The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1843-03-28 00:00:00

COMMITMENT TO THE ASSP;;E.

trial, on two charges of uttering base coin

THE HALIFAX AND BOSTON BOYAL7MAIL STEAM -
SH IPS.—We draw attention to the advertisement of the
Halifax and Boston steamers in our advertising columns.

3ernia is appointed to lenve Liverpool

observe, is reduced to thirty guineas, with one guinea, stew

west complete steam-ship afloat

ALGANODELLA SEED.—A Treasury order was last we
received, which, pursuant to the recommendation of

Board of Trade, directs that this article (commonly called
algarobilla) he charged the same duty as bark, namely, 3d.
per ca•t. A prior Treasury Order hail ilitp,tpil it 1,.

•• • ••
charged with the same duty as st;eklac, which then paid is.,
but now pays only Id. per cwt. Previously, algarobilla was
charged an ad valorem duty as "unrated."
FINES "UPON PUBLICANS AND BIEHRSELLERS.—TV,Crity-
five infor-mations were heard, on Friday. forinfractions of the
law for regulating the sale of sale and spirits in the town.
Of these, thirteen were against publicans, which were dis-
posed of as follows :—Two £5 each and costs, (second con-
viction,) one £4 and coats, three £5 each and costs, two :C2
each and costs, two £1 each and costs, two postponed, and
one acquitted. There were twelve informations against beer-
sellers, which were disposed of in the following manner :
one (second conviction,) £5 and costs, one (also a second
conviction,) £3 and costs, seven £2 and costs, one 10s. and
costs, one postponed, and one acquitted. Total amount of
fines, £76.

FIRE.—On Saturday afternoon, about half-past four o'clock
intelligence was conveyed to the tire-police station that a fire
had broken out in the Old Quay Company's yard, at George's
Dock. In one corner of the yard were about five hundred
crates of glass bottles, packed in straw, the property of the
Bank Quay Company. Three engines were quickly got into
play, and the flames, which for a short time raged very
fiercely, were quickly quelled. About one hundred of the
crates were destroyed. It is supposed that some sparks
from the engine communicated the fire to the straw. The
property was not insured.
ELECTION OF GOVERNOR OF THE WORKTIOUSE.—The
deputation of gentlemen who went to the south to enquire
into the system and success of the management of several
workhouses, which had been under the charge of some of the
candidates remaining on the list as elegible for the vacancy
of our House of Industry, were, it appears, detained by cir-
cumstances, beyond their intended time. They were, how-
ever, expected here last night, and we learn that in all pro-
bability the election will take place this day. We are
unable to state which of the nine will be the favoured
individual—several of them having high claims to pre-
ference.

STEALING COTTON.—Three persons, named Joseph Ma-
kenzie, William Collister, and Robert Samuels, alias Stretch,
alias Hurst, were placed at the bar, on Friday, charged with
stealing a bale of cotton from the King's Dock quay, the pro-
perty-of Mr. Hydes, of Oldhall-street. It appeared that the
cotton was unloading from a vessel which was lying in the
dock, and Makenzie was employed to assist in removing the
bales to Mr. Hydes's warehouse, but they were not to be
taken until the evening of Thursday. However, the prisoner
hired a cart, and was in the act of having the hales carted to
Launcelot's-hey, when the police interfered, and they were
taken into custody. Committed for trial.
AGATE BETTONS.—A new and very, beautiful button has
just been produced, which claims our notice from its novelty
of material and embellishments. The button is intended for
all sorts of garments. being in different shapes, from the shirt
to the dress coat. The material is porcelain, and either in
plain white, or beautifully ornamented with principal devices.
We were shown by the agents to the manufacturers some
horn buttons, which have all the finish and glossiness of the
finest silk ; a variety of devices appear upon them suitable to
the taste of the wearer. These buttons are much cheaper
than silk, and more durable. We understand that Messrs.
Woolright and Chidsou are the only house who keep these
sorts retail.

