Star.
London, England, 1831-07-21 00:00:00

SPIRIT OF THE JOURNALS.

TlMES.—Twelve boroughs were last night doomed to
extinction, amidst the groans and walling, of the rela-
tions and friends of the unfortunate deceased. It may be
said of each of these boroughs, that nothing in their lives
became them like the ending of them. Some decent eulo.
gies was uttered over the defunct, and though we cannot
compare Mr. O. Menke. with Flechier, not Mr. W. Bankes
with Bouvet. yet their " °reargue f unebre," were quite
worthy of the occasion, and of the departed. I
short, it was shown, to the complete satisfaction of
the demonstistors, and to the inexpressible surprise
of every body else, that these boroughs, which all the world
bad suppoeed to be poor, decayed, corrupt, and contempti-
ble places, were the most virtuous, the most intelligent,
theme dishmerested, and, what must stagger even Mallhus,
the most prams of towns. Callington, the pretty inno-
emu, did sat even know the colour of money ; and Corfe
Castle is V we may believe its patron, scarcely less vigor-
ous and is,
than Manchester, though the former has
but 11 henemef mildews 101. value, and the latter about
12,000 dried am the aim limit of rent.
HERALD.—The Cheesier of the Exchequer is to
move this day that the VA. NI shall in future take the
lossidemee of other hainne.'lll,lltooglit, from the appear.
amoublidi mature MI opoompik its something must be
du % boils she of the imenwee. On relating
M dim poossailms if Toaday we OM, Indeed, that some
program was mast bet then waled. on the other hand,
sot only that the seam condone lid harassing opposition is
still pedaled le, het that is Nlallart4l, or, as we would
rather eaU It, the refentileg nimiselty, is on the
cline. Fur memo thee ter may progress which the
hill bad Made was In the mead el the Chairman, prepare-
levy so his asking leave to sit agile ; aid though now it has
aelnally stirred—though it Imeohown symptoms of life and
insden...it requires an aillikaal impetus to carry it for.
wed with the speed wbl be Importance demands. The
of Lord C Aillillteallisebe resisted by the whole rigrbe earruptionageol it aims s blow at the
juggling width they how es well how to employ in a ease
like the mean. It will probably lead to a trial of strength
between the contending parties. If the majority fail. of
again wpm this occasion, we shall begin to feel that there is
treachery in the camp. From that moment it will become
the duty of every man to be on his guard, that the public in-
terest may not be sacrificed to the schemes of designing in-
dividuals, nor the public peace endangered by the folly and
rapacity of those who ought to be its defenders.
POST.—Why is the census of 1821 preferred to that of
the present year as evidence of the fitness of certain boroughs
to be disfranchised, and certain other boroughs to be re.
rained ? We challenge human Ingenuity to invent a plausible
answer to this question, with the exception of that which we
con mesa to be the amens, vis.that it was essential
to the reslabject of the whig minioistration to know, before
they determined open their linear demarcation, bow it would
act%what beemsgbs it would modem and what preserve. In
this view, awl as other, eon it Imo peassimisd that a census taken
10 years eels prefesablecregeol le that of the current yesr.
The al pdedidoa ot the MU positively require
the adoptisu et the seam Census. Its real inetple,
thee etpartiolity to the Inilleenee of Whig , de-
mends tbst a prefeetwee sheen be ghat to a Census now
booms obeelsea From the saints of Ministers in refer.
ems to this question it is easy to appreciate their general
intspity, and to determine which, in their estimation, is
the paramount principle of their bill. It would be in-
credible, if we bad net the example before us, bow far •
certain degree of stupidity. combined with an home
selfishness, may lead men astray from their professions.
Tlllll3.—.We have been perfectly sickened with praises
of Sir R. Peel's liberality, tamper, *einem; &e. &c. in the
course of gems late dist:amigos. Blr R. Peel's liberality !
Sir R. Peel's tempos!! Sir IL' Peas candour!!! Why,
the godsons has for the last eight months been all but
beading with anienesity towards the liberals, and with rage
at ark immele ihroegheat the bud. There is nobody who,
se fia as party paths sus soloorood, can couch, or twist,
it turn his back :ups WWI and his pedesaions, mere
ully than can the el=6llley Wdfs. But Sir
. Peel has, . doer last, •if' we are not
idebilhesnedt efineeeil upon to • .flier which will abed
.bash scope for thee ?GRIMM 'se littelginferwardness"
In which hie mature se emeadlegly edelesp. What hap.
peat—we aboulttlike to ask one orthe iliftinfeo—what bap.
poled at the-Chemise meeting of the anti.-teikeners on the
osl 'dewed a ? :Was it tie oppiebilm in bulk, or the bit.
an4bit Aviation, that eirriellthe teaks/Ilya VoiCall ?
.Was the ding to be effieutd by amok or sip P What do.
ties (dohs!). were allotted to the committee of lb—the
posiogerleti chieftain of the new intaii-borinigh bank ?
and who was imbilled chairmen of that secret committee?—
Is not the appointed business of "Sir Candour" and his
fourteen colleagues, to batch every owning a fresh brood
of stratagems far the emitting night's. debate. that so
the credulous minister. may be coitounded by an end.
Uses diversitysr of those off-band ant' extempore amt.
tees by the Pall-nsall ammaittee of Tuesday, and
delivered out daily to the troops nest on the list for service,
es mechanically as ammunition to a plcqoet ? ' We hare rea-
son to know that the kind. of warlme of which self-compfs.
gent M. Pried became harbinger three odour days ago, is
to be eYetee3o3cally persevered In,--the plan of ttiek—and
shune—and pretences. We conftes.-fer why should Ike
Robert have ell the praise of candoorgallinastlL—We do con-
As Oat Lord Mtherp. has mom the worm us a little
potadooseeenlaarotiowd7g titis enemy tri
be
es 0/11Cit.
AlAltp " bt
A °I
iss7 &"-r—loolliot
she
Commouab,us, set to
ens: ineve/yd It
eenpiro:r
Vie . Illk Lordship ehnefore; andtteep up a
uses "kit is hi& CaMP7I4IIVDeg beitilf eatb.ned with
dollookoo was be ousor to carry the Wino the ad.
•
Sins vonsta. ..., -
_

