Star.
London, England, 1831-06-07 00:00:00

MONUMENT TO THE ZING.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE STAR.

SIR— In the general demonstration of a nation's
loyalty, it is necessary that the energies for ob-
taining the object should be combined, and that the
unity of the means employed, should be directed to
one centre, in order to the accomplishment—upon
a scale of grandeur suited to the occasion—of this
national emblem of a nation's gratitude.
I therefore humbly submit, that the Committee
formed by the Trades' Institutions of the metropo-
lis, combining the whole of the Societies of the
united kingdom, effectually embraces all classes of
his Majesty's loyal subjects ; and it is the voice of
the artisan, the mechanic, and the productive la-
bourer of the land—the energy, the power, and
the glory of the nation—that must record and
raise this National Monument, or it will net be
the act of the country. This is to be the
poor man's tribute; and if the aristocracy of
the nation feel the importance of this loyal
design, they will not attempt to deprive the
industrious artisans of the land of the honour they
seek, by diverting public attention from their pro-
jected measures and designs ; but come forward,
and contribute largely and freely, in order to faci-
litate, succour, and protect the glorious undertak-
ing—as well as record their own loyalty—of the
working classes of society, from whose united
energies and sweat they draw their affluence, gran-
deur, and ease. I have the honour to be, sir,
Your obedient mums.
A FRIEND TO THE CAUSE.

ON THE DIGNITY OF A BARON OF ENGLAND.
This appellation appears to be derived from the
Latin word, Baro, which, in the pare age of that
language, signified, Robur belli, which Bracton
introduces in this : " Sant alit potentes sub
Rage qui dicunPtauiraagarones hoe est Robur
belli ;" hence, those who fought next the King in
battle were called Barone.. In Cicero the name
may be read in the singular and plural number.
Henry of Huntingdon gives Adelwald, under King
Edward, son of Alfred, the addition of Baro Regis;
and in Domesday Book, under Thorp, In Suffolk,
may be found this sentence:
" Mac tes inuadiauit Abbss [S. Rdenj et Ramose Regis.
scilicet W. epm. Ragelricu. 7 Bad. Stara pro es."
The King generally rewarded his chieftains, for
their valour and military discipline, with fiefs,which
they held of him as his immediate tenants; whilst
others yielded up eligible tracts of their domains to
receive them back as noble fees ; thus in peace or
war, inequality of rank constituted an important
feature in the structure of society, and contri-
buted both to polish the people and to re-
fine their pleasures and amusements. " Great
verily, says Camden, was the glory of our
language before the Norman Conquest in this,
that the old English could express, most aptly, all
the conceptions of the mind, without borrowing
from any ;" of which he affords various pertinent
examples. A classic illustration of the feudal
times may be draen by comparison with those of
ancient Greece, from the poems of Homer, which
some conceive were intended to expose the mis-
chiefs arising from the political state of that distin-
guished nation ; for example—the Iliad will repre-
sent the dissentious generally originating among
independent chiefs ; and the Odyssey, the insur-
rectionary spirit of the nobles and vassals, when
unrestrained by the presence and magnanimity of
their Sovereign.
The feudal constitution, useful and honourable
in principle, was introduced about the year 1070
into &gland : it was weak at the commencement
of King William's reign, but after Fiefs became
hereditary, and Knight Service was associated with
the system, and the light of history began to dawn,
the high and disinterested notions of chivalry were
effectually regenerated, and a regular and powerful
form of Government was gradually established.
" At the Court of every Prince, Count, or Ba-
ron, jousts and tournaments became the favourite
amusements, and presented a living image, both in
real and mimic war. In the expeditions to the
neighbouring Kingdoms, or the Holy Land, their
Followers were measured by the power, wealth,
and fame, of each independent Chieftain. They
were distinguished by his banner, his armorial coat,
and cry of war ; and the most ancient families in
Europe must seek in these achievements the origin
and proof of their nobility."—Ginner.
The law of King William on Knight Service
and the feodal tenure:—

" &soda s. edam et Annum prodpimus at on an G.
solids et Busses, et Unites, et eervieetes, et univerd libal
bombes Wes refpd soma railed, balsam et tensest se
seeps* base be weals d be gteie, at duet et *pates, me
rgo‘drestti simper prompts et babe pared somoitlems nom
"obis explemion, etperegeodom, am simper
epos sdfoldt, seatodim good Isola &boot de feolie et to.

mamas ante de jure facere, et strut 11lie statubans per
emensme ecerineas todus regni nom' predict', et Wiens
et cooesesimus in feedo jure haysslisarie."—LL. f3uilL c. 68.
Tie QUALITIC•rioIf Or • BARON :—Abbas Wuifri.
esa lebalt harem, GO:mu:due vocabulo t cul diem
propeentis Uri, in matrimonium conjungi pa/avast : tied,
EL hidarum terra & us minium min obtlneret
=Ns asset, inter Proceres tune nuncuparl non potult."
—Beg. Mien in Bibl. Bodi. f.
Tux RELIEF:—" De itekvio Baron's : IV. Pg.' aun
aellis et fronts *road, et ferias 11. et IL Gales, et seats
11. et IL Butz, et 11. Braes; et alit mai 11. uous
Veredus et anus Palfridus cum freno et capture."
DEFINITION OF THE TENURE BY BARONY.
—Tbe baronial dignity was created in England by
the admission of the intended baron to the King's
Great Court, and by a royal charter or gift of a
castle, manor, or territory, with jurisdiction, rights
or privileges ; or by the surrender of the like to the
King, to receive it back as a noble fief; to hold
immediately of him, as of his'crown, for a knight'
fee, more or less, as tenant in capita; whereupon,
owing suit and service to the King, he took the
juramen tuns "delitatis, did homage, and was
saluted Baron.

