The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1843-07-11 00:00:00

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THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S INTRODUCTION TO
INDlA.—Marquis Cornwallis to Sir J. Shore.—White-
hall, 10th June, MG.—Dear Sir, I beg leave to introduce
to you Colonel Wesley, [Wellesley,] who is Lieutenant.
Colonel of my regiment. He is a sensible man, aad a
good officer ; and will, I have no doubt, conduct himself
in a manner to merit your approbation.—l am, with great
regard, dear Sir, most faithfully yours.—Life of Lord
Teignmontli.

REWARD OF NOBLE WORK.—The "wages _
oble work do yet lie in heaven, or else nowhere

of every
Nay,

at bottom dost thou need any reward? Was it thy aim
and life-purpose, to be filled with good things for thy he-
roism ; to have a life of pomp and ease, and be what men
call " happy" in this world, or in any other world? 1
answer for thee, deliberately, no ? The brave man has to
'‘is life away. Give it, I advise thee—thou dost not

expect to sell thy life in an adequate manner?
price, for example, would content thee ? * *
Thou wilt never sell thy life, or any part of thy life, in a
satisfactory manner. Give it, like a royal heart—let the
price be nothing; thou host then, in a cer

---, g
all for it ! Well said ! we again repeat, 0 Diogenes Tetota-
felsdrockh !—Carlyle's Past and Present.
DIGNITY OF LABOUR.—In early life, David kept his
father's sheep ; his was a life of industry ; and though
foolish men think it degrading to perform any useful
labour, yet in the eyes of wise men industry is truly ho-
nourable, and the most useful man is the happiest. A
life of labour is man's natural condition, and most favour-
able to bodily health and mental vigour. Bishop Hall
says, " Sweet is the destiny of all trades, whether of the
brow, or of the mind. God never allowed any man to do
nothing." From the ranks of industry have the world's
greatest men been taken. Rome was more than once
saved by a man who was sent for from the plough. Moses
had been keeping sheep for forty years before he came
forth as the deliverer of Israel. Jesus Christ himself,
during the early part of his life, worked as a carpenter.
His apostles were chosen from amongst the hardy and
laborious fishermen. From whence I infer, that when
God has any great work to perform, he selects as his in-
struments those who their previous occupation had
acquired habits of industry, skill, and perseverance; and
that, in every department of society, they are the most
honourable who earn their own living by their own la-
bour.—What David Did; by the Rev. T. Spencer.
THE I:EFORM FEVER.—One fact is certain, that for
years and years previous to the grand rush upon the con-
stitution, which resulted in the revolution of 1832, the
cause of parliamentary reform had gone steadily back-
wards, and had there been no ill-timed and mismanaged
Catholic Relief Bill, nor any three glorious days in Paris,
to turn men's heads, the probability is that parliamentary
reform, except as the watchword of faction, never would
have been heard of more. It is idle, therefore, to compare
the position of the statesmen whom the reform bill drove
into opposition, with that of the battlers for the monarchy
during the reign of our own Charles the First, or of Neckar
in the beginning of the French revolution, or of the mis-
guided imitators of that over-praised financier who suc-
ceeded him. These latter had nothing to fall back upon,
except their own talents of persuasion, and the conscious-
ness that their cause was good. The society with which
they had to deal was rotten at the core. Whereas the
people of England, though carried away in 1831, as they
are not unapt to be by a sudden frenzy, never, amid the
deepest paroxysm of the disease, forgot what their fathers
had done for them.—Fraser's Magazine.
FRANCE IN 1794, FROM THE " STELLO OF ALFRED
DE VlGNY.—Ninety-four struck by the clock of the 18th
century, 94, of which every minute was blood-stained and
fiery. The year of terror tolled horribly and slowly to
the seeming of earth and heaven, which listened in
silence. One might have thought that some dread power,
untangible as a phantom, passed and repassed among men,
so pallid were their faces, so wild their eyes, their heads
so gathered between their shoulders, knit as if to hide and
defend them. Then men moved aside from one another,
or met abruptly, like combatants. Their salute resembled
an attack, their " good day " an insult, their smile a con-
vulsion, their dress the tatters of a mendicant, their head-
gear a rag soaked in blood, their meetings popular dis-
turbances, their families the dens of ferocious and mis-
trustful animals, their eloquence the clamour of a market,
their love a Bohemian orgie, their public ceremonies ill-
composed Roman tragedies, acted on provincial boards,
their wars migrations of savage and miserable multitudes,
the names of the time Poissarde parodies. But all this
was grand, because, in the republican rout, if every man
played for power, each at least cast his head on the
throw.—Dublin University Magazine.
INDUSTRY VERSUS IDLENESS.—Who art thou that
com plainest of thy life of toil? Complain not. Look up,
my wearied brother; see thy fellow workmen there, in
God's eternity—surviving there—they alone surviving—
sacred band of the immortals. Even in the weak human
memory they survive so long as saints, as heroes, as gods ;
they alone surviving—peopling, they alone, the immea-
sured solitudes of time! To thee, Heaven, though se-
vere, is not unkind. Heaven is kind, as a noble mother
—as that Spartan mother, saying, as she gave her son his
shield, " with it, my son, or upon it !" And who art
thou that braggest of thy life of idleness; complacently
showest thy bright gilt equipages; sumptuous cushions;
appliances for the folding of the hands to more sleep?
Looking up, looking down, around, behind, or before,
discernest thou, if it be not in Mayfair alone, any idle
hero, saint, god, or even devil ? Not a vestige of one.
" In the heavens, in the earth, in the water under the
earth, is none like unto thee.' Thou art an original
figure in this creation, a denizen in Mayfair alone. One
monster there is in the world : the idle man. What is
his " religion ?" That nature is a phantasm, where cun-
ning, beggary, or thievery, may sometimes find good vic-
tual.—Carlyle's Past and Present.

