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THE CASE OF A LITERARY LADY OF NOBLC, BIRTH.
SHE is Seventy Years of Age, and nearly deprived of
Sight. Although a native of this country, her whole life having
been spent on the Continent, she is without friends. She was the com-
panion of the Princess Liunballe at the very moment that she f 4.11 a
martyr to the fury of the Parisian mob, and even naives' a wound in
her arm in the struggle which ensued on that fearful occasion. She
afterwards moved for many years in the first Continental circles, as tlic
wife of a Venetian Nobleman. The vicissitudes in the Italian States,
incident to the French Revolution, deprived ha Husband of fortune;
and time and distress deprived her soon after of a Hu-band. Friendless
abroad, she came to this Country, in hopes to gain assistruiec, until
she recovered property due to her Husband by a Foreign Government.
In this she has hitherto been unsuccessful ; and she has supported her.
self for sometime by her Literary Exertions. This lust resource, from
physical affliction, now fails her, and she is driven to state her case to
those who have the means, and may have the generosity, to contribute
to her relief. To many of the Aristocracy in this Country her misfor-
tunes are known; and it is hoped if this should meet their eye, that
they will kindly exert themselves in her favour. The truth of this case
can he ascertained,' by applying to Mr. llberry, Bookseller, Great
Titchfield-street ; Mr. Allison, Bookseller, Ncw Bond-street; Mr.
Toinkinson, Piano-Forte maker, Dean-street, Suho; and Mr. Lewis,
Surgeon, Muntaguesstreet, Manchester square, —where Subscriptions'
will be thankfully received, and at the Office of this Paper, and the Names
of the Suliscribers will be regularly Published.
This Advertisement is written without concert with: the object,
but (ruin an almost spontaneous perception in the Editor of this Paper,
that sonic exertions to succour the poor woman whose ease he has de-
picted, is one of those acts of charity which it would be culpable to ne-
glect.—She appears a woman of great ability, and most unusual extent
of intelligence.

LITERATURE.

EnglawP4 Liberty and Properity, based on Irulependenee of
Election. By T. FORSTML, M.B. F.L.S. 2s.

Dr. Forster introduces his work by an address to the
Hon. William Long Wellesley, M.P. and gives a history of
recent struggles in the county of fasex. He pays Mr.
Wellesley the following unequivocal compliment.
Independently of the respect due to any man possessed of your for-
tune and acquirements, who willingly foregoes the luxurious ease of pri.
vale life in order to defend the liberties of Ids countrymen us the !torus
lar representative of a great and iuflucuthd county, there arc s.veral '
circumstances which would point you out as the most proper person
under whose patronage I should transmit to the public the fullowin,
Memorial on the Origin, Nature. and Consequences of th: lute long pro.
tracted, end, as I shall show, important Contest, for the County of
Essex. I have. addressed these oin.ervations to freeholders aho ate des.
tined to become your constituents: and if I judge rightly of the dcgrec
of esteem which they feel towards your cause, I could not have found
out a better mode of securing their attentive perusal of the various ar-
guments used in die following pages than the one which so naturally
suggests itsclf--ihuL of dedicating them to yourself.
His anecdotes of Maldon, Mr. Western, and Mr. Harvey,
are curious.

