Star.
London, England, 1830-01-08 00:00:00

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. :•empted but with the utnatoi phi, legisledis In
-egsrd to any branch of Industry. afeolkag he mdse. sod by which
ota capital may be transferred tonne diennele, must always be pro.
Juctive of hazardous speculation. and lees.
In deliberating. oberefore, on these interesting subjeleo, local
treillage and prejudices should be merged In the patriotic determi-
nation to promote the great interests of the whole.— All attempts
-o connect them with the party conflicts of the day, are necessarily
;ujurious, and should be discountenanced. Our actio9Jl,oll diem
should b- under the control of higher and purer motives. Legis-
Winn, stbjected to such influences, can newt' be just, and will not,
long retain the sanction of a People, whose active patriotism is not
bounded by sectional limits, nor issessible to that spirit of etiiiiio-
s;an and forbearance, which gave life to our political compact, and
.tiU suoains it. Discarding all calculations of political ascendancy,
the North, the South, the Rest, and the West, should unite in
dimirishing any both's, of which *kW may justly minsplain.
The agricultural interest of our country is so essentially eon-
reefed with every other, and so superior in importance to them all,
that It is scarcely necessary to invite to it your particular attention.
It is principally as manufactures and commerce tend to increase
the value of agricultural productions. and to ezteod their applica-
tion to the wants and comforts of society, that they deserve the
fostering care of Government.
Looking forward to the period, not far distant, when a sinking
fend wit) no longer be required, the dudes en those articles of im-
portation which cannot come in competition with our own pro-
ductions, are the first that should engage the attention of Cowes,
in the modification of the tariff. Of these, tea sod coffee are the
most prominent ; they enter largely into the consumption of the
country, and have become articles of necessity to all classes. A
reduction, therefore, of the existing /Jades, will be felt as a com-
mon benefit : but, like all other legislation connected with com-
merce, to be efficacious, and not injurious, It should be gradual and
certain.
'fhe public prosperity I. evinced in the increased revenue arising
from the sales of the public lands, and in the steady maintenance of
that produced by imposts and tonnage, notwithstanding the addi-
tional duties imposed by the Act of 19th Pday,lllin, and the unusual
importations in the early part of the year.
The balance in the Treasury on the first of January. ISM was
bye millions nine hundred and seventy-two thousand four hundred
and thirty-five dollars and eighty one cents. The receipts of the
-torrent year are estimated at twenty-four millions eli hundred and
two thousand two hundred and shiny dollars, and the expenditure
for the same time at twenty-six millions one hundred and sixty-
four thousand five hundred and ninety-five dollars; leaving a be-
lance in the Treasury on the first of January nest, of four millions
four hundred and ten thou-and and seventy dollars and eighty-
one cents.

There will have been pald, on account of the public debt, during
the present year, the sum of twelve mUlloo dollars and eighty cents ;
reducing the whole debt of the Government, on the first of January
next, to forty-eight million Ave hundred and sixty-live thousand
four hundred and six dollars and fifty cents, !ulna's seven mil
lions of five per cent stocks, subscribed to the Bank of the United
States. The payment on account of the public debt, made on the
first of July last. was eight millions seven hundred sad fifteen
thousand four hundred and sixty-two dollars sod eighty-seven
cents. It was apprehended that the sudden withdrawal of so large
a sum from the banks in which it was deposited. at a time of
unusual pressure in the money market, might cause much injury to
the interests dependent on bank scconamodadons. But this evil
was wholly averted by an early anticipation of it at the treasury,
aided by the judicious arrangements of the Officers of the Bank of
the United States.

This state of the finances exhibits the resources of the nation in

an aspect highly flittering to its industry, and auspicious of the
•ability of Government, in a very abort time, to extinguish the
• public debt. When this shall be done, our population wW be re-
lieved from a considerable portion of in present burthens; and
will find not only new motives to patriotic affection, but additional
means for the display of individual enterprise. The fiscal power of
t he States will also be increased. and may be more extensively ex-
erted in favour of education and other public objects; while ample
means will remain in the Federal Government to promote the ge-
neral weal, in all the modes permitted to its authority.
