Star.
London, England, 1823-01-04 00:00:00

AMERICA.

Amimultit,fiu.l, iaNAltw
• WWIIII4 This day the Pnestneflettansmitted to bout' onset
CongictrtheitsticsW,imedgfifol4
.1 r.diovr.ausess rittbeitirammovit Iktar.ofcßeProwilltild"
!' M.iny ca.oAs.faUfilieitofigektlYquE'rVid aleftt4l6
peculiarly intereging to.yppectmniCuents; the c
tion of our laws, on the varjpps Viztok-;10
'apply, with the antentimentsvA I cc cas64
*gait*, imp° antmaliyanitnpottant duty en.-the
lltpreiOatiVes 61)1(0 4.61461.'9di odes hit
happily aciianCed-ro-ioa'irtiliaritY, • itblttig"
Ank
*Wale that Y4tnrcVlo9i4l)4 bc.
!Dented. .othezAwsesealst..whith, are highly, tno..
testing jo, the rAn;4s.,civilived ntor)d,, an cl to no
tion ait more •o, Certain views, than to the, ii-
teal Statekr,-,ef thew causes, and of their., bearieg on
the ilWeraft% of our :Vain*. L shall.tatiqinnicate the
siitirneittt *lids I have formed, .with that freudous
wl►itrlti it sehT of duty dictates. It it ptopeil,-LhOtt=
ever, to invite your attention, in the: ft rst,instaoc.4
those concerns respecting which legislative provision
is thought to be particularly urgent.
On the 24th June last, aconventitm of /401tif.
lion and Commerce was concluded in this city hetweeti
thedinited States and France, by Ministers duly ono
'thorieed for the purpose. The sanction of the Exe.
cutiv.e having been given to this Convention, under
conviction that, taking all its stipulations into view,
it rested essentially on a basis of reciprocal and Mai
advantage, I deemed it my doty, in compliance with
the authority vested in the Exeeutive by the second
section of the Act of the last *ninth of .the 6i or
May, concerning Navigation, to suspend,. by Portia.
'nation, until the end of the next Session of Congress,
die operation of the Act entitled—'4R Act to int•
pose a new tonnage duty on French ships, and...see.
sels, and for other purposes,' and to suspend likewise
all other duties on French vessels, or the goods im-
ported in them, which exceeded the duties on Ame-
rican vessels, and on, similar goods imported in them.
I shall submit this Convention.forthwith to the Senate
for its advice and consent as to the ratification..
" Since your last Session, the prohibition which
had been imposed on the commerce between the
United-States and the British Colonies in the West
Indies, and on' this .Continent, has likewise been re.
moved._ Satisfactory evidence having been Adduced
that the ports of tilos, Colonies had been opened to.
the vessels of the United States by an Act of the
British Parliament, bearing date on the 24th of June
last, on the 'conditions specified therein, I deemed it
proper, in compliance with the provision of the first
section of the,Act of the last. Session above recited,
baideclaine,,hy,ProelainatitnN bearing date on the 24th
of.,Aegint 144, that the. ports of the United Btate
shouW tbencefoeviard, and until the end of the nest
Session o(Congresh.be open to the vessels of Great
Britain employed nithat trade, under the limitation
specifiedip that Proclamation.
V,Aftlo,ebt wilieotettained,whetherthe,tt Veto
gm! wiled
.the Etitisli Colonies on, 14 !esti-
nent as well as. tat thOwih, the Vest .1044$ buflei
Ote ,Act of:Parliairient opened the iniercqurse eqskoZ
witithqtb, And, it was, the manifest intention of
iiossois well as the obvious policy of the Muted
States, that the provisions of the Act of Par;iiment
should be 'net in ,equal extent on the part of the
United States, and at also the Act of Congress was
supposed to vest in the President some discretion in
die execution orit,'l'llfintightit advisable to give it
a corresponding cohttinctiOn.
v, Should the Craptittitional sanction of the Senate
be given to the ratification' of the Convention with
France, legislative provision will be necessary to carry
it fully into effect, as it likewise will be to continue
in force, on such conditions as may be deemed just
and proper, the intercourse which has been opened
between the United States and the British Colonies,
Every light in the possession of the Executive will,
in due time, be communicated on both subjects.
gt Resting essentially'on a basis of reciprocal and
equal advantage, it has been the object of the Execu-
tive, in transactions with other Powers, to meet the
propositions of each with a liberal spitit, believing
that thereby the interest of our country would be
most effectually promoted. , This course has been
systematically pursued in therlate occurrences with
France and Great Britain,. and in, strict accord with
the views of ,die• Legislature. A confident hpp.4l is
entertained, that by the arrangement thus com-
menced with each, all differences respecting naviga-
tion and commerce with the dominions in question
will be adjusted, and a" solid foundation be leid for
an active and permanent intercourse, which sal
prove equally advantageous to both. panics,
4. The decision otitis Imperial Majesty the Emperor
of Russia, on-the question submitted to him by the
United States and Great Britain, concerning the con-
struction of the first Article of the Treaty of Ghent,
has been received. A Convention has since been con-
cluded between the parties, under the mediation of
his. Imperial Majesty, to. prescribe the modeby which
that article shall be carried into effect, in conformity
with that decision. I shall submit this Convention
to the Senate, for its advice and consent, as to the
ratification, and, if obtained, shall immediately bring
the subjea before Congress, for such provisions as
may require the interposition of the Legislature.
" In compliance with an Act of the last Session, a
Territorial Government has been established in Flo-
tide, on the principles of our system. By this Act
the inhabitants are secured in tile. full enjoyment of
their rights and libettiet, and to admission into the
Union, with equal pasticipatioa in the Goverzeuent
With the original States, on the .cohdi6on heretdote
.presctibed to other territories. By a clause in the
ninth- a: tide of the. Treaty frith SPalh, by width thit
territoey- was ceded to the United :Serest ie
pis ad-
pshited that satisfaction shall. be,tsadaifor the
tes.,if nay, which; bY proceic 0C kik tine
FiiihefiAP Ova -been .mgero4,l the,Ppati
.and individual Spanish inimbitaints, by 'sheik's;
rations of our troops in Florida. hotel
yet been made- tisitterstebaystipidation futoeffect,.st
assobsoissed to tltecousidexutiopuf Coast's', whether
,it will Aki4*ProlAsT-. to, lf actthe.competeht es=
the distrietS„,onrt,Atc,f'onsaciAas_ or in souse T
'to be especially. orgaoirlerlsfbr thi purpose. • 459.1;:i
The -fisial'aprrations of the yealibavubleiwilmeee-
. .
successful thou

