Star.
London, England, 1825-04-29 00:00:00

ENGLAND DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.

This day was published, Second Edition, in Five Vol.. Bvo. bds.
THE HISTORY of ENGLAND, duiing the
MIDDLE AGES; comprising the Reigns from William
the Conqueror to the Accession of Henry VIIL and also the His-
tory of the Literature, Poetry, Religion, the progress to the Re-
formation, and the language of England during that period.
By SHARON TURNER, F.A.S. R.A.L
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The History of the Anglo-Saxons, from their first Appearance in
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History of England from the Earliest Period to the Norman Con-
quest. In Three Vols. evo. the Foutth Edition, prike 41. 64. hoards.

33, OLD BOND-STREET, APRIL 23, used.
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£.50,000 for £l9 19i.
HAZARD and Co. Contractors.—This is one of the
Last Opportunities to pin so great a F•rtdtle by so small a
Risk, as Parliament will pus no more Lottery Acts.
THE SCHEME CONTAINS

TWO
TWO •
TWO

.

2E30,000
ICIO,OOO
JCS t 000

Besides TWENTY other Capitals, and
NO BLANKS!
As every Number is sure of ses at least, and
ALL IN ONE DAY,
81st of MAY.
Tickets and Shares are on Sale at HA ZA RD and Co.'s, the Con-
tractors oMces, Royal Exchange Gate • 26, Cornhlll; and 324,
Orford-street, end of Regent-street, London; where for a series Of
years they have been most successful in selling Capital Prizes;
having in one Lottery sold ALL the Thirty Thousand Pound Prizes
—in the last Year's Lotteries alone they sold Five Prizes of t 30,001,
and BE2o,ooo—and the following Prizes drawn on Tuesday, the
12th April last.
9,185
9,579

6
•
• .C 40,100
. . • .C 2,000
Au 4 RIG Err other Capitals.

ANNANDALE PEERAGE.
in support of the claim of John James Hope Johnstone, Esq. of
Annandale, to the Titles, Honours, and Dignities of Earl.of An.
sandals and Harden, Viqrount Annan, and Lord Johnstone of
Lockwood, Locitmaben, Moffatdale, and Evandale, as eldest son
ef Lady Ann Hope Johnstone, who was eldest daughter of James,
Earl of Hopetoun, who succeeded, by the death of George, Mar-
i ends of Annandale, in 1791, to the Estate and Earldoms of Annan.
dale, and died himself, ssteemed and lamented, in 1816, the tai.
Lady Ann having married Sir William Johnstone Hope, now mi
of the Lords of the Admiralty, and her Ladyship dying on the 27th
of August, IMS, the claimant, her son maintains that, as heir tt
her, and through the failure of the heirs male of tbe.body of Earl
James and the death of his grandfather James, Earl of I lapetoun,
without issue male, he, the claimant, has right to succeed to the
title and humours.
In prosecution of this claim, there appeared at the bar. ad his
Counsel, Messrs. An. HISICRT Kest', and blascaterr, who
tendered to their Lordships, in the order necessary In prove pedi-
gree and the continued line of descent, and the deaths of lusesessive•
Individual heirs, twenty.one deeds, same of them extremely an
cleat, flowing from the original patent in 16:.3; and their 'authen-
ticity and correctness as tallying with National Records and Prin-
cipal Deed% was proved by Hugh James Rollo, Esq. writer to the
Signet, who answered the various questions put to him, touching
the facts, by the Attorney-General and the Lord Advocate of
Scotland, on the part of the Crown. The usual preliminary step
being thus followed out, the documents will be printed, as mi-
nutes of evidence, for their Lordships' consideration and guidance,
with a view to the legal authorities to be afterwards used by Coun-
sel in debate un both sides.—Further consideration adjourned.

BARGANY CAUSE-SECOND DAY.

It will be recollected, that on the 21st instant, Mr. FORSYTH, of
the Scottish bar, addressed their Lordships on the part of the ap-
pellant, the Hon. Mrs. Mackay Hamilton Fullarton, in an able
speech—no less than five hours; and as he did not then conclude,
be resumed his argument this day, when be spoke, for two hours
and a half longer; and was succeeded by Mr. vramc Roamer.
sox, of the Scottish baf, who proceeded to fellow up the arguments
of Mr. Posaran is a powerful, energetic, and dlstinct manner,
1
when the hour of four arrived; and he will be further heard swat
week. Mr. Moat suer will then addreu the House on the part
of the respondent, Sir Hew Dalrymple Hamilton, Bart.
cause being most important both to the Law of Scotland, in regard
to succession and title, and to the parties concerned, k continues to
excite much attention, many persons having assembled, on both days
of hearing, below the bar.
Mr. Womusouss, Mr. Asians?, and other Members, from the
-House of Commons, brought up several Private Bills,-which were
toad a first time.

CATHOLIC CLAIMS.

