The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1851-04-01 00:00:00

term being nearly of

It is laid across a wooden

- -
short crack is caused by the action of the cold iron• on the
hot glass, and this crack is made to run round the neck
by a blow with the iron upon the pipe. It sometimes
happens that the two ends of the crack do not meet, but
one turns off, and even causes the loss of the whole cylin-
der; but it generally allows the workman time to stop the

teaches him where and how to give, so that the crack re-
turns and and re-enters upon itself. In fact, it would
be a very slight stretch of language to say that the crack

30 crack turning quite round

course incloses a piece of glass more or less circular ; this
falls out, and a portion of the length or breadth of the
sheet is sacrificed to save the remainder. The thick cy-
linders or pieces are opened by an additional contrivance.
When swung out, as before described, a small lump of
very hot " metal," gathered purposely from the furnace,
is stuck on the point of the piece, and at the same time
nearly pierced by a thrust from a pair of pointed shears.
The hole in the pipe is closed by the man's thumb, and
the whole piece inserted in the furnace. The confined
air expands, and the hot and soft lump of metal soon sof-
-a the cooler and stiffer part of the piece when it is at-
- swells and bursts at that spot. It is

tanned : it gran,
removed from the furnace, and the ragged edges cut off
with shears by an attendant boy. The opening is com-
pleted in the same manner as thin glass, and the pipe is
detached by the same means. The cylinder is now open
at one end, but has a contracted cap at the other. As
soon as it has cooled the cap is removed by drawing out
by pincers a little lump of "metal" gathered on the end
of a small iron rod, called a " cauline." The thread of
" metal" thus produced is about the size of the stem of a
tobacco pipe, and is wrapped round the cylinder close to
the cap. In a few seconds the hot glass thread is removed,
and the pincers, dipped in cold water, are applied to the
heated part of the cylinder ; a crack instantly flies round
that part, releasing the cap, leaving the cylinder open at
both ends, and of equal diameter and thickness through-
out. The blower has now finished his part of the manu-
facture. The men work four times a week, from Bto 10
hours each time, with half an hour's rest in the middle of
the "journey." A good workman in that time will make
from 90 to 115 cylinders of the thinnest kind, and propor-
tionately fewer of the thicker kinds. The usual size of
the sheets is 41 inches long and 31 inches broad ; but
some are about 51 inches long and 31 inches broad—the
size required for cutting the panes for the Great Exhibi-
tion building, for which, at half-past the eleventh hour,
we were requested to furnish 10,000 panes at our own
price. This we did, and had the satisfaction of telling
and shewing the contractors that if the order for the whole
had been entrusted to us, we could have executed it in ten
weeks. - _

In tie next paper I will describe the mode by which the
cylinders are converted into flattened plates or sheets.
HENRY DEACON.

CORRESPONDENCE.

4
TO THE EDITOR OF THE. LIVERPOOL STANDARD,

SlR,—The Liverpool Times gravely recommends that
Brother Jonathan should at once blow out his iron fur-
naces, and break up his cotton machinery, there being no
reason, he says, " why the inexhaustible wealth of the
hills and valleys of America should remain undeveloped
itt the shape of bread, cheese, beef, and bacon, for English
stomachs.

Will your contemporary condescend to say, whether he
seriously thinks that.there is any reason why the mineral
wealth of the hills and valleys of America should remain
undeveloped ; anth whether he seriously thinks that there
is the least probability of the "free-trade" theory of the
Manchester school (whichds based upon the assumption
that England alone is possessed of those natural resources
which are the root of manufactures) being permanently
responded to by a, country like America. The Manches-
ter school wholly ignores the mineral resources of the
United States, partly from wilful misrepresentation, and
partly from ignorance.
It might be useful to some of these parties to remind
them, that while the superficial coal area of Great Britain
and Ireland is only 11,850 square miles, (with iron in pro-
portion,) the superficial coal area of the United States of
America is 133,132 Square miles, (with iron in proportion.)
—Yours, &c., ANTI-HUMBUG.

LORD G. BENTINCK ON PEEL'S CURRENCY

BILL

TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD

Sta.,—The following letter is given in the Journal of
Industry, the organ of the London Currency Reformers,
and indicates that Lord George Bentinck was turning his
attention to the evils inflicted upon the country by Sir
Robert Peel's gold law of 1819, further aggravated by its
complement, the bill of 1844. J. H.
Falk ner-square.