NEEDLEWORK PICTORE.—We bad the pleasure of inspect-
ing a few days ago a very beautiful specimen of needlework,
the production of the Misses 011 is, of Warwick-street. The
subject is a hunting party in the East, and consists of several
figures on horseback, with wild boar and dog. The lights
and shades are extremely well managed, and give the ap-
pearance of a finished oil painting. The tall grass, from the
midst of which the boar appears to be roused, is beautifully
worked. -The figures are splendidly executed and correctly
made out. The colours are vivid in the extreme. As a speci-
men of handy work, industry, and perseverance, this tableau
may compete with some of the tapestries of old. It has occu-
pied the Misses 011 is upwards of a twelvemonth. The size is
7 feet 7 in length, and 6 feet 5 in width. The picture is
framed in a rich.rosewood and gold mounting. It is to be
disposed of by subscription.
STABBING BY A BLIND MAN.—Peter Callighan, a blind
man, residing in Lace-street, was, on Saturday, charged with
having stabbed police-officer Dixon. It appeared, that, be-.
tween twelve and one o'clock, on Friday night, the officers
were called into Lace-street by a woman, who stated that
her husband was pursuing her with a knife. They found the
street in some disorder, and discovered that the prisoner was
keeping the street in disorder, and, as they could not induce
him to go home, the officers determined on taking him to
bridewell. The prisoner ran into an entry and Dixon followed
and seized him by the collar. The prisoner took out a large
clasp knife and began to cut savagely at Dixon's arm, which
he severely wounded in three places, severing one of the
arteries. Dixon went to the Northern Hospital, where his
wounds were dressed. The prisoner was committed for trial
at the assizes.

AFFLICTING OCCURRENCE.—On the morning of Friday
week Mr. James Taylor, a respectable gentleman, residing at
Birkenhead, and who until lately carried on the business of a
timber merchant there, was found weltering in his blood in a
field contiguous to the railway station. lie was immediately
removed to the house which he formerly occupied, when Mr.
Liddell, apothecary and chemist, of Birkenhead, attended,
and found that the unfortunate gentleman had inflicted a gash
in his throat in width about four or five inches, and extend-
ing over the gullet. The wound was immediately stitched
up, and the usual remedies applied. It is supposed that the
unhappy man committed the rash attempt in consequence of
being recently reduced in circumstances. On Friday even-
ing he was so far recovered as to be enabled to write a letter
to his wife, and he appeared very solicitous about her and
his children. Od the morning in question he had gone out
with the avowed intention of taking a walk, and when he
was found he had a razor in his hand.
COMMITMENT.—A boy named Thomas Daniels was yes-
terday brought before Mr, Rushton, on a charge of having
stolen from a respectable female by whom he was employed,
a cape, a scarf, and other articles of dress. He had, it ap-
peared, without promise being held out to him, afterwards
confessed that he had taken them, and sold them to a man
named Ford, a tailor, in London-road, who had given him
the small sum of Is. 6d. for them, though they were worth
I3s. or I4s. It came out also that the prisoner, who had
previously robbed the complainant, had also sold to the
same man some time ago, two pieces of calico, at a price far
below the value. Ford appeared in court, and endeavoured
to explain away these transactions, but failed. There was.
however, not sufficient evidence against him to enable the
magistrate to convict him, the only witness being the boy
himself. Mr. Rushton strongly remarked that he (Ford)
was the greatest delinquent, and lamented that he could not
send him for trial. The boy was committed for trial at the
sessions.

SEAMEN'S WAGES.—On Friday eight persons belonging
to the ship Caledonia, which has arrived in this port from
New Orleans, summoned the captain of the vessel for non-
payment of their wages. It appeared that he had been obliged
to employ a boarding-master at New Orleans to procure him
hands. He had in this way made up the number he required,
paying from 18 to 30 dollars for the passage. However, it
was soon found out that most of the hands were totally in-
competent for the task they had undertaken, either from
sickness or other causes, and, in consequence, during a great
portion of the voyage, the ship was manned by only about
half a dozen hands, instead of more than double that number.
In three cases Mr. Rushton decided that the men were en-
titled to £3 Is. 6d., and 165., and dismissed the other cases,
at the same time severely reprehending the practice of taking
such hands on board without first ascertaining whether they
were competent or not. The captain said they were obliged
to do so, for as soon as the vessel arrived at New Orleans all
the hands rau away for the purpose of trying to get better
wages.