After the extinction of the public debt, it is not probable that any
adjustment of the Tariff, upon principles satisfactory to the people
of the Union, will, until a remote period, If ever, leave the Go-
vernmeot without a considerable surplus in the treasury, beyond
what may be required for its current service. As then the period
approaches when the application of the revenue to the payment of
debt will cease, the disposition of the surplus will present a subject
for the satins deliberation of Congress; and it may be fortunate for
the country that it is yet to be decided. Considered in connexion
with the difficulties which have heretofore attended approximations
for the purposes of internal improvement, and with those which ibis
experience tells to will certainly arise, whenever power over such
subjects may be exercised by the General Government, it is hoped
that it may lead to the adoption of some plan which will
reconcile the diversified interests of the States, and strengthen
the bonds which unite them. Every member of the Union,
in peace and in war, will be benefited by the Improvement of in-
land navigation, and the construction of highways in the several
States. Let us, then, endeavour to attain this benefit in a mode
which will be satisfactory to sit That hitherto adopted has, by
many of our fellow citizens, been deprecated as an infraction on
the Constitution, while byothervit has been viewed as inexpedient.
All feel that it has been employed at the expense of harmony in the
Legislative Councils.
To avoid these evils, It appears to me that the most safe, just,
and federal disposition which could be made of the surplus reve-
nue, would be its apportionment among the several States, ac-
cording to their tattoo( representation ; and should this measure
nt.t be found warranted by the Constitution, that it would be expe-
dient to propose to the States an amendment authorising it.
I regard an appeal to the source of power, in case, of real doubt,
and where its centime is deemed indispensable to the general wel-
fare, as among the most sacred of all our obligations.
Upon this country, mare than any other, has, in the Provi-
dence of GOD, been cast the special guardianship of the great
principles of adherence to written Constitutions. If it fail here.
ell hope in regard to it will be extinguished. That this was in-
feuded to be a Government of limited and specific, and not ge-
neral powers, must be admitted by all ; and it is our duty to pre-
serve for it the character Intended by its framers. If expert-
axe points out the necessity for an enlargement of these powers,
let us apply fur it to those for whose benefit it is to be ex-
ercised, and not undermine the whole system by a resort to
overstrained constructions. The scheme has worked well. It has
exceeded the hopes of those who devised it, and became an ob-
ject to the world. We are responsible to our country, and to the
glorious cause of self-government, for the preservation of so
great a good. The great mass of legislation relating to our internal
affairs was intended to be left where the Federal Convention found
it—in the State Governments. Nothing is clearer, in 'my view,
than that we are chiefly indebted for the success of the Constitu-
tion under which we are now acting, to the watchful and auxiliary
operation of the State authorities. This is not the reflection of a
day, but belongs to the most deeplyrooted convictions dove mind.
I cannot therefore too strongly or too earnestly, for my own sense
of its Importance, warn you against all encroachments upon the
legitimate sphere of State sovereignty. Sostained by its healthful
and invigorating Influence, the federal system can never fall.
In the concede° of the revenue, the long credits authorised en
good* imported from beyond the Cape of Good Hope are the chief
cause of the losses at present sustained. If these were shortened
to six, nine, and twelve months, and warehouses provided by Go-
vernment sufficient to receive the goods offered in deposit for secu-
rity and de cute; and if the right of the United States to a
priority of payment out of the estates of its insolvent debtors were
more effectually secured, this evil would, in a great measure. be
obviated. An authority to construct such houses, is, therefore,
with the proposed alteration of the credit/Is recommended to your
attention. ell
It is worthy anode*, that the laws for the collection and se-
curity of the revenue arising troth imposts were chiefly framed
when the rates of dude, on Imported goods presented much less
temptation for illicit trade than at present exiats. There is reason
to believe that these laws are, in some respects, quite insuScient
for the proper security of the revenue and the protection of the'
interests of thou who are disposed to observe them The Windom
and demoralizing tendency of a successful 'yenta smuggling, is
so obvious as not to require comment, and cannot be too carefully,
guarded against. I therefore suggest to Congress the propriety of
ad ming 'Seism measures to prevent chit evil ; avoiding, however,
as much as possible, every unnecessary infringement of individual
liberty, and embarrassment of fair sod lawful business.
(In an examination of the records of the treasury, I have been for-
cibly struck with the large amount of public money, which appears
to be outstanding. Of the sum thus due from individuals to the Go-
vernment; a considerable portion is undoubtedly desperate : and in
many Witness, has probably been rendered so by remissness in
agents charged with -.lts collection. By proper exertions,
a great part, hostrepr, may yet be recovered; and what-
• ever may be • the portions respectively belonging to . these
consc two •classes, it belions the Government ascertain the real
state of the fact.' This' coo be Wine .11. .by the pomp
adoption of judicious measures hi. the of such se niey I
be made available. .11 is believed that a large amount has hewn
lost through the inadequsey of the mama melded for the corn:-'
trio Of debts doe s• thelybile, end Innell=rerf am eektf
In the want of lepl skill, habitually sad empbyed le
the direction of the Nests engaged in the service. It essuit,• I
think, be admitted, that the supervisory power over silts brought
by the caucus, whin is sew noted in an aosentadni deer of the
treasury, not Winced widin view. to We lewd imenvledge, and en-

cumbered as he is, with numerous other dude% operateStill‘elif•
ably to the puMic interests.
