Star.
London, England, 1825-10-17 00:00:00

4,300
MO

1,919

Raslis► Flour, sacks

1,941

•••••

. -
8111Til FIELD MARKET, OCT. 17.
Beef remains as on Monday last, but the Mutton is scarcely so
pod, as regards demand, akheogh the best Monte are yet at Ss.
6d. per stone. In Veal the variation is el no mentent, tbe hest
Calves are womb Is. 4d. to gs. 6d. per stone. Peck looks Sren,htst ,
there is nothing of moment to notice is this Metz—Besets. 3,3113 ;
Sheep. 16.940; Plgt, 190; Calyes,l4o.
Beef, 4s. 6d. to Yd. per stone Mutton, Ss. to Ss. 64. Veal
dd. to 6s. 4d. Pork, Ss. 44. to 6s. 44.--11ay per 16443 10s. s
leb ; Clover, C 4 to f S ; Straw, Ai lgs. to ts Ss.

STATE, OF MANUFACTURES IN AGYP.t.

The following are extracts from letters written by
Mr. Galloway, son of the eminent engineer in Londca :
_ _ " Cairo, May 12, 1825.

" I left Alexandria on the 9th of March, and arrived
here on the 18th, after a most delightful journey up
the Nile. The Pacha had unfortunately left the citadel
on the morning of my arrival, to go and review his
new Arab troops, who are under the discipline of Ge•
neral Boyer and some other French Officers. I was in-
troduced by Mr. Wallans to the Kio Bey, the Pacha's
Prime Minister, who received me wilt marked civility,
presented me with coffee in a cup similar to his own,
and laid asiJe his pipe. These ceremonies, with men '
of his distinction, are here taken as highly complimen- '
tary. He immediately sent for the senior engineers '
and architects. After being formally presented, and
after a long and tedious consultation with those gran- '
dees, the copper-mill being the subject of our discourse, '
they at last decided where it should be erected. The '
Pacha had directej Mr.. Wallans, in the event of my I
arrival, to request that 1 would visit all his fa6riques,
as they are here styled by the Frenchu.and make my I
report thereupon. Accordingly, 1 accompanied Mr. I
Wallans to a cotton fahrique, erected, and for some time '
directed, by a Frenchman of the name of Jumelle,
once a clerk of Andelle. He had persuaded them to I
extend the cultivation of tire plant which produces the '
fine staple cotton called Maho cotton, long known in
Egypt, but only cultivated as a curiosity for the garden.
it is generally reported that he was poisoned by the
Turks; but on this point stories vary. The fac-
tory is called Malta, and derives its name from
the number of Maltese Franks employed in it.—
The space it occupies is from five to six English
acres; its appearance is ye y imposing. On being in-
troduced to the Effendi, or director, who enjoys here
gre..• distinction, he received me with much parade— "
he presented me with coffee and a pipe; the latter is in-
tended as a mark of great respect. He accompanied
me through the.fact .ry ; we were attended by a guard
of Jani,saries. In the first place we entered, they we:e
weaving muslin of different quali ies—the looms were
workei by Arabs. 1 was not a little surprised at their
productions. We passed on to tie cotton-spinning de
partments, where were a great many Arab and African
slaves, both boys and girl.., employed. We proceeded
to the calicu-printing department, where they were
equally advanced. The wood blocks are engraved by
Frenchmen, who are teaching some of the Arabs this
att. I was intro duccd to Mr. Gunnie,.a young French.
man, wh.) sts.)elintenas the metal roller engraving. 1
was astonished at the progress they have made in this
branch. They have a machine for engraving gun-
metal rollers, of four feet long, and six inches diameter,
to be used in their machines for calico-printing. They
have also csleaders, and glazing engines, wiih metal
rollers, ;five feet long, and fourteen inches diameter.
We passed through a turnery, where there were forty
turning lathes, most wretcludly made, however, being
all constructed here. .They are driven by cattle, anu
worked by we Arabs, chiefly in turning wrought
iron ground rollersior cotton machinery. They have
also a wheel-cutting engine for . the pinions, but of
the worst construction. They were not a little dis-
appointed at my not praising it—they prized it much.
We then went into the vice or framing shop, where
there are a great many Pranks and Greeks, some of
them tolerable workmen. Here they shelved me fiutiog
engin- s for farm:ng.grooves in wroui;lr.•iinn rollers fr,r
tl:e coaxal machines. I'he next department presented me
with the view of a :clew-cutting engine. T 1 e
structioa was bird, and evinced to me the little know-
ledge the people have.in the science of screws, and the
proper mode of generiting.thern. This enginencomists
of a pair of wooden sheers twenty-Ave fret long, with a
regulator of tell feet long, and eight inches diameter,.
working on the upper stele of the sheers in •a line with
the screw to be cut, and at the end of the regulator is
attached a bevel wheel, which w.orks another one fitted
upon an upright shaft, the upper end a which comes
into a worn above, and has a capstan atta'ch'ed with
four levers. In the smith's shop etley,bare about forty
forges,. two of are 'worked by large bellows,
driven by cattle. There is also stilt hanimer.of about
4cwt. They were:forging—press-screws of eighteen or
twenty feet in-eh,'-eh,' arid 'eight inches diameter; also
various sires ftir cottrin oicbinef. The labourers are
'chiefly Arabs, sailed here Fellaelv. There is no doubt,
but that tinder a good sisttns of coverini4ent, • and a
little aid from Etrropean'supetinteridene, they may be-
come a manufacturing people. • •They 41ave extensive
a» and good Um and copper mines—the latter in the!
neighbourhood of Cairo, bordering on tire Red Sea.
They are defci. ut of fuel, which makes these treasures.
_comparatively' useless, though there is every reason to
believe. that the mines were worked by the ancient . It
appears that in Upper Egypt, a little beyond Senoi,
there _are extensive mines of copper and iron. These
ores are of a very superior quality, and there are
immense woods to supply fuel for reducing them. The
Pacha has engaged an Englishman named Brown, a
• man at sound mechanical knowledge and conversant