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grit quarters
4,14 i tl of t 4-6
- !• • !leViiti

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in had been anticipai!ecicet,iketONlP
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.. idi • ier Ito 6. )) ‘,104 :::.11
. •

I

Treasury, during the same period, have exceeded
12,279,000 dollars, leaving in the Treasury, on the
30th day of September last (including• 168,592 dol-
lars and el cents, which were in the Treasury on the
Ist day of January last), a sum exceeding 4,123,060
dollars.
.46 Besides discharging all demands for the current
service. of the year, including the interest and reim-
bursement of the Public Debt, the Six per Cent. Stock
of 1796, amounting to 80,000 dollars, has been re•
deemed. It is estimated that, after defraying the
current expenses of the pt esent quarter, and redeem-
ing the two millions of Six per Cent. Stock of 1820,
there will remain in the Treasury, on the Ist day of
January next, nearly 3,000,000 of dollars. It is
estimated that the gross amount of duties which• have
been secured, from the fit of January to the 30th of
September last, has exceeded 19,500,000 dollars, and
the amount for the whole year will probably not fall
short of 23,000,000 of dollars.
" Of the actual force in service under the present
military establishment, the posts at which it is sta.
tioned, and the condition of each post, a Report
from the Secretary of War, which is now corn-
Municated, will give a distinct
.idea: By like Re-
ports, the state of the Academy at West Point will
be seen, as well as the progress which has been made
in the fortifications along the coast, and at the na-
tional armories and arsenals.

" The position on the Red River, and that at the
Sault of St. Marie, are the only new posts that have
been taken. These posts, with those already occupied
in the interior, are thought to be well adapted to the
protection of our frontiers. All the force not placed
in the garrisons along the coast, and in the ordnance
depots, and indispensably necessary there, is placed
on the frontiers.

