Star.
London, England, 1831-09-16 00:00:00

PANORAMA OP THE BRITISH

EMPIRF.

DUBLIN MORNING REGISTRR.
We copy the following important view of Irish Poor
Laws, and the state of parties in Loudon, by Mr. O'Connell,
from the Dublin Morning Register received this day.
London, 7th September, 1831.
Mr DIA a Stu—l perceive that a report has been circula-
ted by some of the Dublin papers, that it was my intention
to leave my parliamentary duties, and return to Ireland for
some weeks.

A Dublin morning paper taker me to task for not speak-
ing and voting on Mr. Sadler's motion on the Poor laws.
It is quite right that the press should assail any ma. who
undertakes public duty, as I have done, and neglects that
duty—hor Go I plead 30 years of honest, and, above all,
unremitting, exertions for Ireland, as entitling me to any
exemption from the most rigid censure. I, therefore, do
not hesitate to oCer my excuse for my absence-
The fact is, that on the night in question, i was afflicted
tith a violent head-ache. I remained in the house as long
as I could, and took part in some important discussions in
the early part of the evening • but my head-ache drove me
from the house just as Mr. Sadkr rose. After a short delay
at home. I returned again to the house, somewhat relieved,
but the malaria of that assembly soon forced me to quit for
the night.
Before I went into parliament, I did not know what a
head-ache was ; but those late sittings have made me ac-
quainted with that infirmity. The late hours are most un-
propitious to all persons of sober habits--accustomed, there-
fore, to early hours, I know that it was the late sittings,
that, in my view, killed two of the best men I ever knew
—the late even-venerated O'Connor Don, one of the best
risen Ireland ever ; and alto my excellent friend,
Alexander Dawson— Loth fell victims to the abominable
practice of doing business at night instead of by day. Let
me suggest a pledge at the next elections, front every Irish
member, not to allow the house to sit after eleven at
night. I promise to use my best exertions, should I
sit in another parliament, to carry this plan into effect.
From the 21st of June I had not missed one single night
but I have said more than enough of myself.
My principal reason for addressing this letter to the pub-
lie, through you, is, if possible, to rivet some of the atten-
don of the people of Ireland to the question of the pour
laws. This is a question of the most vital consequence. It
is one of the gravest, of the most deep interest. He who
thinks he can despatch it with airy flippancy, has neither
head nor heart.
I would strongly recommend to every considerate man in
IrelaAd to reflect deeply on this truth—that one false step
taken in the establishment of Poor Laws can never he fe-
-1 traced.
' Let no man flatter himself that he can go back. Once
begin with Poor Laws and you must go forward. No mat-
ter what evils you produce—forward you must go. Bad
begun—still worse remains behind—that is—begin once
badly, and every attempt to cure the evil will only make
matters worse.
It may be said that these are gratuitous assertions of mine.
It is true they presonteoeinselves at first as only assertions—
but am I not able to prove their truth, by the most owning
of all tests—fatal experience ?
Behold my proof—look at England—behold the state of
her Poor Laws—near three hundred years have elapsed since
the fatal blight of the Reformation drove England to Poor
haws. Well—one hundred and fifty 'outlier, have been
since passed to remedy the defects, to do away the evils, to
alter, to correct, to amend the poor laws.
lmmittee after committee have sat—committees of the
Lords—committees of the Commons—conferences of both
houses—active philanthropists out of parliament—rigid po-
litical economists, have enquired into, investigated, examined,
compared, discussed, and new modelled, in one thousand
forms, the English poor laws.
For nearly two hundred years, one of the most ingenious
and informed people upon earth—lovers of gain and savers
of money, have endeavoured to improve, or, at all events,
to render less frightful, the English system of poor laws.—
All in vain.
Lc. us. then, beware. Let not a false, or even a genuine
humanity, hurry us too fast. Let there be no fastidious
levity—uo incartious flippancy—no careless haste—no
idle sparing of thought or labour. It is a subject that
should be approached with awful solicitude, and, may I
.tot add, with religious anxiety. After this preface, if I
am to be asked how I should have acted if 1 had been
able to take a part on Mr. Sadler's motion, I am ready
to answer—that I should certainly have voted as my son,
the member for Clue did, for the motion ; and I should
have spoken for the necessity of introducing poor laws
into Ireland, but against the principle recognised by mo-
dem British law.
Instead of giving alms to the poor people of Ireland,
I would restore to them their native country. Her green
fields should no longer teem with agricultural wealth fey
the stranger or the toe. Her produce should no lunge
enrich the foreigner, whilst the native was left to starve
amidst plenty.
But I anticipate—my object is, first, to rouse the atten-
tion of the few landed proprietors who still reside iu Ireland,
and of all the commercial and industrious classes, to the ap-
proaching—for it is fast approaching—system of poor laws;
secondly, to show that there is one, and only one, radial
remedy for the evils which Ireland endures, and which re-
medy can be administered only by a domestic legislature;
and, thirdly, to point out, with a sad and disconsolate heart,
the mod: of mitigating the horrors of these poor laws which
can be obviated only by the speedy repeal of the all deso.
toting Union.
Such are my objects. lam a convert to the necessity of
the poor laws in Ireland, only because Ireland is a pitiful
colony, treated with the proverbial disregard bestowed on
all colonies by the master state, save when the colonists due
to rank themselves men, and rouse resentment as the medium
through which attention at least, if not some redress, is
insured.

