The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1845-05-06 00:00:00

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ORIGIN OF KNIGHTc.—We have seen that knight is THE ENGLISH IN INDIA.—The more I learn of Eng.
synonimous with servant. So also is theirs, or thane, one land's mode of government here, the more lam compelled
of the oldest titles of northern nobility. Bede translates to admire the talent of the English for colonirition• It
it by Minister Regis. Sometimes these thanes were ser- is an error to suppose that the British power in India has
vientes regis more literal:y than would suit the ambition attained its meridian height ; on the contrary, note are
_
of modern courtiers, for in Doomsday-book we read of ......ru.h...... 4.,1;.....;_.... _. .. .. . .
...

IMPORTANCE OF ESTABLI,HING MINERA-
LOGICAL SCHOOLS IN WALES.

..,,warions or a further development, founded
on duration and stability; but it may be affirmed, with
_ confidence, that this immense empire is very far
is in his arms, to commemorate his de- from having attained its concentrated form, and reached
scent from the Conqueror's barber. Sir John Ferne its extreme boundary. -It is not in the power of the
traces the origin of kni,,hthood to Olvhion. the fzrandoom
of Noah.—Cnriosities of Heraldry.

mem

-Wing such offices ns Latioaiius, Aurifaber, Co.
gnus—interpreter, goldsmith, cook. Lord Ponsonby et
' "

ree corn

'ar will we go, and no further ;!' the
necessity of securing their own existence will compel them
to make the Indus, or rather the Soliman mountains and
the chain of the Himalaya, their boundary, and entirely
to subdue the kingdoms in the interior. Want of na-
tionality among the Indians, the despotic government of
le I their princes, and the dece

THE FINEST APPROACH TO LONDON.—There is only
on way for the first t;m_• to enter London with advantage,
and that route is by the silent highway of the highway of
the Thames. Our ancestors understood this thoroughly.
IT L • 1

of their courts

avour t

he attainment of this end, and the more gra:

nor of the cas

to the great cathedral city of England—Canterbury ;
from thence he was conveyed to Rochester,_ where the
noble castle and the ships in the Medway would fill his
mind with high ideas of oar strength. His next stage
was to Gravesend, tie entrance to the port of London
where he was received by the lord•chamberlain of tl
king's household and by the lore•

mayor ; he too
water in the royal gallery-foist or b arge, was here
rowed to
o
London, and landed with ail due ceremony at the Tower.
Here he was waited noon by the chief nobility about the
court, conducted to the king at Westminster, bad his
house assigned him in the Strand, was received with ex-
treme ceremony, and returned to Dover in the same ob-
servant manner.—Fraser's Magazine.

PEEL TO HIS STEP-FATHER, COHDEN,---My Dear
Step-father,—l write to let you know how I am getting
on in the school, which von have sent me to take lessons
in. lam making very raniri

snail soon go as far as you, if•l continue the steps I am
now pursuing. It is very true that I was in quite a diffe-
rent walk before you adopted me, but I am now at your
aide, arid if you will lend me a haul to drag me on, I dare
SRO r .6.11

h you—no winter what lengths

j sou y wi,u To carry me to. I was formerly thought a
very slow boy, but since you have adopted me, I have be-
come so quick that 1 any here, there, and everywhere in
nn limp Irk—

nu time. i nose who used to be at my side, are quite left
behind, anti are obliged to follow me, which they do at a
very respectful distance, as if they don't halt like it. I
wish you would not. pull me on quite so fast, for you for-
g.-t that I find it difficult to get on as quickly as yuu wish
with the corn, which you and I have had so much talk
about. I have no doubt that in time I shall get quire as
far as you can desire, and I remain, your dutiful Step-
son, ROBERT PEEL.—Punch.

AN AUTUMNAL SUNSET IN EGYPT.—Egypt is always
singular and interesting ; but under on autumnal sunset
it is beautiful. The sun sinks behind a grove of palms
in a golden sky, upon a Welt their most delicate feather-
ings are distinctly described. A rich amber light glows
over the landscape, and makes the meanest and most un-
couth objects beautiful: soon the feeblest star has lighted
its lamp, and the black vault of heaven seems thickly
studded with brilliants. Such is the purity of the atmos-
phere, that you may watch a setting star till it touches
the low bank of the river. Profound tranquillity reigns
through the universe ; or is only broken at intervals by
the mellowed •murv.ur of a distant water-wheel. The
moonligi,t streams upon the bosom of the ancient river.
A heau.iful meteoric phenomenon heightens the interest
of the scene. Ever and anon a bright star seems to shoot
away from amongst its fixed companions—glances hori-
zontally across the heaven;, throwing off a long luminous
trail, then, bursting like a rocket, leaves all nature in-
tensely tranquil as before.
" But wherefore all night long shine these ? for whom
This glorious sight, when sleep hath shut all eyes?"
" Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth
Unseen. both when we wake and when we sleep,
_ • .

Sole, or responsive each to other's note,
Hymning their great Creator!"
—Library of Travel.