It is important that this branch of thepublic @Mkt fieldfieldbe
subjected to the supervision of such she us will give it
efficiency. The expense attendant ipso mesh a osoillieeffillh of the
Executive Department would be justified by the ammiast prinsi•
pies of economy. I would recommend. therefore. Shot sea ergs
now missed to the Agent riche Tremor!, so far as they mime to
the soperiotemience and management distal proceedligli us the
part of the United States, be tressferred to the Atteney-Gene-
ral. nod that this officer be pissed en the same footing. in ill to-
'poste. as the heeds of the et
shearbt=sme—rec=fiediffie eliva•
.and having seek te aeon 6r 16
as may be requisite for the discharge of these ad&
The professional skill of the Attorney-General, ea-
pligredi directing the conduct of await is and district Attorneys,
emuld hasten the collection of debts now le suit, and hereafter save
Emil to the Government. It might be further extended to the su-
of all criminal proceedings for °filmes against the
oared States. In making this transfer, great care should he
taken' however, that the power necessary to the treasury defile-
ment be not Impaired, one of Its geeatest securities consisting in •
controul over all accounts, until tikey are audited or reported foe
suit.
In connection with the foregoing views, I would suggest an
=whether the provisions of the Act of Congress, audio-
the discharge of the persons of debtors to the Govern-
ment from imprisonment, may not, consistently with the public
Interest, be extended to the release of the debt, where the coi-
tion of the debtor is wholly exempt from the imputations of
fraud. Some more liberal policy than that which new prevails,
In reference to this unfortunate class of citizens, Is certainly
due to them, acid would prove beneficial to the country. The
continuance of the liability, after the means to discharge it have
been exhausted, can only serve to dispirit the debtor • or where
his resources are but partial, she want of power In the Government
ro compromise and release the demand instigates to fraud as the
only resource for securing a support for his family. He thus sinks
into a state of apathy, and becomes a useless drone la society, or a
vicious member of it, if not a feeling witness of the rigour and in-
humanity of his country. All experience proves that oppressive
debt is the bane of enterprise, and it should be the care of a republic
not to exert a grinding power over misfortune and poverty.
I would also.uggest a review of the Pension Law, for the per-
pose of extending its benefits so every revolutionary: soldier who
aided in establishing oar liberties, and who is unable to maintain
Murrain in comfort. These relics of the war of Independence have
erten claims upon their country's gratitude and bounty. The law
le defective, in not embracing within its provisions all those who
were, during the last war, disabled from supporting themselves by
named labour : such an amendment would add but little to the
ant of pensions. and is called for by the sympathies of the
people, as well as by considerations of sound policy. It will be
perceived that a large addition to the list of pensioners has been
occasioned by an. order of the late Administration, departing
materially from the roles which had previously prevailed. Consider-
ing it an act of legislation, I sued its operations as soon as I
was informed that it had commenced. Before this period, how-
ever, applications under the new regulations had been preferred to
the number of one hundred and fifty-four, of which, on the 27th of
March, the date of its revocation, eighty-se:en were admitted.—
For the amount there was neither estimate nor appropriation ; and
besides this deficiency, the regular allowances, according to the
rules which have heretofore governed the department, exceed the
estimate of Its late Secretary, by about 50,000 dollars, for which an
appropriation is asked.
Your particular attention is requested to that pan of the Report
of the Secretary of War which relates to money held In trust for the
Seneca tribe of Indiana. It will be perceived. that without lees-
lathe aid the Executive cannot obviate the embarrassments occa
sinned by the diminution of the dividends of that fund, which ori-
easily amounted to 100,000 dollars, and has recently been invested
is the linked States three per cent. stock.
The condition and ulterior destiny of the Indian tribes within
the limit, of some of our States, have become objects of much
Interest and importance. It has aft been the policy of Govern-
meat to introduce among them the art of civilization, in the hope
of gradually reclaiming them from a wandering life. This policy
has, however, been coupled with another, wholly incompatible
with lea success. Professing a desire to civilize and settle them.
we have, at the same time, lost DO opportunity to purchase their
lands, and thrust them farther into the wilderness. By this means
they have not only been kept in a wandering state, but have
been led to look epos us as unjust and indifferent to their fate.
Thus, though lavish in Its expenditures upon the subject, Govern-
ment has constantly defeated its own policy ; and the Indians in
general, receding farther . and farther to the west, have received
their savage habits. A portion, however, of the southern tribes,
having mingled much with the whites, and made some progress In
the arts of civilized life, have lately attempted to erect an lade-
rodeo' Government within the limits of Georgia and Albania.
