Star.
London, England, 1831-05-06 00:00:00

NO. 13,777•

THE EDINBURGH REVIEW.
The last number of this almost forgotten periodical was
published a few days ago, and contains, among other articles,
a very interesting one, on the " Causes and Cure of Dis-
turbances and Pauperism," in which the Poor Laws. the
Game Laws, and Emigration, are touched upon. The fol-
lowing passage is on the necessity of promoting education
among the working classes of this kingdom :
" But supposing the t unemployed labourers were conveted
to the colonies, that the a=sof the pow-laws were corrected, and The
game-laws abolished or reconciled to the obvious pelosdples of justioe
end common sense, still we have not done sesogh to mare the public,
tprostael uillity. The situation of them Britain is at present without any
in the history of the world, and peepant with
cables. The very large proportion of was perihelion
subsistence on wAseufsetures and esmuseree, and
to sudden and severe reverses, Is one of those efr

ties teat analogs attendees of Ito MN
bounden duty of governiteit leaf di% that
the chances of commercial distress, by giving
chant, and especially by abolishing the misting
on the corn trade--restrietions which multiply these chances
of famine at the same time that they injure the agricul-
turist. But, do what we will, the manufacturing popula-
tion must always be liable to be thrown out of employ-
ment, and deprived of their accustomed means of support, by
changes of fashion or policy at home or abroad. Surely, then, it is of
the utmost importance that they should be taught to meet such trying
vicissitudes, when they do occur, with patient fortitude, and without ag-
gravating the pressure of calamity by any rash proceedings of their own.
The outrages of the agriculturists may be repressed and put down with
comparatively little difficulty ; but were such a spirit to arise among
the manufacturers of Lancashire as has recently prevailed in the southern
counties, national bankruptcy and ruin would be the result. Let no
man think that, if the spirit of discontent and outrage should once in-
sinuate itself into the manufacturing districts, it could be suppressed or
kept down by force. So mighty amass cannot be coerced and dra-
gooned into obedience. If we would prolong that security which has
been the principal foundation of our prosperity, we must shew the la-
bourers that they are intereatzd in its support • and that whatever has
any tendency to weaken it, is even more Injurious to them than to any
other class. For this reason, we are deeply impres-ed with the
convic-
tion, that parliament ought to !metro time in setting about the organise.
don of a really useful system of public education. The safety of the
empire depends wholly on the conduct of the multitude ; and such
being the case, can any one doubt the paramount importance of the dif.
fusion of sound instruction ?

This is not a subject that ought any longer to be trifled with, or left
to individuals or societies. The astounding exhibition of ignorance
made at the late trials for rioting, skews how wretchedly the agricultural
population is educated. A larger proportion of the manufacturing po-
pulation can read and write; but a knowledge of these duties is not
enough. Besides being instructed in them, and in the duties and
obligations enjoined by religion and morality. the poor ought to be
made acquainted with those circumstances which principally determine
their condition in life. They ought, above all, to be instructed in the
plain and elementary doctrines respecting population and wages ; in
the advantages derived from the institution of private property, and the
introduction and improvement of machinery ; and in the causes which
give rise to that gradation of ranks, and inequality of fortunes, that are
as natural to society as heat to fire, and cold to ice. The interests of
the poor are identified with the support of all those great principle*,
the maintenance of which is essential to the welfare of the other classes.
And, were they made fully aware that such is the fact, it would be a
contradiction and an absurdity to suppose, that the securities fur peace
and good order would not be immeasurably increased. Those revolti.
donary and anti-social doctrines now so copiously distributed. would be
rejected at once by an instructed population. But it is not easy to esti-
mate whet may be their influence in a period of political excitement and
public distress, when addressed to those whose education has been en.,
dealt' neglected, sad wooss judgment is, in cousequatice, guided ley
prejudice, and not by principle.
We hope that the attention of Parliament and the country will be
speedily called to this most important subject. Tise foundations of
real security are beyond and above the law. They depend on the know.
ledge and morals of the people. Nor can there be a doubt, that rulers
who neglect to provide their subjects with the means of procuring cheap
and -rally useful instruction, are justly chargeable with the neglect of
a most essential duty.
We have not chosen to encumber this article with any remarks as to
the condition of the Irish poor. and their immigration into Eng-
land. These are subjects that require, and must have, a separate dim.
citation."