It is well known that Member Gtucoygn succeeded in destroying the
charter of Malde) : this, when I come to compare certain dates, stems
to me to have taken place early in the reign of George 111. sly this
event the succession of the admission of free burgesses was interrupted;
so that the number of voters, once exceeding two eitousuud, etas in
1806 reduced to the number of about 63, the youngest of %Isom was
near threescore and ten years of age.
No, it will be recollecal by the add ftbalsitants of Csses, tha.
Mr. Western and the family of Colonel Strati. had been in the tr d's.
turhed possessio. of the ',presentation of Mah.,ss ever slue, 17841
whin the present 11 big member for the county was then, for the ars
returned for that borough. During dr: period that elapsed be.
tween 1788 and 1:116, occurred that kiwi, exist flair-, and harassing war,
which was brought :slam. by the polity of Pitt, buthoorously styled the
taxmongcr, from the heavy load of tastes, imposed by him on the
country, to defray its ruin us expenses. The principles of this war
occasioned a grand division among the leading vslii;vians of that pc
rind. Mr. %them' ass one among the number of those who uni-
formly opposed the war, wish a degiee of seal, courage, and intellig cce
that reflect considenshle honour on his penetration and character ; anti
hich must render it ever a painful refl.cticsa to his friends, toat ,he
Th.rty which Its represented should ever have comprom:sed its pvlitiral
conAstency, by coalescing whit the party who had so low. been t:istin-
guished by an obstinate adherence to the grounds ou which the war was
waged."
It was at this period that the individual, who has played so distin-
guishes' e part on the political drama of Essex, and who was prop;.','
chosen by you, to conduct your recent contest sr the county, first prt-
sented himself as u conspicuous character before the public. land t'w
charter of Maldon not been destroyed, Mr. Harvey would, it smuts,
have been enti.led to his freedom as the son of a burgess. This of
course wade lam anxious to restore the chatter. Mr. Gusted', dr
friend of Mr. Morey heed promised, should he be returned, to attempt
its restoration ; and thus; Mr. Garvey in advocatiag the cause of his
canvas, couples' the tom unable feelings of private friendship with n
laueLlik desire of restoring the elective franchise of near three thousand
of his fellow.countrymen who were anxious to resuscitate their dor.
want rights. Now such was the popularity of this cause, that Mr.
Harvey succeeded in polling it majority of two over Mr. Western, and
thus securing the return of Mr. Gaskell ; who was, however, unseated
by petition, and Mr. Western became the member; but on the retire—
ment of that gentleman in 1812, Mr. Gaskell came in, having in the
interim obtained the desired restoration of the charter.

Before I leave the subjmt, it mil be as ;;11,1; order to complete
this sketch, to say something of the Colchester elections. In 1810,
L. W. Harvey, Esq attempted to reptemmt that borough, opposing
Mr. Hart Davis, and Mr. Ti.ornton. in 1810 he was returned fur that
borough, hie opponents being Mr. J. B. Wildman, and Mr. Peter',

The 1/105, prominent object that presents Itself to me, as resulting
from a fair r:psescn.ation of ilia bulk of the people, is a repeal of the
assessed :axes, and the suisstitution of a graduated property tax, eon.
structed on such 3 ratio of increment, as to draw largely from the long
purses of the rich and voluptuous, according teitheir respective means of
meeting its 4ensatitls. while it kaves the ingenious mechanic and honest
labourer in the full poss.-slim of their dearly earned morsel, nor
cramps human indos.ry by a destructive system of assessments and du-
ties. Hcnrc she public exchequer will tic replenished with the rctlun.
dant wealth of those who can -carcely tel its loss; and who ought, in
justice, to contribute 'se most lay.,ely to die state which protected them
In the full enjoymen, of Mc la.. !..t or Its comforts,
The second thing I will to:loe mit is the restoration of tithes to their
original use, in suet, a tetei•er.oto and grailual manner' as shall advance
the close of religion seiiiimit iojorlug the Interests of the present in-
cumbents. For tithe. simoig. In early dohs of C..tholic piety, out of
the best maxims of Christian charity, which obliged those who pro.
fessed to love God above all things, to manifest their equal love for
their follow creature. as for themselves, by the onistructiou of a fund
raised by levy on the it otli of every man's produce
I. For the support of the hotiesi. poor ;
2. Fur the repairs of the church ; and
3. For the k:eriog of the elegy in Use necessaries, but not in the
luxuries of life.
Hence, in those times, there were neither poor's rates nor church
rates; end as the IMMINIC:"Ii, frateroitics of convents and monasteries
emptied the 11.0 s of plenty into the co urges of too indigent, the horrid
cry of want, ill .1)..11M1 y.ll of stoning pauperi-ri which assail our
(WS, Was diels Ilt.h:ard. Tit:: osonop..iy of the tithes by .he pastern and
lay rector. was a par, of the gc,,enil ttepretladoo and sacrilegious plun-
,rer of th • foot matlo,.ri and of th • riches of the chinch, which
w:re us, ti at th: time of the reformation, us a bribe to Witco men to
barer, I.s p, lf, the uitivental religion of this country and of the ci.
siliatJ WOll,l. - .

