The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1850-11-12 00:00:00

THE titin-Upon STANDARD.

THE PAPAL AGGRESSION,

A public meeting of the inhabitants of Birkenhead was
held in the Town Hall last night, for the purpose of
expressing their sentiments on the bull which the Pope of
Rome has had the presumption to send into this country.
The Rev. Andrew Knox presided and the addresses of the
various speakers were received with great enthusiasm.
The following addresses to the Queen and the bishop of
the diocese were unanimously agreed to :

"TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

"The petition of the unders'gned inhabitants of the parish of
Birkenhead, county of Chester,
"Humbly sheweth---That your petitioners are deeply sensi-
ble of the great blessings, civil and religious, which this Protes-
tant country has enjoyed since its emancipation from the thral-
dom of the Bishop of Rome.
"That they view with just indignation the audacious attempt
of that foreign potentate once more to intrude his authority into
your Majesty's realms by pretending to create dignities, and
confer local and provincial jurisdiction on prelates of his own
appointment.
"That
this power is not conceded to the Pope even by the
Roman Catholic Sovereigns of Europe, and was not admitted
into this country during the darkest period of Papal usurpa
tion.

" That it has been one of the great bulwarks of the liberties
of this nation that no toreign prince or potentate bath, or ought
to have, any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence, or
authority, ecclesiastical •r spiritual within this realm,' and
therefore that the attempt to break down that bulwark by insi-
nuating such foreign jurisdiction, ought to be met with power-
fulanddetermined resistance. _ _

"That may it please your Majesty, we consider it our duty to
add that it is our painful conviction that this audacious attempt
of the Bishop of Rome is the necessary result of the policy
adopted for some years past by your Majesty's ministers
towards the Romish Church in Ireland, where Romish bishops
have been allowed to usurp the titles of the lawful bishops of
the Irish Church—yea where those titles have been acknow-.
ledged, and precedence given to the said bishops over the nobi-
lity and dignitaries of the Irish Church, by your Majesty's chief
representative in that country.

"That your petitioners therefore desire to express their
devoted attachment to your Majesty's person, and their deter-
mination, as loyal subjects to uphold your royal supremacy, in
connexion with those glorious. Protestant principles which
placed yo ir Majesty's illustrious house upon the throne.
"Ai d they humbly pray that your Majesty will be pleased to
take si ch measures as in your royal wisdom shall seem best to
nut dodo the intolerable pretensions of the Bishop of Rome,
to repel his wanton invasion of your Majesty's supremacy, to
rebuke the insult offered to your Majesty's Protestant subjects,
and to 'prevent the acknowledgement or assumption within
your Majesty's dominions of any ecclesiastical dignity, pre-
eminence, or jurisdiction, conferred by him or any suco foreign
prince, potentate, or bishop."

TO THE RIGHT REV. FATHER IN GOD, JOHN, BY DIVINE

PERMISSION, LORD BISHOP OF CHESTER

" We. the undersigned incumbent, churchwardens, and in-
habitants of Birkenhead, approach your Lordship with every
feeling of reverence for your sacred of
"We feel called upon to protest against the insult to the
sovereign Church and people of England, by a foreign• bishop,
the Pope of Rome, who arrogates to himself the supremacy of
the Universal Church as the pretended successor of St. Peter,
falsely declared to be the Prince of the Apostles.
" lie has presumed schismatically to divide your Lordship's
diocese, and to appoint an intrusive bishop topreside over part
of it, by the style and title of Bishop of Liverpool, thereby
breaking that unity of which he falsely professes himself to be
the centre, denying virtually the legislative authority of the
English Episcopate, the validity of English orders, and supre-
macy of the British Sovereign, the sole fountain of honor and
dispenser of titles in this realm, and attempting to reduce
beneath the papal yoke the free and Protestant people of
England.
—As we are convinced that this act of the Pope is the legiti-
mate and necessary consequence of the Ministerial policy
towards the Itoinish Church in Ireland, where the usurpation
of titles on the part of the Romish bishops has been recognised
arid precedence given to the said bishops over the lawful
bishops of the Irish Church, we therefore, beg to assure your
Lordship of our unswerving attachment to the Protestant prin-
ciples of the reformed Church of England, of our determina-
tion to support your Lordship in any endeavour your Lordship
may feel called upon to make for vindicating our outraged
church, the maintenance of the principles of the British Refor-
mation and the withdrawal of all State support, recognition,
and countenance from the Romish Church in Great Britain
and Ireland."