Lord Munster has been appointed Lieutenastrk
went
the Tower et London, to the ism of Geoid
I Lau, thoseeed.

FRAREICA MAGAZINE-July.

.
i

r.

F

• I-

ITERATURE A') t.;CIENCE.

ay this Magazine is distinguished abode all its co-
ip•oraries, for n merit which it has claimed for itself, and
' legitiula:e right t.', in this number—" the unie
of its topic.." and consequent great variety of Its
It likewise has another merit—we will not say
r—hut in a distinguished degree, of admitting no
wle:t are of a character to interest its readers.
it is in the wrong, that is to say, differs from us,
in opinion, and frequently is led by its peculiar
_ too personally pungent for our maxims of les
mara'es—but it is alwas entertaining. even in its wick-
The most striking passage of this Number is" Pare
tary Eloquence. No. 2," in which some of our sena-
sketched in a most original, but occasionally too sae-
'. The other political article is the first in the
imber—a very smart commentary on his Majesty's
—hich after all is blamed for its real merit, which
it contained nothing to excuse a Tory Cabal—
polemics the article on the late Oxford Contro.
occasioned by Mr. Bulteel's sermon, will be found
' not correct, in sentiment. Of three tales there are
oat equally interesting—one by the Ettrick Shepherd,
suet style, and another a translation from Goethe.
tales in verse, there are likewise two—one by Allan
‘tmextremely well told,and original in telling, al-
! conceive, not quite original in its point; and
splendid narrative from the pen of that meteoric
.rcy Byshe Shelly. The critiques on Landor's
t justice to that author's talent. We perfectly sc•
the opinions on histrionic genius. expressed in the
Mrs. Siddon's burial, on which the Times die.
.ucli bad taste. A most able review of Mr. Hera-
Discourses on Natural Philosophy will richly reward
perusal. We do not exactly accord with the
economy of the article on the Corn Laws, and we
'isapprove of the personal attack on Mr. Lytton
Regina has no occasion to occupy its pages with
coternporaries. The plate of the Earl of. Munster
erbity of expression about the mouth and nose
not belong to that nobleman. Indeed several of
c sketches in this magazine are what must be termed
tble likenesses of the individuals pourtnyed.

