Star.
London, England, 1815-02-18 00:00:00

•
o raise the price of Corn, be would ask, was it
humanity towards six millions of the people
empire to give to foreigners a preference to them
—When the question of humanity were po pit, he
thoeght it applied as strongly tp one part girdle catnr•
try as to another. He was not 'aware that there was
shy -swanky tears* ott MS' 'littera! principle any
Longer. He conceived he was addressmi ap audience
capable of appreciating the brief arguffients he bad
made use of; utfirshonie nor detittf' the Committee
with any observations in.detill. The'teneral result,
he conceived; was, that &wile intpossibie for us safely
to rely on foreigst inipOrtidonal that if we do think
we can rely en them, the' cimsectisence• will be, a
diminution* of Diar own apicultnrat• ititerem s then
when thwfand ttfornent cornet, the shock will be of
such a name that martini, be' lar/0411A ihm4fhhe
he had but feebly eitelitiottrad to-describe it.
natirat would finditself id eatteme Thine", ind'aelawe
its delusion. A principal poirieto be teasideted- was,
what-skald be thel extent at which the prohibition
should take effect? On this tbere'wtmld most 'Maly
be dilikrenoe of opinion. Some petit:llllr might
think it right to put the price of importation consi-
derably !uglier than what would be proposed; others
would wish is fix it stilllower, and might contend,
that beam* many buMbens were about to be re-
moved, that a reduced price could be taken for the
produce of the land, -and afford a fair profit. He
would not agree to this, if be could think the ;woes.
sary effect would be to bring up the market price of
corn to that point ; but he did nut believe it would
be so; for what with the competition between Eng-
land and Ireland, the annual produce would be so
large, that, except to bad season% lie did not believed
but what we shcluld have a supply amply sufficient
to feed the whole popidatitm of the country. He
could int conceive what it was that'eatthl necessarily
keep up the price of corn to the amount at which the
importation was to commence. The price' he was
disposed to recommend was nos. for wheat, and that
the relative proportions of other grain should remain
exactly as they are at present. The nature of the
Rcsnitation that he had first to propose was, that at
all times meal and flour of whatever description
should be imported, with the exception of flour, ipto
Ireland, and that it should be warehoused free of
any duty, and exported also, till the average price for
a given time could be ascertained; reserving, how-
ever, some principle with regard to the calculations ;
but that the importation should be prohibited till
wheat was at 80s. after which all importations from
any part of the world should be permitted, free of
duty ; and then under no circumstances should corn
pay any duty whatever. With regard to the impor-
tation into our own colonies in the West Indies and'

America, the price should be 675. which would be
in the same proportion as 80s. in England ; but that
it should not be usable till the market price was 675.
and after that it might be taken ont of the warehouses
for consumption. The Committee would find that
87s. for wheat bore the same relative proportion to
$Us. at Ms. does to 695. at which the prices now
stand. They would•also observe, that this was only
a general outline, but the Resolutions would not in-
vasive say complicated :natter for disrUssion. The
principal tpiestiod therefore to be considered would.
be, *liedtwit would be right to adopt the Resole-
tionsotod whether the price proposed was the proper
emelt* be flied ? As it was not his intention to call
- on the House to come to any specific opinion at Pre-
sent, he trussed he should be excused for not going
inartitrther detail on the subject. But•he must add,
that he felt extremely tinwilhog to ondertake it, from
a knowledge of his incapacity to do it justice. He
would therefore only add, that he did in his con-
science believe, that the measure was one of universal
benefit ind utility. He must state that it was not
his intention to proposaany. alteration in the method
of taking the aeeragesi but he
.proposed to make
one *legation in the mode in which they would ap-
ply. As the fluctuations in the prices during three
snooths were often considerable, he would recom-
mend, that as the law now stands, when the impinta-
tion is allowed at all, it should be allowed for three
months, taking the average of the three weeks pro-
cedinig the thtee months. R might be objected' that
three months would alloW of the 'lntroduction of an
enormous glut from France and Flanders; at to in-
vert the stale of prices on the instant. He thould
therefore suggest; that the period of three months
should be affewid fir impostatlons from America;
but wtth regard to those front parts belied' the Ga-
Anita; Slid the Eider, if it appeared at the expiration
of six weeks, that the aver Age price was below 80s.
that the importation should then be stopped ; with a
dud allowance of time; however, for 'hg-shlps c°llllll4
irom distant parts of the Continent. That would
prove a bit It speculation, and he did not apprehend
-it would be attended with any bad consequence.
The first Resolution being the read by the Chair-
man of the ComMittee, Viz. "'That when lawful to
import any torn of flour into Great Britain, it shall
be imported without the payment of any duty what-
. ,4
ever ;"
Mr. PHILLIP* said; that if it was s the *ill of the
.1-louse to bring the etthject now under debate, he
v.rould.at once debt his opmfon upon it; but if other-
wise, be would bi silitit:—CSeeeral voices having
, maimed •4. oon ! gd on !3—He said lie agreed
%via...the Vert' Hon. Gentleman, that this was a
question on which a great variety of opinions existed.
—it was one ou'which the landed and Malilfaatlr•
iOtt interests were particularly at variance ; but he
shOuld say, that it was the ditty of the Legislature
not
.01 pity attention to any one class in Prete-
hence to another; but to adopt just and general
principle*. He felt,turprised at its being thought
that theti was 07.ottaiiois so deliberate. What
uccasion was There to Wave it disioreringg a re-
That We

