Star.
London, England, 1831-09-26 00:00:00

CASTLES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

The history of domestic architecture in Eng-
land is still for the most part unwritten, and would
form the subtance of an highly interesting work.
From the remains, so often ploughed up in our
fields, of villas with tessellated pavements, and
baths of very artificial construction, there can be
no doubt that the Romans. during their occupa-
tion of the island, introduced very generally their
own style of house building; and the Britons
themselves probably copied from them to a cer•
tain extent, as their descendants evidently did in
the plan and decoration of their religious edifices.
But from the complete absence of any remnants
of t':e British habitations of that day, it is useless
to speculate on their form or materials. The
same remark applies to the S mon era; for the
few simple circular or square towers of three or
four stories, which are the most ancient buildings
we can trace in the island after the departure of
the Romans, were apparently erected rather as ''l
military posts for the protection of the country,
or as places of temporary refuge during as inva-
sion, than as permanent residences. Conings.l
burgh, in Yorkshire, and Castleton, in Derby.
shire, are some of the largest and best preserved
examples of these early Saxon fortresses, if they
in truth belong to that era.
But our Saxon ancestors reared few such places
of strength. Their habits were peaceful and agri-
cultural, rather than warlike ; and they lived, as '1
William of •Malmesbury informs us, in low and
mean houses, having no pretensions either to
splendour or strength. It was indeed this defence-
less condition of the Wand which rendered it so
easy a prey to the Norman conqueror. And it was
to remedy this defect and secure his newly acquired
dominions, as well against invasions from without!
as rebellions within, that William lost no time in
erecting strong castles in all the principal towns
of his kingdom, as at Lincoln, Norwich, Roches..
ter, &c. for the double purpose, as we are told by
Stowe, " of strengthening the towns and keeping
the citizens in awe." His followers, among whom.
he had parcelled out the lands of the English, had
likewise to protect themselves against the resent-1
merit of those they had despoiled, and imitated
their master's example by building castles on their
estates. The turbulent and unsettled state of the
kingdom, during the succeeding reigns, caused the
rapid multiplication of these strong holds ; until,
in the latter end of the reign of Stephen, there are
• said to hove been no fewer than 1,115 castles
cotnp!eted in England alone. " The wholb
dom, ' says the author of the Saxon Chronicle,
! " was covered with them, and the -poor people
won► out with the forced labour of their erection."
• It was soon found also that they were likely to be
no less inconvenient to the sovereign, enabling a
cabal of barons to beard the power of their leige
I lord ; and one of the first acts of Henry. 11.
was to prohibit the erection of any castes without
a license. Some of these are extant. The oldest
known is that granted by Richard 11. to Richard
Lord *rope, his chancellor, for the building of
Bolton castle. It is styled in the document—' Li•
centia batellare, kernellare (crenellare,) et multi-
.
olare.

Many of the castles of this age were of great
size, and possessed a certain rude grandeur of de-
, sign. To the single keep-tower of earlier date se-
, veral other towers, both round and square, were
added, united by flanking walls, so as to enclose .a
polygonal court-yard, the entrance to which was
usually between two strong contiguous towers. An
outwork, called the barbican, often still further
. defended the approach, as well as a moat and draw-
bridge. Plates i,on covered the massive doors,
in front of which the grated portcullis was let
down through deep grooves in the stone-work ; and
overhead projected a parapet test.ng on corbels,
between which were the openings called machica-
lotions, from which melted lead, hut water,. and ,1
stones could be thrown on the heads of the assail, 1
ants who should attempt an entrance by forcing,.
or, as was the usual mode of attack, firing the
doors.. The gateways of Caerlaverock, Tunbridge,.
Conway, Cariabrook, and Caernarvon, tire good
specimens of this kind. The keep-tower,;Oratroug-;•
hold, rose pre-eminent.ltbOre Ae-.mt:jkaa ifs:petal?.
from an artificial eneunt.',, lt: ocretaineil• the well,.
ss itheut- which the garrison would not have beep
able to hold out in this their last place .of refugethe . donjon or subterranean prison, the .Anniesof
which was often extended • to tire whole keer;•and
I several stories of apartments, whicli were, probed/1y
`not ‘'crtrisii.tl Iry.any butietainers;4,4cett'AJOrnik.e

time of siege. The staircase which communicated
with those stories was either pierced in the thick-
ness of the walls, or built on the outside of the
tower.

