Star.
London, England, 1831-01-17 00:00:00

BRITISH PAUPERISM.

TO THR EDITOR OP THE STAR.
December 14th, 1830.

Sm.—Penult ma, through the medium of your valuable Wimps.
to sew to the consideration of the nelthh public a soled= of the great
problem which the events of each passing day my be said to hays
onuntimd—aansely, Frain whet cause does the Overwhelming dl..
tress of the labouring classes of Ms country originate?
The wisdom to which I been led, by an attends" eusadmidon
of an the dratiestancas coonected with this alliwportast, and at
length altwhearbing anbists..is the (allowing :
That the pauperism, which at this mime Mots to such en dam-
lag utast In the United Kingdom, Is mod sof* by the unlimited
competition which Is peradttudipadiiist Moms the labour of hums
_ _

beings end the labour el scisadhe poorer or nwahlinery.
To prove the correctness of this sehnhus. T slick attend= to the
framing undisputed facts :

i. That the labouring dames of din United Owl= pre not born
to the poeseeelos of patrimonial at way Ow poverty lI%Wm, Ind
therefore can only obtain the lemmas of pobuinasee by rogiag their la-
bour. or rather power of labowbg, to *age who will by it.

t. That their labityr Is theeetare preawaporlkyong Osablice p tibo
.
laws to which eestaapal* boa obis*

s. That L the yaks oCalLeimme.thejesolliNed by the moor-
doe between as elffir +PM - 4mA OM'- bum Mew
oast also be DP eepiete4.

4. Tbat what the soppy of bums labor 0.1 mord the timand,
,tba Mutat 0 blassr, It, aka al otboT comionlidos so *am-
*weed. mut booms dapradoted t 'Om
S. That tba edema of absolute wage, and various dorm all
peoparboa la dot United Kingdom, prove beyond a desk that tie

human Jabber don nand be domed br it.

O. That the use of Wattle power (weds Sepses arrangements
of misty) mess the supply of hostas labels to be in scam because
it perbres that work whisk hostas bins would othawhe have to
perform, and Sombre supersedes it.
7. That the reason w►y Wend& power, or mss►isery, is employed
In pretense to hams labour, by sionsfacsuorrs sad ageindturists, is
dusty, because the termer will performs a given issue et west in
ocoasiderably ism thm, and at a cosidatably lam cam, they the latter g
mid the conapeddos which maim bowers sundaes:if and many.
baser, and between egrieskseid: sad agriculturist, necessity'
amp& them to ernyby that labour which, by its demotes, Mal
stable them to obtain the gnaws ansesat of profit.
•. That to whatever attest the dossed belabour might Mesas, its
supply will henceforth always he in the shape of machkoory, for no
mansfactsrer or agricalowist will be enabled to employ. or as Word
to os piey. human bass so lost es his rival cosines to employ
leery.

0. That so Mei ea beam labour 'ball female a mere commodity,
so beg it will have to compete with ached& power,and the Wasik
Mine oo eltseted meet beekahly submit to dl the loners of pas.
plebe, sedi death with his friseilly scythe Me remove them from a
amid to them ao Meager worth the defog is.
10. That if the labour which b now performed, bi
to be applied by Mama bane. so be berm •their befog a Mile se.
employed parr is the eeestry, it wadi net be foetid that the es.
are republics woold be balkiest* to praises nee ame-third of whet
is sow pralucei by seimitile power without sheik middens. aid. '
The keno* tee facts will, i true, be sellieleet to prove the seta
ratty of say oelbillomythst miloolted 'empathise' between home old
minelle Mew.* the ode erase et 'Brithhimeparlell i Dad If de
same belhe holottet mood: ether. that has Mined are meet

r sualasery tat

•
preload,/ enwesese.
The rellectieee which .4111 jpeebehlp &labials oda of the ream
ere the tellowing : M Let as dainty Sr pet a step le the gee of Rudd -
wry, ea a tho sae eampleised of, will vriamil.-4 Sae Aussie,
..me wed memos !wont, will net lowish thimwagesekow.4.B. Lae
▪ etuve of the rawedent lebeerrrs. Homan ware win wee meet

be supremacy and expel this handle expedient.
!be third may be, s' emigrate the people and colonise duns," a
little reflection upon the honntikes hapremability and entemien of

