The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1843-11-21 00:00:00

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD.

THE ALBERT DOCK, AND WAREHOUSES

MEETING OF THE TOWN COUNCIL.

Yesterday, a special meeting of the council was held at
tiLi rs°9m-hall, for the purpose of taking into considera-
'tiog and determining upon three separate matters men-
4ed at length in the summonses. The Mayor took the
;14 at eleven o'clock, at which time there were utwenty-
members in their respective places.
. _

LATE DISCUSSION—SIR THOS. BRANCKER.
fro"ra e MANOR said the council would have perceived,
C
the summonses, that he had resigned his situation
Co all a member and also as the chairman of the Dock
tewranoittee as he had intimated to the Town-Clerk a
the Ilan before ; and he was proceeding to remark that
kurst duty would be to fill up those vacancies, when
tolsj BRADLEY-;MORE rose and begged, with the per-
ottru of the council, before they proceeded to the busi-
keilta the day, to occupy their attention for a few m 0,11041,1
,11041,1 , n a point of privilege relating to himself. It
"' he said be recollected that, at the last meeting,
theh-ncidentall; alluded, in the course of the discussion
under consideration, to an unfounded charge which
ilra:‘,Mle time been made against the house of Sir
.Thos.
totioe4er• In doing so, he meant not to cast any impu-
sik on that firm. On the contrary, his object was
lki?.7 to show how any honourable house might be ex-
theca to a charge, however unfounded ; and, as he thought
feltteSe bore strongly on the one under discussion, he
Itly,suait he was justified in bringing it forward. (Hear.)
liter,"itld also be recollected how unceremoniously he had
ttPla down on that occasion, and called upon to re-
atit tVlat he had said. He knew that it was an unplea-
kr 1,4 to make statements without—
'ILADSTONE rose to order. If circumstances con-
mere with the discharge of his duty as chief magistrate
su htto be taken into consideration, he thought there
ill to have been some notice given of such a discussion.
totee- MAYOR said he understood Mr. Bramley-Moore
ti.entering into some explanation.
(114`' GLAnsroNE complained of the use of the sword
heerettioniously.”
bIIAYoR called on Mr. Bramley-Moore to proceed.
:'
4410,;'14AuLEY-MooRE said, it would be in the recol-
tke,4„ of the council that he had been put down on that
°stitm, and not allowed to proceed. Now, if members
t be put down in such a manner because they might
ilieje evidence immediately before them to bear out
l4' `,.,„"Y had been advancing, it might lead to
4kot `• BRANCKER.—May I ask whether Mr. Moore
Oot ItlY charge to make against me ? because, if he has
theitiocannot see what this has to do with the business of
114; .RANILEY-MOORE
Ith as,
to etNIAYOR —lf I understand his object, he is trying
his own conduct. right with the council.
40!, 1.• BRANCKER.—What he has to do with me I know

—lt has this to do with it, Sir

lklr. :Moore state shortly what his
k
1. reall„ • )
'tit& 13aasnEy-`MORE.—Certainly I shall, and as
84'1,48j possibly can.
110.4,LbRA.ZiCKEIt.—He is making charges against me.
.n.viltYoß.—That I cannot allow.
itita;NultAilLEY-MOORE.—I am not making any charge.
111 h-?, I said, on the last day, that an unfounded charge
itnit el,l° made on one occasion against Sir Thomas
011---r ; and b e I was not allowed to go into it at
thri mans
tetr, e, I think I ought to be permitted now to explain.
,bat f,:fted the statement on this ground because I did
mYself justified or authorize d to make use of the
iaror: of the gentlemen who had furnished me with the
ttlloc„,--ation, and who are acquainted v...
4atitt,'4; and, therefore, I-preferred to take
11., )oft Okri myself of retracting the staterne._
0e he names of the parties. I believe the eau,-
411 e the justice to say, that lam always anxious to con.
4eNTYSeIf to facts ; and, as I do not speak very often or
lelt'oriengthily, I trust I may be allowed to vindicate my-
%to the Present occasion. (Rear, hear.) I was called
!)port ate whether I had any proof to bring forward in
,1:ae; ,f mv ssertion. I was not in a position at the
.'4attia,?Lluee proof; but now I come forward to re-assert
'941 then stated—that a charge was made. I never
iilltPted that Sir Thomas Brancker's character was at
Nighteted by it, because it was unfunded; but I think I
doeg°e permitted to state, that I am prepared with
'ale „b
evidence to prove that such a charge w-
(Hear, hear.) All I require is, to vindicate
Ilithearacter in making the statement and hav•.
ItB,,ati,ra,,w ; and this lam now prepared to do
rh -"rig the. statement to the fullest extent.
Neeet. MAVOR.—I think you have now c'
,111.
toat -uItAMLFY-1100nE
Sir Sir (
laugh.)
Jo6RANCKER
Idiv
ut
re to do thr
ual o of de

all the circum-

nt, to the giving

ed your

—I am not quite clear about

The CHAIRMAN said, the business now before the
council consisted of the following motion, of which notice
had been given by Mr. Bushell :—" That a special com-
mittee be appointed to inquire into the charge brought
against the house of Messrs. Sands, Turner, and Co.;
and further, into the mode in which the town-dues are
collected, and as to the general management of that im-
portant department of the corporation revenue."
Mr. PARKER rose, on a question of privilege, and
called for Mr. Corrie's letter, addressed to the council, in
which his (Mr. Parker's) name was mentioned, to be
read. _

Mr. BLACKBURN said he was at a loss to know for
what purpose the letter was to be read.
Mr. PARKER said he was personally attacked in it

Mr. BLACKBURN did not Consider it an attack at all

The DEPUTY TOWN-CLERK here read that portion of
the letter which referred to Mr. Parker, and in which it
was stated that the latter, after having made a low bow,
took his leave.
Mr. PARKER thought it very evident, from this allusion
to himself, that Mr. Corrie had his favourites in the
council. He should like to know whether Mr. Corrie, if
asked questions by certain members of the council, would
think it necessary to record whether those gentlemen had
made a low bow, or any bow at all? (Hear, hear.)
The CHAIRMAN here called upon Mr. Bushell to pro-
ceed. .