ASSAULT.—Richard Jones was on Saturday, charged by
Charlotte Henry with hawing violently assaulted her. The
girl stated that she- was returning along Basnett-street from
the Liver Theatre, on Friday night, when the defendant
met her, and having struck her violently on the mouth, pro-
ceeded to beat her very severely. He was the keeper of a
brothel, and she recently lodged with him; but, as he per-
mitted robbery in his house, and she refused to comply with
his commands, and he had manifested great towards
her. She was so weak from the blows which he inflicted
upon her that she was compelled to go home in a car. She
had been at home but a short time when the defendant
rushed into the house, accompanied by two women, and
again ill-treated her. The defendant brought some witnes-
ses forward who said the complainant was drunk, but a
police-officer said she was perfectly sober. Mr. Rushton
said, assaults which which were committed by men on wo-
men were, generally, very base and dastardly ; but the worst
description of assaults were those committed by fellows who
kept brothels, on the poor, defenceless, and degraded women
who come under' their power. The defendant was ordered
to pay a fine of Z 2 10s. and costs, or to be imprisoned one
month. He was further to find bail, himself in £5O and two
sureties in £25 each, for his good behaviour, or be impriso-
ned two months.
DEFECTIVE STATE OF OUR MARITIME LAWS.—At the
police-court, yesterday, a seaman, named Daniel O'Hara.
who had arrived a fortnight ago in the bargee Charles, from
Savanilla, applied to Mr. Rushton. for an order on the cap-
tain for the amount of wages due tohim, amounting to £6 7s.
Captain John V. Giles, an intelligent young man, said he had
been in command of the ship during the voyage, and, that
he did not dispute the claim made, nor other similar claims,
which would doubtless yet be made by others of his crew.
He was, however, peculiarly and painfully situated. The
ship was owned at, and hailed from London, lie had been
sent by the owners from London to take charge of her, and
under their directions had her fitted up for the voyage in a
suitable and economical manner, and had drawn bills on the
owners in behalf of the several tradesmen who had done
work, or supplied stores or other articles. He had made a
successful voyage, the vessel having• earned a large amount
of freight. On his return to this port; he made out and gave
in all his bills; but he found that they -were all returned un-
paid, that the ship was mortgaged far beyond her value ; that
an agent was sent down who had received the freight ; that
he had paid so far as he could out of his own pocket, (and
which he did not expect would be returned,) that he had
since been assailed by the creditors at his house and else-
where'every day ; and that he found on consultin., two re-
spectable solicitors that lie could not attach the ship or the
freight. In this dilemma, he being only a servant of the
owners, he wished the advice, and, if possible, the aid of the
tnamstrate. Mr. Rushton said that the applicant could by
law claim his wages either from the captain, or from the
owner or owners, and the claim not being disputed, the de-
fendant must pay the man's wages, for which he (Mr. Rush-
ton) was obliged by law to make an order. He, however,
advised the defendant to consult his attorney—some respect-
able man—who would iustruet him bow to act. Captain
Giles said that he would do so, but he could not help re-
marking, that while Liverpool was proverbial for administer-
ing justice to seamen, (through•the Merchant Seamen's Act)
there was no .legal protection extended to captains and mates,
from such acts of owners or agents, as those of which he
complained.; and by which they might be totally ruined
in their property and prospects. Had the ship been in
London, lie could have commenced process in the
to attach the
ord
Mayor's court, which would have ena ed
only a Servatit of the owners. r..
ship and freight for the payment of th.Revdmseibittosl,l IsiaeidbetLnagt
no such privilege existed
adviser. Meantime the order
injunc-
tion to employ a professional adv.
here, and repeated his
mm t lie issued against
and if}
the
tadisalneo—tCaptain gor other property would be broim
s ds
said he could not complain of the
d e
s
decision as it was legal, but
he considered' his position one of great arid unmerited hard-
ofship,—arisi.i out
court.lh thedefective.e understand
state
t the#_
shipt rat.ime laws.
H e then. left .the is not yet
wholly discharged, and that, though she inane about £2OOO
of of freight, Captain Giles has no lien upon her; nor can b .
e,
from the circumstances under which she
placed, raise any
money upon her. What the result will be remains to be seen,

carry 4

On Wednesday evening, Captain Irwin, master and owner
of the brig
Jean, of Carlisle, lying at Fatliam, near Newry,
while assisting the men in turning the windlass, fell down
apparently dead. Captain Irwin was formerly master of ti e
City of Carlisle steamer, which traded from Warrenpoint to
Livernool.