Lo the gnu' old times in which tithes were instituted, they were ac-
tually applied to ebnritailk purists's- ; Mk, at that period when reli.'ion
wua unit, ',any vzspected, tilt, were few jails, no pa.ish workholues,
and very want; every village curare was a father to his people, he
was their director. their friend, and their physician : even the convents,
agaii,t which aliases ware nohsequently charged, were treasuries
iur poor, wlio sere fed at their gates, anti educated by the vestals
who nalltad their cloiston ; rind thus the hallowed walls resoundul
with the tean of die pont tout's blessings. Now what have we got in
inuriern iito,s, with a cler:_;y in possession -fall the tithes—constituting
•• tax for the religious education of the peopi.: at the rate of about nine
millions u year ? What can we shew with nil this ; but a country full
of overloaded prisons, a gross catalogue of crimes, it juvenile delinquency
before unknown. and a discontented and impoverished population !
That :t w iser Ldjustm:nt of taxation, and a better distribution of tithes
vould tend to 'wiry the growing evil, by promminv the influence of
Chris:ix:hi, over tit: heart, is what I concur with the wisest statesmen
in believing : 111'4 would mace so important a feature in modern im-
provement, that they vullit never to be lost night of by those who are
desirous to see their country prosperous and happy.

In the following passage Dr. F. becomes eloquent, and it
proves the powers of a man of learning, to illustrate even
the triteness of election Willett with interesting variety :

Lct us now take an example of the effects of religious institutions
Non what I call the Chi istian year, which, ns the antient calendars re.
preszeted it, was but it chronicle of the lxtunties of divine providence :
end we shall ace that while the animating changes of its various feasts,
fasts, ceremonies, processions, and rites, relieve and elevate the mind,
they also refit:slim and invierate the body ; that they arc as useful u
they are delightful; and that they make us feel that to the wisdom of
our forefathers belongs the adage versified by the poet, who said,
" Osamu Nig puuetuni qui iniscuil dulci.”
In old dines of British hospitality, when the landlord had always
good Moen' for the tenant. on the fairs, wakes, end festive days; red
it lien the I einantry ware itt+py, because their rights were respected,
their betels united, and their cares and troubles solae«1 by a religion
of bright hopes, taught to every child us soon as it could lisp, by a
kind aft: fatherly priesthood; when cowers:ice and pride had not
sapped the sirtue a the s i.altity, nor its rennet, appeared in the vul-
gar insolence, ins. bet dtruttion. tint; ilieconteat of the poor: in these
Woe!, I ,:sy, the cootiog round of the great feasts, fasts, and holi-
days of tits tear niade up the principal objects of the poor man's
For abil, they tifiliteied him temporary rlief from toil on
earth; they (aught bin, to connect sill his pleasures with the hopes of
paradise; halatteing as it weir, labour and recreation across the rail-
way of life, and making periods of joyous festivity, helps up the ladder
to bed V: 0.
The fawn of the vatious feasts then constituted the truest of human •
&11t lies : for :itey ;Mottled pleasure without the alloy of reoret at the
light of time with which the returning seasons aloha wouhl embittee
our setnations : every festival marked some period in the progress of
the lila of a pilgrim to Elysium, which while it subdued ale force of
sorrows, gave animation to present joys, and made existerce appear
only to be heginaing where moral life ended ; thus pouring the halm
consolation over cares and penances, while it steeped the inietlittler
of fleeting mirth and festivity, ice the true spirit of evetlasting hap-
piness,
It was in ancient families that the children looked forward from
fatival to festival as to important prins periods, and counted the days
from Christmas to Easter, and from Whitsuntide to the Assumption,
as marking the return of holidays, when after salicary penances, titcy
shehild dance and sing, and skip on the green. decorated with gar.
lanes, to the soiled of the merry pipe, when old and young came forth
to enjoy festivities in tthith by social communion and pleasantry, they
forecast the joys of heaven.
The aged (tippet tics festivals as well as the young; the infirm, In
moments of case, a. well as the vigorous; for to all they told the Im-
pressive talc of joys to come ; merged the value of present pleasures
in the ht pottatica of their future entail, and equalized the value of
immortal life to all. Reason and faith taught all in those days they
tine was incommensurate to eternity. And whether life was reduced
to the lingering memory of a second chi Mood, enjoyed Mill, in
the full vigour of manhood, er, as yet, only dawning
on the c xpectaticy of youth, it was viewed merely as a
passing moment el trial, the beginiug or point of min.
duacedicat of a great something called e minty, in which the changing
qualities of time and space would he lot in a perpetuity of enjoyment
to come, on an infinitely magnified scale. f.very chutch was then an
eutblent of some truth, the Spire pointed to the place to which men are
to aspire ; the cock on the vane wets an emblem of viigilance which
always moved accordant to the breath of heaven ; the pahned windows
were storied with religious history; every niche in the wall filled wish'
images of exemplary persons; and the .hells in the ample .Called the.
faithful to prayer, imitative in their sweet notes of the admonition of the
original preachers, some deep, 10010 tledll, some lead, 'soma mellow,'
but all in melodious harmony t. the lightql Vat& rste.emblear of jqy,
and the music was expressive of M icah:mil of an "united congvega
All these salutary helps are still to be found among the " Institutions of
Christianity ;" but they are abolished by that specious thing called