Mr. BUSHELL said he must beg to receive the atten-
tion of the council while he proceeded to lay before them
the motion which he felt it his duty to put on the books
of the council. If he had not felt that he had taken some-
thing like a prominent part in the proceedings which took
place at the last council, it would have been much more
pleasing to him that some other member should have
placed this or a similar motion on the books. But he
felt this—and he trusted the explanation would be consi-
dered as his vindication—that it was important that those
who were prominent in some degree in making Mr. Sands
the mayor should show to the council the sincerity of the
views which had induced them to take the part they did,
by being the first to move for a committee to inquire into
the charge brought against the house of Mr. Sands. Per-
haps, had he consulted personal motives and considera-
tions, he should have refrained from taking this course;
but he had not yet arrived at that age of cool deliberation,
caution and discretion which would induce him to weigh
personal considerations in the balance with any duty,
public or private. He had endeavoured so to word the
motion as that it might speak for itself without entering
into any detailed comment on it. It was divided under
three heads. The two latter would necessarily merge in
the consideration of the first; but still, in order that the
duties of the committee might not be undefined, be thought
it necessary to give it the wording which it now had in the
papers before the council. The first part was as follows :
" That a special committee be appointed to inquire into
the churge brought by the collector of the town dues
against the. house of Messrs. Sands, Turner and Co."
His view of the duties of the committee was this : it was
not the duty, as he conceived, of this committee to pro-
ceed to try Sands and Co., but it was their duty to receive
such evidence as he might be prepared to give, either do-
cumentary or otherwise, to substantiate the charge which
he had brought against the house. The onus probandi,
as he conceived, rested on Mr. Corr ie. Doubtless he bad
not brought this charge against a hitherto-considered
eminent house without having good data on which to found
the charge. No doubt he considered well, when he took
the most unusual course—the writing of a letter—to
bring a charge of this kind, and when instead of acting as
he ought, instead of stopping goods upon the quay offi-
cially, and by an official act bringing the question to an
issue with Mr. Sands or anybody else. Doubtless, the
better course would have been for him to stop the goods
on the quay, and not to have written the letter.

has no power

- .
Mr. BUSHELL said it remained to be seen whether he
had the power or not. At all events, he must be pre-
pared to show that the definition between those packages
of a case and a box, a bale, and a truss, was such as
could have left no possible doubt on the minds of Sands

and Co. as to the course they should pursue in the enter-
ing of their goods. If Mr. Corrie was not so prepared to
show what the definition of the packages really was, then
it would be for the committee to inquire how far the
charge against Sands anikCo. had been or could be sub.
stantiated. He (Mr. B.) desired not to advance into what
the duties of the committee, when appointed, ought to
be. Upon the last occasion on which the council met, he
felt it right to comment on Mr. Corrie's conduct in the
matter. His course to-day was different. He did not
come to impugn Mr. Corrie's motives. The subject was
o too grave and important that he should descend to person-

have mentioned Mr. Corrie's name at all. Mr. Corrie's
conduct would be for the investigation of the committee.

msibility

and, if so, why he did not act

Mr. BUSHELL.—The old Finance Committee was in
existence assuredly.
The CHAIRMAN.—It ceased on the Ist of November,
sir.

Mr. BUSIIELL.—Did not they cease on the 9th?

The TOWN-CLERIC.—By the standing orders they cease
on the 9th, but the practice is, that all the committees are
out of office on the 31st of October.

Mr. BUSHELL.—WeII, we shall take another view.
He thought the result had proved that the ex-mayor
did not make a judicious selection of gentlemen. (A
laugh.) First of all, be had called to his aid a gentle-
man (Mr. G. H. Lawrence) who, though he might
have no hand in the death, the municipal death of Mr.
Sands, was to be benefitted by his dying, by walking
into the civic chair. He had also called to his aid an-
other gentleman (Mr. Hugh Hornby), who, by his
speeches, showed how strongly prejudiced he was in the
matter, for he not only called into question the deci-
sion of the mercantile committee, but he spoke of them
as having erected a standard of morality by which he
would not be measured. This gentleman (Mr. Hornby)
was shielded so much by the barriers of diplomatic
courtesy, that it was impossible to say anything to him
which would induce him to break them down. How
strong then must have been his prejudices,—when, be-
cause the committee of merchants had given a different
verdict from what be would haw given, he said their
morality was not to be considered the standard for his mo-
rality ; but surely Mr. Hornby must be induced to change
his country and his clime, for a higher standard of mo-
rality than such men as Mr. Brown and Mr. Potter
presented was not to be found in Great Britain. (Hear,
hear.) Mr. Bushell concluded by proposing his motion.
Mr. GRIFFITH seconded it.

Mr. BIRKETT said, he did not object to the committee
being appointed, nor to the first part of the motion, but
he had a decided objection to the latter part. He thought
it could not tend to any good result to enter upon the
general injury, rand that it might possibly lead to a great
deal of inquiry to the estate. He concluded by moving,
as an amendment, the first part of the motion—namely,
" That a special committee be appointed to inquire into
the charge brought by the Collector of the Town-dues
against the house of Messrs. Sands, Turner, and C 0.,"
and by striking out the remainder.

111 r. HODGSON said, they might be or not, as the issue
might prove, in an unhappy position, but they had no
alternative now but that of examining into the mode in
which their town-dues were collected ; and whether it
was to be attended with a loss to the revenue or a gain,
was no longer the question. If they were desiring now
to blink the examination from a fear of title or anything
else, it would show, that instead of being a fit body of
men to carry out the laws fairly, they were a picked body
of men to act the part of the coward. He cared for no
legal quibbles, nor for any lawyer's opinions, not one
straw. (Hear, and a laugh.) They were now in a posi-
tion in which they were called upon, as honourable men,
to show that they had a right to the dues they were
exacting.

Mr. ISAAC HOLMES said he was ready to defend the
house of Sands and Co., but that he should be afraid,
for the interests of the council, to take that ground of
defence which he conceived would be perfectly unan-
swerable. He concluded by saying that he would bring
forward a motion at the next council for the appoint-
ment of a committee to watch the bill which was now
about to be applied for by the commissioners of Birken-
head.

Mr. PARKER expressed a hope that the present com-
mittee would be appointed, and that the whole question
of the town dues would beErobed to the bottom.
Mr. EVANS hoped the province of the committee
would not be forestalled, and that it would be recol-
lected they were not either to accuse or to defend Mr.
Sands in the council.

