Star.
London, England, 1831-04-23 00:00:00

SPIRIT OF THE JOURNALS.

Tistw.s.—England, Ireland, and Scotland, attend Your King came
down yesterday to dissolve his Parliament, because, despising the wishes
of his people, and his own Royal wishes, it refused to reform itself, and
even stopped the supplies necessary for the support of the public Mad.
tutions of the country, unless Peers and boroughmongers might be per-
mitted to continue in the usurpation of your rights, to nominate their
dependents as mock-representatives of the people, and to sell the power
of making laws and:imposing taxes. This is the purpose for which the
King of England—William, the more than conqueror—William,
the restorer of his people's rights—came down yesterday to dis-
solve the Parliament. The scene was a sublime one, so far as re.
lated to his Maja#y, and will form a bright page in the history
of the country. The conduct of his enemies and yours was no less
remarkable ; and after an exordium so suited to the solemnity of
! the occasion, we hardly know bow to descend to the description of the
miserable tumults springing from the disappointment of criminal hopes,
of impotent malignity, raving against just and constitutional control,
and of petty plots, blasted in an instant by the regal presence. The
House of Commons was in a state of uproar, but it was in the House of
Lords that this confusion was most conspicuous, and chiefly among
those who had been enriched through the munificence of the immediate
predecessors of that Sovereign whom they insulted, or by the plunder
of that people whose most sacred rights they would continue to usurp.
The King of England, we say, was insulted yesterday on the very steps
of his throne, and by whom? By starving artisans?—by an unlettered
mob ? No—such men have co entrance there ; but his Peers who ought
to have been bowing at his approach, and closed around his person
in respectful silence. But we must descend to particulars— we
must mention names. It appears, then, that in the absence of the Lord
Chancellor, who was in attendance open the King, Lord Shaftesbury, on
the motion of Lord Mansfield, took the chair, or the woolsack. Lord
Wharnaffe then rose to propose his resolution: the Duke of Rich-
mond rose to order and moved th- standing order that peers should
take their proper places—he saw a baron sitting in an earls' seat. On
this motion the Marquis of Londonderry rose with indescribable vehe•
meow, and—amidst an uproar chiefly occasioned, as it seemed, by the
Mends of the noble Marquis, some restraining, some cheering him—
insisted that the Duke of Richmond was out of order. Lord Lyndhurst
spoke to the same effect. The Duke of Richmond warmly, but firmly,
and without the least loss of presence of mind, persisted in his motion.
Lord Londonderry again, thou •h at least six of his Mends (among
whom was Lord Salisbury) tried to bold him down by the arms and
skirts of his coat, started on his legs, and in a tone of fury, and darting
himself items the table as if he would strike the D. of Richmond, ex-
claimed, " What, then, the noble Duke is to be the hero of this coup
(fetal fin At this moment the Lord Chancellor entered sad took his seat.
Lord Mansfield denounced as atrocious and unprecedented the conduct
of Ministers in advising the King to dissolve the Parliament under pre-
sent circumstances. The Lord Chancellor, in a loud firm voice, and
with great energy of manner, exclaimed—" What ! unprecedented'
for a King of England to exercise his undoubted prerogative of dissoir.
ing the Parliament, when the House of Commons, in a manner unpa-
ralleled in the wont factious periods of English history, have stopped
the supplies ?" This indignant exclamation was received with loud
cheers, but the Opposition party were vociferous in exclamations against
the Ministers. The King having by this dine arrived in the robing.
room, the Lord Chancellor left the house. Lord Shaftesbury was
again voted into the Chair, amidst a scene of confusion and
tumult that rivalled the noisiest election mob. Certainly no blows
were given, but the most violent tones sod gestures were every where
visible, and not even the presence of a great number of Peeresses
seemed to have the slightest effect on the passions of this dignified
branch of the Legislature. Lord Wharndiffe at length moved his
resolution, and was followed by Lord Mansfield in a speech of extra-
ordinary vehemence, which did not cease even when the Kura had en.
tend the House, nor until he was mounting the Throne. The King
while in the robing-room, asked what was doing in the House, and on
being told, was observed to assume a tesolute air and look. The Crown
was about to be put on, when be took it from the officer, saying—
" /will put on ay Crown esyse(f." He then, with a firm decided
step, walked into the House, where the uproar was still proceeding:
—even some of the anti-reforming state officers about his Ma-
ksty were heard to exclaim against the disgraceful insult of.
fered to the King in the exercise of his prerogative. The King,
however, like all men of real mettle' was only the firmer in proportion
to the violence of his enemies. He calmly took his sear ; the house was
shamed into silence. The speech was then read by his Majesty; and
it was read in a tone of firmness and dignified emphasis, particularly
the clause relating to the bill, which indicated the unmoved purpose of
soul, though he is known to have recently suffered from indisposition.
Indeed it is hardly possible but that the exertions of mind, anxious to
subject to its consideration every part of a most momentous question,
and to come to a right decision on the whole, must have worn the
stoutest body. The speech will be found in its proper place in the
parliamentary report; we presume it is unexceptionable; for it is the act
itself of dissolution, not the form or the words in which it is
conveyed, that has excited the the wrath of the disaffected indeed, the
speech bad not been heard, and was unknown, when the tumult was
raised. But how proper, how just is the second clause—the only one
in which the topic of dissolution is handled : how unanswerable its rea-
sonings. " I have been induced to resort to this measure foe the par.
wee of ascertaining the sense of my people." And why may not the
King, we ask, appeal to his people, to ascertain their feelings on so Im.
portant a question ? It were surely better to do so, than to experience
their dissatisfaction afterwards ; for a people's discontent at last is n,
trifle, even to a King, however some of those inferior persons may hags