64 The organization of the several corps com-
posing the army is such as to admit its expansion to
a great extent, in case of emergency, the officers car-
rying with them all the light which they possess to
the new corps to which they might be appointed.
44 With the organization of the Staff there is
equal cause to be satisfied. By the concentration of
every branch, with its chief in this city, in the pre-
sence of the department, and with a grade in the
chief military station, to keep alive and cherish a mi-
litary spirit, the greatest promptitude in the execu-
tion of orders, with the greatest economy and effi-.
Ciency, are secured. The same view is taken of the
Military Academy. Good order is preserved in it,
and the. youth are well instructed in every science
connected with the great objects of the institution.
They are also well trained and disciplined in the
practical parts of the profession. It has always been
found difficult to controul the ardour inseparable
from that early age, in such manner as to give it a
proper direction. The rights of manhood are too
often claimed prematurely; in pressing which too
far, the respect which is due to age, and the obe-
dience necessary to a course of study and instruc-
tion, in every' such institution, are sometimes lost
sight of. T. e great object to be accomplished-is the
restraint of that ardour, by such wise regulations and
igaVernMent, as, by directing all the energies of the-
youthful. mind to the attainment of useful know.
ledge, will keep' it within a just subor.lination, and at
the same time elevate it to the highest purposes. This
abject seems to be essentially obtained inthis insti-
tution, and with great advantage to the Union.
64 The Military Academy forms • the basis in re-
tard to science, on which the military establishment
• rests. It furnishes annually, after the examination,
and On the report of the academic staff, many well-
informed youths, to fill.the vacancies which occur in
the-several corps of the army ; while others, who re-
tire to private life carry with them such attainments
as, under the right reserved to the several States to
appoint the Officers and to train the Militia, will
enable them, by affording a wider field for selection,
to promote the great object of the power vested in
Congress, of providing for the organizing, arming,
and disciplining the Militia. Thus, by the mutual'
and harmonious co-operation of the two Govern-
ments in the execution of a power divided between
them, an object always to be cherished, the attain-
ment of a great result on which our liberties may
depend, cannot fail to be secured. I have to add,
that in proportion as our regular force is small,
should the instruction and discipline of the Militia,
the great resource on which we rely, be pushed to the
'lnmost extent that circumstances will adniit.

.4 A report from the Secretary of the Navy will
Communicate the progress which has been made in
the construction of vessels of war, with other in-
teresting details, respecting the actual state of the
affairs of that department. It has been found neces-,
-sary for the protection of our commerce to maintain
•the usual squadrons on the Mediterranean, the Pad-
fic, and along the Atlantic coast, extending the
cruises of the latter into the West Indies, where pi-
racy, organised into a system, has preyed on the com-
merce of every country trading thither. A cruise
'has also been maintained on the coast of Africa, when
the season• would permit, for the suppression of the
Slave Trade; and orders have been given to the
ComManders of an our public ships to seize our own
vessels, should they find any engaged in that trade,
and to bring them in for adjudication.
" In the West Indies piracy is of recent date,
which may explain the cause why other Powers have
not combined against it. By the documents commu-
nicated, it will be seen that the efforts of the United

States to suppress it have had a very salutary effect.
The benevolent provision of .the Act, under which the
protection has been extended alike to the commerce
of other nations, cannot fail to be duly appreciated
by them. In compliance with the Act of 'the last
Session, entitled • An Act to abolish the United
;States' Trading Establishments,' agents were imme-
diately appointed aud instructed under. the direction
of the Secretary of the 'freasury, to close the busi-
ness of the 'trading-houses among the Indian tribes,
and.to settle the accounts of the factors and sub-lac-
' tors engaged in that trade, and to execute, in all
;Other respects, the injunctions of that Act, in the
naoje.Preicrilsed therein. A final report of their pro-
ceedings VIA be cOinmunicated to Congress as soon
•!sis it is received.

