Star.
London, England, 1831-10-05 00:00:00

WHIG AND TORY.

It is curious to trace the origin of these titles,
which are now " the order of the day." Hume
says that 1680 was remarkable for being the epoch
of the well known epithet of Whig and Tory, and
by which our island has been so long divided.
Of Whig, the following may be held the ori-
gin, from Laing's account. When Argyle and
Lothian had begun an insurrection in the High-
lands, the expedition was termed the Whigamore's
inroad, from a word employed by the peasants in
the west in driving horses, and the name trans-
ferred in the succeeding reign to the opponents of
the court, is cherished by the Whigs as the ge-
Innine descendants of the covenanting Scots.
Johnson says, Whig, Sax. whey, butter-milk, or
vbry small beer. Again, Whig, first applied to
those in Scotland who kept their meetings in the
fields, their common food being sour milk • ;
a nick name given those who were against the
Court interest in the time of Charles and Jas. 11.
and to such as were for it in succeeding reigns.
As to Tory, he says, a word first used by the
Protestants in Ireland, to signify those Irish com-
mon rAbers who stood outlawed, is now a nick-
name to such as call themselves high churchmen.
Further : Johnson says, Tory is derived from an
Irish word signifying a savage, one who adheres
to the antient Constitution .of the state, and
the apostolical hierarchy of the church of England
--opposed to a Whig.
Turbhee is the Irish appellation of a person
v•-to seizes by force, whether really so or not, what
he dlleges to be his property.
Defoe, says Tory is Irish, and au first made
use fin Ireland in the time of Elizabeth's wars,
j there signifying robbers who preyed in general
upon their country.
Whig is decidedly Scots, and began when tho
' western men, called Cameronians, took up arms
frequently for their religion. At the insurrecti n of
Bothwell, in 1681, the Duke of Monmouth, then
in favour here, was sent against them by King
Chet les and defeated them. Instead of receiving'
I thanks it his return for his good services, be found
himself' ill treated for using them mercifully.—
And Lauderdale told Charles, with an oath that the
Duke had been so civil to the Whigs because be
was a Whig himself in his heart. This made it
a cone t word, and in a short time all the friends and
Ifillowers of the Duke began to be called • Whigs,
and they as the other.party did by the word Tory,
took it freely enough to themselves.

• In different parts of Caledonia, the word whim is, to this
day applied to a sour liquor obtained from milk or cream.
The whim is taken from the cream after it hes been collected
a week for kirning, and drawn from the bottom of the cask
biiggot. It is 'also taken from sour milk, when in a
coagulated
state, or what the Scots call leppert-neifir, being
merely the thin watery substance separated from the curd, on
stirring it'about. The whig of sour milk and cream, is ex-
tremely tact to the taste. alight not the term whig have
been first applied to the Covenanters, in derision of their
austere manners, and unpalatabie opinions ? Teri may
be also denominated—ilighfiyer !

King's College will open, in all its Departments,
in the present month ;—the Medical School on the
10th, and the Senior and Junior Departments en
the 17th.

Sir RICHARD PHILLIPS is proposing to renew,
on the first of next January, his Monthly Journal
of new Voyages and Travels, under the descriptive
title of " Tun TRAVELLER, or Journal of Geo-
graphical Novelties." It will embrace, like the
former series; 'translations from the French and
Gentian of all new voyages and travels published
abroad, reprints of American voyages and travels,
analysis of English voyages and travels, and acme
pages of miscelVanio.o geographical and geological
intelligence. As a periodical for general -perusal, ,
none will or can be more useful, desirable, 10
ioteresting to eve7tlass of readers: "

.

SKETCH OF HOME COLONIZATION.