'AEEOVOINFLAMMATION OF POWDERED
L.—Spontaneous inflammations of cbar-

taken place in gunpowder manufactories
Arent circumstances, but most commonly
when this substance, introduced in pieces, was
crushed by the first strokes of the bruiser. Spon-
taneous inflammations of pulverised charcoal, how-
ever, took place in 1802 at the powderwork of
Essone, in 1824 at that of Boachet, in 1825 at
that of Esquerdes, and in 1828 at that of' Metz.
Various experiments were made at Metz to ascer-
tain the circumstances under which these inflamma-
tions took place, and the following are the general
results given by Colonel Aubert. Charcoal tri-
turated in tons with bronze bruisers is brought to a
state of extreme division. It has then the appear-
ance of an unctuous fluid, and occupies a space
three times smaller than in rods of' from fifteen to
sixteen centimetres long. In this state of division
it absorbs air much more readily than when it is in
rods : the absorption is, however, still very slow,
and requires several days to be completed. It is
accompanied with a disengagement of heat, which
rises to 170 deg. or 180 deg. centigrade, and
ought to be considered as the true cause of the
spontaneous inflammation. The inflammation begins
about the centre of the mass, at twelve or fifteen
centimetres below its surface, and the temperature
is always higher at this place than at any other.—
There ought, therefore, to be established towards
the borders of the mass a descending current of air,
which bends itself towards the centre, and becomes
vertical without penetrating to the lower parts of
the mass, where the temperature rises a very little.
It is from this cause that a portion only of the
charcoal is concerned in the phenomenon. The
rest performs the part of an insulating body, and
preserves the heat at the centre. Variations in
the barometer, thermometer, and hygrometer, ap-
pear to have no sensive influence on the spontane-
ous inflammation of the charcoal. If such an in-
fluence exists, the experiments have not been suffi-
ciently multiplied to enable us to perceive it.—
Black charcoal, strongly distilled, heats and in-
flames more readily than the orange, or that which
is little distilled, or than the charcoal made in
boilers. Black distilled charcoal, the most inflam-
mable of the three, ought to have a mass of at least
thirty kilogrammes,'in order that spontaneous in-
flammation may take place. With the less inflam.
mable varieties, the inflammation takes place onl7
in larger masses. In general the inflammation Is
more certain and active in proportion to
the shortness of the interval between the
carbonisation and trituration of the char-
coal. Air is not only indispensable for spon-
taneous inflammation, but it must also have free
access to the surface. The increase of weight
which takes place in the charcoal is owing not
only to the fixation of the air, but also in part to
the absorption of water. During the trituration
the air experiences no alteration from the charcoal,
nor even at the moment of inflammation. Sulphur
and saltpetre added to the charcoal deprive it of the
property of inflaming spontaneously, yet there is
still an absorption of air and a generation of heat;
and though the rise of temperature is not great, it
would nevertheless .be prudent not to leave these
mixtures in too large masses after trituration.—s.
Ann. de Chimie, tom. xlv. p. 73.
Mina's LIVE.—The publication of the life of
Thomis Muir, very naturally gives rise to reflec-
tions on his prosecutors, and on the wicked sys-
tem of which he and so many others were the
victims, some of whom are still living, while'others,
have left injured familiei.
.At least, the judgments
ought to be reversed, and some atonement made
for violences, which at that time were above the
law. Hardy, Theltrall, Ridgway. Phillips, and.
Cobbett are still living, and others have bequeathed
families to the justice of their country. This is a
question which sooner or later will claim attention,
and one Which ought not to be neglected. The
Manchester affair merits special •inquiry, and it
will never be too late to insist on atonement and
retribution. Other• cases of imprisonments under
the Suspension Acts also demand satisfaction to
the injured parties.
ECHO•IN TILE MENAI SUSPENSION BRiDOI.
—The sound of a blow on the pier with a ham-
mer is returned in succession from each of the
cross-beams which support the road-way, and from
the opposite pier at a distance of 576 feet ; and
in addition, to this, the sound is many times re-
peated between the water and the road-way. The
effect is a series of sounds, which may be thus
described: the first return is sharp and strong
from the road-way over head ; the rattling which
succeees dies away rapidly, but the single repercus-
sion from the opposite pier is very strong, and is
succeeded by a faint . palpitation, repeating the
sound at the meat twenty-eight times in fire se-
conds, and *Licit therefore corresponds to a dia.-
tance of 184 fee t, or very nearly the double inter-
val from the ioltd- ay to the water. Thus it ap-
pears, that in the repercussion between the water