Mr. H. HORNBY called upon the Town-Clerk to
state whether, as had been asserted by several gentle-
men, the corporation had not any title to the town
dues? His own belief was, that their title was as good
as that of any moo-''

_..., gentleman to his proper`.,.
Mr. NORTH believed the title to the town dues was
as firm as the rock on which the town stood.

The TOWN-CLERK said there was not the slightest
ground for doubt as to the title. It was just as good
as that of any gentleman to his estate. His latest in-
formation on the subject, was from a gentleman, now one
of the judges of the land, and his opinion was, that
the title was as clear as any subject could possess to
any estate in the kingdom.

Mr. AIKIN seconded the amendment, and suggested
that another and a separate committee should be ap-
pointed to take the whole subject into consideration.
Mr. LLOYD hoped that the original motion would
he adopted in its present shape, leaving it to the com-
mittee to divide the question with as many. parts as
they might think proper, and to report on any particu-
lar part in the first instance without going into the
general question of the management.

- The TOWN-CLERK suggested that the amendment
would embrace every subject material to the inquiry.
Mr. BnsirELL said he bad no objection to any ver-
bal alteration being made in the motion, which would
still embody his wishes. What he desired to ascertain
was, whether the present charge had been brought on
good grounds or not.

Mr. NORTII said he hungered and thirsted to vindicate
Mr. Corrie from the extremely improper discussions re-
specting him which were going on in some of the public
prints. He pledged himself that he believed he was in a
situation to prove that Mr. Currie's conduct throughout

the affair was not only pure, perfect and faithful, but that
he had been in every respect considerate and friendly to-
wards the party complained against. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. PARKER asked whether the Committee would have
power to report on other houses should the latter be im-

p- Heated ?
The TOWN-CLERK replied in the negative.
Mr. BUSHELL here withdrew the original motion, and
the amendment was unanimously adopted.
Mr. BUSHELL then moved that the special committee
consist of 15 members.
Mr. ATKIN moved as an amendment, that it consist

of nine.
MR. HENRY LAWRENCE seconded the amendment
The Council divided, when there appeared :
For a committee of 9-26
For a committee of 15-22. _

The amendment was accordingly carried. The follow-
ing members voted in the division :
For a Committee of 15.—Councillors—D. Hodgson,
Isaac Holmes, J. Edwards, J. North, J. A. Tinne, J.
Sothern, T. Royden, C. Boutflower, C. Bushell, J.
Kilshaw, R. Rigby, J. B. Lloyd, J. Parker, J. Plump-
ton, T. T. Glazebrook, A. Lace, S. L. Trotmnn, R.
Harbord. Aldermen.—R. S. Crook, J. Bramley-Moore,
E. Molyneux, T. Chilton-22. _ _

For a Committee of 9.—Councillors—F. Shand, W.
Thornhill, TlChalmers, T. BlackburnjW. Preston, J. C.
Thompson, Henry Holmes, J. Aikin, H. Hornby,
J. Holmes, G. G. Hornby, W. Birkett, H. Lawrence,
R. Gladstone, G. H. Lawrence, J. S. Leigh, A. Smith,
Jun. Aldermen—T. B. Barclay, T. Bulley, R. Griffith,
J. Lawrence, Sir T. Brancker, J. H. Turner, W. P.
Freme, J. Moon, E. Evans-26.
Mr. BUSHELL asked whether Messrs. North and Lace
would consent to act as members of the Committee?
Mr. NORTH said his determination was not to serve.
" I think," said he, " I ought not, and I wont." (Great
laughter.)
Mr. LACE also replied in the negative.

Mr. BUSHELL then read out a-list of the Committee
he wished to have appointed, as:follows :—Messrs. Hodg-
son, Shand, Tinne, Lloyd, Aikin. Crooke, Bramley.
Moore, Evans, and Blackburn.
Messrs. Evans, Blackburn, and Aikin wished to be
excused from serving.
Mr. Ancirr said he had drawn up his list of the
Committe as follows :—Messrs. Crooke, Lloyd, Bushell,
Moore, Gladstone, Brancker,lG. H. Lawrence, H. Horn.
by, and Evans.
Mr. BUSHELL moved Mr. Hodgson a member.
Mr. Isaac HOLMES seconded it.
Mr. GRIFFITH moved, as an amendment, ISir Thos.
Brancker.
Mr. BLACKBURN seconded it.
The Council divided, when there appeared—
For Sir Thomas Brancker ....
For Mr. Hodgson l9
The following members voted in the division :
For Mr. Hodgson.— Messrs. Shand, Isaac Holmes
Thompson, J. Edwards, J. A. Tinne, J. Sothern, T.
Royden, G. G. Hornby, C. Boutflower, C. Bushell, J.
Kilshaw, R. Rigby, .1. B. Lloyd, J. Parker, J. Plumpton,
R. Harbord. Aldermen—R. S. Crook, J. Bramley.
Moore, T. Chilton-19.
For Sir T.ißrancker—Messrs. Thornhill, Chalmer, T.
Blackburn, W. Preston, Henry Holmes, J. Aikin, H.
Hornby, J. Holmes, W. Birkett, H. Lawrence, R. Glad-
stone, J. Hornby, G. H. Lawrence, J. S. Leigh, S. L.
Trotman. Aldermen—T. B. Barclay, R. Houghton, T.
Bulley, R. Griffith, J. Lawrence, J. H. Turner, W. P.
Freme, E. Molyneux, J. Moon, E. Evans-25.

Mr. BUSHELL moved Mr. Shand.
Mr. G. H. LAWRENCE seconded it—agreed to.
Mr. BUSHELL moved Mr. Aikin.
Mr. H. LAWRENCE seconded it.—agreed to.
Mr. BusHELL moved Mr, Tinne.
Mr. HonGsos seconded it.—Agreed to.
Mr. BUSHELL moved Mr. Lloyd.
Mr. RIGBY seconded it—Agreed to.
Mr. BUSHELL moved Mr. Crooke.
Mr. FREME moved, as an amendment, Mr. Gladstone.
Mr. GLADSTONE regretted that anything should have
been said of an unpleasant nature respecting the pain-
ful position Mr. Sands was placed in at the period when
he first received Mr. Corrie's communication ; and he
regretted still more that those remarks should have pro-
ceeded from a quarter from which, he must confess, he
was not prepared to expect them. He thought the
members of the council would have no difficulty in be-
lieving that when he received that communication from
Mr. Corrie no mayor was ever placed' in a more trying
position. (Hear.) He could assure them sincerely
that be never entertained, throughout the transaction, any
animus towards Mr. Sands of an unfriendly nature. His
only desire was, to discharge his duty fearlessly and inde-
pendently, and to take care that a charge of delay, attri-
butable perhaps in some degree to an officer of the corpo-
ration, should not be laid at his door; and he believed
no member could say that he had not acted discreetly by
consulting with the gentlemen with whom he had akised.
His first wish was, to consult Sir Thos. Btanc*.r and
Mr. Hugh Hornby only, than whom he conVdered
there were no two gentlemen in the council better calcu-
lated to afford him valuable assistance. (Hear, bear.)
He named those two gentlemen to the Town-clerk, who
considered that, irrespectively of his being one of the
candidates spoken of for the mayoralty, he ought to
send for Mr. George Hall Lawrence, he b •