71J0 • •
rip
-1010114
•
Mimi& power will ems emote the faller/ ot the, sesa nme of tong i a
den, caapt go a mere eawsperary emollient.
The fourth and ately hopersant one will as:u redly he—pet ni,tr
lama labour so kepi Vl* be a commodity, and human being
wW no longer ham to compete with nachhtery, if they no longer are
ffigiged to compete with --sling, they may enjoy without injury it,
I ihamelves or others di ilair adaostages which arise from machinery .
timely, an increase of prildoeden with a decrement time and !ahem.,
sad then Instead of seiontille power wafting against them, it would
most assuredly wait for them.
This reflection includes the sole rewedy for the Pauperism of the
United Kingdom, and the question which above all others will speedily
demand the attention of all clams, the aristocracy, en. ry , a, d middle
and labouring classes, is the following :
Seeing that In consequence of the present arrangements of unit. ty,
human labour is made a commodity and an article of commerce ;
Seeing that the superiority which scientific power possesses twee
human labour in an unlimited competition with it, necessarily Jetrrio.
rates the value of human labour, and consequently in es ict prorar ion
diminishes the comforts and even the necessaries of those who are It int
wish no other poestmion betides their labour.
Seeing that the pauperban arising from the above-named caws., gives
birth to vice, crime, misery, degradation, and the numerous ev in
which the labouring classes are subject;

Seeing that the aristocracy and the gentry, and the middle clam.
are seihrers to • considerable extent by this state of tiling,, and that
DO chore MD Is really beneltted ;

Is it met desirable for all classes to come to an agreement with each
other, so that scianille pewee may be employed to the grerest possible
west, without injury to a single Lomas being, but en the contrary
to the bealeoleble advantage oral human brings.
That this question will eventually be answered in the alllrmative, I
have not the slightest doubt, but I fear that every temporary expedient
will be tried to ea4lis old meets brier, the majority of Ingo will
beams* added that the IlbellissaiMet of snclety epos vitally dif.
&tot principles that haft bitheito been acted upon, can gene prove
the true. gegrine, sod solidest remedy for the misery, digress, and
wretchedness wig& at present abound.'
I am desirous, therefore. tisk all the different remedies whisk have
been suggested by Merest men at Merest times. should be put into
praetke as quickly as peed*, as well nu account of the temporal y
good which ember them Weald muss, as that the period might flit
ember arrive when men, having proved the inelleacy of all others.
will at length have nonuse to the only one certain and Infallible
remedy for the misery of the people.
I am, therefore, very anxious that Parliantent should be truly re-
fornsed..-dast tendon should be greatly reduced—that the Coro laws
should be entirely abolished—that the East India Company's charter
should never again be renewed—that all monopolies ahead be de-
stroyed—that the poor laws should be amended—that tithes should t e
sheathed—that justice should be rendered cheep and accessible to 3:1
melt—that the press should be made fire of all imposts—that the waste
lands should be cukivated by the poor—that vArotary emigrati33
should be misted—ln a word. that political errors. abuses, and griev-
ances of every kind should at once, and for ever. be removed. And
when an this Ad have been done, and it shall be hood that scientific
power, in its unlimited eompetition with human labour. does still pro-
duce pauperism, and ill the consequences of pauperism, Awn will then.
it is to be hoped, begin to think that society Itself must he wrongly
cemethsted, and that helm beings ought not toile put on a level wi,h
steam @gibes and qpiligigrimoles and thrashing machines, and more.
ciao!, mil dhow ghat, sy peeper arrangements, these Important crea.
e 1f blow Initgoity and skill may be made sobserv'ent to the
gell Wing sail happiness of ail mankind.
I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
CHARLES ROSSER.

5, Skinner-street.