- 44 ft is with great regret I have to state that a seri-
ous malady hatileprived us of many valuable citi-
Ilimeius4l Pensacola, and checked the progress of some
arrangements which are important to the
• territory. This effett has been sensibly 'felt with
respect to the Indians who inhabit that territory, con-

sitting of the remnants of soverid tribes, who.o4opy
the middle grounckbetween !It. Augustine and Pen-1
satirla, with extensile claims, but undcfroei! bounda-
ries. Although peate is reserved with those Indians,
yet their position and claims tend essentialltto inter-
rupt the intercourse between the eastern and western
parts of the territory on which our inhabitants are
principally settled. It is essential to the growth and
prosperity of the territory, as well as to the inter-
ccurse of the union, that these Indians should be re-
moved, by special compact with them, to some other
position, or concentrated within narrower limits where
they are. With the limited means in the power of the
Executive, instructions were given to the Governor
to accomplish this object, so far as it mi,;lit be prac-
ticable, which is as prevented by the distressing ma-
lady referied to. To carry it fully into effect in either
mode, additional funds will be necessary, to the pro-
vision of which the powers of Congress alone are
competent. With a view of such provision as may
be deemed proper, the subject is submitted to your
consideration, and in the interim further proceed-
ings are suspended. .
" It appeared that so much of the Act, entitled
An Act for regulating the Staff of the Army,' which
passed on the 14th of April, 1818, as 'relate; to the
Commissariat, will expire in April next, and the prac-
tical operation of that. department having evinced its
great utility, the propriety of its renewal is submitted
to your consideration.
". The view which has been taken of the probable
productiveness of the lead mines, connected with the
importance of the material to the public defence,
makes it expedient that they should be managed with
peculiar care. It is therefore suggested whether it •
will not comport with the public interest to provide
by law for the appointment of an agent skilled in
mineralogy to superintend them, under the direction
of the proper department.
" It is understood that the Cumberland Road,
which was:constructed at a great expense, has already
suffered from the want of that regular superintend-
ence, and 'of those repairs which arc indispensable to
the preservation of such a work. This road i; of in-
calculable advantage in facilitating the intercourse
between the Western and Atlantic States. Through '
it the whole country, from the northern extremity ofl
Lake Erie to the Mississippi, and from all the waters,
which empty into each, finds an easy and direct com-
munication to the seat of Government, and thence to
the Atlantic. The facility which it affords to all mi-
litary and commercial operations, and also to those
of the post-office department, cannot be estimated too
highly. This great work is likewisi an ornament,
and an honour to the nation. Believing that a com-
petent power to adopt and execute a system of in-
ternal improvement has not been granted to Con-
gress,
.but that such a power, confined to great na-
tional purposes, and with proper limitatipns, would
be productive of eminent advantage to our Union, I
have thought it advisable that an amendment of the
Constitution, to that effect, should be recommended
to the several States. A Bill which assumed the
right to adopt and execute such a system having
• been presented for my signature, at the last Session,
I was compelled," from the view which I had taken
of the pOwerS of the General Government, to negative
it, on which occasion I thought it proper to commu-
nicate the sentiments which I had formed, on mature
consideration, on the whole subject. To that corn.
munication, in all the views in which the great inte-
rest to which it relates way be supposed to merit
your attention, I have now to refer. Should Con-
gress, however, deem it improper to recommend such
an amendment, they have, according to my judg-
ment, the right to keep the road in repair, by provid-
ing for the superintendence of it, and appropriating
the money necessary for repairs. Surely, if they had
the-right to apropi late money to make the road, they
have a right to appropriate it to preserve the road
from ruin. From the exercise of this power no dan-
ger is to be apprehended.
" Under our happy system, the People are the sole
and exclusive fountain of power. Each Government
originates trom them, and to them alone, each to its
proper Constituents, are they respectively and solely
responsible, for the fgithful discharge of their duties,
within their constitutional limits,: and that the People
will confine their public agents, of every station, to
the strict line of their constitutional duties, there is
no cause to doubt. .Having,lowever, communicated
my sentiments to Congress, at the last Session, fully,
in the document to which I have referred, respecting
the right of appropriation as distinct from the right
of jurisdiction and sovereignty over the territory
in. question, I deem it:improper to enlarge on the
subject here. •
" From the best information that I have been able
to obtain, it appears that our manufactures, though
depressed immediately after the peace, have consi-
derably increased, and are still increasing, under the
encouragement given them by the Tariff of 1816,
and by subsequent laws. Satisfied I am, whatever
may be the abstract doctrine in favour of unrestricted
commerce, provided all nations would concur in it,
and it was not liable to be interrupted by war, which
has never occurred, and cannot be expected, and
there are other strong reasons applicable to our situa-
tion and relations with other countries, which impose
on us the obligation to cherish and sustain our manu-
factures. • Satisfied, hc'wever, I likewise am, that the
interest of every part of_ our Union, even of those
most benefitted by manufactures, requires that this
subject should be touched with the greatest caution,
and a critical knowledge of the effect to be produced
by the slightest change. On full consideration of
the subject, in all its relations, I .am persuaded, that
a further augmentation may now -be made of the'
duties on certain foreign articles, in favour of our
own, and without affecting, hijuriously, any other
interest. Fur more precise details, I refer you to the
communications which were made to Congress during
the last Session. •
" So great was the amount of accounts for nioniee
advanced during the late war, in addition to others
of a previous date, which, in the regular operations of
the Government necessarily remained unsettled, that
it required a considerable length of time for their ad."
justment. By a report from the First Comptroller of
the Treasury, it appears that, on the 4th of March,
1817, the accounts then unsettled amounted to
105,068,876 dollars 41 cents. of which, on the 80th
of September, of the present year, 95,175496 dollars
and 56 cents. had been settled.; leaving on that day
a *balance unsettled of 91#93,479 dollars 85 -cents.
That there have been drawn from the Treasury, in'