This creation in itself ennobled the blood, and
conferred the dignity of a Baron of the Realm,
Baro Regis, in fee. The barons so created were
numerous; and by them the standard of freedom
was unfurled and the bulwark of British liberty
established at Runnimede. On that celebrated
spot, in 1215, Magna Charts was signed by King
John, which limited the relief in future for the
heir of a baron, plate stalls, to 100 marks ; and
laid the foundation for dividing the legislative
body into distinct assomblisa by this important
provision :
" Et ad habendum commune consilium rept de auxilio
aasidendo *liter quart in tribes, artis Frothed*. vel de seu-
tagio addend° summoniri faciemus Archiepiscopoe. Epis.
copos, Abbate:, Comites et Major= Barone*, sigillatim pee
hens noon& Et preterea faciemus summoniri in geocrali
per eicecomites et bailie°s nostros, omnes illos qui de nobis
tenent in eapite°, ad cerium diem ; scilicet ad terminum
-quadraginta dierum ad minus ; et ad eatum locum ; et in
omnibus hens fills summonitionis. mum summonitionis
exprimemus • et sic focus summonitione negotium ad diem
sasignatum Procedat, secundum consilium illorum qui pre.
antes fuerint, quansvis non omnes summoniti venerint."
The barons of England were enumerated by King
Henry HI. at 240: " Nominavit, says Matthew
Paris, Dominus Rex et numeravit omnes Anglia
quarum ei occurrit memoria, Baronias, invenitq.
Ducentas et Quinquaginta." A sitting in the
Communia Consilia Regni, or Parliament, at any
period, even subsequently to that reign, was not a
constituent part in the creation of a baron, the dig-
nity being completely established without a writ of
summons. Parliamentary duties, it should seem,
did not assimilate with the chivalrous spirit of the
age ; for some of the barons by tenure had no
summons, for political reasons, and others never re-
quired any, and yet they ranked in power and dis-
tinction with the principal barons of their time.
The ordinance of the 48th of Hen. 111. will illus-
trate the former remark :
" Staudt et ordinavit quad anon 1111 Condos et Masses
regal Anglia quibus Ipso Rex thipentos on Mai &mina
adonis dirigere 'entreat ad Parliaments. ear, it mean
nisi forte Dominus Rex alit illie bras Marrs volulseet."
The dignity of Baron maid by regal tenure,
does not mean a Peer or Lord of Parliament, al-
though the Writs of Summons described both the
Barons and Lords of Parliament, with few excep-
tions, Domini, Milites, Chivalers ' • those, however,'
who sat in Parliament among the Barons by tenure
and merely by writ, were, from being called their
Peers or equals, invariably reputed Barons, as they
are at the present day.
By a charter to the Chureh of Rome, King
John styled the Earls of Salisbury, Boulogne,
Warren, and Ferraris, " hi "weer, Barones nostri."
In the 23d Ed. I. Jobn de Graystok was sum-
moned to Parliament as " Johanni Baroni de Grey-
awl," as were several of his descendants ; and
from the 27th Ed. I. to Ist Ed. 11. Edmund de
Stafford was summoned to Parliament as " Ed-
mund° Baroni de Stafford."

The names of some of the barons who were liv-
ing in the reigns of Ed. I. and 11. and who were
not summoned to Parliament :
" Nicbolaas de Cam, Denims de Molesford.
Johannes le Breton, Dominos As Spode.
Walters do Bello campo, Dominus do Aleceste.
Johannes de Hudleston, Denehnes de Aims.
Ricardus de Talbot, Donbas de Ihmisevell.
Rogers. de Bellario, Dashes& &piss
Johannes Dominus de Wastes."
In a Treatise by Mr. Cruise, it is asserted:—
" That feudal dignities were transferable with the
fends to which they were annexed, and that a
purchaser acquired the dignity with the estate."
This doctrine requires some elucidation, which the
Barony of Kryche may possibly afford :
Ankere, Baron de Frescheville, Lord of Kryche,
in Derbyshire, died 54 Hen. 3, when it was found
that be held that manor of the King, as tenant in
capita, by barony : to whom succeeded Ralph, the
next Baron de Frescheville, his son and heir, who,
15 Ed. 1, on paying his relief and doing his ho-
mage, had livery of his lands, excepting the manor
of Boney or Bunny in Nottinghamshire, which he
and his father also held of the Xing, as tenant in
capite, by barony, and which was retained in the
hands of Richard de Grey until the fine imposed on
Ankere, his father, who joined the rebellious Barons
at Northamton, was paid according to the dictum
de Kenilworth. This Ralph bad summons to Par-
liament, 25 Ed. I. in right of his lands he held by
barony, as " Radulphus de Frescheville ;" but
neither himself, his son, or any of his descendants
were afterwards samnionedr 19; Ed. 2, Roger
Buller, who was an eminent Judge in that reign, and
pessessed of a large estate, purchased the ma-
sses of Kryche and Bunny, of Ralph, Baron
is Frescheville; and which Manor of Kryche,
Seger Beier held of the King, for a Knight's fee,.
as tenant in capita by barony, whereupon he did
and became the next Baron and Lord of
ward Nevill, in the reign of King James the
first, claimed to be summoned to Parliament, by
writ in respect of his possession of the Barony of
Bergavenny ; the claim being put to the vote, the
majority of the Lords decided that the Barony should
be allowed him, as heir male, upon which he bsd
summons, and sat in the place of the last Baron
Bergavenny.
6- With respect to the dignities of Le Despencer and Ber.
prissy," mays Sir William &them, 66 when the Lards
proposed to leave loth. King the choice to which of the ple-
dge the dignity of Berpvenny should be given, they mot
have somaidered both dignities personal t sad rhea tat,
it to the veto, to which the title of B poterpvenoy should be
given, they snine have considered the diipity peemel, lee
othetwise it meld not belong to Lady Mary Pane, who hod
not the sinewy of Dergessoey."
BURLY BAROWY.—By a Ohnseer of King
Richard I. Maurice de Berkley lidd the Manor
of Berkley, is Gleoceeterakire, with Ihmikley Her-
.