EXECUTION Ole THR WINCHESTER RIOTERS.
James Thomas Cooper and Hem Cooke, the two unhappy seen
who were convicted at the late Special Andres of *slug taken rani.
Diet pens in the late underwent the extreme penalty of the
law ca Satutdey, at wriNlrr Up to the lest moment litmus
were owatoWed of a NM seniegoeutee being punned; and so
strongly wee the phi* es l hopeemed with the severity of their sen-
tences, that paddies been all person were remade; to his Ma.
;soy, the the esemeloss of the eleernoryinae
ggi trh
en Al the tradesmen of ace
it put their dretures to •*ROO and Ped-
time of a like mare wet seat up bum Ikabey, Southimpton, Ba-
singstoke, sad Portsmouth. The wish of St. James, Clert towed.
ins few home obidned se their petition SIMI signature. 1 heir
united inflames, however, only delsemieed (iovernment to relax hem
Its lbw emerity, end of the six intilviinois, Cw" Pet and Cook
who were left lee execution, four emeived at diffeeent pert-
ode. Their Dome were Amu* Hamm and 1.0111 a").•
Jenne Cooper bed been convicted of beenking ' used be melt
making, in $ beteg called Bast MA' beleaging
es. ;cad had elm been tweeted in ether of a
seriptim. This ism
wee pointed oat • os
acted tithe part of hider to the mob at P riots, atreitog es
botvebeek, issuing commands, end. dinettes iSh sperstions •of the e-
ines,
It was also Aged that be bad been acknowledged by the doors by
the chit of Captain Hunt, and also that be betammemeed hilteeff ds
*vim come hem ll ent. for the purpose of mesas esteems einsibr
to those thou prevailing in that county. AU time circumstances have
bean and exaggerated by the deity roan,. sod a Milidle•
her bean attempted to be 11*.ly cocked spinet •We ma.. by
dqtleting his coustensuce as inive of ililainy, and his appearance
dot of kip".
Caper was the sin reepeophie fanner..living in the neighbour-
hied of Stockbridge, thetas a seented men. His appears/we was
moth eiptiewe to the orilleory Yaw, and kit coantenanne.' though
dark end &tends* MO IF" aPrarelitlY
shout thirty-three. Sfigh respect to his sedate appearance en !mese-
bee men the WWI; OM wee satiethettally acometed jr,As lle
on the dere **Was tiding a hoese belentdm; it Mr. /kiwi, lIENIMP
in the 144thenAmill, end hr whore -he then was. Having rode
up to aria the moos of the As nailltthe wallicwwnt
et the Mmiont, and kilned them is their unlawful pniceedinits,
spitritieb•ibidi boom wee dyed by'all the proweniks, en the
ednieltiving betrayed occesienel wi pes= of hooky,
au • his whit absconding with the whole of his little prometyine
destuesimse preyed on his mind, add be ocessioiiilly shamanist' Has.
lOW at think Out his cherector etherwbe was soy im.Hi.
awmaing the name of Heat was also accounted for. y bit stating
that he ind fesserly lived with a Mr. Hunt, of M Cottage,
=lamß. Henry Ceekeomelomelly wetted as sawyer, and in
so Ms :7Z bees pointed out as an active participator in the
emeegen, wee se be the men who bed south Mr. 'B. Baring
at the Orange, whew thee Oendonsa attempted to take bias inn
widelty. lie was about 11 years of age, and of addeeleisake. His
Cdpcharemo was net good. as he bed been in risen several times
iligiwei et Whom The deniemenr of hods the mod hob dm dose
std.& ammo was lendable. They osafeseei their transgreselem.
sod expreesed esswition the them At the time of osemakting the of-
fames, they comidered they were engaged is umiseeisue ems. and
uttody disavowed beinissee of the pawl conespenses thek
oendom dB tad lees indulged is the *die hope that the
abeam of ell v nee is their entroges would bed se weld-
gado. of At eight o'clock oa Seturday mseubm aim
SO spectators hod alembled, and in a few minutes ofter the Nev. Mr.
Zillwood mode Me appearance on the *dean, followed by the two
odprike. Cooper fret amended wish is ihm seep , besting the swipe et
der* the noses goat his neck sod the op en his bead. Ceske hi-
*mit next, bat his wild and menthol owes indicated the hmesity of
hie . He apposed lost in the hone el hie Menden to all
oaswa
sal of
nosed the wet heart.
Several of the nod
allot met " murder."
and weed was ales Inscribed en may pm of the
well. The easestimer peeteeded to aelleet the rope.. sad=ow*, the imps ewer tile fame of If
eithintils. Cmc; h,
imissehted the meet marked the
domme. ,Mea Ids bad
cont-
pesos, owl olmodeeed with waft isepl '
ibtien—ly Christ have
taenyt3seee. old *aim my Ilbenifa"—
The nimmied to noise the Lerffe For, Is which
both iho
eV Joined, bit be was en tweedy atoned
at this &meal ;bit hie voice wee Onset dished with aim
Mr Prayer brut( Cooper plead blemell In an stets* is meet
the fell with mere silo% males belt being withdrawn. the dexterity of
she meadow "mg bath cuiprioneelless arsons. fee they apposed
todielaintom without • Aber hanging the thud time, the
Wk. given maskvo Mesh thr intoment.
On W y the onnhes under esmenet of onnepertatien, of ahem
thew are between.* old were permitted to take a anal leave of
their fciwithi_mmiens r their mossebnise se the tramp* I*. off
Shames. The sew me of the_ imet teething deseripthes....litheni
billing Wm to that Wiese sad Mile, mod ear *MI6 ben, some
for ever, of Wok perteme owl relatime. The awn of Mecham was
crowded with the elm& of dim sordets, sad the pommy end wretched.
n.us displayed in their ONO/ poles* wed sumelated tomes, evinced
the dreadful disown Odds had egged the unfernmen sees to outrage.

