The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1844-01-30 00:00:00

warm as

der the fanning breezes from the laughing tides, as they
broke gently on the sands, agreeable and refreshing.
Her dress was simple; a plain straw bonnet, with a
white riband round the crown, a coloured muslin
frock, looking gay and cheerful, and as pretty a pair of
shoes on as pretty a pair of feet as I ever remember to
have seen from China to Kamschatka. Rove where you
will in the galleries of the Louvre, of Versailes, in David's
atelier, or in the halls and museums of our own loved
isle, I defy you all, 'my good masters and mistresses, to
find me a prettier pair of feet than were those of the
belle Victoria,' when she played with the pebbles and the
tides on Ramsgate sands. Her mother was her companion,
and a venerable man, whose name is graven on every
human heart that loves his species. and whose undying
name is recorded in that eternal book where the actions of
men are written with the pen of Truth, walked by her
parent's side, and, doubtless, gave those counsels, and
offered that advice, which none were more able to offer
than himself,--for it was WIILIAM WILBERFORCE ! !
Yes, there he was,—be, the mighty moral combatant of
that now crushed giant, Slavery ! who had fought so
nobly and so well for the great principle that no man had
a right, either real or imaginary, to the person and being
of another man ! Ah ! never shall I forget with what
irresistible force these lines recurred to my mind, as I
gazed on the diminutive and trembling form of that moral
Hercules,—

" Were I so tall to reach the pole,
Or grasp the ocean with a span,
I Would be measured by my soul,—
The mind's the standard of the man."
Yes, the mind, unchained, unfettered, unenslaved,—the
mind, immortal as the Being from which it sprang, and
as immortal as the state of existence to which it is
destined,—" the mind's the standard of the man.4And
what a mind was there before me ! Wilberforce was not
simply the benevolent, the virtuous, and the pious : but
he was a great man, with a great mind, occupied about
great interests, large and vast questions, and devoted to
the glorious missions, raising his fellow-men, in all coun-
tries and climes, from degradation, misery, brutality, and
bondage.—Fraser's Magazine.

JULES JANIN, THE FRENCH FEUILLETONIST.—Your
eye is resting (1 thought it would) on that droll-looking
person, lolling at his ease in you fauteuil, disordered in
dress, careless in manner, and yet imposing, spite the
tangled locks that fall in sad confusion over his ample
forehead ; that is the Coryphmus of feuillelonistes, the
very Jupiter of the tribe. His thunderbolts fall among
us at times with killing effect, but he can also give life to
an artiste, and make it priceless ; that is " J. J." of the
Journal des Dibats: I wonder at my temerity in ap-
proaching so calmly his formidable initials, so often signed
to the epitaphs recorded on our artistic tombs; but his
indulgence to myself emboldens my familiarity. He is
chiefly known to the public for hebdomadal contributions
to the famous Dlbats, wherein he empties his effervescing
caldron of critical remark, all steaming, hot, and spicy.
He makes the tour of all the novelties the week brings
forth, and then on Monday morning disburdens his mem-
ory and his conscience. Like the immortal hero of l'Eli-
sir d' Amore, be dispenses his doses with prodigal hand,
—a bolus here and an elixir there ; administering to
wounds of his own making the soothing ointment of his
praise, and in very wantonness scratching others half
healed up. But rail, rant, and roar at him
Who can stint their eyes to the brilliant, sparkling, seduc-
tive light of his genius, winning while it repels, delight-
ing even when it chides, intoxicating when it extols?
Yes, Janin, I believe an artiste never fell beneath thy
rod who did not kiss it while it smote ; for it lashes so
beautifully. This singular person is the theme of con-
stant remark; his eccentricities (for it seems genius must
have them), his peculiarities, and penchants, furnish end-
less gossip to the "Foyer." His last new predilection
now sets all tongues a-wagging, and who, or rather what,
do you dream is the tender object of his love? He has
taken to a pet ; and what, of all the things of air, earth,
and sea, do you imagine has won him ? Oh ! name it not
in Berlin—" a little pig ! " with doubtful claims to white-
ness. Byron had his bear ; Goethe his monkey ; and
Janin fondles a pig ! What is the attraction of this new
caprice ; what the sympathy between "J. J." and his
darling, who can tell? The topic is prolific in bon mots,
to those who dare make merry at his expense. " Yes,"
exclaimed the lively Comte de —, the last opera-night,
" there must be mutual feeling for similarity of pursuit ;
the pig scour the street of its offal, and Janin ranges from
one end of the Boulevards to the other for his theatrical
garbage." Woe to the bold jester if this comes to Janin's
indignant ear; he will avenge promptly the outraged dig-
nity of his petit cochon. All societies are open to Janin :
the court invites him ; his numberless friends prey on
him ; the dinner languishes, the soiree is dull, the repre-
sentation is flat, when Janin is not there. Hunt Europe
through, and you will not find another man more courted ;
and the same journey over again would not discover you
an equally successful competitor. The coveted of artistes,
the dreaded of dramatists, and the most gifted of critics,
how shall I support the loss of thy vivacious effusions,—
the delicate emhroideries of thy style? Pirouetting will
lose its charm when "J. J." is not there to criticise.
Bless me, dear Mina, how tiresome you must think me in
prating so long of a good-for-nothing critic you care little
for ! In talking of Janin, I have allowed all my company
to steal out of my loge without a parting smile,—Fraser 's
Magazine.

