The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1844-12-10 00:00:00

SELECTIONS.

MOUNT VESUVIUS.—The crater is a van circular pit,
with nearly [perpendicular walls, about two miles in cir-
cumference and 200 feet deep. Its bottom consists of
waves of black lava or scoriae, and in the centre of it rises
a cone of scoria to the height of 150 or 200 feet. This
cone has two openings on its summit, from which a con.
tinual emission of white vapour takes place ; and about
once in five minutes there is an explosion beard far within
the mountain, and which is followed in a few seconds by
the ejection of a vast quantity of fumes and fragments of
melted lava, which, by daylight, have the colour of blood,
but after Sunset, are of a dazzling white heat, while the
vapour is brilliantly illuminated so as to appear like flame.
Lava escapes in abundance from the base of the cone, and
flows beneath the hardened crust which forms the floor of
the crater. Occasionally, however, it melts its way
through, and flows in a broad stream over the surface,
which in its turn becomes hardened by cooling, and a
fresh eruption takes place elsewhere. In this manner the
whole crater will eventually be filled up, and when this
occurs, an eruption on a great scale may be expected.—
Polytechnic Review and Magazine.
PRECEPT AND EXAMPLE.—Thomson, the author of
"The Seasons," wrote in bed his beautiful rhapsody on
early rising, commencing, " Falsely luxurious ! will not
man awake ?"

GEORGE FREDERICK COOKS.—His passion for strong
drink was so great, that when he was without money, or
means of raising it, he has been known to go to a pawn-
broker's, where he was in the habit of applying, and to say,
" I want five guineas; but I have nothing to pledge but
myself—give roe the money, they'll be sure to redeem me
when they want me." And having sent word to the thea-
tre of his situation, he has frequently been found seated
on the pawnbroker's counter with a duplicate pinned to
his button-hole.—Ainsworth's Magazine.
FORCE OF GUNPOWDER.—The enormous force of in-
flamed gunpowder is known to depend on the evolution of
various gases, the volume of which, when cooled, it is
easy enough to determine ; but at the moment of their
formation they are vastly dilated by heat, so that their ac-
tual effective volume and pressure cannot be justly ascer-
tained. It has been pretty correctly ascertained that a
cubic inch of gunpowder is converted by ignition into 200
cubic inches of permanent gases, which, according to Dr.
Dutton, are increased in volume eight times at the time of
their formation by the expansive influence of heat. Assu-
ming these data to be true, confined and ignited powder
will exert, at least, a force of 20001bs. on every square
inch!—Polytechnic Review and Magazine.
LORD ASHLEY—CHARACTERISTIC ANECDOTE.—In
Lord Ashley I always found a ready will to contribute
heart and soul, as though he really loved it, to the welfare
of others. The last time he ever came to Eton (at least,
I think so), he travelled inside the coach, and I was on
the outside, behind. There was a poor woman sitting
near me, who was evidently far gone in a decline, and had
set out from London for the purer air of Henly-on-
Thames. It came on to rain heavily, and in such a man-
ner as to augur continuance. We changed horses at an
inn, and the poor woman moaned piteously, for the doctor
had told her, that any fresh cold would be fatal. During
the silence of the coach stopping, Lord Ashley heard her,
on which he got out, and came round the coach, and
quickly asked me what was the matter. I told him briefly,
and it ended in the noble lord giving up his place inside,
to the poor woman, and himself taking a seat amid the
pouring rain, on the outside. While we were standing in
the passage of the inn, just after the woman had got in-
side, amid a profusion of blessings on Lord Ashley, he
said to me, " Well, this is somewhat unpleasant, for I
have no great coat with me " but immediately sprang for-
ward, as though the deed of kindness was sufficient com-
pensation for a good ducking.. The guard, however, lent
his lordship an old rough coat, which was in reserve for
night-work, and in this Lord Ashley enveloped himself,
and arrived safely at the Crown Inn, at Slough, then kept
by one Mrs. Harell. On arriving there, Mr. Maitland,
who owned a mansion at Henley-on-Thames, wanted an
inside place ; but Lord Ashley quickly went to the coach-
office, and paid for the poor woman's inside seat as far as
Henley.—Bentley's Miscellany.