• Those who bell of the King is 'spite, pet serelthus
litahars, wow WWI Mimes Swim.

nesse, of the King, for 5 Knights' fees, as te-
nant in capite by barony. " Thomas de Berke-
ley," Mr. Nicolas observes, " who was not pos-
sessed of Berkeley Castle, was summoned to
'Parliament 21. Hen. VIII ; his son and heir,
Thomas, was summoned 25. Hen. VIII, and sat
on every occasion in the precedency of the an-
cient barony, though 'he was not possessed of
Berkeley Castle ; Henri de Berkeley, son and
heir of Thomas, succeedtd to the possession of
Berkeley Castle in 1553, and sat in Parliament
in 1557, in the same place as that in which his
father sat." • In the Committee of Privileges of
the House of Lords, on the 16th of June, 1830,
Lord Brougham and Vaux, the present Lord Chan-
cellor, who was counsel on the occasion, spoke as
follows:

" That when he last addressed their Lordships he had
shown the existence of barony by tenure, to former times, by
the dicta of high judicial authorities, the records of Parlia-
ment, and the decisions of their Lordships' House. There
was no authority to show that its existence had ceased. It
had survived that great measure of the 12th of Charles
the Second, whereby all military tenures were abolished;
foe in that very measure there was an express
provision, that the privilege of being summoned
to Parliament. as parcel of a tenure by barony,
should be saved. It remained with the other side to show
what Chief Baron Cowyn meant, when be twit " that
there was also a barony by tenure to be enjoyed by those
who held certain lands, to which the priviledge of a Peerage
was attached." On the death of Edward VI. the rever,.ioo
of the barony devolved on the heirs general of the Marquis
de Berkley ; and it appeared that, in the reign of Phillip
and Mary, Henry Lord Berkley was accordingly sum.
mooed to Parliament, and took his seat, not as the heir of
the Lord who had been created by writ, but by virtue of his
tenure, for be enjoyed the same rank as the ancient Barons
de Berkley."
The statute, 12 Car. H. c. 24, to which the
noble Lord alluded was entitled, " An Act for
taking away the Court of Wards and Liveries and
Tenures, in capite, and by Knights' service and
purveyance, and for settling a Revenue upon his
Majesty in lieu thereof;" and it contains this pro-
viso : That neither this Act, nor any thing
thing therein contained, shall infringe or hurt any
title of honour, feodal, or other, by which any
person bath or may have right to sit in the Lords
Howe of Parliament, and the priviledge belonging
to them as Peers."
London, June 6. 1831. W.

THE QUEEN'S SILK LACE DRESS.
(or • NOTTINGHAM MECHANIC.)

The dress worn by Queen Adelaide at the juvenile ball
given by their Majesties on Tuesday se'nnight, (the 24th
May) in honour of the Princess Victoria of Kent, the heiress
presumptive of the Crown, and mentioned in the " Court
Circular" as being made of white lace and silver, was made
of Nottingham machine- wrought bobbin net silk lace,—
in imitation of the French chantilly blond, and tulle,
which is so extensively made at Lyons, Nismes, Troyes,
and Barcelona, and so largely imported into this country.
The circumstances under which her Majesty was induced
to order this British silk blond dress were of the most extra-
ordinary nature, and important to the manufacturing and
commercial interests of the country-41seply involving the
question as to the policy and admissmns practicability of the
free trade system adopted by the Blida Legislature, erro-
neously termed the " reciprocity rponn," as the recipro-
city on the pert of France and Spain is entirely on one side,
they absolutely prohibiting as contraband almost every arti-
cle of British manufact•re.