and road-way, that from the latter only affects the
ear, the line drawn from the auditor to the water
being too oblique for the sound to diverge suffi-
ciently in that direction. Another peculiarity de-
serves especial notice, namely, that the echo from
the opposite pier is best heard when the auditor
stands precisely opposite to the middle of the
breadth of the pier, and strikes just on that point.
As it deviates to one or the other side, the return
is proportionably fainter, and is scarcely heard by
him when his station is a little beyond the extreme
edge of the pier, though another person, stationed
(on the same side of the water) at an equal distance
from the central point, so as to have the pier be-
tween them, hears it well.
THE ROYAL PRINTING OFFICE AT PARIS.—
According to the last inventory that has been pub-
lished of this establishment, it contains the types
of 56 founts of oriental characters, which compre-
hend all the known alphabets of the nations of
Asia, ancient as well as modern. There are six-
teen alphabets of different European nations who
do not employ the Roman characters, and of these
latter the establishment possesses forty-six com-
plete founts of various forms and dimensions. All
those founts weigh at least 828,000 pounds ; and
as an octavo page weighs about six pounds ten
ounces, the Royal Printing Office contains types
sufficient to compose, without distribution, one
hundred and twenty-five thousand pages, or 7800
octavo sheets, which, at thirty sheets per volume,
would make 260 volumes. There are in actual
employment 114 hand-presses of the old con-
struction, for all sizes of paper ; six hand-
presses with different new improvements ; five
mechanical presses which work the sheet on both
sides at the same time; and one which works two
sheets on both sides, also at once : these 6 mechani-
cal presses are all moved by a single steam engine.
A hand-press is capable of printing 3000 sheets on
one side, or two presses 3000 sheets on both sides,
in a day ; and every mechanical press being able to
print about 14,000 sheets daily on both sides, the
Royal Printing Office is capable of working off in
a single day 278,000 sheets, or five hundred
and fifty-six reams of paper, which is equi-
valent to 9266 volumes in Bvo. of thirty sheets
each. The immense means thus possessed by this
establishment enables it to keep up, ready com-
posed, about 5,000 forms of the impressions re-
quired by the different Government Boards, and
thereby secures a vast economy both of time and
expense. These means of execution are sup-
ported by a foundry, which includes the striking
of matrices, the casting of types, stereotyping, &c.
Six furnaces provide employment for forty work-
men independent of the stereotyping, the perfection
of which is so great as to cast in a single plate the
largest form. The establishment possesses, be:
sides, vast warerooms and workshops for drying,
pressing, ruling, folding, sticking, boarding, and
binding of the books and registers. The con-
sumption of paper at the Royal Printing Office in
a single year amounts, at an average, to from
eighty to a hundred thousand reams; or from two
hundred and sixty-one to three hundred and
twenty-six reams per day, which are printed for
the use of the several public Boards. The number
of workmen employed regularly is front three
hundred and fifty to four hundred and fifty.
NEW CEMENT.—A composition of marble,
flint, chalk, lime, and water, denominated Vitru-
vian cement, when dry is capable of being brought
to a high state of polish. The proportions are one
part of pulverised marble, one part of pulverised
flint, and one part of chalk, mixed together and
sifted through a very fine sieve; to this is to be
added one other part of lime which has been
slacked at least three months. A sufficient quan-
tity of water is to be added to make the whole
into a thin paste, and in that state is to be spread
as thinly as possible over a coarse ground, and
brought to a smooth surface by the trowel. This
cement when dry may be polished with pulverised
Venetian talc.