Under these circumstances, he hoped he should stand free
from blame in the opinion of the council. (Hear, hear.)
With respect to having his own name placed upon the
committee, he concurred in the remarks which had been
made by Mr. Bushell to some extent. It was possible
that when the examination should have been gone into,
he might be called upon to give evidence—to state
what passed between Mr.- Corrie and himself, and
also what fell from Mr. Sands in his presence ; and on
this ground, he hoped the Council would allow him to
withdraw his name. (Hear. hear.) With regard to the
expression be had made use of on the last occasion, whilst
he was acting as Mayor, and when he stated that there
did appear to be a prima fade case acainst Mr. Sands,
he contended that he was justified in making use of that
expression. He defied any gentleman to read the letter
which he had received from Mr. Corrie, and to say
that there was not a prima fade case against Mr.
Sands. Here was a prima facie case until the cir-
cumstances represented were refuted. What else
could be the meaning of the words? (Hear.) If he,
knowing what had been stated by Mr. Corrie, had shown
any shyness in making use of such an expression, he
should have neglected his duty ; for here was a charge of
evasion of the Town-dues, a?d was he to stand on cere-
mony in such a case? (Hear, hear.) He had no feeling
towards Mr. Sands but a friendly one ; and he believed
the gentlemen whom he had consulted upon the subject
would one and all say that he had, on every occasion, felt
the deepest interest for Mr. Sands, and the greatest an-
xiety that nothing more should be said or done than was
absolutely required. (Hear, hear.) He had first heard
of the charge on the 6th instant; and suppose that there
had been a :Finance Committee then in existence, and
that he had summoned them together to hear the charge,
the matter would have been made public. But by con-
fiding in a few, the matter remained a secret until the
meeting of the Council; so that in this instance he had
done Mr. Sands a kindness, for which he was deserving
the thanks rather than the reprobation of any member of
the Council. (Hear, hear.)
The council divided, when there appeared :
For Mr. Gladstone ..
For Mr. Cooke 2O

The following members voted in the division :
For Mr. Crooke.—Messrs. D. Hodgson, Isaac Holmes,
J. C. Thompson, J. A. Tinne, J. Sothern, W. Birkett,
C. Bouttlower, C. Bushell, R. Gladstone, J. Kilshaw, R.
Rigby, J. B. Lloyd, J. Parker, J. Plum pton, S. L.
Trotman, R. Harbord. Aldermen—R. Houghton, J.
Lawrence, J. Bram ley-Moore, T. Chilton-20.
For Mr. Gladstone.—Messrs. F. Shand, W. Thornhill,
T. Chalmers, T. Blackburne, W. Preston, J. Edwards, H.
Holmes, J. Aikin, H. Hornby, H. Lawrence, J. Hornby.
G. H. Lawrence, J. S. Leigh. Aldermen—T. B. Bar-
clay, T. Bulley, R. Griffith, Sir T. Brancker, J. H.
Turner, W. P. Freme, E. Molyneux, J. Moon, E.
Evans-23.

Mr. BIRKETT proposed Mr. Crooke.
Mr. H. LAWRENCE seconded it..—Agreed to.
Mr. BUSHELL proposed Mr. Bran]ley-Moore.
Mr. HODGSON seconded it.
Mr. GRIFFITH proposed, as an amendment, Mr. Hugh
Hornby.
Mr. BULLEY seconded it.

The Council divided, when there appeared
For Mr. Bramley-Moore ....... . :
For Mr. Hornby . .

The following members voted in the division :
For Mr. Brantley-3foore.—Messrs. Hodgson, Shand, I.
Holmes, J. C. Thompson, J. Edwards, J. North, Henry
Holmes, H. Hornby, J. A. Tinne, J. Sothern, T. Royden,
G. G. Hornby, W. Birkett, H. Lawrence, C. Boutflower,
C. Bushell, J. Kilshaw, R. Rigby, J. B. Lloyd, J. Par-
ker, J. Plumpton, J. S. Leigh, S. L. Trotman, R. Har-
bord, R. Houghton, R. S. Crook, E. Molyneux, and T.
Chilton.-28.

For Mr. Hornby.—Messrs. W. Thornhill, T. Chalmer,
T. Blackburn, W. Preston, J. Aikin, J. Holmes, R.
Gladstone, J. Hornby, G. H. Lawrence, T. B. Barclay,
T. Bulley, R. Griffith, Sir T. Brancker, J. H. Turner,
W. P. Freme, J. Bramley-Moore, J. Moon, and E.
Evans.-18.

Mr. H. LAWRENCE moved Mr. Hugh Hornby.
Mr. HENRY HOLMES seconded it.
Mr. ISAAC HOLMES proposed, as an amendment, Mr,
Bushell. _ .

The Council divided, when there appeared
For Mr. Bushell
For Mr. Hornby

The following nernbers voted in the division :
For Mr. Bushell.—Messrs. D. Hodgson, F. Shand, I.
Holmes, J. C. Thompson, J. Edwards, H. Herlihy, J.
A. Tinne, J. Sothern, T. Royden, G. G. Hornby, W.
Birkett, C. Boutflower, J. Kilshaw, R. Rigby, J. B.
Lloyd, J. Parker, G. H. Lawrence, J. Plumpton, J. S.
Leigh, S. L. Trotman, R. Harbord, R. Houghton, Sir
T.Brancker, R. S. Crook, J. Bramley -Moore, E. Evans.
and T. Chilton.-27.