braved it, who have now monopolized the Royal favour, and plundered
the public treasure for so many years, that they consider it as a robbery
to deprive diem of the free enjoyment of either. But we hope we may
now look for better times.
Poter.—The scene of excitement and eistasios which prevailed in
both houses of parliament yesterday was se enteisedinary and unpre-
cedented as the occasion of it. Lod limislield's speech will be
written in the beans of all true friends Otis awry, and reflect eter.
nal honour on his memory. The effect pledssed by his last sentence
on those who caught it, amidst the noise did sisals which prevailed,
was truly sublime. " GOD save the crown," he said, with a tone and
emphasis to which no description can do justice, as William the
Fourth, with the crown upon his head, approached the throne of his
fathers. The only emphasis laid by his Majesq upon any part of
the Speech was on the word " appear." What his Majesty's
feelings may have been we know not. With those of at least four•
fifths of his hereditary Councillors a sensation of pity was mingled
with a constitutional and personal veneration. May don, indeed,
the GOD of our fathers, save him from the snares which his own fa-
miliar friends and servants whom he trusted have laid for him ! The
dictatorial, the arrogant, and the disrespectful manner evinced by the
Lord Chancellor, has not been equalled since the day when Cromwell
dissolved his Parliament ; and the impression of reverence for the
King, whose prerogative he announced, contrasted strangely with the
disgust occasioned by his Minister's manner of making that an-
nouncement. With lodecotous haste his Lordship rushed from
the Painted Chamber into the House, interrupted Lord Mans-
field, nearly overturned Lord Shaftesbury, and, after stating
that Parliament was to be dissolved, because "in an unprecedented
manner" it had stopped his Majesty's supplies, he rudely turned his
back upon their lordships. That there are precedents for stopping sup-
plies is historically true • that the supplies were not stopped by the
House of Commons on Thursday night, in carrying an adjournment of
the house, is positively true. The real reason, and the people of Eng-
land should to a man be made acquainted with the fact, was, that Par-
liament had refused to reduce the number of English Representatives.
—Colonel Davies stated this broadly and truly on Thursday
night, atgl for the sake of Reform itself, be deprecated it.—
Let the nation, therefore, weigh well this point, and decide between
that would retain or curtail those members who henceforth must bar
our chief safeguard against an undue and dangerous preponderance of
nominees of Mr. O'Connell. Through the medium of those nominees
he now offers to support and preserve the ministers, in whose hands his
kith*, violence has placed him, and they have accepted, in an evil
'hour, tiseald of their convicted pri•oner. With them, not him, rears the
guilt and responsibility. With the people of England it now rests to
shield us front the consequences. If true to themselves, all may yet
and well; if false, farewell crown—church--peerage—public faith—and
national honour.

HElALD.—Thursday night orders were issued for the preparation of
a Commission, giving the Royal Assent to the Civil List and other
Bills, with the view of preparing for prorogation on Tuesday next.—
Before this step was resorted to it was intended to pass the Ordnance
and other &domes, the resolutions on which had not (and have not)
been repotted to the House • but after Lord Wisarncliffe's notice
and the adjournment of the Gnomons on a division against the Mi-
nisters, a different course was resolved upon. That division, by the
way, was unexpected, and ought to be explained. On Thursday mora-
ine the Ministers, having determined to abandon the Reform Bill, as
far as the present Parliament is concerned, had no occasion to
send round the customary Treasury circular, requiring the attend
since of their friends; but the Opposition, not knowing of such inten.
tion to give up the Bill (or, knowing it, not acting on such knowledge),
sent round a very praying circular to their friends to attend on that
evening. Consequently they bad a very full attendance, and stuck
to their places, while their opponents were not alike active in at.
tendance,, not calculating on any division. Suddenly Mr. W. Henke*
moved the adjournment of the house—the result is known to the
public. That not only disposed of the debate on the resolution de.
claratory of the corrupt state of the representation of Liverpool, but
stopped all other business, and, amongst other matters, the presen-
tattoo of the report of the Committee of Supply on the Ordnance
Estimates. This was deemed tantamount to "a stoppage of the sup-
plia," and it will be seen, by our Parliamentary report, such object has
since been avowed. Thus the Ministers were pressed to resort to
immediate dissolution (if dissolution were to take place at all), in.
stead of waiting a few days to get through the remaining estimates....
This being.their new position, it is star al that the Ministers assembled,
and came to the determination of forthwith proceeding to the King,
and of stating to his Majesty the impossibility of proceeding, even for
another day, with the present Parliament ; and that, unless there were
an immediate prorogation, with the view to early dissolution, they must
tender their resignations ; and, it is added, they tendered their resigna-
tions accordingly. The King, we understand, then declared himself to
the following effect :—" I see the difficulties with which you are beset.
I approved of your bringing in the Reform Bill—and I am desirous that
the Country, as well as the present House of Commons, should have
the opportunity of expressing its opinion on this important measure:
it is only fair—fair to myself, to you, and to the people, that it should
be so. 1 say, then, dissolve the parliament immediately, and short as
the notice is ; but, to set at rest all surmises as to my feelings on the
subject, I will go and prorogue the parliament in person," Perhaps a
more remarkable instance of decision never characterised the conduct of
any of our Kings. It was, however, altogether his Majesty's own
act. Circumstances show the accuracy of our information. The etiquette
is, thatthe King should not prorogue the parllament,with the view to dis-
solution, in person. It is deemed an ungracious act to dissolve a parliament
and, therefore, that is a proceeding performed "by commission." No
minister could have proposed such a proceeding to his Majesty ; it was
so contrary to all former proceedings that none could have thought of
suggesting it the bare statement of the mode of proceeding in such
came is sufficient to show that the merit of it rests with his Majesty
alone.—So sudden and unexpected was this determination on the part
of his Majesty, that it was not known at the House of Lords, and
then only as • a very great ram," till one o'clock in the afternoon.
The king proceeded to the house escorted by a detachment of the Royal
Horse Guards (Bloc), aud, unexpected as was the event, immense crowds
of people assembled, and they everywhere hailed his Majesty with
enthusiastic shouts.