Goarpn-
meat in all its dpervions and di Aidts'ethente, isinde
paying thee-public debt, and sustaining tbe
the 4th of March, 1817, 157,199;430
and
end,
96 cents. the accounts for which havf been
the amount 1,451 dollars
of 137,50 settled tO
It cents.
leaving a balance unsettled of 19,697.929 dollars and
84 cents. For precise details respecting each of
these balances, I refer to the report of the Comptroller,
and the documents which accompany it.
" From this view it appears that our commercial
differences with France and Great Britain have been
placed in a train of amicable arrangement, on con,
ditions fair and honourable, in both instances, to each'
party ; that our finances are in a very is; oductiva
state, our revenue being at present fully competent to
all the demands upon it ; that our military force is
well organized in all its branches, and capable of
rendering the most impertant service, in case of
emergency, that its number will admit of; that due
progress has been made, under existing appropria-
tions, in the construction of fortifications, and in the
operation of the ordnance department ; that due pro.
greys has, in like manner, been made in the- constt sic-
don of ships of war ; that our navy is in the best
condition, felt and respected in every sea in which it
is employed for the protection of our commerce ;
that our manufactures have augmented in amount,
and improved in quality ; that great .progress has
been made in the settlement of accounts, and in re-
covery of the balances due-to indieiduals; and that
the utmost economy is secured and observed in every
department of the administration.
" Other objects will likewise claim your attention
because, from the station which the United States
hold, as a member oldie greatcommunity of -nations,
they have rights to' maintain, duties, to perterm, and
dangers to encounter. ~,,. -.. . . .
" A strong hope was entertained that peace would,
ere this, have been concluded between Spain and the
Independent Governments south of the United States
in this hemisphere. Long experience having evinced
the competency of those Governments to maintain
the independence which they had declared, it was
presumed that the considerations whic.4 induced their
recognition by the United 'States would have had
equal weight with other Powers, and that Spain her-
self, yielding to those magnanimous feelings of
Which her history furnishes so many examples, would
have terminated, on that basis, a controversy so un-
availing, and at the same time so destructive. We
still cherish the hope that the result will not long be
postponed. .
" Sustaining our neutral position, and allowing to
each party, while the war continues, equal rights, it
is incumbent on the United States to claim of each
with equal rigour the faithful observance of our
rights, according to the well-known law of nations.
From each, therefore, a like co-operation is expected
in the suppression of the piratical practice which has
grown out of this war, and of blockades of extensive
coasts on both seas, which, considering the small
force employed to sustain them, have not the slightest
foundation to rest on.
" Europe is still unsettled; and although the war
long menaced between Russia and Turkey has not
broken out, there is no certainty that the differences
'between-those Powers will be amicably adjusted. It
is impossible to look to the oppressions of the coun-
try respecting which those differences arose, without
being deeply affected... The mention of Greece fills
the mind with the most exalted sentiments, and
arouses in our bosoms the best feelings of which our
nature is susceptible. Superior skill and -refinement
in the Arts, heroic gallantry in actias, disinterested
patriotism, enthusiastic zest! and devotion in favour
of public and personal liberty, 'are associated with
our recollections f.-Ii ancient Greece.
" That such a country should have been over-
whelmed, and so long hidden, as it were, from the
World, under a gloomy despotism, has been a cause
of unceasing and deep regret to generous minds for
ages past. It was natural, therefore, that the re-ap-
pearance of those people in their original character,
contending in favour of their liberties, should pro-
duce that great excitement and sympathy in their fa-
vour, which have been so signally displayed through.
out the United States. A strong hope is entertained
that these people will recover their independence,
and resume their equal station among the nations of
the earth.
" A great effort has been made in Spain and Por-
tugal to improve the condition of the people, and it
must be very consoling to all benevolent minds to
see the extraordinary moderation with which it has
been conducted. That it may promote the happi-
ness of both nations, is the ardent wish of this whole
people, to the expression of which we confine our-
selves; for, whatever may be the feelings or senti-
ments which every individual under our Government
has a right to indulge and express 4 it is nevertheless
a sacred maxim, equally with the Government -and
'People, that the destiny of every independent na-
tion, in what relates to such improvements, of right
belongs, and ought to be left, exclusively to themsel vest
" Whether we reason from the late wars, or from
those menacing symptoms which now appear in Eu-
rope, it is manifest that, if a convulsion should take
place in any of those countries, it will proceed from
causes which have no existence, -and are utterly un-
known in these States, in which there is but one
order, that of the People, to whom the Sovereignty
exclusively belongs. Should war break out in any
of those countries, who can forethll the event to
which it may be carried, or the desolation which it
may spread? Exempt as we are from these causes,
ourinternal tranquillity is secure; and distant as we
are {tom the troubled scene, and faithful to just prin.'
ciples in regard to other Powers, we might i easonably
presume that we should not be molested by them.—
This, however, ought not to be calculated on as cerz
taiu. Unprovoked injuries ate often inflicted, and'
even the peculiar felicity of our situation might, With
some,.-be a cause for excitement and aggression. The
history of the late wars in Europe furnishes a com-
plete demonstratiOn: that no system of conduct, how-
ever correct in pi inciple, can protect neutral Porkers
from injury, froufany party ;• that a defenceless rosi-
tion, and distinguished love of peace, are the surest
invitations to wars, and that there is-no way to avoid
it, other than alsrais being prepared and willing, for
just cause, to meet it. If there be a People on earth
;:more especial duty it is to be at 01l times pre-
`r 'to defend therights with which they are blessed,
in sustaining the necessary
audio surpass all ethers
but dens, and in sabiiiitting to sacrifices to make such
preparations, it isalndoibtedly the lbople of. these,