SIR JAMES GRAHAM AND THE FACTORY BILL.—The
withdrawal by Sir James Graham of the educational
clauses from his Factory Regulation Bill, has gone to the
hearts of the whole conservative party. They perceive in
it something like the commencement of that miserable
system of half measures, which, more than even their
gross offences, brought the whigs into contempt. They
can discover no just reason why these clauses should have
been withdrawn. The opposition, got up by a few noisy
demagogues, was, in their estimation, quite illusory. It
deserved very little rezard by the Queen's ministers. And
though it be undeniable that in favour of the scheme few,
if any, petitions were presented, the conservatives are pre-
pared to demonstrate that the numbers of those to whom
the proposal was acceptable, surpassed the number of
such as objected to it by three to one, at the least. Why.
indeed, should the minister have taken so much to heart
that of which he now complains as the supineness of
churchmen ? Has he yet to learn that the great body of
the people seldom evince their approval of proposed acts
of legislation otherwise than by a silent acquiescence in
them ? Is he not aware that no peaceable subject ever
dreams that it is necessary for him to throw his hat into
the air and shout Io triumphans, as often as his rulers
shew that they have the permanent interests of the coun-
try at heart? Nay, more—ls it desirable that a different
practice should be introduced ? Is it a thing to be sought
for, that every scheme proposed in parliament should be
taken up for further discussion in all the towns, and vil-
lages, and hamlets of the empire, and not passed into law
till the government and the legislature are satisfied that a
majority of the lieges approve and are willing to accept it ?
When incomes to this, the sooner we get rid of the pre-
sent representative system the better. If the weight of
petitions is to decide what is right and what is wrong in
legislation, we see no good reason why the people's char-
ter should not become the law of the land to-morrow.—
Fraser's Magazine.
THE UNDERSELLING MANIA.—A young man opens
a small shop—we will say of linen drapery—in a neigh-
bourhood where an establishment of the kind already
exists. In former times what would have been his plan ?
He must have commented in a modest way according to
his means, and, by sound goods, fair prices, and steady
attention, endeavoured to establish a character that should
enlarge his custom, yielding him an increasing profit, and
in the end building up a business. Patience, assiduity
and integrity, he would have regarded as the elements of
AliesafiyMegkb%
seeking to rise by a neighbour's ruin. Such times are,
unhappily, at an end ; a new system is in operation, and
the young tradesman's first care will be to advertize that
he will undersell all others in the same line. He rests
on the chance of thus drawing away the customers of some
long-established and perhaps fair dealing fellow trades-
man ; he expends a large proportion of his limited capital
in showy embellishments, to make it appear that be can
afford a superfluous outlay, and to entrap such as are
caught by external display. He procures goods on the
same principle—flimsy, gaudy, and perishable—which he
arranges according to the most attractive plan that he can
devise to catch the passenger's eye. He has, of course,
two prices; but at the commencement he allows everything
to go off below its proper value ; and unless the neigh-
bouring tradesman lowers his terms, at considerable pre-
sent loss and at great hazard as to the future, crushing in
its birth this attempt at competition, it is probable he may
succeed in securing a pretty large custom, and go on for
a time with every prospect of realizing his expectations.
But bye and bye, a new comer, attracted by his apparent
success, opens a second opposition-shop, promising to
undersell both the former. Then begins the strife, the
grand struggle to keep up appearances, and by a further
sacrifice of just profit to drive away the intruder. A
young man who has laid out his capital in this way can.
not long contend against present loss, decreasing custom,
and the feverish anxiety inseparable from so exciting a
conflict. He, perhaps, becomes more reckless in his
dealings, and, by the discovery of unequivocal frauds, is
overwhelmed with diigrace; or, if really forced, against
conscience and inclination, to adopt a system now become
general, he droops under what he cannot remedy, and soon
falls a victim. What his future lot may be no one can
predict ; but the ranks of our army, the walls of our work-
houses, and alas I the hulks of our convict-ships could ex-
hibit many a living illustration of this statement,—many
a man who would cheerfully have entered on, and steadily
pursued, the good old slow-coach method of establishing
an honest business; but who has been by the altered ha-
bits and circumstances of the time borne on the railway
of artificial locomotion to the terminus of hopeless ruin.—
Perils of the Nation.