with mining. Re has been here some time, but hat not/
done so well as was expected., He is now gone to ir-
spect the mines of this country ; and if he finds a suffi-
ciency of fuel to work these ores (he has already given
his opinion that it is practicable), I have no doubt that
the Pacha will put the plan in exectstion. Trey have
several factories for cotton-spinning of the b. fo:e-oien-
tioued description in different parts of this country,.
and the Pacha is still electing more, all the machinery'
for which is made at Cairo, under the direction of the
Flanks. It fivers no comparison yet with Era Tea
work, and costs 100 per cent. mole. They cast their
oars brass guns, and have a boring engine, erected by !
a Frenchman, They have another establishment for
muskets, pistol-, and small arms. In fact, they endea-
vour to manufacture every thieg for thearselves. A
great quantity of cotton machinery has, first and last.
been sent here from France, and that fur no other tea-
son, as they avow, but because it could not be h.td from
England. Tr is has given the French a decrded ad.
van,age in establishing them,elves here. Acid to this
their inces-ant intrigues, and you may sup ose what
little chance there is for the independence of John.
Bull. Fortunately for us, I have been taken up by
the P.rcha—so that I have only to combat the oppo-
sition wlric:i is brought against myse.f, which is no
light thing to encounter. They have also had from
France machinery for w e tiring broad cloths. Among
these is a very good sheering machine with a spinal
knife. There were three we avers here, Frenchmen', t
of whom died of the plague, the third of dysentery.
There is a B. itish Gentleman here who is preparing
specimens of broad cloth.
Upon the Pacha': return to the camp, I waited
upon him: we had along conversation upon the dif-
ferent manufa:tures. His Highness requested that I,
would make a list of articles which would be useful to
them. He introduced the subject of the copper-mill, and
from that went to the rectifying the cotton-presses, and
begged that I would use all possible dispatch in rutting
them in a state fit to work." (The letter goes on to de-
scribe his proceedings in putting the presses in order
which were used for packing cotton.) " I wen: on the
following day to the PetCll•l4 who had heard of the suc-
cess of the presses, but he could not praise them, be-
cause they did not effect so much as the wood pre:.:
made here. He stated to me what he had heard—
that we required more men to work there, and that
they would not produce mote than ten bales per day
each. I observed to his Highness that with re.ard to
the number of men necessary for working one, they re-
quited one half of the number for their own in estes, and
that we could produce three bales every hour, or thirty-
six in 12 hours, which would be ten or 20 more than
could be produced by their own presses. His Highness,
on hearing this interpreted, very soon changed coun-
tenance, and replied 'that he would go on the follow-
ing morning befote sun-rise to see it in operation. I
took leave, therefore, and started off for B.at-
lock, where the press is erected, collected the Arabs, and
went to work to make up a few bales. I had six men
at the levers and three below, and began to press with
the quick motion, and formed half the bale. I then
shifted it to the slow motion to complete the operation,
the time taken up was just twelve minutes—eight mi.
nutes more were spent in cording. The hale weighed
225 rutteloes, and was considerably thinner than their
own, containing the same weight and quantity of cotton.
I gave the men a present, and promised them another
in the miming if they worked well. I returned home
and retired to bed, in ending to be up in time for the
Pacha. At ten o'clock the same night I received a
note from Mr. Wallans to inform me that the Pacha
had put off his coming till Monday morning at the same
hour. This arrangement was very agreeable to me.—
I was greatly indisposed, and spent the whole day (Sun-
day) in bed. 1 rose at four o'clock on Monday teerning,,
mounted my horse, and made way for Bmilock, ac-I
cordial; to appointment. At seven o'clock Mr. Wallans
made his appearance. At eight his Highness arrived.l
After saluti• g him, we started the press, and completed
a bale in twenty rai'.utes. His Itgliness made no im-
mediate remark. Some of my opponents wanted to
Co :lair it wall a hydro-mechanical press, which was
standing close to it. I readily admitted that it was
quicker, but I reminded them of its liability to get
o.rt of order, which with the screw puss was not at
all a matter of danger. My explanation being in-
terpreted to his Highness, he burst into a loud laugh,
whica seemed to me to be an acknosledgment of the
tact. I informed him, that with two cotton boxes I
thought I could produce five or six bales for him. His
answer , was, that if 1 could do that, he would have
several made of the sam. sort. I have not yet been
able to get the boxes made, because of the intrigues 1
before hinted at. I took an opportunity of complain-
ing to the l'acha on the subject. He asked what he
should do if they were disinclined to assist him? Tr.e
Kit) B-y, as I just now learn, sent an order for them to
be done immediately. Thus I have nearly got to the
end of my mission, except that part of it n !licit con-
cerns the dredging machines. I hope soon to have to
inform you of their success, and then my mind will be
at ease. 1 tike every opportunity of representing to
the people abf n.e such things as I consiirr likely
to be ot.efu: to them. 'they are very slow in deter-
mining. I have proposed to them to water the land by
means of pumps deposited on the banks of the Nile, at
equal distances, to be worked by cattle, for their pie-
sent mode is indeed a very rude one. An endless chain
of inch or three-quarter rope is used with earthen pots
.equal distances. The tope is put over a
~trundle ,!s.hich is put in motion .by a pinion placed on
• Ate Verne ;haft, and that wt,rks in gear with a horse
wheel. These machines are made of wood, so awk-
wardly., that threE-fifths of the power are requisite to'
overcome the friction. • If you recollect we sent out
:drawings and discrietions of a paper-mill, but no one
seems to have thought any more about it. I have men-
tioned the subject to the Kio Bey, who seems de-
lighted at the idea of establishing such a thing, and
has convets.d rith the Pacha upbu it. 1 have
seen Ohm both two or three times about it.—
They desire that you would examine the samples of
paper enclosed ; and they wish to have all the necessary
machinery to form a c, mplee establishment on a mail
scale. It is to be erected on the banks cf the Nile.
The machinery must be (arisen by cattle, as there is no
possibility of applying water power, except by artificial
methods. They wish to know if cotton as well as linen
rags can be used for writing-paper? 2dly, if it is pos-
sible to make paper from straw, and of what sort? (this
project having been proposed to them); %fly, as a
great quantity of linen-rag is found upon all the mum-
mies, and as it contains a great portion of the acid
used for the preservation of the bodies, if it can be ap-
plied to the purpose of paper-making? They would
require a man from England well versed in the manu-
4facture, who would undertake to teach the Arabs, and

