The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1851-01-07 00:00:00

LAUNCH OF THE MARION MACINTYRE.

A most interesting event in the annals of shipbuilding took
place, on Saturday last, at the building-yard of Messrs. Jordan
and Getty, Sefton-street, by the launching of a beautiful barque,
called the Marion Macintyre. More than ordinary interest
was excited from the fact that the principle on which this ves-
sel is built is almost entirely new ; but one experimental craft,
the Excelsior, having been previously constructed upon it,
under a patent obtained for combining the strAngthenin:g unity
of wood and iron. The Excelsior was built for Josias Booker,
Esq., to trade in the West India islands, and the success at-
tendant upon her voyage outward drew to the scene of the
launch hundreds of merchants and others interested in the
trade and commerce of the port ; and, at the hour announced,
there could not have been fewer persons present than a thou-
sand, amongst whom were • many of the fairer portion of
creation.

Almost punctually to the hour, twelve o'clock, the launch
took place amidst the usual demonstrations on such occasions,
the ceremony of christening being performed by Mrs. J.
Macintyre.

The Marion Macintyre is about 303 tons register. She is
117 feet in length, (builders' measurement, keel and fore-Cake,)
with a beam of 22 feet 5 inches, which amidships is carried
well down to her bilge, giving her great bearing, and not in-
terrupting her well-rounded lines, fore and aft. Her bow,
which is gracefully ornamented with carved work, somewhat
approiiimares to that known as the Aberdeen clippers. Aft
she is equally clean. On her stern is a bold carving of the'
Royal Arms of Scotland, surrounded by relieved foliage work,
running to the quarters. The peculiarity of this vessel is,
that the whole of her frame-work is of angle iron, and, where
extraordinary strength is required, it is rivetted back to back,
forming what is known RS T iron. Diagonal pieces (iron) com-
mence, crossing each other amidships, and, run oppositely,
fore and aft, connecting every "timber," while exterior
stringers are carried to form a circle, so as to prevent the pos-
sibility of her either " hogging" or " breaking her back."
The planking is most ingeniously attached to this framing,
and while the;tension of iron is brought fully into play, the re-
sistance of wood is equally effective. Her ceiling is all put
down with screw bolts, so that it can be removed whenever re-
quired, and thus full access is given to examine her relative to
corrosion, &c. She has a flash deck, with a poop cabin, and is
neatly, but not expensiveiy fitted. Though she bad in her
nearly a hundred tons of ballast when launched, she sat light
and graceful on the water as a swan, and looked as lofty and
majestic as a vessel of double her tonnage.