Porr. —The Session of Parliament was yesterday brought to an
abrupt conclusion by a prorogation, intended as a precursor of an im.
mediate dissolution—by an act of the Sovereign authority strictly within
the constitutional prerogative of the Crown, and therefore liable to cen.
sure no otherwise than as it affords a new proof of what was already, in..
deed, abundantly clear, the determination of his Majesty's present ad.
vixen to maintain themselves in office to the last possible moment, re-
gardless alike of the welfare and tranquillity of the country, and
of the security and dignity of the Throne. When we look back to
the proceedings of the expired or expiring Parliament, we do not, upon
the whole, see much reason to regret its premature and sudden dissolu-
tion. It can never be forgotten that it was this l'arliament which ex-
pelled from office the conservative Administration of the I)t.ke of
Wellington, and installed in power the Revolutionary Administration
of Earl Grey. Nor can we deem it an unsuitable retribution for
this act of thoughtlessness and folly, that the Parliament should
be thelfint victim of the Revolutionist Ministers it had created,
when -it refused to be implicitly guided by them in. the dan-
gerous career of Revolution. But it is impossible to speak in
terms of adequate indignation of the men who have deliberately
condemned this country, and, above all, Ireland, to a severe and
alarming exists of agitation, strife, turmoil, and danger, merely for the
sake of retaining office a month or six weeks longer, although we en-
tertain • very confident expectation that the result of the approaching
General Election will be to give us a Parliament Incomparably more
firm. ardent, and uncompromising in the defence of the Constitution of
England—a Patliatner.t representing with far greater fidelity the pro.
perty, intelligence, and patriotism of the land, than that which Minis-
ters, from this selfish, and despicable motive, have so unceremoniously
dismissed.

CITY. ONE O'CLOCK.
The noble resclution of his Majesty has given universal
satisfaction throughout the City ; the turmoil in the House
of Lords last night is looked upon with disgust.
Console, which left off yesterday at 74 79, opened atl
the same price ; since which the market is not so good ; and I
they are at present 781 i, for the Account, with little or
nothing doicg.
We have no further accounts, as yet, from the theatre of
war.

There is not a feature in the Foreign Market worth ob-
serving at present.
We have no arrivals this morning from any quarter of
consequence.

_
CITY. Tiro O'CLOCK.
Up to the present hour we do not hear of any arrivals.
Nothing is talked off in the city but his Majesty, who is
praised beyond imagination for his noble conduct.
Consols have been done in the early part of the morning
at 781, . went up to 79, and are at present 78i j for the
Account.

The Bank broker has again been selling Exchequer Bills,
which has caused them to recede to ss. premium ; at pre-
sent they are from ss. to 6s. premium.
Money is becoming scarce, a great deal is going out of
the country for purchases of corn and flour.
In the Foreign market nothing doing.
One of the most numerous and splendid meetings winch
ever took place in the Metropolis, is at present assembled in
Exeter Hall, to support the abolition of West India Slavery,
Lord Saville in the Chair; and Sir James Mackintosh, Dr.
Lushington, and other distinguished persons, have already
spoken most eloquently pn the subject.

THE GEVERAL ELECTION.
NEWS FOIL C.ivinairEs AND
•
•
SIR ROBERT WILSON AND TI UE 11t;IMUGH
SOUTH WARR.
Yesterday, in consequence of a requisition. a copy of which app .4"11
In The Times of Thursday, a public meeting was a?pointen to be held
in the Town-hall of Southwark, in order to enable the electors to Inkr
into consideration the conduct I,f their repn-sentative, Sir R.
who, it wan alleged, had broken Li* faith with his consti•uents, had
violated the principles upon his pl dge of which he had be. n select (1,
independently of local connexions, to repiescnt tha borough in Parlor-
Hameln. A very stormy meeting was anticipated on tht• newton ; hit
at half after 9 o'clock on Thursday night the high bailiff receive,'
following letter:
" Southwa.k. April 21
" Dear Sir—Mr. Wilson has been deputed by Sir I(ll.tri Wilson to
make a request to the requisitionists to have the me, tin at the Town
HaU postponed from to-morrow to Saturday next. U der :rise Bin
cumstances, we hare to request, on behalf of the ree,y,ithtt 6.4. that
you will consent to the meeting taking place or. Siturilay, II) for II
o'.:lock, Instead of to-morrow.
" We have the honour to be, &e. " .1011 v EL Ll 3,
"H WU rIJ.
"G.R, t O::NER.

