The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1846-02-10 00:00:00

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD.

ANIMAL MAGNETISM THE SOURCE OF THE MIRA-
CLES PERFORMED IN THE GREEK TEMPLES.--In
Greece, the temple-'leep and the revelations of the son-
nambule were phenomena no less common than in Egypt.
The temple of lEsculapius at Epidaurus, as Pausanias
describes it, was in a very beautiful and pleasant region,
situated on an acclivity. and surrounded with garde,*
and sacred t roves. In its fore-porches were the images
of fortune, of the dream-god and of sleep ; behind the
temple was the sleeping-house for the patients, and beside
this a marble bath. No one was admitted to the interior
of the temple, and they who would apprcach it had to
undergo a course of preparation in a temple adjacent.
The patients were obliged first to fast and to give a pro-
mise that they would do all that should be required of
them ; at the same time the priests showed them the
images of the gods and the votive tablets in the porches,
in order to put their expectations on the stretch, and to
produce in them an excited state of mind ; then prayers
were said, and hymns sung, after which a sacrifice, gene-
rally a ram, was offered. An indispensable part of the
preparatory treatment was bathing, and the drinking of
`he watt- be ' The

.er was on no account to be omitteu. sat
was combined with frict'ons and a variety of manipula-
tions; then the patients were fumigated with different
perfumes, often composed of a great number of ingredi-
ents, and after this were conducted into the sleeping-
house, where they slept either upon a ram's skin, or in a
bed. This, Pdusanias says, was done by night in solemn
silence and darkness, after all lights had been put out :

noise and light disturbed the ancient sonnambule as they
do the modern. They now dreamed, and prophesied for
themselves and others, mostly in rhythmic forms; thus
Aelius Aristides reports tint he " heard complete rules
for the conduct of life in a poetical dialect." In their
" lucid " dreams the image of the god was generally pre.
sented to them, and from his lips, as it seemed to them,
they received their revelations. However, then as now,
not all slept who were received as patients, neither did all
who slept dream or prophesy.—Dublin University May.

TRAVELLING Two. CENTURIES AGO.—Nor earlier
than the year 1638, Mary de Medicis, the queen-mother
of France, v siting her daughter, Queen Henrietta, en-
tered London in a litter carried by two tutees. Mary,
Queen of Scots, while under the surveillance of the Earl
of Shrewsbury, appears to have travelled on horseback in
her various journeys. That nobleman alludes in a letter
to a fall the queen sustained from her horse, when tra-
velling from Sheffield to Buxton. In another letter from
the same to his agent, T. Bawdewvn, is the following
picture of a journey to London in 1582 :—" I thynke my
company wyl be 20 gentylmen and 20 yemen, besydes
ther men and my horse keprs I thynke to sett forwards
about the 2d of Sept. from Wyngteld to Lester to my
bedde, and so make but four days' journey to London."
In the year 1640, the wife of Henry, last Earl of Cum-
berland, occupied eleven days going to London, and ap-
pears, from the state of the roads, to have ridden the
whole way on horseback. "At this time (1609) the com-
munication between the ncrth and the universities was
kept up by carriers, who pursued their route with whole
trains of pack-horses. To their care were consigned the
packages and persons of the scholars. It was through
their medium that epistolary correspondence was managed;
a letter could scarcely be exchanged between Yorkshire
and Oxford in less time than a month." In December
1703, Charles, King of Spain, slept at Portsmouth, and
the Prince of Denmark went to meet him. One of his
attendants writes, " We set out at six o'clock in the
morning, to go to Petworth, and did not get out of the
coach (save only when overturned, or stuck fast in the
mire) till we arrived at our journey's end. 'Twas hard
service for the prince to sit fourteen hours in the coach
that day without eating, and passing through the worst
ways that I ever saw in my life: our coach would have
suffered very often if the nimble boors of Sussex had not
frequently poised it, or supported it with their shoulders,
from Godalming almost to Petworth."—Mackinnon's
History of Civilization.
THE HOUSE OF SALLUST—ITS SPLENDOUR AND DE-
STRUCTION.—The situation was the most delightful in
Rome. The spot where the house stood is now marked
by the church of St. Susanna, separated by a street from
the baths of Diocletian, and not far distant from the Fa.
larian gate. During more than three centuries the palace
of Sallust gradually expanded beneath the affluence of its
imperial possessors. But its end was at length to ap-
proach. Upon an autumnal night, August 24, A.D. 410,
the Falarian gate was silently opened, and the slumber of
the Roman metropolis was startled by the tremendous
sound of the Gothic trumpet. One can scarcely repress a
feeling of regret, that the eye of the historian could not
have been once more opened to behold the solemn specta-
cle that swept before his lighted window in that awful
hour. The stern Alaric had commanded his barbarian
legions to abstain from injury or insult to the churches
and their treasures. Tile consecrated plate and orna-
ments were carried to St. Peter's. Art might have felt
its pencil kindled by the astonishing procession, which
then wound, in slow magnificence, from the extremity of
the Quirinal hill to the distant quarter of the Vatican.
Bands of the fierce and blue-eyed Goths marched in bat-

tle array through the principal streets, protecting with
their glittering arms the long train of terrified citizens,
who bore aloft on their heads the sacred vessels of gold
and silver. As the neighbouring houses poured oat their
little companies of age and youth to mingle with the
gathering stream, the air was rent with the shouts of the
soldiers, softened into an indescribable sweetness by the
strains of religious psalmody that melted into the clangor
and tumult. Hitherto the flash of armour had shed a
feeble glare upon this melancholy expedition ; but a
brighter illumination soon broke over the path. The
Goths set fire to the houses, partly with the intention of
facilitating their own advance, and partly to bewilder the
awe-stricken inhabitants; the flames quickly spread ; the
home of genius and of empire began to blnze ; and, in the
words of Gibbon, the ruins of the palace of Sallust re-
mained, in the age of Justinian, a stately monument of
the Gothic conflagration.—Frazer's Magazine.