Immediately after the launch the company adjourned to the
" mould-room," where a splendid def caner was provided by
Morrish and Feeney, and a more elegant, tasteful, and sub-
stantial display we never witnessed. The room was appro-
priately and gaily decorated with models, flags, and other
effective devices. The company present numbered upwards of
three hundred, and, with the workmen and others regaled
below, ample provision must have been made for six hundred
people.
Mr. GETTY presided, and having given the Queen, Prince
Albert, and the other loyal toasts, which were duly honoured,
proceeded to that of the day, which he said, had special
reference to the launching of the beautiful vessel they had just
seen go off the stocks. He trusted the same good fortune
would attend the Marion Macintyre that had attended the
Excelsior, which was launched from the same yard in July last.
That vessel had reached Trinidad all right and tight, notwith-
standing that during the letter portion of her voyage a hurri-
cane was blowing from the islands of the West Indies. So far
as great strength, beauty of model, large carrying capacity,
and freedOm from those imperfections and defects which were
inseparable from vessels constructed on the old system, went,
there was no doubt the Marion Macintyre would prove a credit
to her builder,—he said builder, for, although he himself was
one of the firm, to Mr. Jordan solely was the credit to be
given,—and a profit to her owners. He, therefore, called upon
the company present to driiik " Success to the Marion Macin-
tyre, and health, wealth, end happiness to her owners," with
whose names he would include that of the lady whose name the
gallant ship bore. (Cheers.)
The toast was drunk with great applause.
Mr. L. H. MACINTYiq responded, and, having, acknowledged
the compliment paid to the owners and his lady, said the whole
credit of the new system upon which the vessel was built was due
to Mr. Jordan, jun., and to Messrs. Jordan and Getty, who
had so admirably carried it out. When he first saw the model
in the newsroom, he was struck with the many advantages it
possessed ; but there were two objections which had presented
themselves to his mind, namely, the difficulty of connecting
iron and wood, and the great difficulty of coppering iron-bound
vessels ; but both of these obstacles they had entirely got rid
of. As regarded the latter, the coppering over iron, which was
the more important one, it had been obviated by two
layers of gutta percha between the sheathing and the
planting, thus making the vessel almost air-tight as well as
water-tight, and the only danger now was that she might be
even too tight. (Laughter.) The objections to which he had
alluded having been surmodnted, they had nothieg left but ad-
vantages to be gained by the new system : they had any strength,
almost, which they pleased, great carrying capacity, exceeding
light draft, entire freedom from dry-rot, and last, though not
least, the satisfaction of knowing that if any accident occurred
to ithe ship, or if they were desirous to ascertain where she was
in good and safe condition, they could do so without taking
away the whole side of the vessel,or without displacing the im-
mediate joining parts ; and this, he need not tell them, was a
great advantage possessed over vessels built of wood. (Cheers.)
o great was his opinion of the principle upon which this vessel
had been built, that he must confess that, without wishing to
disparage those hearts of oak of which they had been so long
and justly proud, he should now feel some littel hesitation in
investing his money in them. He could only say that, as we
were now open to competition from all the world.—for America
was treading upon our progress, was beating us in the sailing
capacities of her vessels, and in our stronghold, China, they
were getting per ton for vessels, whilst English snips were
fetching but .W 4 per ton.— it was necessary that something
should be done to enable us to cope with other nations. To
America he would say, " God speed," but he trusted that Eng-
land would be able to compete with her. (Cheers.) He wished
briefly to mention the cause of the American vessels beating
ours. It was simply this : they were built of wood of very light
material compared with our ponderous oak-built vessels, and,
consequently, had a light draft of water. Nothing yet had been
tried so likely to compete with them as the vessel which had
just been turned from the stocks. (Cheers.) This vessel was
nearly 300 tons, and yet her whole weight, hull, spars,. rigging,
sails, everything connected with her, would not weigh more
than 100 tons, whilst another vessel not exceeding that burthen
constructed upon the old principle, would weigh 200 tons at
least; so that they had thus the means of putting into her some
hundr ed tons more cargo than in another ship of like dimen-
sions, and of making her sail equally quick. (Hear, hear.) If
they placed in her a cargo of double her tonnage capacity, she
would not draw more than twelve or thirteen feet of water; and
from this fact the company would draw their own conclusion
as to whether this system was not likely to supersede those
now in general use. (Cheers)

Mr. C. H. MAciNTiRE again rose and said he begged to pro -
pose the health of gentlemen who had that day distinguished
themselves, and for ever distinguished themselves, in the pro-
gress of shipbuilding. It was no small compliment to say of
them that they had adopted a new principle of shipbuilding,
which, he felt assured, would, in process of time, supersede
that :of any others. (Hear, hear.) After having witnessed
the launch, and examined the strong way in which the ship had
been put together, and the great trading facilities she pos-
sessed over other vessels, it became a matter of duty that they
should drink to the health, prosperity, and permanent success
of Messrs. Jordan and Getty.

The toast was responded to most rapturously.
Mr. Garry rose to reply. He said that Mr. Macintyre had
exceeded his just limits in coupling his (Mr. Getty's) name
with that of Mr. Jordan ; for, although he was a partner in the
firm, lie was no practical man ; and, therefore, before going
further, he wished it to be understood most distinctly that all
the credit and honour attaching to any person, so far as re-
garded the construction of the vessel, was due to Mr. Jordan ;
and, at the same time, it was necessary that he should do jus-
tice to another party—the patentee. He saw in the news-
papers, after the launch of the Excelsior had taken place, his
name put down as the patentee. The statement was—" Mr.
Robert Getty, patentee, took the chair." Now, he wished to
state that he was not the patentee. The patentee was Mr.
John Jordan, the talented son of his worthy partner in busi-
ness. Mr. Henry Jordan, who, with the advice and assistance,
and profiting by the long experience, of his father in matters
connected with ships and shipbuilding, had brought the matter
to its present perfection. (Hear, hear.) He was glad to say
that the subject had been appreciated by more countries tban
1 our own, as in.tents had been granted by the French and