MAYNOOTiI A NURSERY FOR AGITATORS. —NI ay-
nooth was in full operation. Its inmates—the sons of
cotters and sm=ill tenants—drank in the lessons of
charity, which Dens and Builly communicate ; and
formed their manners, and tastes, and political opinions
upon such models as their professors might submit to
them, or they themselves create one for another. By
batches at a time, moreover, they went forth, ordained
ministers, to act, first as curates, and by and by as suc-
cessors, to the well-bred, well educated, and somewhat
aristocratic priests, of whom the nnmhprc, 11

were rapidly
diminishing. And the field into which they entered was
precise y such as men of their views would have wished
for. The Irish Parliament had already decreed that
though Roman Catholic gentlemen should be incapacitated
from sitting in the legislature or holding office in boroughs,
or, indeed, filling places of authority under the crown,
Roman Catholic freeholders should be eligible to vote at
all parliamentary elections ; and the more to increase the
peril of the measure, the standard of qualification was
fixed at forty. shillings. Now the Maynooth-fired priests
were not slow to perceive that this arrangement, of
which selfishness was at the root, opened for them a wide
avenue to power, and they at once took advantage of it.
They soon contrived to get the whole body of forty-
shilling freeholders under their control ? and that war for
supremacy between Popery and Protestantism began,
which has hitherto gone in favour of the attacking party,
and seems now, as far as Ireland at least is concerned, to
be drawing towards an issue.—Fraser'a Magazine.
PING-KEE ON THE NEW CoMF.DIRS.—The play was
called the Day of Dqpes; and wise men in the boxes
were not exempt from the general fate. All were dupes
together. For the authoress was a wise woman, and
jingled tle five hundred guineas in a purse, and kept all her
own clever observation of life and manners to be used on
some other occasion, and took the same view and no other
of English customs and characters that Reynolds, and
Morton, and O'Keefe, and Colman, had done before her.
So her heroes and heroines flew about the stage, and
talked funny things, and swore a little, and conversed in
a provincial dialect called slang, and behaved exactly as
Dashall, and Miss Dazzle, and Lord Sparkle had behaved
before. Oh ! was not this a triumph to the great authors of former days. ant! did it nnf-

si Ise
stage? the
boxes are foolish men when judging of the lt did, 0 Cho-Ling-Kyang ! but a greater triumph was at
hand. The manager having read and studied the preface
by the female Inchbald, which I have translated for your
instruction, and having given a small sum—so they con-
sider five hundred guineas in this land of ingots—to a
reputed wit, thought he would gain much silver if he ob-
tained a drama from a requited blockhead. And he was
right in his calculation ; for he applied to an author who
had written farces in five acts, where various impossible
things were done, and per-sons talked in great jokes in-
vented long ago by a nobleman of the name of Miller,
and behaved like the clown in a pantomime, without the
advantage of being dressed in his parti-coloured garments ;
and in a short time this author furnished the manager
with a comedy called Old Heads and Young Hearts.—
Blackwood.

ORIENTAL CLEANLINESS.—The religious cleanliness
of the Mahornetans is frequently spoken of: this must
be merely understood to mean, that before they engage
in prayer they perform their prescribed ablutions; which
consist in dipping their hands •'

..u.s rum water and then sing
them over their face, and sometimes over their feet; and
utter every meal to wash their mouth and hands, which
they punctually perform in the same superficial manner.
But as they never chance their clothes, and always roll
themselves about on the ground in the dust of Egypt,
which swarms with vermin of every kind, under this
burning sun, which is favourable to. their increase; as
they admit their animals, their camels, arses, goats, and
sheep, into the circle of their kmilies, and if possible be-
tween their four walls; as they execute every office with
their hands, digging the ground in the fields, mixing the
camels dung with straw, &c.; they are, notwithstanding
all their superficial ablutions, in a state of filth which can
neither be described nor conceived : and this extends to
all the Oriental countries, and throueh -1

I.lllJUgu tue towns and the rich have their baths. In the
chief harems at Con,tantinople, at the marriage-feast in
the house of an Arabic Catholic merchant at Beyrout, in
the elegant residences of the wealthy and beautiful Jew.
eases of Damascus, I never saw one woman who looked
clean! They wore silks, embroidery, shawls, and dia-
monds; but these are all unwashahie
.

• ,vas iv cu toe greater part of their clothes, and
101 l about all day long on carpets and cushions. Wherever
the women are untidy, the men will

••• aim seemed to commingle with, and be
lost in, the depths above. Three thousand years ago. and
this forest of columns was standing ; these walls were then
as firm as nns,

____„ .viii ye more so ; and if
the rich are so, what can we expect from the poor ?
Countess Hahn-Hahn's Letters from the East.
POETRY.—How so commanding, so permeating, so
vivifying, and so transfusing a power should reside in a
fact of human speech, seemingly so slight and slender as
that' ruled and mechanical adjustment of a few syllables
which we call a verse, is perhaps not explicable by our
philosnnhv • hnt „r .t.

unit stupenaous propylpn, which cast
its shadow down these pillared aisles, excited the astonish-
ment of those distant ages, as it has of all subsequent
times. What changes has the world seen since the foun-
dations of this edifice were laid ! What countless genera-
tions of men have risen and fallen, and passed away !
What transitions from barbarism to civilisation, and from
civilisation to barbarisM, in that wide interval of time!
ye passed thr,tinh this hall

mankind leave 4 us no liberty to cl,iubt. Yet may we
understand something of this wonderful agency ; and
conceive how the new and