A PICTURE'S WORTH.—" And yet." responded I,
" the best artists are always the most admired. Some in-
ferior ones may, from adventitious circumstances, obtain
patronage in high places, but they do not command, even
with this advantage, the popular voice. Whose names
are most familiar to the public mouth? The names which
the highest talent has made memorable. Around what
picturei in an exhibition are the largest and most admir-
ing crowds collected ? The pictures which high talent
has made glprious." " Fashion," returned Sharpson,
" holds sway more or less in every thing, and crowds be-
get crowds. Besides, there are some kinds of power
which, employed on certain subjects, will always interest
even the dull herd. But rarely, indeed, save under the
influence of fashion and flock-following, do the dull herd
seek pasturage on the eminences of art. They prefer to
leave the ' fair mountain,' to ' batten on this moor,' where
their low spirits are quite at home. Of course they do
not go away without getting a glimpse of the pictures, the
frames at all event!, to which great names are attached ;
because they are aware that in the cant of the circle' in
which they move, be it wide or narrow, they are required
to take part ; and they are alive to the necessity of falling
into ecstasies, whether the present performances of those
leading artists be exquisite or so-so. But it is the com-
mon-place that in reality enchants them ; the portrait of
a lady, the kitten with the ball of cotton, the intolerable
hamper of game, the detestable bunch of flowers, and the
execrable basket of fruit." " That such execrables are
yearly exhibited in sundry places is admitted, but you are
not thence to assume that they are admired ' " I
prove it," interposed Sbarpson, " when I prove that they
are painted. Artists, good ant; bad, work for the market.
The great painter, indeed, may find a liberal purchaser
for his work, but the profound incapable is almost sure of
a customer. Why, what becomes of the hundreds of
odious outrages annually set forth ! Do you think they
are burned? They are bought. Somewhere shines the
sun upon their horrible varnish, and some poor wretches'
eyes have daily to endure the sight of them." " Nay, if
they are bought," cried I, " they cease to be atrocious.
They instantly acquire a moral glow that gives a mellow-
ing tone to their flaring Ilues ; they are wrapped in a
poetry of sentiment that redeems them from contempt.
The act of purchase seals lair pretensions as valuable
works of art, and the ' thin; of beauty is a joy for ever,'
an heirloom on the walls of its owner." " You substan-
tiate the charge with whic% I started ! " exclaimed Sharp-
son, upsetting his glass. " I said you judged of a picture
by the wall on which it hung."—Lamun Blanchard's
Sketches of Life.

WHY PROTESTANTS DISTRUST SIR ROBERT PEEL.—
We are not insensible to Sir Robert Peel's great merits
as a finance minister, nor have we been slow to give to
him the cordial weed of our approbation. But no amount
of financial prosperity can compensate for any deteriora-
tion of moral weal ; nor does the hectic flush of fever
differ more from the glow of health, than a plethory of
wealth from the only sure indications of national great-
ness. A nation may be even oppressed and encumbered,
undoubtedly she may be corrupted, by a superabundance
of worldly comforts, if they be not accompanied by the
only knowledge which can make wise unto salvation. It is
of little consequence that we provide for the life, if we neg-
lect the life of life. Man was created for higher things than
to be a mere instrument of sordid accumulation. And
never can the minister who limits his activity to the pro-
viding things needful for bodily necessities, accomplish
the great end for which a nation like England has been
raised up, dr secure to hims.-lf a lasting remembrance by
the wise beneficence of his regulations. It is in this, Sir
Robert Peel is wanting. He had at his command an in-
stitute by which he might have effected all that could be
desired; a church es:Alishment, which in its teaching
• and offices fully met tar, requirements of the age; which
only required to be supported and extended, to do all
that could be do by human instrumentality, for the
religious well.!. nig of the people. It is painful to be
obliged to add. ;hat the advantages of such an institute
have been neglected. And in Ireland what has been the
case? Has it not been rudely shaken, and contemptu-
ously set aside, while popery, the nurse of darkness and
error, has been cherished and exalted ; in the hope, no
doubt, that some temporal end would be answered. by
the depression of a true, and the encouragement of a false
religion ? We tell the right honourable baronet, that even
in his political calculations he will be disappointed. The
allies whom he fain would purchase, will become tyrants
whom he cannot control. And the priesthood by whom
be would hope to rule and to pacify a distracted country,
will belie all calculations which may be made from the
past, if they be not the agents and the stimulators of an
agitation more violent and more turbulent by far, than
any by which a British minister has as yet been Jet and
hindered." So much for the sacrifices of moral to poli-
tical considerations. The moral guilt is incurred, and the
political object is not attained. It is in vain to contend
against the devil with the devil's own weapons. In the
use of these he will be more than a match even for the
adroitness and dexterity of
,Sir Robert Peel. His new
popish friends may nibble off the bait, but they will not
swallow the book which be designs for them. And this
it is—this fatal blindness or indifference to the value of
-moral and religious principle—which has shaken the con-
fidence of the country, and sapped the foundation! of his
power, and will, if persevered in, render his administra-
tion as great a curse, as it promised to be a blessing to
the British empire.—Dublin University 11{agassne.i