COUNT MATUSZEWItH, THE RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR.
(Fran L'Echo de kg Aggro*, a Warsaw Journal.)
Several newspapers hays announced that Count Matusze-
wich, the Russian minister in London, has resigned his situ-
ation. We do not know how far this news may be relied
upon ; but we are perfectly convinced that it contains an
excellent advice, which our countryman should hasten to
follow. How can, indeed, Count Matuszewich employ his
faculties and his talents to serve the Emperor Nicholas
against his own countrymen in this struggle for life which
Poland sustains against Russia for the noblest and most sa-
cred cause ? Will be counteract the steps which the Poles
may take in England in behalf of their cause, or will he
wantonly heap untruth and calumny upon a country so no-
bly resigned to its fate, so pure in its energetic efforts, and
animated with such an ardour in the battles in which it en-
gages, both for its own independence and in behalf of Euro-
pean civilization. We fondly think he will not. In delicate
positions the proper opportunity must be embraced, or else
public esteem is forfeited, and when once lost, no talents,
however splendid, can recover it ; this is the case every-
where, and particularly in England, where political pu-
dicky is certainly one of the first qualities required in a
I statesman.

Count Matussewich, a Pole by birth and origin, was
educated in France, and after having finished his studies
' there with great distinction, he returned to Poland a short
time previous to the campaign of 1812 against the Russian.:
he then witnessed the enthusiasm of a nation ready to vin-
dicate its most sacred right. His father, a man of the moat
extensive knowledge of public affairs, one of the most elo-
quent orators of the famous patriotic Diet of 1788, and a
zealous defender of the liberties of his country, was at that
time at the head of the financial administration of the
Grand Duchy of Warsaw. It was under such enlightened
auspices that the young Count began his public career, and
was initiated into the affairs of his country. After Napo-
leon's last and disastrous campaign, when the new kingdom
of Poland was decreed by the Congress of Vienna, Count'
Alatuszewich was appointed first secretary to Count Sobo-
lewski, Secretary of State for the kingdom of Poland at St.
Petersburgh. He there attracted the notice of Count Nes-
selrode, who, atter having discovered his uncommon talents,
induced him to enter the service of Russia, in which his
brilliant parts, and not Count Nesselrode's patronage, as has
been falsely asserted, caused his rapid promotion to the di-
plomatic appointment which he holds in London.
No one ought to be better acquainted than he with the ills
to which Poland was a prey, having been most treacher-
ously given up under two successive Emperors, to the arbi-
trary will and armed mad caprices of the Grand Duke Con-
stantine, which were still moro inflamed by Novosilteoff,
the Russian Emperor's Comaiissary with the Polish Govers-1
ment. We say that he ought to be better acquainted with,
those ills than any one else, for hie father died with grief
and broten-hearted under the persecutions which the said
Novesiltsoff, supported by the Grand Duke Constantine,
instituted against him.
Count Matuszewich began his diplomatic career under,