nations
pot-
Fir
'ply
an
erecty
The,
corn

get a peerestrit jie would. Wirat.wngte pre
' vent us? We Vfi tbdod it when it trantert
eines in the iPorst of times,' under the despot of
llinapartet. If et any time a proclamation se*re is:
sisals, prrietwe'; supply of corn, the effect weuld be'
Ilia 'fort on the 'Plat of 'other countries to :apply ours.
'Could any person conceive aay thing more calcu.
toted to increase the price of corn than the•experi.
meat of cultivating inferior lands at home? and you
must go. on
4
in finitely increasing' your new ail.
lage, though is deemed a remunerating" price
this year may onght far from- a remuneration
price nett year. 'llse Right Hon. Gentleman says,
that it is necessary to give the same sort of privilege
to agritulture is to manufactures:7;lHr. Robinson
said a few words in explanation.]—He did state that
the manufatiparis of the country woolit gain under
the restrictl4 systeni. Let us considertbe effect of
this system. 11 it has operated, it has occasioned
capital to be invested i trades in which we have no
superiority, butt are i to our neighbotits. This
is a positive injury. s'.. nsanufacturest however,
which are totally independent of them could exist as
well without as with them. But the relation between
the price of labour and the price of corn iris' a ma-
terial consideration; and he would content), that
if these Resolutions did riot piOduce the effect of
raising the price °l earn, AO *Veld be consider
inoperative. Leos consider wbat will be chi effiet
on the price of labour. We ore told in the Leith' '
Report, by several wittiesies,lhat there is little or no
relation between the price of labour and the price of
provisions.—CHere the Hen. Gentleman read some
extracts from the Report to this effect.].—It was'
stated by some of the witnesses, that a high price of
provisions invariably produced a low price of labour.
Therefore it is evident that we are attempting to hi.
crease the wealth- of the rich and depress the poverty
of the poor • and we are going on to try practically
what can be the minimum of distress the poor could
bear, and what the maximum of wealth that could
be gained by their *tiering,. He would- defy any'
man to shew that such reasoning is not literally true,
and that results will not be the effects of die measure
in contemplation. In new countries, where the esti. I
culture is thriving and progressive, the rate' of the
wages of manufacturers may be so high silo bear a
relative proportion to the price of provisions. In
America, the highest price of labour is pertirattentk I
proportionate to the lowest price of provisions. W, I
then, in regard to manufactures you increase the
price of provisions, yod do a serinui injury to labour. I
What, the, efore is the situation of the bearer ? He'
malt work sixteen hours instead of ten, in order to
procure the common necessaries of life; and the in- I
jury is, that he must work himself out o healtAnd
into tie workhouse ! This established order Makes
it absolutely impossible for a low price of labour to
exist permanently with a high price of provisions.
—A glance at some tables of comparison between
wages and the price of provisions, which he held in
his hand, would illustrate these facts. The Honour.
able Gentleman here read several passages, from
which it appeared that the price for weaving muslin:
at Glasgow, on an average, for the Is 93 y•Ars,
was Io,i. per ell, while the average price of corn was
£4. ls. Bd. The Member for Glasgow had told him
that this wits a fair prkelor labour when such was the
price of grain. For .the weaving of jacconote, they
got only 7d. an elll•when the price of
_grain was
LI. Is. 81 Let us now consider what et the in.
creasing of the price of grabs will h ave on manufactures.
Although it must be admitted that by means of
grand machinery and large establishments we had
brought certain mantifectures to the height of perfec-
tion, yet we ought to be aware that a period was ar-
riving, when a material change will be brought about
in their circulation. He had had opportonitiel of
talking with a Gentleman who had paid great atten•
tion to the manufactures of France, and who was