ON THF. PRACTICE OF " MAKING FREE " WITH A
FRIEND.—We can take any freedom with a friend; we
stand on no ceremony with a friend. This, taking a
friendly freedom, often means taking somebody by the
arm and dragging him into a desperate scrape, because we
reverence him above all other men. This standing on no
ceremony, frequently implies, sitting below the salt at
your friends board, and being wholly overlooked in the
flattering attentions lavished upon a guest whom your
friend cares not ever to see again. These things daily
happen "in the beaten way of friendship." Dine with a
man who bad selected you from the whole world as his
own; who had eyes and chose you; who plays Hamlet to
your Horatio : he sits you down to a friendly dinner, and
gives you his second best port—no hock—no champagne
—no claret. Dine again, when he would not for the.
world you were absent, as he is desirous of entertaining
an illustrious obscure whom he despises; you occupy no
seat of honour, to be sure, on that occasion, but you are
regaled with your friends best port, and invited to deliver
verdicts upon his champagne and claret. You are com-
paratively certain of being well treated, when the enter-
tainment is not got up on your account—when you play
a subordinate part in the friendly comedy • although then.
if there happen to be a cold plate or a ;lullaby bunch of
grapes, you are sure of getting it, because your friend can
" take the liberty with you," be knows " you don't mind
it." We feel bound to be punctual and conscientious
with those we are indifferent about; while we can afford,
at any time, on the frostiest night, to be an hour after our
appointment with the single gentleman who occupies an
apartment in our heart's core. With him we can play
any prank that pleases our humour, or suits our conveni-
ence. We can fail to visit him when be expects us, if
we have to make a call upon an acquaintance ; we can
leave his letter unanswered for a week, if we have notes
about nothings to reply to from unrespected correspond-
ents. The pledge one gives him, in an after-dinner pro-
mise to one's wife to be home at eleven, which is rigidly
observed, if nothing happens to tempt one to break faith.
It may be kept, or it may not be kept. We are to be
punctual—if we like.—Blanchaed' s Sketches.
CHILDREN.—To see children as they ought to be, you
must see them in numerous covies. The real child is only
to be found in a house where you can't set down a foot
heedlessly without trampling on one. There they are so
much in the way, that people are not allowed to forget
them, and they are so many, that none of them can be
spoiled by petting. Besides, children make by far the
best keepers and companions for each other. A baby in
its bascinet, trying to rest on its feet, while propping its
little hands on the rim, or reaching over to catch some-
thing, is enough to outwear the patience of the most pat-
tern nurse-maid ; but .cet a little creature of two or three
years old, the quiet and gentle one of the family, to watch
the baby, and, proud of the commission, it never tires.
The baby, too, is more amenable to its tiny coercion, when
seeking to break bounds. Such a group is the only beau-
tiful emblem of the power that love imparts to human
weakness. When the blind is imagined directing the
lame, while the lame carries the blind, the picture is pain-
ful and humiliating; but there is no such alloy in the pic-
ture of an elf, only half emerged from babyhood, keeping
baby from hurting itself while the baby supplies the place
of a plaything. Or perhaps it is a gallant unbreeched boy
who takes upon him the guardianship of a sister some
twelve moons his senior. flow soon the " lord of the
1 creation" shows himself in the male. There is a mis-
chievous, laughing self-confidence in an urchin of two
years, that girls never attain. If any other class of intel-
ligent existence have it in their power to contemplate
human beings, the most inexperienced mate them must
at once have a presentiment that in the baby• boy, they
behold a creature whose will is to be law to himself and
others. A nursery-maid, when children who are verging
towards the transition epoch at which the child passes
into the boy or girl prove unusually stubborn, sometimes
threatens to leave them. Let the experiment be tried, and
it is ten to one that the culprit, if a girl, looks on while
ti .e bonnet and shawl are being pinned, half-incredulous,
half- anxious, that her younger sister is dissolved in tears,
and that while baby keeps crowing utterly unconscious of
what is passing, little master, with a pout on his lip and a
frown on his brow, doggedly sets his back against the door
to prevent egress, and says nothing. In girl-children, the
intellect develops itself more rapidly than in boy-children ;
but the character is much earlier pronounced in the male.
This may be the reason why we always find in the nursery
pairings off, a brother and sister keeping themselves some-
what apart from the rest. Where there are two, one must
go before; either the elder girl has not the talent of lead-
ing, or the younger feels instinctively that she has no au-
thority over her by divine right. The boy takes the lead
unconsciously, and yet, as in after life, the girl has per-
haps more influence over him than he over her.—Tait.
THE RAILWAY MOVEMENT.—No reflecting man can
contemplate the prodigious magnitude of the railway en-
terprises in which the nation is involved—the hundreds of
millions of capital required for their completion—the
character,'profession, and standing of the proprietors—
the districts of country they are intended to intersect, and
the probable traffic expected to arise, without coming to
the conclusion that, in the midst of a mass of the most
arrant folly and madness, there is abundant material for
grave thought. The statesman whose judgment is not
clouded and bewildered by personal or pecuniary interest
in any of these schemes, may find ample scope for the
exercise of his talents, in estimating their probable effects
upon the different orders of society, in advancing the in-
terests of trade, in promoting the welfare of the poor, in
consolidating our strength at home, in vindicating our
power abroad. It is, perhaps, not beyond his province to
consider how far, by the exercise of a wise policy, they
may be rendered subservient to'these great ends. This
mass of railway enterprise, domestic and foreign, is the
strong and distinctive evidence of a mighty stride in the
progress of nations ; one of those great eras which mark
the world's history, It may be fraught with the ruin of
hundreds; it professes to be big with the happiness of
millions. It is looked upon as the precursor of great good,
because it comprises as essential ingredients to its accom-
plishment whatever is calculated to elevate, improve, and
extend the interests of all classes .—the circulation of
money—the extension of commerce—the employment of
the people—the improvement of the facilities of inter-
course at home and abroad. It is impossible to say what
important results may spring from these facilities—what
increased resources may be acquired at home—what new
relations may be formed abroad. With countries into
which we have scarcely yet penetrated, it may be our pri-
vilege to enter into the most advantageous alliance—to
open out an intercourse that may provide food and em-
ployment for millions unborn. It may be ours to bring
into the closest intimacy of family relation, the inhabitants
of new and comparatively unknown regions; to form set-
tlements, raise cities, and extend all the advantages of
trade and the blessings of religion, where the sound of
hammer has never yet rung, the rush of steam never yet
been heard, nor the tidings of salvation yet been pro-
claimed. Holding such sentiments as these, we would be
the last to throw a damp upon any legitimate enterprise,
or to cloud with prejudice and doubt the unknown, the
unseen future. This generation has witnessed the mighty
revolutions effected by steam in the course of a few years.
Where is the infidel who would venture to define the
limit of improvement, the boundary of science ? How
many sciences are known by experience to be still in their
infancy? Is not the universe one vast storehouse of
knowledge, in which we are, one day after another, mak-
ing new and important discoveries? The greatest philo-
sopher, in the midst of his brightest acquirements, can
only adopt the sentiment of the immortal Newton, and
say, that be feels as a child upon the sea-shore, throwing
pebbles into the mighty ocean of truth that lies extended
before him !—New Quarterly Review.
SIR JAMES GRAHAM AS A RADICAL AND AS A CON-
SERVATIVE MINISTER.—Sir James Graham has always
been equal to his position. Various as have been the
parts he has played in the political drama of his time, he
has always glided naturally into them, and distinguished
himself as one of the first actors, rising naturally to the
top. His speeches from time to time afforded an accurate
barometer of his political position. On whichever side
of politics they were made, they have always been marked
by great aptitude, readiness, tact, vigour, and power.
Except Lord Brougham and O'Connell, he has been,
perhaps, the most actively militant orator of his day.
When he was down be attacked those who were upper-
most; now he is in power, he wages perpetual war with
those who are out. Whether attacking institutions or
defending them, howev,:r, he has shewn equal ability and
determination to conquer at all hazards. When he was a
radical, or at least so very ultra a whig that the steady
ones of the party were almost ashamed or at least afraid
of him, he was so thoroughly uncompromising in his de-
nunciations, that Mr. Duncombe, whom he is now nightly
striving to extinguish with all the awful terrors of law and
order, would have been by his side but a mere wretched
shadow of a demagogue. In fact, we have no such radi-
cals now as Sir James was then. They are all fat, jocular
men, growing wealthy upon coronerships, and suchlike
abominations; or blasi dandies in search of an excite-

