Star.
London, England, 1831-06-13 00:00:00

MONDAY EVENING, JUNE 13, 1831.

PRINCE CZARTORYSKI.

From FLSTCHZ/1.11 Ili:tory of l'oland.
This illustrious personage, Prince Adam Czar-
toryski, is the eldest son of the late prince of the
same house, and is descended from the family of
Jagslion, the ancient sovereign of Lithuania. His
father was long known, not only as a nobleman of
the first importance in Poland, but as one of the
most accomplished scholars in Europe. Such was
his reputation, that at the period of the last vacancy
in the throne of Poland, Poniatowaki (afterwards
king) was deputed by the diet to propitiate the
Empress Catharine to second the election of
Czartoryski ; but the deputy's handsome form
found such favour in the lioenthius eyes et. the
modern Monello*, that he ceased to urge /be suit
of the diet, and returned the avowed nominee of
his imperial mistress.
Prince Czartoryski's claims on the throne, popu-
larity, and consequent influence, rendered him
odious to the Court of St. Petersburg; and when
the last act of spoliation was perpetrated, his lands
were ravaged, his beautiful Castle of Pulawy de-
stroyed, and a sentence of extermination pro-
nounced against him, unless he would consent to
send his two sons, one the subject of this notice,
and the other Prince Constantine Cnrtoryski, as
hostages to St. Petersburg. To avoid this wretched
alternative, the prince and his princess, who still
survives, consented to the separation, and the
two young noblemen were placed under the eye
of those who were deemed worthy, bite Auto-
crat, of reforming, their principles. talents
displayed by both brothers, soon obtained for
them the admiration of the Court; and, as it was
of great importance to gain them over, every mark
of imperial favour was heaped upon them by the
Emperor Alexander, with whom, from infancy, they
had establithed terms of the utmost familiarity. The
elder brother held fur a long time the portfolio of
the Foreign-office; and, in his official capacity, ac-
companied his imperial master to the scenes of some
of his most serious disasters. During Napoleon's
invasion, Prince Constantine was in Poland; and,
confiding in the integrity of the then master of the
destinies of Europe, and breathing nought but free-
dom for his country, he joined the banners of the
invader, and raised a regiment, at his own expense,
to aid in the scheme of liberation. At Smolensk he
received a severe wound, from the effects of which
he has never yet recovered. He resides at Vienna.
" The influence of Prince Adam Czartoryski
proved to be singularly useful to Poland after
the downfall of Napoleon. He interposed, and
interposed successfully, between the anger of
Alexander and his suffering country ; nd, on
the establishment of the kingdom of Poland, he
was appointed the curator of all the universities,
both there and in the incorporated provinces. These
duties he sedulously discharged, until he was super-
seded by the notorious Count Novozilzoff. From this
period he has lived in retirement, faithfully perform-
ing all the duties of private life. The promotion of
agriculture, science in all its branches, and kindly
offices among mankind, constituted his occupations
until recent events drew him from his privacy. The
first call was made by the Russian functionaries, for
the purpose of self-protection; the second was that of
his devoted country, when a government was essen-
tial to success. He was chosen not only one of the
five members of the executive body, but its presi-
dent; a station which he still honourably fills. Into
his new office he has carried all the unostentatious
and disinterested virtues that adorned Pulawy ; and
there is little doubt, that if (and no one suspects
that such will be the case,) the independence of
Poland be fairly won, the choice of his country
will point to him as its sovereign. Having fin-
ished his career, at the University of Edinburgh,
he early acquired a strong taste for English institu-
tions and for Englishmen ; and of this he gave sub-
stantial proof, by devoting two hundred and fifty
pounds a year to the exclusive purchase of Eng-
lish books. His revenues are enormous, but his
liberality is unbounded ; and, as it is a rule in his
munificent establishment to provide liberally for the i
families of all his dependents, his means are com-
paratively restricted. But his personal wants are
few ; and that he is ready to accommodate himself
to circumstances, was well shown by his only ob-
servation on hearing of the confiscation of his large
property in Podolia by Nicholas—' Instead of rid-
ing, I must walk ; and instead of sumptuous fare,
I must dine on buck wheat.'

