Star.
London, England, 1812-07-30 00:00:00

FOR THE TEEM AND GUMS.:,

Just published, a New Edition, price ss. illustrated with Cases,
PRACTICAL 'TREATISE on the PRE-
\TEN I'ION and CURE of the VENEREAL. DISEASE,
'matt:l:l4y its consequences, as Strictures, Glee's, &c. including'
copious and pi acticai Observations on 'fabes Dort:t is, Hyrnhon-
driasm,Onanism, Seminal Weakness, Mucal Discharges, &c. di-
vested of all technical obscurities.
By M. CA ro N, Surgeon.
Late of the United Hospitals of St. Thomas's and Guy's.
Printed for Sherwood, Neely, and !Mies, Paternoster-row; Sa-
muel kiighley, 24, Fleet-stree,, London.
Also, Icy the same Author, price Rs.
A POPULAR TREATISE on the PRF.VENTION and
CliltE of the thilerent species of ASTHMA, with Practical
Uhstlvations on the tate of the STRAN:ONIO4, and i.s
preparations in those all: ctions as well as the Hooping Cough,
including Remarks on the nutritious properties of the Sassafras
Nut in Diseases et the Lungs and Stomach.
I --------
DR: MANOR'S SCHOOL BOOKS.
New Editinnsmvised and Improved. have this day been pub-
lished by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Pater-
noster-row ; and may be -had of all Booksellers, with the full
Allowance to Schools —I.
THE ENGLISH SPELLING BOOK, intended
-2-* as an improved:lntreductien to the First Elements of the
English Language. The Hunched and FortleLh Edition. Price
Is. t'd.
The most conclusive Commentary on the superior Merits of
this Spelling Book is a statement of the fact, that upwards of I
100,000 Copies per annum are regularly ituld of it, and. that it Is
now adopted in nearly all the Schools of the United Kingdom.
2. The British Nepos; or, Lives of Biustrious Britons who-
have been distinguished for their Virtues,Talents, and Advance-
ment in Life; compiled with a view to the principle, that Ex-
ample is more powerful and more seductive than Precept. The
Tenth Edition. 'Prl:e Ss. bound.
S. A Sc lection from Plutarch of the 'Ayes of Illustrious Greeks
and Romans, with the same object as the British Nepal, to which
Work it serves as a Sup2lement and Companion. Price ss. bd.
4. The Elements of Natural History, founded on.the LiMIX2II
Arrangement of Animals; with Popular Descriptions In the
manner of Goldsmith and Buffon. The Sixth Edition, with SO
Engravings. Price 65. bound.
5. Classical English Poetry, selected from the entire Works of
the British Poets, for the Use of Scpciola and Young Persons.
By Dr. Mayor and Mr. Pratt, 61. bound.
6. Universal Stenography ; or, a Complete and Practical She
y-
stem of Short Hat;d4 being that which Is chiefly used in t
.• Courts of Law and Houses of Parliatnent, and wh'ch is taught
in the Universities and Fantle Sciwido. -14 e tiirob Edition.—
, Pasco 71. fad. Yowl.

`PEE ESSENCE oi PEARL and PEARL DEN-
TIFRICE, invented by the late JACOS Hester, Dentist to
FeelkiaraSTY and the PatHc t of WALLS, are grea.ly superior,
Owl in eiti;ance and efficacy, to any thing hitherto made ftse of;
ihty wdl effectually preserve the Teeth in a sound state even to
aldazt ; will render them white and beautiful wither.: the least
impairing the Enamel, fasten such as are loose, keep such as are
tkiready decayed from becoming worse, prevent the Tooth-ach,
jeerletdy cure the Scurvy in the Gums, and make them grow
11111 and close to the Teeth. They likewise render the breath
del.cately sweet, and remedy all those Disorders that are the
(2"liserpieuce of Scorbutic Gums and had Teeth.
They continue to be saki, wholesale and seta 1, by Bayley and
Bien, eockspur-street, I.ondon, price ta.9cl. each, and retail by
l•tiea;man (y.te Partner and Successor to Mr. Hemet), G.orge.
inter, Hanover square. -
N. ts. he Ei.senee is particu'arly recommended to Parents
peraons`who have the care of Children as the oreautst pre-
-4 ot young and tender Teeth.
None are Genuine hut what have the words, " J. Hemet
Bayley and Blew, Cockspur-street," engraved in the Stamp, and
a Label " and Blew, Cockspur-stretts London, 'pasted
11. tile back of owl bottle and bus-