The French tulle is made in the nest mama Mimed by
the workman single press point set, spinet whkh the Lud-
dites. from 1812 to 1818, directed so mesh of dub mos
Cc:when made of option, as Was a *Widget Girded&
linty chaeged upon the hoportatioa owe per ant.
on the declared value, which ditty wee sub mem by the
importers. A anamerial • ship sultsotwas pessresad to
Mr. Robinson (Lord ) by Illiffleak, width was
treated with great coolness sad mem • oatadtwe was pre.
seated by Mr. Denman who made sigh strong resin.
'trances, aided by Mr. Birch, that the deity was altered to
21. per square yard, or more than M pie met. This cant!.
nued until Mr. Huskisson, by his mishealed measure in
1821, altered the whole scale of dada, which took place in
1826, and lowered the tariff to SS psi cent• since which pe•
rind the point net frames, from IMO. have gradually dints
pared, until John Martinis now the isms olitary point set
hand ! The extent of the importation a a manufacture la
which the English conceived they &headgear have rimelsed
unrivalled from their superior skill, mg be escheated by a
return made to the Lords of Trade. kb -Wm 1111 k by which
it appeared. that in one year nearly MAN stem yards
were imported, but so slovenly Is the babe to emded oe at
the Customhouse, that the French Mira their ells of 46
inches, which are passed as yards, Making the total more
than 240,000 yards, exclusive et tits omen of which the
merchants of Deal and Dover lowowoo wesels..amegglog
While the English were thus Melly losing the-ilk -lam
trade, the French were rapidly pining the man ha trade,
though they affected to prohibit both; the Samar being
really and rigidly prohibited, the latter only , in
order to encourage English workmen to Ince
in France, and to make one piece and mum* another,
thus completely outwitting us. The Doltish peanneent,
instead of checking this ruinous spasm, which will uhi.
mately be found so dreadful in its winked at
the subject as unworthy their nodes, dm Infatuation
that the skill of the English workmen had nodding to fear
from competition.
The workmen (principally investors of mehfroory) coo.
ceiving themselves in the most imminent *pay, es the
bobbin net machines were extending at the rate of more
than twenty per month in France, came to the resolution of
presenting a memorial to the Board of Trade, upon these
important subject*, urging a careful inquiry into the state of ,
the hosiery and lace trades, which was presented to Mr.
Henries by Mr. Legh Keck, 81. P. for the county of Leices-
ter, and Mr. Birch. ALP. for Nottingham, who promised
a careful investigation.
On the meeting of Parliament, Mr. Berries, detennined
' to redeem his pledge to those gentlemen, directed his secre-
tary to require the attendance of Gramm Henson, who bad
' signed his memorial, at the Office of Trade, who proceeded
to town accordingly. The principal purport of this mission
was materially retarded by that Minister entering upon the'
important subject of Mr. Lyttleton's Truck Bill, which en-
grossed the attention of most of the influential members of
both Houses, and as Henson was of much local in-
formation and experience upon trrattedr and had written
extensively upon the subject, be was directed to examine
the bill and report thereon. Scarcely had Henson
Finished this task and nearly brought it to a con.
elution, and had begun to enter with Mr. Berries sedulous
ly into the question of the duties upon the importation of
French wrought lace, as to the propriety of Increasing the
duty, or taking some measures to protect &Mph products.
which Mr. Harks seemed fully inclined to do, when the
dissolution of the ‘Vellineooo administration caused that
gentleman to retire from offer, and Lord Auckland to be
appointed his successor•' having Mr. Powlett Thompson,
the well-known member for Dover, as the Tice President.
Before the new minister, Lord Auckland. bad taken the
oaths and entered upon Ake, Sir It. C. Ferguson, 1. P.
for Nottingham, had urged the matter upon his ord.hir,
and requested him to permit Henson to wait upon hon.
The result of this interview was, that his Lordship expressed
considerable doubts as to the propriety of interference t and
as it was generally vanutured that Mr. P. Thonisco, though
a merchant sad resident of Dover was placed in alto fie
the express purpose of forwarding :he reciprocity system, yet
it was deemed prudent that Emma should ascertain from
Ihim personally lds yews upon the subject ; this interview
terminated as was expected, the Vice-President ftfo.iag ye
outer upon the question, and treated the matter as friQeso
and unworthy his attention.
Their Majesties, with a praigewerthy ottaneos to the die.
misses of the cosostey, had given the most positisr deegtions
that no person shook, sprite at Court Amelia In any but
British manufecteres. This oat r wee nearly tantamount
: in Its motivate** go direct*/ that so lady should appear
' In white Wit loos.
1 I 811 k lace had been berm to be made from the bobbin re.
1 teachings, which bad ins...god slam ISO, from Eric to; r.

•
than 200, to mere then NN, at an expense of nest a million
and a half of capital. A species of white silk bee hod
been made from the warp frame, another distinct mode of
making machine ism Several abortive attempts led been
made, for a loss peeled to stirs. the lace after the French
method, sod peons had gone to Lyons, for the urns pur-
pose of kerning their method, who had all lamentably
Jailed. A person of the name of Crowder who had made
coasidetable hnprovements the lace mtithisseY, bad
timed by some of the manufacturers who imported the
French lace, and employed their work-people in Nettirsg-
bian, to ornament net made at Lye's), dhooled hi Mo-
tion to the subject, and as be was said to have alined
some hints from the Continent, he, by dint of pent per-
severance, was 'tabled to produce an article filly impel in
appearance to the French tulle, (tom the bobble not, but
decliedly superior in its stamina.
The bobbin set lace is made exac,ly in the ems manes
by the machine, erethe cushion lace in Buckinghamshire,
and as the blond lam imported from France, but inilnitely
sup rior in the regular founatim of the tutaLcs. The kasha
difficulty was to stiffen an article of so gostamer an appear.
toes, Wanly pliable, as lace made from a single thud of
Italian silk ; but this Crowder had fully accomplisher& with
this drawback, that the cow was materially greater then the
ordinary method, which it appears, upon inquiry, is the ewe
with the French dressed lace, ire person. being milk&
even in their improved state, to dress only about seventy or
eighty yards per day.
It was cancived, that If bar Majesty would order • dress
of this net, and thus, from such a distinguished patrocage,.
introduce It to the notice of the nobility and gentry, their
patriotism might induce them to prefer a British wrought ar-
ticle in preference to foreign, and be enabled, in concurrence
with the benevolent views of their Sovereign, to appear at
Court in white silk lace. Sir Boaaill, With that promptitude
for which he has been equally distlmalsieed in the &Id, as
an independent senator, imaallaraly applied to the Trea-
sury, who entered fully roes Ms vim of making the
experiment, in reformat nt Ming the rats of
duty, or adopting the row& system el prohibi.
Lions • and Hanson was advised to apply to the principal
manufacturers upon his return, and roma a petition to bet
Majesty for that purpose. This Fadden was presented to
her Majesty by Sir Herbert Taylor. Her Majesty, with a
madame:mien aid attrition which esille to endear her to
every considerate not only gam As order but directed
Messrs. Train and Wesson, who uniketeek in the Imo&
earnest manner to ample* it, to apply to her milliner,
through whom she gave directions as to the manner in which
the deem, when made, was most likely to meet the public
approbation, leaving the exact pattern to the discretion of
the manufacturer.