After the age of Edward 111. who both amelio-
rated the institutions of the country, and intro-
duced into it a certain degree of elegance and
refinement, we find a considerable improvement in
the character of, the habitations which remain to us.
By degrees it was found possible to associate much
convenience and magnificence with the strength
requisite fo,- defence; and the former confined plan
of the close fortress expanded into a mixture of
the castle and the mansion. The courts were
multiplied. The tiltyard, surrounded by the stables
and domestic offices, occupied one. A second gate-
way led from thence into the inner court, which
was often double, and environed by the principal
living range, consisting of spacious and magnificent
apartments, the hall, the banquetting room, the
chapel, with galleries of communication, and nu-
merous sleeping chambers. The windows were
often large and beautifully ornamented, but always
high above the ground, and looking inwards to
the court. The keen was entirely detached, and
independent of these buildings. Such was the
royal palace of \Vindor erected by Edward HI.
and such the splendid baronial castles of Warwick,
Ludlow, Spofford, Harewood, Alnwick, Kenil-
worth, Ragland, and many others. The last men-
tioned is one of the most perfect examples we are
acquainted with, of the union of vast strength and
security with convenient accommodation and great
ornamental splevdeur. The keep is a perfect
fortress in itself, and encircled by a range of minor
towers and moat. Its masonry is unrivalled.—
Quarterly Review.

PANORAMA OF THE BRITISH

EMPIRE.

MANCHESTEII 11.11 ES, &pl. 24.
At a very numerous and respectable public meeting of the
inhabitants of Manchester, convened by the boroughreevr
and constables, and held in the Manor Court-room on Fri-
day, for the purpose of considering the propriety of present-
ing a petition to the House of Lords praying that the Re-
form gall may pass that House without any unnecessary
delay ; Jamts Burt, Esquire,Boroughrecre of Manchester,
in the chair, the following resolutions were adopted. Moved
by Mr. Richard Potter, and seconded by Mark Philips-
1. That this meeting, deeply sensible of the necessity
which has long existed for a Reform in Parliament, and
justly appreciating the improvement in the representative
system of the countrywhich will be effected by the Reform Bill,
desires to express the gratification with which it has learned
that the bill, notwithstanding the pertinacious opposition by
whieh its progress has been impeded, has at length been
brought under the consideration of the House of Lords. Moved
by Mr. T. Heywood, and seconded by Mr. J. Shuttleworth,
2. That as it is important that the undoubting confidence
with which the nation has relied upon its Representatives
should not be mistaken for indifference as to the success of
the great measure of Reform, this meeting considers itself
most imperatively called upon to declare its decided convic-
tion that the passing of the Reform Bill is essential to the
safety and well-being of the kingdom ; and that its rejection
would be pregnant with evils to all classes of the commu.
nity too great to be contemplated without the utmost appre-
hension and alarm. Moved by Mr. E. J. Lloyd, and se-
conded by Mr. R. H. Greg,
3. That as it is to the House of Lords that the country
must now look, to avert those evils which would inevitably
result from the rejection of the Reform bill, a petition be
prepared and presented to that house, praying that their
Lordships will not endanger the safety of the nation by dis-
appointing the highly raised and just expectations of the
people, but that, so far as their Lordships are concerned,
they will secure the tranquillity and the wellbeing of the
country, and the permanence of its constitution and valu-
able institutions by passing the Reform bill without any un-
necessary delay.
Mr. Prentice, the Editor of this paper, incloses the fol-
lowing notice of the fall,of Wanaw.within broad black lines :
" Warsaw has fallen into the hands of the barbarian troops
—the advance guards of the hordes which threaten liberty
throughout the enlightened part of Europe. Had England
possessed a government in which the people had their proper
share, and had not her power been withered by a long course
of misrule that has bound her hand and foot, this event
would not have occurred. Had the government of France
marched with the revolution of July, this event would not
have occurred. The Parisians may again see a bivouac. of
Cossacks in the Boulevards."

Abstract of smithies paid by the overseers-of the poor of
Manchester, from the 18th of June, 1831, to the 17th of
September, 1831.

Averse No.
C 1286 7 0

Casual Poor (on card) ..
Board Grants, &c. for present
relief .. .. 1303 2338 0 9

Poor belonging to Inland .. 523
Out Township Poor ... 439
Out Township Poor under re-
moval orders ...
Orphan Vidldren ... 106
Mothers of illegitimate children 315 720 14 6
Do.. do. casual pay .. .. 125 133 0
Poor House ..