IRELAND—ITS EVILS AND THEIR REMEDIES.
Dr. Doyle some time ago published a pamph-
let, in the form of a letter to Mr. Spring Rice,—
which not merely as the work of a very able man,
more conversant than almost any other individual
with the state of Ireland, but as containing in it
some admirable reasonings and suggestions for re-
relieving the distresses of the peasantry, and gradu-
ally raising them to something like a chance of
security against universal destitution, merits, in
our judgment, to be well considered by every mem-
ber of both Houses of Parliament.

As to quote Dr. Doyle must be less troublesome
to the reader, and more just to the author, than to
re-model his language where it cannot fairly be
abridged, we present the learned Bishop's own de-
tail of the elementary data on which he founds his
argument for poor laws, followed by a series of ob-
jections, as represented by him, which are usually
employed in deprecation of that important change :
" We may premise as maxims or postulates,
those truths or facts about which all, or nearly all,
the witnesses are agreed. These facts or truths
are the following :
" Ist. That s groat psetlon of the labouring population
is without employment.

" 2ndly. That the average price of labour is about 10d.
per day.
" 3dly. That the labouring classes subsht cm a species c(
food capable only of supperilag ulna esisteace in the
lowest state.

" 4thly. That the supply of this food is precarious, and
the failure of it is attended with extreme suffering, arising
from want and contagious disease.
"sthl. That the number of destitute poor in Ireland is
exceedingly great; and though few of them die of actual
want, great numbers of them perish gradually of inanition,
or are carried off by chronic or inflammatory diseases, pro-
duced by wet, cold, and hunger.
" athly. That the expense of providing food for an Irish
pauper varies from two to three pence a day, but in no case
is found to exceed the latter sum.

" 7thly. That excepting fever hospitals, county infirma-
ries, dispensaries, and lunatic asylums, there is no provision
made by kw for the Irish poor.
"ably. That the member of the unemployed, as well as
the deetftute poor, less been exceedingly increased, and their
sufferings proportionably aggravated, by the system which
has prevailed for some years, and still prevails, of ejecting
the smaller tenantry from their holdings, and consolidating
firms.

" 9thly. That the burden of supporting the poor and desti.
tut*, as they are now susported, is borne principally, and al.
most exclusively, by the industrious or middling classes of
society.

" 10thly. That it would be advisable so to equalize that
bunko, se that it might be shared in just proportion by all
the owners of property in Ireland.
" llthly. That the Legislature is imperatively called on
by the actual state of the labouring classes, and of the desti-
tute poor in Ireland, to devise some means whereby relief
may be afforded to them.

" It is contended by those who are opposed to the intro-
duction of a poor rate in Ireland—

" Ist. That the poor are so numerous, that if a provision
be made for them by law, they will consume all the produce
of the land—in other words, eat up the rental of the country.
" 2ndly. That whatever is given by the possessors of pro-
perty for the maintenance of the poor is deducted from a
espied to be otherwise employed in productive labour, and
sets as a continual drain upon the resources of the country,
or ass drawback from her ordinary and legitimate means of
improvement.

" fidly. That a legal provision for the poor invites to idle-
ness, and renders the poor improvident.
" 4thly. That such provision tends to narrow the exercise
of charity, and to weaken not only the des of neighbourly
kindness, but even of filial and parental affection.
" &illy. That if a provision for the poor wets prescribed
by law, there could not be found in the several districts or
parishes in Ireland persons fit and able to carry into effect
the provisions of such law.

" 6thly. That the abuses inherent in the English system
of poor laws are evidence of the inevitable mischief to arise
from a system of poor laws, if introduced into Ireland.

" 7tbly. That the sufferings of the Irish poor may be
more beneficially and effectually relieved by the correction
of abuses in the raising and expenditure of the monies now
levied by local assessment, and by that general improve-
ment likely to arise from Individual enterprise, and from
public works, to be designed and aided by Government, and
carried as under their direction and controul.
fithly. That Ireland is at present in a state of tran-
sition, as England and Scotland were at former periods, and
therefore she will, like these countries, work out of her pre-
sent state of suffering to a state of comfort or affluence.