THE CORN LAWS.

" FACTS ARE STUBBORN THINGS."

According to the census of 1831, there are in the United
Kingdom 2,470,411 persons, above thenty years of age,
employed in agriculture, and 710,541 in manufactures.
Seven-ninths of the population are dependent on agricul-
ture, and two-ninths on manufactures.
In 1841, the average proceeds of agriculture in England
and Wales was about £300,000,000, and of manufactures
£173,136,316, of which £47,136,316 was exported ; and
of the remaining £126,000,000, sold in the home market,
at least two-thirds was purchased by the agriculturists.
For every £1 employed in manufactures, £l5 is em-
ployed in the cultivation of the soil.
The average consumption of wheat is about 19,000,000
quarters annually, of which 3,000,000 odd is imported ;
and every quarter introduced supersedes just as muchi
labour as would be required to produce it at home.
Wheat imported Goods of all descriptions
into the exported from the
United Kingdom from— United Kingdom to—
(In the three years from 188. to 1840—the latest returns

published,)
Germany.. —1,086,724 qrs. £15,622,554
Russia 681,295 qrs. 5,042,411
Prussia 2,091,537 qrs.. .
Thus it will be seen, that while the largest quantity of
wheat is imported from Prussia, we export the smallest
quantity of goods to that kingdom.
The sum necessary for the cultivation of land is about
£8 per acre; and as much as £l5 is sometimes expended
alone for improvements.
The direct and indirect taxes paid upon a well-culti-
vated farm of 100 acres amount to about £124 per annum,
£69 of which is upon the wheat crop (producing, say 66
to 67 quarters :) the tax is consequently upwards of 20s.
per quarter, or nearly 42 per cent., with wheat at 525. per
quarter.
The average price of wheat for the last thirteen years
was 565. 11d. per quarter, and the average duty paid into
the exchequer ss. 9d., or about ten per cent. ; on all other
agricultural produce (grain excepted) the average duty is
8 per cent.
Manufactured goods are protected by duties ranging
from 10 to 30 per cent—the average is about 18 per cent.
If the corn laws were repealed, Dantzig and Polish wheat
could be bought for 38s. per quarter, or less, including
the freight. Question: What amount of fixed duty would
protect the English farmer ?—Ansaver : Not Lord John
Russell's Ss. (query, 55.) duty.
Land can be rented in Prussia at ls. 3d. per acre, and
wheat is sold there for 14s. 9d. per quarter. The wages
of the labourer is sd, per day : 6d. is paid for thrashing
3+ bushels of wheat.

The average wages paid in France, Germany, Tyrol,
and Austria, as shown by Messrs. Gregg and Porter, great
free trade authorities, is just 3s. 114 d. per week. Agri-
cultural wages in England are regulated by the price of
wheat—the value of a day's labour being one peck of
wheat for the last hnndred years. With wheat at 60s. per
quarter, 12s. per week wages is paid ; at 525. per quarter,
10s. per week is paid ; at 445. per quarter, Bs. or 9s. is
paid. It is, therefore, quite clear that the labourer is
most benefitted when the farmer obtains a remunerating
price for his wheat; for a labourer, with family five in
number, who consumes ten loaves a week, will pay 10d.
per week less only for his bread, with wheat at 525. in-
stead of 605., or 445. instead of 52s ; whilst in either case
his wages will be reduced 2s. per week.
There was an increase of 12 per cent. in the quantity of
wheat sold during the three months preceding Christmas,
compared with the corresponding period of 1842.
Machinery, so far as it aids mankind, is useful; but it
may go so far in superseding hand labour as to be injuri-
ous. The invention of Arkwright is said alone to have
reduced the cost of manufacturing cotton from 18s. to
18d. per lb. •About one-half the cotton that is produced
is manufactured in England.
Every artizan contributes in tax at least 10 per cent.
upon his earnings ; but a machine that supersedes his
labour gives to the person using the machine the differ-
ence of 10 per cent. upon every labourer it supersedes.
All information derived from the statements made by
the league should be suspected ; the truth is, in almost
every case, perverted to serve its end, and the most wilful
misstatements are made to delude the unwary and unsus-
pecting. If men could live without labour, a free trade
would be beneficial ; but whilst men live by their labour,
it would be ruinous.—From a pamphlet published by
Painter, Strand.

NEW CHARTER OF THE COLLEGE OF
SURGEONS. •

The following is an abstract of the provisions of the
new charter of the College of Surgeons, freed from legal
verbiage and technicalities :-
I.—The name of the college is changed to that of they
Royal College of Surgeons of England.
2.—The future members are to consist of two classes
—members and fellows.
3.—Members are admitted precisely as heretofore, after
an ordinary examination, and at any age not less than
twenty, and on paying the usual fee (at present twenty
guineas).
. _

4.—Persons are admissible as fellows after passing a
special examination, and at any age not less than twenty-
five. It is not necessary that the candidate for the fellow-
ship should previously pass the examination fora member ;
but persons having become members may present them-
selves for examination as fellows on attaining the proper
age.
s.—The scholastic educational requirements and the
nature of the examinations for candidates for the member-
ship and fellowship respectively are not defined in the
charter.