At thi.:. Police,court ! THE IRON COLONNADE of ;rill: Lti'Etiltom, AND LEEr S
itted for I JUNCTION RA LLWAY.—The following description of the,
thassive but elegant structure at illint's Bank. Manchester,
maw not prove unacceptable to out. readers. The colonnade
; is 738 feet in length and 2-4 feet wide, and is supported on 52
I cast-iron columns, each weighi ig about four tons. These

i main girders, averagin.• six and a half tons each ;
n the latter rest tlie,•tith of the longitudinal girders.
lof which there arc 86, varying front 31 tons to 51 tons in
weight. The columns stand in pairs, at intervals of 28 feet ;

' kind the height of the main girders from the pavement of the
street below is 18 feet. The eolutnns are of elegant propor-
tions and by yio means so squab and thick as those of the

ancient 14.:gyptian temples. Each column rises from a stron
base, about a foot high, and has a button or mushroom-forme
head ; from which springs the favourite reeded or fluted e;,

pital of the Egyptian architecture. In the upper work (con
sisting of the girders and parapet), which forms a noble friez,
or entablature above the columns, is placed over each pilla!
a panne!, containing two figures of a species of winged set
pent, one of the favourite embellishments of the Egyptiar
architecture; and by this sparing but judicious use of orna.
went, the general effect is heightened of the chasteness a
the design, and the massive character of the structure. Tin

whole will be fenced uff on the side noat the New Bailey
prison by a cast-iron screen. eleven feet: in height; the top
of which will be seven feet above the rail. when they are laid.
The necessity for this high screen (to :tut out the prison)
ieqqires great massiveness in the who) structure; and the
style which has been adopted, as most in accordance with
this requirement, is a modification of the Egyptian ; which
was also the more requisite in consequtince of the columns
standing along the centre of the street,—a position which
would not be adapted to the plainest of the Grecian orders.
The columns stand upon stone baseint.sits, which project
about one foot above the pavement, anti give firmness and
solidity of appearance to the structure. There will be aliGut
1,020 tons of iron work in the whole. 'rue spaces between
the longitudinal girders will be filled in -with brick arches,
and on the ballast over these the rails will be laid. The
whole is rapidly progressing towards corapletion, and will
probably be finished in about two months.

THE HONEST (?) LEAGUERS,

So Quaker BRIGHT,
That Rochdale wight,
'Will put in no disclaimer,
But BROUGHAM'S hit
Has caus'd a " split !"
And wrung the truth from HAMER!

" EDUCATION !"-" ROBBERY !"

VATJX

Eustace Giles's speech at Leeds, March 23, 1813,
Dissenters, now, are ill at ease,
E'en " education" cannot please!
" Teach not (they cry) th' untutorY, man
" Unless you teach him on—our plan . "

CORRESPONDENCE.

YENTILATION'OF CHURCHES AND PUBLIC

BUILDINGS

(CONCLUDED FROM OUR LAST.)

TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD.

If any one be doubtful that a constant supply of fresh air
is necessary to life and health, after the facts•l have related,
flu .ir doubt may easily be removed. Let them confine a
iuse under a glass jar, full of air, arranged sb that no fresh
air can enter in from without. In proportion as the oxygen
is consumed, the animal will begin to shew symptoms of
un easiness, similar to those experienced by persons in a
Cr' )wded building where no-provision is made for ventilation
(ai in many of our churches). In a while longer the animal
wi it pant in its breathing, as if to dilate its lungs to the ut-
in, oat, struggling for air. In a few hours it .will die con-
y( .Ised : so necessary is a constant supply of air to life and
hi :alth in all animals.