. The Eirl of LIVERPOOL presented Petitions from the Town
of Stoke, and the Trades House in Glasgow, against the Catholic
Chinni.—Liid on the table.
The Earl tif ENNISKILLEN presented a Petition from Ty-
rone, ads diOther from several Parishes in the County of Ferma-
nagh, agairnt the Claims of the Catholics.
The Bishop of EXETER presented a Petition from Callington,
against the Claims of the Catholics.
Lord KING said be had a Petition to present from certain per-
sons residing in the Town of Sidmouth, in the County of Devon,
in favour of Catholic Emancipation. A Petition from the same
Town was presented i few days since by a Noble Lord (Lord
Rolle) opposite, but that Petition was whist the Claims of the
Catholics. His (Lord lane!) Petition was agreed to at a Public
Meeting; each, however, ems net the case with the other, which
was seat round frost house to house, and thus a great number of
signatures had been procured. -
Lord ROLLE observed, that the Petition presented
by him contained the names of a great many persons,
and was certainly as respectably signed as the Petition
now presented by the Noble Lord. He (Lord Rolle)
had, however, some objections to this Petition. The
very first name contained in it was that of the late
Member for the county of Waterford, who fled from
such tragic scenes as had been acted at Scullabogue
and elsewhere, and now resided in this country. He
had been most actively engaged in getting up this Petition. He
(Lord Rolle) did not think the Gentleman to whom he alluded
had made a fair return for the Undoess with which he had been
treated by the inhabitants of Sidmouth, in endeavouring to sow
division and dissection, while others were endeavouring to pre-
serve peace.
The Earl of LIMERICK said that he knew the Gen-
tleman to whom the Noble Lord referred, and knew
that a mote uptight or more honourable man did not
exist. Any one to have heard the Noble Lord would
have suppnsed that that Gentleman had been some
person who had fled from his own country to seek pro-
tection here; bat he required no protection. He was
a man of spirit, of honour, and of integrity, whose cha•
fader stood high both in kis own country and in this, and was re-
spected and beloved equally is Ireland and Ragland. He had sold
his property in cme land to reside in another • but be did not de-
serve to be sdgmatised as" he had been. There might be many
higher names, but there was no name more honourable than the
name of that Gentleman.

Lord ROLLE lid. He did not mean to say anything
dlsnmpectful atlas Gendeoson, with whom he was living on teems
of intimacy; but still bs Ad not approve of his conduct with re-
spect to this Petition.
The Earle LIMERICK subinkted to the House whether the
elainvatioos of the Mobile Lord were not an attack on that Geode-
sennl He (Lord Limerick) was glad chat be happened to be in
do Mime to do him justice..
Lad soLLE again observed, that be did not mean to hurt the
lealingsof the Geatleman to whom he referred.
Earl DARNLEY said, that in the name of the
country to which the Hon. Gentleman belonged, he
must protest against the argument that he meant to
create division and distention, by endeavouring to in-
duce the people to express their sentiments oa a most
important subject. He did not deserve to be branded
for such an act, as be did not think he was endeaarouring to subvert
the Constitution by so doing, and be certainly was not. In his
sentiments be agreed with a 'real portion of the people of England,
with nine-tenths of the people of Ireland, with one-half of the Pro-
testants of that cannier, and with a majority of the other House
of Parliament.
The Bishop of EXETER said, that he believed, at all events the'
Noble Lord (Rolk) bad said no more than bad been frequently said
of the Clergy by the Noble Lords opposite.
The Earl of LIVERPOOL said, that the Roble Leeds opposite
might thank themselves U Petitions against the Catholics covered
, the table of the House.
Lord HOLLAND observed, that at all events, the feeling of the
people could not be a very strong one, if they waited to have it
forced from them.—The Padden was then laid upon the table.
The itarl of LIVERPOOL presented a Petition from the. Mi-
nister, Churchwatdent; slid initabitaiste of Stoke, in the county
of Warwick, against the claims tif the Catholics; and a similar Pe-
tition from the Trades House of Glasgow.
The Bishop of LITCHFIELD presented several Petitions to the
same effect, and amongst the rest one from the Archdeacon and
the Clergy of the Archdeacoury of Salop. The-Petitioners played
that there ,should be no alteration In the laws respecting the
Catholics, and be concurred in their prayer, except with regard
to these changes which would do away the ineqwlities between
the Roman Catholics of England and those of Ireland.—Laid on
the table.
The Duke of NEWCASTLE presented similar Petitions front
a parish in the County of Chester, and from the wan and borough
of Chippenham, in the County of Wilts, against the Catholic
Claim—LAl on the table.

The. Marquis of LANSDOWN said, that the Pets.
ion which he had just ptesented was signed by several
tin usand persons ; he now held use signed by one indi-
vitluAi alnle, a Mr. Jordan. who had thought proper
to offet his sentiments on the Catholic Question to their Lordships.
As.it would take at least half an honr to read it, he should only
move that it he laid on the table, and then, if any Noble Peer
wished to know Mr. Jotdan's opinions, he Eden read them when
he pleated. Ile ought to mention, in justice to Alit indinidnal, that
his sentiments-were-in favour of the Catkolics.—Lild on the table.
- CORN LAWS.
The Berl oUESHRX presented a Petition from illeaShorotgh,
• against any allneation in the Coen Laws.
The Earl of DERBY presented Petitions from the Manistee-
tirers of Liverpool, Matlock, and Preston, in favour of an altera-
tion in the Corn Laws.—Laid on the table.

The Earl of LIVERPOOL presented a Petition from the town
of Devonport to the same effect.—.aid on the table.
Lord KING held a similar Petition from the townof. Catap.
ton, in the county of Devon, signed by 800 persons. He toped that
these Petitions would indace a Noble Lord opposite to revise his
opinions; and not to wish to condemn the population of the country
to pay a tat partaking of the odious nature of the Poll Tea, for a
whole yeas, when he knew that at the end of the year the system.
was to be altered. The Noble Lord then made several calculations,-
to chew that by leaving the price of Corn as high as it was nowt
every individual was in fact subjected to an additional tax o
3/. as. a year.
Lord ItOLLE said, that he had expressed no opinion
against the propriety of a change In the Corn Laws, bat merely
that the present was not the time to undertake such a change.