"so 111011;
atobvses stayed his chariot wheels to gaze in wonderilere at
the triumphs of architecture. Here S,s(istris was wel-
comed hack. with the
1

sLran wealth music
brought out from words, of whichge the speakerof in verse
finds himself the privileged master, may lift up, as on
wings, his courage to think and utter. We may suppose
that the sweeL and melting, or the solemn, the prolonged.
the proud swell. or fll -c •

t millio, from his
conquests. The sublimity of thisacclaim haoll st iyedns the destroy-
ing hand of the Ptolemies. The Caesars were awed into
humility when they trod these aisles—and even the Arab
hosts, as they swept by on the tide of victory, paused to
admire—and the armies of France, as they rm,hed by in
pursuit of the flying Memlooks, were so struck with,
amazement at the ruins, 'hat they fell upon their knees in
homage, and rent th. .

surprise his own ear, and sei
pected emotions; and that c
and, as grave ancient writers

t his own numbers, may
own soul with unex-
iis guard and unawares,

mess, he may be hurri:(li7t
•

sacred

or greatness,
of wonder, and beauty, which would have remained for
ever locked up and torpidden to the colder and more re-
served temper, which seems fittingly to accompany prose,
the accustomed language of reason. Versification is
Measure, and it is Harmony. If you hear the measure
you listen expectantly, and there is a recurring pleasure
in the fulfilment of that expectation. But the pleasure
thus afforded would soon be exhausted, did nut the Dower
of listrreknnv tell _ . _

v., use air with shouts of applause. Los-
ing myself in these reveries, I fell asleep, with a drowsy
owl over my head, hooting at his image among the hiero-
glyphics on the columns. About midnight I was awoke
by the distant tread of my companion. As I opened my
eyes, I was surprised to see an object seated at the base
of a column, about twenty feet distant, glaring upon me
with the most diabolical pair of eyes I had ever seen. As
I slowly recovered my sight, I made nut the stranger to
be a peculiarly ferocious looking jackal. He seemed to
be in as deep an abstraction as that which put me asleep ;
for, as I gently unlashed my gun, he did not move an inch.
I certainly was as much surf rised at his iuiputlence as he
at my imprudence. He did not recover his senses until
I had planted a few shot between his bright orbs. He
then betoo!c himself to Hight with a dismal howling that
scared all the birds, sacred and profane, from their haunts
among the capitals of the columns, stunning my ears with
their confused plaints. As we bad no desire to give our
bodies up as food to jackals, we mounted our donkeys and
rode back to the boat. This scene recalled to my mind
the verses of a delightful poet, friendly and familiar to me
for years, who, speaking of other ruins in a distant land,
thus addresses the stranger :

us La csa wutly kcii. inat is a musical pleasure which can-
not be exhausted. Here, 'ben, is a reason why the
natural music of speech shall be elaborated to its height
You assume that the mr...1 r.f —_ •

" Whose eye shall here survey
The path of Time, where ruin marks his way,
When wildly moans the solemn midnight bird.
And the gaunt jackal's piercing cry is heard ;
If thine the soul with sacred ard,,ur fraught,
Rapt in the poet's dream, or sage's thought,
To thee, these mouldering walls a voice shall raise,
And sadly tell how earthly pride decays;
How human hopes, lake human works, depart,
And leave behn,d the ruins of the heart!"
—Library of Travel.