"9t y. That the poor have no claim, founded on jus-
tice, to a peevish= being made for them at the expense of the
rich, or of those possessed of property.
_ _

In reply to the assertion that the poor are so nu-
merous that a poor-rate for their maintenance would
consume all the produce of the land, or, in other
words, eat up the whole rental of the country, the
1 author says that a legal provision for all the poor is
not contemplated, but only for the aged, infirm, or
helpless. Moreover, Dr. Doyle himself has admit-
ted that actual starvation is of rare occurrence in
Ireland, although sickness, decrepitude, and
their consequence death from premature old
age—are unhappily far from being so. It is
true, on the other hand, that very great and
substantial assistance is frequently afforded to the
more destitute among the people, but it is chiefly,
if not entirely, by the industrious classes, upon
whom this practice of humane offering to the relief
of those about them falls as a most severe and op-
pressive burden. If, however, they (the middle
classes) have already borne the whole of that pres-
sure, and thereby warded off actual famine from
the poor, can it be contended that a little further
aid would devour the whole " rental" of the country,
which, with those in the enjoyment of it is now al-
together excepted from any share in the contri-
bution ?

To the next objection, that " whatever is given
to the maintenance of the poor is withdrawn from
productive capital," we are not sorry or surprised
that Dr. Doyle has, with great eloquence, given
that indignant answer, which so heartless and mon-
strous a contempt for all the duties of Christian
charity deserves from every generous or conscienti-
ous being :
" This argument, if admitted to its full extent,
would not only repeal the Gospel law of charity,
but justify the savages in North America, who
used to put to death, or leave to perish without re-
gard to the voice of nature or of blood, those of
their respective tribes who, through age or infir-
mity, were unable to join in the chase, or share in
their wars. It would invite us to adopt, among
the maxims of our political economy, not the non-
intercourse system' of Malthus, but the practical
science of the Chinese, who are said to guard
against domestic want, by the prudent exercise of in-
fanticide. To such maxims, and to such practices, we
in this country, may one duy be driven, if abstract
theories be allowed to combat successfully against
the first principles of nature, and the first duties
of man. What ! if it be true that ' there must be
always poor in the land'—if it be true that he
' who sees a brother suffer want, and shuts the
bowels of compassion against him, hash not the
charity of Goo abiding in him;'—if it be true,
that not to feed the hungry min in the day of his
utmost need, is to imbrue uur !muds in his inno-
cent blood, how can we athuit to discussion, as
if it were doubtful, the ob!islitiou attaclavti to all

property, of maintaining out of it the lielples.. and
destitute—the stranger, the widow, and the orphan
' " But it is said, 'that what isgiven to their sup-
port, is deducted from capital to be otherwise em-
ployed in productive labour. This is objected to by
the advocates of the poor, and it is objected without
remorse by those who justify luxurious living—the
keeping of dogs, and horses, and servants, without
limit or employment. These persons say that what
is thus expended or consumed, returns to the trades-
man, the merchant, and agriculturist. Be it s:'.
But if the rich encourage tuts and agriculture by
useless and luxurious consumption—if the capital
thus expended by them be not withdrawn from
productive labour, bow can it be said that the
food and raiment furnished to the pauper is a draw.
back from the resources of the country ? We may
import spices from the east, and extract gems from
the depths of the ocean—we may colect, for our
amusement, the beasts of the earth, the fowls of
the air, and the fishes of the sea—we may gratify
all our appetites, whether regular or unruly—we
may expend upon the idle, the licentious, the pro •
lane, the fruits oflahour and the products of indus-
tiy—without trenching upon the capital to be em•
ployed in productive labour ; but if from our exces-
ses and fictitious wants w•e deduct a mite for thu
widow, or a crust for the orphan, industry will perish,
and the state decay ! The poor rate, it is true, will
not be sown in the ground, and the food and raiment
given to the pauper will not increase and multiply ;
but the precious wines we consume, Lila gor-
geous palaces we inhabit, the dogs and horses wc
employ for pleasure, the pampered hordes who feast
in our halls—these—all these are no deduction
from productive labour !
" But who are they who advance this paradox
They are the men who are forced to confess that the
accumulation of wealth in large masses, whether by
the laws of inheritance, by speculation in the publi,!
funds, or by successful efforts in trade, is among the
chief causes of the disorganised state of society in
these kingdoms. And yet, whilst this is allowed by
them, they oppose, with all their might, the making
any deduction from these masses of property for the
relief of that pauperism which this same accumu-
lation of wealth has greatly tended to produce.
There is not sense or consistency to be fouud in the
arguments of those who, sparing the rich would
leave the poor to lie as an incubus upon the reaily
productive classes—upon those classes whose ca-
pital is small, who have not wherewith either to
stock or till their farms to advantage, or to conduct
their trade with freedom and convenience. But this
objection, like the former allegation, is employed
to amuse the public mind, by specious theories,
which impose on the uneducated, but which have
no foundation in truth, or in the realities of social
life. This argument, as has been seen, if once
admitted, would subvert the gospel, and justify
the destruction of human life. And ,:hen ex-
amined ea to its bearing upon the employment of
capital, is found as inapplicable to that subject as it
would be to the theory of the winds."
We shall proceed on another day with Dr. Doyle's
representation of his views in favour of the claims
of our poor Irish neighbours to some legalised pro-
vision from the lands which are rendered, through
their ill-remunerated toil, a source of opulence to
others, who feel not for them.