" Harcourt-house, Nov. 4th, 1847

" Sir,—l have to- acknowledge a very able letter frtim yon,
containing many original ideas. lam one of those who have
always estimated Peel's Bill of 1819 as the greatest robbery
that ever ioas inflicted upon an unsuspecting people: but I
confess that in latter years I have thought the time gone by
when a retracing of our steps would be a restitution of the
spoil to the spoiled. . . I do, however, think that the in-
struments of exchange require a great increase ; whether your
plan would work or not lam not prepared to say. I have a
strong opinion that much might be done by authorising rail-
way companies to issue debenture notes of .e 5, or even £2 or
1, w the amount of half their paid-up and uncharged capital,
and making them a legal tender for the payment of taxes,
bearing not less than 5 per cent. interest.
" In like manner, copying the example of Frederick the
Great of Prussia. 1 cannot see why pfembriefe', land mort-
gage notes, bearing interest, and inconvertible, so long as the
interest is paid, should not circulate in tlis country, and espe-
cially in Ireland—fostering and forcing her agriculture, and
fertilising Ireland, just as the adoption of the principle in
Prussia raised her from prostration, and caused her to grow
in strength and wealth beyond any other country in the world,

except the United States. . . I happen to have one of these
pfembriefe' in my possession : it is for 20dollars (.e2 175.6 d.),
and bears 3} per cent. reduced interest, having been issued in
1804 at 5 per cent., and having, undamaged, run the gauntlet
of the wars of Napoleon.
" The public mind here, however, is not, I fear, ripe for any
such novel British expedient as this. About the same time
that I proposed my Irish railway scheme, I mooted this other
scheme, as far as Ireland was concerned, among my friends;
but I got no support and no encouragement. These land
mortgage hills' would be the instruments by which I would
enable and stimulate every landed proprietor in Ireland to
improve his estate after his own fashion.
" I have the honour to be, Sir,
" Your obedient, bumble servant,
•` G. BENTINCK.
"To James Nixon, Esq., Dublin."

* The prosperity of the United States is owing mainly to
papPr money. Under General Jackson's bullion mania, she

assumed all-the distressful symptoms familiar to this country

THE SCREW STEAM-SHIP LIVORNO.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD

Stn,—ln the Gibraltar news, it is stated the Livorno screw-
steamer has been put into quarantine' there. We shall feel
obliged by your giving publicity to the following account of
the circumstances, as it will serve to show somewhat of the an-
noyance to which British vessels are put by the quarantine
laws even in a British port ;—The Livorno sailed from Liver-
pool on the evening of the 12th instant, bound for Genoa, Leg-
horn, and Sicily, and arrived at Gibraltar on the 180, about
midnight. Just as the vessel was passing through the dock-
; ates, at Liverpool, one of the apprentices got ashore and ran
away from the ship, an entry of which was regularly made in
the log-book, and a representation made to the Board of Health,
at Gibraltar, stating the circumstance, which was testified to
by the commander. crew, and all the passengers ; yet although
the facts were not questioned, pratique was refused, and the
steamer, with a valuable cargo on board for Italy and Sicily,
detained for at least three days in quarantine.—Your most obe-
dient servants,

M'KEAN. ➢i'LARTY and Co,

Anglo-Italian Steam Navization Company,
Liverpool, March 28.

POLICE INTLL,LIGENCE.

A man named Bishop, apparently 'a baker, was fined
five shillings, on Thursday, for having, cv
assaulted a doorkeeper, and forced his e

h five others

'once into

temperance meeting in Bisp

rn-street

A-young woman, named Mara
mitted for trial to the assizes, by the ma
day, for concealing the birth of a still-born child, of which
she had been delivered at a house in Row-court, Rose-

Ann Price, was corn

Six seamen, who had signed articles to proceed to Africa
in the ship Skimmer, were ordered, on Friday. to be im-
prisoned for thirty days. The reason they assigned for
their refusal was, that the ship was not sea-worthy.
UNWHOLESOME FOOD.—lnformations ware laid by
Robert Read, market inspector, against the following
persons :—William Lister, for exposing 6lbs. of unwhole-
some veal for zale, ss. and costs.—David Evans, Trow-
bridge-street, for dressing calves' heads by a process called
blowing, 10s. and costs.—James Hayes, for the same
offence, 10s. and costs.

age, of the names of Ja►-

.nd Jan

Were committed for tri
Richard Gould. arocer,

therefrom 5s

in copper from the till.
to premises through the r

I is only on

being c

curious case v

,e of rc

3n, call