_ diffusion of in-1
_
formation on the subject of capital punishments, have just
published, as the first of a series of articles designed for
general circulation, a speech of the Right Hon. Sir Wil-
liam Meredith, Bart. in the House of Commons, May 13,
1777, in committee on a bill creating a new capital felony.
In this speech cccurs the following very affecting cue of a
young woman who was executed for stealing :—She was
tried and convicted under what was then known as the
" Shoplifting Act," framed ostensibly to prevent bankers,
and silversmiths, and other shops, where there are com-
monly goods of great value, from being robbed ; but it goes
so far as to make it death to lift anything off a counter with
intent to steel.
Under this act, one Mary Jones was executed, whose
ease I shall just mention ; it was at the time that the press
Imarrants were issued, on the alarm about the Falkland
islands. The woman's husband was pressed, their goods
seized for some debt of his, and she, with two small chil-
dren, turned into the streets a begging. ms a circumstance
not to be forgotten, that she was very young (under nine-
teen), and most remarkably handsome. She went to a linen-
draper's shop, took some coarse linen off the counter, and
slipped it under her cloak ; the shopman saw her, and she laid
it down—for this she was hanged. Her defence was (I
have the trial in my pocket) " that she had lived in credit
and wanted for nothing, till a press-gang came and stole
ber husband from her; but since then she had no bed to lie
on, nothing to give her children to eat, and they were al-
most naked ; and perhaps she might have done something
wron.2, for she hardly knew what she did." The parish
officers testified the truth of this story ; but it seems there
had been a good deal of shop-lifting about Ludgate - an ex-
ample was thought necessary, and this woman was hanged
for the comfort and satisfaction of some shopkeepers in
Ludgate-street. When brought to receive sentence, she
behaved in such a frantic manner as proved her mind to be
in a distracted and desponding state ; and the child was
sucking at her breast, when she set out for T) burn gallows.
_ Let us reflect a little on this woman's fate. The poet
says, "An honest man's the noblest work of GOD." He
might have said with equal truth, that a beauteous woman's
the noblest work of GOD.

But for what cause was GOD'S creation robbed of this its
noblest work ? It was for no injury, but for a mere attempt
to clothe two naked children by unlawful means. Compare
this with what the state did, and with what the law did. The
state bereaved the woman of her husband, and the children
of a father, who was all their support ; the law deprived the
woman of her life, and the children of their remaining pa-
rent, exposing them to every danger, insult, and merciless
treatment, that destitute and helpless orphans suffer. Take
all the circumstances together, I do not believe that a fouler
murder was ever committed against law, than the murder
of this woman BY LAW. Some who hear me are per-
haps blaming the judges, the jury, the hangman; but nei-
ther judge, jury, nor hangman is to blame; they are mi-
nisterial agents ; the true hangman is the member of parlia-
ment ; he who frames the bloody law, is answerable for the
blood that is shed under it. But there is a further consi-
deration still. Dying as these unhappy wretches often do,
who knows what their future lot may be ?
The Mosaic law ordained, that for a sheep or an ox, four
and five fold should be restored ; and for robbing a house,
double; that is, one fold fur reparation, the rest for example ;
and the forfeiture was greater, as the property was more ex-
posed. if the thief came by night, it was lawful to kill
him ; but if he came by day, he was only to make restitu-
tion ; and if he had nothing, he was to be sold for his theft.
This is all that God required in felonies, nor can I find in
history any sample of such laws as ours, except a code that
was framed at Athens by Draco. He made every offence
capital, upon his modern way of reasoning; " That petty
crimes deserved death, and he knew nothing worse for the
greatest." His laws, it is said, were written, not with ink,
but with blood ; but they were of short duration, being all
repealed by Solon, excel t one, for murder.

