The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1848-06-13 00:00:00

VARIETIES.

" Make way here," said a member of a republican de-
putation, " we are the representatives of the people."
Make way yourself," shouted a sturdy fellow from the
throng, " we are the people themselves."
To calculate the speed at which you are travelling on a
telegraphed railway, multiply by two the number of
telegraph posts you pass in a minute, by four those you
Pass in half a minute, or by eight those you pass in a
quarter of a minute ; and the result in each case will be
the number of miles you are then travelling per hour—
the posts being arranged thirty to a mile.
Some idea may be formed of the present depressed state
of affairs, from the startling fact, that on Thursday last
Baron Rothschild could not get a bill done, although
drawn by Lord John Russell.—Puppet Show.
, A fellow having a spite at a sausage maker, rushed into
his shop when crowded with customers, threw a large dead
cat on the counter, said, " This makes nineteen; we'll set-
tle when you're not so busy," and made his exit. He was,
of course, followed by the sausage amateurs empty-
handed.

EQUIVOCAL POLITENESS.—A man out west, whose
unuse was recently destroyed by fire, published a card, in
Which he thanked his fellow-citizens for making an un-
successful attempt to save his furniture, and expresses a
hope that he will soon have an opportunity to reciprocate
the favour.—American paper.
FALSE IMPRESSIONS.— Make way ! make way, good
people ! I'm exceedingly cramped for space !" This was
the exclamation of a poor worm that had a whole field to
4iniself, and acres to spare, but he wished the impression
to go abroad that he was ten times as large as he seemed
thine. There are many people in this world who act like
pslor worm.
MAN OF LARGE PROPERTY.—A learned Frenchman
_ravelling through England, on crossing Salisbury Plain,
tusked what it was. " Barren heath" was the reply. He
repeated the question at various distances, and always re-
rived the same answer. On arranging his notes for the
press he took occasion to exclaim against theevils of large
farms, and cited, in support of his assertion, " a distrist
of
several miles all belonging to one individual, M. le
..,moron Heath, which was absolutely lying waste for want
~ cultivation, which would not be the case if M. le Baron
meVi would divide it into small allotments ; but that his
it'pracY and the law of primogeniture would not per-.