In the present state of Ireland, there are titre e classes
oho desire to introduce poor laws amongst us. I deem it
right to describe them separately.
First—There is a class of persons, for whom I entertain ,
no great respect, though I admit they are of some utility :
the English traders, who have settled in Ireland as ma-
nufacturers, and who are particularly desirous that the
wages of their workmen should be in part paid out of poor
rates.
Second—The next class, and a numerous class it is, are
those who are disgusted with the enormous revenues, ..nd
haughty ard oppressive demeanour of the clergy of the es.
tablished church. This class also includes all those who
detest, or at least dislike, the grindi:lg and worthless ab-
sentee, mid the often more grinding and more worthless resi-
dent gentry, who exhibit an hereditary hatred to the pea.
pie of Ireland, whose distresses they create or aggravate, but
do not contribute to relieve.
Third—The third class is formed of persons of talent, in-
formation and patriotism—men actuated by motives of the
purest benv.olenee, and stimulated by high impulses of
Christian charity towards the poor, and who cannot endure
to see the widow and the orphan, the aged man and the ro-
bust youth, crying with one voice for bread, and there is none
to break it to them. The leader of this class is a prelate,
whose genius, of the most marring oader, and whose mat.
fected piety rank his name amongst the loremoet glories of
Ireland. It is surperfluous to write the name of Dr. Doyle
under this portrait.
Thus, natural selfishness, just indignation, and Chris-
Jan charity, combine in their call fur poor laws in Ireland.
That call is responded to by English avarice, and English
jealousy. The parishes complain of the expense of sending
home Irish vagrants—the counties complain of the expense
of supporting Irish casual poor—the artisans complain of
the rivalry of cheaper Irish labourers—and the labourers in
husbandry are jealous of the aunty earnings of the Irish
peasant from Connemara or Mayo, who comes to earn the
rent for a heartless landlord at home.
Driving thus, as we are, towards poor laws, it is the duty
of every man who has duly reflected on the frightful work.
ings of that system, to prepare in time the machinery which
may prevent its evils, and insure some of the promised hies.
logs of such a system.
The Eeriness BILL for England has, as you may perceive
passed the committee. I think it has been improved in Its
progress. It contained originally the division of counties, of
which I disapproved. But Lord Chandos's motion has, in my
opinion, by adding to the constituency, increased the value of
the bill, and insured the voting by ballot the very first ses-
sion of a reformed parliament. The machinery of the bill
has also been improved in the committee, so that I am deci-
dedly of opinion that it comes out a better bill than it
went in.
We shall now see what the Lords will do with ir. If the
, spirit of liberty lives in England, the people will render it
impossible for the Lords to reject or injure the bill. Indeed,
' the House of Commons having decided that the present
system is so corrupt, that there are ibl members in the
house who have no just title to be, amongst the represents.

dyes of the people, I should expect that there would be
an almost universal determination in England to dispute the
validity of taxes imposed by such an an assembly, and,
therefore, not to pay them, should the bill be rejected by
ti.e Lords.