Mattes. When we see that a 6,11 war of the ntastriOt—
till character rages from the Adriatic to the Black
Sea; that strong syniptoms of war appear in other
parts, proceeding from causes which, should it hire*
out, may become general, and be of long dorationi.
that the war still "contintres between Spain Arid the
Ineeoendent Governments, her late Provinces, in thig,
hemisphere; that it is likewise menaced betssees hp,
tugal and
:Brazil, in consequence of the .itterept aft
the latter to dismember itself froths the former agt
that a system of piracy, of great extent, is mainteiner
in the neighbouring seas, which will require evil&
vigilance and decision to suppress it, the reasons-km
sustaining the attitude which we now hold, and fee
pushing forward all our measures of defence with eh*
utmost vigour, appear to me to acquire new force. A
4, The United States owe•to the world a great spy
ample, and, by means thereof, to the cause of liLerty:
and humanity a generous support. They have so far
succeeded, to the satisfaction of the virtuous and es.:
lightened of every country. There is no reason
doubt that their whole movement will be regulate&
by a sacred regard to principle, all .our institutioak
being founded on that basis. The ability to suppner
our.own cause, under any trial to which it may ii,
etposed, is the gre tt point on which public solicitude
rests. It has been often charged against free Go.'
vernments, that they have neither the foresight nni•
the virtue to provide, at the proper season, for great
emergencies ; that their course is improvident and ex-
pensive; that war will always find them unprepared;
and, whatever may be its calamities, that its terrible.
warnings will be disregarded and forgotten as soon
as peace returns. I have full confidence that thit•
charge, so far as relates to the United States, %sillier
shewn to be utterly destitute of truth. •

"JAMES MONTIOL

" Washirgton, December 3, Ise2."

EPIPHANY, OR TWELFTH DAY.