DOWNFALL OF THE PAPACY.*

The following extracts from the remarkable work of Mr.
Fleming, to which we have before alluded, will show the
correctness of his views of prophecies unfulfilled at the
time he wrote (1701) :
" If we may suppose that Antichrist began his reign in
the year 606, the addition 1260 years of his duration, were
they Julian or ordinary years, would lead us down to the
year 1866, as the last period of the seven-headed monster.
But seeing they are prophetical years only, we must cast
away eighteen years, in order to bring them to the exact
measure of time that the spirit of God designs in this
book. And thus the final period of papal usurpations
(supposing that he did indeed rise in the year 606) must
conclude with the year 1848." Page 18.
" For during the struggles of them (the Lombards) and
the Exarchat, the Pope played his game so, that the em-
peror Phocas found it his interest to engage him to his
party, by giving him the title of supreme and universal
bishop. Therefore we may justly reckon that the papal
head took its first rise from that remarkable year 606,
when Phocas did in a manner devolve the goveriment of
the West upon him, by giving him the title of universal
bishop. From which period, if we date the 1260 years,
they lead us down (as I said already) to the year 1866,
which is 1848, according to prophetical calculation."
Page 21.
" I believe this account of Antichrists' rise will not be
very acceptable to some, whose zeal for the pope's down-
fall has made them entertain hope of living to see that
remarkable time ; which has made them invent plausible
schemes to prove that this great enemy was seated in his
regal dignity long before the year 606. But if a man will
trace truth impartially, he will have reason to think, that
the rise of this adversary could not be before that time.
Nay, I must tell you, that I do not reckon the full rise
of the pope to the headship of the empire to a later date.
For though the pope got the title of universal bishop at
that time, yet he was afterwards, for a long time, subject,
in temporal concerns, to the emperors. And, therefore, 1
cannot reckon him to have been, in a proper and full
sense, head of Rome, until he was so in a secular, as well
as ecclesiastical sense. And this was not until the days of
Pepin, by whose consent he was made a secular prince,
and a great part of Italy given to him as Peter's patri-
mony. So that, as Boniface the third (and his successors),
by assuming the title of universal bishop, was the fore-
runner of Antichrist, as Gregory the Great prophesied he
would be, who should be known in the world by that
proud title ; so, likewise, we may conclude that Anti-
christ was indeed come, when Paul the first became a
temporal prince also. Phocas, therefore, did only pro-
claim the Pope to be the last head of Rome, in the apoca-
lyptical sense ; but it was Pepin who gave him the solemn
investiture, and seated him on his throne, which Charle-
magne did afterwards confirm to him. Now, as near as I
can trace the time of this donation of Pepin, it was in or
about the year 758, about the time that pope Paul the first
began to build the church of St. Peter and St. Paul. Now,
if we make this the era of the papal kingdom, the 1260
years will not run out before the year 2018, according to
the computation of Julian years ; but, reducing these to
prophetical ones, the expiration of the papal kingdom ends
exactly in the year 2000, according to our vulgar reckon-
ing." Page 23.
" The fourth vial comes now to be considered. And
this is poured out upon the sun of the papal kingdom
(verse 8), so that the effect of it is, men's being scorched
or burned with fire.... The chief thing to be taken notice
of here, is that the sun and other luminaries of heaven,
are the emblems of princes and kingdoms. as we took
notice before. Therefore, the pouring out of this vial
on the sun must denote the humiliation of some eminent
potentates of the Romish interest, whose influences and
countenance cherish and support the papal cause. And
these, therefore, must be principally understood of the
houses of Austria and Bourbon, though not exclusively of
other popish princes.... For I cannot but hope that some
new mortification of the chief supporters of the papacy
will then (1717) happen ; and perhaps the French monar-
chy may begin to be considerably humbled about that
time ; that whereas the present French king takes the sun
for his emblem, and this for his motto, Nec pluribus im-
par, he may at length, or rather his successors, and the
monarchy itself (at least before the year 1794), be forced
to acknowlege, that (in respect to neighbouring potentates)
he is even Singulis impar." Pages 47-50.
" The fifth vial (ver. 10, 11) which is to be poured out
upon the seat of the beast, or the dominions that more
immediately belong to and depend upon the Roman see ;
that I say, this judgment will probably begin about the
year 1794, and expire about A.D. 1848. So that the du-
ration of it, upon this supposition, will be for the space of
fifty-four years. For Ido suppose, that seeing the pope
received the title of supreme bishop no sooner than A. D.
606, he cannot be supposed to have any vial poured out
upon his seat immediately (so as to ruin his authority as
signally as this judgment must be supposed to do), until
the year 1848, which is the date of the 1260 years, in pro-
phetical account, when they are reckoned from A. D. 606.
But yet we are not to imagine that this vial will totally
destroy the papacy (though it will exceedingly weaken it),
for we find this still in being and alive, when the next vial
is poured out." Page 56,
* The Rise and Fall of Rome Papal, by the Rev. Robert
Fleming: reprinted from the first edition in 1701; with notes,
preface, and a memoir of the author. London : Houlston and
Stonem Paternoster-row.

LET FREE TRADE BE UNIVERSALLY APPLIED.
(From Fraser's Magazine.)