THE ORANGE YEOMANRY OF IRELANDI-..1t was one
of the complaints against the yeomanry of former years
that they were composed of Protestants, in many instances
of Orangemen. The answer was, that in those days a
force so composed was the only one which could be relied
on. A. remarkable instance in point was furnished in the
case of a corps commanded by Mr. Sharman Crawford.
Every individual, with, at the most, a single exception,
under his command was an Orangeman! He was not
himself a member of the Orange institution ; he was,
perhaps then, as now, of politics which forbade his join-
ing that body ; but he wished to have a corps of loyal
men, who would not betray the cause which they swore to
serve. He deliberately made or acceded to a rule, that
every candidate for admission into his corps should pass
through the scrutiny of a ballot; and, as the inevitable
consequence, his corps consisted exclusively of Protestant,
OF ORANGEMEN !—From an article on "Repeal Agi-
tation" in the Dublin University Magazine.
CHANTREY'S CHARGES.—In 1813, his charge for a
bust was one hundred guineas ; in 1814 and 1819, one hun-
dred and twenty. He had one hundred guineas for Cline,
and one hundred and twenty guineas a-piece for James
Watt and John Rennie. In 182t1, his charge was one
hundred and fifty guineas, the sum he received from Lord
Liverpool for the bust of the Duke of Wellington. In
1821, he had two hundred guineas for the bust of George
IV., the highest sum be was ever known to charge for a
bust. For the Wellington statue he was paid the largest
sum he ever received for a work of art, equal as it was in
all, with bronze and money, to £lO,OOO. For the eques-
trian statue of George IV., still unerected, he had nine
thousand guineas ; for the equestrian statue of Sir Thos.
Munro, 8,000. The Munro horse was the same horse as
the George IV., and Chantrey would have thrust a third
edition of the same animal upon the city of London, but
for the sturdy interference of Allan Cunningham and Sir
Peter Laurie. lie would certainly have had the Glasgow
Wellington statue to execute, but from his anxiety to sup-
ply a cast of the same horse to the fair City of the West.
This was imprudent, for the Glasgow people wisely wanted
a horse of their own. Modelling horses gravelled Chan-

trey ; he was at home with tnen,- but had learn a new
line of art when he came to manufacture horses. His