PAR/8, JUI.Y its.
Intelligence has been received from the grand
of the date of the 10th July. Tio. head fin triers were
still a: Wilna. His Majesty condoned .to enjoy has
best health'
tvitaen, JOLT 7.
The events which took place on the 28th of lime,
will ever be memorable in the annals of tills city. On
that day we had° the good fortrie to behold within
, our walls the Emperor of the French. the King of
lltaly. at the head of his invincible I gions, among
whom we recognized many of ourfellnw-citizens fro
the Duchy of Warsaw. No sooner had the Russians
retreated beyond Antokol and the Green Bridge; no
sooner had the citizens taken possess; 'n of the chief
guard, than the advanced Polish and French squad-
rons of cavalry were seen hastening towards the pl .ce.
The head Magistrate, the principal inh Ibitants. and
a great concourse of people, went to meet the victo-
rious army, carrying the keys of the town. The King
of the Two Sicilies received the Deput..tion in the
most aQable manner.
After this ceremony the Deputation proceeded to
within half a mile of Ponavy, to pay homage to the
Emperor and King. The Emperor Napoleon re.
ccived the Dzputatim with his accustomed conde.
scension ; and, after a rapid inspection of the grand
i army, he gave orders ft.r taking possession of the
town. The Polish hulans of the Bth regiment, corn.
I tnanded by Prince Radzin, were the first who entered
the capital of the Jagellons. The sight of the Polish
standards excited the most noble enth'tsiasm, revived
1 the most cheering recollections in the minds of the
citizens.
As soon at the Emperor and King made his ap-
pearance, the sentiments of pate; nal affection with
which they had just been penetrated became blended
'with those of piofound admiration. At the sight of
the Emperor Napoleon the air resounded with accla-
mations of joy. The people followed him_ in crowds
wherever he went ; all were anions to have a sight
of him—all felt eager to impress upon their hearts
the image of this mighty man. On the Emperor's'
arrival at the palace, the inhabitants returned to be. '
hold the march of the French and Polish crops, who i
entered in the best order and perfect regularity. All
the youths aspire with the most noble arclaur to the
honour of being enrolled with their fellow-citizens
and patriots. The Russians, in their flight, set fire
to the bridge and the magazines. His Majesty in.
stantly on his entrance into the town, gave peremp.i
tory orders for the extinction of the cooflagration. I
The troops were put in motion, aad saved what the
flames had yet not entirely consumed.
On the following day (the 29th) the Emperor and
King walked about the town and ireviewed his
troops. After d;nncr the Nobility and the Clergy
were admitted to an audience of his Majesty, who
condescended to continue in conversation with them
upwards of an hour, leaving them under the strongest
impressions of gratitude aad admiration.
A Comm ssion has been foamed for the Govern-
-1 meet of all Lithuania. It at first consisted only of
1 five Members. His Majesty has since added two
other Members, Count Alexander Potoki, and Snits
decid, Rector of the Univetsity of Wilna. On the
t day of its -installation, the Commission issued th
Proclamations; the first is addrcs,ed to the nation,
and sets forth that the Committee for the provisional;
Government of Lithuania, hold their S ssion at the!
hotel of the former Government ; and expresses wit '
animation, die sentiments of gratitude with which a
the Poles are penetrated, for the august personage wh
has restored the liberties of Poland.
In the second Proclamation the Committee ad dl's
thanselvcs to the Clergy, and exhort them to seciind
with all their influence, the zeal of the ht ort'iy Poles
and to implore, by their prayers, the Divine favour
in order that we may render ourselves worthy of t
beneficent acts of our deliverer.
The third Proclamation has for its object the re
of the Polish military serving in the Russian army.
It is as follow:;
" POLES !—You are an let the colours of Ross!' ; this se
was Lllowed to you, at a period When you had no lOrtgts a
try ; but now a most important change has taken place. Po
is as it wine risen from the dead; it is for its entire restorati
that it behoves you now to fight ; as it compels the Ruairans
acknowledge the rights of which we have been deprived, by
pint and asuipatleo.
" The General Confederation of Poland and Lithuania
calls al: the Poles from the sety.ce of Rulsia. Genera's, :iflic
and Polish Soldiers !' Listtn to the voice of your county ; a
41011 the standard+ of r;ur oppressors ; rally all of you a. mind ti
In order that you may take your stations under ;he Eagle of l
getbins, the Casinsirs, and the S. b eskis ! Your coun:ry call
and )ou must obey ; and honour and religion pat in their it
s:stible chins. to your omelets "
The Committee is occup;ed with incessant and in
d: fatigable zeal on every subject that can proniot
the interests of the Government. The chipanmen
of Wilna is already formed ; eleven Sub-pietect
are established ; the new functionaries arc install
in their repective jurisdictions ; Commissaries ha
been sent into every arrondissement to organise th
national guard and to raise local corps. As to p
visions, the Magistrates of each division have receiv
A LIBRARY FQR POOR CHILDREN. . 'instructions to secure whatever may be strictly ne
cessary for the subsistence of the inhabitants, and 4
dozen,distinct type, price
. exchange the surplus for articles receivable in paymeni
This
day
was
published, 4s . bo printed
o r Ila
taoci thease
ba but
d
of the contributions. As the differences of measured
productive of much embarrassment, tin
T HE
rE PRESENT YOUNG
for CHILDRENCH RISI's
to SERVICE; being a Collection of lAgoiNng'SAPLPIRBERNArICREYor;
Government has requestedthe C
om.
and Religious Pieces, in Prose and Verse; consisting partly ! Committee -be productive
of
Moral, Didactic,
cal,F.tonoml-
of Selections from the hest and most pious Authors, partly of i missary General of the army to establish a staiiclar‘
Tracts published in a detached form for the same purpoie, and I between the measure of the country and the fi=end
partly of original pieces . • . measures.
Instructions have been sent to_ the Delegates'
By the Rev. S. BARROW, Vicar of Newton,
ATtithhisorwoof
rQkuisesitnitoennidoend tahsea Ne
irnstin
per
ws
tto aGrodno, Minsk, and Bialystock, to instal in their re
various Charity and Sunday Schools, or the Schools of Dr. BR Li" spective towns the public functionaries, embody thmilitia, and to use every means in their power for thi
Children and
o otter
n lea Works.
skthse !
and Mr. LANCASTER ,aisti is intended to render Education elfec•
hive and practical in regard to the moral and religious Habits of
. regular supply of provisions. • -
young I'ersons after they have left cry of those Schools.
Printed for RICHARD PHILLIPS, 47, Ludgate-hill, and to be I For the last fifteen days, we see almost everyd
bad of all Booksellers. about 400 oxen pass through this pi:fee, ciastineel
Of whom may be had, the Author's SCO Questions on the New
a _ay,
Testament, being the only practical Means ever Invented frt. g • a yii . . .
the r ind •rm They mate four leap" a
.•
Teaching the Elements of Christianity to young Persons, price Is. are )elted in pairs to wackier carte.