This dress, when completed, was mist, by direction of Sir
H. Taylor, direct to her Majesty, at St. James's Palace.
The pattern was made in stripes of nine inches, and con-
sisted of an elegant star, having a largo opals work in the
middle, beautifully worked with the needle, eacirdod with a
series of roses ; the whole appearance of the dm was of eh*
most brilliant description imaginable, said aboahratb dos-
sled the eye. The appearance was that of GOWNS of Inallenl
shining silk, worked upon a gossamer light hils, hen
more the appearance of net made of sollmii4l peek it
of any other substance. A most material inqpiemnisnt bill '
been made in preparing the ornamental silk imisnomis
of kiss. Dettano, her al *jetty's milliner. Valid oils
effect, by preserving the gloss Gish@ lellenellllll 6 As
Majesty, with that attention and pelismess, wish=
lustre upon her character, took the soft* mid Met
method of introducing the article to the notice of bar Cwt.
by wearing it, ornamented with silver ova a whim iliadress,
dress, and that too at a juvenile ball, principally esengood al
young ladies of bar Court, in honour of her Mash' habit's'
minumptive ; thus displaying die now ankle, to a hedy of
influential young ladies, ma likely to pmessis Odour-
nunental dresses, the chanimminic or prow dress he their
rank and age.
Thus has her Ilejsety in the noblest momer. thee bir
duty, in inweilsologioaselis in the niestelbensel way to her
arg
Court, to baton the hide& It now smiths@
so be sees ithalbst or Lyons mill bpi the silk
not trade. If the nobility passim this ankle,
which is of supoder a Preach mile, the esamoptito
met neanwety isms" in this emmory, and whoever
Zialihides' or isisome psalmists& The loony
stamisti Of Mein set is or child, thew dagps peak
that it will bear as share the sills aim known
ad
nima's
oteilk approsimsd. Rena merel dila lAN ilissies,
miaselossityg loth
him NI ee 710, oohing mein thee 11118,0111 yowls lowly s
whit in Italy. Gonseny, sad the whole ammo maindec-
Mod the modem; mow be estimated at bee than
ogre yards ammell , se near • Wien is
vain. Int Asa it is the immense rawest et
poems moployid to 1111011111 d it, the abject lassoes in
Moans bynames awl is 'probably t• the mem a
IhNO,See sillisne amrsally, as in Catalonia aims, the se-
eameettne ef lets are computed by the Smoked. at lON per-
ms. Thus has the last girt boa wok ot die part of the
English workaisa, to meet the Wm* by a flak seempid-
doe ; the result will be seen, and pemmity sad &me
will judge, whether the English mosimeds hes had this piny
—coo-whilst ilea silk net Is alined ne be impend wpm
a light duty, ass Wyly mind, Isiah km is
and seemly aid, whist the miss inissmisl mil =4
her nionefectorme love bum ruined and mime by. mindecw
ties'. Let as fensody hop, that a soma! Pa4emon
will toy toffy dame their ate miss to the maginginiit of
the mamma of this ithelem, and • ith Om of
ash& with Won mem, empeedng peaosl ills' mg
probibbiitins,
probibitiens, and saris dim really redwood. ,

• The following latter um vexived him bit Mailotys
milliner, 84, Jermys-street, Loadsa
" Stus-1 writs according so your ropiest, and base ,the
pleasure to inform you, that her Majesty a:primed Wad's
approbation of the blood dress you mails, and that her Ma-
jesty will appear in it this mains, at a Jeweils Ball given
by their Majesties, at Si. James's Palace.— l am Illim,your
most obedient, "M. SETT:IWO."

Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kea! en-
tertained a large and distinguished party at dinner mien*.
The Duke of Sussex visited the Princess Au-
gusts yesterday, at her residence in Bt. James's Mao:
Prince Leopold came to town yesterday frees his
rest at Claremont.