astonished at the very great success and improvement
they had brought them to in that country. It was
well known, that not only in France, but in many
other countries of Europe, the greatest desire was
shewn to rival us' in our ptincipal manufactures.—
The Hon. Gentleman then entered into a series of
arithmetical calculations, to chew the superiority
which the foreign artisan held over the British manu-
facturer, in consequence of the cheap and regular
price of the necessaries of life on the Continent ; and
the Inference he drew was. that the disadvantage un-
der which the, latter labonted Would render the ma-
nufacturing competition a most severe one. If, said
he, you raise the price of provisions, you necessarily
raise the price of labour :—lf yott raise the price of
labour, lon necessarily injure your manufacturing in.
terests. Bur the whole argument might be said to
centre in this important tact, that do what you will,
the price of lab Our will always be bights here than
on the Continent ; and thiS ii the strongest ergungent
thtit can be produced against increasing the price of
provisions. (The Honourable Gentleman here read
some papers from a pamphlet, in support of opi-
nion.) He thought. Gentlemen *not be auto that
the effects of this measure must be to subject the
richest country in 'the world to the liability of bebop
actually starved, if it .does not tithe ail the provisions.
it consumes. Yon have got provisions frog's abroad
when you wanted them, and Mot reveal 700 from
getting them in future ? The:l/nation of this coun-
try is, that she stands idt the Midst of all Other coun-
tries Who ire wanting to her. We Might, an
the saint principle, be _ ale we should want
a supply of hefhp for the use of our naVy tnit. we
wise that ere are and hie'Away: bees Supplied' with
hemp. though Ike nib Orndike It. ger'gra''
phical situauoin has made tit coninianding g let us net
make experinients.to change the commercial chanty..
ter of the cooltfit for the s of its agricahural wealth.
This has been the result of one eomtnertlil tVealth
for the prodigal. of ieonnnerei MK% and elder& the
produce'. of 'aka*, by snaking #ach a
ireese the Otogreie of tenviiitidhil,
oliablir
some Web in lettetrialigithflard
contendhal. thin If things /kale idea Y
°P,Okac,"thl, ..as6l
c 4
bti
ektekt.its .e ttise=4Zt
agetin a
Oleic else
Ittilitied With lajarv,
4 Met sure' Weer adeptildfor-s beaaklie
theta have file Mplidet :5* it *Limr
chit the
a biatin_g tub $
i 9 a ~ twit Nilo&

-

. ,

•~--

_ :.ro-~Y:

neeteictions for a cause of our pospetity. It
Ores ps, therefore, to dew them that die dose
.4111retent, and that it is 'by the principle i. 4 fv
tli
tide that our.lnterests will be besi'coetatltcd. 'it
Iroptd be utterly impossible for the germ al wealth or
country to be increased, n ideast the general
wealth of the landed interest in pat 'kola. being in-
creased 'along with it I le would, i licit fore, tay to',
hi this. tout w, and not in
the House. by persevering
the wrong course you are purAiing, you %sill commis
the welfare of the nation at latge ; and upon all the
srounds he had stated, he deemed it itecev.ary to
withhold his asrtni limn the measure. •
Mr. Wl'...rEttN contended that the laiteficial
effects of this measure would be felt by none more
than by the labouring class. Ile t1.f0r,;1.; the Right
Hap. Gentleman did nen last year wht.ti i.e moved
so refer the innumerable petitions on this subject to
s Committee, and he did well this year when he
made it similar motion, because the altranq consi.
deration was due to the subject ; and it was both the
interest and duty of the House fully to convince
their Minds that the adoption of this measure is
eqoally fur their own benefit as for the benefit of
these testy data it more pat ticulaely intended for.—
AU measures whose effects are calculated for bent.
flung the lower classes, by rendering food cheap, are
wordy of adoption ;--;-and it does appear that this
trfodil likely- 'bp produce such an effect t—thetefiire
k ought to be adopted and persevered in' dutil any
evil Onet.friseitjt, 'be rendereefobvious. But so ha
holt antylajtsies:being likely to arise from it, all
ks reulai 4rere of tendency diametrically op-
ftte.g The prohibition is only following up exist-
ing lawi ; by'those Which were established under the
reign of King William. the prohibitions were exten-
ted td a much greater length. The object of these
laws was to encourage agriculture in our own coun-
try, and to render us independent of all foreign supply.
The laws and duties in question must have been con-
sidered as so many direct prohibitions; and the Right
Hon. Geatleman was only proceeding in the paths of
wisdom and foresight, adopted by our ancestors.—
But he would say diet the measure before the House
did not even go to any thing like the extent of those
laws, under which the mercantile and manufacturing
interests. first began to thrive in this kingdom. His
Hon. Friend behind him had talked of the manufac-
tures suffering by the operations of this measure.—.
Bat he wouldask, had they not risen to their present
Height, by these very restrictions and prohibitions ?
The measure was nothing mere than adapting the
'principle of those laws to the exigencies of the present
'time, and so delicately, that he apprehended ne dall-
ies, whatever from their operation could .3
y any pos-
sibility arise. His Hbn. Friend Was alarmed lest the
operation of the measure should advance the necessa-
ries of life. He would take him up oa this ground,
and contend, that it would render breed cheaper in
this country than those measures which his Hon.
Friend would adopt The price of food in this country
must And will come up to the price of labotir ; and
the producer of provisions should receive a remune-
ration adequate to the remuneration derived by the
operators in other trades and manufactures. The
advantages derived from this mode of life constituted
part of the prilits, and therefore minir profits were
considered adequate, on account of the superior com-
forts of the line of life. He was confident that *fin. a
time the price of corn might be beaten down below
iwhatwould allow a fair profit; but it might be sup-
posed that the intention of the opposers of the mea-
'me was to put no limits to importation. Bet there
Were neutral measures beyond which it could not ge.,
'The imports were comparatively not large. There
were also artificial limits, inches wars, and the policy
of foreign Governments, and different political admi-
migrations. Look ai the exporting law of France, at
this moment, which law stops the export at 495.
What security then had this country for a constant
supply ? But the laws of King William, instead of
making her dependent upon foreigners for a supply,
rendered her an exporting country herself. At one
time Great Britain exported annually upwards of
600,000 quarters of corn. But in 1763 we stopped
the export, and admitted corn from all pal is of the
world at 40s. which was befc.re the export price.—
Here wasa great and material change. 1i the amount
of tonnage which had entered the British Ports, within '
the last duel or four years, were eitimated, it would
be found to amount to 1,500,000 tons ; but two thirds
of the whole tonnage entering British ports, would
only bring us five millions of grain. In 1764, the
French issued a decree respecting the trade in grain,
to the effect that all corn exported t•hould be con.
aayed in French ships, navigated by French seamen.
What should prevent other countries from adopting
thisprattice (liar .1) if they found we depended on
them for food for our manufacturers? If, 'hen, this
country placed herself in such a situation as to require
the food, she places herself in a state of double de-
pendence. If foreign countries withhold their markets
none our manufactures, and their corn from our pea.
pie, in what a situation should we be placed.? Some
people, however, thought of nothing but exclaiming,
''Give as a brisk demand. But he had been contending
-al along that the price of bread must and will be
lowered by a system of policy. such as has been put-
' ed for many a year, and whith we are now called
tilt:to continue. Thus far he had argued, to endea-
to shew, that the price of bread would not be
advanced by the system in question, butit will be by
encouraging a system of importation. The alarm at
knowing that we were dependent oa foreigners would
alone create a rise in the price. And as to the
prices of 'provisions In this country, he believed they
Would not be found relatively higher than the prices
tarp Infers' countries, or even then those prierstiere
tevesiatts
ely fifty or sixty greats ago. M. de
,
hiontesq eu, being called OA too state to the Legisla-
INN. penjek of 'slaw on cam says, that from the*
Mae in I'M the price of corn was equal to
Mi. 10th '48t16 money, when the price of corn in
traght ‘461; seas the price in France is
455. and in Englandlite As this relative price did,'
lot *bli previews the ItitroduceiOn of our mantlac.l
WM state* Fettllol, he know not why it should pre-
tenttbilit introduction now. If the price of corn be
ranee*, and the other articles of provision do not
a in prdeortion, the situation of the workman must
elwayountondisttebles moderate prices will never
atiffrdeitiaimatrei:tote".hhia::waohariinkoiim. enoonui,ththeineytsaßofiuftchargabact:krertni
rn pays
atthyo the
Nedt. There had beep an eatery about tt4 ne.
ob sedncint tenth liiet if rb44 matt are r -