• I

.4Y. _.

~. .~ ri.~

----I

%

a

I

PAR4hIMENTARr PROCEEDINGS.

- HOUSE OF LORDS, /ULY 29.
the Bishop of Chester was introduced by *the Bishops of Ely
nd Oxford, and took the oaths and his Feat.
,The Royal. Assent was notified by Commission to the Vote
Credit Bill, the Peace Preservation Bill, the Toleration Bill,
e Prisoners of War. Fscape Bill, the local Tokens Bill, the
reeked Spirits and Tobacco Bill, the StoChhelders Relief B'll,
hi Poor Debtors' Relief Bill, the London Prisons Bill, Saint
orge's-fields improvement Bill, the Aloorfields Improvement
the Woods and Forests Bill, and the Irish Insolvent Deb-
Bill.
The Commissioners were, the Archbishop of CA: creamier,
e Loan CHANCIII.I.OI, and Lord WAtsittounst.
The insolvent Debtors Bill for England was again returned
om the Commoes, by Sir JANIZS GRAHAM and ocher Mem-
o, with the last Amendments of the Lords agreed to.
INCLisSURE AFFIDAVIT BILL.
Respecting this Bill the LORD CHANCELLOR observed,
it required further consideration. If its object was merely
o register AffidavPs to facilitate the proof of hand-writing rela-
e to inclosure Bills, there could be little objection to it; but
it was intended that these Affidavits were to serve as proofs of
faits stated in them, their Lordships would, no doubt, pause
good while before they sanvioned a proceeding by which they
null give up the most effectual test of truth as to the allegations
In a private Bill, the examination of witnesses VIVA stone upon
oath; there being no doubt that ivere it not for that examination',
upon oath before their Lordships' Committees, private Bills
fight frequently operate the greatest injustice towards indivi-•
;duals. With the view' thereture, that the Bill might be more
fully coa•ldered, his Lordship moved that it be read; second
time this day three mouths.—Ordered.
TM& Lordship then adjourned till to-morrow (this day.)
HOUSE OF COMMONS.

