Star.
London, England, 1824-07-20 00:00:00

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SOUTH AMERICA.
Letters have been. received from Rio de Janeiro,
dated on the 15th. of May. In that part of the Bra-
zilian Empire, the utmost tranquillity prevailed, and
confidence was giadually restoring itself between the
Ras nor and his subjects.
Loud Cochrane was fitting out an expedition, con-
sisting of tour snips of war, but his object was kept pro-
foundly secret ; he had engaged the services of the
most able-bodied seamen, and he had made large pur-
chases of air descriptioni of military stores, particularly
of cured provision., so necessary to it long voyage. it
was co.sjectuted to be his intention to pioceecl against
the Portuguese Settlement at Angola, on the coast of
Africa*, but this supposition is extleinily improbable,
for it is not likely that the Emperor would meditate an
expedition against the Portsigue4 settlements at a time
when he seas actually negotiating with the mother
country for a recognition of the sovereign independence
of his n Empire.. The more probable supposition is,
that the. Pacific is the object of ihis di•tinguished Naval
Officer. To estiisguish the Spanish naval force in those
seas is necessary to the independence of Chili and Peru,
and to consummate this event is an object worthy of the
enterptising spirit of Lord Cochrane. The French
line-of-battle ship the Jean Batt aimed at Rio on the
Ist of May. The Mai le' ThereSe and Fame brigs of
war sailed im the same day for Valparaiso. On the 19th
of May the Fiend) fitgate the Magicienne sailed from
off Pernambuco for Rio. The French continue to main-
tain a naval force no the coast of South America, cer-
tainly much larger than the • protectioc of their very
paltry commerce iequires.
A letter hom Valparaiso, dated March 13, after re-
lating the !vita) ink; .4 Callao, already known, and tl.e
seizure of the shipping there, says—" In consequence of
the news horn Spain that a fleet had sailed thence.for
this countr), alt is at a stand. A gi eatnumber of Eng-
lish ships Ale at Callao, with the Fly sloop of war; the
Consmander of the latter having made some remon-
strance, was flied at and driven out of port with cons,-
des able damage. The brig which brought the above
intelligence had seventy shot fired at her. The Franklin,
74, will leave this to-morrow for Callao. The people
of this place are ail in confusion."

NAVAL AND MILLI:1BI FORCE OF GREECE.

EXTRACT FROM A LETTER WRITTEN BY TILE HON. CO
STANHoPE, TO J• BOWRINOI ESQ. _ _

NAVY.—Tire Greek navy is composed chiefly of met.
chant br►gs from Hydra, Spezzia, and Ipsara. They
amount to about eighty sail. These vessels have been
maintained partly by private contributions, and the
sailnis are skilful and brave. The Greek fleet is of the
same chat acter as the Greek army. It is not equal to
cope with the combined TurkiSh fleet, but has gained a
mastery over it by it, superior seamen and tactics.
When I say tactics 1 allude not to those of a highly
organized navy, for in these they are deficient; but there
are tactics for irregular fleets as well as armies—for
Corsairs and privateers as for guerillas, Pindarees, and
Stratists. This too is the true military and naval policy
for Greece to pursue. She cannot cope with the Turks
in regular warfare, but she can harass and worry them
to dean,.—Greece should have lour good frigates, sixty
of her.oivir brigs, three or lour stearn-ves,els, some pri-
vateers, and ai few gunboats in commission. She might
then be secure against every maritime power, with the
exception or England. Perhaps the Committee might be
able to procure for Greece some privateers, a steam-
vessel, and a good gun-boat as a model. One or two
good haval officers ho could bend to native prejudices,
and coati submit with a serene mind to all sorts of
crosses, w: old he most useful auxiliaries in the cause.'
ARNIY.—TI;e Captains are of humble origin, and
many of them ale descended from shepherds. They or
their for efatners have distinguished themselves by flying
from the tyranny of the Turk., by having recourse to
arms, and by their light fugitive movements and depre-
dations which eventually obliged their oppressors to
court their alliance. These are the men who, by their
courage and constancy, have kept up a spirit of resist-
ance and of enterprize in the people, till the
nation, being highly excited by Turkish oppressions, at
last broke out in a mad insurrection, and contrary to
all calculation ended in emancipating themselves. The
horrid massacres committed by the Greeks ha►e been
urged against them with truth, but most unjustly
against this cause; because the object of their struggle
was to put down vise, and to establish a Government
that would promote virtue. These frightful slaughters
have prevented the Tut ks from treating with their ene-
mies on vat ious occasions; hut, on the other hand, they'
have Attack them H ith terror, and have cleared the
country of savages that never could have been their
friends, and would always have endangered their free-
dom. To palliate or to deny these cruelties is, however,
a false policy; the Greeks have, therefore, been openly
accused of a want of Christian charity, they have pas-
sionately defended their conduct, they have notwith-
standing been condemned, and are gradually becoming
less sanguinat y —witness their conduct at Corinth.
The Captains are generally uneducated, and simple
in their manners, intelligent, brave, and excellent
mountain warriors.
The soldiers partake of the vices and the virtues of
their superiors, with whom they live on easy terms, and
are rarely punished. They .are paid very irregularly,
and when disiatisfied with their Captains either rebel or
leave them. The troops are better disciplined than at
the eammencement of the revoluiiOn ; 'but are said to
be less daring, because the excitement ocasioned by
wrongs, the love of liberty,. the enthusiasm of religion,
and the hope of plunder, are more faintly felt. The Greek,
soldiers are extremely tardy ; can make long marches,
carry heavy weights on their backs, live Constantly in
the open air, proceed without magazines, suffer great
privations, endure dirt and vermin, an still preserve
their high spirits. They are swift as horses, and scarcely
tangible ; and if a love of liberty• can ensure perse-
verance almost unconquerable in their wild fastnesses.
Enry soldier's mind is bent on success; no Greek ever
admits the possibility of being again subjected to the
Turks. If you talk of millions that are about to pour
down into their country, still they never appear dis-
mayed. They tell you calmly, that as more come more
will be famished' or mowed down by the Hellenists.
This gallant feeling is universal. My opinion is, that
the struggle, however protracted, must succeed, and
must lead to an improvement in the condition not only
of Greece, but of Asia.
Oevsnatvz Orsasvous.—The_Porte has promised to reward her
Pachas with the provinces which they shall conquer. The Pacha
of Egypt it in posae►sion of Rhodes, and is engaged in the subjuga-
tion of Candia, where the fortresses are in his hands, but where a
brave peasantry are in arms in the mountains. blahotned-Ali has
also engaged to invade the Morea with 5000 regular, and 110,000
Irregular troops. This army is to land at Aloilon and Caron. Out

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