I cannot conclude without coigratulating you on the con-
duct of Lord Anglcsq's government, in carrying into ef-
fect the " Thiny rye tit bill." Ile never deceived )ott 01
me since his first voclamation, the day after his arrival in
Ireland. Waei. ! to make Orange Cagnitaries—.Lord
and Lord Enniskillen-- actocrats of murales attd Lord
Lotion, too, bless the mark ! ! ! and last and not least, Lord
Wicklow ! ! !
But it is miserable .rifling to complain. I do not arr.
Plain. I only brood over these additional materials for .bat
instory of " Nin Months of the Reign of Lord Anglesey
over Ireland," which you roar announce fur tit- pras, as
soon as I return to Irelan October next. It will, at all
events, serve to show, that a ruler, by choosing to debulc
himself, cannot always succeed in dAuding others.
I am, your faithful .ervant,
DANIEL O'CONNELL.

LOUTH COUNTY MEETINIL—Owing to the lamented
death of the late excellent representative of Louth, Almon.
der Dawson, Bag. a public meeting of the freeholders. cictgy,
and gentry, of the county was called, to decide upon a nro-
per candidate to fill the vacancy in the representatio,. The
meeting took piece on Monday, in the town of Dundalk,
and was numerously attended. Among thc persons present,
we noticed Sir Patrick Bellew, Sir Thomas Eamon:o, Hugh
O'Callaghan, Thomas O'Callaghan, William Heists,
Thomas Fitzgerald, and Henry Chester, Bags. Berkley B.
Stafford, Esq was called to the chair. Henry Cites er,
Req. of Carton, briefly moved a resolution proposing
Sir Patrick Bellew as a lit and proper person in
represent their independent county in parliament.
James O'Callaghan, Esq. seconded the resolution, but said
'he did so conditionally. He would not eopport Sir Petrick
Bellew, or any other candidate, but on being fully satisfied
respecting his intention in going into Purliament. The
conditions of his support proposed to Sir Patrick Bellew
by him were—that he should vote for a repeal of the
odious subletting act, and the oppressive vestry bill—that
he would vote for the immediate and total dis-
arming and disbanding of the yeomanry corps, whose
patty zeal and insubordination to the laws, had driwm
them so often into the commission of bloodshed. and
rendered them reckless of the sacrifice of human life ;
and lastly, thy he woul.: etruJgle " to the ?eats," art, pall
to the last man in the county against the Tory candidate,
Sir Harry Goderick, sulecia, by et base Tory aristocracy,
who opposed reform, to thwart die popular interest in
Louth. These pledges were rreeivAl r:i.ll warm approba-
tion by the entire meeting.—. Sir Patrick 13.11ve immediately
came forward, and pled4ed hinl•=ell to 41.111:)011 encli .nd every
measure allotted to by Mr. O'C'allaghr.n, in the mast ener-
getic anti unequivocal wrins, plaid loud cheers. He decla-
red he would tight the :izt le of i'dr ind pcndence manfully,
Ja Ion?. as a single freeholder would come lorward to the
poll under his banners, and would render the free comti-
tueocy of Louth again triumphant, if they remained true
to the .selves.