standing statues and sitting statues were well paid for.
He had two thousand guineas for the George 111. in
Guildhall; £lBOO for Spencer Perceval ; £4OOO for Presi-
dent Blair (with niche and pedestal); £3500 for Lord
Melville ; £lOOO for Dr. Anderson at Madras ; £1575 for
Gen. Gillespie in St. Paul's ; £lBOO for Francis Horner,
in Westminster Abbey ; £2250 for Washington ; £l2OO
for Chief Baron Dundas ; £2OOO for Grattan ; £7OOO for
Pitt in Hanover-square; £7OOO for Watt in Westminster
Abbey. For "The Two Children" he had £650; for
" Lady Louisa Russell" £350. Chantrey's admiration
of English sculpture did not get much beyond the bust of
Dr. Johnson by Nollekens. and the statue of Sir Isaac
Newton by Roubiliac. They were both, as he was wont
to say, perfect. Such, indeed, was his respect for Rou-
biliac, that he has allowed foreigners resident in England
to contend for his prizes, solely out of respect for the
epigrammatic and inimitable Frenchman.—Fraser.

EDUCATION. ADDRESS TO THE CLERGY—The great
national work of education rests mainly in your hands, as
it is most desirable that it should do. A vigilant superin-
tendence of this interesting portion of the Lord's vine-
yard, need scarcely be enjoined on any of his labourers,
so great is the encouragement, so rich the promise annex-
ed to the employment. Difficulties do and will beset the
path of those who are earnest in it; for the enemy of souls
understands, even far better than we can do, the value of
the sowing season ; and the world will also put in its
claim against God, by extolling the usefulness of such
knowledge as is the perfection of foolishness when sub-
stituted for, or preferred before, the knowledge that
maketh wise unto salvation. To cultivate intellect is the
fashionable panacea for all moral and political evil ' • but
" intellect without God " is the phrase aptly used by a
distinguished living poet to characterize Satan himself.
That knowledge is power, has become the leading axiom
of the day : but, apart from the presiding, governing,
commanding influence of vital religion, what is it but the
power of a mighty steam-engine, self-impelled, destitute
of its appointed guide, and carrying irresistible destruction
wheresoever chance may direct its wild and fierce career?
We would not that a poor man should be found, whereso-
ever the British standard waves, who could put from him
the book of wisdom with the plea, " I am not learned ;"
but to make religion merely an adjunct, a collateral branch
of instruction, a matter of taste and selection ; to rank
the Holy Bible as a class-book, to be taken up in its turn,
or subject to the approval or rejection of those who send
the child to school, is an offence which we cannot for a
moment suppose any minister of the gospel capable of
conniving at. We name it only to rouse your active and
strenuous opposition to so infidel a course, and to remind
you on bow false, how ruinous a principle, the work is
likely to be conducted, if you withhold your hands from
it, or silently relinquish your primary claim to the snper-
vision of what God has committed to your charge : the
feeding of the lambs ; the training up of children in the
way they should go ; the bringing them to Christ, in whom
are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. Your
office is to combat the rage of unsanctified learning; to
place " the kingdom of God and his righteousness " in the
fore-front of all that his creatures ought to seek ; with
spiritual weapons to " cast down imaginations, and every
high thing that exalteth itself above Christ ;" to elevate
the law and the testimony in the sight of all men ; boldly
proclaiming that " if they speak not according to this
word it is because there is no light in them."—Perils of
the _Nation.

THE CONDITION OF IRELAND.—There is but one
portion of our empire to which we look with undiminished
regret—unhappy Ireland ; unvisited by royalty, unte-
nanted by her best friends, for she becomes dangerous to
all alike by her reckless agitation. The wonder on the
part of several of our foreign correspondents, now lying
before us, is, that O'Connell is not summoned to his place
in the English House of Commons, and that the agitation
of,repeal is not made treasonable by a specific enactment.
On the reasonableness of this course we shall not enter,
but simply content ourselves with observing, that due care
is taken that dangerous effects shall not follow from the
effrontery and meditated malevolence of that miscreant,
who dares not venture on overt acts. Ireland, ere long,
will find out his villany, and let us ask any calm and dis-
passionate individual what Ireland would gain by the re-
peal ? Would she partake in the immense exports to the
British, the Saxon colonies, if O'Connell like the name?
Would she be of much higher mark than Jersey, or the
Isle of Man, without English support? Let the income
tax answer that question. Where is the spirit described
by her bards past ? Where is