they wish to know what remuneration lte would expect!
From the result of your answers they will decide as to
orderine it."
I been with the Pacha this morning, during
which time we had a long conversatioa o the subject
of steam, with which he appears mach ple.iseJ. 'net e
will be a fine openiag here for steam-eogi- es in general.
These has been an immense coal-miee i,covered near
Constantinople, and the Pacha expects to gain permis-
sion ro tvrrk it from the Gland Seignior. ! h ,ve offered
to take the superintendence 1:0 fi . A grand project
presents itself hem for the establishment of a London
Company—l mean that of furnishing steam-vessels to
ply between London and Liveri:ool at d the E st Indies,
by way of the Red Sea. I have fitoposed to cut a canal
between Cairo and Suez. The route this way would
be very short and sale, compared with the voyage',
round the Cape of Good Hope. Toe Pacha would con-
sent ta it, and the advantage both to himself and the
C.qopany would be immense. I mall push the subject
when his lii•-liness is more at leisure. T:ie greater
Nit of the fleet ate f.ete. fitting nut f r another expe-
dition. It is laughahle to mad do- catnits in the
Eagli-h Newspapers of the damage anJ de.truction of.
the said fleet—no word of v, hich is tiue. They have
some fine frig •tes and brigs of war, but the courage of
the teen is doubtful. They a:e known to he :,,fraid of
the Greeks. The l'acha has been very successful in his
undertaking-. The Greeks are to he litied; I lear it is
over with th:m. The Pacha is a:ixi,,us to see b ith the
steam engine tor our engine., arid the Engineer ste. m-
vessel out at sea. I cannot imagnae what can have be-
come of the vessel, as we have advice of her sailing
from Gravesend on the 11th of June. If any accident
should have happened to her, it will blight the high
opinion which the Pacha entertains of steam naviga-
tion. While I was at the Palace this morr.ing, I had
n opportunity of viewing the whole of the apait-
meats. On being asked what I thought of them? 1'
said that they would be complee but for the want of
being lighted up with gas.' He laughed at my expla-
nation in shera i if; km the practicability of it. He di-
rected me to order a complete set of gas machinery to
light the whole palace, and the arena opposite to it.
The expense will not be so groA an object in this case
as the saving of time. l'i ay hurry with this order, as
ev:ry day wilt appear a week to the Pacha until he
sees it. If you satisfy him wilt this, he will have three
sets for Ca'ro. His sari in-law, and all the great men
here, will he sute to follow his example. I suppose you
begin to think, from the deaths which I have men-
tioned, that the climate of Egypt must be bad. I can
assure you of the contrary, if men will only take a little
precaution. I was never so well in health as lam
now. Several families I visit enjoy perfect health.—
The occurrence of the plague occasionally is a serious
11 drawback, otherwise it would be decidedly a fine'
'country to live in. I ought to mention that the healthy
people here never touch spirits: thsir drink is a little
French wine and water."