£3623
807
906

873
1650

Hundred and County mice
Constablas Accounts

1387
647

10,131
From the fathers of Illegitimate children 838
,
THE GINGHAM WEAVEAS.—Chi Monday last, a um.- I
Mg of gingham weavers Wei held in St. George's-fields, for
the purpose of receiving the report of a committee which a
former meeting had appointed to wait on the different ma-
nufacturen and request their signatures to a statement ofl
wages to be paid by all the masters in the gingham trade.
From the report of the committee it appeared that some had
agretd to give the price, while others had refused, and had
even said it the weavers did not cease their system of annoy.
ance, they would send their work out of the country.
After paer.ne the following resolutions, the meeting quiet.
ly separated.—" That it is the opinion of this meeting that
there should be two committee tan chosen from each dis-
trict Of the towns of Manchester and Salford ; and that one
committee man out.of each district should be an employer
and the other a journeyman, to regulate the proceedings to
be taken relative-to these masters who refuse to pay accord.
log to the list of prices agreed upon by sonic of the masters rl
and also that there should be two collectors appointed from
each district, to collect subscriptions, to defray the necessary
expense of carrying on the strike against those masters who
would not pay according to the list."
WAKEFIELD, FEHIAE EVENING. —.WC have a fair'
arrival of wheat, for which the holders generally are firm at
the prices of last week, but in consequence of the low prices'
at Liverpool, the millers are unwilling to purchase, and up
to the close of the market few sales have been made.—Oats
and shelling are dull, and the latter Is. per load cheaper. A
little new barley was at market, chiefly Yorkshire and Lin.
collishire, for which 39e. to 425. have been obtained. Mans
ate more plentiful, and' prices rather lower.
Lien/vow., Felber.—We have bad a fair, steady,
demand for cotton throughout this week, without any
change in prices from last Week. The public sales to-day
of Saran, went off at pt to id per pound decline from.pria
vale business, and the Demerara at previous rates. The
Suists were chiefly taken by export houses. Private sales :
403 Sea Island 9th to Is 6i1.; 170. Stained do. ad to 101;
4180 Winds 51 to 6d ; 6980 Alabama 5d to 6d • 21D0
Weans lid to 74; -1710 Pernartibucco 741 to &I g 490 Bahia
61 to 74 ; 1700.Maranharts 6430 ; 210 'lngmar' 64;°
9d; 210 tathagena Oda 4po Egyptian 7d to 84 ; 480 Surat
441 to 3d: •Totaftl,43b." w • •
•eatTent-PrialtstssWhent. Par quartan labs per.buitl.,
Norfolk and Suffblk (red) 50 53 to 64; ditto (white) qO,
io 68; ' and Llneoliehiro (red) 50• to ;
.ditto (white) 5240 to 604 Foreign-(red) 46 54 t 0.44 ;
ditto (white) 48l) to 67. Oats, per quarter Imperial,
Pinto and Poland 24 26 a NA Frtalsud.serl small n
24 10.2 P • Usaling_per stone 12 to 13. •
ollAKAßD.—tht the 20th Instant, at the Collegiate
C Vehs Mrajobb•Wood, •oVilissiat liiuuse,..ta the 'county
_pattern, to alias *Kr Ana Liviriptopo aesont daughter
,or Mr. Livingston' of Itotigsun.le.Sprlng, in that county—.

On the 13th instant, Mr. J. C. Forsell, of Leicester, to
Elisabeth, second daughter of John Nichols, Esq. of the
same place.
DIED.—On the 19th'instant, aged 72, Mr. John Owen,
senior, aolicitor, of Daitaidastreet —On the Ibt h intent, at
his house, Islington, Salford, In the fiftieth year of his age,
John Redhead, Reel —On the 19th instant, Sarah Coe, aged
17, much respected by an extensive circle of acquaintance.
She was the sister and constant companion of the celebrated
clown, Robert Bradbury, who died in London a short time
back.