Our forefathers who framed the' celebrated Navigation
Act, and those who, to maintain it, lost a world in the
present United States, did not suppose that a mere mo-
ney advantage was to be derived from the restrictions
which it imposed. They thought, that for the safety of
England a mighty navy was needed, and that this could
only be attained by means of native seamen, who re-
quired protection to be reared in the numbers requisite
for our commercial and military marine. This last as-
sumption is now denied by the free-trade statesmen.
They assert that our seamen would be as numerous, and
consequently our navy as well supplied, by a mercantile
marine unfettered. as by one subject to our present re-
strictions. They therefore demand an alteration of the
whole system under which England has been governed
since the time of Cromwell. We can well understand
that this demand should startle those who have always
believed that all our greatness as a people has in fact
rested upon this system, as one of the chief foundations
of a great and complicated structure.
The old system of protection, however much decried,
was not a narrow, partial, and incomplete one. The le-
gislature of this country, under the guidance of great and
what were once deemed enlightened statesmen, steadily,
consistently maintained its doctrines, and maintained its
application to all parts of our extensive dominions. The
whole ancient colonial system is only a part of this great
scheme, which, daring, and as we believe uninstructed
innovators, now seek to overthrow. The leaders in par-
liament have yielded to the demands made by angry,
violent declaimers out of doors, and the nation is allow-
ing the ancient system to be overturned, without at all
understanding what will really follow the new doctrines
which govern our present commercial legislation.
Our vast territories in North America produce timber
as their chief article of traffic. To this timber we have
afforded protection, though it be dearer than, and inferior
to, the timber of the north of Europe. This protection
has been afforded as a countervailing advantage to the
restrictions imposed upon the foreign trade of those
colonies. But this costly timber enhances the price of
our ships, and renders competition with foreigners diffi-
cult, if not impossible. The advantages supposed to flow
to the shipping interest from the restrictions imposed by
the Navigation Act, are 'given to balance the evil created
by the increased cost of production. The last and real
sacrifice is made by the consumer of all sea-borne goods,
in the higher price required for them ; and this sacrifice
is made, or rather has been made, because of the political
advantage which it was believed the nation derived from
thus fostering her marine and maintaining her colonial
system. So soon, however, as you change these laws,
and throw open our shipping trade to foreign competi-
tion, they who are interested will say, and say justly,
Free us at the same time from all the restrictions hitherto
placed upon us in the buying of material. Let us buy
also in the cheapest market ; let us obtain where we list
our timber, and iron, and hemp, and flax. If this be
conceded, then comes the Canadian, and he says, But I
also require the same justice. My timber is now open to
competition—let me buy in the cheapest market. I de-
sire to have my tea from the United States ; Massachu-
setts has cheap woollens and cottons at my very door,
and there I must be permitted to buy. If I find all the
world competing with me in the Thames, I must have all
the world competing for me in the St. Lawrence. And
who can say that such a request is not fair and reasora-
ble ? Has not the landed proprietor also a strong case
against you, who have adopted a new doctrine only by
halves, and do wholesale injustice with the show of won-
derful philanthropy ? You have determined to have free
trade in corn, but you have not determined to give the
English corn-grower fair play. To maintain the premises
necessary for agricultural operations in a climate like
ours, an enormous outlay of capital is necessary. The
landlord is compelled to buy dear and bad Canadian tim-
ber, and this he did cheerfully, so long as he saw the
system of protection fairly maintained—so long as he
believed this to be a sacrifice made by him in support or
a great scheme of national policy—a policy which had for
its end the commercial independence, and internal
strength, and greatness of the nation. But when he
finds this system given up,—when he is told that common
sense, and even common honesty, require that the con-
sumer of corn should be allowed to buy in the cheapest
market, he very naturally bethinks himself of his own
condition, his own wants, his own expenditure ; and he
says, If this be the true doctrine, if our forefathers were
really in error, and the old connected system of reciprocal
protection be a fallacy, let me also benefit by the newly-
discovered theory. My barns want repair; of my farm-
houses, some need to be rebuilt, some to be repaired ;
my extensive farm-buildings are all in the same state,
and I shall endeavour to find the cheapest market in
which to procure the necessary materials. Wo are told,
every day, to make in agriculture a scientific application
of capital and labour ; but for this end costly machinery
is needed. I must speak to the manufacturer of these,
and ascertain whether all his raw material is also obtained
in the cheapest market. Formerly, indeed, I used to
think of our colonies and our colonial system, our navy,
and the protection of our shipping trade; but now that
all these things are exploded fallacies, I must endeavour
to get everything as cheaply as I can, looking to no other
matter, thinking of nothing beside.
In this argumentation we can detect no flaw; and how
Sir Robert Peel, or any body else, could refuse the re-
quest made by the landed interest for a real, in place of a
sham, free-trade, is what we cannot understand.
When Lord John Russell left his legacy of mischief,
when he shot his Parthian arrow in his flight of 1842,
did he contemplate all these consequences of that most
disingenuous proceeding ? But the mischief he left in
embryo has come forth a giant—it is daily waxing greater.
The whole system of our ancient policy has received its
death-blow ; and if disaster follow, let mankind remem-
ber for what ends, and by what ends, that deadly blow

was aimed. In the meantime, it is our duty to prepare
ourselves to act in the novel circumstances of our altered
condition. It is unmanly,- it is unwise, to keep our eyes
fixed upon the past, indulging at the same-time in useless,
regrets. Whatever of sorrow we may feel, despair need
not enter our hearts. We are still the same great people
which has spread its fame, its language, and its power,
over the globe. The same bold spirit which created a
mighty nation in the West, and acquired an- empire of
almcgt fabulous extent in the East—which now, amidst
the Wurly-burly of the world in arms, and whilst thrones
are falling and nations are convulsed, enables us in peace,
and with a calm dignity, to pursue our steady course ;
that same spirit will bear us through all the trials of the
coming time.