A Letter, addressed to the Right Hon. Earl Grey, 4.e. 4c. on Me
State of our Political and Commercial Relations with Fortiro,.
7 WM. WALTON,
his is a very able pamphlet on a subject which has
lately been little studied, owing to the higher claims of
other topics, and to the disgust felt against the governors
and governments of the peninsula.
Our intimacy with Portugal commenced, during the earliest days of
that monarchy. An army of adventurers, staled to have amounted to
14,000 men, embarked in 200 ships, and composed of English. Nor.
mans, and Flemings, bound to the Holy Land, owing to stress of ire:.
they, put into the Douro, where they waited eleven days for their hadvr,
Count Arnold de Ardescot, whose vessel had been separated from the
rest. In the interval, a negotiation commenced, through the medium
of the Bishop of Oporto, and it was eventually arranged that the fleet
should proceed to the Tagus, where it arrived on the vigil of St. Peter
and St. Paul, 1147. Alonzo I. lately proclaimed king, was at that
time preparing his second attack upon Lisbon, a formidable position,
garrisoned by a large army of Moors. The crusaders accepted the over-
tures made to them, and, having landed, materially contributed to the
success of the enterprise. For this assistance they received a large pore
tion of the plunder, together with valuable grants, of which many
availed themselves by remaining in the kingdom. Almada and Sacay.nn
were settled by Englishmen, belonging to this expedition. Oa the
taking of Lisbon, an Englishman, of the name of Gilbert, also em-
barked in the fleet, was appointed Bishop; and it is a curious fact
that he ordered the breviary and missal, of the Amnon Church of
Salisbury, to be used in his diocese, which practice continued till the
year UM, when the Row lehassiee was introduced.
The earliest remarkable mention I find made, in Portuguese history,
of British resident %ratters in that country. occurs in • long series of
Grievances, presented by the Cortes of Rears, in 1482, to King John
11. This mica is divided into 174 head., or chapters, all relating to
the intense/ adrisluisseatien. The complaint alluded to is curious, and
being confident that it never before appeared in English, I subjoin an
entire version.
" Item—Sire, the inhabitants of your kingdoms receive great
injury and your rights equal detriment, from therein allowing
fortinm establishments, such as of English, Flemings, Castilians, and
Genoese; the consequence of which is, that the English resi-
dent*, regularly every year, bestir themselves at the wine and oil sea-
son, for the purpose of ascertaining the quantities on hand and proba-
ble prices, according to the appearances of the times ; and, in order to
learn the same with snore certainty, at the period of the crops. they
bribe a broker to carry them round the district of the city of Lisbon,
who shows them all the estates, and there they minutely inquired into
the quantities of wine, oil, and other articles to be found ; which in.
formation, as soon as obtained, they seed off to their own country for
the use of their partners; in such manner that they are Wormed be-
fore hand of the merchandise ;hat is to be sent therefrom, according to
the .I)w:earn:es of the times, in ender to sell it well and make better
putei .1-es ; they are always them on di. alen,wlierces your subjects are
dimwit of their guntd ; and acconling to the said advices, when the
English would otherseiee bring to the City of Lisbon three thousand
pieces of clothe, they only bring ea thousand five hundred, and this is
occasioned by their r. Advisee here, as they send over accounts of the
signs of the times. in otda the better to sell what they bring over and
with greater pro& eurehea theit return.; likewise, the Flemings and
Genoese never do nary good to your Kingdoms ; they rather rob then,
of their gold and Alva. coin. mood discover your secrets regarding Mines
and the (*laud.; and, as for the Custilians, those of them who.
for their molprecatas in tl‘eir own country, are despised and
thetefrum, in your Kingdoms arc received anti cherished ;
from which •ou t aim:eh:lac great disservice, because ell endeavour to
dimioith your rids istni destroy your kingdoms; in consequence where-
of, Sire, your people b. *cece your lieelluees, from this time hencefor-
wards, nor. to allow the said resident* in your kingdoms, or lordships,
and that they should go peaceably away, until a catain time ; and that
every for. ign increht.nt shall return in the ship, or vessel, in which he
cam., under u certain penalty, because forcign residents and merchants,
if permitted to remain, arc a living plague (playa viva, that destroys
the land; mill the Herr:add will promote your service and be of great
advantage to your native subjects."
la rise annals of our Portuguese connection, the year 1703 is me-
mot able.

