Star.
London, England, 1831-09-01 00:00:00

SOCIAL EcoNnm Y.

(Neat Carpenter's Poliiicat Magrasine.)
I. There is no species of wealth, or, in other
words, no article of real and substantial value, that
is not, more or less, the product of labour.
2. Money is not real wealth, but only its repre-
sentative, and a medium of exchange or barter.—
Its only value consists in the power it confers upon
its possessor of obtaining, in exchange for it, arti-
cles of real and substantial value. Hence, there
niay be money where there is no really valuable
article. Money n ill not itself feed the hungry, or
clothe the naked.

3. The possession of money is not absolutely
necessary, therefore, to the possession and enjoy-
ment of real wealth, which consists as we have said,
in articles of intrinsic utility.
4. By far the greater part of the population df
the United Kingdom consists of persons who have
no means of subsistence, but those created by their i
own individual labour.

~ The labouring classes may be divided into two;
icunely, the producers and the distributors : the
twiner are the agents of creation, the latter of ex-
Lange or distribution.
ti. The distributors do not in any degree aug-
ment or multiply the wealth of the community ;
but they are, nevertheless necessary, for the pur-
pose of facilitating the interchange of commo-
dities among those by whom they are produced.
7. It is just and natural, therefore, while grada-
tions, or subordinate or inferior states exist in so-
ciety, that the distributors should be dependant
upon the producers ; and not, as now, the pro-
ducers be dependant upon the distributors. Those
‘v ho produce might subsist without those who
merely distribute what they produce ; but those
who distribute could not subsist without those who
produce.

8. Those who employ their time and skill in
facilitating the exchange or distribution of goods,
or other commodities, are entitled to an equal share
of the proceeds with those a•ho produce them, and
to no more.

9 The present mode of making the distributors
the employers, and the producers the employed,
is an inversion of the natural order of things, and I
is eqnally injurious to the cossumers and the pro-
ducers. Its consequence is, that the labour of the
producers is made an article of commerce, and as
such, liable to all the consequences of competition ;
while the articles of consumption, &c. undergo the
imposition of several unnecessary profits, to the
great injury of The consumers.
10. Those persons who distribute articles of
commerce by the mere agency of others, do not
themselves, in any degree, benefit or enrich society,
and are therefore impediments in the way of its
prosperity. Mere capitalists, or persons who ac-
cumulate money by purchasing the labour of
others, while they perform no labour themselves,
do not add any thing to the wealth of society ; but,
on the contrary, generally consume much.
11. The difficulties of obtaining a subsistence by
the labouring classes, distributors as well as pro-
ducers, are every year becoming much greater ;1
while the wealth accumulated by non-producers or
idle classes, who by various expedients contrive to I
absorb the produce of the labourers, is every year
greatly augmented.
12. No " Combinations," " Trade Unions," or
other expedients, that can be adopted by the la-
bourers to check the diminution of their wages, and
the consequent decrease of their comforts, will
produce the desired effect, so long as they hire
themselves out to those who accumulate wealth by
the profits made upon their labour.
13. The reason of the preceding proposition is
obvious; namely, the competition, or attempts to
undersell each other in the market, carried on by
the capitalists, compels them to employ the least
possible quantity of human labour by the substitu-
tion of machinery ; and also to give the least possi-
ble remuneration for the human labour that they do