The EArl of LAUDERDALE asked the Nbble Lord
behind him, where he bad heard any complaints of the price of
corn? In the Speech with which the Session had been opened,
his Blajeaty had announced that prosperity prevailed in all
branches : the Noble Lord was present at the time ; did he say
that he had heard any complaint from the poor of this country?
Lord KING had been asked where he hea►d any
complaints of the price of corn? he heard them from the
Petitions on the table. He heard them from the Pe•

• - -
titions of the merchants of London, of Liverpool, and
of most other manufacturing towns. The Noble Lord also asked
why he had not stated this at the beginning of the Session ? because
it was since that time thaflhe price of corn had increased, and in-
creased to such an extent that it was apprehended the OM must
be opened. Whenever the question came to be settled, he hoped
and trusted that there would be rio Committee on the subject. It
would be only a sort of theatre where all sorts of spectres *Mild be
raised to frighten the nervous. If the Government seriously'
meant to make a change, let them do it without a Committee.—
If they bad one, it would only create endless delay, and defeat
the measure.
The Earl of,LAUDERDALE denied that the Pe-
titions presented to their Lordships and the other Hothe, •
came floor the'keople.. Until notice of a motion on the
subject had been given by a Until.
of Parliament is
another place, the question had not. been raised. It was from Par-
liament, therefore, that the impulse was taken. And who were the
Petitioners? Not the consumers, -who Buffeted from the price of
the commtidity, but sets of Gentlemen who wished fps an upper-
sanity of traMe, who did net ism what the consumers paid, bet
aimed at making a large profit. Far from giving *ay to such Pe-
titions, he was glad that his Majesty's Government did not mead to
act till the next Session. •
The Earl of LIMERICK reminded their Lordships
of the observations which be had made respecting the
introduction of American Corn under the name of Ca-
nadian. He did net expect to find his apprehensions so
soon confirmed; but on looking over some Returns this
morning, be bad met with a communication from one
of the British-Consuls in America, who stated that the
price of Corn was low, but that as soon as it should be
known that the measures in progress to admit Canadian
Corn were passed, it would surely rise, as the Americans
would then be able to send their Corn through Canida to England.
He therefore thought that there was some danger, that esett with-
out the general opening of our ports, the market might be glutted
with foreign Corn.—'le Petition was then laid on the table.

The Ertl of LAUDERDALE presented Petitions from the.
Owners and Occupiers of Land of Newbury, in the County of
Berks, and of Brechin and Arbroath, in the county of Forfar.—
Laid on the table.
Several Petitions were then presented :—By Viscount Met.vtiti,
from nine Parishes in the county of Kincardine.—By the Earl of
Mennen, from the Owners and Occupiers of Land of the town of
Fermoy, io the county of Cork.—By the Duke of NEWCASTLII, from
the Owners and Occupiers of Land in the towns of Bradford and
Wallin", in the county of Nottingham, and their vicinities.—By
Earl Gosvoan, from the Owners and Occupiers of fiend in the
town of Beecks and its vicinity.—By the Earl of SINIAMSOURT,
from the Owners and Occupiers of Land of Castle Gowrie, and from
the.Freeholdera of the county of Kincardine ; and by Earl Boum,
from the Freeholders and Magistrates of the county of Fee.
The Earl of SHAFTESBURY then presented a Pe;ition from
the Lord Mayor, the Aldermen, and Common Contuii pf the City
of Loodon,praylog that their Lordships would take the Corn Laws
into consideration.—Laid on the table.

Lord AUCKLAND presented Petitions from the Parish of
Leonard, Shoreditch; and from the Inhabitants of the Town of
Frame, in the County of Somerset, in favour of the Equitable Loos
Bill.—Laid on the table.
Similar Petitions were then,presented .—By the Earl of De-
NOUGHMOIII trout Limehouse; by the Earl of LUMLEY from 0111010;
with, Woolwich and Deptford; by the Duke of Baal:roan from
the manufacturers of Wootton-under-Edge.—These Petition were
laid on the table.—Adjourned.
HOUSE OF COMMONS.
The Gallery was crowded at an early hoar, on account of the la-
mest excited by the motions of Mr. Wanness ea she Corn Laws.
At four o'clock the Swims took his seat.
The Order of the Day for the ascend reading of the Strand and
Severn Railws Bill was read.
Lord FOLJLSTONE opposed it as an unnecessary and absurd
speculation, anda great invasion of private property. He Moved
11111§11111111116Dent, that the Mil be read this day six nseashe.
Lord EDWARD SOMERSET hopld that the Mil mink be
permitted to go into s Ceenhittee.
Mr. H. Davis, Mr. Larzurson, and Mr. Alderman Moon, im-
ported the Bill.
Mr. CRIPPSwaa against the Bill, bit would coesest to let it
go to a Committee.
Mr. CALCRAFTwas strongly against the Bilt, and modeles*/
for the Amendment. The rail-road was useless, and at the mese
time injurious to private property. A Clomnsittee would be Very
expeinstveandhelittioonopposeEs n.
Mr. Alderman opposed
the
But.
Sir W. B. GUISE was against the rail-road, but he thonght,tku
merits of the ease would Whetter learned by going into 'Committee,
Mr. B. COOPER likewise wished for a Committee.
Strangers were then ordered to withdraw. The House divided,
when the numbers were—
Fur the Second Reading se
Agglmt it - 140
Majority against the Bill - --101
Lord LOWTHER presented a Petition from she Loodoeroors
near Carilale,praying that no alteration may be *wig It the Coin
Lawn.—Ordered to be printed.

.

