Star.
London, England, 1831-06-17 00:00:00

ITALY.

PARMA, MAY 13.—The Tribunal of Modena
continues its trials—or, to speak more properly, its
condemnations : many of the accused, present or
absent, have just been condemned to death.—
Amongst the fist is, the Countess Testi Rangoni.
Will the Duke dare to put it in execution ? We
had reason to believe, that, after the execution of
Menotti and Borelli, the Duke would allow some
repose to his executioner : far from that, he has
just sent to seek the executioner of our city, in
order to have two at his command. The one here
made some resistance : surrounded by soldiers, he
would have thrown himself out of the window ; but
he was chained, bound, and conducted, by main
force, to Modena. He will return, without doubt ;
for Maria Louisa, who at first, had announced the
intention of granting pardon, appears disposed to
follow the example of the Duke. It is Austria
who does all this. The arrestations are now
here in prodigious numbers, and every day
new ones are made. The Tribunal Statarlo is as-
sembled ; we know not what passes, since all the
audiences are secret; but several condemnations to
death are already spoken of. The garrison of
Reggio has been reinforced by 1,500 Hungarians;
many new troops have arrived at Modena. The day
of the Fete-Dieu the Duke was surrounded by se-
veral battalions of Tyrolean.. It is said, however,
ghat be narrowly escaped being killed. It is cer-
tain, ebet in spite of the evacuation of Ancona,
many troops are directed upon Romagna. There
is 'a "sport generally spread in the Duchies of

LONDON.
FRIDAY. JUNE 17.

The Prussian and Polish papers—extracts from
which will be found in a preceding column—bring
down our accounts from the seat of Russian inva-
sion to the 7th June. We have to congratulate
our readers on further advantages acquired by the
Poles over their ruthless enemy. At Vilna and
Mariampol they are reported to have had as bloody
conflicts, as that of Ostrolenka ; and which ap-
pear to have terminated favourably to the cause
of Liberty.

No one will wonder that the spirited French
people display impatience under the erroneous po-
licy of the successive Ministers of Louis Pit 1-
LIPPE, which has compromised the cause of July
all over Europe. Riots have succeeeded riots,
and prosecutions end law have been resorted to;
but in vain. In this. as in all cases, the
original wrong must be corrected. Law may
silence clamour for the moment, but it will not
destroy public discontent, founded on just reasons.
Law in this case is like a stricture applied by gun-
powder, and serves only to increase the violence
of the ultimate explosion. No liberal man in Eu-
rope can justify the conduct of the French Govern-
ment to the Spanish Refugees, to the Belgians,
the Italians, and the Poles. The cause of these
nations was the cause of the French Revolution
itself, and identified with the good faith and
ho-
nour of France.

The abandonment of these foreign interests, and
brethren of free France, has been the primary
cause of discontent. The revolution of July was
not effected to unite France more closely with the
Holy Alliance, but utterly and for ever to separate
her from so unhallowed a conspiracy against every
thing liberal.
Nor was this the only offence of the new Govern-
ment. The retaining of the POLIGNAC Chambers
during so many months, and the allowing of those
Chambers to adjust the elective franchise, and many
fundamental laws, in which they displayed feel-
ings alien to the principles of popular Government,
created general discontent. But the climax of minis-
terial offence has been the letter of PERIER to the
prefects about the elections, and the childish man-
ner of sending the Court on a general tour through
the provinces, at the ere of the elections. After
the destruction of the last government for similar
interference, it is impossible not to feel astonish-
ment at the temerity of these new measures of
like kind.

As might therefore have been anticipated, Paris
has been for some days in a state of dangerous
excitement—so general, that by the last accounts
it was impossible to decide bow it would terminate.
The National Guards parade ; bat the continuance
of the present government bangs on a thread.—