MEMORIAL IN FAVOUR OF LUKE DILLON.
To the Marquis of Anglesey, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, &c.
the Memorial of Charles Robert Frizell, of Stapolin House,
County Dublin, Father of Ann Frizell.
Sheweth—That Luke Dillon, second son of the late John Dillon, of
Mount-Dillon, in the county of Roscommon, Esq. is now under sen.
tense of death in his Majesty's gaol of Newgate, convicted at the sit-
ting commission of the violation, on the bth of Nov. last, of the person
of the mentoriallat's said daughter, Ann Frixell, aieeil about twenty
years. That such sentence has been (faceted for execution on the 7th
of May next.
That your memorialist is the father of ten claire°, seven daughters
and three sons. That although your memorialist found it imperative
upon him, in the calamitous situation in which he was placed, to sanc-
tion and approve of the prosecution of the unhappy person now under
sentence of death, yet your memorialist and his said daughter were ac-
tuated by no feelings of a vindictive nature; their own honour - their
respect for character—the Lair fame of a large family, and the nohow-
lion of a numerous circle of connexions and friends, demanded the
awfully painful ordeal of a criminal prosecution. The verdict of a jury
has now redeemed and vindicated your mentorialist's said daughter true
the stain attempted to be cast upon her, of assenting to her own dishonour.
Though in the deepest anguish of mind at the misfortune, or rather
irreparable cal cpity of wnich she was the victim, the consciousness of
her innocence, cunt:mad as it has been by the result which has oc-
curred. is some consiolatior.. Rut your memnralist, with the sanction
and concurrence of his unhappy daughter, and of his entire family and
connexions. beg leave to approach your Excellency, and to declare
that the extreme penalty of Math, aaarded as the fate of the unfortu-
nate young man, will be to them. if carried into cam a frightful ag-
rivation of nil fortune and of grief. Yes, your Rxeellency, a deep, a
lasting wound will be inilicast on their hearts, and the unhappy girl,
for whose honor the proceeding was rendered necessary. may sink be-
neath the shock of halting, although innocently, and coupled wi.h her
own disastrous situation, been .he cause, though not in a culpable sense,
of the loss of life to a human being.' It in namilros foe memorialist se
suggest to your Excellency, whose sensibilities are koown to be of
the most exquisite nature, that the idea of the disgraceful end CODIW.
quent upon a public execution of a youth to whom your inentorialiat's

daisdieer had bon attached (lentil that attachaseat was can-
the emihrtanate tranueetion,) must be the source of unceasing
atlliis to her, is whose mind the sbeftft of human blood appears
alma* sad spindlier&
To year ExosiMacy, *tough her father, she appeals in his behalf, •
for the exercise of that prerogative with which you are invested—for
mercy. The ton of anguish which roll down her cheek.—the heave of
agony which throbs her %vast—will be somewhat relieved, if, through
her instrumt ntality, or through that of your memorisHots, the fearful
doom of death can be averted, and a chance remain for the youth--a
memb refa house of respectable name—•o r :deem the crimes and errors
of his younger days by reflection and moral culture in a distant clime.
Your memorialist deems filen, an art of justice to state, that the
unhappy object of this immortal appease° have voluntarily surrendered
himself into the hands of justice to take his trial for the crime with
which he stood charged, thereby evidencing a strange delusion of mind,
and. memorialist conceive*, a weakne..s of understanding; and
your memorialist has heard, and worwientiously twlieves, that the re.
cunn.entlation to mercy with which the jury aces npanied their verdict,
was rude by them uuder the solemn cooviction that its tact would be
tat r• duet the sentence of the offends to transportation for life. •
Your rremorialist, therefore, penetra•ed with the feelings he has ee-
',eyed to dkactibc, and under the conviction of the intention of the jury,
humbly hut earnestly unplowed your Excellency, with the sanction and
concurrence of his unhappy child, to take the circumstance of tl.is
truly afflicting case into your Excellency's humans consideration, and
if wit in mercy to the unhappy young man and his mistime, in mercy
and in pity to the feelings of your nieniorialist, his said daughter, her
family and friends, to graciously remit the extromegmulep of death to
transportation. By so doing, the mind of your mesaseislist's child may
be, in some meaaure, calmed, and the calamity which has befallen her
in some degree alleviated, otherwise she will. in all pasbability, sink
under the affliedon. Her tender mind can scarcely the shock
which the disgraceful death of the defender, on a paha 'enfold, must
naturally produce; and although, if your Excellency Min not to your
memorialist, the stern and rigid decree of public justice may be carried
into effect, the result will be, that the innocent will be made, to a
certain extent, a sufferer with the guilty.—And your memorialist will
ever pray. CHARLPS ROBERT MIZELL.
4
LITERATURE.