" To John Holmes, Esq. High Bailiff of the
Borough of Southwark, &c."
In consequence of the above letter, at an early how on the en .uing
morning the following notice was issued to the inhnbitants
Towa.Htll, A prtl 22.
• Sir Robert Wilson having requested that the titeetieg of the the-
tas of Southwark, appointed to be held at the Town-11211 this die,
should be postponed, I do hereby, with the.consent of the req.-tic:ion-
&its, postpone such meeting until to-morrow (Saturday) the 23d instant,
at 10 for 11 o'clock in the forenoon precisely.
"JOHN HOLNIES, High Bailiff"
The early publication of this notice prevented any great [mother
people repairing to the Town-hall; and those who did meet ;It
quickly diverted on reading the notice of the High Bailiff.
Mr. Brougham, the brother of the Lord Chancellor, offers himself
for the borough. We do not heir of any opponent but Mr. 8i0e.,„
one of those two brothers who have made some talk as novelists. Tbt
was one of them who offered himselt fur the borough of Hertford, on
during the contest was strangely smuggled away, with his own cons: u•,
by Lord Salisbury, to make way for his Lordship's own nian, I. it,:
ingestrie. This Bulwer cast up in the Pembroke Cabinet if Medal,.
It is not he, we believe, who now aspires to the borough, but his broth, r.
Great efforts, as we have said before, must he made in purse, as weil .Is
by personal exertions. if the kind intentions of the King to give the re-
form question a fair trial with the nation be to be carried into effect
We hear of a right hon. baronet who has subscribed largely, and of a
noble duke who says he will sactifice his whole lottane to aid the toner
side. Let us hope that the present will be the last struggle. The
people of the United Kingdom must bestir themselves. It will tint I.e
" a long pull ;" but it mutt be " a strong pull, and pull all together."
Sergeant Wilde arrived in Poole on Sunday, and commenced a eir -
vas, in hopes of representing that borough in case of a dissolution. Tie
learned gentleman, it is said, has many of the burgesses already eit.
gaged in his interest.
As one means of pierenting the return of many of the anti-reformists
who may appear in the field, while new interests are delibetattne, a
general rule should Lie adopted, not to make promises, till it is saes.
mined who arc die candidates ; and if an anti.retorniist has entrapped
an honest man into a promise, it would be a fair case for casuistry,
whether a promise to an unworthy pence is in any respect obligatory.
It would be most amusing to be lei behind the *cruets amorg the
borough-traffickers at this moment. After the equally short Parliament
of 1807, a member for one borough complained in bitter language to
the writer of this paragraph, that though he paid 4,0001. but eight
months before, he found himself shut out unl as he came down with a
second 4,0001. ' I had no other chance of indemnity," said he, "so I
submitted ; but I hope the King won't die;" (George the Third was
then ill), " for if so I'm done completely." Another, on the same
occasion, uttered bitter reproaches on the poor voters. A The rascals,"
said he'' ought to get but -51. in six or seven years ; but do you know,
not one would conic to book till I paid him his 251., though they had
each fleeced me out of the same aunt only a few months before 1"
What a sorry speculation then the present occasion 1 Avarice on one
aide and calculation on the other. Voters have a fixed price, yet the
poor devil of' a candidate is now only wanted in Parliament to vote his
own death. This can be but a six months business. No chance of in.
detunity, therefore, and no interest gained with the ministel 1 We
suspect, consequently, that there will be no candidates for the boroughs,
or that patrons who pay their voters will lose all their money !
HOLE AX CONNIE PETITION IN PASEX.-.•A number of trig-
natures will be found in the Esse: Standard, the Tory paper for the
county, which signatures require some explanation : the fact is, the
Tories of Essex hare been getting up a Petition again., the Pelona •
Bill!—but observe, not at a public meeting, but in a sort of .rivate
way. The plan has been concocting for some time, and at length, after
the most assiduous efforts, they have succeeded in getting a few names,
—the whole of which are either the names of Tory parsons and country
squires in the Blue interest, of of their servile dependents, who have
been induced to swell the catalogue with their names. We have only
this morning seen the list; but we are informed by persons from the
spot, that the secret manner in which the thing was got up has die.
gusted every body, even the moderate opponents of the Reform Bill.
The thing will, however, do good, as it will point out who are
friends; and who ate enemies, to liberal principles. For this pur-
pose, we would recommend that the list should be printed, side by
aide, with the list of patriots who signed the requisition, a motel%
ago, for a meeting in favour of the reform measure.—From a C': c.
chaster Correspondent.
We understand that the whole of the Catholic and Dissendeg popu-
lation, high and low, in England, Ireland, and Scotland, are unani-
mous in favour of the reform bill; and are determined to exert
themselves at the next election to get those candidates alone re-
turned to Parliament, who wW pledge themselves to support the full
measure of reform. The Catholics feel this to be an act of grati-
tude to those patriotic and liberal men, who obtained, foe them the
measure of emancipation; as well as a solemn duty imposed on than
to oppose bigotry In every shape, and to prove that those who falsely
charged them with bigotry, in order to deprive them of their rights, ve-
nally the bigots themselves. The fact really is this—the Church
party, who are the abusers and monopolizers of the tithes, are the
constant toes of every project that tan lead to any inquiry.
dlr. I. Balfour is a candidate for East Lothian, on the retirement of
Lord John Hay; but an advertisement requires the voters to withhold
their promises.
Lord John Russell is Invited to oppose Mr. Duncombe foe York-
shire, and he is said to have given his conditional assent.
dlr. Rolfe, Recorder of Bury, is a candidate for that town.
1148 Electors invite Mr. 3laberly to stand for Northampton, in or.
position to Sir E. Gunning.
Colonel Johnson is a candidate for Lincolnshire.
Mr. R. A. Oswald is a candidate for the county of Air.
Mr. Pendants and Mr. Pater are the candida es fur Cornwall, and
both are popular.
Lord Edwanl Somerset and Sir W. Guise, are exerting themselves in
Gloucestershire, and every endeavour will be used to throw out the
former.

Mr. Northmore, of Cleve, is a candidate by invitation fer Scm r tt.
shire.

Mr. Dennison is spin a candidate for Liverpool, in opposition to
General Clascoyne • and Slr. Evart stands also.
On Nionday week, a meeting of the electors of the town of N..t.
tingham, was held in the great Exchange-hall, for tie purpose of Af.
fording Sir Thomas Denman and Sir It. C. Faguwn au opportunity of
meeting their constituents, previous to the re-assembling of Parit.t.
menu The number present was estimated at from eight hundred to L,
thousand.