ment. Some o

the speeches o

ham, wh,

ther in parliament, at the hustings, or at public meetings,
at the time referred to, would in the present day be ae-
couote.! almost too bold for the most determined aspirant
for the honours of political martyrdom. For they were
unredeemed by the philosophy of liberalism : they had
not even the dignity and tone of chartism. They were
simple, unadulterated, partisan speeches, made to serve a
purpose, and forgotten as soon as uttered. But about
their talent there was no mistake. It was not that they
were distinguished for high eloquence, but for power and
downright hard hitting. They gave the speaker a claim
on the rising party of the time; and in a few years the
quasi-demagogue shot up into a minister. And a capital
minister he made. His most determined enemies do not
deny this. Whatever may he thought of Sir James Gra-
ham as a politician, no one hesitates to admit that he is
one of the best administrative officers this country has for
many years produced. The same talent, the tact and
aptitude, which had made him so clever an assailant of
the former government, rendered him immediately fit for
office. He was here, as before, equal to his position. As
a speaker on behalf of the government, too, he proved
himself a most valuable ally,—turning the flank of his
quondam radical associates with provokirn skill and un-
erring precision. But the prior claims of those who were
already designated as the successors to the chief posts in
the whig party still kept Sir James in the background,
and forbade the hope of his taking that distinguished po-
sition for which his talents and ambition alike indicated
him. The reorganisation of the party at that time, and
their adoption of a policy of dangerous progress, afforded
an opportunity for a change; and accordingly, in a very
short time we find Sir James Graham (after a short time
spent in a chrysalis state) a full-blown conservative.
Here, again, he was fully equal to his position ; and as it
was during the long and glorious struggle of the conser-
vative opposition headed by Sir Robert Peel, Lord Stan-
ley, and Sir James Graham, that the latter made his best
speeches, a better opportunity cannot be taken to treat of
his peculiarities as an orator-.which was the part he then
laid himself out to fill—before attempting to describe him
as be now is in his new character of repressor-general of
the insubordinates in the House of Commons, or
" crusher"-in. chief to the ministry.—" Contemporary
Orators," in Prone.: -Magazine.

PHENOMENA OF SOUND.—In the Arctic regions per-
sons can converse at more than a mile distant when the
thermometer is below zero. In air, sound travels from
1130 to 1142 feet per second. In water, sound passes at
the rate of 4708 feet per second. Sound travels in air
about 900 feet for every pulsation of a healthy person at
75 in a minute. A bell sounded under water may be
heard under water at 1200 feet distant. Sounds are dis-
tinctat twice the distance on water that they are on land. In
a balloon, the barking of dogs on the ground may be heard
at an elevation of three or four miles. On Table Moun-
tain, a mile above Cape Town, every noise in it, and even
words, may be heard distinctly. The fire of the English
on landing in Egypt was plainly heard 130 miles on the
sea. Dr. Jameson says, in calm weather he heard every
word of a sermon at a distance of two miles. Water is a
better conductor of sound than air. Wood is also a
powerful conductor of sound, and so is flannel or riband.
Sound affects particles of dust in a sunbeam, cobwebs, and
water in musical glasses ; it shakes small pieces of paper
offa string in concord. Deaf persons may converse through
deal rods held between the teeth, or hell to the throat or
breast. Echoes are formed by elliptical surfaces combined
with surrounding surfaces, or by such of them a fall into
the respective distances of the surface of an ellipse, and
are therefore directed to the other focus of the ellipse;
for all the distances from both foci to such surface are
equal, and hence there is a concentration of sounds at
those points direct from one focus, and reflected back
again from the other focus. An echo returns a monosyl-
lable at 70 feet distance, and another syllable for every 40
feet additional. The echo of artillery is increased or
created by a cloud or clouds. Miners distinguish the sub-
stance bored by the sound ; and physicians distinguish
the action of the heart or lungs by a listening tube. Gam-
blers can distinguish, in tossing money, which side is un-
dermost, though covered by the hand.—Hogy's Weekly
Instructor.