Despatches were forwarded to the Kiag in the
Armco; at Windsor Palace.
l'he Duke of Richmond visited the Chancellor
of the &chequer yesterday at the Tres eq.
It is most afflicting to read tho accounts a
frightful slaughter in the industr.obs mountainous
districts of Meyrther Tydvil. Legal forme seem
to have been respected ; but our habitual viestiuu
arises as to the cause—the primitive irritiolng
cause ? The labour is heavy, and what ari
earnings ? What had the Come of ReqUistsrkne;
—we have always considered such Co..rts as tram-
ps's of equity and reconciliation—waq this *Law-
ther description? The shooting of nr.zr In yex
is a solemn transaction, and merits colt mist itigai.jl
It becomes a national question, and one not to be
buried in Myrther Tydvil. Parliament cannot
meet too soon ;—is Peel's Bill the cause—hive re-
auction of prices worked unequally—have they
fallen more on labour than en provisions? Will
shooting rectify the evils ?
As we announced at the instant the pretended
discovery aixsut the Nre an was merely a pitf for
a paper, of swell circulation. There was fa less
trouble to discover the source of such aecinid edi-
tion than that of either the Niger, or the Nile !
The Atheneum leas properly exposed the ahir. It
appears that the same fact has been long known,
and we have before us a very old map, which on
the same site carries the river Cameron., very
near the Niger. But Robertson's notes on Africa,
and lis map, place the matter beyond doulii. At
the same time the whole is the most puny. of all
school-boys qaestions. In that nut cate and
flat sandy country, the Niger ;night have evapo-
rated ; but, in truth, it appose to form art:, of
smell streams, which flow into the gulf of, eines,
not yet duly explored. We feel obliged to the
active literary journal, the Aloe:sew for tie cor-
rect explasatioo, and feel the lose of the elder
Arrowassith, or Mr. lieherhasie statements would
long sizes have bees Semi is eir,ccreames atlases.

i

LITERATURE AND SCIENCE.

THE TWO AIUNCHAUSENS.
BY • VICTUAL

,VI .1

In the late regiment of Light Dragoons,
were two vurthy persons, who were denominated
the two regimental liars ;—a distinction to which,
I.;:wing- every man his due, they were eminently
entitled. The great and fundamental requisites
it.: accomplishing lying, I conceive to be a good
memory, a fertile fancy, a ready wit, fluency of
speech, and a brazen countenance, so that you
shall tell a man a most barefaced falsehood, and af-
terwards adduce such connected proofs as especi-
ally characterise actual facts. The following dia-
logue is a specimen of the talents of the aforemen-
tioned mendacious personages :
C.—" Lee a man walk after he was shot dead ! so have I,
a whole day's march."

B.—" Come, come, that's stealing a march on our
senses. No, no, it won't do:—that's a naked one; do
may turn them out with some kind of probability covering
over them.

U.—" What, doubt my veracity !"
B.—" Not for the world ; that would be illiberal and un• I
kind; and by the way, now I think on it, I believe the
possibility of a man travelling without his cranium ; for at
the battle of Laswaree, during that desperate contest for
British India. I saw a serjeant of the 76th shot dead ; yet
the fellow pursued his antagonist some hundred yards after.
wards threatening vengeance on the miscreant for having
robbed the service of one of its best men. Finding himself
weak from loss of blood, he deliberately unscrewed his head,
threw it violently at 'the foe, and took him on the spine ;
down he tumbled ; the veteran jumped upon him ; fearful
was the struggle ; chest to chest ; fist to fist ;at last they
joined in the death grapple, and dreadful indeed was their
dying hug."
C. 'My dear friend, I was an eye witness of the whole
transaction. You have however forgotten the best part of
the story. After the serjeant had well pummelled his ene-
my, he picked up his head again, and thrust it into a neigh.
bouring great gun : from the want of his peepers' be made
a random shot and killed the horse on which Lod Lake was
riding—his Lordship saluted the sod."
B.—" I recollect it perfectly ; for the nose of the said
serjeant (recognised by bundry carbuncles) was so hard, that
the following day it was extracted from the abdomen of the
unfortunate animal."

C.—" You make a mistake about the nose ; it was dis.
covered lodged in a loaf in a corporal's knapsack ; the man
could swear to it, for it was perforated by three balls, and
otherwise curiously marked. Report said that a shell had
once blown it completely off, and that it was stitched on
again by a shoemaker, who, ever after, went by the name of
the nosy cobbler."

" a—Nothing impossible. It reminds me of a story
somewhat as strange. During the battle of Delhi there was
quarter-master in the regiment, a queer know, who was
never at a loss (he is now in the corps, and can vouch for my
statement): he was charging at the head of his squadron,
when he caught a cannon shot in his hands : instantly dis-
mounting, he chucked the bell into a field-piece, but, for
want of a ramrod, he drove it home with his head. One of
the enemy, seeing him thus zealously occupied, fired off the
gun; strange to tell, he was not killed ! From constant ex-
posure to the sun in search of toddy, and from the free
use of cocoa-nut oil, his head bad become proof against shot.
The distance from the place whence he was projected, to that
where he was picked up, measured three miles, two fur-
longs, three yards, and eleven inches. A hard.headed fel-
low, Sir. In his career he upset a Colonel and a brace of
Captains."

i C.—" lie :did ; and where the Colonel was capsized he
n a hole by his enormous weight, that thesovereign
joftelh w
ordered a large well to be dug on the spot, in me.
mory of the event."

8....." 1. remember the well—twelve feet three Inches and
a half was the exact depth of the excavation occasioned by
the fall."

C.—" There you are wrong ; only eleven feet three
inehee—"

B.—" No, believe me, I am right ; twelve feet, and three
lathes, to a barleycorn."

C.—" Never mind : a little, this way or that, is of no eon-
•egttence. The most extraordinary thing was, that the Gal-
lant Colonel only sprained his right arm."

B.—" By no means extraordinary. You remembsr the
great gun of Agra, in which a regiment of cavalry used
to drill."

C.—" I do. The one that fired the stone-ball to the wall
of Futtipoore Sikrah—twenty miles."

8.--" The sarne. Well, when that gur. was fired, a
thing that never occurred but once, the head of the rash man
who fired it was afterwards found in the Old Woman's
Tank, eleven miles from the spot, without so much as a ble-
mish, except a slight singing of the right whisker."