The dread that the cold-hearted Saxon will tear
One chord from her harp, or one wreath from her hair?
Would anything but the intelligence of the North, to recur
to painful facts, retain her present commerce? Would not
the Protestants alone subdue the Romanists in Ireland,
were they alone left to settle the question? Intelligence
is to brute force in a much higher ratio than one to seven.
Ireland must abandon talk and take to trade, and then
trade will take to her. The capital O'Connell is con-
suming in time amid her millions is immense, to say no-
thing of what he takes by the sheer robbery of the rent.
Let her think on the blessings that flow from such an
United Kingdom as has yet never lightened on the me-
mory of man ; let her feel due pride in the enjoyment of
that common renown her arms have contributed to win,
and in the supremacy in the hour of peace, in the coun-
cils of the United Kingdom, of that warrior that owes to
her his birthplace—one, of whom her greatest living poet
wrote--

But, oh, there is not
One dishonouring blot
In the wreath that encircles my Wellington's name,

The counsel of that chieftain, equally wise in war and
peace, has literally made, not one only, but the United
Isles,

Even all that we wish them, great, glorious and free ;
First flowers of the earth, and first gems of the sea.

- ---
—From an article " On the Commerce and Prospects of
the British Empire in India," in the British and Colonial
Quarterly.

PROPAGANDA.—That enormous system of fraud and
imposture the Propaganda has existed in France under
various forms and with various fortunes since 1655. At
present it is in part supported by government grants, and
in part by contributions. The income of this association
amounted in 1841 to about £142,000, collected through.
out the papal countries. In 1841 the contribution from
Ireland amounted to nearly £B,OOO. Scotland, however,
is in a bad case; she is fairly in partibus infidelium, and
so far from contributing, required a grant of about one
thousand pounds to remove the woeful spiritual destitu-
tion of the descendants of the covenanters. That this is
a political as well as a Romish association is admitted by
its friends as .well as its opponents ; and under this im-
portant fact some very serious considerations arise. A
vast number of missionaries are sent to the Mediterranean
MCA rtirs Sagan' ii political f'tl-TATs To 7 that "Co
untry. Such
being the case, we would suggest to our generous but
mistaken countrymen, whether it is in good taste, or con-
sistent with unsullied loyalty to contribute along with a
foreign government for purposes beyond the propagation
of religion. It is humiliating to be gulled in this man-
ner; and why do they, if they wish to spread their faith,
not insist that the directors of the plan should reside in
Dublin, and thus place their loyalty beyond suspicion.
The occupation of Tahiti is an event of no political or
commercial importance : a more valueless colony can
scarcely be conceived. It is not so with the Sandwich
Islands: they occupy a midway station between China
and America; they afford an asylum to the South-sea
whalers and vessels passing between Asia and America.
It is needless to say that their importance will rise yearly,
in proportion as the China trade increases. The occupa-
tion of these islands by France would, in the event of
war, give her great influence in the Pacific; it would be
to her what the Mauritius was with respect to the Indian
Ocean—a nest of privateers. The government of the
United States are aware of the importance of the subject,
and we suspect their efforts will rescue the Sandwich
Islands. But there is another circumstance deserving of
notice : it is obvious that no Briton can in any way abet
the efforts of France ; he may remain inactive, but he
cannot exert himself against his country. Now, the fol-
lowing circumstance deserves to be remembered : Ireland
sends a contribution of eight thousand pounds per annum
to the French Propaganda ; and these funds have furnished
and sent out Father Short, and Father Walsh, both Irish..
men, two indefatigable agents in the interest of France in
the Sandwich Islands; or in other worth, their loyalty to
their queen, and patriotism towards their native land, is
as dust in the balance, compared with their zeal for the
pope, or their devotion to the cause of France. We shall
conclude with a single remark—it is possible that the
doings in Tahiti may bring more harm than good to the
Roman Catholic cause. For many years the dissenters
of England and Scotland have been the supporters of the
political claims of the Romanists. The cause of Tahiti
is taken up by the dissenters; and may not a Protestant
. re-action in England prove too a price for a tnutpph
of popery at the antipodes?—Dublin University Magazine.