tions—as a science, and as an art. The third forms the
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Philosophy of Minerals, comprising the classification.
Many systems of classing have been formed, but all re-
The following valuable paper was read at the recent quire galleries for large public collections. These interest
meeting of the Liverpool Cymreigyddion Society by Mr. also the numerous class of amateurs, of both sexes, who
Solomon Gibson : pursue the study as a member of natural history. Wer-
No part. of her Majesty's dominions presents more or- ner admitted only two agents—fire and water; but as
gent claim for mineralogical schools than the principality. circumnavigators since have discovered thousands of co.
Owing to the vast amount of industry and capital em- reline islands, and the vast formations from animal spoils,
played in her mines, she claims from the state the aid of the mountains of statuary marble of oyster-shells in tro.
science, to assist the untutored efforts of her people in ex- pical regions, prove that animal chemistry forms a third
tracting minerals, which are so important to the manufac- agent.
tures and commerce of this country. The subject, viewed I shall enumerate three systems of classification to form
as a science, forms the extensive study of mineralogy, and a compendium of the mineral philosophy of the earth.
regarded as an art, presents us with the labour of the Werner, in his lectures, used models of the rocks to re-
miner: in each of these the aid of many other arts and present their order of position in situ of a tabular form,
instruments is required. In consequence of which, all - from the old to the new. The Royal Dublin Society of
the states of Europe have founded schools of mineralogy, Mineralogy purchased of these models, made under
_ ... eoire, tne less will he the sacrifices wit' the which was first in modern times formed into a science by the eye of Werner by ~one.ppils Leske and Karsten,.now
the More inconsiderable the danger.—Travels in India, Werner, at Friburgh, for the benefit of the mines of called the Leekian cabinet. A profeesor of chemistry
by Leopold Von Orlich. Saxony. The vast wealth drawn from these by the go• has been added, under royal patronage.
vernment led the circuteijacent states to found similar in- The collection is divided, in the mode of Werner, into
LORD HILL.—His sensibility was almost feminine.
One of the boys happened to cut his finger, and was stitutes. Louis the Sixteenth of France founded the fire orders : the first, for the external characters; the
brought by Re6;vland Hill to my mother to have it dressed ; r
oval school of mines in 1783, and a professor of chemis- second, for the arrangement of minerals into genera and
but her attention was soon drawn from the wound to
try was appointed during the ministry of Necker. species, according to their chemical proportions; the
Rowland, who had fainted. Mrs. Winfield, happening to
Under the ministry of Jovelanos a mineral school was third is for the geological relations by position ; the fourth
see him on a visit to Chester—for he invariably sought
founded in the Spanish province of Austurias, and the has minerals placed in a geographical order; the fifth,
her out at every opportunity—after one of his achieve-
Austrians founded similar academies at Schecnnitz, in the economical collection, in which the minerals are placed
ments in the war, brought this fect to his recollection, y Hunger , and at the mercurial mines of Idria and Bobe- to show their uses in the arts, manufactures, and com-
mia ; and also a grand mineralogical gallery at Vienna. A coerce, forms a school for political economy and finance.
with such coolness and vigour in the midst of the dreadful
remarking that she woundered how he could have act
similar gallery was established by Leopoldil. at Florence,in Werner adopted the usual practice of miners to distin-
al ,
the Palazzo Pitti, for the mines of Tuscany. At Turin a guish minerals by their extereal characters,
he replied,' the same feelings; but in the excitement of
ut
b Haile,
scenes of the carnage surrounding him. '' I have still,, d
mineral school has been founded by the King of Sardinia, used instruments to aid the senses—a steel to
discover
battle all individual sensation is lost sight of." Just conducted by the Chevalier Napione, who translated the the physical properties of minerals, a eoniometer to mea-
heed-
works of Werner into Italian. In this country the uni- sure their crys'alline angles, and a balance to weigh their
fore he joined his regiment for the first time, he sick
versities are advancing these institutes by appointing pro- specific gravity, with models of furnaces for the cupella-
him by his medic et attendant ; and after lie had enteredat the sight of a human heart preserved in spiri• s, sh,n
own
lessors of mineralogy and geology. The government have tion of metals in assaying ; and the optical properties of
on his military duties he was unable to look at a prize-
founded a geological gallery at the British Museum, and minerals, of the Polarised light by the form of the sur-
amateurs have formed a gallery of aeronomical mineralogy face, has been reduced to the law of numbers, as analysts
doss of his lodging, arid was taken out feinting from t
fight between Humphreys and Mendoza, near the %tie-
in London. The Wernerian Natural History Society, at have found expressions for the value of the curve in those
room. No common observer would have imagined for an
Edinburgh, was founded in 1808, and the Geological So- rays that form Polarised light in crystalline minerals.
ins ant that the army could have been his choice : yet as ciety of London in 1811, and anorher subsequently in The Museum of Natural History at Penis, arranged on
every one knows that bully and coward may be almost Cornwall, under royal patronage. The Russian govern- the system of the .mineralogy of the Abbe Haiiy, on tne
placed in the list of synonyms, so gentleness and bravery ment has extended these schools to Siberia, along the Ural chemical characters of minerals as developed by fire.
sensibility and courage, and we may add humility and
and Altai mountains, and established a splendid gallery at Hany has defined species in mineralo
piety, are capable of similar classification.—Life of Lord gy, a " collection of
St. Petersburgh, which exhibits the minerals of a zone bodies in which the integral molecules are of the same
Hill by the Rev. E Sidney. geographic, extending over a surface of more than 3000 composition." According to his system, minerals have a
TuE INFLUENCE. OF A GREAT MIND.—In public evils miles of that great empire. The emperor engaged the ce- limit geometric and a chemical limit—one in an invariable