THE YEOMANRY FOSCE.—On Sunday last A Very no•
moons meeting of the inhabitants of the town of Stradbally
was held I. the public school-house, fur .he purpose of pe-
titioning Parliament to tliarm and thsb:•nd the yeomanly
force; Mr. Dunne, of Ballymanus, was called to .he chair.
Mr. Grace Kelly stated lb object of the meeting. He read
the requisition by which the meeting was convened, and in
which the yeomanry force was described as useless and mis-
chievous, and said that he concurred altogether
in the application of those appellations. They cer-
tainly could not be characterised 89 serviceable,
or even Irmo:ions ; but if the traits of brutality,
ferocity, hitt. helms and Motel were atided, he consid.ree they
would be more powerfully at.tl not le‘s tn.ly depicted. If
they inn designated as listing peace and loving strife, foes
to tranquillity and friends io vialence,void of public services
hut prolific in frightful slaagitter—or, es Sir Jobe Moue
has described them, ;lie "corruptors of the army," or In
.he weeds of General Abercrombie, "the most crud and
dastardly rabble, whether savage or riviliscd," the liraniag
would be more bold, but would not less faithfully rcpre.
sent the glaring enormity of the life. (Cheers.) He took
a rapid review of their history, inon the time of ;lei:
institution through tall the varieties of evil they had p.o-
duced. He remarked +Ton their gradual declension ftoer.
.he period of 1798, proceeding from their acknowledged
inefficiency and manifested cruelty, till Mr. Peel substi-
tuted the police as the responsible executors of the law.
From that time, in some parts of the country they were
merely contemptible, but in other less fortunate districts,
they still continued to be the agents of spoliuion and des.
potism, and herding together in the Orange lodges,
combined the characters of armed brigands and
bigots. However, when the Catholic relief bill was passed,
the pretence for governing by the ancient perverse machi-
nery was removed, the government of the day not merely
suffered them to sink by .heir own proneness, but imparted
a momentum to their declination. Earl Grey, however, to
preserve the connection between these countries, as we are
informed, in a moment of hazard, as be says, resuscitated
them, though stigmatised by the repeated censures of
his putty, and branded by distinguished commanders of the
British armies, with the opprobrium of cowardice and Ow
elty. Mr. Kelly here entered into a warm expatiation upon
the natural consequences of these atroeitiea, and continued—
It is to avert these probable catastrophes we are met here,
by invoking the delegated authority, to whose protection the
lives of the people are consigned, to preserve the peace of
this hapless country, by doing justice to all aeon,
and exhibit the beginning of an equitable spirit
towards Ireland. He confessed he was sanguine in hopes.
He thought, from the uncertainty which seemed to go.
ma ministers, and their pruriency to take offence, they
felt uneasy under the action of those impulses of dlisatia.
faction that prevail in Ireland. He thought they could
not but see the distrust they generated, and the uncertain
tenure by which they held the support of the popular (now,
thank Goo, the strongest) representation of Ireland, and
what a powerful machinery they supplied the Tories to shake'
the key stones of their power, and undermine their strength.
jCheers.) But if jealousy should deafen and blind them to
ustice, he knew a voice of potency that would arise, the
voice of public opinion, before which commanders and
statesmen had succumbed. When the universal acclama-
tion should arise (tom counties, cities, towns and villages, It
would smite, as it had before smitten the ministers of Eng-
land within the halls of their power, and by a voice more
powerful than their own, compel them to do justice to the
people of Ireland.
Our new Lard Lieutenant, Robert S. Carew. Esq. is to
be raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Bantry of
Roglaud. We have learr.ed that our indepeudent County
Member, Henry Lambert, and our uncompromising and
staunch advocate, Charles A. Walker, have been created
baronets.—Wesferd Independent.
REMONBTR•NT SYNOD OF tiLSTIRAt the meeting
of the Remonstrant Synod of Ulster, held at lame, on
Thursday last, the following resolution was proposed by the
Rev. Mr. Montgomery, and carried unanimously " That a
respectful letter be wtitten, in the name of this Synod to that
.11ustrious stranger, the RAJAH flammonux ROY, of
Begat, congratulating him on hi arrival i • Britain, expres-
sing our admi anion of his splendid talents set. attainments,
our high esti eaetion In his accession to the cause of Chris.
tianity, our deep sense of vets inv.litable exertions for the dif.
fusion of the Gospel, a d the vimiicati.sn o. the rights of
humanity, in his native laud • and assuring hint that we
shoitici rejoice to see him in this country. anti to receive him
with all the respect and cordiality so Justly t tie to his dis-
dogui.ked name, his philaethropis labours, and his unsullied
re;.utation.
DIED.—At Carysford-Avenue, Denis Blake Foster,
Eaq.—ln Herdwicke-street, Mary, relict of the late Bar-
tholomew Maziere, Esq. of this city.—ln Belfast, Thomas
Robert, aged 21 years, youngest son of Major Stuart, of
that town.
PLYMOUTH JOURNAL, Sept. 15.
A few days since, says Mr. Colin Mackenzie, on my el-
siting Portsmouth, my attention was called to the view of
an instrument constructing by Messrs. Corbitt and Hingston,
of Portsmouth, which I conceive deserves the highest seat is
the maritime world. Its use is to determine the weight or
force of the wind in all its variations, from one pound to any
force produced by the wind on a square foot ; calculated
solely for the use of ships. Its simplicity, correct-
ness, and portable construction, cannot fail to call
the attention of all scientific commanders : a desi-
deratum of this description has long puzzled the mind
of scientific man, but I believe was never accom.
plished to any state of perfection before. Its utility in all
branches of maritime service requires no comment of mine.
A short practice will instruct the scientific commander to do.
termine the real quantity if pressure on the sails, so as to
enable the body to divide the fluid in the most easy way,
and thereby obtain the highest point of propellation. fee
utility will be accompanied with a never-failing source of
amusement and valuable information. Having a table,
showing the number of square yards in each sail, either in