VIEW FROM THE TOP OF THE GREAT PYRAMID OF
EGYPT.—It was now about mid-day, and the sun, quite
free from clouds, smote upon the Pyramid with great ve-
hemence ; so that, what with the warmth produced by the
labour of the ascent and the ardour of its rays, we expe-
rienced a heat resembling that of an oven. The air was
clear, and our view unimpeded on all sides. To the
south, scattered in irregular groups, were the Pyramids
of Sakkarah, Abousir, and Dasheur, glittering in the sun,
like enormous tents ; and appearing from their number,
and the confusion of their arrangementjto extend to an
unknown distance into the desert. On the west was the
wilderness of Libya, stretching away to the edge of the
horizon; arid, undulating, boundless, apparently desti-
tute of the very principle of vegetation, an eternal prey to
the sand-storm and the whirl-wind. A flock of gazelles
or a troop of Bedouins scouring across the plain, would
have relieved its monotony ; but neither the one nor the
other appeared. In the foreground the sand of various
colours, yellow, dusky brown, and grey, swelled into hil-
locks which looked like the nuclei of new pyramids. To
the north and the east the landscape presented a perfect
contrast to this savage scenery : night and day are not
more different ; and if the contests of Typhon and Osiris
represented symbolically the struggles between the desert
and the river—the one to nourish, the other to destroy—
the gods were still there, drawn up in battle array against
each other ; though the evil demon, alas ! had evidently
long prevailed, and was daily curtailing the empire of his
adversary. All, however, that remains of the valley of
the Nile is luxuriantly covered with verdure and beauty ;
corn-fields, green meadows, woods of various growth and
foliage, scattered villages, a thousand shining sheets of
water, and, above all, the broad glittering stream of the
Nile spreading fertility on all sides like a god. Beyond
this were the white buildings of Cairo, Babylon, and Rho-
dab, backed by the long lofty range of the Gebel Mokat-
tam, reflecting the bright warm rays of the mid-day sun.
—Library of Travel.
PRINCIPLES OF THE JESUITS.—For a stake of suffi-
cient magnitude there is no reason to doubt that the prin-
ciples of the Jesuit Society would impel them to the em-
ployment of any or all of these criminal instruments. The
fundamental rule of the society, implicit obedience, and
the governing rule of conduct for its directors, the justifi-
cation of the means by the end, necessarily imply as much.
In these two principles lie the germs of all possible evil ;
for it is the duty of the Jesuit to execute every command
of his superior, and it is the duty of the superior to effect-
uate the good of the church by every available means—
honest, if he can; if not, by the needful means, be they
what they may. In times of peace, and among well regu-
lated communities, the aims of the society require no ac-
tual crime. Activity in instilling high church principles
into the minds of the youthful gentry, regularity in trans-
mitting written accounts of their proceedings to their su-
periors, and the prosecution of a small intriguing litera-
ture, are, in that phase, their chief, indeed their only vo-
cations ; many of them, accomplished and good-natured
men, remaining unconscious of the fearful extent to which
their obligations have committed them, and taught with a
laudable prudence to laugh at the idea of their obedience
being ever tested, beyond a clever apology for the last
bull, or a white lie at the most, in contradicting some in-
convenient scandal. But in times of revolution or social
excitement, when decisive blows have to be struck, ene-
mies discredited or silenced, and powerful individuals won
over or set aside, then scandals must be disseminated
with the speed of the wind, fanatical passions be raised to
their highest pitch, impeachments be sustained by the
needful evidence, riots be fomented, and, in the necessi-
ties of a great crisis, assassinations themselves be perpe-
trated, without hesitation, without remorse, without
shame, but rather as so many acts of honourable duty,
piously done for the glory of God, and the good of the
Catholic Church. Christendom, which has given birth to
such a system, and suffers its continuance, reproaches
Hindooism for its Thugee with but a bad grace.—Dublin
University Magazine.