lebrated Humboldt to inspect the Siberian schools. That form in the integral molecule, the other in the composi-
there are always a real evil and an imaginary evil, the one
most distinguished of all the pupils of Werner had founded lion of the same molecule. Heil), prefers the first of these
contributing to render the other insupportable. It is a
such schools in Prussia during his ministry of public works, to determine species, as the other presents heterogeneous
, great point gained to do away with the imaitinary evil •; for
after which he passed over to Siberia, wherein, examining materiel so often, that analysis represents imperfectly the
1 you diminish the sease of the real evil, arid inspire him
the auriferous strata, he predicted that diamonds would he chemical limits. flatly invented an electrotype for re-
who has to endure it with the patience to await the cure,
and above all a disposition to submit to the proposed re-
edy. Under the D people bad made up their I found in those mineralised rocks, which was soon verified. searches into the physical properties of minerals.
I This art of predicting what minerals are under the surface The pyrognostic mineralogy was first used by Tsche-
mirectory .
i
minds not to expect anything from a weak, disrespected 1
government, which, in order to repress faction, proceeded
to violence, without obtaining any of the effects of strength,
Everything that it did was taken in bad part ; people would
not expect from it any good, neither would they even be-
lieve it, when, by accident, it accomplished some little.
Victory, which had seemed to return to that government s one of the greed advantages resulting from the study of rinhausen for experiments on argillaceous earths, to ens_
'mineralogy is a science. It is an important tact, that tni- cover the Chinese method of making china, which he
nerals are constantly grouped in families. and bear an ana- effected by his burning lens formed as the mirror of Ar-
loey or relation to one another. The knowledge of this chimedes. The result was the founding of the Dresden
truth is most valuable to the miner, or to the capitalist manufactures of china and porcelain in Saxony.
whose fortune is invested in mining speculations. The new instrument used by Andrew Swab, counsellor
The absolute expediency of drawing the attention of the of the mines in Sweden. Every miner in Sweden carries
government to the necessity of founding mineral academies a blow-pipe in his travels. Cronstedt made rapid pro-
in the last days of its existence—victi ry. which would
in Wales requires that the subject should be mooted by this gress in mineralogy by the use of this—he found the
have brought glory to others, had not even served to pin
society. and it is to be hoped that the seraphic genius that chemical composition of minerals, and Dr. Woolaston
it honour. The accession of General Bonaparte, of whom
the public was in the habit of expecting everything, in passed from Friburgh over Europe, to light the lamp of sci- made great discoveries with it in this country. Berzelius,
point of success, had changed this disposition. TI,
once on the Siberian mountains, will, tinder the auspices of by the use of the blow-pipe, has been led to forma new
e
imaginary evil was cured ; people had confidence ; they thegovernment, be led to render the same service to the system of classifying minerals by the chernistry of fire
took everything in good part. His acts were certainly
mines of the Cambrian mountains—a part of Britain where based on the electric properties of oxygen, the zero of
good in themselves ; for it was good to release the hostages, volcanic farces have thrown up the strata in outcrops, to his scale to the most electro-positive, and his order of
to liberate the prig sts, to manifest pacific di-positions to
place minera's at the hand of the miner on the sides of arrangement depends on the physical characters, and the
Europe; but above all, the public was disposed to consider
rocks elevated into mountains, evidently designing Wales - electro•chernical on the doctrine of chemical properties of
them as such. A symptom of approach, such as the wet- for mineral industry as the lowlands of England are fitted numbers.
come given to an aide-de-camp, an armistice of no conse-
, like that which had just been signed on the Rhine,
for agriculture. Yet with these natural advantages, the The alternate transition of rocks to soil by decomposi-
miner, by misdirected labour, finds his ruin in in:lustry. tion cf miner ale to solvent acids by rain uniting these with
quence
instances of losses from working empirically are noticed a base, draw oxygen from the air by electro-positive Sc.were already regarded as pledges of peace. Such is the
by Mr. Murchison, author of the geological atlas of Wales, tion, to supply mineral food for plants, the diet of botanic
spell of confidence! It is everything for a government at
and of the Silurian system of rocks. In that celebrated vitality : during these changes antagonist qualities are
its outset; and for that of the Consul it was immense.
work the author states "At Tyn-y-coed I found a credit- developed by minerals, from sanity to noxious poison, as
Accordingly, money flowed into the treasury, front the
lons f rmer ruining himself in excayatinz a horizontal gal- antidotes to disease. On these the art of Pharmacy de-
treasury to the armies, which, content with these first
lery in search of coal, an ignorant collier being his engi- pends. The same qualities appear ant
la
of a milder
supplies, waited with patience for those that were pea_ lery
This case may serye as a striking example of the degree, in which a bond of unity exists from the mineral
mised them by-and-by. Overawed by a power reputed to
be superior to all resistance the patties submitted : the coal-boring mania in districts which cannot possibly con- world to the vegetable, in a set ies of orders, with a cot-
,fain that mineral : those who vainly speculate on it in the responding order in plants, that bind mineralogy with the
• oppressing parties without claiming a right to oppress any
Silurian rocks are misled by the shale." Shale is not agricultural chemistry of Leibeg, by which a farmer, by
more; the oppressed parties with the confid• rice that they
the only cause of these delusions; mineral veins are also the inspection of a geological map, can judge on what
should no longer be oppressed. The good accomplished,
found in the lower format ons in denuded countries, which district fertility and sterility depends. All the elements
therefore, was no doubt great ; but all that time had not
are of the same form as the metallic veins, some of which of plants are derived from minerals. In consequence,
permitted to be done was added by hope.—The Consulate