itspniseniamoWilA K.
We have this mon:b a rich present from the proprietors of
this Miscellany : in addition to the regular monthly number
there is a supplementary one published, conveying to the
musical table of its subscribers a copious supply of musical
pieces, all of a most interesting character. To those who
are la:oilier with the Harmonicon we need only say, that
the present number is as replete with curious musical anec-
dote, and tasteful criticism on the novelties of the musical
world, as any of the previous numbers of the work. We

give the following as specimens :
Tea CATALANI MCNOOL AT FLOSENCE eelebrated Mad.
Catalani, who has definitively taken up bee residence near Florence,
has lately founded a music school, at her own expense, for the instruc-
tion of young women of poor families in singing. They are given
lodging, board, and clothing, and at the end of a certain time of in-
struction engagements are procured for them. One stipulation on the
scholar's entering this establishment is rather curious, via.--that on
quitting it at the expiration of her term of her engagement she is to
append to her family name that of Catalani. The first instance of this
is in the singer Niaselli-Catalani. whose talents are said to augur well
to the new institution, and who has obtained an engagement at Paris.—
Hornsonicon for Maw 1.
VALUE OF MUSICAL. NOTES.--Atephen Storace had a remarkably
good head for figures. When a boy, his passion for calculation was
beyond all belief—Michael Kelly says he has been known to multiply
four figures by four figores, by memory, in three minutes. When
young. Kelly tells us, Storace wai so astonished that fifty guineas
should be paid for singing a song, that he counted the notes in it, and
calculated the amount of each at 4s. 10d. This passion for calculating
the value of notes (musical ones) has seised a Parisian dilettante, who,
according to the Fwret de Lotedrn, has been fixing the price descry
note and rest in certain pieces played by Paganlni recently, at a concert
given at the Opera at Paris, which produced him siveen thousand five
hundred francs. This may be play to Paganini, but destawction colas
fortunate musicians, for he swallows up all that would otherwise be
distributed among many. An Rnglish violinist must walk many long
laborious days and nights before he can scrape together ale hundred and
eighty-seven pounds sterling, the sum, it seems, which the lucky Ita-
lian gets by a single concert.
How TO IMPROVE • Toot —Next. our obneisu and clarionetiat ;
or, as the leader used to call bim, the professor of the greater and leaner
howling-sticks. His assiduity in cultivating the art in which he made
so poor a figure was exemplary ; on his oboe-parts of a Symphony or
concerto, each several time that he had played it, and the number of
minutes and seconds it took upon each occasion in performance. were
carefully noted; he walked the city with music buttoned under his
coat, and studied the first clarionet of Mozart in a 6, while waiting for
an appointment at Tom's coffee.house. His condescension in pointing
out to much better pisyers, but lens important men. than himself, the
most approved way of fingering a difficult passage on the oboe or cia.
rionet, was no leas praiseworthy ; and his almost childish innocence
soared above aIL At my chambers, while I was a Benedict, he was to
play a concerto, but on which of his sticks was undecided ; so Its
brought one oboe, and three clarionets. an a. s. and c one. it wag aug-
gond to him, that in a cold January night, the tone of his instruments
would be much improved by pouring boiling water through them, and
drying them before a rousing sea-coal fire. He was obliged by, and
before I could prevent it, adopted the hint ; kept 'talons guard that too
one interposed his cold body between the grate and the four Instruments
serangeo in semi-circle, bells downward, around it, and had the seriedas-
tion of seeing his oboe and a clarionet split past curing.
41.31EitICAN MISSIO-VARIES.
From the '• ear York Deily Sentinel. Nara 215.
NECESSARY IN FORM ATION..-- Tbe following talk ofsome
Indians of the Seneca tribe, was published a few days ago
in the Washington Globe. We recommend it to the special
attention of tl.cse who honestly believe that it is more ne-
cessary to raise money, by every possible device, for sending
missionaries to administer to the supposed spiritual necessi-
, ties of the poor Indians," than to supply the temporal
wants of the needy nearer home:
AN INDIAN TALK.