For Mr. Hornby.—Messrs. Thornhill, Chalmers, T.
Blackburn, W. Preston, Henry Holmes, J. Aikin, J.
Holmes, H. Lawrence, U. Bushell, R. Gladstone, J.
Hornby, T. B.' Barclay, T. Bulley, R. Griffith, J. H.
Turner, W. P. Freme, E. Molyncux, and J. Moon.-18
The nine members having been here elected, the com-
mittee stands constituted as follows :--Messrs. Brancker,
Shand, Aikin, Thine, Lloyd, Gladstone, Crooke, Bramlev-
Moore, and Bushell.
The Council adjourned at a quarter after two o'clock.

FANCY BREAD.—There is no season of the year at
which fancy and currant bread is in greater request than
at that which appioximates to Christmas. Mr. Gibbons,
whnse advertisement will he found in ;mother rninmn.

who is direct from the " Land o' Cakes," has now a
splendid establishment in London-road, at which all the
rarities in this line are produced in the greatest perfec-
tion. Those who have savour for delicacies would do well
to patronise him.

STEALING ACow.—OnFriday week,at the Police-court,
William Turner, a young man of decent appearance, was
charged before Mr. Rushton, with having stolen a cow,
belonging to Mr. Joseph Dodson, cattle dealer, of Kirk-
dale. It appeared, from Mr. Dodson's statement, that
the cow, which belonged to him, had strayed from a field
in Derby-road, behind the Zoological Gardens, and that
the prisoner had afterwards stolen the animal. Another
witness deposed to the hide of the animal having been tra-
ced to a tan yard, and it was sworn to as the one belong-
ing to the cow stolen from Mr. Dodson. It was then

dis-covered on reference to the plan that the field was in
Everton township, and Mr. Rushton told the parties they
must bring the matter before the magistrates for the
county.

PAVING AND SEWERAGE CommrsszoNEns.--OnThurs.
day, a meeting of the inhabitants assessed to the relief of
the poor in this town, was held in the Sessions-house
Chapel-street, for the purpose of filling up the vacancies
in the Board of Commissioners, for the better paving and
sewerage of the town. There were only about twenty-
five persons present, and those were chiefly members of
the Board. Mr. Thomas Kaye was called upon to pre-
side.—Mr. E. G.Deane having read the notice of meeting,
stated that there were ten vacancies to fill up, five elected
from the Council, and five from the rate-payers. On the
motion of Mr. James Aspinall, seconded by Mr. James
Lawrence, Messrs. D. Hodgson, John Nelson Wood, and
John Holmes, were re-elected. Mr. J. A Tinne was ap-
pointed in the place of Mr. John Shaw Leigh, disqualified
in consequence of not having attended for six months,
and Mr. Robertson Gladstone to fill up the vacancy
caused by his own resignation during the period he was
Mayor. On the motion of Mr. James Lawrence, the
following gentlemen were appointed from the rate-payers:
—Mr, James Proctor, in the place of Mr. George Hol-
den, Mr. John Whitby, in the place of Mr. Edward
Gibbon, and Messrs. Wm. Guyton, J. Kilshaw, and
John Fletcher, who retired by rotation, were re-elected.
The treasurer, Mr. Capes Ashlin, read a statement of the
accounts for the past year. For the information of our
readers we give the following abstract of the accounts :
The paving and flagging rate collected during the year,
ending 30th September, for 1841 and 1842, at Bd. in the
pound, amounted to £20,846 Bs. 6d. ; amount received
from the Corporation and other parties in lieu of paving
certain streets, £6843 3s. sd. ; sewerage rate for 1842 at
2d. in the pound, £4788 9s. 6d. ; arrears and other
amounts received on account of sewarage, £1458 18s.
10d. ; balance in treasurer's hands as per last account,
£3Ol 14s. 9d. ; making the total receipts, £34,238 ss. Od.
The expenditure of the Board was as follows :—Due to
the bank, £4293 19s. 9d. ; paving, flagging, &c., £17,541
13s. 9d. • watering the streets, £1797 6s. 4d. ; salaries,
£1477 12s. 3d. ' • sewerage, £8414 7s. sd. ; expenses in
obtaining the Water Bill, £1921 2s. 9d. • leaving in the
bank, £3773 Bs. 4d. ; and in the hands of the treasurer,
£lB 14s. sd. .

DOCK COMMITTEE.—THURSDAY.—Present, Messrs.
Horsfall, (in the chair,) Barclay, Holt, Holmes, Middle-
ton, Smith, Molyneux, Nicol, Bulley, Evans, Royden,
Tobin, Moore, Sandbach, Moon, Ripley, Chilton, and
Aikin.—The secretary reported that the contract with the
New Gas Company for lighting seventy-five of the dock
lamps bad expired. In reply to a question, he added that
£6 per lamp per annum was paid to the New Company,
and only £4 to the Old Company. Some conversation
then arose as to the utility of the bude light and naptha
lamps. Mr. Moore said the latter were used in London,
and were much cheaper than gas. It was ultimately re-
solved that inquiries should be made as to the expense of
these lights, and that application should also be made to
both gas companies, in order to ascertain for what sum
they would supp y the gas if that-mode of lighting was
again adopted.—Permission was given to the Dock Sur-
veyor to let the King's Dock dry, after the usual notices,
in order that the works of the gates might be examined,
and the necessary repairs made.—lt was agreed that the
rent of £670 per annum should be charged for the use,
by the, officers of the crown, of the three southernmost
transit sheds.—A new life boat of the large size, for the
Liverpool station, was ordered to be built.—Ten shillings
each were ordered to be given to such of the crew of the
tecfßtHrihhr:iaseoaprlittlylnreoltmoaymhekt e life-boat as rescued the hands of the schooner
Repute, on the morning of the 14th of October.—A letter
from the Birkenhead and Chester Railway Company, so-
liciting permission to place a hut on the quay of George's
Pier, was referred to Mr. Whitty.—The notice of the in-
tention of the Birkenhead Commissioners to apply to par-
liament for permission to build docks at Wallasey Pool
was ordered to lie on the table till next week.—A letter
crnexpe.
cploSatorfnaef
ntssnt
heshdoewesefd,
intentiontdrhi
oleiecss ki
committee,ngs
suen wrianp ngdr surprid
se
docks
thenaast
sphs
pawsr
ltei
eiytanturdhtefaoo.
et_rionomnTnoeth tdi a setehs
secretary met parliamenta ec
bomifmeolshould).r—enirphirAotaeacnaverddee:
e
g ab fe t
properee n g r
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coursevr
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s. before
It
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the
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p anda Hng ev
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htouie thoughtd l e theo notices
on

In the early part of March last we gave some account
of the operations, up to that date, in constructing the
Albert Dock and Warehouses, west of the Salthouse
Dock,—in the formation of which a considerable space
(forming an indenture in the original line of sea-wall, be-
tween the Canning Dock Slip, north, and the Duke's
Pier-bead, south,) had to be taken in from the river bank,
and made available as land for the west wall of the new
dock ; for the warehouses on that side ; and also fora ma-
rine parade beyond them. As the works are accessible to
individuals not connected with them, only by ticket from
the Chairman of the Dock Committee, and as an inspec-
tion of them by strangers is attended with some difficulty,
if not danger, we have again visited them, under the im-
pression that in reporting progress, before the severities
of winter fully set in, we shall gratify many of our readers
who take an interest in the improvement and extension
of our harbour accommodations.