are veins of coal, but are distinguished from beds by an farming and mining, the two great interests of the Princi-
and the Empire.
inclination more vertical. The beds or couches do not milky, would be united by the same academy.
CHARACTER OF ISABEL, THE YOUNG QUEEN OF depart more than 20 degrees from the horizon, while the English manufactures derive great benefit from the
SPAlN.—Willul and pettish, at times obstinate, deficient coal veins are from 70 to 90 degrees. Welsh mines. it is from the purity of the galena of lead
in intelligence as well as temper, and, above all, dissimu- These errors in mining, so ruinous to capitalists, must ore, purer in Wales than any other, that the Staffordshire
lode, a diesembler. Ugly words these ; but if it be true exist until the miner is taught the relations of rocks in pottery has maintained ite superiority in foreign markets,
that children inherit their parent, virtues and sires, what their chronometric order a position, from the primary to as it produces a finer glazing, and makes more beautiful
better could be expected from the'off-pring of a Ferdinand the modern or latest formations, and of their synchronous porcelain, than any other. Wales is rich in fossiliferous
and a Christina Indeed it will be fortunate for herself continuity in concentric zones, and their relations by marble. The carbonate shell marble of South Wales,
and her people, if, at a later period of this child-queen's affinity, The miner so instructed could tell by surveying and the encrinitic of North Wales, the serpentine of Rhos
life, there are not a few more failings to be added to the the surface what strata formed the under beds. Kolin, is equal to the verd anti ,e of Genoa.
above list—already sufficiently long. At present, artful- Mineral chemistry is also of great consequence to the It is not generally known that schools of metallurgic
netts and insincerity seem kerchief laults—no trifling ones, mining interest. A long period elapsed during the exca- chemistry existed in Wales before the wars of Edward
certainly ; and to these may be added a want of heart, vation of the copper mine at Mynyth Paris, in Anglesey, the Third. The College of the Pherillt, in Dinas Pharaon,
very unusual in a girl of such tender age, and which is before the art was known of rendering solvent mineralised on Mount Snowden, was celebrated for a school of this
perhaps the worst symptom in her ch,macter. Taken to a fluids solid, and consequently a great loss resulted before order, that gave the British name of Celveyddeu Pherillt
bull-fight, her youthful majesty of Spain was delighted the value of the mineral waters which held copper in so. to these arts, which they had digested into eminent books
beyond measure, enjoying the sufferings of maddened lotion became known. Since that discovery the poor of now lost, Another school of this order was founded in
bulls and gored horses with as much zr st as could have large towns have found employment in collecting waste South Wales, a branch from Ditias Ernrys.
been shown by her illustrious and respectable father. iron, which is conveyed to Anglesey, and is immersed in In the previously enumerated drawings of plans, maps,
Unfortunately, auto-dafe:v are out of da.e, or they might those fountains. The solvent, be, the force of analytical and sections necessary for a miner, this embraces a por-
serve to vary her pastimes. As it is, she is obliged to fill ee
ammty acting on the dormant affinity of the iroo, sepa- tion of the objects contemplated by the School of Design,
up her leisure by the consumetion of confectionery, of rates the acid, which has a greater affinity for the copper; which the government has established at Somerset-house.
which she has a constant and abundant supply on hand. the iron-, robbed of its cement, talk in dust to the bottom As the objects of design are various, these must be applied
" This pastry-cook museum, which extends over every of the pit in ochrous earth. This oxidised ochre is ex- to the order of their classification, and, in addition to
apartment of the palace, cootains some most interesting ported to Liverpool and sold to druggists and painters as galleries for specimens of minerals, it will be requisite
specimens—the tortas, or tarts, of Moron, the most cele-
brated a colour much used in the arts. At the same place a mass that the wallg of such galleries be lined with the graphic
in Spain ; the panes pintados, or painted buns, of of rubbish had accumulated from the time of the Romans. sections of strata.
Salamanca; the Paschal fdatore.v, or c arnival and Easter A premium per load was given to remove it; but now this ..—.....,...........--_
dainties ; the hard turrones of Alicant, composed of al- sells at 255. per ton, and is found to be a sulphuret atrial-
moods, nut-kernels, filberts, and roasted chestnuts, inter-
mixed with honey and sugar; dukes of cocoa-nut frosted gam.
with sugar; roasted almonds; avellanas, a peculisrly nice The increasing importance of thin subject renders the
early history of it advantageous, as it shows the art is pro-
sort of filbert, whole and in powder ; alfajor, or spiced gressive in Wales, arid ready to embrace all the advantages
bread ; the delicious cheese called jijona ; pomegranate of science through the medium of a mineral institute.
jelly; blando de hue-vos, or sweetened yolks of eggs," &c. The Welsh, though preceeding without the aid of
&c. &c. When in a good humour, she makes presents of science, by perseverance have done wonders. It has been
these delicacies to the persons about her; and the degree ascertained, for statistical purposes, that the annual valve
of favour in which her courtiers stand, is to be estimated of iron produced in this island is equal to eight millions
by the amount of cakes arid sugar-sticks bestowed upon sterling, and of this sum five millions are produced in
them. No place is secure from the invasion of these Wales, an amount equal to the produce of the whole of
sweets; even in the council-chamber, while dispatching continental Europe.
business with the ministers, she is surrounded by them, Having viewed mineralogy as a science, the second as.
and the coofec, ion of decrees, rt, d discussion of dainties,
proceed ;mei passe." The abundance of the comfits and pect it presents is that of an art extracting ores from the
the badness of the counsellors by which the poor child cavernsis of the earth. There the miner finds his way by
taking his bearings with his mining compass, by the aid of
environed, menace grievous injury both to mind and body, the same magnetic needle as the mariner employs in find-
heart and stomach. A puppet in tne bands of factions, ing his position on the ocean. The miner uses a system
living from her earliest childhood in an atmosphere of of mathematics which the ancient Gimbel and Phoenicians