employ.
14. Nothing can prevent this diminution in the
amount of human labour and reduction in the wages
of the labourers, so long as machinery exists, and
there is unemployed labour in the market. The
latter is the inevitable cousequence of the former,
under present circumstances.
15. There are but two modes of diminishing the
number of unemployed labourers, and thus relieving
those in employment from the pressure to which
they are now subjected. The first is, Dv increasing
the demand for labour ; the second is, by relieving
the surplus labourers from the necessity of com-1
peting with those in employment.
16. Although the demand for labour might be,
greatly increased, by the adoption of such an ar-'j
rangement in society as should make the wants of
the people the only limit of supply and consump-
tion, there do not appear to be any means (in con-
sequence of the increase and improvement in
machinery) of absorbing, in productive mechanical
employment, all the surplus labour.
17. The only alternative, therefore, is to provide
for the stibeistence of these surplus labourers, by
diverting their labour to some other productive em-
ployment.
18. This cannot now be done, by converting
them into agricultural labourers, because iu that
.market there is also a superabundance of labourers,
occasioned not by the most improved cultivation
and exhaustion of the land, but by the want of a
remunerating profit to the agriculturist. This want
of remunerating profit is occasioned, on the one
hand, by the limitation of the demand, resulting
from the poverty of the employed manufacturing
classes ; and on the other, by the charge upon the
land and its produce, for the support of the un-
employed part of the population, in the shape of
poor rates, &c.
19. From the preceding propositions it is manifest,
that there are no means of improving, materially
'and permanently, the condition of the labouring
classes, so long is the present system of labour
and employment is continued. The application
of machinery, by capitalists, to the purposes of
manufacture and agriculture, necessarily throws
out of employment human labourers; and the
competition occasioned by the want of employment
among those who have no other means of sub-
sistence,inevitably reduces and keeps down their
wages to the lowest possible sum upon Which they
can be made to subsist.
20. It only remains, therefore, to suggest, that
there is but one remedy for all the evils springing
from the sources we have pointed out ; and'that is
the conversion of the labourers from the 'origdoyen
Into the employees. This would give them the
unlimited control oser-all the wealth they produce
(and that is 'cowry thing consumed and 'wasted

11,e idle classes, as well as by themselves), and of
course, secure to them kik, abundance of every.
thing that human beings could desire. •
21. Money, as already suggested, is not amen-
' tially necessary for this purpose, as its possession
can neither, in itself, extend nor limit production.
The idle classes might retain possession of all the
money in the kingdom, and yet be destitute of
every enjoyment, should the labourers refuse to
give, in exchange for it, articles of consumption
and
general utility.
22. The possession of Land is all that is neces-
sary to transform the labouring classes from de-
pendants into proprietors, and thus secure to them
the enjoyment of their own produce. Having this
land, machinery would be employed. for their own
benefit, instead of, as now, against their only
means of subsistence. Idleness and dissipation
would necessarily cease, because wealth would only
be attainable by personal exertion.
When the working .classes shall have acquired
the knowledge of these facts, and of the principles
deducible from them, they will direct all their
energies to 'obtain possession of their equitable
share of the land. Having secured this, they will
form such arrangements as will render them inde-
pendent and happy. They will say to the pos-
sessors of money or artificial wealth—" If that be
wealth, keep it to yourselves. Eat it—drink it—
clothe yourselves with it, and convert it into habi-
tations to dwell in. We will be content with the
products of our own labour— for food we will be
satisfied with the productions of the earth, raised
and gathered by our industry. The labour of our
hands shall hereafter supply us, instead of you,,
with superior dwellings, superior furniture, superior
apparel, and all the conveniences, comforts, and
luxuries of life 1"

Among other articles lying in durance vile in the
band ut►rehouses of London, according to a Patliamentary
return, there are 43,000 prints and drawings, 923 pictures,
370,000 cwt. of books, 186 cwt. of casts and busts,
10 manuscripts, 173,000 bamboo canes, 220,000 walking.
canes, 6,600 cwt. of juniper berries, 96Ibs. of " puddings
and sausages," 3,300 millstones, 50,000,0001h5. of tea, 9,3001
tongues, 21,800 auks of Eau de Cologne, 3,300,000 gallons
of rum, and 850,000 ...itto brandy.
Emigration to the Canadas has increased nearly
fourfold within the last three years. The total num-
ber of emigrants who arrived at Quebec in 1828, was
12,000; in 1829, 15,945; in 1830, 28,075; while' up to
the end of July in the present year about 38,000 had landed.
Many of the letters received from emigrants to their relatives
in this country are very favourable.
The average value of a house at Wallingford,
in Berkshire, at the period of the Norman invasion, wail
61 ; the inhabitants of Nottingham paid 3s 6d each, the bur-
gesses of Ipswich only Id. The breeding of sheep was of a
secondary eor.sidetation to that of bogs: there are not 300
sheep, or pasture for them, to be found in five places in the
record of Domesday; the manor of Higham, in this county,
fed 200; whilst in some counties many manors fed 2,000

h
POPULATION ; United States.—The result of
the official census, up to the end of December last, shows
that there are at this moment six.and-forty towns in the
United States whose population exceeds five thousand,
souls. New York, which has 213,170 inhabitants, takes
the precedence; then follow, Philadelphia, 161,412; Bal-
timore, 80.419; and Boston, 70,464. Of cities, possessing
above, souls, there are four; above 10,000, eleven ;
above 0,000, six ; above 7,000, three; above 6,000, 'km ;
' and above