American governments ; and: it might not be out of place for
him to enumerate some of the advantages which the newly-
adopted 'system possessed. (Rear, hear.) .In the first,pli2ce,
they got rid of dry yet altogether, which was one of the-greatest
enemies the shipowner had. (Hear, hear.) Vessels constructed
-opon the improved plan possessed greater strength than-those
not so constructed. To gain strength in wooden. ships- it re-
quired immense timbers of great length and depth; but how-
ever strong they-made them they could not get over the diffi-
culty of the cross grain. So !mg. as- they -had the British oak
to work upon they were all right, or if they could obtain timber
naturally crooked ; but it unfortunatelyi.liappened, unless- in
isolated cases,. that they could not get the natural crooks; and.
in making them out of strong timber the cross grain was
formed: A vessel so constructed; getting on a bank, was sure
to break the whole parcel of her timbers, This, however, was
obviated in the present system of building by applying iron
ribs. (Hear, hear.) Again, ships, sa.constructed possessed
considerably greatercarrying capacity over others of old build .
which subject. as well as that of their floatation, had already
been commented upon. The next advantage, and it was a serious.
one, was the superiority possessed by the shipowner in investing
Money on ships constructed upon this-plan, as compared with,
others.. Mr. Crouse, the talented surveyor. .of Lloyd's, who.
bad been sent over here to survey this vessel, had expended a.
whole day in examining her minutely, and went away express-
ing himself in the highest terms. (Hear, hear.) The models
which were then behind him had been exhibited befireLlOyd's
Committee, the- Lords of the Admiralty, at
and the Trinity Board, on all which °cc--
.
attendance, and in a 1 cases, he was 11
been. approved, of; and, in fact, some .at
by gentlemen connected with these .hod
curved to the-constructors. Lloyd's had
by giving the vessels the class of A 1 fi
materials continue good. (Hear, h
the cost of these vessels within such a s
for all persons to invest in them.
these vessels costing not more than

when further
to be able tar(

ins there was- a.full
,y to -say, they had
tntages pointed out
which had not oc-

ar.) TI

,ed io bril
lake it ea

,itice that still further; in fact, they were deter-
aed to bring it to the lowest point consistently with yielding
fair remunerating profit to the builder. (Hear, hear.) There
were other and great advantages which he had not touched
upon;. but all persons who took an interest in the,subject were
welcome tovis►t their building-yard, and view the system irt its

operation._ (Cheers.)

The health of Mrs. James Macintyre, the lady who el
tened the vessel, coupled with that c
given and heartily responded to.
Mr. MACINTYRE replied.
Mr. SAMUEL HOLME, in a long and appropriate spe
sponded to the toast of "The town and trade.of Live, vuo,,-
with which his name had been coupled. He concluded by pro
posing the health of Mr. John Bramley•Moore, which was re
ceived with loud applauso.
Mr. BRADLEY-MOOPE replied, and in dci;ing so, expressed
the gratification he felt in viewing so large anassembly on such
an occasion. It had inspired him with hope for the future.
He had been a most determined and warm opponent of the re-
peal o the Navigation-lag's. for he fancied in such repeal he
foresaw much mischief, and he regretted' tO say that the expe-
rience of the past, since the law had beeu altered, was anything
but satisfactory and gratifying. He lamented to say that, when
they should see the returns of the past year, they would
find a Irmo, inrrekoc.;.. •

Lusbanci,

...6c increase in toe foreign and a great decreiise in the
amount of British shipping; but, so/long as ships could be
produced at the price which had beeri stated, there was still a
hope that we should be able to cope with our foreign conspe-
titors. (Hear.)
Mr. W. B. JONES, shipbuilder, to the honour of his health
having been drank, replied in a practi cal speech, in which he
urged the duty of our local legislators to give encouragement
by affording the necessary facilities to shipbuilding in the port.
At th is stage of the proceedings, intimation was given to the
chairman that the American Consul, Colonel Crittenden, was
present. The chairman immediately availed himself of the fact
to do honour to America by proposing the health of the gallant
colonel.