PROGRESS OF MUSIC IN ENGLAND.—The prevailing
notion that music, as a science and as an art, has now
reached a height far beyond that of any former age, is a
mischievous error, of which it would be well that the world
were disabused. Because music has always been chang-
ing, it has been taken for granted that it has always been
advancing ; but these changes have often been the reverse
of progressive—the mere dictates of caprice and fashion,
they have often substituted ignorance and frivolity for
depth, learning, and earnestness. In this country, doubt-
less, musical accomplishment as it is called—the smatter-
ing, that is, which all young ladies, and many young gen-
tlemen, acquire from fashionable teachers, is mere widely
diffused than it ever was before. But it is equally certain
that there were days, in the olden time, when the educated
classes in England were much better instructed in music
than they are now. In the days of Queen Bess, know-
ledge of the principles of the art, and skill in its practice,
were so generally diffused among these classes, that any
lady or gentleman who betrayed an ignorance of it was re-
garded as low-bred, and unfit to make a decent figure in
good company. * * The books which, " according to
custom, were brought to the table" when supper was
ended, consisted of the works of the great English and
Italian madrigalists of that time—those wonderful speci-
mens of vocal harmony which (like the sculptures of an-
cient Greece) modern art has vainly attempted to imitate,
and whose performance demands an extent of instruction
very different from that which is included in the musical
accomplishment of our day. Compare one of those old
English suppers with a modern musical party. One young
lady, who has had what might be a decent patrimony
spent on music masters, sits down to the piano-forte. and
boldly attacks the last fantasia of Thalberg ; another fa-
vours the company with an entirely new reading of Grisi's
favourite bravura in Donizetti's neiv opera. Their efforts
are lost amid the clatter of tongues ; for it generally hap-
pens that music (and with such music, how can it be
otherwise ?) is a signal for conversation, except, peradven-
ture, to some unfortunate wight, who, constrained by po-
liteness or some other motive, listens, like Pope,

With sad civility, and an aching head,
and then loads the fair exhibitor with a profusion of com-
pliments, extravagant in proportion to their insincerity.
It is not among the higher classes only that music is thus
abused and converted into an actual social nuisance. Fa-
shion has a downward tendency : " the toe of the peasant
galls the kibe of the courtier ;" and there is hardly any
class of society, however humble, which does not attempt
to emulate the modes and amusements which prevail in
the gilded saloons of the great.—Daily News.
SIR JAMES GRAHAM'S BITTERNESS TOWARDS HIS
OPPONENTS.—Sir James Graham has made enemies of
almost every party in the legislature. It has not been
because he has opposed them from time to tine, for other
men who are much more populur have for many years
done so more effectually. But it has been on account of
the extreme virulence of his opposition. His fighting has
always been a !'outrance. He has been too prone to dis-
dain the courtesies of political warfare ; fictions though
they be, yet agreeable ones and humanising. He has
always appeared to import his passions into party con-
flicts, as though he were not merely fighting the battle of
opinions, but also maintaining his own personal quarrel.
And yet he has never succeeded in impressing one with
the idea of his being in earnest. That would have ren-
dered pardonable. language otherwise too severe. His
harangues while in opposition, and indeed all his party
speeches, rather seem the elaborate efforts of one having
little real sympathy with the themes he is discussing or
the views he is urging, but who has worked himself up
to a state of fictitious enthusiasm or moral indignation,
in order the more effectually to gratify political vindic-
tiveness, or advance personal ambition, by obtaining the
applause of audiences willing to be misled under cover of
those high-sounding pretences. But, whether simulated
or real, some of the speeches here more particularly re-
ferred to—and to which, it must be added, no one could
listen without being struck with admiration at their bold-
ness, skill, and sustained energy—were scarcely recon-
cilable with that liberal and charitable interpretation of
the motives of opponents, which is one of the first duties
of public men to eaeh other. Nor has Sir James Graham,
while conducting his combats in this spirit, been at all
choice in the weapons he used. Any missive that came
to hand was hurled indiscriminately at the foe. No epi-
thet, however heavy its imputation (always, of course,
saving that it is parliamentary) ; no taunts however bitter
or exasperating, whether to individuals, to parties, to
opinions, or even to whole nations; no general charge,
however grave as against the policy of a party, or however
damnatory of the motives of his opponents in their coun-
cils or their conduct; and, finally, no manoeuvre that
could by any stretch of license be accounted not incon-
sistent with parliamentary honour, even to the extent of
partial statements of opponents' opinions, or partial quo-
tations or withholdings of justificatory matter ; not one
such expedient, however little to be approved in fair and
free public discussion, by which a temporary triumph
could be won, or a rival for the hour put down, was ever
rejected by Sir James Graham from any delicacy of tem-
perament; or from any high and fastidious sense of ho-
nour, such as restrains some men from grasping the vic-
tory which is theirs on such conditions ; or even from that
constitutional love of fair play and open, stand-up fight-
ing which is the Englishman's boast, and which is covertly
the guiding principle in all the debates in parliament.—
" Contemporary Orators," in Fraser's Magazine.

ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF FHE WAR BETWEEN
BUENOS AYRES AND MONTE VlDEO.—General Rivera
was the first President of the Banda Oriental. He was
elected in 1831, after the Orientales had got rid of the
Buenos Ayrean and Brazilian armies. His terms of
office expired in 1835, and by his influence one of his offi-
cers, D. M, Orihe, was elected his successor. Rivera
had been no friend to Rosas, President of Buenos Ayres.
He had refused in 1831 to deliver up such of the Unita-
rians as had sought refuge in Monte Video. Oribe, on
the contrary, not only prosclibed those men at the re-
quest of Rosas, but formed a plan for destroying the in-
dependence of his country by annexing to it the Argen-
tine Confederation. This was in 1836. The national
party took the alarm. and Rivera. whom Oribe had at-

tempted to deprive of the employment as Commander-
in-Chief, putting himself at the head at those disaffected
to the government, obtained possession of the whole
country, except the lower towns of Monte Video and
Paysandie, to both of which he laid seige about the
months of August and September, 1838. Soon after

Oribe made a formal renunciation of his presidency,
which being accepted by the congress, he retired into
private life in Buenos Ayres. Rivera was elected Pre-
sident in 183 J; Oribe in the meantime having protested
formally against the validity of his act of abdication

Unhappily, the new President was persuaded by the
French, then blockading Buenos, to declare war against
Roses, under pretence that he had abetted the intrigues
of Oribe ; but in 1840, when that great power adjusted
its quarrel, " nothing was done about thl auxiliary war
declared by against, who was thus left to his own re-
sources and the effects of the folly which the French had
all but forced him to commit." Oribe thenceforward

entered the service
1,;. meu•a !Anil eft,

of General Rosas, assisting him in all

badge of servitude, a portrait of General Rosas, stitched
on his coat, on a red merino ground, surrounded by a
motto, " Death to the savage Unitarianos." This is also
inscribed on the flag of the despot; which once, and we
hope once only, at the house of a British minister, min-
gled its folds with those of the banner of St. George.
Without this portrait, and this device no person in the
dominions of Roses may enter a church, establish a
school, fill any public office, or serve in the army. Even
the Uraguay officers who have joined Oribe must tarnish
their honour by wearing it, or pay for the forfeit of their
lives. Oribe, then, las Rosa's general, entered the Banda
Oriental ; and of the horrors of that warfare General
O'Brien enables us to judge. lie says, "At the time
that Oribe invaded the Banda Oriental with the army and
the Masorea commissioners of Rosas, I was then residing
on my estate in the country. 1 am aware of wretches
being staked into the ground forty-eight hours before
their heads were sawed, not cut Off; of the lasso being
flung over person's necks, and then dragged by a horse
at full speed, until life became extinct; of spikes being
driven into the mouths of human beings, and they, whilst
living, thus nailed to trees !" After various fortunes of
war, Rivera, in 1842, addressed a note to the govern-
ment of Rosas, requiring him to abstain from marching
a fresh army into the Oriental territory. The Monte
Videans at this took heart, strengthened their defences,
enrolled their citizens, liberated and armed their slaves,
and prepared to resist the land and naval forces already
investing their city. But Rosas paid not the smallest at-
tention to the requirements of the representatives of
Britain. His troops marched on as before, and Mr. Van-
deville, fearful of having already exceeded his instruc-
tions, did not even lift up his voice in protest against this
insult to his Sovereign. Not so Commodore Purvis,
who, in the Alfred Frigate, had come from Rio Janeiro
to support, if need were, the representations of diplo-
macy, by a show of British guns. Thus have matters re-
mained up to the present year, when the British and
French governments, undertaking at all risks to restore
the blessings of peace to the Banda Oriental, have sent
troops to compel the bands of Rosas to retire. This at
their bidding he is unwilling to do, preferring to trust to
the natural defences of his country in the event of hos-
tilities with the two great powers.— Union Magazine.

DEFECTIVE VENTILATION A CAUSE OF INTEMPE-
RANCE.-Dr. D. B. Reid, who has turned his attention
to this topic, informs us that " defective ventilation re-
ducing the power of oxygenating the blood and sustaining
the temperature, produces a morbid condition, which di-
minishes the relish for, and power of digesting plain food :
unnatural stimuli, such as ardent spirits, are required to
excite the languid circulation." In consonance with this
opinion, we find many lamentable facts. A visit to some
of the larger workshops in London and some of the ma-
nufacturing towns, would instantly lessen our wonder at
the dissipated habits of the men, and explain the reason
why certain classes of operatives are more intemperate
than others. The pent up and polluted air, exhausted of
all moisture, or floating with particles of dust, has a de-
pressing effect on the nervous energies of the men, and
proves an almost irresistible provocative to the use of ar-
dent spirits and other strong drinks. At the risk of being
somewhat personal, and that we may not be suspected of
dealing in vague generalities, we condescend on two classes
of tradesmen, who, on inquiry, were found to be more
dissipated than others from this very cause—we mean flax-
dressers and tailors. Of the former we can testify from
our own observation, that, while there are many honour-
able exceptions, as a class ney are the most addicted to
intemperance of any in those districts where flax-spinning
is prevalent. Yet they have no worse example and no
greater temptations before them than other operatives ;
but then they live in an atmosphere both dry and dusty—
literally loaded with particles of flax. Let this evil be re-
medied or removed, and we are persuaded the craving for
stimulants would be greatly diminished. With respect to
tailors as a class, we submit the following extracts from
the Report on the Sanatory Condition of the Labouring
Population :--Thomas Brownlow worked eight years at
Messrs. Allen's, Old Bond-street, London. There were
from eighty to a hundred men in a room sixteen yards long
and eight yards wide, close together, nearly knee to knee.
The heat was twenty degrees higher than outside. The
heat and smell were intolerable. I have known young
men faint away. It had a very depressing effect on the
energies. Many could not stay out the hours. The na-
tural effect of the depression was that we had recourse to
drink as a stimulant. Gin was the first thing used in the
morning at seven o'clock, an hour after beginning work.
Gin and beer at eleven o'clock ! Beer and gin at three
o'clock ; and gin and beer at five o'clock I—five times in
one day 1 In answer to the query—" After work was
there any drinking ?" the same person says, " Yes ; nearly
all the young men went to the public-house, and some of
the others." Here, then, was literally a hot-house for
rearing drunkards! Other facts and statistics in abun-
dance are at band to prove that the same tradesmen in
rural districts working by themselves, or only two or three
together, in cooler places, are not specially addicted to
drinking.—Hogg's Weekly Instructor. _ _

SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTER OF LORD BACON.—
Patted on the head by Queen Elizabeth—mocking the
worshippers of Aristotle at Cambridge—catching the first
glimpses of his great discoveries, and yet uncertain whe-
ther the light was from heaven—associating with the
learned and gay at the Court of France—devoting himself
to Bracton and the Year Books in Gray's-inn—throwing
aside the musty folios of the law to write a moral essay,
to make an experiment in natural philosophy, or to detect
the fallacies which had hitherto obstructed the progress
of useful truth—contented for a time with taking " all
knowledge for his province"—roused from these specula-
tions by the stings of vulgar ambition—playing all the
arts of flattery to gain official advancement by Royal and
Courtly favour—entering the House of Commons, and
displaying powers of oratory of which he had been un-
conscious—being seduced ny the love of popular applause,
for a brief space becoming a patriot—making amends by
defending all the worst excesses of prerogative—publish-
ing to the world lucubrations on morals which show the
nicest perception of what is honourable and beautiful, as
well as prudent, in the conduct of life—yet, the son of a
Lord Keeper, the nephew of the Prime Minister, a
Queen's counsel, with the first practice at the bar, arrest-
ed for debt, and languishing in a sponging-house—tired
with vain solicitations to his own kindred for promotion,
joining the party of their opponent, and, after experien-
cing the most generous kindness from the young and
chivalrous head of it, assisting to bring him to the scaf-
fold, and to blacken his memory—seeking, by a merce-
nary marriage, to repair his broken fortunes—on the ac-
cession of a new Sovereign offering up the most servile
adulation to a pedant whom he utterly despised—infinitely
gratified by being permitted to kneel, with 230 others, to
receive the honour of knighthood—truckling to a worth-
less favourite with the most slavish subserviency, that he
might be appointed a law officer of the Crown—then
giving the most admirable advice for the compilation and
emendation of the laws of England, and helping to inflict
torture on a poor parson, whom he wished to hang as a
traitor for writing an unpublished and unpreached sermon
—attracting the notice of all Europe by his philosophical
works, which established a new era in the mode of inves-
tigating the phenomena both of matter and mind—basely
intriguing in the meanwhile for further promotion, and
writing secret letters to his Sovereign to disparage his
rivals—riding proudly between the Lord High Treasurer
and Lo►d Privy Seal, preceded by his mace-bearer and
purse-bearer, and followed by a long line of nobles and
judges, to be installed in the office of Lord High Chan-
cellor—by-and-by, settling with his servants the account
of the bribes they bad received for him—a little embar-
rassed by being obliged out of decency, the case being so
clear, to decide against the party whose money he had
pocketed, but stifling the misgivings of conscience by the
splendour and flattery which he now commanded—struck
to the earth by the discovery of his corruption—taking to
his bed and refusing sustenance—confessing the truth of
the charges brought against him, and abjectly imploring
mercy—nobly rallying from his disgrace, and engaging in
new literary undertakings, which have added to the splen-
dour of his name—still exhibiting a touch of his ancient
vanity, and, in the midst of pecuniary embarrassments,
refusing to be " stripped of his feathers."—Campbell's
Lives of Chancellors.

STATIONS OF THE BRITISH ARMY,

ON THE IST FEBRUARY, 1846

(From Colburn's United Service Magazine

[Where two places are mentioned, the last-named is that at
which the Depot of the Regiment is stationed.]

Ist LifeGuards—Hyde Park 40th—Bengal; Dover.
2nd Ditto—Windsor. 41st—Dublin.
Royal H.Guards—Rgnt's Park. 42d—Malta ; Isle of Wight.
Ist Dragn Gds.—Exeter. Reserve batt., Malta
2d—Dublin 43.21—Halifax ; Dover.
3d—Ballincollig 44th—Dublin.
4th—Edinburgh. 45th—Cape of Good Hope, I.W
sth—Nottingham. Reserve batt., M.Video
6th—Manchester. 46th—Canada; Armagh
7th—C. G. Hope, Maidstone. 47th—Chester.
Ist Dragoons—Dundalk. 48th—Jamaica; Kilkenny.
2d—Dublin 4gth—Athlone.
3d—Bengal; Maidstone 50th—Bengal; Chatham.
4th—Hounslow. 51st—Van D. Land ;* Chatham
oth—Birmingham. 52d—Quebec; Brecon.
7th Hussars—lpswich 53d—Bengal; Chatham.
Bth—Longford • 54th—Glbraltar-I'ermoy
gth Lancers—Bengal ; ?Midst. 55th—Devonport.
10th Hussars—York. 56th—Bury, (Lancashire. )
11th Hussars—Dublin. 57th—Madras ; Chatham.
12th Lancers— Coventry. 58th—N.S.Wales ; Chatham.
13th Light D'goons—Cahir. sgth—Leeds.
i4th—Bombay ; Maidstone. 60th(lst batt.)-Bombay; Chat.
15th Hussars—Madras; M'ston (2d batt.)—Canada ; Paisley.
16th Lancers—Bengal, Maidstn 61st—Bengal; Chatham.
17th Lancers—Brighton 62d—Bengal ; Chatham.
Grenadier Guards, (Ist batt.) 63d—Madras ; Chatham.
Wel ington Barr. 64th—Dublin.
(2d batt.)—Windsor. _ _ 65th—Chatham.i _ _