Considering the magnitude of the works, and the ob-
stacles to be overcome,—more particularly from the ne-
cessity found of piling over a great extent, in order effec-
tually to secure the foundations of most of the outward
walling,—we should say that the whole have proceeded
as rapidly and as favourably as could reasonably be ex-
pected, though the prolonged obstructions at the Salt-
house Dock (commenced on its own reconstruction and
deepening, and necessarily continued to a considerable
extent by the present operations) have naturally given
some annoyance to parties carrying on business in that
quarter.

The works are approached, at the north end, from the
quay between the Salthouse and the Canning Docks, by
a handsome swing bridge (already completed) across the
gut or entrance between those two docks. This bridge,
unlike those hitherto constructed at our docks, is of dou-
ble width, having two lines of roadway, with a wide foot-
path on each side. This will afford much greater accom-
modation (the want of which has elsewhere been much
felt), as carts or carriages, going or returning, will be
enabled to proceed in their respective directions, without
meeting and being stopped by other vehicles. The in-
creased width of the bridge necessarily requires it to be
of greater length, from the segmental termination of each
of its two parts forming portions of a larger circle. It is
similar in principle to the other bridges, on the castings
below (which form a handsome perforated arch); and it
has this obvious advantage, that its upper surface, in place

of rising in a segment in the middle, is on a dead level
I with the adjoining ground. The winches by which it is
turned also form four rather ornamental posts at the cor-
ners (not on the quay), so that the men turning it are
swung round along with it, without being at all in the
way. The gearing is simple and effective, and the speed,
in moving round so massive a combination of iron and
wood, considerably increased. It is, including the foot-
ways, 25 feet wide, and (measuring it by pacing) about
106 feet in length, from the extreme extension of each
horizontal segment of the woodwork. The two carriage-
ways are divided by large rounded castings of iron, form-
ing a ridge which, when bridge is closed, no wheel can pass
upon or over, so that contact will be avoided. The foot-
paths, which are also wider than usual, are planked with
a hard and durable yellow West India wood, usually
called " green heart," and will finally be covered with
asphaltum, or a similar composition.
Passing a short distance westward from the bridge, the
visitor finds, immediately to the right, and on the north
of the new dock, the new HALF,TIDE BASIN, which will
be common to the three contiguous docks—the Albert,
the Canning, and the Salthouse. It is of an irregular
elongated squarish form, widest at the western end, with
two entrances from the river, each fitted with gates, and
divided by an oblong island constructed of huge blocks of
granite, and rounded at each end, so as to form a sort of
oval. A little above the island, and on the south side, is a
passage (with another fine bridge in course of construction
across it) into the Albert Dock ; and at its eastern extre-
mity there is another entrance into the Canning Dock,
which has a similar communication by the passage before
noticed, spanned by the double-roaded bridge. This basin
is capacious, (covering an area of 112,000 yards,) and will
accommodate a considerable number of ships, as in a wet
dock. By means of the gates below, they may also pro-
ceed to sea at any time when they have sufficient water
outside. The bottom level is nine feet deeper than the
bottom of the original Old Dock Sill, and men are em-
ployed in puddling and levelling it. A great portion of the
old wall of the Old Dock entrance has been left standing,
as available, on the north side. The other walls are en-
tirely new, and were not only piled, but are being sheathed
with strong planks of beech timber, driven by piling ma-
chines into; the ground near their bases, to prevent the
possibilitYYM the water getting under the foundations.
These planks are driven close and grooved into each other
in the manner sometimes adopted in making coffer dams,
so that they form a protecting wall of wood, under the
clay, &c., at the bottom of the basin, the durability of
which (being always under water) will probably he co-
equal with the world itself, as we have no instance on
record of timber decaying in such a position.
The area in which the works are going on, including
about
seven a luer acres.acres
it
l
and the excavation within it has greatly advanced since
ALBERTuay and
r)
o warehouses,c K itself
will
o be
es i
aboutstsof
our last notice, though there is still a great deal to be
extent, Th
The
done in this department, particularly at the west side,
where some parts of the ground near the old sea-wall are
vet unbroken. A great number of men are busily engaged
unon it ; and it is expected to be finished about eight

months hence. The walling is completed on the east side

a large portion at the south end, and a considerable part
at the north—the whole of the foundations being so far
successfully laid. The piling for the west wall has recently

been commenced, and considerable advancement has been
made at its northern extremity. This wall will be a little
outside, or westward of the old line of wall, part of wliich,
in a dilapidated state, yet remains, including the corner of
what was formerly known as Skipton's wharf, and in
which is cut Roman numeral figures to indicate the
height of the tide up to XXIV at the top. In making the
excavations, in what may be termed the original bed or
bank of the river, a noble pair of deer's antlers, and also
a huge pair of bull's horns, were found by the workmen.
The whole length of the new sea-wall is about 1,000
feet. About half of this may be said to be done, or in
foundation, and the piling southwardgoes on with activity
when the tide permits. This wall has taken away a great
part of, or in othertwords, is extended upon, the sands
known as Blackaller'i Bank, and it has already had the
effect of reducing Pluckington Bank, further south. The