A most numerous and highly respectable meeting was hold. n at Os
Hop Pole Inn, in Tewkesbury, on Wednesday week, fur the purpose
of forming a district committee, to assist in till cting the return of an
independent representative for this county, in the place of Lord ! d.
ward Somerset, on the ground of his opposition to the Bill for Pat La.
mentaty Reform.
Sir John 31alcohn, ban. was on Saturday week, elected member for
the borough of Launceston, in the room t f Sir Wilioughby Gordon,
hart. who, as we stated last week, had act-troll the ehiltern hundreds,
in consequence of his having voted in favour of the rrt..rm hill, in (Ito-
sition to the wishes of the patron, the Duke of Nertitumberl.:l:d.
A requisition from the island of Pothole, 4.4l4lressed to Sir Jane■
3locdonald and 31r. Shaw Ltfevre, to offer thenvolets as candidates
for the county of !fonts, was sent to throe gentlemen on Thursday,
signed by 275 freeholders, who jimmied their votes fr.e of all expense.
FROM " THE WEEKLY TINES."—ADVANCE. TKOK
WINDOWS TO CHISNEYL—As among numerous ravage notions of
the present day, so in the early times, as well of this couo.ey as edicts,
ibe smoke was left to escape by the door. Of course this scold fre-
quently be too dense, even fur those ceco,toodcd to its axes's. Hence
the invention of Windows, that is, of passages through which the wWsd
might drive, to effect a more rapid dispersion of the smoke, tsars vita
possible by means of the door alone. Ultintwely, from nu itirg ti c
uniform direction which the stream of smoke took tthen tie wind beat
through the window, or vice reran through the door, the plan of a
Chimney suggested itself. The window, which then gave place to the
chimney for the expulsion of so eke, was new employed merely for dot
admission of light, but did not lose its orie;n-1 name. Atte Lutable to
a similar advance of improvement, the origioal import or word
funks!/s, will, in a comparatively sheet period, be as much ob'en
as that of window at the present day ;—fot, in the genuine Patti.,
Perryton Pens, the degree of durability, in combination with ensile t c. t
is such as, iu a short time, to insure the universality of their use ; and,
in little more titan half a century hence, the original relationship be.
tween the words " penknife' anti " pest," will be as little suspected,
ea, at the present day, that between the terms " r indow" and " wired."
—Price per sealed packet, containing Nine Pens. Ss. 641. ; Solt' by the
Patentee, 37, Red Liomsquate, and by all BotAsellea and Stat.outte
throughout tits empire ; aid in every place abroad.

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THE INCREASE OF POPULATION.

Government have issued orders for taking anew census of
the population of the country, to commence simultaneously
on the 30th of May next. As the growth of the population
is a subject, the investigation of which is considered by the
Statistician and political economist as of great moment to
t: e future condition of that population. it cannot be, in our
i inion, an inquiry of less importance to a Government.
Commencing in the nco th, we Grid that in European R us-
fia the yearly augmentation, by the excess of births over '
iieatlis, according to the most recent documents, is 598,085.
Taking this from 1815, to the present time at 600,000 for
sixteen years, we may, without fear of any material error,
assume the population of Russia to have increased about
nine millions and a half. It may be remarked, however,
as an explanatory anecdote, that in Russia the increase
seems to dept nd less on the increased number of births
than on the more extended length of human life; for in the
returns of the Synods, the deaths of persons above one hun-
dred years old appear to have been in the year 1806, 293 ;
1810, 3.50 ; 1816, 689 ; 1820, 807 ; 1826, 1054.

But the most extraordinary instance of increase in popula-
tion that is to be seen in any old settled country, or that has
been actually recorded in past periods, is that exhibited in
the dominions of the King of Prussia. It would, indeed,
hardly be credible, without such clear accounts as allow no
room for hesitation, when emanating from a government
whose systematic order, and whose accuracy in its statistical
communications are not equalled by any other in Europe.—
By the official papers, it appears, that in the ten years from
1817 to 1827, the increase amounted to 1,849,561, at which
rate the inhabitants would double themselves in little more
thirty-six years.

In the northern kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Nor-
way, population is making more rapid advances than at any
former period ; and this fact is confirmed by the general opi-
nion entertained, both in Sweden and Norway, that the in-
crease is proceeding at too rapid a pace for either the em-
ployment that can be given, or the sustenance that is an-
nually produced in those countries consistent with monopoly.
Of the dominions of Austria, from the best statements,
we find an increase, in twelve years, on the population
of 1815—then calculated at 27,000,000—0 f more than 27
per cent. or, in round numbers, near 7,000,000.
The increase in those parts of Germany which are com-
prehended in neither the Austrian Empire nor the Prussian
Kingdom, and which contained at the time of the Congress
of Vienna, a population of 13,600,000, is at the rate of 17*
per cent. and had augmented in 12 years, from 1315 to
1827 to 2,-100,000.

Switzerland, it seems, utters complaints of monopoly, loud
if not louder than are to be heard in any other parts of
Europe. By a census taken in 1821, the inhabitants were
found to be 1,783,231, and in 1827 they were 2,037,030,
thus showing an increase, in six years, of 253,799. M.
Kasthofer, who visited several parts of Switzerland in 1822,
particularly alludes to the increasing population.
Reverting to our population data, %ye next come to the
kingdom of the Netherlands, which furnishes the most cor-
rect and most detailed account of the state of its population
of any country in Europe. A census is taken every five
years, and at the end of each intermediate year the births
are added and the deaths subtracted, which is adjusted by
the enumerations of the fifth years. By an official account
we find that the population which, on the Ist of January,
1815, was 5,424,502, had advanced on the let of January,
1825 to 6,013,748, and adding, for the six years to the Ist
of January 1831, the increase since the peace is shown to be
940,000, all prosperous.
The state of the population of France, according to the
authority of Dttpitt, shows that the increase in that kingdom
has been slower than in the other parts of Europe which he
has noticed. Giving to his statement the full credence to
which it is entitled, that France contained 31,000,000 of
inhabitants, who increase annually at the rate of 6536 for
each million, it would show an annual augmentation of
200,000, or in the sixteen years since the peace of
3,200,000, all in plenty.
Of the dominions of the King of Naples, according to
the official statements published in 1817, the whole popula-
tion at the period amounted to 6,828,558. Dupin gives for
the annual rate of increase 11,111 for each million, which
would thus amount to 75,850 yearly, or for the sixteen
years since 1815 to 1,213,600.

The middle of Italy, comprehending Sardinia, the Pope-
dom, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, Lucca, and the Islands,
contained, in 1817, 8,859,000 inhabitants. If the rate of
increase in those States has corresponded with that of
Naples—and there can be no reason to deem it slower—
they must have received an augmentation within the same
period of at least 1,500,000.

In Spain, Portugal, and Turkey, no positive data exist
upon which to infer the progress of population, except that
these three countries contained, in 1815, 20,000,000 of in-
llabitants ; and that, therefore, with the aid of such particu-
lars as are extant, it is not an improbable estimation that
they have, since the above period, increased five per cent.
o:. 1,000,000.