its full spread or reduced quantity by reef. The necessary
ak
weight or quantity of atmesph air is determined in one
minute, and enables the commander to add or diminish the
quantity of canvass.
The copper buoys now used in the Navy are liable to sink
from the effect of any blow given them, which will produce a
fracture and admit the water. It is suggested, that if they
are filled with cork shavings they will preserve their buoy.
ancy at all times, and that they will rise nearly as high out
of the water as they do at present. This would also answer
for buoys of corks.
Dawrworrn.—The bells of the various churches rang
early in the morning merry peals, and all the shops were
shut ,• the inhabitants assembled on the Newgrouod to wit-
ness the starting of the procession, which was formed in
commemoration of the day, and to manifest the attachment
to the illustrious persons who were the occasion of it. The
procession started about ten o'clock, heaCed by a nume-
roes band of respectable tradesmen, followed by the society
of Freemasons in masonic attire, with banners and insignia
of the craft ; the various trades, with approprire flags,
emblems, models' &c. which were joined by the gentlemen
of the army and navy, the clergy and magistrate. The
Castle and the Revenue cutters fired royal salutes. Six
buttered poor people of both sexes dined in the market-
place. for which purpose about 801. had been subscribed.
EXETER.—Agreeably to previous arrangement, the it'.
Worshipful the Mayor red Chamber, the Dignitaries of the
Church, Parochial Clergy, Gentlemen of the Array and
Navy, &e. together with the boys belonging to the Blue
School, and a great number of the citizens proceeded
In procession, with banners and music, to the Cathedral.
STONEHOUSE.—The preparations for the celebration of
the Coronation-day in this small but 'plated town were on
the most liberal scale, and the spirit of unanimity that per-
vaded all classes in furtherance of this object, afforded a
striking proof of the loyalty and generosity of the inhabi-
tants. The triumphal arches erected completely bore away
the palm front any in the neighbouring towns, and with the
exception of two, the expenses of which were defrayed by
the committee, the whole were constructed by different
Individuals and paid for by them. Among these we may
enumerate the names of Messrs. Williams, Symons,
flare, &c.
_ . _

Fitrstaura.—ln this pace upwards of 2501. was sub.
'ann.'. to meet the expencea incidental to the public re.
joicl. js on this great national occasion, and the day was
t' in by the merry peals of toe bells of both St. An.
ear's and Charles' Church. About ball past eight the
public @who:hies, the gertlernen, trades, &c. ,hat formed
the procession proceeded to the ferret place of worship,
ether. prayers were read by the Rev. J. C. H. Borwell, the
Corporation Lecturer. Handers Grand Corocation
them, with some other select pieces of sacred mo.ic,
were then performed by a most efficient choir, and
precisely at half-past ten o'clock the Town Prows.
sion proceeded to join the children of the respective Charity
and Sunday Schools in the open space immediately adjoining
dr: Royal Hotel. Here they disposed themselves in the
order we enumerated last week, and having past over the
route then given, the whole advanced to the estreme boun.
dary of the borough, and there awaited the arrival of the
Dock Yard and Stonehouse Processions. Shortly after 12
they were seen approaching, and when within speaking dis-
tanc:. a grand flourish of trumpets took place, and the
Herald advancing a few paces, pronounced their
" Welcome to the ancient Borough of Plymooth.''
Three loud and general shouts succecdo, and ambl the most
enthusiastic cheering the Dock-yard p.ocessio.. moved on to
its place in the Ms ; and the Stone!, use procession havin3
payed, that of Plymouth countermarched, so vs to follow
In the rear it the same order in which it had a.vanced.

A little before dine upwards of four thousand indi.
viduals sat down to the public dii.ner provided for them
the Market Place.

A melarcholy occurrence happened at Marlborough, near
Eingsbridge, a few days ago. A poor woman, of the name
of Elliott, had occasion to leave her house for a short time,
and, by the way of precaution, lucked the door ; one of her
children was ill in bed, and auoth:r, an infant, in the cradle.
Soon after .be mother left, the neighbours were alarmed by
th:lr cries, and on looking into the house, discovered that it
was in flames. Prompt assistance was immediately afforded,
but notwithstanding ev.ry exertion to suppress the fire, the
:souse and the adjoining unc were burnt to the ground, and
he two children burnt to ashes. The accident happened
through one of the children igniting furze, which comnsuni-
coed with the thatch.