pppirwireirnr-Tvirmiwrif

••` N. •

PRICE OP 81OCKS A!
B. 1. Stock,
3 • r Crnt. Red. 811
3 .1. Ct. Cnns. ex. div. 811 11
:4 per Ct. 18111,
34 per Ct. Red. 904
3t per Cent. New, ex. Me. 99
4 pre rt. 1820. 991 4 4
Long Ann. Jan. 1800, 174
:Do. 0ct.4859 17 316
Ann. Jan.lB6o ex.div. 17 16 15.16

Liolams
BrozlHanlmp. (itt. £5 pm.)
Ditto Alational

LONDON.

MONDAY, JANUARY 17.

_

mmulF.w.r7lTT

FTWO O'CLOCK.
India Stock.
India Bonds ifie
South Son Stock 91
New Annuities
£lOOO Bub. Bilis 36 04
MOO Ditto
.1100 and 2700 Do.
Advertised
India for Acct.
Cops. for Ace. Mil

ERITItill AND FOREIGN SHARES, TWo ()CLOCK.
*Haan. ?fib Pia 1111,11111
1110 160 170
36 26
26 *l5 20

FOREIGN FUNDS• TWO O'CLOCK.
Brasil Rd% 5 p► Ct. Do. Ace:. I
Do. Ace. 543 1 Sp. Bits. 5 per Ct. 16*
Ptuss Bonde.s pet Ct. /.. Do. Ace. 161
Do. Bds, 1844. 94 Sp. Mu 1825
Russ. I3ds. i 829. 5 per Ct. 91! Ditto Acct. 12i •
____—

CORN-EXCHANGE--THIS DAY.
We have had very short supplies during the last week, and there are
but few fresh samples to.day. Wheat is selling readily at an advance of
2s. per quarter. There is a brisk demand for Barley, which blgoing off
at full 2s. advance, with vcry little in the market. Oats are steady in
pi ice. and the trade very heavy. Beans are a trifle darer; and White
Peas obtained 3a more than our last quotation. Flour remains unaltered.
IVlreat,new,Kent, Essea 70s 78s . Peas, Grey . 385 42
Old . . —s —s Beans, Small . . 42s 45
Suffolk. (White) . 68s 78s Tick • 38s 40
Norfolk & SuM (Red), 82s 72s Oats, Potatoe . . Ns 30
Rye • . 304 34.' Poland • . 24a 27
Barley, 40s 42. ..Fine 45s 48.
sack, Feed . . 1114 It
Pees, White . 42s 44s Flour, per • . Ns 111
Boilers . . 45s 49s Rapeseed . AO £3B per last
tseroararroas Lure wen.
Wheat, English, quarters 3,449 Foreign Ditto
'IA Ditto . • Rye, English • • . .....
Do. Foreign • 3,288 Beans, English • 1,568
Barley, English • 5,971 Do. Irish .
Irish • -- Ditto, Foreign
Do. Foreign • ••••-- Peas, English •
Malt, English . 8,279 Ditto Foreign
English Oats . 9,172 English Floor. sacks
Irish Oats —• American ditto, brit.