The population of Great Britain, from data afforded by
the three decennial enumerations of 1801, 1811, and 1821,
may be safely taken to have increased at the rate of 200,000
in each year, or in the period since the peace, to the amount
of 3,200,000. In 1821, the population of Ireland amounted
to 6,800,000, according to the enumeration made by go.
eriiment.

The reports which are in circulation in reference to the
augmentation since the last census present the increase to
be unusually rapid : it is difficult to know what degree of
credit they are entitled to receive, though the facts will soon
transpire from the enumeration which is just now going on.
In the mean time, however, we cannot very greatly err, in
estimating that increase to be equal to the population which
has been ascertained in Great Britain, the one island in
1821 containing 14,391,631 inhabitants, and the latter
6,801,827. We may thus assume the increase of the
United Kingdom since 1815 to be nearly 5,000,000.
From a cursory survey of the Growth of Population in
Europe since the general peace, it will appear that human
life has probably been augmented by upwards of thirty-four
millions of souls ! In other words, there have been added
to the previous producers more than double the number of
persons than were existing in Great Britain in the year
18.21!

We will conclude by adverting to one circumstance which
has not a little contributed to swell this catalogue of living
truth—namely, the increased length of human life ; which,
though traceable to a variety of auxiliary causes, may
perhaps be more immediately ascribed to the introduction of
vaccine inoculation. Duvillard, a French writer, in his
analysis of the influence of small-pox on mortality, calculates
that a each million persons born, 85,685 were formerly
carried off by this disease ; that by the extirpation of that
malady the medium duration of human life, instead of being
as before 28i years, has been extended to 321 years ; and
that, consequently, the population which would arise from
one million births would be in the first case 28,750,000,

and in the second case 32,250,000. Susmilch also, another
statistical writer, estimates the mortality commonly arising
from the small-pox as two in twenty-five, but when of a very
maligninat kind, as one in six ; on the other hand, the mor-
- by vaccination he calculated to be not more
we hundred.

are throughout Europe at least eighty acres to

la &lay, and nearly twenty in the United Kingdom, and
as every industrious family produces, if not hindered by
monopolies and bad laws, the subsistence of three families,
so this increase adds to the abundance and happiness of the
whole. Increase is only injurious when pernicious laws
and monopolies forestal the right of all to live ; but under
a wise and paternal system, there cannot be too many
people in Europe, till in two thousand years they are fifty
times more numerous than at present : and alas how many
catastrophes in two thousand years !
It should, however, be observed that the past censuses in
Great Britain have been but closer approximations. In the
first, returns were e7aded from various fears of the people;
in the second, these fears were less ; but, even in the third,
not wholly removed. Hence the increases appeared far
greater than they were.

I'ANORAAIA ()F THE BRITISH
EMPIRE.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, APRIL 20.
Freon a Correspondent.
Every thing continues very unsettled, as regards the pitmen in this
neighbourhood—a body of men little abort of twenty thousand. They
have at last shewn a disposition to positive outrage, by destroying the
machinery at one or two minor collieries, at some little distance front
Newcastle. Hitherto the authorities have acted with great forbearance,
under the impression that nothing of a serious nature would occur on
the part of the pitmen. To-day, however, the mayor of this town is.
sued a public notification, that " he should attend at the Guildhall,
from 12 to 4 o'clock, for the purpose of swearing in special constables,
to preserve the public peace, and to prevent and suppress tumults, riots,
and felonies." No doubt the authorities have information which justify
these proceedings, as well as the order (received by the Deputy Lieu-
tenants this afternoon), to call out four troops of the Northumberland
Yeomanry Cavalry in the morning. Dixon Dixon, Esq. senior cap-
tain, will be the commanding of So much is known, that the
pitmen, both of the Tyne and Wear, amounting to nearly twenty thou.
sand men, intend holding a general meeting at Simon Hill. about six
miles distant from this town. It is sincerely to be hoped, that the
meeting may end peaceably.
LANCASTER GAZETTE.
Import of Cattle into Liverpool, from April 6, to April 12.
710)1 IRELAND.
Cows. Sheep. Pigs. Horses. Calves. Lambs.
974 242 4011 4 2 23
Previously 8737 17204 54799 43 157 432
Total. 97111 17446 58810 47 159 455

_
COASTWISE.
Cows. Sheep. Pigs. Horses. Calves.
130 1320 2
Previously this year 751 8176 2643 5 4

T0ta1..... BBl 9496 2643 7 4
Import of Grain into Liverpool, for the week ending April 11.
30968 Qrs. Wheat... .. 701bs I 2238 Sacks Flour
13656 Qrs. Oats 4slbs 27779 Barrels ditto
1832 Qrs. Barley. 6olbs 5577 Loads Oatmeal
On Sunday week, the Hey William Guy, minister of Haslingden,
christened at Itiu church 26 children.
KENDAL MECHANICS. INATlTUTE.—Wednesday evening week,
the seventh annual meeting of the niembers of this institution was held
in the Library, Highgate. It appeared, from the report read, that the
library now comprises 603 volumes, being an addition of 54 to the num-
ber in the last report.
A thunder storm continued at intervals during Saturday and Sun-
day ; and two cows were killed at atooton Brook House, in Quern-
more.