J

:~

~,T_

•

I.L ~

presented a ion from Kirkby-tonsdale
(Westmorland) apiAst toy alterattotrin the Corn Lawy--Ordered
•
to be printed.
Sir E. KNATCIIIIPLL presented a similar Petition from Can-
terbury.
Mr. BRQIJOILIII suggested the propriety of Honourable
31entbers abstaining front observations on the question of the Corn
Laws, till it came regularly before them in the debate, which was
fixed fur to-night.
Sir E. KNATCIIBULL coincided in the couveniency of the
course pointed out by the Honourable and Learned Gentleman.
The Sheriffs of London appeared at the liar to present a Peti-
riga from the Corporation of London for a Revision of the

Corn Laws.
Alderman WOOD said, that though it was uncommon for the
City of London to express their satisfaction at the measures of hirJ
i‘lajesty's Government, yet they did so in this Petition respecting
the measures for promoting tbe freedom of trade; but they ex-
pressed their inability to cope with the foreign manufacturer, with-
out sonic alteration of the Corn Laws. _
Mr. T. WI LSON supported the Petition.
Mr. C. CA VF.ItT thought it unnecessary to put the country
to the expense of printing the whole of the Petitions.
Mr. BRIG HT thought the Petition ought to be universally
kotnyn; and he hoped,.therefore, tlfere would be nu objection to
the printing it.
Mr. C. CA LVEUT explained.
The Petition was brought up, read, and ordered to be printed.
A Petition was presented from Lynn•cum• Warburton. •
Mr. G !LEN FELL, referring to what happened in another place,
trested some Member of weight would bring forward a measure

for altering the Coronation Oath.
Petitions were presented against alterations of the Corn Laws
front Haddington, Atherstone, Bromsgrove • 11 Petitions from pa-
rishes in Norfolk ; also a Petition from the 'Millers in Norfolk, for
protection to the tun. trade ; 10 Petitions were presented from Suf.'
folkogainst alterations in the Corn Laws; similar Petitions were pre-
sented front Wemyss, in Fift. shire ; Glamorgan,Newbury,Banbury,
Pomfret, Mayo, Bandon, Cork, Montrose, Arbroath, Brecbin,
Shrophant, and tower.
Mr. WESTER/I:gave notice of his intention to add a clause to
the Bill now before the House, for rendering persons having per-
sonal property liable to serve on Juries, as well as persons of
real property.
Mr. DUSK ISSON presented a Petition from F,dinbitrgh in
favour of a revision of the Corn Laws; similar Petitions front
Bristol and Newcastle-upon-Tyne • also a Petition from the Mer-
chants of Bristol respecting corn bonded; a similar Petition was
presented front Leith ; a Petition was presented from Greenock for
a revision of the Corn Laws.
Petitions against altering the Corn Laws were presented from
Berwick ; fifty-one Petitions from Cambridgeshire and Bucks,
Edinburgh, Devizes, four Petitions from Lincolnshire, Newark,
Worksop, Retford, Marlborough, Salisbury, from the East Hun-
dreds of the County of Rutland, and three Petitions front Lin.
coltishire.
Mr. L FOSTER presented a Petition from the County of Louth,
againt any alteration in the Corn Laws ; and another from the
Millers of the stme County, praying for protection in the event of
any alteration.
Mr. II USK ISSON stated, in answer to a question put to him,
that the importation of Foreign Corn would not be at all altered in
the present Session.
Sir T. LETHBRIDGE presented a Petition from the counties
of Gloucester and Somerset, against any alteration in the Corn Laws.
Mr. T. WILSON presented three Petitions front Leith, and
one from the Litpurers on the River Thames, for a revision of the
Corn Laws:
Mr. N E 1V MA N presented a Petition front the southern part ei
the cuuuty of Devon, against any alteration in the Corn Laws.
Mr. H U ill E presented a Petition from the Guildry of Perth, in
favour of a revision of the Corn Laws.
Sir F. HARVEY presented a Petition from the Hundred of
Rochford against tiny alteration in the Corn Laws.
Mr. S. WORTLEY presented a Petition from Scarborough, to
the same effect. The Honourable Member also presented a Pe-
tition front Sheffield, playing for an inquiry into the law between
Landlord and Tenant.
Mr. MONCK presented a Petition from Reading, for a revision
of the Corn Laws.
uJr. DENNISON presented a Petition from certain Millers of
Great Britain, fur protection; and another from Lambeth, for the
revision of the Corn Laws.
Sir T. AC LA ND presented three Petitions from the vicinity of
Exeter and Tiverton, against any alteration in the Corn Laws, 'o-
celot as related to the averages.
Mr. COKE presented eleven Petitions front different places in
the county of Norfolk, against any alteration in tke Corn Laws.—
He differed front,
m a
his Constituents on this subject, as the king-
do was kept in ferment four times in the year, when the ave-
rages were taking. Should the price rise to als. or 82.5. the country
would be inundated with foreign wheat; though of that he had
no fear.
Mr. FLEMING presented Petitions from the Isle of Wigbt and
Southampton, the city of Winchester, Petersfield, Farnham, and
other places, against any alteration in the Corn Laws.
Sir G. NOEL presented a similar Petition from certain Free.
holders in the county of Rutland.
Mr. P. MOORE presented a Petition from Stockport, against
the Revival of the Combination Laws.
Lord G. CAVENDISH presented a Petition from the Owners
of Land in the county of Chichester, against any alteration in the
Corn Laws, but praying for an alteration in the mode of taking
the Averages. He regretted the discussion of the subject at the
present time.
hlr. WILDMAN presented a similar Petition from the Eastern.
Division of the county of Essex.
Mr. WATSON supported the prayer of it.
CORN LAWS.