Colonel CRITTENDEN, in a neat speech, replied to the com-
pliment. He said he understood, although he had not dis-
tinctly heard the sentiment proposed, that his own name had
been honoured by mention by the chairman. He took occa-
sion to say to the ladies and gentlemen, that it afforded him
great pleasure at all times to hear front any source in this
country an expression of good feeling towards the people of his
own land. • (Cheers.) It had been his pleasure to reside in the
town for about eighteen 'months, and he had the gratifying
satisfaction to number amongst its inhabitants manyfriends
for whom he entertained the kindliest feelings; but, in addi-
tion to these personal considerations, he could not fo. get the
mighty interests which united the two countries, and he there-
fore rejoiced at all these tokens of good feeling between them,
knowing that they wfre matters of the greatest importance in
strengthening the arnity existing between two great nations.
(Cheers.) He had witnessed the bAlutiful specimen of naval
architecture furnished in the construction of the gallant
ship which they bad seen launched upon her proper, if not
her native element. He trusted that she would be eminently
successful, and 'that her builders and Owners would be
rewarded for all their toil and trouble. He had not the pleasure
of being present when the Excelsior was launched, but he
would say, with all sincerity, that he hoped the Marion Macin-
tyre would prove more excellent in all respects than she.—
(Cheers, folloWed by the band playing "Yankee Doodle,"
accompanied by the company.)
The health of Mr. Feeney was proposed by the CHAIRMAN,
in some eulogistic remarks, and that gentleman, in responding,
stated that he had entered into an arrangement with the cele-
brated Soyer to be present at the great approaching Exhibition,
when he should be glad to meet all friends at the residence of
the late Lady Blessington,Gore-house.
The room was shortly afterwards cleared for a dance.

District Ji-lcros.

The organ in the parish chm ch. Orrnskirk, was opened
on Sunday week, after being much improved.
No county rate for Cheshire will be laid for the ensuing
quarter.

At a sale by auction, at Bagilt, on the 28th December,
a piece of land, containing in all 351 square yards (with a
frontage to the main street of about 20 yards) was put up
at £6O, and sold, after some sharp competition for £125,
which is equal to £1723 per acre ! or 7s. Ind. per yard !
On Wednesday, as one of the afternoon trains from
Ormskirk was leaving the Burscough station, a middle-
aged man who was scuffling with some other parties on
the platform unfortunately fell, and came in contact with
the moving carriages. His skull was fractured, and the
brain laid bare. It was feared that the injury would prove
fatal.

FOR TILE EXIIIBITION.—An old man named Dixon,
aged nearly 118 years, applied to the Rochdale Board of
Guardians, a week or two ago, to be received into the
workhouse, on account of the ill-treatment of kis wife,
who had had a child within the last few months. He
had neither been washed nor shaved for above half a year,
and his wife exhibited him at 2d. for each person. His
request was complied with.

New Year's Day was Observed as a general holiday in
Ormskirk, when the children of the Church schools, nine
hundred in number, attended the parish church, where a
sermon was preached by the vicar, and afterwards they
were regaled at a bountiful dinner. Nearly all the shops
were closed, and garlands of evergreens were suspended
across the street ; the church bells rang, and flags were
seen flying on every side.

On Sunday, a prisoner in the Manchester Borough Gaol
committed suicide by hanging himself with his handker-
ehief from an opening in the door. He was retained for
want of bail, and kept in solitary confinement. The cor-
oner's jury, on Monday, found a verdict of" Self-destruc-
tion. As to the state of the prisoner's mind, as to sanity.
no evidence to show ; and the jury wish to express an
opinion that solitary confinement seems unjust when a
man is waiting bail fora common assault."