New Writs were ordered for the County of Londonderry, in
the room of Lord George Beresford, appointed to • the situation
lof Comptroller of the Household, and Generel Stewart, vp-
;pointed to the sit uaticn of Groom ot the Bedchamber.
! Sir FRANCIS BURDETT hoped the Right Hanourable the
iCharmelltw of the Exchequer would not object to the productiGti
;of the Paper moved for by him yesttlrday, namely, a Copy of a
!written Statement made on the Bth of May, 1812, to the late
Perceval, by Janes Poole, Esq. late Deputy Inspector-
./General of Foreign Corte, and transmitted by Mr. Percent to
LFraneis Perceval Elliot, Esq. one of the Auators of Public

Accounts.
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said, he ob-
jected to the producti' n of this Paper, as being of a private nature.
Sir FRANCIS BURDE'TT said the Paper in question eoa-
a distinct charge of *min aelement of the public money,
d, therefore, its being of a private nature, was no reason why
ought not to be produced.
Mr. WHARTON objected to it, Ist, because ft was of a pri-
'lite nature • and, 2(14, because it conveyed a direct libel on a
t number of intlividua:s who could not defend themselves;
particularly against the late Mr. Windham. The Accounts
fespecting Foreign Corps were very voluminous, and proves*
Was now making in adjusting thews; but till that adjustment it
vas impostible to enter into any discussion of the Paper In ques-
tion, which was extremely loose, and could nut be intelligible
Neil without reference t• the Accounts.
The Motion was agreed to be witLdrawn.
AltatY AGENCY.

, Mr. COCHRANE JOHNSTONE rose, in pun
ance of his notice, to move for certain papers rela.
•e to the present system of Army Agency. He
observed, that in 1807 he had made a motion, similar
the one he now contenwlated ; and, had it been
successful, it was his intention to have followed it up.
All he had to do on the present occasion was, to
• • ove for a series of parrs, which would enable the
t louse to judge of the propriety of altering the pre-
nt system ; and he pleited himself, in the next
• ssion, to propose a measure for that purpose. His
eat object was, to place the public money in pc(rfect
-curity. That was not now the case—for large sums
f-money were placed at the disposal of Army
• gents, in some instances without any security at
I—in others, with very little. The House might
se told, that those persons were supported by the
olonels of Regiments. But, it should be recollected
' at many of those Officers were themselves only
;Idlers of fortune, however brave and.deserving.—.
e was sure it would be impossible to find sufficient
..curity for the sums that went through the hands of
•ne agent, Mr. Greenwood. 'that gentleman was
(rent for 176 battalicns of the line, ont of '284, com-
e.
• sing our whole regular force, 14 regiments of mi-
tia, and the artillery. What, he would ask, must
• the consequence, if such a house stopped payment?
He meant tot to throw any imputation on Mr.
reenwood, but he thought so immense a sum ought
'•ot to be placed with one agent. They had lately
n houses, of the greatest Tepectability, of as high
baracter as that of Mr. Greenwood, stop payment;
ad, den before they parted, he thought something
•ught to be done, to place the public money in the
st possible state of security. The Hon. Gentleman
l• en expressed his approbation of the Act for regu;
• ting the Office of Agent-General of Volunteers and
ocal Militia, by which all bills were made payable
t the Bank of England, and he could not conceive
• by the same method should not be extended to the
ne. He did not suppose that the present system
as continued, because Mr. Greenwood was agent
it 45 Members of Parliament; it might perhaps be
asioned by a higher power ; but be hoped the
• t Sessimi would put an end to it. The Honour-
. Gentlepan concluded by reading a series of
esolutions, the first of which WAS—
. That there be laid before the House an account of the' an-
sums paid or due to each and every Aimy Agent in Great
• in and Ireland, by way of compensation for their trouble,
every regular regiment or corps, specifying the name of every
• t, and the sum paid or due to him, from the t ith of Deem-
, 1810, to the 23th of December, MI."
Mr. C. LONG dil not rise to oppose the Resolu-
s generally—but, he thought, when the balances
by the Agents. to the public were called for, in
of fairness those due by the public to. the
shall(' be forthcoming.-4Mr, JOHNSTONE
across the table, that the Resolutions were so
ed as to embrace both.] ;•••In fact, large balances
• been due to them, in consequence of the per-
xity of the regimental accounts, which retarded
:r examination ; but the present Secretary at War
• turned his attention to the subject, and had esti..
.hed a system which would enable them to make
at progress in those accounts—the difficulty of
mining which should not be referred to the agents,
to the regimental -Paymasters. A large sum of
stley he knew was owing by the public to Mr.
eenwood, and the Secretary at War, in comer
'ence, found it necessary to order s payment to be
'• de to him ; and yet tke impression conveyed by
speech a the Hon. Gentleman was, that the
blic Janney was paid at risk, and that sums were
by gr. Greenwood to the public, He was sure
Hon, Gentleman would feel it very difficult to
Ty the plan of aQeneralAgency into effect, which
old eitoely alter the present ;node of payment •
• sued 3111;17, As p any ing4tase to procure