Sunday afternoon last. the lightning stnick a stack of wheat belong-
ing to Mr. John Harrison, of Winmarleigh. The stack was struck
from the top to the bottom, and the whole of the inside was consumed.
Sunday morning last, about eleven o'clock, Kendal was visited by
some very loud thunder, accompanied with vivid lightning, and large
hailstones. The lightning struck a large oak tree at Lanefoot, near
Kendal, anti split the boll from the top to the rout. It was divided into
foul pat ts, and each part splintered into thin pieces.
A mail coach commenced running on Wedoestlay from Colne to Man-
chester ; it will pass through Burnley, Edenfield, and Bury.
The winning of a new colliery It..s just commenced on Colonel Brad-
dyll's estate. near Beano, which will have the largest engine construct.
ed, being .130, and capable of extension to 260 horse power.
Mr. Gladstone has published the following facts in the Liverpool
Courier :
The annual importation of sugar from the West India colonies runs
front two hundred sad fitly to two hundred and eighty thousand casks ;
last yea) it was about twu hundred and sixty thousand, which at an
average of 14 cwt. each, gives 180,000 tons; of this quantity, about
one-fifth part is again exported in a refined state; from the Mauritius
also a slave colony, two to four hundred thousand bags of nearly one
ewe. each, arc imported : the annual average may be about 18,000 tons.
Front our possessions on the continent of India we annually receive from
one to two hundred thousand bags, of one cwt. and a half each, the
average about 8,000 tuna ; of the first, about one-fifth, and of the last,
one-fourth is exported, thus leaving a supply (which is wholly con-
mimed in the home mart).
Of West India 144,000 tons, or 13-15th parts of the whole.
Of Mauritius 15,000 tons, or 1-11th part of the whole.
Of' East India 7,000 tons, or 1-24th part of the whole.

Being together 166,000 tons.
The West India supply, with the usual proportion of rum and mo-
lasses, also the produce of the sugar cane, independent of coffee, cotton,
pimento, cocoa, &c. loads annually above six hundred ships, averaging
fully three hundred tons register each ; the Mauritius above fifty ; and
the East India not half that number, for neither runt nor molasss are
brought from either of the two last ; and however extensive these im.
portatious may appear, at present the stock in the hands of both im-
porters and dealers in the united kingdom, is not equal to more than
two months supply.
11.41111IED—At Seathwaite. near Broughton in Furness, Joseph,
son of Mr. Casson, Kiln Bank, Seathwaite, to Ann, daughter of Mr.
James Dawson, of Hall-thinner:4le.
DIED.-20, Mr. J. H. Jackson, only son of the late Mr. John
Jackson—At Poulton by the Sands, 36, Mr. R. Blackburn, Comp-
troller of Customs—At Burton in Lonsdale, 70, Mrs. Settle, relict of
Dr. Settle—Mrs. Massey, wife of Joseph Massey, jun. Esq. of Green
Hill, near Burnley—At Pearith, Rachel, wife of Mr. Richard Hind-
son, solicitor, 31—At Liverpool, Jonathan Fisher, Esq. of Har-
rington, 61.
PLYMOUTH AND DEVONPORT WEEKLY
JOURNAL, APRIL 21.
The present appearance of the orchards in the South Hams, warrants
the expectation or a good crop of apples next season.
The squadron of line.or.battle ships which is shortly to assemble at
Spithead, is to proceed to Gibraltar where it will probably be joined by
Sir Pulteney Malcolm. Should Sir Pulteney not do so, the squadron
will proceed thence to Malta, and return about autumn.
At a Garrison Court Martial, held on Monday last, two privates of
the Royal Artillery were trial foe habitual drunkenneu, when they
were found guilty, and sentenced one to six weeks solitary confinement,
and the other to three weeks, and each to be deprived of the penny per
day money, for twelve months.
' The admirers of wrestling will be gratified to learn that at the en-
suing Whitsuntide, the marches on Plymouth Hoe will be on a much
more extended scale than they have hitherto been; and from the exer-
tions making to bring the best players is both counties together, and
the liberal prizes which will be offered., we anticipate the best sport that
has been witnessed here for many years put.
At a Common Hall held on Tuesday a number of the gentlemen
named in our last were sworn in as freemen. At the sante Common
Hall it was agreed that householders rated at 151. per annum should be
eligible to be nominated as freemen—the former order to be rescinded.
It is with much pleasure we learn that the eclat of the races on
Chelson Meadow, is likely to be increased by the recent formation of
an Association, denominated " the Plymouth, Devonport, and Cornwall
Race Association." its object is to promote the breed of horses in
Devon and Cornwall, and to support the races on Chelson Meadow.
His Majesty, who gives a gold cup annually, value 100 guineas, has'
condescended to become patron; and his Royal Highness, the Duke of
Sussex, Lord High Steward of this borough, has consented to be named
Vice-President, and will henceforth give an additional piece of plate,
value 50 guineas.
A distressing accident occurred at Truro, on Saturday. A boy about
twelve years of age, had unobserved taken a gun, which was lying
loaded in his father's house, and was playing with it, at the door of
the house, when Mary Uren, a servant of Mr. John Williams, iron-
monger, was passing by. The boy playfully threatened to shoot her;
presented the gun at her head, and unfortunately pulled the trigger,
when the gun went off and lodged the shots in her head, and her right
hand, which she had placed on her eyes, when he presented the gun at
her. Her left eye and right hand are very much Injured, and she is
likely to lose the use of both; but, altogether, she is doing much
better than was expected.
Alai NO lxrar LIGE/IC E.—Copper ores for sale this week at Red.
ruth : Wheat Garland, 578; Tresavean, 494; %Cheat Towan, 337 ;
Penstruthal, 311; Tintang, 267; Fowep Consols, 251; Wh.Damsel,
148; Pembroke, 140; 1111. Hope (east) 60; South Dolcoath, 40 ;
Total, 2641 tons.
Copper for sale at Andrew's Hotel, Redruth, April 28, 1831: Wh.
Leisure, 53; Consolidated Mines. 526; United Mines, 254; Last
Crinnis, 389; Great St. George, 334; Wit. Toligus, 215% Tingtane,
165 ; Wh. Jewel, 160 ; Cadre', 154; Lanscot, 131 ; Fowey Consols,
130; Treskerby, 53 ; North Downs, 47. Total 3408 tons.