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD.

ABSURDITY OF DUELLING.—A person ignorant of the
origin and history of the modern duel would be at consi-
derable loss to analyse its nature and elements. if he
were to conceive that a mere spirit of revenge dictated
the practice, he would find cases where an adversary,
having met his antagonist in the field, shook hands with,
took his ground, exposed himself to a mortal fire, and
finally discharged his own pistol into the air ; revenge
thus taking the whimsical course of receiving, notimpo-
sing, an infliction. if it were then supposed that the duel
might merely be an invention to enable two men to dis-
play their physical courage and contempt of death, a mis-
take would be found in this view also for, not unfre-
quently, where two individuals are prepared to go all
lengths as princ pals, their seconds or friends, into whose
hands they have put their case, will permit no further
procedure, on the ground that, by the code of duelling,
no infringement of honour has, after all, taken place. If
the inquirer persisted in his investigation, and endea-
voured to ascertain in what the gentlemanlike satisfaction
of duelling consisted, he would perhaps be surprised to
find that a man, having sustained an injury, possesses by
duel practice the further advantage of a chance of having
a final end put to all his earthly cares and annoyances.—
Anti-Duel; by John Dunlop.
ATHENS AS IT IS.—We see Athens in ruins. On the
central rock of its acropolis exist the remains, in a muti-
lated state, of three temples—the temple of Victory, the
Parthenon, and the Erectlieum ; of the Propylaea in the
same place ; at its western entrance, some walls and a few
columns are still standing ; of the theatre on the south
side of the Acropolis, in which the dramas of YEschvlus,
Sophocles, and Euripides were represented, some stone
steps remain. Not a vestige survives of the courts in
which Demosthenes pleaded. There is no trace of the
academic porches of Plato, or of the lyceum of Aristotle.
The poccile of the Stoics has vanished ; only a few of the
long walls which ran along the plain and united Athens
with its harbours, are yet visible. Even nature herself
appears to have undergone a change. The source of the
fountain Callirrhoe has almost failed ; the bed of the
Illissus is nearly dry ; the harbour of the Peirceus is
narrowed and made shallow by mud. But while this is
so, while we are forcibly and mournfully reminded by this
spectacle of the perishable nature of the most beautiful
objects which the world has seen, while we read in the
ruins of these temples of Athens, and in the total ex-
tinction of the religion to which they were dedicated, an
apology in behalf of Christianity, and a refutation of pagan-
ism, more forcible and eloquent than any of those which
were composed and presented to the Roman emperor by
Aristides and Quadratus in this place, we are naturally led
by it to contrast the permanence and vitality of the spirit
and intelligence which produced these works, of which
the vestiges either exist in a condition of ruinous decay,
or have entirely disappeared, with the fragility of the
material elements of which they are composed. Not at
Athens alone are we to look for Athens. The epitaph—
Here is the heart : the spirit is everywhere—may be ap-
plied to it. From the gates of the Acropolis, as from a
mother city, issued intellectual colonies into every region
of the world. These buildings now before us, ruined as
they are at present, have served for two thousand years as
models of the most admired fabrics in every civilized
country of the world. Having perished here, they sur-
vive there. They live in them as in their legitimate off-
spring. Thus the genius which conceived and executed
these magnificent works, while the materials on which it
laboured are dissolved, has itself proved immortal. We,
therefore, at the present time, having witnessed the fact,
have more cogent reasons for admiring the consummate
skill which created them, than were possessed by those
who saw these structures in their original glory and
beauty.—Wordsworth's Greece.