the agency cif regiments, he knew of none. The
1. Col ,nels employed the Agents as their, servants, and
became security for them—whether that security
were sufficient, was another thing. An inquiry was
then pending, which was likely to he concluded next
Session, which would distinctly point out the balances
due, in favour of, or against the public; the question
would then come fairly before them.
Mr. DENT said, it was an undoubted fact that
the agents had sums dae to them. One house had
failed to whom Government owed a large balance,
and he believed the account was not settled to this
hour. He thought it unfair in the Hem. Gentleman
(Mr. Johnstone) to particularize one House, instead
of speaking generally. In the course of his speech,
,he had observed that Mr. Greenwood was employed

by 45 Members of Parliament, and he had also spo-
ken of a higher power. Dial he mean to say, that
that higher power participated in the profits of the
Agent ? When he mentioned the 176 battalions, he
must surely have known that every Colonel appoint-
ed his own Agent. And, if the high character of
Mr. Greenwood drew such a number to him, it re-
dounded greatly to his credit, for he believed no in-
fluence whatever was used.
Sir FRANCIS BURDETT could see no reason
why there should not be an uniform mode for the
payment of the Army, and a person with a fixed
establishment appointed to superintend it. It appear-
ed very suspicious, that one man should have almost
the whole Agency of the Army. If, as was said, an
intimacy subsisted between the Gentleman alluded
to and the Duke of York, it was not then difficult to
perceive the influence that occasioned this monopoly;
for it could not be considered wonderful that the Co-
lonels of regiments should have that connection in
view. Mr. Greenwood's business was worth from
410,000 to £BO,OOO per annum ; but he was sure a
person with £5,000 a year would consider himself
amply repaid for his trouble in conducting the agen-
cy generally. The Right Hon. Gentleman (Mr.
Long) observed, that several of the Agents, particu-
larly Mr. Greenwood, had balances due to them from
Government : he believed that the public money was
always greatly in advance to the Agents, and it was
infinitely better that it should be lodged in the Bank
of England. When the Right Hon. Gentleman
spoke of the regimental accounts not being made up,
he thought it argued a great deal of neglect, and
ought to he enquired into.
Mr. ROSE said, while he held the situation at
present occupied by Ms
.Right Hon. Friend (Mr.
Long) he endeavoured to bring those accounts to a
settlement ; and that it had not been done, arose not
from a dereliction of duty in the persons connected
with the Pay Office, but from the extreme difficulty
attending regimental accounts. The agents, he could
aver, in many instances, had large sums due to them
from the public ; and with respect to Mr. Green-
wood, that was the case. He did not know that
Gentleman—he never conversed with him in his life;
but it was due to his character to state, that he be-
lieved no man could conduct himself more honour-
ably. The idea of a general agency was not new ;
but though some advantages might be derived from
it, they would be greatly outweighed by the evils it
would probably occasion.
Mr. PARNELL was of opinion, that the Reports
of the Commissioners of Military Inquiry had been
shamefully neglected. If their suggestii.ns had been
followed, in his opinion all this contusion of accounts
would have been avoided. The country had been
pin to an enormous expellee for enquiries into vari-
ous branches of public service : £50,000 or .C 60,000
had been paid to the Commissioners of Military In-
quiry, and he could wish to have it strewn that great
practical benefits had resulted from those labours.
Mr. ROSE wished merely to ttate his perfect con-
viction, that the insinuation of an improper influence
being exerted to give a monopoly of regimental agen.