On Sunday week, the festival of St. John was celebra-
ted by the brethren of the Cestrian Lodge of Freemasons,
at the Royal Hotel, Chester, on which occasion Brother
Sir Watkin William Wynn was duly installed W. M.
of the lodge, in the presence of the Right Hon. Vis. Corn-
bermere, M.W.P.G.M., who occupied the throne; John
Finchett Maddock, Esq., V.W.D.P.G.M. ; Brother the
Hon. Wellington Cotton, M.P., V.W.P.G.J.M., and a
number of provincal grand officers and Brethren. Bro.
Dixon, presented the master elect to the M.W.P.G.M.
for his approvil, after which he was installed in the usual
form by Brother Lewis, W.M. ; the ancient charges be-
ing delivered in a most effective manner by Brother E. G.
Willoughby, V.W.P.P.G.J.D.

_
REPEAL OF THE DUTY ON PAPER..—A meeting of
paper manufacturers was held on Tuesday afternoon, at
the Clarence Hotel, Spring Gardens, Manchester, in order
to consider what steps could be taken to secure, in course
of the next session of Parliament, the abolition of the
paper duty. Mr. T. B. Crompton was called to the chair.
Among the gentlemen present were Messrs. J. Smith
(Smith and Ingle), C. Potter, (C. H. and E. Potter),
Jas. Martin, (Leeds), T. B. Parke, J. Bennett, Crook,
(Crook and Knowles), James Baldwin, (Birmingham),
J. Rideout, (J. and T. B. Crompton), T. Holden, and J.
Appleton. The chairman said that at a meeting held
about a month since, he was requested to ascertain, as far
as possible, the probability of getting, in the next session
of parliament, an abolition of the paper duty. With this
view, he had had interviews with Lord John Russell, the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, and a great number of
leading men, both in and out of parliament, and of all
political sentiments. The result of these interviews was
a conviction that on the exertion made by the public and
the trade, but emanating from the latter, would entirely
depend whether they were to succeed in getting this ob-
noxious tax repealed or not. The next step he took was
to have a circular issued by the " Association for the
Abolition of the Duty on Paper," which existed in Lon-
don, and also himself to issue a pamphlet on the subject.
He did this because he felt they could never hope for suc-
cess unless they informed the public of the true nature of
the paper tax, and the extent to which it affected almost
every individual in the community. He had that day
met with an individual who was consuming £lOOO worth
of paper yearly, but who said he " had not the least idea
that paper paid any very serious duty," and he was per-
fectly astounded when he (the chairman) informed him
that it paid not less than 40 per cent. This was not all ;
some descriptions of paper were taxed to the extent of
120 per cent. on the cost price. After referring to the
restrictive and penal character of the law respecting the
manufacture of paper, he pointed out the extent to
which, despite the vigilance of the excise, frauds were
constantly being committed, and said that of this the
government was fully aware and acknowledged the diffi-
culty of collecting the duty. Substitutes for paper were
being continually produced, so nearly identical in their
nature, that excisemen could not detect the difference,
until told of it; but all these were allowed to go duty
free. He himself, within ten days, had placed in the
hands of a government officer, a specimen of a new ma-
terial, which the officer unhesitatingly pronounced to be
pasteboard ; but he would not, nevertheless, dare to seize
three tons of it, although he (the chairman) told him
where it was lying. The chairman next referred to the
great number of persons who depended upon the manu-
facture of paper, either directly or indirectly, and urged
the immense advantage which must result to them from
the abolition of the duty on paper. Mr. Baldwin described
the injurious operation of the paper duty on the trade of
Birmingham.—The meeting was afterwards addressed by
Mr. C. Potter, and other gentlemen ; and resolutions
were agreed to for the commencement of a subscription,
to aid the London association ; directing the secretary to
communicate with all similar associations in the country ;
and urging paper manufacturers to solicit subscriptions
from their friends generally, and to endeavour to make
known the injurious operation of the tax complained of.
About £2OO was subscribed by those present at the meet
ing.
Horse radish may be had all the winter by taking the
roots.from the soil when at perfection, grating them, and
placing the article in jars or bottles filled with vinegar.
The air should be thoroughly excluded by corking, and
covering the nozzle will% melted sealing wax. It is a
superb article.