Part of the mast of the Victory, the ship in
which Nelson closed his career, has within these few years
been placed in the main Guard Chamber, ittWinddor Castle,
where it stands surmounted with the bust of the hero of
Trafalgar. The bust is a tine one of bronze, which has been
lately brought from Bushey, and the mast tends seven feet
high, and serves as a pedestal.
EXTREME H EAT.— A correspondent writes from
Verona, that the oldest person does not remember so hot a
atm:met-as the present. In Middle and Lower Italy, the'
almost insupportable beat produced brain fevers and other
disorders. At Rome, the hest rose to 30 degrees of Rem-
mur. In that city 86 persons have Within a that period
been sent to the Lunatic Hospital. Letters from Tyrol say,
" The heat here is almost intolerable. The harvest is over
and at Bolzen the grapes are completely ripe, a cirramstance
which has not occurred for half a century.
The following persons are now in prison for
selling political papers without stamps :
William Carpenter .. King's Bench
Charles Little . House of Correction..
Edward Hancock Ditto
Samuel Turner .. Ditto
• Robert Simpson
Another—name unknown

Owen Davis .... Kingston Jail
James Knight....
Imes Clarke
George Pilgrim

The police in Mary-la-honne have received orders
, to search the coffee-shops and public-houses in the district,
!•for unstopped political pamphlets. The Times is also
lending its disinterested aid to Ministers in this disgraceful
cruisade, as appears by the following paragraph in that
journal :—" It may not be generally known that the persons
apprehending offenders selling such publication as " The
1 Poor Man's Guardian,' are entitled, on producing a certi-
; ficate of the conviction to the Commissioners of Stamps, to a
reward of 405." The object of this announcement was ob.
vieudy to raise up a host of informers.—Political Ma-
pexine.
A WJtOLE FAMILY FROZEN TO DEATII.
A correspondent gives us the following melancholy state-
ment of the effects of cold in America. On the Great
Prairie, in the State of Illinois, a family, consisting of a
man •and woman with six children, who were travelling
across it last winter, were found literally frozen to death.
The condition in which they were discovered, if possible,
adds still more to the shocking scene. A little child was
clasped in the mother's arms, and five others lay around her.
An axe and flint were found in the hands of the father, by
*which it would appear he had been endeavouring to strike
a light and make a fire. Four horses, which were with
them, were lying dead in their harness, and a part of a
waggon bad been cut into small pieces for fuel.