cies to a Particular individual was utterly unfounded.
He believed there never had been an interference of
any kind made use of by the personage alluded to.
Mr. LONG said, that the Bill introduced by Mr.
Burke, which directed a different account to be open-
ed for every regiment of the line, and rendered a va-
riety of details necessary, rendered it impracticable
for any Secretary at War to investigate them all.—
When every soleier in the army had his separate ac-
count, it was natural that there should be much per-
plexity and complication ; it was therefore impossible
to go.through the accounts with all the celerity which
the public interest required. If there was a defect in
the system, it arose from an attempt to produce a
very great degree of accuracy. He knew if that ac-
curacy were not observed the work would be sooner
performed; but, by giving up a fraction here and
there, a very serious loss would result. Therefore,
the Secretary at War was at present endeavomingeo
draw up the accounts on the plan laid down in Mr.
Burke's Bill. There was no doubt that large sums
had been due to Mr. Greenwood frem the public.-1
As to the influence of a higher power, which hadl
been alluded to, he thought it would,be more just WI
the Honourable Gentleman, instead of dealing in in-
sinuations, would make a direct charge. The fact
was, the Colonel of every regiment appointed his
own agent, and what authority was there to interfere
with that rigll? For his own part, he never heard
of any such interference on the part of the Duke of
Yot k. When the Hon. Gentleman said that the
public money was placed at risk because Mr. Green-
; wood had so many agencies, he could not help es.
pressiiig his belief that it was as safe in his hands as
in those of any other agent.
Mr. PA4VELL and Mr. Loso explained.
Mr. C. JOHNSTONE said, the Right Hon.
Gentleman'( Mr. Long) had no right to attack hini
as wishing to have an account only of the balances
against the agents—the words of one of the resole-
tions expressly were 1, for and against." In speak.'
ing of the Louse of Cox and Greenwood, he meant
not to cast any reflection on it. Mr. Greenwood
he knew to be a man who had performed many ex-
cellent acts—but, on public griaunda, he did not
think it right that an ,inalivkitial should monopolize,
almost the whale army,and what he stated Would
apply to all army agents. There might be a diver-
sity of opinion with respect to a general kigent, but
none could sexist as to putting the morn in perfect
security.
Mr. MARTIN (of Galway) thought, in the,
present state of public credit, the klon. Gentleman,
should have been perfectly sure that a large baling'',
was due by 4r. Qreenwootl before he in acl.: the
*Waco.

Mr 3OHNSTONE denied that he had NM
single farthing of balance was due. All he stated
was, that Mr. Greenwcod did not find security
for the enormous sums which passed through his

hands.
Mr. MARTIN did not meen to say that the Hon.
Gentleman did, in direct terms, assert that Mr.
Greenwood was a considerable debtor to the Public;
but it must be in the recollection of every Gentle-
man present, that, by insinuation, it was so to be
understood ; for of what importance was it to the
public, that large sums were received by the House,
if they were repaid ? Such an insinuation, out of
doors, would render a man liable to a heavy action.
He was glad to hear it asserted, by those who had
an opportunity of knowing the fact, that there was,
upon the whole, looking to the receipt and expendi-
ture, a balance due by the.public to that respectable
house.
After a few words from Mr. Joist4sTowa and
Mr, LoNG, the first Resolution was put and carried
nern. con.

He then proposed six other Resolutions, compre-
hending the Royal Artillery, Waggon Train, &c. ;
also an account of the sums paid in advance to dif-
ferent Agents ' • and an account of the annual expen-
diture of the Paymaster-General of the Royal Ma-
rines, all of which were agreed to.