ROYAL ACADEMY uF .SCIEACES Al' PAW.

CIRCULATION OF THE PLO, D, &C.

We mentioned some time since that Dr. Barry, an
English physician resident at Paris, had read before the
Aca.semy of Sciences in that city, a memi,ir on the
at. Lion of the blood in the veins ; and that Messrs.
Cuvier and Dumeril, whose names ate so well known
to the lovers of natural history, had been appointed by
the Academy to investigate the subject, and draw up a
report upon the same. We have now to state that these
Gentlemen lately presented their report to the Aca-
demy ; and have the sniisfaction to add, that it is highly
cteditable to our countryman, al will appear from the
following details, whiat we extract frAn one of the
Paris journals.
'fair commences by alluding to the various
which have hitherto been entertAineci by phy-
siologists with respect to the C3WC i.f the motion of the
blood in the veins. Thus some have attributed this
mltion to the action of the heart ; others to the pressure
of the muscles ; and oth. rs again to an absorbing power
in the veins themselves. Amidst this diversity of opi-
nion, however, with respect to the cause of this motion,
authors have in general agreed in recognizing a cer-
tain connexion between the motion itself and the act of
inspiration; hut this connexion was merely. looked upon
as a coincidence, or at most, the act of inspir. tinn was
esteemed nothing mote than an accessory came of tl.e
motion allude.' to.

Ili the Memoir presented to the Academy by Dr.
Barry, a very different v'ew is taken of the.e facts, which,
in the opinion of this Gentleman, are nrich more inti-
mately connezted, as to cause and effect, than has hi-
therto been supposed. a And in truth," the Report
proceeds, g• lie has sliewn by means of experiments en-
tirely new, very ingenious, and perfectly conclusive;
that the blood in the veins is nvvei moved towards
the heartbut during the act of inspiration; and, secondly,
11)..t all the facts with respect to this motion in man, and
the animals which resemble him in structure, may be
explained, by comidering it as the effect of atmospheric
pressure."
In conclusion, the report recommelds to the Aca-
demy-1. To have the Memoir of Dr. Barry inserted
among those of distinguished foreign literati ; and 2.
Tu invite die author to prosecute his researches with re-
spect to the absorption of poisonous matters applied to
the surface of the body; researches, it is added, which
flow as a corollary, from his theory, which possess so
much interest. and which admit of so many useful ap-
plications to the animal economy.

CALAMITOUS SHIPIVIXECICIL--LaSt week, about
twen y-five trading vessels bound to the westward,
were detained for several days in Fishguard Roads by
'contrary winds. On the night of Thursday week, the
weather being more favourable, they all set sail towards
St. David's, when a most tremendous gale arose from
the North-west, and nearly the ss hole were driven
ashore. The following are the particulars of the lo,s,
as far as we have been able to ascertain:—The Horatio
M carty master, with eight men on board,
laden with sheep and pigs, from Kinsale, Ireland, the
crew, excepting one man, were saved by letting down
topes from the top < f the rocks, a depth of 120 feet;
the vessel went to pieces shortly after. The Blessing,
from PwUheli, totally lost; crew perished. The Bee,
Humphries, from Aberystwith, totally lost ; crew
perished. The Linnet, of Abcrystwith, on shore at
Aberinawe ; crew saved. The Jane, Jahn Evans, fiom
IPort Zdadeck, bound to Cardiff, with slates, on shore at
Ababack ; crew saved. The Brothers, of Milford,
David Richards, from Memel to Haserfordwest,
%.-r.cked at Abermar ; crew saved. The Bettey, David
Hughes, of Aberystwith, got safe to Abercastle. Two
others returned to the Roads, and three are repotted to
,have reached Milford in safety.