THE VAUDOIS.---In 1686 the Vaudois of Angrogna as-
sembled in an amphitheatre of rocks to implore the suc-
cour of heaven, and to hear their pastor's exhortations,
being prohibited from meeting in their usual places of
worship. The scene is thus described in an interesting
work just published, entitled " The Escape of the Vau-
dois." It was an impressive scene that opened on the
eyes of the young party as they reached the summit of
the acclivity, and looked down a deep gorge between
hanging rocks, whose rugged points, emerging from the
wild vine, glittered in the evening rays. About half way
down the mountain was a mossy sward, some fifty feet
wide, sheltered by wooded rocks, which shelved down to
that same brook they had just left so placid on the other
side, now dashing and foaming over the rocks that broke
its current. Yet not alone the water's rush disturbed
the stillness of the hour, but the footsteps of several Vau-
dois peasants, leaping from the heights above, or hurry-
ing up the ascent beneath. These were the Protestants
of the early church coming to perform their evening
sacrifice. And beautiful was it to see the hoary head of
old age, and the comeliness of youth, meetlin no conse-
crated building, whose stately pillars and ;storied walls
attested the pride of human skill, but beneath the glori-
ous canopy of heaven, resplendent with the. indescribable
brilliancy of a thousand hues, and within the massive en-
closure of the Alpine rocks. All now was still ; one deep
clear voice alone rang clearly through the hushed multi-
tude, and accompanied by many a silent prayer, ascended
on the wings of faith. It was again a 'beautiful sight—
that prostrate crowd, that scenery, and the venerable form
of the old man, who, with simple and energetic devotion,
poured forth the supplication of the Vaudois flock for de-
liverance from the yoke of tyranny, and for protection in
the hour of need The appearance of Arnaud was calcu-
lated to inspire attention and respect. His figure, rather
above the common height, was such as might have realized
the imagination of the first apostolic preacher of Christi-
anity; and the holy subjects of his constant meditation
had given an elevated expression to his countenance,
which awed rather than commanded all beholders. It
might have been deemed stern, but Christian love had
softened even the resentment which his country's suffer-
ings had awakened, and lent a milder lustre to the bright
eye which beamed from beneath a bushy and thick-set
brow. His eye did not in truth bear proportion to its
signs; for deep thought and ardent anxiety, rather than
years, had ploughed the furrows on his cheek, and prema-
turely changed the hue of the once dark and clustering
locks. Some passages were read and listened to with the
serious attention that a deep value of the privilege of
which bigotry would fain have deprived them, well me-
rited ; and then the congregation was dismissed, their
hearts full of the holy feelings which the ceremony had
engendered. Some had many a weary mile before them ;
their path lay across dark and dangerous regions, but
these could not deter the Vaudois from discharging so
clear a duty, the performance of which was attended by so
many difficulties ; for it was only by night and after a day
of labour, that they could hold their meetings undis-
turb."