We have before mentioned that Mr. Owes, anal
mate ether gentlemen are exerting theitsdeiss to!
,t/Ittnin the co.opg.rmion of Pavernatmtt to it. plan'
lot nmpsloylng productively the present ittfrvini
populaion of Ireland, by the egtablishmant of
egricultural colonies 'similar to that at NeW tip
nark, or what has been so successfully accomplished
in Holland. We think, therefore, the following
sketch by one who lately visited the Agricultural
Herne Colonies of Frederick's Oord, and was an
eye witness of their success, cannot be devoid of
interest:

A SKETCH OF FREDERICK'S 001113 IN 1830.
It will be remembered that the institutions em-
ployed in Holland of late years for the relief of the
indigent poor, occupied some time since a conside-
rable degree of attention in Ireland. I am not
aware whether the plane have prospered which
were here adopted in conformity with that system,
but I have heard that party differences unfortu-
nately interfered. At all events a.short sketch by
one who visited the agricultural home colonies of
Frederick's Oord about two months ago, and was
an eye witness of their success, cannot be devoid
of interest except by the fault of the draughtsman,
who would not ha-e thought of claiming a place
in your columns, were it not in favour of an
important institution at once free from the ha-
zards of the Poor Laws and the confessed defi-
ciencies of casual eharity.
The Colony of Frederick's Oord is situated on
the confines of Drenthe and Fritzlaid, in a distant
and desolate part of Holland, but deserves much
notice from being the largest establishment and
from having occupied more than any other the care
and examination of the natives. I crossed the.
Zuyder Zee from Amsterdam, passed a marshy
country for about twenty miles on a road or dyke,
elevated above the "surrounding fens, and took up
my abode for a day or two in the clean and coin-
fortable inn, established chiefly for visitors to the
Colony. A small picturesque wood-of oak and fie
trees forms the centre of this vast agricultural vil-
lage, entirely occupied by those who would in
England be called paupers. On visiting the part
first inhabited, I found a number of small neatly
built cottages, uniform as to size, shape, and posi-
tion, each standing separate, and having adjoined
between five and six statute acres occupied by
grass, barley, rye, and potatoes in small partitions.
There were no divisions to be seen of hedge, fence,
or wall, but merely separations of narrow raised
paths, which are found sufficient, the cattle being
fed entirely in the house. Besides the farm
attached to each dwelling house, and cul-
tivated according to the direction and will
of a skilful superintendent—there is a garden for
each family, entirely at their own disposal. It was
generally full of vegetables, and embellished with
flowers. On walking to the boundaries of the cul-
tivated district, I examined the nature of the soil
which bad been thus reclaimed, and undergone in
a few years such a complete metamorphosis. In
its natural state it was as poor and as destitute of
vegetation as can be conceived, consisting of a sur-
face of heath and mossy earth, resting on a sub-
stratum of sand. An English common or Irish
bog is apparently a paradise of fertility, in compa-
rison with the sterile heath which has been par-
tially converted to a state of high production by
labour, vigilance, and a fortunate system of cul-
ture, under the care of a benevolent association.
The ithabitants whom I met were well clothed,
healthy, and cheerful, and I was more than once
invited to eater and examine the cottages, with
which the occupants seemed highly satisfied, and
so far from the strict discipline of the establish-
ment having produced any thing dull or slavish in
their character, they appeared to me more lively
and energetic than any of their Dutch brethren I
had met with before. The interior of the cottages
was most comfortably arranged, and fitted up with
all the requisites for cookery and cleanliness.
Clocks, prints, and other humble ornaments, were
not uncommon. Adjoining to the dwelling house
was a barn occupied by a cow and pigs in separate
partitions, and also by a heap of turf, and another
of potatoes. I must not forget the arrangement of
the beds, which resemble the births on board
ship, with curtains to be drawn across. By this
' mode little room is occupied, a smaller supply of
' bed clothes suffices, and each individual may. have
a separate birth. In short, the most cautious in-
vestigation has been exercised to discover the best
method of supplying the wants of the poor in every
point, however trifling, though I might mention
some instances which would perhaps draw forth a
' smile. A family of paupers arrives at the colony
destitute of the most common necessaries of life,
perhaps having been for a long period unemployed
and uneducated, and without hope as to future
melioration. In one hour after their arrival, the
said family is housed and clothed, supplied with
food and furniture, with a garden, pigs, and cow.
Support in case of sickness, education for children,
and certain rewards for industry are ensured.
I shall proceed to demil as briefly as possible,
Use machinery by whicfi this useful system was
-Mt in motion. The plan is at once economical
and benevolent, and peculiarly free from the ob-
Lations usually brought forward against the Poor
Laws. Indeed if a system had beep expressly
formed to compromise between the various con-
tending opinions in Great Britain on the subject,
one more effectual could scarcely have been de-
vised. It woulil satisfy Chalmers and his followers,
the contributions towards its support being volun-
tary, and the principles of charity being inviolate.
To those who naturally dread that odious species
of theft, so unfortunately. palliated •hy the light
appellation of JOBBING, it may be observed that
the whole establishment is Conducted with. publicity, as to make such an evil as im-
possible as the nature or human institutions wjll
admit ; and if it is possible by any means to give a
sop to the Cerberus head of Malthus, it is done
by the worthy,: Dutchmen, the due proportion be-
tween the production of the soil and the popula-
tion thereby to be maintained, being kept up with
the utmost care and assiduity.
Notwithetading the angry din and turmoil of
politics, such institutions demand the investigation
of all patriotii Irishmen. They rest their claim:
I not so much on theory as on the authority of az-.
ample and precedent; on their salaam and
zealous continuance among a eeigllbpiving people,
justly celebrated for peraeveppce, ecoStecly, :be-
nevolence, and cautious judgment;-4Mehtiolvittest
needful for
,the, euppni t 4( true and politic
of el
Al, YelF 1818 a thl
wipe, whose object was to tio au is their Potolit