Mr. WOOLRYCHE WHITMORE, in presenting a
Petition from the town of Davenport for a revision of
the Corn Laws, said, it became his duty, in consequence
of a notice I.e had given in the early part of the Ses-
sion, to submit to the House a motion on the important
subject of the Corn Laws. Previously to doing so, he
wished to state the motives which induced him to stir
this subject ; not so much, however, from any regard
to his own personal feeings, as to shew that he was not
indifferent to the excitement which it created through
the c unity. It must surely strike Honourable Gen-
tlemen, that if they wished to support a system of free
trade, the present Corn Laws could not be continued :
they must surly be aware that they could not call on
the manufacturers to sacrifice their own immediate he-
m& to the promotion of free trade., although be (Mr.
Whitmore) admitted that the manufacturers and the
country would ultimately be benefited by the change,
unless the full extent of the grievance under which
they laboured from the Co. n Laws was redressed.—
If that step were not taken, not only would the interests
If trade generally be ruined, hut a great injury be
ialicted on tLe country and on Europe. They would
again see the whole of the body of agriculturists in.
yt lved in the calamities from which they had re-
cently recovered—one of those fatal events which some
time or other came on every country, and which was in.
herrnt in the principle_ of oar Corn Laws—dearth and
its aw.ul effects. The other ev Iv. as that of superabun-
stow ; and on these two grounds he conceived P4rlia-
ment ought to come to an immediate consideration of
the questicin. He had sought the brst information on
. and it went to
so reduced
Jock! be dilfi-
the quantity of
consumption.
he could not
roos effects of
iolence—they
arid other cir-
but if they kept
jug notions of
most fatal con-
;kiln that when
natural market
afforded, the
other markets
injurious results


mr-r 79P"' "—Fa

This was proved by the returns lot
the British Consults abroad, andiat
other sources, that the •systenichf
..
jurious effects upon tuhrseirtso . ~, . .
only this, but had e died siiiilargweitilkiti
ehewhere. Those trier espeAllified.the dt
ing operation of a g et, and passed Oa.— - _
recurrence. Such had been the case wish Portugal and
with Holland. The Corn Laws of England thus pro-
duced distress in other States, which was succeeded hy
non-production, and we thus extended the ruinous in-
fluence of our impolitic measures to the whole of Europe.
In a letter, of which he should read an extract, from a
Gentleman of great respectability, and orie well ac-
quainted with trade, a resident of Poland, the effects
of our Corn Laws upon the cultivation of that country
.were truly depicted. The wilier was Mr. Bhren, of
i antzic. The letter stated that the operation of the
law was most disastrous to the Agriculturists, that it
diminished production and • raised prices considerably;
that the commerce of Poland with the Western Conn-
tilts of Europe was thereby nearly annihilated, and the
trade of British Colonials reduced to less than one-half.
The letter went on to say, that the/patter of wheat in
Russia was 345. and in Bohemia 38s. which was to be
accounted for by the decrease of the supply from Po-
land. The Polish Government, it added, were disposed
to retaliate, but the writer augured little benefit from
such a course. In another letter, Mr. Bhren stated that
he possessed a patrimony on which his father usually
kept a stock of from 100 to 150 sheep, that now he had
'lOOO sheep on the same estate. and that while wool main-
tained its present price he should pursue the same po-
licy. He did not grow Thore than half the wheat which
he used to cultivate previously, and he was sure that most
of his neighbours acted on the like principle as himself.
It was therefore evident (said Mr. Whitmore), that wool
would continue to be cultivated in preference to corn,
while it ielded a greater profit; and thus the prohibi.
den of foreign grain from England produced a com-
plete change an the agriculture of all Europe—which
would be felt at home in its most aggravated and
alarming results, at no distant time, if an alteration of
system were not adopted. But, besides the dearth
which was thereby threatened, lie would ask the Hon.
Gentleman, if our policy were continued, would it not
lead foreigners to produce something else than corn,
which would equally meet the British agriculturist in
his own market? In consideration of this opinion, he
should beg to refer to a document which he held in his
hand, stating the returns of foreign wool, and which
would sbew a most remarkable increase in the import-
ation of that article. For the five years previous to
1824, the average was upwards of 16 millions of pounds
per annum, and in 1824 it exceeded 22 millions of
pounds, making, in one year, an increase of more
than six millions of pounds. If, therefore, Gentlemen
would drive the Polish farmers to grow wool, could they
hope to be able to keep up the price of wool at home?
The Hon. Member then referred to the increase in the
quantity of Foreign Tallow imported lately, and ob-
served that the same increase would be found in the
Foreign Flax imported. The average of the latter, from
1811 to 1820, was 326,000 cwt. and in 1824 it was
147,096 cwt. Having now shewn the effect of the
Corn Laws in causing fluctuation of price, and how its
operation defeated its own object, he should now turn,
to another and most important part of the subject, he
meant the effect of the law upon the price of labour.
There were two ways in which the high price of provi-
sions would operate—first, it would be thrown on the{
price of commodities; and secondly, the consequence I
would be diminution of the rate of profit of the capitalists.l
The object of Britain was to preserve her capital ; with
that she could not only defy the other nations of the
world simply, but as we had done when combined in a
common league against us—(Hear). The valtie of our
landed property was therefore contingent on !be reten-
tion of our capital, nor did any country evert attempt
to pursue the system on which our Corn L‘aws was
founded, without reaping the bitter fruits of he experi-
ment. The example. of Holland was one in point.—
If the Corn Laws were not modified, and justly too,
a fatal stab would be given to the prosperity of the
country. The time might be distant, but would infal-
libly arrive. The object of the present law was to raise
the price of provisions, to the advantage of the more
powerful class, at the expense of the other classes of the
community. The object was to raise the rents, and that
was well known to the public at large ; for the present
was not an age of darkness, but of light and information.
He knew that many persons contemplated the progress
of education among the lower classes with alarm, but
he anticipated no danger from it, unless, indeed, the
present system should be continued. It was said that
the Corn Laws of 1815 were founded on the principle
of the old Corn Laws. That he denied. From the
close of the American war down to 1815, the ports
were virtually, if not nominally, open for the admis-
sion of grain. The alterations which he would propose
would have for their object to place the trade on the
same footing as that on which it stood previously to
1815, via. to leave the importation of Corn virtually,
if not nominally, free, subject to the payment of such
an amount of duty as shciuld cover the peculiar burdens
which pressed peculiarly on the landed interest. He
was not disposed to undervalue those burdens, for he
was himself connected with the landed interest; nor
would he so undervalue them if he were not so con-
nected. The burdens which were usually considered
as pressing peculiarly on the landed interest were the
Poor Rates, Tithes, the Land Tax, and the Rates on
Highways. In 1823, . the Poor Rates amounted to
7,0.0,0001. out of which several other payments were
made—the County Rates, amongst others, he believed.
The Tithes for the same year amounted to 5,000,0001.
in England and. Ireland ; the Land Tax to 1,210,1271.
the Highway Rates to 2,000,0001. making a total of
15,210,1271. He might, however, be under-rating
the amount, and he would, therefore, rake it to be
18,000,0001. He would now state the amount of dutiesl
which would &seer these burdens. Tile con umption
of coru was calculateJ at about 14,000,000 quarters.
He proposed to fix a duty of 10s. per quarter on the
imp rtation of corn, which would increase the price to
that amount, which on 14,000,000 quarters, would
give 7,000,0001. On the importation of barley, he
would fix a duty of ss. which, as the consumption was
14,000,000 quarters, would give 3,500,0001. On the
importation of oats, he would fix a duty of 3s. which,
lon a consumption of 20,000 000 quarters, would give
1.000.0001. An advance in the price of any article of
agricultural, produce always produced a corresponding
use in the price of other articles. He had, therefore,
g right to calculate that the rise in the price of grain
which would result ftorn a duty of 10s. on its im-
portation, would cause an advance in the price
,of grass and vegetable produce to the extent of