SPEECHES V. REPORTS.—The incompleteness of the
report of the speeches at any public dinner is an inevitable
consequence of the disproportion between the fluency of
gentlemen after dinner and the limits of a sheet of
paper ; besides which, many a speech which tells well
for a dinner party cannot be reported so as to produce
an adequate effect upon those who become acquainted
with it only by the eye. One of Burke's magnificent ora-
tions—as it was considered when it appearedin print—
cleared the House of Commons ; and there are gentlemen
whose oratory would make the glasses in the London
Tavern jingle with delight, but who, if they were reported
at full length, would get the reputation of being very
prosy speakers.—The Times,
CUSTOMS. AND CREDULITY IN SERVIA.—A peculiar
social institution of the Servians is that of " the brother-
hood." Persons unite with one another in the name of
God and St. John, and are thenceforth known as
" Brothers in God"—" Brothers by Choice." This cus-
tom prevails with the young of both sexes. On certain
festivals they assemble to deck the graves of their rela-
tive : they then weave garlands, and kissing through these
garlands, youth with youth, and maiden with maiden, make
their choice. The following year on the same occasion they
either confirm this choice for life or make a new one.
Marriage is a matter of interest rather than affection, and
is managed by the fathers of the parties by an interchange
of presents. The bride is betrothed for a year before her
marriage; and at her betrotthal, amongst other cere-
monies, has her mouth sealed with sugar, to denote that
she should utter little and only what is good. The reli-
gious festivals of the Servians are marked by mythical
rites, " indicating the mysterious relation in which man
stands to nature." Thus, whilst each season is held as
commemorative of the great events of the Christian faith,
many ceremonies are added, expressive of the Paganism
which gives an idolatrous form of worship to the very ob-
jects by which the ideas of natural religion are attained.
These ceremonies result also from the poetical supersti-
tions peculiar to a primitive and uncultivated people, con-
versant from their very locality with the various phases of
mountain scenery, and from the close acquaintance of a
nomade life with the phenomena of nature. The Servians
firmly believe in the existence of the vampire. This faith
arises out of an idea, generally held in the Greek Church,
that the bodies of those who die excommunicated are im-
mediately after death possessed by evil spirits who appear
in lonely places, and in these forms murder men. The
Servians believe that the vampire leaves his grave at
night, enters the dwellings of the living, and sucks the
blood of the sleeping. Speedy death follows this frightful
visitation, and the victim becomes in his turn a vampire
too. It is asserted that, by these nocturnal visitations,
whole villages have been destroyed. There is nothing in-
credible which has not been testified "by affidavit." Our
readers will therefore not be surprised to learn that two
official reports, asserting the existence of these vampires,
were forwarded to Belgrade in the years 1725 and 1732.--
Church of England Quarterly.
THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE PRE-
MATURELY FORCED.—There is no lesson so valuable, so
needful to the physical strength, to the bodily health, or
even to the chances of intellectual power in the after life,
as this—that intellectual education should be left, during
the earlier years, to the natural efforts and investigations
of the child himself, and should not be aided by parents
or teachers, or promoted by books and lessons, until long
after the time when it is commonly thought to be neces-
sary or adviseable to commence the business of instruc-
tion. In very delicate children, I should be glad to see
the age of twelve or even fourteen years passed, before
this great means of expending the vital forces, and ab-
stracting from the chances of ultimate health and strength,
should be called into operation ; in other children, the
ages of six, eight, or ten years, may be the earliest periods
at which children or corresponding strength of constitu-
tion. should begin to be, so called, educated. The amount
of information, the degree of intellectual exercise, the
value of the knowledge obtainable, and the fact that the
child has everything to learn, are all undervalued ; or
more importance would be assigned to the effect of the ac-
quisitions, which may or must be made by a child, in every
department of useful information, by the single aid of his
own observation and intelligence ; and less paramount
rank and value would be assigned to the acquisition of the
arts of reading and writing, of languages, &c. These are
only auxiliary means to the primary exercise of observation
and reflection, on the objects, circumstances, and events
of the life,—to the intellectual result of receiving, digest-
ing, and assimilating the ideas which may be derived from
without, whether men or events, or books, be the source
from which they are directly imparted. The child who is
passing his early years in the midst of an educated family,
living in a civilised community, observing facts and events,
listening to opinions and their data, and comparing for
himself, and directed, guided, and modified as to his own
views, by the comparing faculties of those about him, is
undergoing the best possible ordeal for future intellectual
effort, even if no book be set before him until he arrive at
ten or twelve years of age, and the meaning of the words
" lesson" and " school' be practically unknown to him.
Even if placed in a much less auspicious position for intel-
lectual exercise and progress,—surrounded with the im-
perfectly educated,—the great pages of Nature being set
before him with no able and ready interpreter at hand, to
illustrate and explain their teachings,—the habit of self.
culture and self-reliance is, nevertheless, more likely to be