-----
WASHINGTON CITY, MARCH 6.—We, the Chiefs and Sachems of
the Seneca nation of Indians at Sandusky, Ohio. have often heard of the
goodness of our white brothers and sisters in the United States, and that
they have given and sent many present% of money, cloth, and clothing
to us, to relieve the distress of our women and children. We thank thsen
for their charity and good will ; but we aoleinnly say to them, that ent
have lever received from them a cent of nitmiy, nor any cloth ce
clothing._
Brothers and Sisters,—We speak the truth to you as it is given to us
by the great Spirit, in whom we trust and believe, and wish you to listen
to us that you may no longer be in the dark. We hear that collections
have often been made in all your churches for us, have intrusted them
to the Missionaries, whom we call Black-coats, to present us.
Mothers and Staters,—We ask you all in the name of the god
Spirit, in whom red and white men believe, not to send any thing to be
given us by the black-coata.
Brothers and Sisters,—We ask you to hear what we say, for it is
true. We have found the black-coats treseherous, and they deceive us.
They come among us and ask us to give them our property foe saving
our souls after we die. We do not like it, for they know no more about
the nest world than we do. We think the great Spirit will save our
souls, and the black-coats cannot.
Brothers and Sisters,—How can we have confidence in men the • e-
ceive both you and us ? We feel friendship and &freedom for you
we know that you feel the same for u-. We wish you to knew the
truth, and we tell it to you. If you send us any wore presents, we
hope you will send them by honest men, who do nor pretend to so mach
goodnesa.
Chem lan Brothels mad Suers..-We, the Red Aileen of Wairotwei,
whom we call the gnat and geed spirit. who is mem every where,
now give you a talk which we hope will be long remembered by you, all.
Uo not be deceived by the black coats. We believe they are seat out
by the bad spirit to make talk to t.s. if the good spirit had emu them
out, they would have given us your presents, and their talk would have
made us better ; but their talks do us no good, and we bear nothiag of
the presents you send ma.
'Brothers and Sisters,—The good *Spirit has but one big book; the
bad Spirit has many, very many, books which, his white elditirea sae
to deceive one another, and blind one another's eyes. The great Spirit
has, ever since the world was made, and the grams grew, laid his big
book op.n to all men of whatever colour they may have bets, and Ida
book tells the truth to all, and deceives no man.
Brothers and Sisters--We do not worship the good Spirit as you do,
but our belt in him and out worship is sincere, and, we think, is at-
ceptahie to him Vow do not think so. If we should send out our
teach, r. if our religion to you, you would not believe them. It Is am.
wary to your belief, but your black-costs say that we must believe
tours. You have your own teachers, let us have ours. We are gate.
tul for your kindness. We should be glad to have you send pawns to
us, to learn us how to plough, and sow, and reap. and teach us all the
aria of agriculture. Tnis would make us happy—but the black-coats
cannot.

Brothers and Sissers,—..This is 'be snub dem yes him me be...
before. We are your friends, and wish yes may sot belcenival any
longer. his
. A PTA IN GOOD N HUNTER.
mark.
HICKORY.

HARD )4

CORNSTICK,
eI;NRCAN STREL
8 MALI. CHORD b 4 SPICER.
USOHGE MI HIIRRINe.

Illaint with 61111- time will Goo o arrive ghee we may claim his i
in for
l'imbieba=ugenoy his talents. Till then he has but one duty,
cai *it tog* duty, to perform,—that of quitting altogether
1 ssot al most • epsmies of his ..T. goy.
ils Os
fisolion Ss doe MOP. NT EH MlN;girP) IlirTH
asistYtrt emictstions A society established in London, for the di
aunt. • eissiees e_____.!__ __ .L. ___L__._. —e __—_:._l __—:_t.--