HAMPSHIRE ADVERTISP.R, Sep:. 24.
BOUTS/LUPTON RAILWAY.—We are gratified in an-
nouncing that the survey of the line of road from South.
ampton'to London Is completed, and that the Surveyor met
that attention from the owners of the different estates be had
occasion to take level' on, which is confirmatory of the good
feeling we have before noticed. In a few days, we believe,
the landed proprietors will meet, to take the subject into inr.
tber consideration, when the necessary steps for obtaining a
bill in the next sessions-will be adopted.
hlncisaxics'lssvreuilaw.—Mr.Drew delivered his first
lecture on Natural Philosophy last Monday. He began by
stating the divisions of natural science, and of that in parti-
cular which was to form the lectures of the present Session,
and then described some of the advantages of knowledge.
On Thurday their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent
and Princess Victoria, accompanied by the Duchess of Nor-
thumberland, and attended by Sir John and Lady Conroy,
with two.other ladies, landed from their barge at Netley
Abbey ; and having walked through the different paths of
this fascinating ruin, and, with their accustomed liberality,
bestowed a handsonsa.donation on the poor woman and het
daughter who resided on the spot, their Roval Highnesses
embarked again and returned to Norris cede. There were
two or three parties at the abbey at the time of the Prin-
cesses' landing, who, of course, made every demonstration
of respect which the Private- manner in which their Royal
Highnesses had landed would admit.
CILICKETINO.—A match of crickeewas played on South-
ampton Common, between the Southampton Cricket Club
and Lyndhurst on Wednesday last, which was decided in
favour of Southampton, as follows : Total—Southampton,
160 ; Lyndhurst, 132 ; 3lajority in favour of Southamp-
ton, 37.

COACII AccurxxV.—On Sunday afternoon, about three
o'clock, as the Viclipse stage coach, running between South.
ampton and La on, was nearly half-way from town, and
travelling at the usual rate, the off fore wheel came off the
axletree, by which the coach was upset, and Mr. J. Wig.
nail, a part proprietor, who was driving the vehicle at the
time, fell with great violence from the box, when the hind
wheel passed over one of his legs,and crushed it in a shocking
manner. He was carried to the Red Lion tavern, at itrater-
end, when amputation woes found to be necessary ; about six
o'clock the same afternoon, this operation was performed,
in the presence of eight or nine medical gentlemen ; and by
the last accounts, he was doing as well as could be ex-
pected.
The county of Sussex, it is supposed, will be the first
where Government will take the turnpike roads into their
own direction. It is supposed there will be station-houses
built on all the roads, at a mile apart, where the workmen
will reside. These men sill be appointed as constables, so
that in case of robbery, detection will, in most cases, be the
result of this excellent regulation, and in accidents, the sta-
tion houses will afford assistance.
Basingstoke market was plentifully supplied with all sorts
of grain on Wednesday. Wheat may be quoted full 2s. per
quarter cheaper than last week ; in other articles very little
alteration. Wheat from 151. to 191. per load ; barley, 3's.
to 426 ; oats, 21s. to 26s ' • beans, new, 38s. to 42s ; old, 455.
to 48s. per quarter, imperial measure.
About three weeks since the millers in this neighbourhood
rose the price of flour, and consequently the bakers were
necessitated to rise the price of bread ; and although we have
had sinking markets ever since, the price has no been low.
ered. It is to be hoped that our worthy mayor will assume
his authority and fix the assize.
Nswau y, Bicitss, Sept. 22.—Wheat Imp. per quarter,
50s to 76s ; Barley, 30s to 41s ; Oats, 23s to 345 ; Beans,
401 to 421; Bread, per gallon, 18d to 20d.
Rouser', Sept. 22.—Wheat, new, 151 to 161.101 per
load ; Batley, new, 34s to 40s ; Oats, 24s to 28s ; Beans,
44s to 50, per quarter.
MARRIED.—The Rev. F. Robinson, rector of Stough.
ton Parva, Bedfordshire, to Sophia Elizabeth, eldest thusgh.
ter of the Rev. E. Bowden, Vicar of Highworth, Wilts.—
On Saturday, at Watford Church, Wilts, Wm. Stead,
Esq. of Upton Cottage, near Romney, to Beata, daughter of
J. Alexander, Esq. of Manningford, Si'ilts.—At Faboine,
on Wednesday, Mr. W. Harris, of Donnington, to Miss
Mary Lancaster, of Fishbourne..—On the r9th Inst. at All
Saints Church, Mr. Joseph Giles, to Caroline, fourth'
daughter of the late Jamb Rimer, provision merchant, of
this town.