A numerous meeting was also held in the school-room
attached to Christ Church, Oxton, last night, when a
learned and lengthy address was delivered by the excellent
incumbent, the Rev. F. Taylor, and here also addresses
similar to the above were unanimously adopted.

PROSPERITY OF

THE PORT OF LIVERPOOL

'We learn from parliamentary returns that the amount
of British tonnage cleared outwards at London and Liver-
pool, during the first eight months of the present year,
for the following places was as under :
Caicutta. Bomhay. China. Singapore
tons.. tons. tons. tons.
At London 4J,64t 30,460 15,778 5,614

Liverpool .... 51,876 37,711 11,104 5,256
We were prepared to see that the trade of. Liverpool was
greatly on the increase with the East and China, but not
to the extent which it appears to be. By a reference to
the above figures, it will be discovered that we have over-
taken London in the export of shipping to Calcutta and
Bombay-, and that we are running our wealthy neighbour
a hard race with China, which in a very few • years we
expect to win. As yet we make no comparison, as far as
regards Madras, Mauritius, the Cape, and New South
Wales, though we are happy to observe with respect to
the latter that we are gradually progressing. With Ceylon
also we are making rapid strides—our outward shipping
being more than one-half of that from London; 2,571
against 4,669.: These remarks only refer to the tonnage
outwards, for the first eight months of the present year;
we shall have to wait till next year for the result of the
homeward voyages.

The position-of the trade and port, of Liverpool is
indeed a proud one, and we hope to see the Dock Corn.
mittee proceed steadily in their dock improvements, as
well as give every facility to the increased requirements
of the port, arising from steam navigation, &c.

SeACOMBE VERRY.—Since the termination of tho
negociation between the Wallasey Commissioners and the
Lessees of the aeacombo Ferry, we learn that a survey is
about to be made by the Lord of the Manor of the Sea-
combo shore, with the view of fixing upon a new site for
a ferry, to be situated somewhere between Seacombe and
Egremont.

SIR WILLIAM DON IN AMERICA.—The Herald for
Europe states that Sir Wm. Don, who our theatrical
readers will remember played for several nights at the
Amphitheatre as a " distinguished" amateur, has made a
highly favourable impression in New York, and been
received by one of the largest audiences-ever teen in the
Broadway Theatre.

During December, January, February, and March the
American steam-ships will run every alternate week with
the Cunard line, thus preserving a weekly winter communi-
cation with New Mark. The days of departure chosen by
the American steamers during the interval in question will
be precisely those now adopted by the novel mail vessels,
namely, from Liverpool, Saturday, and from New York,
Wednesday.

On Friday night a young man named Manning arrived
here from London, on his way to Ireland. He was in-
duced by a woman to go into a house near Waterloo-
road, and here be was plundered after being " hocussed'
of seven sovereigns, a bag containing wearing apparel
and even the east on his back. The woman was taken
into custody, and•a man in whose house some of the pro-
perty was found.
Oa Sunday, the congregation of St. George's Church
were shocked by a drunken man entering the church with-
out his coat, and deliberately taking a seat near the pul-
pit. No notice however was taken of the unseemly intru-
sion until the apparition caught the eye of the clergyman
just as he was about to give out the text, and he immedi-
ately directed the pew opener to have the man removed,
which was done without causing any disturbance.
AN INTRTIDER.—A respectably-dressed young man,
whose name was given as Thomas Elliot, was charged by
Mr. Robert Roberts with having on the previous day
( Sunday) offended the propriety of a temperance meeting-
house, in Bond-street, by walking irk,while the members
were at worship, in a state of intoxication, and demanding
in a loud voice that the preacher should talk about what
he ( Elliott ) could understand, and not nonsense. In his
defence Elliot said he considered it was an ordinary tem-
perance meeting, and that he had a eight to give expression
to his opinions.—The usual fine of 2ve shillings and costs
was imposed.
_ _

Islington Presbyterian Churchwasre-opened on Sunday,
after painting, &c., by two sermons by the Rev. V. M.
White. The collections amounted to £73 15s. Mr.
White delivered the first part of his lecture on " the pre-
tended unity of the Church of Rome as opposed to the
real unity of the Church of Christ." The church was
densely filled in every part, many being unable to gain
admittance. The subject of Romish unity will be con-
cluded on next Sunday evening, on which occasion Mr.
White will notice the vanities and contradictions of the
Romish Church on the boasted topic of supremacy, and
the church's interpretation of the scriptures.