attained, if other circumstances are not unfavourable to
these great acquisitions, than if the mind is prematurely
taken from the field of its own efforts, and made to be-
come, at too early a period, a creature of scholastic disci-
pline : a sort of living machine, by which pages are com-
mitted to memory, facts and opinions learned by rote,
and words virtually allowed to take the place of the things
and the ideas they only represent, and may represent in-
adequately. The discipline of the intellect in the acquisi-
tion of languages, in the great science of numbers, even
in acquiring the mechanical art of writing, and the mecha-
nical elements of drawing and music, is by no means to
be undervalued ; nor is the information that may at the
same time be stored up in the mind, to be omitted from
the account; but, after all, the self-culture, the self-re.
liance, the personal observation, inquiry, and deduction,
tell more, or at least as much, on the ultimate powers and
capabilities of the mind,—and affect, at least as much, its
eventual relative position, and the character and degree of
its powers over the minds of its fellow-men.--Dr. Ro-
bertson on Diet and Regimen.
WHO OUGHT TO EMIGRATE.—The subject of emigra-
tion is one of the utmost importance to the people of
Great Britain. It opens a channel through which the
industrious individual, who, with a small and insufficient
capital, has hitherto struggled for the bare maintenance of
himself and those dependant upon him, may become pos-
sessed of a sure passport to independence, or raise himself
from the state of helpless poverty to which he may have
been brought by some unforeseen calamity ; through
which the man, who has nothing but honest industry and
frugality for his support, may pass from the degree of
servant to that of master. The immense territorial ex-
tent of the British colonies, some of which have the finest
climates and most luxuriant soils in the known world,
would afford ample possessions of land to more families
than could be contained in England, Scotland, Ireland,
and Wales. In the course of my residence in Van Die-
men's Land I never knew, or heard of, nor do I believe
that there ever was an instance of one person who practised
these three—honesty, industry, and frugality—and did not
rise rapidly to independence. I will not even except the
three years of 1844-5 and 6, during which the colony was
inundated with convicts to such an extent that nearly all
the free labourers were compelled to leave it ; for at this
very time vessels, pouring in from New South Wales,
Port Phillip, and Adelaide, were carrying off 200 and 300
at a time to the inhabitants of those places, who paid the
expense of their passage and wages to the amount of £24
each per year. It may be asked, how, then, does it hap-
pen that we so often hear of failures, and witness the re-
turn of those who have emigrated with capital and lost it?
To this question I would reply, that there is no specific in
the atmosphere of the 'Australian colonies capable of
effecting a change in the habits and propensities of indi-
viduals. There, as in all other parts of the world, are
numerous opportunities to indulge in licentiousness,
extravagance, and foolish speculations ; and those who
have realised fortunes and spent their wealth in riotous
living, or neglected to look after their own affairs, and so
brought unnecessary difficulties upon themselves, have no
right to blame the place which gave them the opportunity
of obtaining property they never could have possessed at
home ; still less those who have taken out money and
spent it in drinking and debauchery, without one effort to
improve the opportunities around them. The indulgence
of vicious habits must ever tend to the destruction of
health and substance. But even these men, in some in-
stances, when reduced to a degree of destitution which at
home would consign them to irretrievable ruin, have
roused themselves from this state of apathy, and, by ex-
erting the energies which still remained, have again risen
to affluence. Cases like this, although they occur re-
peatedly, are never heard of, or are numbered with the
class who are designated as fortunate ; while the idle and
profligate often return to their native land to poison the
minds of all with whom they come in contact, and, endea-
vouring to hide their follies by false representations; debar
others from partaking of the benefits they have thrown
away. It is not the idle, the vicious, the intemperate, to
whom I would hold out a prospect of being able to gratify
their passions with impunity ; they have chosen their path,
and cannot avoid the consequences by emigration : but to
the industrious and frugal I can show a certainty of plenty
and some to lay by; a prospect of independence in a few
short years, and a probability of becoming wealthy ; and
I can also assure them that even were they to be overtaken
by some severe misfortune, to which all are liable, at
home and abroad, and reduced to the lowest stage of po-
verty, the road is before them by which they can rise
again, and comparatively speaking, easy of access. The
opportunities are numerous, and there are always those
who, either from partiality or interest, will be glad to
assist an honest, persevering man, whose services may be
useful to themselves ; while at home, where every avenue
is crowded to excess, ths applicant may stand for ages at
the portal, waiting for permission to labour for a scanty
subsistence. To show the reasonableness of this asser-
tion, it only requires to appeal to the judgment of the
reader, and to remind him that the former of these two
countries scarcely knows a tax by name, while all wages,
salaries, and profits are high, and the prices of the un-_
taxed articles are, of course, low in proportion to the'
incomes ; that in the, latter country the reverse is the
case, and the profession, the trade, or the labour market,
s crowded to enesse—Sinamonda's Colonial Mogazine..

THE EFTERPOOL STANDARD.