STRENGTH OF LEA DEN PIPES. - Experi-
ments on this subject have been made by closing
one end of a piece of pipe, and then injecting
water into it by means of a forcing pump at-
tached to the other end, the force or pressure
being measured by a gauge belonging to the
pump. When the water from the injecting pump
begins to press out the pipe, little or no altera-
tion is observed in it for some time. As the
operation proceeds, however, the pipe gradu-
ally swells throughout its whole length, until
at last a small protuberance is observed ris-
ing in some weak part, which increases
until the substance of the pipe becoming thin-
' ner and thinner, is at last rent asunder, when
the pipe bursts with a crash, and the water issues
with great violence. In the first experiment, the
pipe was of one and a half inch bore, and the metal,
which was remarkably soft and ductile, one.fifth of
an inch in thickness. This sustained a power
equivalent to that of a column of water, one thou-
sand feet high; equal to thirty atmospheres, or
4201b5. per square inch of internal surface, without
alteration, but with a pressure equal to twelve
hundred feet of water, it began to swell, or with
fourteen hundred feet, or 6001bs. on the square
inch, it burst. When measured, after the experi-
ment, it was found to have swelled until of a dia-
meter of one inch and three quarters. The edges
of the fracture were not ragged, but smooth and
sharp like a knife.

fIiETOSIATO.—The tomato ripens with difficulty
on the open walls in Staffordshire. About the
20th of October, Mr. M'Murtrie cuts all the fruit
that may have ripened, and the best swelled green
fruit. The latter he places in a stove or hot-
house, and in three weeks or a month they ripen
as well, acquire as fine a colour, and are as good in
every respect as if they had come to maturity out
of doors. Another gathering, to be treated in the
same manner, was made about the end of October.
Those who hare not a hot-house, may hang them
up in a warm kitchen. The consumption at Sling-
borough is about two bushels a-year, which are pro-
duced by about 80 plants.— Trans. Hortic, Soc.
CAUSE or CANKER.—Mr. Blair is of opinion
that the canker arises from an unfitness in both soil
and climate ; and, as a bad soil makes a bad cli-
mate, he concludes that the best way to prevent the
canker is to form gardens on only fertile soils.—
Many hardy as well as in-door plants are liable to
be infested with the red spider, of which there ap-
pear to be several species. Mr. Blair paints the
bark of the stems and branches wholly over with a
mixture of tobacco liquor, sulphur, and a little tur-
pentine during winter ; and no insects of any kind
appear during the following summer.—Trans.
Hortic. Soc. •

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LITERJ
1t ti
.r 1 Fa
Certainly this
t.i 1 '.. temporaries, for t
proved its logitiu
31 venality of its to
contests It like
exclusively—but
....::,
130 ar ides but whi:t
3-, !I '
-
sl
I
111 Frequently it is it
i totemic). in opin
views to be too 1
.', petits sinra!es—t
cdness. The most
liamcntary Rloqu
5. o
fi tors are sketched
castie style. Thc
3" , Number—a very
. i it i speech, which aft
:' i ' was, that it con
.In religious poles
t.' . verse, occasioned
acute, if not conet
two almost equall;
in his usual style,
,
' And of tales in ve
4. 'unningham.extr
I i though, we concei
. the other a splcnd
resit's, Percy 113
~ ..
. . roetry does justic.
i. cord with the opi.
tot paper on Mrs. !
• 0
played such bad t
, chelPs Discouries
. ioi..! an attentive penis
political economy
. I
I " entirely disapprove
3:' Bulwer. Regina
1 4 Ails at its cotemp
... ! ! ' has an acerbity of
which do not belt
3 3
the graphic sketch)
unfavourable like:
SPONTAICEO
• : CITA RCOAL.
•
4 coal have taken
under different