"EVERTON WARD.—It will be seen by an advertisement
in our columns, that Mr. G. G. Hornby, is a candidate
for the vacancy in Everton Ward, occasioned by the
election of Mr. Langsdale to fill the office of alderman.
Our readers will remember the services of Mr. Hornby
whilst member for another Ward, and the peculiar
agency by which lie was unseated. Mr. Hornby was, as
a member of the Church Expenditure Committee a little
too particular, some people thought, in his inquiries into
the cost of certain encaustic tiles and Pusevite obser-
vances required for St. Martin's Church. The present is
a crisis in which the Protestant community of Liverpool
can very properly repair the error committed in his re-
jection. Mr. Hornby must not again be set aside on
account of his thorough Protestantism ; especially as we
can assure the electors of Everton Ward that he will be
as assiduous and persevering in the promotion of their
interests as they can possibly desire. Let them at once
secure his return, and they will never regret having in-
trusted the affairs of their Ward to so honourable and
intelligent a representative.
WHITTLE DEAN WATER.—Notwithstanding the co-
pious rains that have lately fallen, and the extraordinary
forbearance of the public towards the Whittle Dean
Water Company, there is no improvement whatever in
the quality of the water supplied to the inhabitants of
this town ; and the resorvoirs at Whittle Dean are still
empty, or nearly so, which latter fact fully accounts for
the large quantity of slimy matter to be found in domestic
utensils after the water has remained in them for a short
time. The yellow sandy matter is no doubt obtained
from the river, the engine at Elswick having supplied the
purpose of a dredger above the bridge. We have no de-
sire to censure the Whittle Dean Company without suffi-
cient ground for doing so ; but, the existing state of things
ought not to be tolerated. The inhabitants, however,
must protect themselves. The company have broken
faith with the public, and we believe no court of justice
would enable them to enforce their rates, without enjoin-
ing a more strict compliance with the terms of letting
than the Company have lately observed. "Stop the sup-
plies," has become a fashionable mode of action, and
there can be little doubt would have a salutary effect
upon the directors and shareholders of the Water Com-
pany. A public meeting of the inhabitants ought to be
convened, and a strong course resolved upon, and no
doubt the managers of the Water Company would %Km
be brought W their floam.—Newcattle Journals

ADJOURNED MEETING or THE TOWN COUNCIL

YESTERDAY.

The adjeurned Quarterly Meeting of the Town Council
took place yesterday ; John Bent, Esq., the newly-elected
Mayor, in the chair.
Mr. J. B. MOORE then moved the adoption of an ad-
dress to the Queen, on the subject of the Papal aggressions
in England. It was also agreed to present a resolution to
Lord John Russell. expressing entire and hearty approval
of the principles enunciated in his letter to the Bishop of
Durham. The following are copies of the address and
resolution :
"TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

"The humble Address of your Majesty's loyal and faithful sub-
Lcts, the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses cif the borough of
Liverpool, in Common Council assembled,
" SHEMETH,—That we your Majesty's most loyal subjects
desire at the present juncture to approach the throne and
declare our unalterable attachment to your Majesty's person
and to the Protestant institutions of our country.
"That your Majesty's petitioners declare that the ascendancy
of the House of Brunswick to the Throne of England has been
the means, under God, of preserving to us that liberty, both
civil and religious, which has raised this country to its pre-
eminent position in the scale of nations; and we view with
feelings of indignation the recent arrogant and presumptuous
attempt of a foreign monarch to parcel out the realm of Eng-
land into ecclesiastical divisions • thus invading the Royal pre-
rogative of your Majesty, and virtually assuming a power which
our constitution has vested in .your Majesty alone.
"Your petitioners believe that the power assumed by the
Pope of Rome is not only derogatory to your Majesty, and to
the governmeht and people of this Protestant land, but that, if
permitted, it will be the precursor of still further encroach-
ments on your Majesty's prerogative, and the liberties enjoyed
by your Majesty's subjects ; and we are anxious to assure your
Majesty of our determination to uphold the privileges of the
throne, which is founded not only on our Protestant institu-
tions, but in the hearts and affections of the British people.
We venture to express a hope, and urgently appeal to your Ma-
jesty, to take such steps as your Majesty's wisdom shall sug-
gest, to prevent any foreign potentate from conferring titles,
civil or ecclesiastical, in this realm, and otherwise interfering
with your Majesty's undoubted rights."
The following is the resolution : •

