is not at all uncom-
mon to meet with pensioned servants, but a pensioned go-
verness is a rara aria; we find them in hospitals or work-
houses, when they are overtaken by ill health, or faded
into old age.—Art Union.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE PRESENT
CRISIS OF ENGLAND.—In days like ours, which begin
to familiarise men with the chances of political convulsion,
it may be well worth while to listen to the conceptions of
one who better knew the nature of the French Revolution
Man perhaps- any among the great actors of the time.
Napoleon was sitting by his fireside, in St. Helena, on
the 3.1 of September :—" To-day," said he, is the anni-
versary of a hideous remembrance, the St. Bartholomew
of the French Revolu ion—a bloody stain, which was the
act of the Commune of Paris, a rival power of the legis-
lature, which built its strength upon the dieys of the
passions of the people. * * * We must acknowledge
that there has been no political change without a fit of
popular vengeance, as soon as, for any cause whatever,
the mass of the people enter into action. * * * Ge-
neral rule :—No social revolution without terror ! Every
revolution is in principle a revolt, which time and success
ennoble and render legal; but of which terror has been
one of the inevitable phases. How, indeed, can we un-
derstand that one could say to those who possess fortune
and public situations, ' Begone, and leave us your for-
tunes and your situations,' without first intimidating
them, and rendering any defeece impossible? The reign
of terror began, in fact, on the night of the 4th of August,
when privileges, nobility, tithes, the remains of the feudal
system, and the fortunes of the clergy. were done away
with, and all those remains of the old monarchy were
thrown to the people. Then only did the people under-
stand the revolution, because they gained something, and
wished to keep it, even at the expense of blood." This
language is memorable. It ought to be a lesson to Eng-
land. Napoleon here pronounces that the great stimulant
of political revolution is public robbery. Privileges may
be the pretence, but the real object is plunder ; and the
progress of reason may be alleged as the instrument, but
the true weapon is terror. In England we are preparing
the way for a total change. 'l'ha groundwork of a revolu-
tion is laid from hour to hour ; the aristocracy, the church,
the landed proprietors, are made objects of popular libel,
only preparatory to their being made objects of public
assault. The League has not yet taken upon it the office
of the Commune of Paris, nor have the nobles, the clergy,
and the bankers been massacred in the prisons; but when
once the popular passions are kindled by the hopes of na-
tional plunder, the revolution will have begun, and then
farewell to the constitution. The habits of England, we
willingly allow, are opposed to public cruelty ; and in the
worst excesses, the France of 1793 would probably leave
us behind. But the prineiple in every nation is the same
—the possessors of property will resist. the pTtinderers of
property will fight ; conflicting banners will be raised,
and, after desperate struggles, the multitude will be the
masters of the. land.—Blackwood.