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•• .

to extirpate poverty and distress from its native
country, by the application of manual industry to'
the cultivetkm of barren soils, and by instructing
those !Opl their care in the means of supplying
thimselves...with such articles of manufacture as
consfoit requires. The society proposed to effect
their abject by vigilant care and stiperintendence,
by a moderate outlay of 'capital, and by a peculiar
system of agriculture. The plan owed its pro-
mulgation, and in a great measure its success, to
a happy union of capacities in its founder, den.
Van den Balch. As a military man he was fully
acquainted With the advantages of organisation
and discipline. He was rich, influential, and en-
thusiastic in benevolence. Above all, he had paid
much practical attention to farming, and while
fulfilling an office of command in Java, had
learned from some neighbouring Chinese that spe-
cies of minute cultivation, which he afterwards
introduced for charitable pnrposes into hie native
country. The essay (according to his own modest
appellation) was pursued with extreme caution.
*all subscriptions were received from 20,000
individuals, and this grand national system com-
menced when the stun collected amounted to
about 6,0001. The first care was to draw up strict
rules for the administration of the finances—to
collect advice and even ohjections to the scheme
by the moat extended publicity, and to establish
the scale of necessaries and comforts to be sup-
plied tq tbpse who had previouely been entirely
destitute, or supported by the property of others.
The society then purchased about eight hundred
statute acres of the most barren land that could be
found. In the memory of man it had never been
cultivated, and in its natural state would have
given a rabbit or a brace of moor-fowl more fasts
than surfeits.
On this ground fifty comfortable cottages were
immediately built, and successively occupied by
families sent from different parishes. Tho rules to
which each colonist or tenant was to conform, as
well as the general treatment he was to receive,
were carefully explained to the head of each fa-
anily, and his assent required previous to admission.
These regulations referred chiefly to the main-
tenance of obedience and order, to the hours of
work, to the diet, and to the repayment by labour
of money and articles advanced. It was impossible
to confer extensive and permanent benefits on the
plan proposed by the society without strict rules of
I discipline, but they were framed on as liberal and
lenient a system as the nature of the case would
admit, and by the establishment of rewards and re-
compenses, with prospects of peculiar advantage
to those who, by proofs of industry and knowledge,
became capable of enjoying them, every thing was
done to avoid changing a thinking and acting being
into a mere productive machine. In fact, as in the
case of all other societies, (such as colleges, clubs,
and nations) each member is only abridged of so
much personal liberty as is necessary to insure the
genend welfare.