"That the Council has read with feelings of the highest gratifi-
cation, the timely and admirable letter addressed to the Right
Rev. Lord Bishop of Durham. by the itt. Hon. Lord John
Russell, and entirely and heartily approve of the principles
therein expressed, and his determination to maintain, unim-
paired, the great constitutional doctrine that no foreign
prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon
a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its
rights to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious."
And " That-the cordial and sincere thanks of this Council
be presented to his Lordship, as the prime minister of the
crown, and the organ of her Majesty's government, for such
declaration of opinion as must re-assure all her Majesty's sub-
jects of the unabated desire of those in power to uphold in its
integrity the religious freedom of the British empire."

Mr. Bramley-Moore, Mr. S. Hohne, and the Mayor,
were appointed a deputation to present the address and
resolution.

Mr. A. F. JONES denied that he had said, as reported
in the Journal, that there was a tacit understanding that
Mr. Littledale should be mayor at the expiration of the
year.

Mr. LITTLEDALE moved that Messrs. Preston, Holt,
C. Turner, J. Holme, and M. Gregson, be appointed
to the Dock Committee.

Mr. ROBINSON moved that the name of Mr. J. M
Wood be substituted for M. Gregson.
_ _

On a division, there appeared for Mr. Gregson, 28 votes,
and for Mr. Wood, 17. Mr. Littledale's list was then
carried.

THE DOCK CHAIRMANSHIP,

The MAYOR.—I have now to read a letter from Mr.
Thos. Littledale addressed to the late Mayor. It is to
the following effect :—" The period of the year at which
changes are made in the formation of Committees having
arrived, I beg respectfully to tender to you my resignation
as chairman of the Dock Committee." I presume it
will now be competent for the Council to elect a chairman
to-day, in the room of Mr. Thomas Littledale.
Mr. BENNETT.—What is the date of that note ?
The MAYOR.—November Gth.
Mr. FERGUSON hoped that Mr. Littledale would con-
sent to again act as chairman of the Dock Committee,
and withdraw his resignation.
Mr. JONEs.sincerely hoped and trusted that Mr. Little-
dale would see the necessity of doing what Mr. Ferguson
had suggested. The tact and ability displayed by Mr.
Littledale had been so great and his assiduity so consis-
tent. it would be highly desirable he should again consent
to take the dock chair.

Mr. RomNsoN stated that Mr. Rankin, the deputy-
chairman., desired him to express the great desire that he
had that Mr. Littledale should again accept the office of
chairman of the dock estate. He also stated he had not

a doubt that the whole mercantile body would have joined
with h-im in, expressing their wishes that Mr. Littledale
should take the office, if time were allowed. (Hear, Karr,
and cries of " Mr. Littledale.")
Mr. LITTISDALE then rose, and said he did not know
what would be said of his consistency, when, after send—
ing in his resignation, he was called upon to withdraw it.
That resignation cost him a considerable effort, but the
duties of that office had occupied so much of his time
that he confessed he was not sorry to be relieved of the
responsibility attaching to it. However, after the ex-
pression of opinion. on the part of the Council, he was•
glad to bow t& its decision. (Great applause.) The-
resignation was then withdrawn, and Mr. Littledale was
unanimously re-elected to the dock chair.

The quarterly meetings of the Council for 1851 were
fixed for the first Wednesday in February, the first Wed-
nesday in May, and the first Wednesday in August.