TRAVELLING " DAWK."—It is a delightful thing to
travel dawk. I suspect that people in England know as
little of the manner in which we get over the ground in
that fashion as they do of other matters Asiatic. We are
supposed to wander over wide and desolate plains, upon
extensive elephants, attended by a gentleman in front,
who drives a species of boat-hook into the animal's head,
and a gentleman behind, who screens us from the piercing
rays of the sun with an ample umbrella. Some folks, who
have very general ideas of Oriental life, place us on the
backs of camels, and suppose us to make one of a pa-
triarchal cavalcade ; while others, of more brilliant ima-
ginations, take it for granted that we start by the mail,
" all on springs, like a corps de ballet," fall fast asleep at
Calcutta and wake at Delhi. Few ever heard of The
Dawk, or can conceive it possible that distances of a thou-
sand miles are accomplished in little boxes borne on the
shoulders of four sable fellow-creatures. Yet such is the
most common mode of transit, and, to my plain thinking,
it is the most agreeable and independent method of getting
over ground known to the civilised world—always except-
ing the luxury of your own carriage, fast post horses, and
roads as level and smooth as a bowling green. It is true
the bones ache after a long dawk trip in a manner to con-
vey a lively idea of rheumatism ; you can never sleep more
than two hours at a stretch, because you are disturbed by
the appeals of the relay bearers, who want buxis at every
stage—the oil-fed flambeaux of your torch-bearers are
flashed under your very nose the whole night through—
and your ears regaled incessantly with the buzzing, hum-
ming, chanting, of your bearers—but still the dawk is a
delightful species of carriage. «'e have not yet arrived at
that point of civilization when travelling can be rendered
absolutely comfortable under any circumstances. Take
the railroad ! You see but little on your journey, and a
pebble may whisk you to eternity before you can say Jack
Robinson. The mail ! You are pent up for hours with a
curious, forbidding old woman, vis-a-vis, afflicted with an
obstinate cough and a yelping lap-dog ; on your right is an
invalid attorney, who must have both windows up, and the
fourth of the partie carrc'e has impregnated his garments
with cigar-smoke ; the guard allows you but little time to
bolt a few slices of indurated, time-honoured ham, and a
cup of boiling-hot tea, and there is every chance of a de-
tention, on the most desolate part of the road, from a lost
finch-pin or a broken coach-pole. Then for the travelling
o' horseback, as is our wont in Persia and Asiatic Turkey,
it is well enough for the ride, but you are exposed to all
weathers, subjected to long halts, or relays of unknown
brutes. A quiet camel ? Sea-sickness without the com-
fort of a steward and a swingcot. A ship I—according to
Sam Johnson, " imprisonment, with the chance of being
drowned." A boat on the Nile, the Ganges, the Eu-
phrates ? Confinement, sand-banks, contrary winds, and
tedium vitae. Locomotion—barring the carriage and post
horses aforesaid—is monstrously annoying in the best
form : but as it is not given to mortals to transport them-
selves without auxiliary aid, and as every spot on the fair
earth is worth visiting, commend me to the Indian Dawk.