These States, claiming to be the only sovereigns within their terri-
tories, extended their laws over the Indians; which Induced the
latter to sail upon the United States for protection.
Under those circumstances. the question presented was, whether
the General Government bad a right to sustain those people in
their pretensions? The Constitution declares, that "no new State
shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other
&ate," without the consent of its legislature. If the General Go-
vernment is not permitted to tolerate the erection of a Confederate
State within the territory of one of the members of the Union,
against her coment, much less could it allow a foreign and indepen-
dent Government to establish itself there. Georgia became a
member of the Confederacy which eventuated In our federal union,
as a sovereign State, always asserting her claim to certain limits;
which having been originally defined in her colonial charter, ma
subsequently recognised in the treaty of pease, she has ever since
continued to enjoy, except as they have been circumscribed by her
own voluntary transfer of a portion of her territory to "se United
States, in the articles of cession of Int. Alabama was admitted
into the Union en the same footing with the original States, with
boundaries which were prescribed by Congress. There is no coo-
stitutional, conventual, or legal provision which allows them less
power over the Indians within their hoiden, than it possessed
by Maine or New York. Would the pprsoo of Maine permit
the Penobscot tribe to erect an independentovernment within
their State? And unless they did, would it not be the duty
of the General Government to support them in resisting
such a measure ? Would the people of New York permit each
remnant of six Nations within her borders to declare itself an In-
dependent people. ender the protection of the United &ales? Amid
the Indians establish a separate republic on each of their reserva-
tions In Ohio? And if they were so disposed would it be the
duty of this Government to protect them in the attempt? It the
principle involved in the obvious answer to those questions be than.
dotted, it will follow that the objects of the Government are re-
versed, and that it bas become a part of its duty to aid in destroy-
ing the States which it was established to protect.
Actuated by this view of the subject, I informed the India= in-
habiting pans of Georgia and Albania, that their attempt to
establish an independent Government would not be countenanced
by the Executive of the United States. and advised than to
emigrate beyond the Mississippi. or submit to the laws of those
States.

Our conduct towards these people Is deeply Imeiveting tow na-
tional character. Their present condition, contrasted with what they
once were, makes a most powerful appeal to OW sympathies. Our
ancestors found them the uncontrolled possessors of these vitt re.
glens. By perintssion and-force they have been made to,tesre:
from river to)iver, and from mountain to mountain, until some
Ail the Wheelie,' gnome eatioci, and others left-but remasats to
prmerve,for a while, their once terrible names. Surrounded by
the whites, with theft arts of civilisation, which, by destroying
the resources of the savage; doom him to weakness and decay,
I the fate of the Whelan, the Narragansett, and the Delaware,
is fast overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek.
That this fate surely awaits them, if they remain within the limits
of the States, does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and Dittoed
honour demand that every Wort should be made to avert sq great
a calamity. It is too late to login whether it was jest in the
United States to include them sad their Walton within the bounds
of new States whose limits they add motroul. That step max*
be retraced. A State mem be dismemberod by Congress, err ee.,
'evicted in the exercise Oboe emetiatienel Stow
• Dm &epee&
of these States, and of every Stanby &singe ofjetties
and regard for our nadeW hearer, submit to yes the Interesting
'question, whether someiliirs moot be dens, coosithently with the
rights of the ikates, to this nrucis-lojnred nee
As a means of this end, I suggest, for your ansidera-
don, the propriety of &Wag open as onigie 4.1111:1111 west of Nis.
.theippi, and without the links of any smell territory, to be Pe-
rmuted to the Indian tribes, as leas as the dill meow it ; each
tribe having a distinct awns* oar the pert* dr., for its
use. There they may be assured In the enjoyment Se
of their own choice, subject me Ile other maid hens Se United
States than such as may be to geeserrepince on the ben-
tier, and between several tribes, the beesedent may en-
deavour to teach them the arts of deilleotien, arid, by promothig
union and harmony among them, to. Mee up an ietereating mak
mottweeith, destined to pespeesate the rem. end to attest the ha
inanity end justice of this
The emigration shim* be whimsey ; for It would be as cruel es
mime to oempd doralimigMee to standee the graves of their fa-
there, end such alums is a Silent Mod. Due they dimly De gh.
tinctly lainene4 dm if they ammbsed within the limits of the
State, thelormitembl to the laws. In redoubt,turn fur their obe-
dience, as without be
the enjoyment et thine pommies' which they haveitnp,,o is
their Wintry. But it seems to me 'bloomy to 'upper Ink.