,
.

0'.71F ,7,1;

.....~

i

si•ould rise Wis.-
Jahat decline. Those persons who were so alarn.
at the prospect of the opening of the ports had not
profited from experience.- Last year the importation
of oats was allowed, in consequence of their having
rached the import price of 275. Ih e amount imf
ported was 488,000 quarters ; yet that had oc-
casioned any great-depression in the market, for the
importation took place in Augat. and in September
the-price was 215.-in October 225.-and in Novem-
ber 235. He did not believe that at the present mo-
ment there were more than a million quarters of corn
in the shipping ports of the Continent, and that would
nut all be imported into England; for Spain and
Portugal, which were at present almost in a state of
dearth, would compete with us in the foreign market.
The system which he wished to proceed upon, theN
was shortly this-When the price of corn in this coun•
try was at 555. he would admit foreign wheat at a
duty of 10s. and go on as the price fell ss. in the
quarter, adding ,ss. more to the duty ; so that when
corn was 555. the duty would be 10s. a quarter ;
when it was 509. it would be 15s. at 4.55. 20i. and
at 40s. it would go as high as 255. A plan
like this might be adopted, he was convinced,
without any of the ill consequences which were appre-
hended : if Gentlemen doubted that, let them lock
eery briefly at the probable rate at which (duty
apart) foreign corn would be able to be sold here.-
At Rotterdam-a point about equally distant from the
great exportation ports on the Continent with ourselves
-the average price of foreign corn sold in Rotterdam,
for the ten years ending in 1824, had been 475. 91d. a
quarter. In one year, the price had been up at 935.
but there were four years in which it was very I,w.
Again, to take the average prices of corn in New York
-the average for the last five years was 38s. a quarter;
add to this 12s. or 14s. a quarter for freight and insur-
ance, and New York wheat could not be sold in Eng-
land (duty free) under 50s. Then, taking the average
rate at which foreign wheat could come to England to
be from 455. to 525. the quarter, 10s. a quarter duty
upon that was as high a tax as he could feel justified
in imposing; nor did he believe that there was any
foundation for the fears of the agriculturists, that under
such circumstances very enormous importations would
be made. From a return which was lying on the table
of the House, it would appear that the whole amount
of corn imported (of all kinds) from the year 1800 to
the year 1825, was about 12,578,000 quarters; this
amounted upon the average to less than 600,000 quar-
ters a year ; and out of those twenty-five years so taken,
five had been years of great scarcity--1801, when the
price in England had been 115 s. 1810, when it had
reached 1035.1817, when it was at 945. and 1816, when
it was 935. Bd. Of this fact he was quite certain-no,
time for getting rid of our existing system could be
more favourable than the present. Hon. Gentlemen
raid-" Defer it until there is a necessity ; defer it until
we have a season of dearth." He was quite sure that
the agriculturists would never get that cool attention
paid to their rights in a time of scarcity which they
might command at present. Fer the interest of the
landholders generally, be was averse to putting off the
question for a single day ; for it- it only happened thit
we had a scanty crop, they must discuss it next year,
subject to existing high prices; and to treat it at all under such
circumstances, they might rely on it,would be highlydisadvantageous
to theta. The Hon. Gentleman, after adverting shortly to the ques-
tion of the earn averages, upon which, be said, be doubted if so
much fraud existed as was supposed, and farther, that it would be
easy to take such measures as would prevent the possibility of any
fraud at all, moved-" That the House should resolve itself into a
Committee to consider of the preserit state of the Corn Laws."
Mr. GOOCH thought that no case sufficiently strong
had been made out by the Honourable Member. for
Bridgenorth, to warrant the House in disturbing a sys-
tem which gave equal satisfaction both to the grower,
and the consumer. The average price of Corn in Eng-
land, for the last six years, had been 58s. 3d. and it was
impossible for the agriculturist, burdened as be was, to
farm his land at a lower price. All he desired was to
ensure a remunerating price; and he thought that 60s.
would be sufficient. Paying such heavy exclusive taxes
as he did, the home farmer could never compete with
the foreign grower; and, as he objected to agitating the
country upon a point as to which at present it was perfectly quiet,
he should sit down by moving the previous question.
Lord OXMANTOWN opposed the motion.
Mr. HUSKISSON said, he concurred with his Hon.
Friend (Mr. Whitmore) in the general principle that
the trade in corn ought to be conducted on the same
liberal policy as was adopted with regard to the other
branches of the commerce of the country ; nor did he
for a moment deny that the question was of consider-
able importance, yet he did not think the present time
favourable for its introduction. His opinions on the
Corn Laws were, he believed, not nnkcown to the
House and the country. They were on record in the
Report of the Committee of 1821, and since then be
had seen no reason to depart from them-( Hear).
There were few Gentlemen, he believed, who were
once disposed to differ from this Report, but would
now be found to concur in its general conclusions but
while they admitted these, there might, he adet ed,
be still a great difference as to the time, mode, and
degree of making any alteration in the laws as they now
stood. He did not mean to chew any disrespect to the
respectable class of individuals whose Petitions had'
been preiented that evening against any alteration in
the present Corn Laws ; but he could not shut his eyes
to the fact, that some of those very Petitioners had
heretofore preyed the House to have those laws recon-
sidered and revised, as not affording sufficient protectioo.
We were now in the tenth year of peace, and it was nal
unreasonable to expect that the price of corn here could
not continue so much above that at which it might be
procured at the ports on the Continent. For 40 years
this country allowed a free trade in corn, and for every
year of that time we imported a quantity more or less
from the continent. That importat or bad been dis-
icontinu•d for the last six years. during which, we did
not receive from abroad any addition to-our home sup-
ply. This interruption created one of the greatest dif-
ficulties under which we were called upon to revise the
present corn laws ; for the consequence of the interrup-
tion was a great accumulation of corn in all the countries
'from ninth we were in the habit of importing. To this
was to be added, that since we had ceased to import
corn, our harvests at home had been more than usudlly
productive ; and he believed the same might be said at
the other corn couwi ie. of &mope. There was then a