C.—" Ah ! I can never forget the time ; I had just landed
in Calcutta, when we heard the report. Some of the wad-
ding went as far as Cawnpore."
Here the trumpet soundinf for morning-drill put a atop to
the colloquy.—Englishman a Magasine.

ENGLISH NATIONAL SCHOOLS.—II was stated
at the general meeting, that during the last year 1,
328 schools had been received into union with the
National Society, making a present total of '2,937 1
schools ; and 6,6431. had been voted in aid of
building school-rooms in 104 places, the total ex-
pence of which is estimated at 20,0001. It is cal-
culated that there cannot be less, in England and
Wales, than 710,000 children receiving instruc-
tion under the care of the clerEy.
STOPPING FOR. HORSES FZET.-FOUT MIMES
of soft soap are to be well mixed in a mortar, with
one pound of genuine Barbadoes rock oil, and such
a quantity of linseed meal added as will give it a
proper consistence to retain itself when plastered
into the hollow of the foot. In winter and very
wet weather it is best to substitute palm oil for the
sbap, or to use them in equal proportions. The
soap facilitates the removal of the stopping when
the foot is washed ; and in no instance will the
rock oil soil the brushes, or annoy the groom in
the way that tar, grease, and other substances are
liable to do, when employed for the purpose of
stopping the feet— Gazette of Practical Medicine.
According to authentic returns on the actual
state of the Russian universities, they are thus fre-
quented :—Moscow, 891 ; Dorpat, 612 ; Helsing-
foers (late Abo), 471 ; Charkoff, 318 ; Wilna,
303 ; St. Petersburgh, 311 ; and Kagan, 81. The
ecclesiastical high schools attached to the Greek
church, are those of Kieff, Moscow, and St. Pe-
tersburgh, of which the first possesses 1500, the
second 630, and the last 830 scholars. The whole
of the students throughout the Russian empire are
therefore 5957 in number. The Russian govern-
ment have published an edict, prohibiting any na-
tives between the ages of ten and eighteen years,
from being educated, otherwise than in national
establishments, or under their parents or guardians
roof ; exceptions, in individual cases, may be made
with the Emperor's consent. No youths, under the
age 'of eighteen, can be sent to complete their edu-
cation in foreign parts ; and such as shall not con-
form to these prescriptions are declared ineligible
to civil or Military appointments.
There are some singular facts' connected with a
review of the population returns during the last
130 yews.: ror instance, in 1700, the county of
Middlesex' contained 624,000 souls ; in the course
of the following half century the+ had not increased
than (141,500 ; in the fifty years succeed-
from 1750 to 1800) they. ' rapidly
845,40 d; and during the tßenty years,
lapsed, boteeen 1800 and 182,0, They have

grown to no less than 1,167,500, which gives an
average increase of 16,105 inhabitants per annum.
But the augmentation in the population of the
county of Lancaster ha) been still more rapid and
extraordinary. It appears that this county had no
more than 166,200 souls in the year 1700 ; fifty
years afterwards we find them stated nt 297,400;
but in 1800 they had attained to 695,103; in 1810
to 985,100 ; and in 1820 to 1,074,000. The two
smallest counties in England seem to have least
participated in this increase of human beings; for
we observe, that in Huntingdon their number was
34,600 in 1700, and not more than 49,800 in
1820, while in Rutland they were 16,600 in the
year 1700 and did not exceed 18,900 in 1820.

LIVING OURANG OVTANGS.TWO Of these
extraordinary creatures, a male and female, have
recently been imported into this country, and are
about to be publicly exhibited at the Egyptian
Hall, Piccadilly. One of them was captured in
the Island of Borneo, the other was taken near the
banks of the Gambia. Though they are both of
the genus Simla, yet their formation and difference
of colour prove that they belong to two distinct
species of that genus. The male is very nearly
black, the colour of the female is a dull tawny.
In height they are under three feet, but the
position in which they place themselves renders
it difficult to form an accurate judgment on
that point. The female is very ill supplied
with hair upon the body, but the head and arms
are not deficient in that respect. Her face is
exceedingly forbidding; the lower jaw re-
markably large, the nose small, the eyes deeply
sunk in the head, and the forehead receding in a
most remarkable manner. The expression of her
countenance is melancholy and discontented. Her
arms are long, and wanting in muscularity; her
belly is protuberant, and her legs and thighs ap-
pear to be very weak. The coldness of this cli-
mate seems to affect her considerably, and she
fixes herself as nearly as possible to the fire. The
head, neck, and arms, and hands of the male, bear
a more striking resemblance to those of the human
form than is observable in the female. He appears
to be more lively and contented than his com-
panion. They are both extremely docile, and
suffer themselves to be approached without exhibit-
ing the least sign of fear or alarm. They are not
confined by any chain or clog, but move about
freely on a sort of counter, and receive with evi-
dent satisfaction such presents of fruit, &c. as their
visiters think proper to bestow on them. They
feel much attachment to those by whom they are
fed; have sagacity enough to help themselves;
and when they are about to sleep, they shake up
their beds and draw a covering over them.
TARTIN I.—The admirable violinist, and once

esteemed composer, relates the following anecdote,
as the origin of his chef. d'oeuvre the " Devil's
Sonata." " One night, it was in the year 1713,
I dreamed that I had made over my soul to his
Satanic Majesty. Every thing was done to my
wink; the faithful menial anticipated my fondest
wishes. Among other freaks, it came into my
head to put the violin into his hands ; for I was
anxious to see whether he was capable of pro-
ducing any thing worth hearing upon it. Con-
ceive my astonishment at his playing a sonata with
such dexterity and grace, as infinitely to sur-
pass whatever the imagination can conceive.—
I was so much delighted, enraptured, and
entranced, by his performance, that I was unable to
fetch another breath ; and, in this state, I awoke, I
jumped up and seized upon my instrument, in the
hope of re-producing a portion at least of the un-
earthly harmonies I had heard in my dream. But
all in vain ! The music which I composed, under
the inspiration, I must admit the best I have ever
written, and, of right, I have called it the Devil's
Sonata; but the falling off between that piece and
the sonata, which had laid such fast hold of my
recollection, is so immense, that I would rather
have broken my violin into a thousand fragments,
and renounced music for good and all, than, had it
been possible, have been robbed of the enjoyment
which the remembrance afforded me."