. The cottagers being installed in their tenements,
are immediately set to agricultural labours, under
the guidance of skilful superintendents.. The lighter
tasks of the field are performed by their wives and
ohildren, to whom instructions are also given in
?pinning and needle-work, for periods when field-
work is not required. It was found, that by a
Careful culture of the land allotted to each cottage,
together with the produce of the manufactures car-
ried on by the women and childreo, a family
could not only maintain itself with comfort,
but could also produce such a superabundance'
of value, as in the *num of a' few years to repay
the sums originally supplied.for clothes, furniture,
inaterials or work, arid sundry other advaeces. Till
this act of justice is done, the c;.•lonitits are consi-
dered as debtors, and cannot quit the establishment.
So far, however, from living in privation, they en-
joy comparative afiluence:—are fed, clothed and
educated—receive daily visits and advice in all
matters relating to their welfare; are attended
gratuitously in sickness, and possessing separate
housis, have the comfort of family society, instead
of being huddled together in vast unsocial poor-
houses, with all that violence done to the feelings,
which is so eloquently described by Crabby. From
what I observed, I do not think that there is a
single family in England receiving parish apist-
ance (liberally and 'well directed as it often is,)
which in the scaleof comfort and future prospects,
is equally well situated with the Dutch poor allo-
cated under the system pursued at Frederick's
Oord. As to the expenditure by which such good
effects are produced, the comparison will present a
most sitsgular contrast with which I chill conclude
for the present.
The Society undprtakes to maintain individuals
of all ages, (though of. course at different rates,)
who are sent by private persons or parishes as be-
in a state of pauperism, or evidently falling into
that lamentable condition. To ' give 'the most
Ostia' Instance :—A family composed of a father and
er, with four or five growing children, are re- .
- ved on a bond of undoubted securitz being given
'pay annually doling a period *of *iixteen years,
sum of eighteen ficiiins or thirty shillings
•b, per head, For this sum, the society
es to support the family
.iis perpetuum.
1 terms would, appear sughesently easy for
parishes,
.even were they to receive nothing at,
Ilse end of the sixteen years; 'but there con-
tract is• still more fdvourable, as at the'
conclusion of this period, the six acres of lend,
brought by skilful eultieation to the highest for-
.i.ility, together with the cottage and fixtures, be-
e their ahsolute property. On this head the
iety borrows money, sufficient to establish the.
ily on its farm, safely calcukting for 'repay-
, ton the sum annually paid Of tiiirty'shdlings
r head, for siaspen years, together Otis the la-
ir pf the colonipts, beyond whet is sulfc4ent for,
heir comfortable support. Let theii terms .be
weighed and compared with the expense` ii'f each
pauper in Engleed. —Let the morel and physical
adventegee afforded to the Dutch, be thrown into
the scale, and I think it will not be den* .that
the subject, though confessedly compliceteci, and
*guying modifications according to -local cticum-
pviz
ees and character, will, at the present peridsl,
rre investigation. It is too ineseprient to paw
ay—" Qual Anus° in dere ad in aqua la
se/anvil:l."
, .. The Quarterly Revim bas .more than once
qvated of this estehliebniont, and some time since
ore the following decisive testimony to its merits
4
. - socoesiful

lands." Twelve years of increasing extent
prosperity have now entitled it to a higher (lON
than that of an .experimsat.
Should theseautices be acceptable, I will end
Tour, at some future time, to describe the form of
the Society itself, and the agricultural system pu%
aped under its auspices. F.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE STAR.
BOULOGNE-MYR-MEN OCT. 1, 1831
SlR—Notwithstanding all the" wind and
in many of the London papers, which are positivelr
smiled at in this quarter, we members of Johii
Bull's family have been perfectly tranquil, a-. 1
not under the slightest agitation whatever. All of
to are on tho very best terms of friendship 1% ith
Monsieur. This leads us to observe, that we ark
concerned to see some trifling scuffles in Pans
just similar to some of the rows at St. Gilos't
magnified into plots, insurrections, nialisacres, and
other horrors, to alarm our countrymen at honk
and abroad.

Elephant= at mom fade.