heed, one of these coasenaedees must follow r
the landlord must say to his tradesman, when la
called on him for his bill, " I must see what was rat,
expenditure last year, arid as my rents have Len It.•
duced oneltall, you. most strike off one-half of the
Antow.P. ot my debt fr. 1:i your leuger." Thu the
trill,-ao.te trirLa teduce his establishment : he area
either turn off ow. half at his workti-m, or he mast
employ them only half of their time. Them they
would Lee the consequence. The win kmen, who
were desirous of having cheap bread, would have
cheap labour also.—(llear, hair).—They would
have half as much to do. It wa3 a fact tl,:a the
people of this country, when bread was much
higher than it is at present, commooded mare luxuries
and eolith,' is of lite thin the people of, other casitotriral
from whom they would take the corn. But in arc:
tier point of vine, it seemed that the cc.ro wbicb e..
wished to take from Pohjid, and knl.tx- co:no:its
die Continent, should be lett to remain e...iet!,
being their ow:t natural produce, for the
tante of their population ; and we biloild grocluie a
suffiAent proportion for the support of our own..
The labourer, he admitted, might pay a lOgber pet es
for his bread in England than was paid' by the 1.,.
bourers of whet cent:tries; but he contended,
notwithstanding this, be might boast of more comfort
than they could command. A diminution of rent,
be maintained, in affecting the landlord, wnt:!,t
through him injure the tradesmen. and f}om his
losses the journ* yman mechanic and labourer• must
sufir. From a calculation of the average produce
,qt turpips, barley, cloves:beans, acid. wheat*. be
tamed the produce of an acre of land to be equal to
three quasteekof wheat. The Hon. Gentleman said,
for every 10s. which were added to the rent or ez-
penses of'land, it made an Addition of about 3s. to a
quarter of wheat. If then he took the whole rental
of the country at 80s. per acre (and this he was satis.
Bed was considerably higher than the rate at which
it oug!it to be taken), it would be seen the annibila.
don of the entire rent would only effect a diminution
in the price of corn to the amount of 10s. per quarter.
This done, he would ask, could the English fatteer
compete with the foreign grower ?—No ; even after
this reduction of his expense, the price at which he
could grow and sell his corn, would be much above
' that at which the foreign merchant could send his
corn into the market. The consideration of tlse rent,
therefore, he held to be a very immaterial part of the
subject. If a reduction of 10s. per acre were made
lin the rent of land, this would only diminish the
[price of the quarter of corn Ss.' 4d. and this would
ronly make a difference of about three farthings—.
!hardly so much, ilk the loaf. Tile Right Honour.
able Gentleman, in the propositions which he had
submitted to the Committee, had only followed that
course which had been pursued in former periods
of our history, and in his opinion doing thilt, he
had proceeded with cautious steps. He had
named 80 shillings as the protecting Price, and he
(Mr. Western) thought this a price which ought not to
excite any degree of alarm in the country. Could it
be said that 80s. was any thing:like a scarcity price e
The average price of wheat for the last twenty years
would. be found to have been 88s. The average of
the first ten years was Me It then the average price
of corn for the first ten years, from 1793, was 735. it
could not be thought that the Right lion. Gentle-
man in naming 80s. as the protecting price, now had
proposed one unfairly high. In 1793 the taxation
of the country amounted to but about £16,000,000.
Up to the year 1804 ikshad not exceeded £34,000,000.
If when the average taxation of the country was not
more than 25 or £26,000,000 the price of corn had
been what he had stated, now when the taxes ex-
ceeded 460,000,000; to take 80s. for the protecting
price was to take the lowest that could with proptiety
be adopted. Tire assertion that the importation price
was the lowest at which corn would be sold in Eng-
land after the measure in contemplation had beds
carried into effect he denied. On this subject, fur
proof, they could only refer to the experience of for-
mer times. During this, however, it would be seen,
that while 625. was the protecting price, and while 4
bounty was given on exportation, for a consi-
derable period, the average price of wheat had been
as lOw as thirty shillings per quarter. A recent
instance of this might be given from the rapidity
with which the price of wheat had declined in the
year 1813 ; when, in consequence of the mem-
tions entertained of a peace, its value had sunk to
little more than the half of what it had been.—
From the papers on the table, they would see th:s
from the Deptford and Portsmouth contract pricesia
February and November of that year. The contract
price at Deptford for wheat was, in February, 100 s.
the 'quarter. In November it was 655. 21 and du-
ring this period, it was to be remarked, more corn
was exported from than imported into Great Britain
and Ireland. The Portsmouth contract price was its
rebruary 102 s. ;in November 675. 2d. From these
statements, be iought it proved that the lowest mar-
ket price of corn was not necessarily that up to which
the importation of grain was prohibited, 'and at the
same time, it would be seen bow great the agricul.
tural influence had become in this count's', and how
competent it was to maintain itself. It was now esta-
blished, that we had the means of procuring a suffi-
ciency of food far the population of the country, in.
'dependent of a foreign supply. lie was satisfied
that we could.not obtain from foreign countries any
very large portion of the supply necessary for ow
annual. consumption ; but if our ports were thrayu
open, the 13; itish agriculturist would be intimidated it,
the dangers thus set before his eyes, and
the most injurious effects. Our own farmers
oppressed, and a foreign supply obtainedr
not wanted. But if such a system were •
should in time of need find that we could
mand it. The dangn might become
t4an• it had ever yet been. The differ.
might in itself serve as a bounty on ion
bow far this might operate he could .
certainly believed it was in the contemplate
agriculturists of France aad Flanders
to avail themselves largely of the adr
by the British market. All the evils
cipated might not arise trout the tree .
corn ; but whop he asked, would choose
dent on a foreign country for the supply
of such primary importance? Situated
try was, equally the admiration and tha
gather, it became. their dew to watch caret.ully
Interests, to guard against its being
any "pair!, land Last of all dependent-cox