piles are driven so as to form, when home, diagonal rows
along the foundation line, and are of great size and thick-
ness, being, in fact, large beech trees, with merely the
branches smoothed off, and average 10 to 12 feet long.
When down, the tops are sawn flush off, an excavation is
then made round them, about two feet deep, which is
filled up with rough grout-work and large Yorkshire flags,
(of nine inches thick,) being placed on this bed, the whole
is surmounted by the sea-wall. We cannot say much for
the "appearance" at a distance of the new system of
mural architecture as displayed in this sea-wall ; for the
larger pieces stuck in, apparently promiscuously, amongst
the smaller, which are more mixed with the mortar, pre-
sent a sort of patchwork that rather offends the eye.
Strength, not beauty, however, has alone been the object.
The new dock will be surrounded by fire-proof WARE-
HOUSES, of the most approved construction. The walls
of these—nearly all already above ground—are of fine
brick-work, of unusual thickness, and all cemented with
the Halkin lime. We penetrated some of the lower
vaults or cellars, by the aid of torch light, in company
with Mr. Miller, the intelligent superintendent of the
works, and were quite lost in amazement. They are of
great extent, and built in successions of arches, or grond,
both ways, formed dimpled compartments in the roof, sup-
ported interiorly by strong iron pillars, in rows, running
longitudinally with the building, and betwee4 which are
strong beams of cast-iron, each, with an arched ridge on
itnh
veetrot
epd, at
he segmentuprgh ot fp art which
be
nwgo utlhde
riresembledgebutthteh
the
letter T
angles
(in such illustration) being rounded and strengthened in
the casting by additional metal. The iron pillars are
based and well secured, each on the top of a large circular
Yorkshire flag, which rests on a columnar base, under
ground, of strong brick-work supported on piles. Similar
iron pillars will be joined on the top of those below, one
over the other perpendicularly for each story—the whole
being vaulted from top to bottom of the buildings, so that
they will be all strictly fire-proof. Such is the strength of
the mortar and brick arches, that we are told the iron
beams or ribs might be removed after all is set, (were
that thought worth while,) and the building would still
stand and bear any reasonable weight. Granite stair-
cases lead down to these dark subterraneous vaults, and
those finished are at present covered with clay to keep
out the anticipated frost of the present winter, and which
will be removed in the spring. The south and south-east
stacks of warehouses have all the lower vaults already
turned, and the foundation pillars of nearly all the rest
are made good to the commencement of the iron columns.
The range on the west side will be magnificent. extending
the full length of the dock,and the whole will be six stories
in height. The whole area • occupied by the warehouses
will be 13(3,000 square yards. _ _ _

• a . _
There is passage for vessels between the new dock and
the Salthouse Dock, and the swing-bridge is campleted.
A number of stationary steam engines on the ground are
employed in piling, pumping, mortar-grinding, &c., and
there are numerous temporary railways for the excavations
and transport of materials, running in every direction, and
crossing here and there bridges of balks. A moveable
coffer-dam, of iron, is used for the outward wall-work,
and the whole of the apparatus is of the best description,
suggested by the improvements of civil engineering. The
water is drawn from the coffer-dam by a syphon pipe, and
afterwards dischafged by chain pumps. A new engine is
also in course of erection at the south-west corner, for the
works in that quarter, and, we learn, that the same par-
ties have been engaged to form a new line of continuous
E ea- wall along the front of the Duke's Dock, southward,
up to the corner of the King's Dock Pier, at the Tobacco
Warehouse.

•
The ground gained, from the old sea-wall to the present
one, is about 230 feet in width off the river. Immediately
westward of the west range of warehouses, there will be a
cart road, walled in,the whole length of the new dock, and
beyond it a marine parade along its whole extent.
As a proof of the excellence of the mortar, we may state
that the outer stank temporarily built with it, in a sweep
of a large circle, to keep the tide out of the basin, is now
being removed in large fragments of mingled stone and
beck, so cemented en masse, that each portion is found
available as materials for the new wall-work.

WATCH COMMITTEE.-At a meeting of the Watch
Committee, on Thursday last, Mr. Alderman James Law-
rence was re-appointed chairman, and Mr. Jas. Aspinall

hairman

THE POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY

IMPORTANT TO RAILWAY COMPANIES.
the monthly meeting of the Liverpool Polytechnic
Society, on Tuesday last, Mr. Grantham, president, in the
chair, Mr. Edward Woods, for several years resident
engineer of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, read
a paper entitled' a " Review of the circumstances which
have effected the consumption of fuel in the locomotive
engines of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway from
the opening to the present time."
Mr. Woons introduced the subject by a few observa-
tions on the amount of information possessed by engineers
up to the period when Mr. Stephenson obtained a prize
for the performance of the " Rocket, at Rainbill." He
said it would be wrong to condemn as absurd the various
opinions that had been given byeminent engineers against
tht locomotive system, when in all.probability the speed
of the Rocket as much astonished Ir. Stephenson him-
self as it did the thousands who Egpmbied to watch its
rapid progress on the important day of trial. It was the
direct consequence of an entirely new arrangement, and
chiefly the application of a boiler of a peculiar construc-
tion, the invention of Mr. 11. Booth, the talented trea-
surer of the company. From this sprang several improve-
ments, and after a short period the " Planet" engine was
produced, which has since been accounted the type of its
class. The general disposition of the parts of this engine
have been retained to the present day, although great im-
provements in the details have taken place. He would,
however, confine himself to considering one point alone,
viz., the economy of the fuel.
For the first few years atter the opening of the railway,
the attention of the engineers was entirely directed to the
pressing and paramount necessity of securing regularity
and in increasing the speed of the trains; and in doing so
the question of fuel was but little considered, and the con-
sequence was, that instead of economizing, the consump-
tion of fuel greatly increased. In 1836, with a view to
increasing the speed, some engines, with a very short
stroke, were constructed, hut, unfortunately, a still more
extravagant use of fuel was now required, and this was
erroneously referred to the mechanical disadvantage of
the short stroke.
Mr. Woons then described the operation of the
common-slide valve as then applied to locomotives, and
showed in what way the steam was admitted into the cy-
linder, and then allowed to escape into the atmosphere.
The periods at which these operations were to be per-
formed were of the greatest importance. On the proper
. .

timing of the valves
the successful workii

always

,en the piston

the custom so to regulate the valves, that
was ready to begin its stroke the steam post began to open,
and at the same time the pent-up steam on the other side
began to escape. As far as the admission of steam was
concerned, this plan would answer,—but as respected the
release, the performance of the valve was very unsatis-
factory.

organ to suspect that
t be made by altering the valve

From various causes the engines beg.._
great improvements migh by altering
so as to allow the steam to escape from the cylinders be-
fore the piston arrived at the end of the stroke; and se•
veral engines were slightly altered, ar
merit took place ; but the best
obtained by Mr. Dewrance, a-
Woods, who so arranged the sj''
passage was not only partially, but wide open, when tilt,
piston had arrived at the end of the stroke. All these
peculiarities Mr. Woods illustrated by full sized draw-
ings, which made his reasoning very clear to all present.
The consumption. of -fuel now began to decrease, as
would be seen by reference to the tables which were also
exhibited ; and for loads which had at one time required
491bs. of coal per mile,-151bs. were now sufficient.

reat mprove-
fterwards
ider Nlr.