CZores for sale et Swanks, April 27 Allihies, 170 ; Crone-
bariPrer b 8 ; Chili, 91; Laity, 70; Tigrony, 66; Wicklow, 51 ;
29 ; Llwidd, 20. Total 664 tons.
Plymouth Corn Return, April 19.—Average—Wheat, 73s lid :
Nu fry, 354 2d ; oats, 24. 7d Currency.—Wheat, 59s to 78s; bar.
ley, 286 to 39s ; oats, 24s to 30a.—Our markets this week have been
scantily supplied with English grain, but the recent arrivals of Foreign
wheat causes a de in the demand, and none but the very best
sample. com a fair sale at last week's prices. The trade in
malting bailey has rather improved, and higher plies were obtained,
for grinding qualities there was no alteration. Oats commanded about
last week's currency. Liakeard—Hlitat, 17s to lfis to 18s Gd ; bar-
ley, 71 &I to 8e 4d.
MARRIED—Henry T. Smith, Req. solicitor, of Devonport, to
Miss Mary Barkyn, of Plymouth.
DIED.—At Ballast, in the Bay of' Honduras, John. the third son
of Richard Hurl n. Esq.-36, Charles Nelson Foote, Esq. solicitor—
at Haslar hospital, First Lieutenant C. Robertson, of the Portsmouth
division of Royal Mazines—.John Haynes, Esq. timber master of Ports.
mouth dock-yard—in Portland-place, Devonport, Mrs. Fotheringham,
aged eighty-two.

DERBY REPORTER, APRIL 21,

On Monday week, the Lady-day audit of the Earl of Chesterfield,
was held at Bingham, when, by his Lordship's directions, 15 per cent.
from the rents of his numerous tenantry in that town and neighbourhood
was returned.

A fire broke out at Thousway, DOW Alford, at half-put nine o'clock
on Sunday nigbt, the 10th instant, on the premises of Mr. Hill, and
consumed two stacks of wheat, supposed to contain one hundred quar-
ters, part of a barley stack, and part of an oat stack. By great exertions
the cattle were preserved, though one cow was considerably scorched
before she could be bet at li:erty- No clue to the offender has yet been
obtained.

DRAYTON MANOIL—Sir R. Peel, Bart. has commenced build:ng
his mansion. It will stand within about thirty yards of the old half,
and is to he of the style of the Elizabethan age, from a design of Mr.
Stnirke. The cost of the shell is estimated at 85,0001. and of the
interior 80,0001. An extensive park will ba formed round the mansion.
DERRY illanizt.—Fine dry samples of all sorts of grain fully so
ported last week's nrices ; but damp, rough samples, were sleo
saleable. Best Wheat,l 74s a 78s. Barley, malting, 30s a 40s; dine
grinding, 31s a 355. Oats, fine, 28. a 325. Beans, new, 38s a 40&
Flour, fine, per bag of 18 Rt. 575. Seconds, 545.
MEAT, hc.—Best. Beef, rni to 7d per pound; Mutton, Cd to 7d;
Veal, 4d to 74 ; Pork, toil to 8d; Dry Bacon Sides, Ge to 74. Butts;
In to is 2d. Eggs, 18 for Is. Potatoes, 8d per peck; Turnips, 6:1;
Apples. 2s to 3s.
Ou Tuesday morning last, a public meeting was held in the Town
Hall, Chesterfield, called by the Mayor, in consequence of a requi-
sition, 'itned by tifty.eight respectable inhabitants of that town, and
its neighbourhood, for the purpose of considering the propriety of pe-
titioning Parliament to be permitted by the bill now before the honour.
able House of Commons' to send a representative to Parliament. The
petition agreed to stales the following circumstances :
That the borough of Chesterfield, by several royal charters is of an-
dent ' and stained i the -• 182' ---

incorporation, _ cum_ _in year 181, according to the
census then taken, more than five thousand inhabitants, and at the pre-
sent time contains, accouling to the computation of the petitioners, up.
wards of six thousand. That the said borough is increasing not oily
In population but in its manufactories. That immediately adjoin
the borough of Chesterfield are seven townships, all within the p
of Chesterfield, the whole of which, including the borough, coil
according to the census of the said year 1821, a population upwards
90u0 inhabitants' a parish which is not only the centre of a large and
ft rtile agricultural district, but the capital of the northern part of the,
county of Derby.

MARRIED—John Eley, Esq, of Alport, to Elisabeth, daughter of
the live Benjamin Fox.—At Southwell, Notts, Mr. Becher &us&ld,
second daughter of 11. Becher, Esq.
DIED—Mr. Samuel %Voodhouse, of Queon-street—Mr. Walter
Bust m, of Aldwork —Mr. Thomas Bacon, of Alderwuley Iron
works.—Anne, relict of the late Brigadier Genoa! Brownrigg,aged 52.
—Mr. Smedley, "en. Newton Solney.—Mrs. Eyre, relict of the Bev.
John Eyre, archdeacon of Nottingham, and daughter of the late G. Ar.
mytage, bort. of Kirkleea.

I In :Vain, F
upon which to
these three tout
. kabitants ; and
1:
lars as are es
.l:
^ 4 ,
, '.o. • 1
1 1
, , L
it_., '
_t may
In the mean tit
~ they have, situ
'p
o.
1,000,000.
The popular.,
the three decen
may be safely t
in each year, or
of 3,200,000.
to 6,800,000,
eminent.
The reports v
augmentation s
t be unusually ra
credit they are
transpire from 1
;
I t , l'fti,. 11' estimating that
has been aster
' . i , 1821 containir
l ,'
6,801,827. I
United Kingdoi
il
I t From a curs
Europe since tl
•!;-'I life has probabl
11
• millions of soul
1 i ill • to the prey iou
r persons than i
H 1821 !
We will con
has not a little
1 ' truth—namely
• . though tracea
I' ''
perhaps be ma
ii:•!:
11• 1 •*1 11
1, l.; ? i';.'.
'1 t
and in the se
from the small
, vaccine inocul
analysis of the
that cif each i
I carried off by
malady the nu
as before 28i
that, conseque
one million bit
+lii sea
statistical wri:
I I':
11 •
malignant kit
tality caused
+ I than one in fit
; . As there ar
; . .
• w
r,' '; I