I assure you, that you have little idea
of the extreme mischief these exaggerated
statements create, and farther, that unguarded lan.
guage made use of in your Upper Senate by the
order or faction of Miguel—not only to " blow the
coal," and create animosity, but entirely destroy
that amity which sul.sists, and I hope there is every
prospect of continuing, between France and Eng-
land, but distract thus at the British helm, who
are labouring so much for the public good, and have
the confidence of their country.
All this is a subject of regret to those who are
inclined to meditate. You need not be told how
" great a flame a small spark kindles." I hare
' daily an opportunity of seeing persons direct from
' Paris, who all concur that every thing is quiet, and
the late fracas was chiefly created by some hot-
headed or intoxicated students, and that the Go-
vernment is sufficiently powerful to crush any
breach of the peace that may be committed.
Although the fall of Warsaw has been deeply
lamented, yet a day of retribution is calculated
upon to be at no great distance, besides the Rus-
sians will find difficulty in retaining the place lone
from many considerations. Warsaw may be con-
quered, but Poland is not ; for twerp Pole has a
rooted hatred in hie heart against the Russians,
equal to that of the Tories; and I base no doubt
these brave people will arise and...rescue Finland
from the hand of a plunderer. hie strongly sus-
pected there will be a change of Ministry. The
Thuilleries is once more to •be occupied with
royalty. The King and Quoen are to receive pre-
sentations there on Sunday evening.
The French Government have voted 10,000
francs to erect a statue on the top of Napoleon's
coluinn near this, in place of the arms of the
Bourbons. The National Guard here is a story
fine body of men, and in new clothing, are drawn
out in line on the Sands on Sunday morning.
Among the passengers which embarked here this
week were some English Peers, to attend the great
contest on reform, which. it is most devoutly
wished may be carried triumphantly. This has
occupied much attention from English and French.
It is an odd questicn to ask, " What will the
Lords do ?" It is, " What else can they do but
pus a bill which has the concurrence of more than
the majority of the nation ?" If they have the
cursor patrie at hurt, they nese! yip exercise an
act to degrade them in the eye, trf• the. people, and
destroy the prosperity and happiness of the island
of Albion, *Ma vow,
It is mpg ip our eese-bere, if. the Premier has
any kind of doubt as to the issue of the battle, let
him create a hundred Peers at once to ensure
certain victory of a measure so highly beneficial to
Britain, which has long been juggled out of bey
just rights.
It is gratifying to see the English church here
so crowded. Last Sabbath, a Most impressive dis-
course was delivered by the Rev. Mr Symonds.—
This is a poplar clergyman, who has clone much
good here, and his labours are properVappreciated.
Three steam.-boats• sailed from this to-day
crowded. The latter seized in the Theme' with
contraband goods from Boulogne ; a handsome
vessel, and was well known het e.
Alexandre brings, like Yates of London,
crowded houses at this Theatre in his imitation
of different characters, and hit off John Bull, and
his " plumb-pudding" most excellently last night,
to the high amusement of many of John's family.
We have chatming weather; not the speck of a
cloud or a drop of rain. Great preparations among
the mariners for the herting fishery. Ball
Hughes is here, Coates. of dramatic fame ; and
Martin, whose benevolence towards the brute
creation is so well known with many et cetents.
• • Queen of the Netherlands, Duke of Wellington, and
Royal George.

Letters from Alexandria IMPOWICO that the cho•
lera, which has been so destruetive at Mecca, has
appeared at Cossier and Suez. Sanitary precau•
dolschid beet taken by the Pacba of Egypt, but
alb dieriearamt saved before they could be properly
'lied into OWL Tice great caravan returning
front blecca,,on bearing that the passage of Suez
Was guarded by a unitary cordon, took another
.direation, but the Pacha bas sent a curs of Be-
divine to stop and brinF it to Suez to perform
quaraistiae. The wet vigorous unitary measures
have been ordered by the Pacha of Egypt, boards
loi health have been iastituted, and lazarettos Ma'
idisbed• We shall see in the sequel the result el
•the.e means, and whether they always suffice to
preserve a country from the cholera morbus.
Covent-garden Theatre 'opened on Monday.
nigln with the tragedy of " Hamlet," followed
by the drama of " The Miller and his Men.--
Mr. Young, whose theatrical career is threatened
to end witlithe present season, appeared as Hamlet.
Miss Taylor appsered, for the first time, at this
basso, as Opbelia. The tragedy was rem' gene-
raibr art;delVaPd the buttes reasonably
At Salisbury city 'minions last week, George
Jones was sentenced to seven years' transportatiot
for stealing tuo-pence !
A fire took place about half-past 10 o'clock on
Satilvday night last, which destroyed a two-stal:
Nelda and a barn.esptaining between two and three
load, of straw, near the Clock-house, occupied by
bit situated it plantations
The

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