w------ -----
ri
edy lot the !ei p.r!ce Ofirain ' Was it Vat We produce 7i.
consider . a giekt dliWdantaie what other nations chanke, we
concetrii to be thi greatest .itEatittage • they, can pos. weahlt. The .:
seat ?—(raa., &if.) A iagali# aid iniforin price descant at 00113
;Kum iis tAto be lived here by ltrilitini the Wryly ; ciple, and cone
'while 11; 411 t atltei countries ik is attained by ia• own natural. or
attizdta crew tho_cinkinOty! fie conk!. not cOneeire any the .
to Wl* egtelifitt for. pindiiikig an effect a la ii
diketti . tat iitigf ht ila be eapetiett. The del ;hates aq
Itt3lirit idea. &di' h. ' jilt shall have corn might re
, • . tilt labdi thin kilt ither inbans s bat tempos flier'
ts
k
ii.,........, .I:ie iht hi ptic.#llti fa'ci.. pose, it . a
• • viiit. ;.: - . lA_ of , 1.., aid' '' e. &re be. Tibia chit itii':l
44. „ ~ . _.. -••••;,. .. *Mt efils boon *ii at blakink
iiitiklit era '." lii ,:,:. , .4 aaiiii:iitt dfilieteitif
~.
. ,-, ...... • . - • • .

ed, mote corn
Great Britain
Let price was in
L From tbesi
the lowest mar-
hat up to which
ed, 'and at ti. e.•
eat the agricul•
away. and how
t was now esta-
ocuring a sufil-
he country, in-
e was satisfied
countries any
..essary for our.
Is were throw
intimiJatc. 41.4
ad thus produce
rmers mrglit be
Lcd, when it w. 46
:re adupitd, we
:unid no; corn(
ntore A artn..v.
nce rti.e
Ipoet.itioo ;
I not WS* H 6
InplatlVll of du.
1 to endeasoi;r
rantages offend
which he alit -
impOtt.4duis of
Notz to be clvpus•
ply of an artoci4
:ed as this cow:
la envy olonv
natal), over
t dependent on
=Mt e