THE COLUMN OF
&atm anb Wlortirulturt

Another year has flown by, and a glance at the past
will tell our readers that it has been one of progress in
the art of horticulture. The crude manipulations of the
flower-fancier are lost in the dawn of a new science—a
science which has now established its claim to that title,
and allied itself with the 'kindred branches. botany, che-
mistry, geography, and others of less intimate connexion.
This is the sixth year we have laboured to advance horti-
cultural knowledge in Liverpool, and we hope with some
success; nor are we willing to abandon it while anv signs
of improvement continue to reward our labours. But we
have long been impressed with the idea that science has
no representative in. the Liverpool press, and it is our
intention in future to open this column to all matters of
science, more especially connected with• local
not, however, losing sight of the horticultural, v
so long been represented.. London has a host of scientific
Papers, which record the proceedings of the learned
• but Liverpool ha- -

ocieties

particular portion of
an ordinary para2rar

of one v

Its column

societies,
vhich has

Ls to anything more than

mence

e do
:lot intend, at first, to report every lecture, and notice
every new book ; but we will endeavour to furnish our
readers with every matter of striking interest that occurs.. There are now from twenty to thirty societies in this
locality which meet for scientific purposes, but what they
as much hidden from the public as if they were not in
Nevertheless, they possess members who are
fie attainments, and who would reflect
lustre upon our good old town if they were more
We have hard workers in almost every branch
men who devote all their energies to the
_equisition of knowledge—some of European celebrity,
but rarely known at home, like the prophet in his own.
”—men who can soar amongst the stars of the
.ne depths of the ocean—who can read.
_m in the flowers of the field, or reveal the
hidden world by the powerful lens, and show the infini-
tesimal wonders of the Creator. And where do we
find the record of these men's labours ? Not in any
local publication, but in those of the metropolis. How
few of our townsmen know the labours of the astronomer,
Mr. Lascelles, orthe indefatigaole Mr. M'Andrew, whose
dredges have swept the shores of half the kingdom. The
medical profession of Liverpool is rich in men of scientific-
attainments in botany. Dr. Dickenson has long sus-
tained the reputation of the town. Mr. Francis Archer
is deeply learned in mineratogy and conchology.
Drs
Nevins is well versed in the chemistry of the atmosphere,
and the phenomena of light and heat. Dr. Brett is a
profound chemist. Dr. D. P. Thompson is eminent as a
meteorologist; and we must, for want of space, conclude
the list with one of the most persevering and intelligent
microscopists of the day, Dr. Thomas Inman. Amongst
chemists we might notice many; but we have been com-
pelled to curtail the list of medical men so much that we
must not trust ourselves further with the subject..
Suffice it to say, that the men of science in this town are
amongst its brightest ornaments, and we hope we may be
successful in our attempt to make their labours better
known by devoting a portion of this column to the publi-
cation of local scientific intelligence.

existence

:tent in scienti

known

science--

county:

heavens, or stu

sons of wis

MISCELLANEA.
One of the most fascinating books ever written to
tempt the mind to love philosophical knowledge was the
" Poetry of Science," by Mr. Robert Hunt, of the
Museum of Economic Geology. It was the attempt of a
philanthropic mind to lead others to that deep pleasure
he has himself enjoyed, in the search of wisdom, which
has been the business of his existence. But there is a
deleterious effect inseparable from all attempts to give an.
introduction of science at one glance. We are too apt to
be satisfied with the shadow, when the substance can only
be acquired by laborious investigation. We may glance
through nature as a book, pleasing ourselves with the
beautiful illustrations ; but, to learn their history,
we must study the written language. Mr. Hunt has
seen the risk which may arise, and has judiciously sup-
plied the antidote to the bane in his new work, " Panthea
on the Spirit of Nature." It is a bold attempt, in the
style of a novel to show that true science is not visionary,
but that, nevertheless, its realities are as truly poetical as
the most luxurious imaginings. Of the language in.
which Mr. Hunt has written this novelty we can rdly
speak too highly ; it is the most poetical prose we ever
read ; and never has matter-of-fact science been more
beautifully expressed.