The rites of this clay, the name of which signifies
an appearance of light, or a manifestation, are dire
ferent in various places, but all in honour of the
Eastern Magi. In the ancient calendar of the Romish
Church, there is an observation on the sth day of
January, the eve or vigil of the Epiphany: " Kings
created or elected by beans." The sixth is called
" The Festival of Kings," with this additional remark,
" that the ceremony c f electing Kings was cont:naed
with feasting for many days." In the cities and act•
demies of Germany, the students and citizens chase*
one of their own number for King, pr,,viefing awl!
magnificent banquet on the otcasii.n. In Franey
duting the aticien regime, one of the Courtiers was
chosen King, and the Nobles attended on this day*
an entertainment.
With the French, " Le Roi de la Five" signifies.*
Twelfth Night King ; and they have a proverb, IP n
a trouve la Poe au gateau," signifying, " he is 1a
luck," Ate. but. literally, 14 he has found the bean is '
the cake."
The_evenink and early- part of the night of the ;
'Epiphany in Home is a feast particularly dear tochll-.
dren. Not that they draw King and Queen al,
do, but there are cakes and-sneetmeats 7:-„i6uit, 4
in short all good things, sold :wild qivon•awar upoil
the occasion. The r.eeta della Rotonlla is partica&
lady distinell'..s.red by the gay appearanceof thefruit
and c.?.'fie stalls, ornamented with flowers, and lighted
%mh. paper lanterns. Persons dressed up to re,enille
the pictures of Mother Bunch or Mother Goose, and
called Beffana, are led about thestrects, and a great
deal of popular 'wit is displayed. But these visible
Beffanas are nothing in importance to the invisible.
When the children go to bed, each child hangs ape
stocking near the pillow. If the child has beengoes4
the stocking is filled with sweetmeats and cake, • be-
fore morning ; but if naughty, the Beffana puts no.
thing but stones and dirt into it; and we have seen
(says Mrs. Graham) many a smile and many a tea
occasioned by the impartial gifts of the &Irani
The Carnival commences On Twelfth-day, and
usually holds till Lent. During this festival at Paris,
the grand annual procession of a Fat Ox, with all it.
motley accompaniments of buffoonery, the glory of
Paris, and the pride and joy of the Boulevards, fast
for three whole days together. •
A curious species of carnival spectacle was pi
pared and executed by Pietro di Cosimo, a Fiore*.
tine painter, who flourished shortly after ;Leonardo'
da Viaci. It consisted of processions of three or foal
hundred persons, dressed to represent partien lir stork'',
with much splendour and whimsicality. On one oc-
casion he got up, with great secresy, the Triinal
Death, .which WAS performed by torch-light: a WI
car was drawn by black buffaloes, and painted with
skulls and crosses; Death sat triumphant on his due*
surrounded by yawning sepulchres, from which; at
every halt, the dead arose, and sung dolorous mimic.
—Several men on horseback, painted to' nepreietit
skeletons, were the escort, with stsff:eri, dresiedili
the mutes at funerals, bearing black torches:. The-
black standard of death, with skulls and cross-bone!,
was borne aloft, while a ffrourning band thundered
forth the iniserere. The terrified people at first /led
in horror; but, struck with the novelty, soon-re•
turned, and Pietro, as Vaiari tells, was loaded with
praises (summamente todato). -Andrea del Sato, his
pupil, assisted'in the execution of-this triumph, which
was supposed to allude to the return of the Media,
then banished. from Florence. it was the bad (auk.
of the day thus to mingle sacred and p:ofatie
sionsi in the Midst of this Carnival festival thei bit
the 10th Psattn.—Time's Telescope. •

- DIED.
Thursday evening, in Lower Grosvenor-street, Mrs. B
Watson, aged 86, relict of the late John Watson, F.
slot* of Jlumphry Hanmer, of Hanmer-Hall, =
Fog. which he left to her . idow dating his life, and
devolves to Sir Thomas tialimer, Karr. • _,*
At Creep .Lane, in.the ari hof Balaton, Cumberland* 4001
74, Mrs. Elizaist.h Crosier, a maiden Lady? sister of Drs,Cfr,„.
ler, who sailed round t'..e world with: Cdptiun Cook.. fibee..
• •
in the possession of hnmense wealth.
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