The effects of want of ventilation on the human system are
'different in different individuals. Its action being directly
.on the blood, it tends to produce that disease or disorder to
which there may be a prediiposition in the party suffering
the effects of it. In some way or other it cannot but be de-
.cidedly injurious to all. The venous blood, being allowed
to pass through the lungs unaerated. acts like a slow poison
on the system- One very general effect from it is, a cold-
ness in the extremities, accompanied by frequent headaches.
'This coldness arises from the deficiency of oxygen also. The
union of the oxygen of the air with the carbon in the venous
`blood, is the means of the generation of heat for the warmth
•of the body ; and of course, therefore, if the oxygen be defi-
•cient in quantity, there will also be a defieiency of heat.
Thisis especially felt by ladies, and alt who have not much
.outdoor exercise.

Dr. Combe, in speaking of churches, says—" If 1,000
-people be Confined in a church for 1-4- hours, and no provision
be made for ventilation, for a renewal of its air and the
•escape of the breathed air," (as in most churches in this
town,) " what will be the result? 1,030 people will require
:for their health, in that time, 4,000 hhds. of air. If no pro-
-vision be made for this, by openings in the roof for escape,
and at the bottom for supply, healthy respiration is impossi-
ble." Yet so wholly are considerations of this kind without
influence on the public mind, that in this and almost every
.large town, churches and halls for 1 010 to 3,000 persons are
:built without any means of ventilation, except such as may
serve to let off the surplus Vat in summer. When these
:places are filled for some hours, the consequences are suffi-
•ciently marked. It is impossible to look around us towards
-the close of the service in one of these churches, and not see
:the effects in the expression of feature of every one present.
Either a relaxed sallow paleness or a hectic flush is observa-
ble, and, as the necessary accompaniment, a sensation of
-mental and bodily weariness is felt. I know churches in
'which, during winter, not only no mans of ventilation are
.employed during service, but even between services the win-
dows are kept closed, as if deadly infection, and not air, were
nutside; and where, consequently, the congregation must
-inhale for hours an exceedingly corrupted air, and suffer the
:penalty in colds, and bilious and nervous attacks. Dr.
'bombe once attended a church where the windows were all
-shut, and, in consequence, the open door-was of little use in
supplying the air for the breathing of so many people, there
being no egress for the expended air. At the conclusion of
-the service, he heard one general complaint of headache,
.:sickness, and oppression ; and the reality of suffering was
amply attested by the pale and wearied appearance even of
Ithe most robust. How frequently scenes of this kind might
be witnessed in our many crowded churches in this town !
:I know of many instances of suffering from it. St. Jude's,
1 believe, is the only church where we have any adequate
provision for ventilation—at least where the means are made
*se of; if they exist—except in the summer season. But to
draw to a conclusion. There is scarcely a day passes in
which a well-employed physician does not meet with some
'victim of the popular ignorance on this subject—of some
instance where health has suffered, or recovery been retard-
ed, by a disregard of pure air to the wellbeing of the animal
economy.

I am afraid, sir, you will think I am trespassing at very
great length upon your kindness ; but I think you will not
think I have said more than the importance of the matter
justifies. A few words more, and I have done. I could
quote Dr. Jackson, an army physician, skewing the suffering
produced in the army before ventilation was attended to
there. I could quote Dr. Carmichael, who shews that dis-
ease was induced by the want of it, in Dublin, in a public
institution, to a great extent; and that when ventilation was
attended to, the disease vanished. But I must not say more.
This requirement of our body is disregarded to an extent
which will appear incredible when the absolute necessity of
it is better understood.

If, in compiling and arranging these remarks for your
paper, I am the means of drawing the attention of those
connected with the management of any of our public build-
ings to this important subject, I am confident they will see
the necessity of, and their responsibility in, supplying, that
building with air, and thereby preventing an amount of hu-
man suffering—who knows how great ? Should this be the
case, which I would fain hope, it will amply repay me any
trouble I have had in preparing these statements.
Thanking you most sincerely for the room in your excel-
lent journal,
I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
A YOUNG PHYSIOLOGIST.

On Monday, the St. Helen's Waterworks Bill was read a
second time, and referred to the committee of selection.
A case of bigamy is now occupying the attention of the
Monmouth magistrates, which creates great interest in the
neighbourhood. The subject of the proceedings is a very in-
teresting young woman, 24 years of age, named Eliza Ann
Dent, otherwise Morgan. The charge against the prisoner
is, " That she did feloniously intermarry with one Richard
Stanley Wall, her husband, Edward Dent, being then alive.
The Standing Orders Committee have reported, " That,
in the case of the Manchester Stipendiary Magistrate peti-
tion, the standing orders ought not to be despensed with ;"
and the bill, therefore, cannot be brought in this session.