(3d batt.)—St. George's Barr.
Coldstream Guards, (Ist batt
Portm an. st. Barr.
(2d batt)—Tower.

St. John's Wood
(2d batt.)—Winchester.
Ist Foot (Ist batt.)—Gibraltar

(2dbatt.)Barbados; Glasgow.
2d Foot—Bombay; Chiche to
3d—Winchester.
4th—Madras ; Chatham.
sth—Enniskillen.
6th—M tillingar.

i3th-
gith-
-10t-
h-1 lth-
12th-

66th—Gibraltar ; Clare Castle
67th Templemore.
68th-- Weedon.
69th—Weedon.
70th—Durham.

Reserve batt., Canada
—Gibraltar ; Templemore.

74th—Gosport,
75th—Birr.

,
76th— M a, chester.
77th—Jamaica; Templemore
78th—Bombay; Chatham.
7gtli—Gibraltar ; Belterbut.

—Portsmouth.
—Bengal; Chatham.
—Bengal; Chatham.
—N. S. Wales, Chatham
—Mauritius; Isle Wight
Reserve batt., Mauriti

13th—Walmer.
14th—Canada ; Plymouth.
15th—Ceylon ; Waterford.
16th—Gibraltar; Buttevant.
17th—Bombay ; Chatham.
18th—China ; Chatham.
19th—Barbadoes; Carlow.
loth—Bermuda; Isle of Mgt

t—Canada i Jersey.
[—Canada; Kinsale

84th—Madras; Chatham.
85th*—St.Vincent; Newry

-Madras; Chatham
Bombay ; Chatham

87th—Aberdeen.
88th—Malta; Boyle.
Bgth—Canada ; Carlisle.
90th—Ceylon ; Hull.
gist—Cape °Mood Hope; I.ofW
Reserve batt., C. G. Hope
g2d—Edinburgh.
93d—Canada; Newbridge.
Nth—Men ; Chatham

—Trinida-d

Isle of Wight

Reserve batt., Cana&

24th—Cork
25th—Madras ; Chatham
26th—Belfast.

27th—CapeG Hope ; Guernsey
28th—Bombay ; Chatham.
29th—Bengal ; Chatham.
30th—Castlebar.
31st—Bengal; Chatham.
32d—Athlone.
33d—N. Brunswick ; Clonmel.
34th—Corfu ; Cashel
35th—Mauritius ; Charles Fort,
36th—Newcastle-upon-Tyne
37th—Newport.
33th—Jamaica; London'lerry.
39th—Bengal ; Chatham.

95th—Ceylon ;. Tralee.
96th—N.S.Wales; Chatham.
97th—Corfu ; Isle of Wight.
Reserve batt., Cephalonia.
98th—China ; Chatham.
99th—N. S. Wales ; Chatham.
Rifle B (Istb.)—Corfu ; Dublin.
(2d batt.)—Halifax,N.S., IsleW
Reserve hatt., Halifax, N. S.
Ist W. I. Regt.—Jamaica.
2nd—Nassau.

* On passage to England.
Embarking for

3d—Demera. Sierra Leone, &c
Ceylon Rifle Regt.—Ceylon.
R. Canada Rifle Reg.—Canada.
Cape Mounted Riflemen—Cape
of Good Hope.
Royal Newfoundland Veteran
Companies —Newfoundland
Royal Malta Fencibles, Malta.
St. Helena Regt.—St. Helena.

t Under orders for Bengal
Jew South Wales.

THEATRIZ-BOYAL, WILLIAMSON-SQUARE,—We had
three splendidly-filled houses at this theatre on Thursday,
Friday, and last night; the attraction being the acting of
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Mathews. To-night, it will be
seen, the latter takes her benefit.

EVANS'S RESTORATIVE BALSAM.—By reference to
our first rage, it will be seen that Mr. Coupland, of
Parker-street, is now sole manufacturer of this excellent
article. Those who suffer from loss or insufficiency of
hair should try this restorative, as within our own obser-
vance we have known more than one case where its effects
were most efficacious.

TH EATR E- ROYAL CHURCH-STREET. - The perfor-
mances continue to be of a varied and attractive character.
The benefit of Mr. Shuttleworth, the box-keeper, whose
affability and anxiety to accommodate the public must by
this time be duly appreciated, is fixed for Thursday even.
ing. Mr. Holloway, whose acting as clown in the panto-
mime will be remembered, takes his benefit this evening.
DESTRUCTION OF VERMIN.—As the dwelling-houses
of Liverpool—as in most seaport towns—are nearly all in-
fested with cockroaches, and other vermin, it will be
gratifying to the occupants to learn that they may be re-
moved for a charge of threepence. Mr. Purnell, of Liver-
court, advertises in our paper to-day, a preparation which
is strongly recommended by printed testimonials—and
which instantly destrofs these abominable nuisances.