You are your own master; your palankeen is at once your
arm-chair by day and your la2d by night; your dressing-
table, your kitchen, your library, are all compactly stowed
before you. Your patient bearers stop when it pleaseth
you, and where it pleaseth you. Here youfeast your eyes
upon a magnificent landscape, in which silvery rivers rush
through luxuriant jungles, and lofty mountains, covered
with rich foliage, invite you to add to the wealth of your
portfolio ; there you are arrested by the picturesque re-
mains of some antique temple, the halt-effaced inscriptions
on whose mural adornments excite your curiosity and
perplex your learning. Now you descend from your pa-
lankeen to sniff the morning air, and catch from the wild
cry of the partridge, the carol of the lark, and the crow of
the jungle cock, the pleasant infection of exhilarated spi-
riZs—and anon you are reclining on your portable couch,
carried, in imagination, by an agreeable novel, to the land
of the loved West, until the subdued pace of your porteurs
apprizes you that you are reaching one of the comfortable
little bungalows or asylums for travellers where attentive
domestics supply you with a bath and a breakfast, and you
stretch your limbs preparatory to another stage. I have
tried every description of locomotion, the 1200 ton
steamer, the 1500 ton Indianian, the Leith smack, the
barque, the brig, the buggalah, the canoe, the elephant,
the camel, the horse, the mule, the donkey, the rail-train,
the mail, post-coaches, post-chaises, the diligence, the
omnibus, the eil-waggon, the vetturino, the gig, the kad-
java (or pannier), the sledge, the—all, in short, excepting
the ostrich and the balloon ; and the dawk still stands
A 1 in my register of their respective virtues and recom-
mendations. The feeling born in 1820 exists in all its
original force in 18.1.1.—Asiatic Journal.

[The following, which appeared last week in, our
Town Edition, is re-inserted for the perusal of
distant Subscribers:]

LIVERPOOL
PROTESTANT OPERATIVE SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of the Protestant Operative Asso-
ciation was held at seven o'clock last evening, in the
Commercial-hall, Gloucester-street, which was filled by
a crowded and attentive auditory. A considerable body
of clergy were present, and many influential laymen ; but
the bulk of the meeting consisted of operatives, their
wives and families, who manifested the greatest interest
throughout the proceedings. Mr. GEORGE JONES was
called to the chair; and the Divine blessing was suppli-
cated by the Rev. JOSEPH BAYLEE.
The CHAIRMAN having addressed a few introductory
observations to the meeting, expressive of his firm at-
tachment to the principles of Protestantism, the Secre-
tary read the Committee's report of their proceedings
durine the year just terminated. This was an elaborate
and well-written production. It commenced by explain-
ing the grounds of the Society's constitution, and the
necessity which existed for its continued operation. Pro-
testantism was in a crisis. The debt which had pressed
upon the Association for some time was now liquidated ;
and it was contemplated to revive the Tract Committee,
the operations of which had been so efficient two years
ago.—The accounts were next read ; from which it ap-
peared that after discharging every claim there was a
small balance remaining in the hands of the Treasurer.
The Rev. JOSEPH BAYLEE rose, amidst much applause,
to move the first resolution ; and he commenced by ex-
pressing the pleasure he felt at again meeting the Protestant
operatives of Liverpool. He would much rather attend
such a meeting as this, than one of the higher classes,
who had attended when politics were mixed up with
religion, but who had deserted them now that they met for
religion without politics. All classes of individuals were
necessary to each other ; and he was just as well pleased,
nay better pleased, to stand among his Protestant opera-
tive brethren, than he should be to appear in an assembly
of more wealthy persons ; for he believed he was standing
among men who were less tainted by the iniquities of the
world, and more ready than many of the others to lay
down their lives for Christ's sake. But they must remem-
ber their strength lay not in money, but in God our Sa-
viour, and that if they wished to be saved it must be by
standing upon their religious rather than upon their poli-
tical principles. Our battle with Romanism was not upon
political grounds only, but it must be fought upon political
& religious principles ; and, though he was not a politician,

he could respect the politician that was a man of religioui
principle. Lord Eldon said, the church was joined with
the state not for the purpose of making the church politi-
cal, but for the purpose of making the state religious; and
if the Protestant operatives brought religion into their po-
litics, it was not to make religion political, but to make
politics religious. (Loud cheers.) The resolution he had
to move was, that the report be adopted, printed, and cir-
culated, under the direction of the committee. 'We
heard, in these days, many people speaking of popery
being liberalized; that Romanists now enjoyed religious
freedom. There were upon the platform some examples
of the religious freedom of popery. Here the reverend
gentleman related the outlines of the cases of Signor
Ciocci and Mr. Day, whose narratives of the persecutions
they have suffered from the popish priesthood are before
the public. He (Mr. Baylee) was not, however, one of
those who looked with gloomy despondency upon the pre-
sent aspect of things ; he regarded it rather as a motive
for energy and activity. We should never expect an
army of doubtful, wavering, hesitating, trembling sol-
diers, would be able to gain a victory. (Cheers.) Let us
then, in the name of God's truth, do our duty. (Cheers.)