DIED—On the 11th instant, at her residence in Bugle.
street, Elisabeth, wife of the late Robert Taylor, Esq. aged
76 years. Last week, in the Chichester infirmary, Alary
Bridger, aged U. She bequeathed il. to the Chichester in-
firmary, which had bees saved from her wages, although
,she experienced three years illness.
BRISTOL LIRERAL: Sept. 24.
CLIFTON HOTWELLI, S;n. 23..—Atrivala at Irate.
Royal Olosicester Hotel—Major Butler, Captain and Mrs.
Dikes, R.N. and son. Rey. Mr. Le Deice and fancily, Rev.
Mr. Champagne, Dr. Kelly, Mr. and Alm. Hill, Messrs.'
Scott and daughters, J. Callaghan, Mrs. Hurley, Misses
Stanistroet, ac. • •

PiTITIGN .or THE BIER-HOU= PaOl.llllCTOlll.
The Proprietors of the Beer Houses in this city have pre-
pared a petition to the House of Commons, in which they
very justly complain of the. many false allegations made
spinet the utility of thelf houses to the labouring classes.
Oa Wednesday morning* meeting, mote respectable than
numerous, was held at .the Guildhall, to take into cenahlera-
lion the propriety of establishing of new General Hospital,
when Thomas Stock, . Esq.:- was called-. to the chair.
Mr. Rankin read the advertisement ceiling the meeting.
and alse't Report drawn up by the Provisional Corn.
miner.. This Report we censor give at meow, but it
having, amongst. other reasons, slated that the subscriptions
to the Infirmary fell short of' the desirable amount, from
the mode in OM 'the -medical .olicers were elected? for
life, Mr. I. E. Lunen said, that although he was a warm
friend to a new establishment, yet he could not sanction
any .observation which i reflected on :the: old institution.
This led to various remarks by different individuals, all
of whom agreed that It wotild be best to avoid any col.
lision with, the Inernuoyoand• the. clause was struck out.
The Report then proceeded to acme that the Provisional
Committee had examined many 'different acites,but found none
so eligible as some premises near the New Cat, belonging to
Dr. Kenthit. After .some preliminary discussion on the
best mode of proceeding; • Mr' Herepath proposed that the
ineremed and lamming population- of Bristol and its so.
burbs, rendered the establishment of anceber general hospi.
tai necessaty in addition to the infirmary.
It was reielved uttanimestely—That the Medical depart-
ment be conducted by three Physicians who have graduated
at one of the Unfvereities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Oxford,
Cambridge, et Dublin. e. by four.. Surgeons. who shall be
members of the Royal College of Surgeons of London,
Edinburgh, Dublin, or Ginger ; anda Hodse Surgeon and
Apothecary, residing in the house, who shall also be a mem-
ber of the Royal College of Surgeons, &c.
DIE D.On the 6th instant, Maria, youngest daughter of
the John • Millet, Esq. ibis city.—on . Wednesday weeks
&rah, wife of Mr. Jotham Jones, Old Down—on Tuesday,
in this city, after a long and sevnellineas, in bet 411th year,
Sarah, wife of Mr. J. Nichol*, lam of Paulen, Somerset-.-on
Wedndsday, 17, Caroline Louisa; wife of Rev. J. E. Cord .
—September 16th, at the Rectory.house' •ChelVey, at the
advanced ap of 83, the Rev. William Shaw, D.D. F.S.A.
.—Dr. Shaw was the last surviving intimate friend of Dr.
Samuel Johnson, and one of the Literaty Coterie,. which
met constantly ill 80lt-court, and at Streatham Park, to
enjoy " the feast of reason and the flow of soul." In
early life he teat a.prominent part in plolitiri.- and uni-
formly opposed that spout pf tyranny which ended Invielts-
rating the North American Colonies front the meter
coup.
try. Regardless of personal consideratieneelee deprecated a
war against the liberties of mankind ahead, and the per.
amnion of his Catholic felleVi.tionittlyniert it hOtne. He
was for OD years the uncomptomihst advocates( Befolizist•
Parliament; and it was a eeeree.et the greatest
AO him; that he 117,4 to nee p arpepeet oft wipirvi
411:silitical life beiag.accomplished. Such manl and in-
t condlus centhilMin fall'ter millif him- • . '. iv
• - '"f radefs, ftJibdeitrtlfdaitekino
the vacate o their pia. obtai •no other •
sfeililed • • .•• the the
•Iftrili!lrk •Haflit
tn miIPPI
a few. Seale of* b lemons iltlls and. to 1
; .theeppeobaden of *ethers' • "PAM fr
iktia AO. ffitioaftiftritiairitalloo4looo6. A
dye lang, tyroitu. the amen midi
' 40~ losyssilde silk
maiLnevst mimed away fres his.** witippro.
1 .

1

..0e• •