intrigue arid falsehood—the usual atmosphere of Spanish brought into Europe, which system is based on the me-
courts and catnarillas, how was she to escape the conta. thod of shadows, in which the ratio of space is measured
pion ? Her education seems also to have been grievously by a proportion given in time on the in rotary circle. In
neglected. When Arguelles was her governor, she was the language of the miner, mineral beds are divided into
indocile and refractory ; under the care of 016zaga she the four quadrants of the miner's compass —the north
only remained three months. Her female instructors,
with the exception of the Countess of Mina, have been veins decline 3to 12 hours, the south 9to 12, and the eas.
tern 3 to 6 hours; the northern veins are of greeter length
women of equivocal reputation, seeking to advance them- than the southern, as if the electric had joked the
selves and their friends, and teaching their pupil few les- force of gravity in projecting them; and have a vertical
sons but those of dissimulation. To azgravate the evil, dip dawn the fissures of unstratified rocks, and in strati-
during the three years of Christina's exile, that princess fled are found in faults—the collaterals cross the main
was allowed to be in constant correspondence with her filon in angles of incidence.
daughter, and of course lost no opportunity of inspiring
her with a dislike of her own political enemies, the Pro- Ca emetrysubterranean is of essentialvalue. Without this
science, it is impossible teexecute mines with art and
gresistas. These latter, however, being in power, 'end
economy or safety to the Eves of the labourers. She takes
about the person of the young Queen, she was obliged at the levels or inclinations of the beds, and, with the corn-
least to appear friendly with them, and was thus " taught pass in hand, the bearings of the mineral veins and beds,
to be false and artful by the force of circutnstances, and to determine their direction to the points of junction, and
trained by events to deceit."—Blachwood's Magazine. finds the three dimensions of cubic space, and leads to the
THE HALL OF COLUMNS AT THESES.—I entered the occult points where two inclined sections must meet in a
great hall. The glare of day was gone ; not a zephyr was common angle—the porsition of each part, and the form of
stirring, and as we walked down the central avenue, our the profile and plan geometric, on a scale of proportions
footsteps woke the sluenberieg echoes. I felt a religious on paper; and the extent, in horizontal and vertical lines,
awe in disturbing the solitude of -this ancient shrine. I for the most aeronomical extraction of the ores, and for
threw myself at the base of one of the gigantic columns, ventilation. •
unwilling to break the eternal silence that seemed to re- To comprehend the subterranean zeometry es an exact
pose here. Wherever I gazed, colossal figures of gods engineer, the miner must be taught arithmetic, and the
and kings looked down upon me from the walls and projection of plane geometry, with sonic necessary then-
columns. The moonlight threw its slant beams through rents and problems of the Elements of Euclid, and parti-
the crevices and holes in the walls, enveloping all in a dim, cularly trigonometry rectilineal, of which frequent use is
religious light. The roof was gone, and the columns that made. The principles on which the miner works are the
form the interred pavement beneath, seemed to support same as those of ordinary geometry.
the blue canopy above, fretted with s countless host o' In the school of Fribergh, the sexagesimal tables of
stars. The lofty capitals were indistinctly seen, bt'-• Pi't'seus, and the saurus of Rheticus, are used to com-
pute the hours; but in France, for a general uniformity
of their new metrical system, tables have been made on
the decimal scale by the mathematie'an- Prony, Delambre,
and Condorcet, which were used by the mining school
charged with the completion of the geological maps of the
Cadastre. Our government have extended the same plan
of survey to this country in the Ordnance maps, ,and
have entrusted the geologic topography of the maps to
Sir H. De la Beebe, and those of Ireland to Mr Griffiths.
In geological mapping, Werner denoted genera by co-
lours. These and the species were previously in charac-
ters used by chemis s, a plan more defective. Geologic
maps are, drawn horizontally, arid mineralogic on a ver-
tical line; but the French use the method of descriptive
geometry, combining vertical sections with horizontal.
Humboldt, in 1804, formed a table of strata for tee use
of the mines of Mexico, in which he used a notation he
named pasigrephic mapping, for the primitive, interme-
diary, arid secondary rocks of America, as equivalent to
those of Europe. This confirmed what the sagacity of
Werner had predicted of synchronous zones. Cuvier
eulogised this superb idea of Werner in his report to the
Emperor on the state of the mining interest in France.
The annual loss of life in the Welsh mines attracted the
attention of the Prussian traveller, Prince Puckler Muse • kau. These evils would vanish before the light diffused
by a Wernerian school. The Davy lamp has placed the
explosion of fire-damp under the triumphant dominion of
-art,Aaa ibil ye
flat wireill
h i
ag
satui znea• owfi
t9hoo2aaappear
wt udreers i
at on
at hwe
psrq,uvaeriel t iei
di
inch.
the Cernish mines by using a rammer of copper and tin.
Electricity, the most powerful of blasting agents. is now
confined to the Royal Sappers and Miners. A depot of
vitt:hi:et,.
isitilueol,vvltuitithi
hitmaetdudl teeosl,aa
instruction. miningihe
AustrianA ehoo l in
minesW les ,
havewould
slip-ways, viz., without steps, of an inclined carve, wind-
ing around a newel of 15 feet radius By this 50 or 100
yhoartsides,thaOnde fatal asses,
amayecj
ddeenstcaeanad
commont()get together
in this country by descending in buckets; and in five
years the wages of the windlass-men amounts to the ex-
pense of a slip stairway. Stories falling from the roof of
galleries can be prevented by a moveable shield, as used
in the Thames Tunnel. The construction of this, and of
miPnensbliferormlegbleecintghelescopt
the hydraulic machines, is the constructive architecture
of moles, which is included in the engineering of a Wer-
nerian school.
%vender of geology, prevented tyeedt thethe martyrology I omg yi a
soi
af then i a
important. He has declared amazing revelations, and
opened the great volume of the stone book to exhibit the
records of our planet, and time giant races that form the
ear the hieroglyphics of the history of the
th. The hierophant of the mines draws from the
arcana of nature those precious stones that glitter on the
diadem of the Sovereign.
We have now reviewed the subject under two condi-