We had statesman, who were forced by the circumstances
of the times to tamper with popery : but let them
do so at their peril : for if they did God would not
honour their statemanship. It was very difficult for us
to feel for the position of the Prime Minister of the pre-
sent day ; it was easier for us to point out the main point
to remedy. If we remembered that the Prime Minister
was but the representative of the majority of the people,
in the long run, it was easy to see that the helm of affairs
must go with the majority of the people. Purify the
people, then. (Cheers.) Make the people Protestant.
(Cheers.) Make the majority of the people what they
ought to be—men who do not care who is the Prime Mi-
nister, but who require that he must be a Protestant
Prime Minister. (Cheers.) We none of us felt so deeply
as we ought to feel towards Romanists. We should
always draw a distinction between Romanism and Ro-
manists. (Hear, hear.) If we desired to bring a Ro-
manist from his error, how were we to do it? By ridi-
cule, unkindness, and needless exposure of his errors ?
Far from it.

A VOICE.—What do you think of the Puseyites ?
(Some confusion, and a cry of "Turn him out.")
Mr. BAYLEE.—No : let him not be turned out; it was
very wood question, and he should be very glad to answer
it. (Cheers.) He thought that a Puseyite was little
worse than a Romanist. (Great cheers, and applause.)
When he resided, as he did for four years, in the west of
Ireland, there were two Roman Catholic archbishops,
both well known ; one was Dr. Murray, of Dublin, and
the other was Dr. M'llale, of Tuam. Dr. M'Hale was
very zealous and violent ; but Dr. Murray spoke soft
things—he could sit at the same table with the Protestant
archbishop to provide an united education for Romanists
and Protestants—and it used to be said they would much
rather have Dr. M`Hale than Dr. Murray, just as we
would much rather have a man with a pitchfork over his
shoulder than a man with one under his cloak. (Hear.
hear.) Now he (Mr. Baylee) would much rather have a
Roman Catholic priest in his parish than he would a Pu-
seyite, because the puseyite brought Romanism into the
church, but the Roman Catholic brought it only outside
the door. (Great applause.) He would rather have Pu-
seyism outside the door any time. (Cheers.) In the ra-
dical papers he had himself been addressed as a Puseyite,
and spoken of as If he was a traitor, because he desired
in his own church to teach his people to love the prayer-
book of the Church of England in all its integrity. He
had never wanted to add one letter to, or to take one
letter from, it ; but he should be glad, as every sound
Protestant in that room must be, to have the service of
the church in its fulness, as laid down in the prayer-book,
(Hear.) Take, for example, the case of last Saturday,
November 30, which was marked in the prayer-book as
St. Andrew's day. What did the Bible tell us was St.
Andrew ? A disciple of John the Baptist, who, as soon
as he heard Jesus Christ, immediately followed him ; and
when he found He was the Saviour, he went and brought
his brother Simon. Now he would put it to every man
present, was it a bad thing for those who had time to
meet together in God's house, to pray, in the week-diy,
and to have brought before them what the Scriptures
taught about the holy man of God mentioned on that
day? (Hear.) As a clergyman of the Church of Eng-
land, when he entered the church he declared his un-
feigned assent and consent to all that is contained in the
Book of Common Prayer. He wanted no candles at the
Lord's table, no surplice in the pulpit : he was glad to have
a good Protestant gown in the pulpit—the emblem and
mark of the Reformation, for it was then for the first time
that the academic gown was worn in the pulpit. (CI eers.)