The determination between two lines of action is per-
haps best exemplifi3d by Mr Cotton's weighing machine.
This machine is destined to separate light sovereigns frogs
those which are heavy—the light ones being thrown into
the till, the heavy ones into the opposite. So perfect is
this contrivance, that the mechanism will weigh accurately
sovereigns to the one-hundreth of a grain, and, of course,
more rapidly and more accurately than could be possibly
effected by the ordinary process. When Professor de is
Rive saw the mechanism at work, he said it was the per-
fection of mechanics ; and truly it is a most wonderful
sight to witness a series of these machines at work in the
Bank of England. When the sovereign is light, the scale
beam rises, and the coin is thrown by a contrivance into
a till made to receive it ; if the sovereign is heavy, the
beam descends, and the coin is thrown into the opposite
box."—Smee's Instinct and Reason.

HORTICULTURAL.
It is very usual at this season of the year to prune fruit
trees ; but it is very questionable whether it is advisable
in seasons like the present to perform tiiat operation
whilst the weather is unseasonably warm. With gardeners
it is a common saying that winter pruning should be com-
pleted before the sap rises ; this is the language of experi-
ence to a certain extent, and if it were expressed in other
terms, for instance—when the sap is excited,—it would be
perfectly correct ; we need not tell the scientific horticul-
turist that the rise and fall of the sap is an exploded theory.
The root is always full of sap. How, then, can it receive
that of the trunk and branches also ? When the wood has
ripened the sap becomes inactive, and awaits a new
stimulus, which it receives from those subtle solar influ-
ences which occasion that strange fluttering of new life
perceivable in all organised individuals, animal or vegeta-
ble, on the arrival of Spring. In very mild weather at
this season of the year, this influence is often partially
forestalled, and we now find the various deciduous trees
and shrubs almost bursting into new vegetation. If
pruning be carried on under these circumstances, we have
noticed it most frequently happens that the shoot dies for
some distance downwards ; the mischief of this is easily
understood, because the good gardener never cuts at
random, but prunes off the exact quantity which can be
dispensed with, therefore a"positive injury arises from the
loss of more wood than was intended.

GARDENING IW_EMORANDA

The Liverpool Horticultural Society is about to expe-
rience a great loss in Mr. J. H. Richardson, who has
long been one of its most valued members. The floral
exhibitions, too, have always been greatly enhanced by
his productions. To our regret, (for we lose a much-
valued contributor,) he is about leaving the neighbour-
hood.

• ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
J. Neilso.n.—You can move roses, that is to say hardy
ones, any time from the present to the middle of March.
•I• •1 • .•

if there is no frost on the

—Your seedling

,monies are pretty, but present

Field Botany is

aina.

A regular 'Wader, will sail on the Ist February
ForFIONG KONG and WHAMPOA,
The river built Ship QUEEN OF ENGLAND,
J. M. CAW KETT, Commander ;
A 1 twelve years. This vessel is well known 'for-de-
livering her cargoes free from damage ; her Com-
=ander is well acquainted with China seas.—For terms,of
freight apply to Messrs. TA , POTTER, and Co., or to
WTEAR and VINING.
Will ucceeded by the A 1 Ships
Captain PEARSON.
Captain STODSIA)RT.

f
irITF;

AhgOro

JOHN 8113131 -
ALBERT EDWARD

'F,

east filbtrii.

Takes neither coals nor salt.
For CALCUTTA,
ThelmeLiverpool-built Ship MARY SOM

ster.—Apply_l

ERVILLI

The OTTERS'iIiZOL has room for a few tons fine goods

•Will be despatched in a few days.
For CALCUTTA,
The splendid Liverpool built Ship THE DUKE.
.4 ATKINSON, Commander;
r ve ye,•' —609 tons ; newt,.
in ever ,aeirbect a -st-rate

r="
. Wit

Ifor

ye woe

Saltliouse Dock ; to Mr. ICE
W. and J. TYRE&

ALL; Or tO

attstralta.

MIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA

LINE OF PACKETS FRC
PORT ADELAIDE or
Landing Passengers at Poe

Si.* e fig

)11 -LIVERPOOL
id SYDNEY,

Intermediate

'coed to none,
sail

20th Janc

oth Marc}

T-SHIPS

Ist Jan