UNIFORMITY DESTROYED BY THE TRACTARIANS.--
That uniformity is most desirable all will admit, and none
will assert its necessity and obligation more firmly than
the bishop of London. But it is overlooked, that the high
degree of uniformity which has existed until of late, was
not easily attained, nor at slight cost; and that the mo.
merit it is abandoned no other uniform system can come
in its room, but endless contrariety must ensue. To take
a single instance of the confusion already created ; let us
describe what is now going on in this metropolis. We
took the trouble to inquire, recently, into the details of
the various modes of conducting divine service, used in
the churches of four parishes, all immediately adjoining
each other, and therefore naturally coming into compari-
son; and the result of our inquiry is, that in every in-
stance is there considerable variety in the mode of con-
ducting the service—in one instance no changes have been
made—in another after the Nicene Creed the clergyman
goes from the table to the pulpit in his surplice, uses no
prayer or collect, but gives out a text, and preaches for 15
minutes ; then (without prayer or collect) returns to the
table and begins the offertory, after which and the prayer
for the church militant the non-communicants leave, and
the rest of the communion service proceeds, and this
every Sunday—in a third church, after the Nicene Creed,
there is a psalm, and the clergyman having retired to the
vestry, comes forth again in his surplice, ascends the pul-
pit, reads a collect and the Lord's Prayer, and preaches ;
then gives the blessing. The non-communicants leave,
and then follows the offertory, the prayer for the church
militant, and the rest of the communion service, and this
every Sunday—and in the fourth church the clergyman
ascends the pulpit in his surplice, reads the collect and
Lori's Prayer, and preaches; then returns to the com-
munion table, and reads the prayer for the church mili-
tant, but no offertory sentences. He then gives the
blessing and all depart. Twice in the month there is a
full communion; when an invocation is pronounced from
the pulpit before the prayer for the church militant, and
the non-communicants depart. Here are four varieties,
all existing at this moment, in four churches standing
within sight of each other! And if, instead offour, we
had made inquiries at fourteen, it is highly probable that
even in that larger number we should scarcely have found
two in which the service was in all points the same. One
lamentable consequence of which is, that no one clergy-
man knows, now, how he is expected to conduct the ser-
A twelvemonth back, if even a newly-ordained deacon
was asked " to read prayers," he knew what was meant,
and perfectly understood what he was expected to do.
But now, should even an experienced clergyman under-
take this office for a friend, and rashly venture to com-
mence without obtaining special instruction, it is almost
certain that he will be stopt once, twice, or more proba-
bly thrice, in the course of the service, by the clerk or the
sexton, with the audible whisper, " we don't do that
here, Sir /"—Churchman's Monthly Review.
NEW USES OF IRoN.—Among the new employments
found for iron, must be mentioned ship-building. Iron
was first used about the year 1810, for the construction of
vessels employed in canal and river navigation. After this,
the first similar employment of this material occurred in
1820, when a steam vessel, called the Aaron Manby, was
constructed at the Horsley Iron Work, and made the voy-
age between the capitals of England and France without
unlaiding any part of cargo. This vessel is still in good
condition, although 22 years old, never having required
any repairs to her bull. In 1825, a small iron steam boat
was placed on the river Shannon, where she is now em-
ployed, in good condition. In 1832, the Elburkah,
an iron steam vessel, built by Messrs. Laird, and Co.
in Liverpool, made the voyage from that port to the coast
of Africa, and twice ascended the river Niger. This suc-
cessful experiment led to the construction of many other
iron steam vessels. One builder, Mr. John Laird, of
Birkenhead, near Liverpool, has built 45 iron vessels, of
the aggregate burthen of 12,600 tons. The total number
launched since 1830 is said to exceed 150. The largest
iron vessel yet finished, and in use, is the Guadaloupe, a
steam frigate of 788 tons, carrying sixty-eight-pounders,
and belonging to the Mexican government; but her di-
mensions are insignificant when compared with those of
the Great Britain, now building, and nearly finished, at
Bristol.

The length of this vessel, from her figure-
head to the taffrail, is
••••
The breadth of beam •
The depth of her hold..

320 feet,
51 „
31 „

Her draught of water, when loaded, is cal-
culated to be
and her burden 3,500 tons. The engines will have „
a force

equal to that of 1,000 horses, and will be used to keep in
action, as the means of propulsion, an Architnedan screw.
The draught of water will be seen not to exceed that of a
first-class West Indianian. At present this vessel can only
be considered as an experiment; and, should it fail, an
abundance of ridicule will no doubt be cast upon the pro-
jectors by men whose genius would hardly have sufficed
for the invention of a wherry. A great part of the steam
navy of the East India Company consists of iron vessels,
twenty-five of which are now in use in India, among
which are the Nemesis, the Phlegethon, the Ariadne, and
the Medusa,—names well known to the British Public
from the conspicuous part which the vessels have perform-
ed in the war with China. The advantages of iron over
timber, for naval architecture, are—the absence of "wear
and tear" in the hull—no necessity for caulking or cop-
pering—no possibility of injury from dry-rot—greater
lightness and increased capacity—and, what is of even far
more importance, greater safety. The first cost of iron
vessels is somewhat, but not much, less than that of tim-
ber-built vessels : their comparative cheapness results
from their greater durability : after years of constant em-
ployment, they are found to be as sound and as clean as
when first built. Their weight, upon which depends the
nisplacement of water, is—as a general rule—three-fifths
the weight of wooden vessels of the same capacity. The
weight of metal used in proportion to the burden of the
ship varies, of course, with the size. A sea-going iron
steam vessel will take from nine to twelve cwts. of iron
per ton register. Boats intended for river traffic, which
do not require an equal degree of strength, of course take
a less weight of metal.—Porter's Progress of the Nation.