He wanted not the innovations of Puseyism ; and, above
all, he wanted not the doctrines of Puseyism. (Renewed
cheers.) In short, his answer was that he thought a Pu-
seyite was a papist inside the Church, and he would much
rather have a papist out of the Church. (Cheers.) The
rev. gentleman then resumed his consideration of the cha-
racter of Romanism ; and in the remaining part of his
speech, which was of great length, he showed that Popery
takes the Word of God from the people ; that it sets the
priest between the sinner and his God ; that it enfetters
the mind and enslaves the body ; and that it is dan-
gerous to the soul. _ _ _

Dr. BETTELHEIM, an Austrian physician, and a con-
verted jew, who is on his way to Palestine for the purpose
of labouring among his brethern of the house of Israel,
seconded the motion in a speech of much length. The
Doctor spoke English with fluency, and in a very ani-
mated manner he stated his conviction that by defending
Protestantism we were best advancing the great cause of
converting Jews to Christianity.
The Rev. A. IRWINE supported the motion in a most
able speech.
Signor Croce', followed, with a short narrative of the
treatment he had received at Rome, the circumstances of
which have already been published.
The motion was carried.

The Rev. D. JAMES moved " that whilst this meeting
desires to express its gratitude to Almighty God for the
national prosperity which we enjoy under the present
government, it cannot, at the same time but feel alarmed
at the concessions made to the Church of Rome, and the
continuance of the anti-protestant system of education in
Ireland." During the reading of the report he felt the
confirmation of a conviction in his own mind that we were
arrived at a crisis in the history of English Protestawism.
The persons who drew up that report must have observed
what he had observed, for they had conveyed statements
which had for some time been impressing themselves upon
his thoughts. There had been for several years past a
quiet movement, which might be called an under current,
setting in within the bosom of the Church of England,
within the domain of the Protestantism of our country.
For a time it was unobserved ; but it had acquired strength
in its progress, until it had at last burst into view in dif-
ferent parts of the empire. This movement had been de-
signated by the specious name of " a return to ancient
and Catholic' usages ;" and it had borne along with it a
large number of persons high in station and distin-
guished for piety and intellect, whilst it had also carried
with it a host of individuals whose only claim to
public notice rested upon their arrogant assumption of
authority as derivable from the sacred office which they
filled. But those who were intelligent among them, who
had put themselves forward as guides of the movement
and directors of its course, had declared openly that they
could not bring the Church of England to that standard
which properly belonged to a church of Christ, so long as
the subject of Protestantism was discussed and recom-
mended from the platform to the attention of the masses
of the people. (Cheers.) Protestantism, therefore, had
been denounced by these parties as a barrier stand,ng in
the way of those desirable improvements in the cha-
racter and condition of the Church of England, which
it was the aim of those parties to attain. (Hear,
hear.) The effect produced by this denunciation had
had been two-fold. In the first place it had produced an
impression on the mind of a great number of the true
friends of the Church of England, that our Protestantism
had something essentially wrong in it because it was stated
to be antagonistic to the progressive improvement of the
Established Church of the realm. The other effect had
been upon the class of individuals who still retained their
opinions of Protestantism—that it was the right thing—
that it was Christianity in a pure form and state, but who
had been driven to this conclusion, that it was expedient
to yield to the movement for the present, and no longer
lift up their voices against the encroachments of Popery.
He (Mr. James) was glad to hear Mr. Baylee say he
did not look with anything like despondency at this state
of things ; but it was necessary, seeing that we were ar-