,sult Was

Mr. WOODS enumerated several other causes which had
operated to economise the fuel, such as weighing the coke
supplied to each engine,
ing was effected by the

Iterations before

exhausting passages of the cylinders. To;
of the importance of these improvements I
company, Mr. Woods showed that, thong
of work performed•from 1838 to.bad
varied, yet the consumption of fuel had beer
12,604 tons to 3395 tons. We very mu
limits will not allow us to give more of t
lroeepol emt eo
tai sit v
ediespwa,ri
ttnh information
e ilto frailways.
of great
The PRESIDENT fully confirmed wha
so well described, and thought that suc
most valuable to engine makers, Rho I
tage of watching minutely the operatic
when at work. He also stated, that
in the position of the valves of
since, in this port, had pr

he quantity
t materially

laced from

ret that our

valuable paper

t iwportanceto-ti

iat:on was
he advan-

e engines some year

uced a hen

me eltera

An interesting discus'sion then took place, inthecourse
of which the subject of some great improvement in the
metal for the step of axle boxes, and other steps of engines,
was introduced, when Mr. Woods kindly offered to show
some specimens to the members.

The PRESIIWNT, in dismissi
tice that at their nest monthly meeti
duty, in conformity with their rules, ti
dress ; and be proposed, on the same
forward the subject of the screw propeller, and invited t
members to bring ti

The first caro of

Friday, per the ship Kil

At the Police-cour
50s. and 60s. S.oin:

were fined 10

for New Orleans. The t
5,645 tons. Two other v
the past week, the tonnaE

SIGNS OF IMPROVEMENI
can Gibb, Esq., entered..a
vessels for different parts
Africa, one for Asia, four fk
South Wales. The aggreLl
was 5,950 tons.

Captain Male, f

New Or

,ban seven
~ oue for

Am eric

for Nev

FATAL ACCIDENT,.
longing to the brig M

intoxication, and le
in the Queen's Doc
Hospital, where he

SOother
ice of th

BIRKENHEAD

per of Saturday, who appears to be al
bearings of this subject, strongly urge
Chamber of Commerce, " after exami
report upon the advantages that will ai
and the country generally from the
Wallasey Pool."

—On. Tuesday, the
who was so severely

THE AFFRAY WITH POACHER
unfortunate man, Richard Kenyon
wounded in an affray with poacher
expired. John Shaw, who, as stated in our I
charged with shooting at him, was again "
Kirkdale on Wednesday, and was committ
a charge of wilful murcl

Knowsley, has

btup

eci for trial o.

—About seven o'clock
fire was discovered in a stable
at the rear of some premises belonging to a baker, named
Phillips. The flames were subdued in the course of half
an hour, and the damagc, which was confined to some

on Saturday evening

at the top of(

bay, straw, and part of the building, was not consider
able.

COTION.—The estimated
on the 17th Noveniber 1842, v
the 17th inst., 677,780 bales; be
as compared with last year, of
crease of imports, up to the 11th ins
with the same date last year, was 425,233 ba
on the exports, to the same date, the decrease
bales.

an increase of stock

The in-
vmpared

;
Ls 12,903

FATAL CASUALTIE, Tuesday Itlbt,
Mersey, steamer, from this port to Kingstown, was off
Holyhead, a heavy gale blowing from the northwest,
one of the crew slipped overboard from the padddle-box
and was drowned in view of all the passengers-
Thursday morning, as the same vessel w--
Kingstown harbour, a male passenger fell overo
was drowned.

enteric

During the week ending t
ceived in our corn market 15,300 loads of oatmeal. From
Canada there were reported 877 quarters of wheat, 4,768
barrrels of flour, and 171 barrels of peas. Some hundreds
of barrels of United States flour have been sold, in bond,
at 225. to 225. 6d. per barrel. At the same period last
year the price of the last-named article was 265. 6d. to
275. 6d. per barrel.
CANARY Snow.—On Monday last the annual show of
the canary-fanciers of this town and neighbouhood took
place at the house of Mr. Walker, Great Howard-- -
The specimens were decidedly the best ever yet plc
and afforded the highest gratification to
present. The following were the succes
—Mr. W. Jones Ist prize, Mr. Bach
Jacob 3d for the yellow plain heads
and Mr. Owens 2d for tt
Ist prize, Mr. Sixsmith.
Owens 4th for the best buff plain beads. Mr. Jacob is
and Mr. Sixsmith 2d for the buff coppeys. A handsom,
silver snuff-box was also presented .to Mr. Jones, and
bird's cage, value two guineas, to Mr. Jacob, for the first
prizes in the yellow plain heads and yellow coppeys

re were re

mpetitors

i, and Mr

str. Jacob Ist prize
M r. Jacob
4, and Mr.

.low coppeys

SIR W. M. STANLEY'S HouN
met on Friday at. Bidston Hill
ately, but could not be laid on, of
foot people. They therefore trotted
a gallant fox broke away over the
Stanley Gorse, through Barnston D
was head back to the dale, but made I
the famous steeple-chase ground for
bridge, through Humberston pits, to
and back again to Pentron, in one hou
Then he again faced the open country
row, skirting Thing w all, where the hot
men and horses being completly done,
states, that he never saw men or hom
though many casualities occurred, t
every person went away highly delighte

rack pa

to the nurot

ntry for
tap. He

liebbington

for Land

A SWINDLER.—An ingenious and successful fraud tuts
been lately played, in the district about Manchester, by
fellow who, having acquainted himself -"t- ".- n'r^.
and some other particulars of thos --
abroad, has made it his busine
that be has been the bearer of
present to them from their ft
beine landed

]d forty minutes.
an, Ar-
mtiere stopped,
1 .portsman
er, and,

s to visi

111C1.1,

should