But there has been an original mistake or equi-
vocation. Louis PitlLlrre seemed to consider
his Throne as merely a change of persons, and this
idea was perhaps put forward to reconcile other
nations, especially at London, where WEL-
LINGTON was then Minister. But the au-
thors of the Revolution, and the French people,
considered the change as one of principle, in which
the clear language of LA FA TETTE, " Republican
Institutions were to be engrafted on a Constitutional
Monarchy." The Revolution was also considered by
all France, and by liberal men of all nations, a,
the total undoing of all the unprincipled acts of the
Congress of Vienna. With these views the Or•
leans Family at first coincided ; and hence F.► v-
ETTE and his party were the confidential friends
of the King. The people who had been the victims of
the Congress,were then at this moment encouraged,
and hence the insurrections in Belgium, Poland, and
Italy, and the movements in Spain. Some influence
however, changed opinions at the Palais Royal :
the friends of liberty retired, or were dismissed ;
and for many months, ministers, agreeable to the
Court party, have given a direction to the Go-
vernment, utterly at variance with the wishes
and principles of the majority of the nation, and
of the most popular public men.
It is impossible to anticipate the result. The
KING, like Don PEDRO, or CHARLES the TENTH,
may be deluding himself amidst the vitas of pro-
vincial mobs, and such delusion may be fatal
to his ascendancy ; or he may be wise enough
to escape from this mistake, and dismiss
his obnoxious Ministers, and to place him-
self in the hands of men who will be
true to all the liberal principles and objects
of the revolution of July. This alone will
save France, Belgium, Poland, and Italy ; it will
at a blow relieve Europe from half a century
of conflicts, between popular rights and gloomy
despotism.
A few days must determine this momentous
question—perhaps a few hours.

Of course on what results at Paris will also de-
pend the issue of those bloody conflicts which are
pending in Holland and Belgium, of which we
yesterday gave some accounts, and add some other
interesting details to-day.

The ATTORNEY-GENERAL of Ireland has de.
livered a speech at the close of the Special Com-
mission at Ennis, in Clare, which excited in us, on
reading it, as well as in his auditors, a succession of
intense feelings. Certain parts, in which he alluded
to the tenderness with which be had applied the
Law, drew from his auditors the same applause
which they extort from us ; but what opinion does
our and their applause insinuate against the Law
itself—and ought such Laws to remain on our
Statute Book ? An Attorney-General is a mere
Minister of Law, and while his description of the
offences committed describe them as aggravated by
enormity, yet he, a practiged lawyer, steps in to
modify their cruelty :

" I have already mentioned that which has been known
from the beginning, but for which I take no merit to my-
self, that our first principle has been to spare human life
where we could, and accordingly when the informations
were submitted to me and my learned friends, to whose able,
anxious, disinterested, and never wearying seal I am deeply
indebted, we scanned them over with care, not for the pur-
pose of seeing, if the crime could be aggravated, but on the
contrary, if it could be mitigated or extenuated; we were
able, acting on these principles of mercy, to spare the lives
of no less than fifty men, by indicting them on the trans-
portable, and not on the capital charges. In the fourteen
cases in which the sentence of death has been recorded, I
took upon myself to pursue the same course of mercy ; to
adopt a course similar to that which I had observed in all
the cases, and in these fourteen! cases I have mentioned, I
pledge myself that I did not sleep until I had sent a re-
commendation of mercy to the Lord Lieutenant."—.(A great
burst of applause greeted this announcement.) _ _.

For this generous conduct, we give him full
credit, and he speaks with similar good feelings of
the consequences of carrying the law, even with
tenderness, into force. Would to GOD that the
Cabinet Council, and the framers of the law, had
been present also.
"My Lords—There is another tale yet to be told and omit-
ted in this catalogue. It is of the misery and suffering
which we have seen in the last few days (originating in guilt)
and the bringing to justice of fathers, husbands, brothers,
90111. I will not, cannot trust myself or my feelings in the
recital of the agonies which we have seen, but this I will
say. that Doman who witnessedithem, can ever forget them
to the last hour of his existence."

It was lawyer-like to introduce the parenthesis,
and the word justice ; but it is the King's Attor-
ney-General who speaks, though he speaks also
as becomes a man.

The bulletin of business done is expressed with
the same pathos, and really the elegance of ex-
pression softens even the anguish with which we
consider the whole subject :
" My Lords, but eight days have elapsed since the Com-
mission was opened, and we now can tell what the event
has been. The law has triumphed, and the sound thinking
part of the community are inspired with a confidence etas
peace and tranquillity will follow. My Lords, on review-
ing the events of the past week, in a summary way, I would
first revert to the principle on which these prosecution
have been conducted. That principle has been, to Ware
human life where we could--nag now let me announce what
Isas been the result of the proceedings. Two persons have
been capitally convicted, and sentenced to death. Fourteen
have pleaded guilty to a capital indictment, and sentence of
death has been recorded against them—filly have either
pleaded guilty to, Or eenvkted for transportable arms;
and twentytwo, convicted of misdemeanors, have ban
sentenced to bnprienninent. Only throe have been accented.