PLYMOUTH CORN PRTURN, SEPT. 13.—Average,
Wheat, 621 Id. Barley, 33s 4d. Oats, 26. Bd. Currency,
Wheat, 60a to 68s. Barley, 30s to 36a. Oats, 25s to 301.
HELSTOX.—Wham, average, 221 e Gd. Barley, 151 s 6d.
Oats, 8. 6d.
Donee.—What, average, 24a. Barley, Ils. Oats. Bs.
91A1t1tIED.—On Thursday, at Gittisham, near Honk.
ton, J. Bailey, Esq. to Mi 4 Turner, a young lady pos-
sessed of large property in Midlothian—R. Hoddze, Esq.
Deputy Assistant Commissary Cenral, to Ctmlinc, youngest
daughter of the late Capt. Pryce, of the Hon. East India
Company's Service—At Totness Church, W. Dental, Esq.
eldest son of W. Bentall, Esq. Banker, of Totness, to Miss
Cornish, of the same place—At Northwood, Isle of Wight,
Lieut. L. C. Michelson, of the Imperial Russian Engineer
Corps, to Emily Parker, second daughter of Mr. Sturdee,
St. Georgs's.square, Portsea—At St. Andrew's Church, on
Tuesday, Mr. E. Soper, of this town, to Elizabeth, youngest
daughter of the said Rev. John Hawker.
DIED.—A few days since' at an advanced age, Mr.
Raynes, formerly a foreman in Portsmouth Dock-yard.—
At Wellington Place, Stirling, Lieut. Geddes, Royal Vete-
ran Battalion, aged 76.—At his residence. Westmont, Ryde,
in the 81st year of his age, John Lind, M.D. formerly senior
Physician of Hasler Hospital—Suddenly, on Thursday last,
Mrs. Hood, of Farebam Place, aged 73, mother of Captain
Hood, R.N.—On Saturday morning last, at his house in
Magdalene-street, Exeter, the Rev. James Manning, in the
78th year of his age.--On the 28th ult. the Rev. Richard
Here, aged 70, for very many years the active and much.
loved Minister of the parish of Macbeth, in this county.—
At Belmont, the residence of Lydatone Newman, Esq.
Mrs. Sarah Bartlett, in the 91st year of her age. At
Bolham, near Tiverton, Mrs. Cosway, aged 88.

DESTRUCTIV E FlRE.—About one o'clock this
morning, the neighbourhood of St. John-street
was thrown into alarm by the cry of fire. In a
few minutes it was discovered that the house of
Mr. Birch, grocer, the corner of Albemarle-street,
was in flames, and the lives of the inmates placed
in imminent peril. The flames had originated in
the shop, causing them to spread up the staircase
with resistless rapidity. About . three o'clock the
firemen were placed in great danger by the falling
of both the fronts of• the house in St. John-street
and Albemarle-street. The engines had been

drawn np, and were at full play at the time, but
fortunately the timbers, which were not burnt
through, carried the walls rather inwardly, and
thus the lives of the men were preserved. Not a
vestige of property was saved ; and the two nieces
of Mr. Birch, with a gentleman who lodged in the
house, escaped by the roof.
Queen Elizal,eth's notions of machinery were
not exactly those of the present day. When Lee,
the inventor of the stocking-frame, came to Lon-
don with the view of obtaining her Majesty's pa-
tronage, though supported by many persons of
influence about the Court, the Queen refused to
aid him either by a grant of money or of a patent ;
adding, as ber reason, " I have too much love for
my poor, people, who obtain their bread by the em-
ployment of knitting, to give my money to forward
an invention which will tend to their ruin, and thus
make them beggars."
TAW N As public-Louses and beer shops
form so prominent a part of legislatorial discus
sion, it may serve to show the altered state of
society at the present day from what it was in the
year 1552, to notice that, in that year, an Act was
sanctioned by Edward IV. restraining the number
of taverns to 40 in London, 8 in York, 4 in Nor-
wich, 3 in Westminster, 6 in Bristol, 3 in Lincoln,
4 in Hull, 3 in Shrewsbury, 3 in Exeter, 3 in
Salisbury, 4 in Gloucester, 4 in Chester, 3 in
Hereford, 3 in Worcester, 3 in Oxford, 4 in Cam-
bridge, 3 in Southampton, 4 in Canterbury, 3 in
Ipswich, 3 in Winchester, 3 in Colchester, and 4
in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.