A convention *vs signed on the 16th of May. 1763, a stl followed by
a new cointrercial arran.r*ement, known by the name of the Methuen
Treaty, concluded on the 27th December in the same year, of abiet
the following is a copy.
/1. • IP% 411
' " Article I. Ills sacred Royal Majesty of Pogogal promises% both
in his own name :rind that of his aueeessur., to ad.i.:t, for ever hereafter,
into Portugal, the woollen cloths anti the rose of the woollen inanufse-
tur:s of the British, it- was accustomed till they tette prohibited by the
laws ; nevertlieksa, upon this condition ; that is to say,
" Article 2. That tier Sacred Royal Majesty cif Great Britain shall,
in her own name iiial that of her SUCC4:I4OIT, be obliged for ever here-
atter to admit the wines of the growth of Portugal into Britain ; so that
at no time, whether there shall be peace or war between the kingdoms
of Britain rind Fiance, any thing more shall be demanded for these
win.% by the name of custom, or duty, or by any other title whatsoever,
directly or indirectly, whether they shall be imported into Great Litt.
tain in pipes, or bogsliet.ds, or other casks, than what shall be demanded
for the like measure or quantity of French wine, deducting or abating
one third part of the custom, or duty. But if lit any time Ibis deduc-
tion, or abatement of customs, which is to be made us aforesaid, shall
in ally outliner be autinpted and prejudiced, it shall be just and
lowtul for his Sacred Royal Majesty of Poriteal amain to prohibit the
woollen cloths and the rest of the British woollen manufactures"
Our commerce with Portugal thrived so well that, towards the year
1745, 6 or 700 British vessels arrived at Lisbon annually, and we be-
sides carried the pritcipal part of the trade of that port to the Mediter-
ranean. The largest proportion of the supplies of Boar was also re-
ceived from the British Allelic/11 Colonies, of cod-Ilsh from Newfound-
land, and of provisions from Ireland.
1761—Imports (Portugal) .... . • 4299,088
.. ... (Madeira) ......... 3 JBl
... —Exports (Portugal)
(Madeira ) . 31,605
1762—Imports (Portugal .. 369 127
.. ... ( Madeira 1 3,729
E.. —xportsia(P ortugal .. 9011.729
... ... Madeira) .. 43,232
kit 1809, the offic value of our exports to and imports Lean Porto.
gal, stood thus--Exports, 1,011,8931. Imports, 916.8471.
In the same year toand from Madeira--Exports. 187,1301 Intputs,
10,4101.
In the same year, 247 British and 70 Foreign vessels entered the
ports of England, from Portugal, Madeira, and Azores.
The following abstract, constractcd front official data obtained in
Lisbon, from 1819, exhibit a comparative view in rein, or the natienal
currency, of the commerce of the various foreign nations carried on with
Portugal Great allowances must nevertheless be mad: for smuggling
and under-valuation.

Imports. Expot ti.
.. 7464.146,836 4219,087,093

... 2121,762,068 - 1946,11069
... 307,249,322 642,6261773
.. • • 360,0731727 - 474810503
... 601,1941,306 117,1111,645

. . 617,451,403 1.4176
.. 400,413,430 r 750.81160
... 482,681,217 *177,220
189-9"^ 16501,375
716