RELIGION OF THE ANCIENT HINDOON.-•
( Founder.' on Beahneinaral autkorilleu)--The following is
the substance of an account of the religion of the ancient
Brahmins, which we consider to be • beautiful illustration
of the force and sublimity of their original ideas of divine
adoration :—Worship, among the Hindoos, signifies a so.
lemn and reverential contemplation of the works and surf.
butes of the supreme Ruler and Preserver of the Uni-
verse f whose undefinable, invisible, and intangible being
is evidenced in its wonderful and incomprehensible ma-
chinery. To this worship the Brahmins considered no
one could be opposed on sufficient grounds, as each prison,
whatever title he may adopt in his adoratioos considers the
object of his worship to be the ruler and preserver of the
Universe. The difference consists, in others attaching to
the Supreme Being particular forms and localities and the
Hindoos declare He is to be worshipped without assigning
any definite form or place : therefore, however, those, who
worship under peculial forms, may differ among themselves,
they must all agree in the object of the Hindoo wor-
ship. In this worship it is necessary to repeat such language
as directs the attention to the Supreme Spirit ; and to en-
deavour to govern the will, senses, and conduct lu such a
manner as trot only to prevent their own and others' injury,
but also to secure their own and others' good. By reflection
and language men are enabled to conceive sublime ideas,
and discover the truth ; the attainment of which will enable
thasa'W worship the Supreme Being, who is Truth itself. To
prevaat dissensions and quarrels, it Is necessary to regulate
the mode of living agreeably to thesscred wet Inrie
'lawful and unlawful being the same to the willed, wbo
ate guided by no rule, indiscriininate indulgence might tend,
to the destructiOn of human society. A suitable place of
worship Is preferable, but not • absolutely decesdary ; for
wilitewer time of plate the mind 'Cason at rest, the same
his pito 'proper fk' tratiblp ; which •=fll 'be successful
• to the state Of mead Prepiantion.--Zasi /ids

~~~

PANORAMA OF TOE BRITISII
EMPIRE.

CIIELTE2III4III JOURNAL; As
Anatver.s.--Her I Highness the Otani airders'
Helena of Russia and yoke,,lard Ceitlisepa, COW@ Tol-
stoi, Hon. A. Caltborpe, Hon. R. Quinfro4...lBl6o
sots, Sir Edmond and Lady Stank/. SIT "Me
Bart. Col. D'Arey, Col. and Mrs. Dunbar, Col. 1747 Vii
Wollerson, Major and Mrs. Parkes, Ma* Reeds, Ut
Harrison, Major Gardiner, Capt. Forde, R Cipt.
R. N. Capt. W. Johnson, R.N. Capt. Broom, Capt. Mir"
Capt. Cuppagc, Capt. Madonna!, Capt. Taylitr,•o9L
Blown, Capt. 'Barnard, Capt. Cowslade, Rev. Dr. and
Hare, Dr. W. Turner, Dr. Csnolly, Rev. Mr. Dichosa,
Rev. C. H. Taylor, Rev. J. Day, Rev. Mr. Davis, Her. J.
Tucker, Rev. A. Hewitt, Rev. P. Foyster, Rev. Mr. Mar.
vel, Rev. A. Gibson, Rev. J. P. Cooke, Rev. J. Gregory,
Mr. and Mrs. Brownell. Mr. and Mrs. Dixon, Mr. and'
Mu. Smith.

On Thursday afternoon, about half pant five, the exhill-
rating peal of the joy-bells announced the arrival of her Im-
perial Highness the Grand Duchess Helena, accompanied
by her Chamberlain the Prince Gsgarine, the Countess
Nesselrode, Mademoiselle Tolstoi, Sir Alexander Crichton,
as Physician in Ordinary to the Emperor Nicholas of Rua-
, Ma,lW. Lobstela as Secretary, and a numerous suite. The
cortege drove to the Plough Uotel,where apartments had been
engaged for the reception of our illustrious visitor • who, on
the following morning, attended by Mr. Marshall the
Master of the Ceremonies, and Dr. Cannon, paid her first visit
to the Montpellier Spa. Her Imperial Highness, after
drinking the waters, promenaded for some time in the pri-
vate Gardens opposite the Pump Room, and returned through
the Old Well Nralk to the Plough HoteL The walks were
crowded by persons of rank and distinction.
Debts amounting to nearly 20 0001. have already been
proved under Hooper and Franklin's bankruptcies, against
the Westbury bank. Franklin, not having appeared before
his creditors, was, on Friday week, declared an outlaw.
He is by this timasupposcd to have crossed the Atlantic. On
the eve of his lepanute, he called upon his shoemaker, to
whom he owed a few shillings, and tendered one of his five
pound notes in payment ; and perceiving that the shoema-
ker had a few sovereigns left, he induced him to give change
for • second five pound note. From a labourer in his em-
ploy, it is said he obtained five pounds worth of silver,
(which the poor fellow had been some time accumulating)
for a similar note.

Fplo3lE—EmoctrioN.—A corrcrpondent of a Bath
Paper, says. " The principal paymasters of Franc (many
of whom are members of the Crown Committer) consider.
Mg the alarming increase of the poor's rates and the situa-
lion of the poor, determined to call a public Vestry, which
was hell yesterday (Thursday) to consider the propriety of
appointing a select vestry, for the purpose of investigating
the parish accounts, and the state of the poor for that parish
were unanimously appointed.
M ARRIED—George Gavle, Esq. of Thoverton, De-
von, to Loretto, daughter of 8. Patch, Esq.—Charles T.
Leigh, Esq. of Tuddington, in this county, to Emma
Elizabeth Alicia, daughter of G. H. Dawkins Pennant,
Req. of Penrhyn Castle.—At the Friends' Meeting House,
Painswick, Richard Macke, Brown, of Luton, to Ame-
lia, daughter of Joseph Davis, of Alston Green.
DIED-r-At Gloucester, 40, Mr. W. S. Thomas, builder.
—At Shuedington, James Blackman, M. D. F. R. S. late
of Ramsay, Wilts.—At Montpelier-terrace, Elias, wife of
C. Cole, Esq.