THE RECRIVERSHIP OF TOWN DUES

Mr. HORNDY, in rising to move the appointment of a.
receiver of town dues,.in the place of the late Mr. Corrie,
said he had great pleasure in proposing that Sir Thomas-
Brancker be appointed receiver of town dues in the room
of the late Mr. Thomas- Corrie. He was sure every gen.
tleman present who was acquainted with Mr. Corrie must
deeply deplore the loss of this valuable servant. No more
honourable man than Mr. Corrie ever existed in this com-
munity, nor no man ever discharged more zealously the
responsible duties of his office. So long as he retained his
health, he performed them admirably.—Sir T. Brancker
was so well known, both in the Council and in the town
generally, that it was almost unnecessary that he should
do more than submit the proposition he had made to the
Council. He might, however, observe, it was an office of
very great importance, and one which required great dis-
cretion in its management. The gentleman who presided'
over that office should be a man of sound judgment, for
cases frequently were brought under his notice, and ap-
peals were made to him, where, if mistakes or blunders
were made, very serious inconvenience would result to the-
affairs of the Corporation. He should be a man of strict
integrity, for a large sum was received from those dues.
The receipts from town dues comprised nearly two-thirds-
of the whole income cf-the corporation. He should be a•
man of courteous manners, and of imperturbable temper,
for he would have cases and persons to deal with that-
would require a constant exercise of both of those quali-
ties. He should also be an able accountant, and he should
be regular and diligent in the discharge of the duties of
his office, and therefore he knew no man in the commu-
nity who had those qualifications in a higher degree than
Sir Thos. Brancker. Titte was besides fully acquainted with
the whole of theaffitirs of the Corporation, and he
(Mr. Hornby) was sure there was no one who had so great
a knowledge of its former history and records. There
was a circumstance connected with Sir Thomas Brancker's
earlier career as a member of the Corporation, which had
only come to his knowledge within the last few days,,and
which displayed in so-striking a light his judgment and
zeal for the public good, that he (Mr. Hornby) hoped• the
Council would pardon him for alluding to it. In. the
time of the late corporation it was well known, an attempt
was made to contest the legal right of the corporation
to town dues. The council and the town-clerk of the
day were fully persuaded that the title to those dues rested
only on prescriptive usage. Sir Thos. Brancker alone
supported the views- taken by the late Mr. Okill, who was
confident that a clear documentary title might be esta-
blished. But this could not have been done without the
outlay of a considerable sum of money, and it was a large
one,—X6oo or X7,4)4.
Mr. S. HOLME.—£6OO.

Mr. HonNuy.—He furnished it out of his own pocket,
and at his own risk and responsibility. In fact, had he
not been successful, he never would have received one
farthing of this. money again. They were very. well aware
that Mr. Okill succeeded in placing the title of the Cor-
poration to the town dues 'on a foundation so sure that;
nothing but arbitrary violence would ever be able to dis-
turb it. But he Mr. (Hornby) believed the public were
not aware that, without the material support and the
pecuniary assistance which Sir Thos. Brancker afforded
Mr. Okill, on that occasion, in all probability, they would
then have no town dues. He was sure they could make
no appointment which would give greater or more
general satisfaction out of doors than this. He begged,
therefore, to propose that Sir Thomas.Brancker be, and
is, hereby appointed receiver of town,dues, customs, and
an anchorage, at a salary of £7OO a year, the Council
providing a suitable establishment of clerks and assistants,
&c., to be approved by them, and, in the event of Sir
Thomas Brancker beinc, appointed,.to find sureties to the
amount of £5,000 for the due performance of the duties of
the office.
Mr. Rims HOLMES seconded the resolution.
The MAYon. read a letter from Sir Thomas Brancker.,
applying for the appointment.
Mr. PARKER expressed his approval of the appointment
of Sir Thomas Brancker.

Mr. BIGHAM concurred in the proposition mad,' by
Mr. Hornbv, but moved, as an amendment, that the
salary be £5OO a-year, instsad of £7OO.
Mr. FERNIIIOUGH secoflded the amendment.
Mr. FISHER hoped the Council would accede- to the
proposition made by Mr, Ilornby.
Mr. DOVER did not object to the appointment of Sir
Thos. Brancker, but he considered in the altered circum-
stances of the times, the cheapness of food, and the
smallness of profits, that £5OO per annum was quite
sufficient.