MONEY-FINDING EXTR.ii'I:9INARY.
BURTON-UPON-TRENT, JeN E 9.—For amid
days past a curious scene has presented itself at
Tutbury, distant about fire mires from Burton-
upon-Trent, and noted for the ruins of its ca,tle.
A new cut of watercourse has lately been made,
which has affected the height of the water in the
regular course of the river (the Dove.) On this
account it has been deemed necessery to lower this
bed of the river immediately below the bridge.
In doing this the labourers discovered, amongst
the stones and gravel, a quantity of small pieces
of coin, which proved to be silver, and of
the reign of Edward the Fi:st. On mote
minute investigation, it appea-ed as though one
of the buttresses of the bridge, in a direct line
for 40 or 50 yards, from the whole bed of the river,
was one entire mass of coin. On Wednesday there
were hundreds of labourers and others, at work the
whole day, exhuming this long-concealed treasure.
It is not the slightest exaggeration to state, that
upwards of 200 pieces of silver coin have been
brought up at one time in the shovel. On the most
moderate possible calculation, more than 20,000
pieces were found on Wednesday. Single parties
found upwards of 1,500. The coins, which are evi-
dently of the reign of Edward the First, appear to
have originally been of the value of 4d. There are
at least five distinct coinages of the same reign.—
The most common (and of this there are at least
100 to one of the other kind) has a front face of
the above monarch, the reverse having a cross,
some with " London," and others " Canterbury,"
very legibly struck in the die. Another kind has
also a full face of the monarch, in a kind of tri-
angle, " Edw. It." being very legible, the reverse
having a cross, some with " Dublin," and others
" Waterford," struck in the die. The third kind
has a profile of the monarch. The coins are in a
very good state of preservation. It would appear
as though a trench had originally been made, and
filled with these pieces. old inhabitants say
that the present course of the river is of mo-
dern date. When a large quantity has been dug
up at a time, it was observed that they lay in
the manly substance, and not in the gravel which
forms the outer bed of the river. The pieces were
sold at the onset at from 10s. to 12s. per hundred.
Wednesday evening the market bad lowered to
about 7s. 6d. per hundred. At this price great pro-
fit might be obtained. From 20 to 25 weigh an
ounce, and the silversmiths in Burton have been
giving 4s. per ounce for them. A brass spur was
found with a shovel-full of coins, evidently of the
same antiquity. The truth of the above I can
myself vouch for, having been an eye-witness of
the facts. 1 purchased upwards of a hundred of
the coins at a penny each ;• but I was blamed ex.
ceedingly for my extravagance, though they must
be worth double that suet for old silver. never
saw so strange a sight in my life as the people at
work in the river—men, women, and children, all
striving which should find the most."
mememensmssieeemor
Mr. M'Neile did not preach yesterday at St.
Clement Danes, to the disappointment of onnv
persons who attended in expectation of hearing
something like a repetition of bis late ser.non in
that church. This gentleman is not a regular
preacher at St. Clements, but attended in the lib.fence of the rector, Mr. Gurney. The curate is
IMr. Vaughan, whom some persons by mistake have
confounded with Mr. M'Neile.

.

. .1.

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.
FLANDRAB MAIL.

I ; : MUTANT NEWS RECEIVED THIS MORNING.