SPORTING IN TEL Ll GENCE.

NEWMARKET FIRST SPRING MEETING.
MONDAY, APRIL 28.
£5O; four-yr-olds ist 91b, five Sst 91b, six and aged 9s!
ast three mes of C
Lord Sandwich'sL ta Plangenet,il 4 yrs ...
Mr Edwards's Trudge-it, 4 yrs .......

(Nat) 1
2

sto 4 on Trudge-it.
The Jerry Stakes of 100 sous each, h ft,
Lord W. Powlett's Energy..
..
Mr Booth's New Years Day . ...
Handicap Sweepstakes of 20 sous each, h ft.
Lord Chesterfield's The Poor Soldier, 5 yrs .... (Nat) 1
Mr J. Drake's Anonyme, 5 yrs
Lord Exeter's f by Velocipede, 3 yrs
Colonel Peel's fby Slane, 3 yrs ..
Sweepstakes of 50 sovs each, for three-yr-olds.
Duke of Rutland's c by Royal Oak ...... (W. Boyce) 1
Lord Exeter's Lyons
Mr E. Batson's Scarmentado ..
Mr Osbaldeston's Secutor ..... .. • • .....
Duke of Bedford's c by Ec0n0mi5t........
Lord Glasgow's f by Bay Middleton

(Nat) 1
2

- -
PrJduce Match of 300 sous each, h ft.
Lord Albemarle's Tisiphone
Lord Exeter's Deodara ........... 2
Match-200, h ft, Bst 71b each. D.M.
Duke of Bedford's Captain Phebus .... (E. Edwards) 1
Mr Greville's Sir Francis ..
Sweepstakes of 50 soya eich. (8 subs.)
Lord Verulam's c by Sir Hercules .
Lord Exeter's Tunick
2
Lord Orford's c by The Grand Duke.......... 3

....
Sweepstakes of 20 sous each. .(3 subs.)
Lord Stradbroke's Evenus, 5 yrs . •
Match-335 to 300, 150 ft. A.F.
Duke of Bedford's Espoir, 9st
..... (E. Edwards) 1
Lord Glasgow's Sister to Pathfinder, 7st

TUESDAY, APati.29.
The Coffee Room Stakes of 50 sovs each
L'rd Exeter's ch c Lyons (S. Mann) 1
Duke of Bedford's br c Pr010gue........
2
Duke of Richmond's br f RefractionB
Match-100, h ft. First half of A.M.
Sir J. Hawley's Comrade, 3 yrs, Bst 71b .. (F. Butler) 1
Lord Exeter's Dr. Hill, 4 yrs, Bst 41b
The 2,000 Guineas Stakes of 100sovs each, b ft, for three-
yr-old colts, Bst 71b ; fillies, Bst 41b. (18 subs.)
Lord Stradbroke's b c ldas
Mr Wreford's hr c Worthless
Mr Wreford's b c Winchelsea . .........
Lord Exeter's br c Wood Pigeon ......
Duke of Rutland's b c Paultons
Mh-100, h ft. .M
Mr Ramsbottom'satc Pine-apple, Bst 11b D
Duke of Bedford's Minotaur, Bst 101 b
The Queen's Plate of 100 guineas, for mares.
Mr Osbaldestm's ch f Sorel's, 4 yrs (F. Butler) 1
Sir J. Hawlev's b m Vibration, 6 yrs . ..
Mr Newton's b m Ma Mie, 6 yrs ....
Anonytne and Eclogue also ran. Won by 15 lengths.
Sweepstakes of 300 sovs each, for bur-yr-olds.
Duke of Bedford's b c Panther ..
Match-200, h ft. T.Y.C.
Duke of Bedford's Oakley, 9st, received forfeit from
Mr T. 'Wesley's The Counsellor, Bst.

(Bell) 1