Irg'7ll!C"
,

,~,

7 7

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in the stoelk of corn on hand in all the con-
'from which we had usually imported, and
mther increased by the fact that Spain and
‘itating our example, had latterly received
usual supply from the northern parts.
all these circumstances was, that the sup-
present so much beyond the demand in many
-,ean ports, that in some corn did not produce

fourth-iiithe average prices of the last 40 years, before
they had ceased to export corn to this country (Hear). •
From returns whicti.he had.seen, it appeared -that the
average price in Dantaic for the last 40 yeatS, before
,importation to this totintry Was interrupted, WAS 455.
and a fraction. It must then be evident that anything:
much below that price would be a loss to the grower,
It would be unfair to infer the real cost price, at tlre.
present day, from what the corn would fetch in the
market. Ana her view of the question was, that some
of the collieries from oltich we had formerly tmportest
grain, having no other vt.nt for their stoplus produce:
but what our wants, under particular tircumstancese
might create, would disc. ntinue to grow corn, and em-
ploy their lands to some more profitab'e purpose; and
that thus the surplus in the market would remedy •tself.
His Honourable Friend had stated, on the rancho:4y of
several letters from the Continent, that this had al-'
ready been the case in some places—th it many indivis•
duals had discontinued the cultivation ‘f corn, and hsfd
laid down their lands under pasture for large If •cks of
sheep. As he was on this subject, I.e would say that
the tax on foreign wool, which had now happily ceased
to exist, was a source of injury to the woollen manu-
facturers of this country. In consequt rice of trot find-'
ing a market for their produce here, the wool growtrs
of Silesia, and some parts of Germany, est tblished ma-
nufact, ries for coarse cloths, which u ere sold at a more
reduced price than we could sell them, and the sale of
them in the American market produced a curl,' etition •
injurious to our trade. The removal of the tax on fo-
reign wool, however, remedied that evil. As soon as
it could be imported here, it rose in price to the maim- •
facturers abroad, from 23 to 33 florins. We were thus •
enabled to compete with them, and in a short time
drove them from their own and the American market.
That there were incouveniences attending the system in •
whichever way we treated it, he did not deny, but they
were the necessary result of the system which we had
adopted in 1815—of that alteration of free trade and
monopoly to which that system necessa•ily exposed us,
and which he would shew, before he sat down, could
not afford a permanent advantage to any party. Some
thought the home grower ought to have a monopoly'
up to a certain price, and that above that there should be-
at free trade; but then the question came—at what
should the free trade begin ? His Honourable Friend
the Member for Suffolk (Mr. Gooch) had in a fair and
candid manner said, that looking to the alteration of
circumstances since 1815, he should consider the prohi-
bition of corn at 60s. as quite sufficient to afford as fair
a remunerating price to the British grower as 80r. did
in the year 1815. This, however, was au admission con-
trary to the sentiments of the Petitions which he (Mr..
Gooch) had that evening presented. It was a fair and
honest admission that the time was not far d.stant be-
yond which the present system could not be conti-
nued. One mode suggested• would thus be to pro-
hibit importation as long as corn did not exceed 605..
here ; and another was to have the ports constantly
open, with such a duty as would afford a protection
to the English farmer. If, however, the reduction were
made to 601. the whole of the accumulation of the
ports of the Continent would be thrown upon the
country. What the eff.tct of that would be, he would'
not attempt to describe, though he did not partake of
the general fears entertained on the subj
hear). The circumstances of the pres:Ait day which'
prevented an attempt to alter the Corn Laws, were so
forcibly alluded coin the Report of the Commi tee-of
1821, that he was induced tee trouble the House with
the extract. After suggesting the propriety of a trade;
in corn, open to all nations in the world, subject only
to a fair protecting duty, the Committee proceeded to
say—" In suggesting this change of system for further
consideration, as a possible improvement of the Corn
Laws at some future time, the Committee are fully
aware of the unfitness of the present m^ment for at-