6.—There is no other restriction as to the attainment

L.twac v, aue..auu vasstug tue ap-
pointed examination. LFellows may consequently practise
pharmacy and midwifery at will.]
7.—The number of members and fellows is unlimited.
B.—Fellows have no special privileges beyond members,
except in having votes for the members of the council,
and in being themselves eligible as members.
9.—The amount of fee to be paid by fellows on adrUis-
sion is left to be fixed by the council, but cannot exceed
thirty guineas over and above the stamp duty on the dip-
loma. [Whatever be the amount of fee fixed on for the
fellowship, it is presumed that the sum previously paid
by members for their diploma will be deducted from it.]
10.—The council is henceforth to consist of twenty-
four members, (instead of twenty-one, as at present,) to
be elected from the fellows by the fellows.
11.—All fellows are eligible for the council, such as ac-
tually practise, or during the preceding five years, have
practised, pharmacy or midwifery, or live beyond five
miles from the London post-office.
12.—Three members are to retire from the council
every year, and their places to be filled up from the fel-
lows ; the retiring members to be immediately re-eligible.
13.—The election of councillors is to be by ballot of
the fellows present at the meeting, fifteen to be a quorum,
and the election to be decided by a simple majority of
votes.

14.—At the election of councillors, fellows must be
proposed in the order of their seniority on the list ; and
every fellow so proposed on two different occasions, and
not elected, shall not be again eligible.
15.—The members of the council in office at the time
of granting the charter are to continue such for life with-
out re-election.
16.—Until the life members have all died off or retired,
the annual supply of three new members to the council
is to be effected by the retirement of the members last
elected.

17.—The examiners of candidates for the membership
and fellowship are to be ten in number. They are to be
chosen by the council from the fellows, whether at the
time members Of the Council or not. They are to hold
office during the pleasure of the council. Six examiners
are to be a quorum for examination. [The present ex-
aminers are to continue for life.]
18.—The president and the two vice-presidents are to
be chOsen by the council from among the members of the
council whether examiners or not.
19.—The new charter confirms all the powers of the
old, and bestows no additional powers, except such as are
stated in the foregoing extract.
20.—A1l bye-laws and ordinances of the council must be
approved of by the secretary of state before they are
valid. _

21.—The charter grants to the old council the provisi-
onal power of nominating, and commands it to nominate,
without examination or the payment of any fee, a cer-
tain number of fellows from among the existing members
of, the college, namely, not less than 250, npr more than
300, within three months from the date of the charter,
that is, before the 14th of December, 1843; and author-
ises it, but does not order it, to nominate other members
(the number not specified) to be fellows, within the period
of nine months after the 14tli of December. After the
expiration of the twelve months from the date of the
charter fellows can only be elected after examination and
the payment of a fee, as provided by the charter.
28.—The council are ordered to keep a register of all

re—reirc

Nan laic,
tion of fellows and members. [This register, it is pre-
sumed, will contain also a list of members, with the place
of residence of both fellows and members, and will be
published annually for their use.] —British and Foreign
Medical Review.

EMIGRATION TO CANADA.—Southampton is appoint.
ed the port for the emigration to Canada, under the Gov-
ernment arrangements. The fine brig Rainbow, now in
the Southampton docks, will be the first to leave, and will
take out 300 emigrants.—Hampshire Advertiser.

MELANCHOLY CASE.—A poor fatuous woman, be-
longing to Rsss-shire, who had been in the habit of
wandering from home unknown to her friends, was lately
found by a shepherd lying on a hill in Sutherlandshire,
exposed to cold and inclemency of the weather. When
discovered, her lower extremities were found to he in a
state of mortification from frost. bite. She was last week
cenveyed to the infirmary, Inverness, and has since had
both legs amputated by Dr. Manford, one of the ordinary
medical attendants. We understand she is going on well.
—Ross-shire Advertiser.

HADDINGTON.—LOVE AND MADNESS.--Last week a
young man, a tailor by trade, threw himself over the Kay
Haughs, a precipice to the north of Haddington. His
fall was broken by the trees growing at the foot of the rocks,
otherwise death must have ensued from this rash act.
He was observed by some workpeople in the neighbour-
hood, who hastened to his relief, and found be was very
severely bruised. He is in a fair way of recovery, and
states he did this in a fit of desperation, because his sweet-
heart had refused to name the marriage day, and would
not allow him to give their names to the session-clerk for
proclamation on the Sabbath following. A few days after
the above occurrence, another young man, a shoemaker,
attempted to cut his throat because a young woman de-
clined to be his partner at a dancing party that was to
take place on the following evening; he is also in a fair
way of recovery.—Edinburgh Courant.