DESCRIPTION OF A BOROUGHMONGER.-Al
the Maimesbury Reform Dinner, Mr. Ponlett Scrope, the
Chairman, gave the following description of a borough.
monger : " It was an animal of unclean habits and vicious
propensities. Like the swine, food of wallowing in mire,
with the voracious appetite of the wolf, the cunning of the
fox, and some few redeeming touches of the ass about it.
The inhabitants of the country, however, in which it was
found, were now so thoroughly alive to its wolfish character,
that, just as thirteen centuries back, under good king Edgar,
they hunted out of the island the breed of four-footed wolves,
so now are they banded under King ►Villiam to extirpate
the race of these two-legged, but equally mischievous ani.
mals."

GOOD PILOTAGE.—Nothing is more amusingl
than the alacrity of Irishmen in getting into scrapes, and the
happy naivete and blundeta by means of which they ends-
your to extricate themselves. A captain of a man.of.war,
newly appointed to a ship on the Trish station, took the pre-
caution, in " beating out" of harbour, to apprise the pilot
that be was totally unacquainted with the coast, and there-
fore he must rely entirely on the pilot's local knowledge for
the safety of his ship. " You are perfectly sure, pilot," said
the captain, " you are well acquainted with the coast ?"
"Do I know my own name, Sir ?" " Well, mind I warn
you not to approach too near to the shore." " Now make
yourself asy, Sir; in troth you may go to bed if you plan."
" Then, shall we stand on ?" '• Why,—what else would
we do ?" " Yes, but there may be hidden dangers which
you know nothing about." " Dangers ?—I like to see the
dangers dar hide themselves from Mick. Sure, don't I tell
you I know every rock on the coast ;" (here the ship strikes)
" and that's one of 'em 1"

A SLIGHT COLD.—Consider a " alight cbld"
to be In the nature of a chill, caught by a sudden contact
with your grave ; or, as occasioned by the damp finger of
death laid upon you, as it were, to mark you for his, in
passing to the more immediate object of his commission.—
Let this be called croaking, and laughed at as such, by those
who are " awearied of the painful round of life," and are co
the look-ont for their dismissal from it ; but be learntAZ
heart and remembered as having the force and truth of
by all those who would "measure out their span upon die
earth," and are conscious of any constitutional Oa,/ of feeble-
neat ; who are distinguished by any such tendency death-
ward, as long necks, narrow chicken-chests—very fair
complexions—requisite sympathy with atmospheric varia-
tions ; or, in short, exhibit any symptom of an asthmatic or
consumptive character, if they choose to neglect a slight cold.
Let not those complain of being bitten by a reptile, which
they have cherished to maturity in their very bosoms, when
they might have crushed it in (he egg. Now, if we call ' a
alight cold' the egg, and pleurisy—lnflammation of the
lungs —asthma— consumption, the venomous ireptile—the
matter will be more than correctly figured. There arc

.4 no
many ways in which this 'egg' may be deposited and batched
Going suddenly, slightly clad, from • heated into a cold at-
mosphere, especially if you can contrive to be in • state of
perspiration ; sitting or standing in a draught, however
slight ; it is the breath of death, reader, and laden with the
vapour of the grave ! Lying in damp beds.---for there his
cold arms shall embrace you ; continuing in wet clothing,
and neglecting wet feet—these, and a hundred others, are
some of the ways in which you may slowly, imperceptibly,
but surely, cherish the creature, that shall at last creep in-
extricably inwards, and lay coiled about your •ery vitals.
Once mace again—again—spin I would say, attend to this,
all ye who think it small matter to —neglect a slight cold !

PANORAMA OF THE BRITISH
EMPIRE.

The STAR has tor several months exhibited such a pie.
titre of the Domestic Events of the Empire, as never
before was attempted. It gratifies unspeakably the natives
of districts who reside in London and distant counties, and
is a LITTER Taos( HOME to every provincial in foreign
countries, or in the colonies. It raises also into general
importance the exertions of local talents in every public
cause. Then as this is a duty performed alone by the STAR,
those load patriots would ill deserve their name, if the STAR
and its interests were not reciprocally promoted by them in
every district. We know it has been so in many places, and
the STAR in principles, and in all the best qualities of a
paper, has justified preference; but we reasonably expect
the same attentions EVERY WHIRL, U the means of at
once recompensing our diligence, and adding to the utility of
our valuable and exclusive information. We call also on the
Provincial Proprietors of Papers, whose local labours we
thus illustrate, and invite with !earnestness their powerful
attentions in promoting those interests of the Paper which
they best understand. We notoriously excel all London
Papers in priority of Foreign News, and our display of the
transactions of the country is equally exclusive and pre-
eminent.

to more tt
•_ ing (viz. I
r'en to
which etni
11116 L