tempting such a change, when, owing to the general
abundance of the late harvers in Europe, and to the
markets of this country having been shut against foreign,
con for nearly thirty months, a great accumulation has
taken place in the shipping ports on the Continent, and
in the warehouses of foreign corn in this country; and
when that accumulation, from want of any vent, is held.
at very low prices, and might tend still further to de-
press the already overstocked markets of this country,•
if allowed to be introduced at this period, wept at
such a high rate of duty as k would be inexpedient to
attempt, and moreover very difficult to determine. The-
present market price of the corn thus accumulated is
not the measure of the cost at which it has been pro-
duced, or of the rate at which it can be afforded by the:
grower, but the result of a general glut of the article,
of a long want ordeirsand, and of extreme distress and
heavy loss on the part of those by whom it has been'
raised, and of those by whom it is now held, either in the'
warehouses of the Continent or of this conflict y." It was
here evident that the difficulties which at present existed
were fully contemplated by the Committee four yearsago.
The Act of 1815 was passed under circumstances very
different from those which now existed. We were at
the tithe shut out from many ports of Europe, and at
war with America. Having said the present time was not•
the most fit for such an alteration, it was n( t for him to'
assert that the whole of the difficulty would be removed
by the next Session. Difficulties he was prepared to.
expect; but they were not such as in his opinion might,
not be overeume. Looking back to another great sea- •
sure—he meant the law for regulating the currency of
the country, against which insuperable difficulties were
supposed to sotist--he remembered what had been ob-
served by the Honourable Member for Taunton (Mr.
A. Baring), that those seeming difficulties should not-
deter the Legislature from coining back to the sound:
principle of political economy. That great) measure,
was carried, and the result had fully justified the wis--
'dogn which dictated its enactment. So he trusted Fr.
would be found with the present question. He dioadil
in the next Session be prepared to concur in some mea-•
sure which would fix the duty at a certain rate, to be gra--
dually reduced, so as that the supply from foreign cuun-
Aries nrighe by degrees come so its fair level. He could
not beieve the stock of corn or. hand at home to be great.
Indeed, the high price at this season, induced him to,
think that the supply was little if anything beyond the-
demand ; and it walnot at all improbable, that before
the 15th of Augustatext, i 5 th; Corn Law% were allowed'
Ito remain in their present state, we might before that
period have the whole of the foreign markets pour'nt

• •
11.
71
111
I I MI
11.•
, MNOMEiet
Mr. GREEN preser

. )
1 . this suhject botn at home and abroad, an
prove that it a period of dearth arrire.l,
•, 1. I .sswa the eol4ivAtion of Europe, that it we
I ' colt. for us or the v h .le world to obtain th
i •. ,* :con aeceitary to supply •otlr ordinary t
i.. Ala did oor...vvith to alarm the cowittYr h
.'1.,. •,. 1 preten Ito fix any term when the disasto
tile present law should be felt in all• their vi
miAht be averted by seasons of plenty, a
1
, . .
cumstances„. tor a considerable period ; bn
Aty. a rincipla so at variance with all it
i trade, the period would an ire when the m
stquwntts might ensue. It was quite cert.
a coantry like. Engl'ond, which was the no
, . i • ,44 Wow oasismes, shut out she sow] y they.
r 't listrodanteas6 those nations: tell back upon or
and caused a 'hit, with its neeessa 't ' •ti y mit
_ ,

law on the table from 5,000,0001. Those items added together would mak great increase i
* knew himself, fly 8000,00.. which more:- than cepred the„lstsdetu tinental ports .
*bich rested .exclusieely upon Af litalt-lAter .this was farth
ltadliftd the mdit'' 'hey
lui
.oaurope, and not
, • •. • —He wii.4aTeure that "id* alteration woidthe Portugal, imit
imsilar4proisibitory laws Viewed with (head, al itgeoubt ct the qttintit' ,015. 19ss than their
. :.
milereed,the deteriorat- corn which.was said to hetolleited,in foreign pods i /The result of I
A 1:
secl laws to prevents it; bathe was of opinion filar- the--ialae*-.wasgrou s, plyiWas at pre
ft the pr Ice of corn would find its level; f Cofn of'the Europe.'
.
...ft.,. (...; h PArreierdi nod ii•mild rise somewhat in price, and ours %WSW- - 40glien, alf,..ia Wilma
. _.: _Ai tr.:::=L ":-..T..1..;. .