\VA P.Ca W, MAY 31.—The_ Palish Gazette

• :he Wfirsaia Courier esntain an order of the
4i :1 tt.d,Kl '2 9 May, of General Krukowiecki,
~:or of that capital, in which he announces
o.?urtaat reasons, the sources of which time
a;, have induced him to solicit his dis-

. • (rum the post of governor, which the go-
• • •ent has cons,.-nted to ;rant him. He speaks
• • ', terms of praise of the conduct of the officers
• ..iFtaff. The Warsaw Gazette says, that the
• 14, :.,1 has also resigned his post as general of
auii will probably be succeeded in the
I,l:ce of governor of Warsaw by Brigadier-general
Nouthin.

Rupbrel Ciehozki, who, by two courts-martial,
w.,s sentenced to death, as guilty of high treason,
Leheaded yesterday. The Board of Health
in Warsaw announces, that on the 24th there were
io the principal hospital, in the Bagatelle, only six
cholera patients ; and in all the others hospitals,
only 49; and that on the 22d May, there were no
new cases of cholera, and no deaths in the towns of
Pultusk, Schierozk, and Nasielsk.
Pousti FaoNTI eats, JUNE I.—According to
accounts that may be depended upon, the loss sus-
tained by the Poles, in the battle of the 26th, was
greater than stated in the Warsaw journals. They
are stated to have lost 30 staff, and 225 subaltern
otlicers, and 10,000 men in killed and wounded.—
We INT not the slightest information respecting
the movements of Field-Marshal Diebitsch, since
the 26th. A difference between Gen. Skrzynecki
and Gen. Krukowiecki, Governor of the Capital, is
sz.id to bo made up. The request of the latter to,
3esign his post, is supposed to have originated in'
this difference.
WARSAW, MAY 31.—The Warsaw Courier
that Gen. Pac is recovering of his wounds,
and will soon return to the army. The same paper
says, that all the inha!itants of the province of
1.7.b1in, who came to Warsaw, agree that General
Krentz behaves to the Poles like a man of honour,
nod spews himself a friend of humanity,—Prussian
Sate Gazette, June 5.
Bausscts—NATlONA L CONG RE.SS, JUNE 9.
There being only 89 members present, the Presi-
dent declared that there could be no sitting.
M. GendeLien—lt is absolutely necessary that
the Congress should assemble speedily. Letters
must be written to all the absent members, to sum•
mon them to their posts. The accounts from Lon-
don say that the Prince of Saxe Coburg does not
:,ccept the Throne of Belgium. We must prepare
tor war.

M. liogier—The news has not an official cha-
lacter,we must wait for the return of our deputies.
M. Constantine Rodenbach—Let any one read
the letter, in which the refusal of the Prince is
stiatecl.

Several Members— The Congress must be com-
lcte, in order that it may come to a decision, when
the reputation shall have returned from London.
To meet at one o'clock to-morrow.

L' It uSS F. LS, JUNE 10.—News of an immediate
invasion is circulated. Three corps, and even
four, axe spoken of, which it is said will enter our
territory at once, to execute the decisions of the
Congress at London. These four corps to be com-
posed, one of English troops, which would occupy
the provinces of Antwerp and Flanders; the 2d,
of Prussian troops, destined to take possession of
Lemburg and Liege ; the 3d, furnished by the Ger-
man Confederation, to take possession of Luxem-
bourg; and the 4th, to be sent by Louis Philip,
King of the French, to occupy Hainault, and the
other Walloon provinces.
These are the benefits which the five powers, as
we are told, are going to dispense to Belgium, for
cur greater glory and prosperity.
We give no credit to these reports, which are
circulated with a certain affectation ; but we sup-
pose they ate propagated to frighten the country,
and particularly the Congress.—Courrier.
The reigning Duke of Brunswick arrived here
yesterday, from Aix-la-Chapelle, on his way to
Lnglami.
Lord Ponsonby, his secretaries, and his whole
suite, will set out to-day at noon for London. We
;•;e assured that Gen. Billiard sets out to-morrow
for Pails.

The Independent says, that it is authorized to
declare, that the courier despatched by Lord Pon-
soaby was not the bearer of an important answor,
required of our Government by Lord Ponsonby.
M. Lebeau (says the Emancipation) is going to
England. Gen. Millinet, who was sent to Tour-
r iy, has just gone to Ostend. The trial of Ernest
Gregoire is not yet terminated.—Brussels Papers,
June 10.

PROCLAMATION OFT TTENERAL-IN-CHIEF