Mr. THOMSON asked if the Town Dues. Accounts were
audited, and whether there had not been something wrong
in the accounts. In fact had they not been falsified.
Mr. IloßNsy There was an embezzlement. .
Mr. HODSON asked would the salary of 4700 or £5lO
be absolute.
Mr. PROCTER: Certainly.

Mr. B. MOORE supported the salary of £7OO. The
duties of tho office were very responsible ; they were year
by year increasing.
Mr. NEILL defended the memory of Mr. Corrie, whose
probity and honour wore universally admitted, from the
reflection that had been cast by Mr. Thomson. Tne em-
bezzlement had occurred through the dishonesty of a
clerk, when Mr. Corrie was broken down by disease.
Mr. TnomsoN denied that he had ever intended to cast
g reflection on Mr. Corrie.

Mr. Rosaus was sure the appointment of Sir Thomas
Brancker would he well received by the town at large.
Mr. S. HoLam was in'favour of continuing the salary
at £7OO. He referred at some length to the services of
Sir Thomas Brancker, and combatted the views of Mr.
Dover, that, because food was cheap, it was a ground for
the reduction of this salary.
Mr. 00DFANT paid tho WEN Iteceicer 01 Tun

Dues was a perfect sinecure. Mr. Corrie had two
superior clerks who performed all -the duties. It was
understood by the_ Paid Officers' Committee that they

should commence their reduction with this office.

Mr. HoRNBY having replied, the amendment was lost
by a majority of 31 to 17 ; and the original motion was
carried.
On the motion of Mr. HORNBY the several officers of
the Corporation, annually appointed, were re-elected at
the samo salaries, a clause being appended to the resolu-
tion giving the Paid Officers' Committee power to deal
with those salaries should they deem any reduction ne-
cessary.
The usual routine resolutions, as to the keeping of the
keys of the treasure chest and the Corporation seal, were
also passed.

The standing orders of the Council were again con-
firmed,
Mr. Henderson's suggestions relative to the motions
standing over from one Council, being first at the next
Council, and adjourning the consideration of the outlay of
money from the Council at which it was originated to the
next monthly or quarterly meeting of the Council, being
negatived.

A resolution was also passed, ordering the books of the
different committees to be placed in Mr. Topping's office,
for the inspection of the members of the Council, three
days previous to the meetings of Council.
APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES.
- -

Mr. HO!trißY moved that the following gentlemen con-
stitute the Finance Committee for the ensuing year :
Messrs. J. Lawrence, J. B. Moore, J. Parker, J. Procter,
J. H. Turner, Wood, Cooper, Tyrer, W. P. Frame,
John Holmes, S. Holme, W. J. Horsfall, J. A. Tobic,
and J. Fernihough. _ _

Mr. Tom.mtir said he was anxious to be upon the
Finance Committee, but had been several times objected
to because he was a professional man (a solicitor.) He
scarcely thought this objection could be established. The
objection was not taken by the legislature, and he was
surprised it Should be taken there.
Mr. HORNBY said a rule had been established in the
Finance Committee not to have solicitors upon it. He
trusted Mr. Toulmin would not consider there was any
attempt to cast a reflection on him or the profession tcr
which he belonged. At the same time, he thought the
exception a very proper one. They should bear in mind
they sat there for the public, not for their clients, and
there was no doubt that a solicitor who was a member
of the Finance Committee would have advantages over his
brethren.
Mr. AvlsoN observed that Mr. J. S. Leigh had been a
member of the Finance Committee.
Mr. J. B. LLOYD did not think that solicitors should be
excluded. Every man sent into that Council had a per-
fect right to be on every committee connected with the
Council.
The names of the gentlemen were them put seriatim.
On Mr. W. J. Horsfall's name being put, that of Mr.
Toulmin was proposed as an amendment, and on a divi-
sion Mr. Toulmin was elected by 27 to 24. The name of
Mr. Thomas Lloyd was subsequently proposed as an
amendment upon that of Mr. Toulmin, but was nega-
tived by a majority of 31 to 14.
Two amendments were proposed on the name of Mr,
Fernihough,—Mr. Langsdale proposed Mr. Lloyd, and
Mr. C. Turner Mr. W. J. Horsfall, but both names were
negatived, and Mr. Fernihough's was retained.