• GUMMI...

• • •1•110.1.

. 613

. --
010

SMITHFIELD—THIS DAY.
CAMS AT 1111111 :
Beasts, 2,6o7—Sheep, 2,3040—P1p, 110—Calms 100.
Beef ....... 4. Od to 41 ed I Pork
Mutton .... 41 Od 44 ed Lamb .....
Veal . es Od to 6s Od
Hay (per load), ,e 2 les. to .24 es. Clover, 43 101. to £l5 58.
Straw, 41 101. to AI les.

COALEXCHANGE--THIS DAY.
Only 16 new ships were entered for sale taday ; but owing to the
number left on hand on Friday last, there was an abundant' supply of
Coal at market. The Coal Exchange was well attended
Ships arrived awing the month
During the week
Best Wallsend Coals
Other sorts
Ships at Market, 118.

THE EVENING STAR.

This day despatches were received at the Foreign Office
in Downing-street, from the Right Hon. Lord GRANVILLE,
our Ambassador at the Court of France.

A report prevailed this afternoon in the city, that the 1
17th Regiment has been ordered to the Mauritins—a revolt
of the negroes having taken place.

According to aocounts from the frontiers of Russia, it '
appears, that the Russian army will amount to one hundred
and forty-five thousand infantry, and eighteen thousand
cavalry, with six hundred pieces of cannon, to attack the
Poles. At the same time, they are organising a strong
reserve, which is to follow the Army of Operation.

Last week Brussels was thrown into great alarm by the
report, that the Provisional Government was going to be
overturned by a counter-revolution on the 11th, but that day

passed over without any attempt.
In addition to our exclusive intelligence from Paris this
morning. we quote the following passage from Le Temps
of Saturday :—" The answer of the French Government to
the Congress is positive. The Duke de Namov as refuses
the Crown of Belgium, and the Prince de LZUCHTEWBERO,
if elected, will not be acknowledged by France. France is
not unjust, but the Belgians are imprudent and injudicious.
France has a right to say to the Belgians, if you elect such
a King I will support you: if you take such another you
will wound my interests, and injure my political consistency.
Use the liberty you pewees ; I will respect it ; but, in the
latter case, rely upon your own power to maintain it; and
do not look to me for protection against those who may at-
tack your King and Constitution."

It grieves us to afflict our Readers with an account of
TWO OTHIM EXICUTIONS on Saturday, for which the pub-
lic mind was not prepared, and in regard to which we had
hoped, that our liberal Ministers would have deferred, to
such unequivocal expressions of the universal public feeling.
We have before given our reasons for condemning both
the policy and justice of these accusations. We have main-
tained that they will not prevent the evil they have been
intended to prevent. We have maintained that the punish-
ment of death, generally, is an improper punishment for any
crime but murder ; and have maintained, above all, the
ig-
norant—the artificially demoralized, and unfortunately ex-
asperated rustics, who have offended, would be dispropor-
tionately punished, by such an exhibition of the most bur-
barons portion of our criminal code.
As the pooceediugs of the Special Commission are closed,
we may, without indecorum, speak of them as matter of
by-gone history. Our predilection for the new Adminis-
tration, and our respect for the law—our expectation that
the general justice of the questions between the people and
the system would duly operate—in short, our coilkbases
and deference to the men in power}—led us to hope
that it was to be a kind and paternal gaol-delivery
of intemperate and erring children of the State. We
knew that lawyers must administer law ; but we knew also
that a Bing of England is pledged to administer jamass
in mercy, and that his present Merest: needed DO OW
gations beyond his habitual feelings, and, at tie some
time, we hoped every thing from his present cosnslibms.
Under worse admiaistratiess, end circumstances less milt
we had seen some five or six leaders brought to trial as
a warning, and vengeance being arrested by compassion,
the rest, after due admonition, were without prejudice est