TILE EARTIIQUAKE.—The Newcastle (on Tyne) Journal
says that the earthquake was distinctly felt in that town. It
was also experienced in Dumfries, betwixt twelve and one
o'clock.

THIS ARNOLD TESTIMONIAL.—Many of our readers will
be pleased to hear that the subscriptions to this testimonial
have reached upwards of £B,BOO.
The Cornwall assizes commenced at Bodmin on Wednes-
day. Among the cases is an indictment of Frederick Peter
Statton (who, by the bye, on his card assumes the affix M.A.)
for falsely pretending to Jenny Francis, from his skill in
witchcraft and sorcery, to discover where certain lost or
stolen property might befound.

Cli tY RC II -RATES.—Sir H. Jenner Fust delivered judgment
in the celebrated Braintree church-rate case, and as far as we
can understand the conflicting opinions, it appears to be in di-
rect contradiction to the well known decision of the court of
common law. The learned judge said, the leading point in
the case was, if the minority and the churchwardens could
I make a rate that was voted after the majority had refused one,
the vestry being still sitting. He then alluded to several de
cisions, and concluded as follows ;—" Is this rate a valid one ?
Can it be supported by law, by authority, by principle, and
by reason? The churchwardens have to see that the church
is repaired ; was it reasonable that they should pay the ex-
pense? The parishioners,. when they become owners or oc-
cupiers of lands or tenements in -a parish, know that by the
common law of the land they are subject to the payment of
rates for the repairs of the church. How could they be re-
lieved ? They could not relieve themselves from the obliga-
tion by any vote of theirs. The tax existed long before they
met to consider it. The church required repair long before
they who opposed the rate voted against it. The estimate of
the repairs required had been made out before they voted
against the rate. Making a rate and imposing a tax seem to
be two very different things. The churchwardens had sub-
mitted estimates of the expenSe of the repairs required.
There was no objection to the estimates ; there was no objec-
tion that the rate was too large, but. they would not have a
rate at all. They took on themselves to alter the law, and
they had no right to do so. They had not done their duty;
they were resolved not to repair the church, which by law
they were compelled to do. What would be the effect if their
decision should be upheld ? The court could have no diffi-
culty in citing authorities upon the point. It was good as a
general position that the rate should be made with the con-
sent of the majority of the parishioners in vestry assembled.
The Court of Queen's Bench had repudiated it, but, on
a careful consideration of it, he (Sir H. Jenner Fust) thought
,iitlobopraerishm
niioneoru in
st
had the
ilo
right opinion
igbto entertained
against
to
any
y this
rateease.
at
all. The cases of voting in.. corpo,raat
te"viofiteeds of the
not qualified for office had been citace;syeirrneagtiaoleiroe:tadus:lna).lelNw.nt plt had
ni6dnsthafotrt.he persons
been said their votes were thrown away,
would return
the
ey
individualw ho voteddfirsrqr
uaiiplirtiOepde.rlyTrhi person,
They
refused.
roi:yeits:
intnloraed te righta x
bya
tl
the
he.
saeadyyyn
itiii,oe
rrrt imposedminority
shouldua
spoitill,,
ottthhbei me.
to,:in• etraidisietsirni cs,adsei authority,sllt°ne The rate
had been found that a rate so made• was illegal.k.
yta,Lgenoodotuokhi
could
the
prin-
cftaliipoeltiei
that,
sutop pat
oll!retterhdaet
reti.,,reauisi:in:seetoacelEser
roust
tho below,
rrsed under
A such
prohibition
ohibit circumstances.t
o
get a rate but failed ; the vestry would not grant it. The
judgment
of
ar the
stwas
prevent
the court admitting the libel might he obtained -.--a writ of
error may be applied for—or the Cage might go up on i
erroneous,rd
to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The court
expressed a desire that an appeal from its present decision
might be presented, as then the whole points would be set-
tled. If not, the court would proceed to enforce the rates.
The court reversed the sentence of the learned judge of the
Consistory Court; retained the principal causes ; and directed
the libel to be admitted to proof. No order was made for the
present as to costs "