Star.
London, England, 1831-06-07 00:00:00

CASE OF GENERAL DWERNICKI.

(CiTILACT OF AY OFFICIAL LITIZZ rsou wsasAw.)
It has, without doubt, come to your knowledge
that the separate corps of General Dwernicki,
which had signalized its entry into Volhynia by
various successes, has been under the necessity of
retiring into the Austrian States. You are aware
that this brave warrior only had recourse to this
last means of safety upon seeing himself sur-
rounded by the enemy, who, with forces eight
times more numerous than his own, menaced hit
troops with total destruction ; and you also know
that the Russians could not have succeeded in
turning him but by violating the Austrian territory,
and thereby depriving the Polish General of the
possibility of supporting himself upon the frontier
of a neutral power. The Austrian authorities pre
tended they did not understand that the Polish
troops could not have been forced to seek an asy-
lum in Galicia if it were not for the aggressive
violation of the Russians. Those authorities
desired to enforce the rights and discharge the
duties which the neutrality of the Austrian
States seemed to impose upon them ; —they
summoned General Dwernicki to lay down his
arms. This intrepid warrior, though accus-
tomed to combat superior forces—though pre-
ferring to perish rather than lay down his arms
—came to the opinion, upon serious reflection,
that it was his duty rather to sacrifice him-
self than to seek his rarely in compromising the
existing relations between Austria and the kingdom
of Poland. These relations might be cousidered
already compromised by the rigorous measures',
which have been adopted towards our troops, if we
did not attribute them rather to the timid and excels.
..ive seal of the local authorities than to the Govern-
ment of his Imperial and Apostolic Majesty. The
Polish Government knows too well the equity and ex-
alted wisdom of the Emperor of Austria, and places
too much reliance on the beneficence of his inten-
tions, to indulge for a moment in unjust suspicions.
We still hope that, when the Austrian Go-
vernment shall have learned the real state of the
question, and when the protests of the National
Government shall have been received at Vienna,
Elie Majesty will feel all the justice of it, and will
not treat as prisoners of war those who would not
have been under the necessity of seeking a refuge
on his territory if the Russians had respected it.
We ought, besides to add, that General Dwernicki
has addressed the superior authorities of Galicia,
and bad, in consequence, obtained for himself, and
those along with him, the advantages of hospitality,
and all the respect due to courage and misfortune.
Such is the point of view in which we regard here
the conduct that has been adopted towards General
Dwernicki, as well as that which it is believed to be
our duty to pursue. But what can be said of the
audacity of the Rus:ian General, who has not re-
spected the inviolability of a neutral state, and who
considered every means fair and proper to destroy
an adversary whom he dreaded ?
Although the withdrawal of the corps of General
Dwernicki retards the progress of our success in
Volhynia, and impedes for a moment the insurrec-
tion which has broken out there, it cannot have dis-
tressing consequences, nor exercise a fatal influence
upon the principal operations of the General-in-
Chief. 'Ti. with grief that we see ourselves
deprived of the talents of an intrepid General, and
of the courage of three battalions of infantry--
of two thousand cavalry— of five thousand stand
of arms—and of sixteen pieces of cannon.
His energy and his brilliant patriotism have
pointed out to him the means of repairing this re-
verse. He has appealed to the devotion of the
Poles, and has decreed the levy of eight regiments
of infantry, which will be soon equipped and or-
ganised. It is thus that a nation which combats

fora sacred cause is not discouraged by a reverse ;
—on the contrary, it sees, in adverse affairs, only the
duty of making additional sacrifices, and the oppor-
tunity of developing new resources with a more
effective energy.
May 10.
POLAND.

Ancient Poland, including Lithuania, contained
284.000 square miles, and 15,000,000 inhabitants.
The partition of Poland between Russia, Austria,
and Prussia, took place at three distinct epochs,
1772, 1793, and 1795, and the result or the
whole was as follows :
Square Miles. Population.
To Austria .. 64,000 4,700,000
To Prussia .. 62,000 3,6410,000
To Russia ... 158,000 6,700,000

284,000 15,000,000
At the peace of Tilsit (July 1807) Buonaparte
stripped Prussia of the greatest part of her Polish,
1
sions. Of these he gave a small portion to 174816 a, and erected the rest into a new state, cal-
led the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which he as-
signed to the King of Saxony. In 1809, after
vanquishing Austria in the field, he compelled
her to cede part of Galicia to Russia, and another
part to his new Grand Duchy. But all the ar-
rangements of Buonaparte were overturned by the
disastrous campaign of 1812, the Russians reoc-
cupied Poland ; and the Congress of Vienna,
while it decreed to Austria and Prussia a partial
restitution of their late cessions, confirmed to Rus-
sia all the Polish and Lithuanian provinces ac-
quired before 1794, conferring on her, in addition
the sovereignty of the central provinces, which
constitute the present kingdom of Poland. Each
of the three powers was enjoined by the Congress
to give to its respective portion of Poland as free
a constitution as circumstances should permit.
The following table shows how the territory and
population were divided between the three powers,
at the Congress of Vienna:
Square Miles. Population.
To Prussia 29,000 ..1,800,000
To Austria
Kingdom of Poland 47,000 —2,800,000
To Russia 178,000 8,900,000

284,000 16,000,000
The kingdom of Poland, as constituted at the
black Congress of Vienna, is the seat of the pre-
sent revolution. It comprises the chief part of that
which, from 1807 to 1813, formed the Duchy of
Warsaw. It consists of the central provinces of
ancient Poland, bounded all along its frontier by
the respective acquisitions of Russia, Austria, and
Prussia. Area 47,000 square miles. The popu-
lation at present is estimated at only 4,000,000.
This country, though subject to the Sovereign of
Russia, was to be governed in every respect as a
separate monarchy. The regal dignity is vested
in the Czar, represented by a viceroy, in whom,
and in a cabinet of ministers, the executive govern-
ment resides. The religion of the majority is the
Catholic. The Protestants of different sects are
also numerous; and there are many members of
the Greek church. The Jews are computed to
form a seventh part of the whole populatiou.
INDIAN CHOLERA.
The new Magazine, The Englishman, to which
the publicare already indebted for the most valu-
able lights and precautionary remarks upon this
subject, introduces its number of the present month
with the following avant propos to its readers :
" Our darning of the approach of the Easton pestilence
has been echoed by the press, which we trust will not Wacker,'
in its endeavours to stimulate government to the adoption of
the best precautionary measures. The disease is spreading
in the contending armies in Poland, and numbers of the dia.
heartened Russians deserting, pt °mate its seed.. The
cholas is mid to have appeared at Brealaw and Stettin. By
the latest accounts it was frightfully extending its ravages,
and had penetrated into Austrian Galicia. The .German
physicians expect to see it on the Rhine this summer.—
What, then, is to prevent it from reaching the Thames in
1832, or even in the autumn of the present year ? Mer-
chant vessels are daily entering our ports ftom Dsntzic,
Koningsbetg, Memel, Lichen, and Riga, and the existing
quarantine regnktions, so far as passengers are concerned,
are little better than a cover for bribety—certainly, totally
inadequate to the accomplishment of their object. The ra-
pidity with which the distemper might travel to our shows,
is exemplified by the fact, that a vessel called the Comet,
Captain Webster, lately arrived at Dundee, from Memel,
after a passage of only eight days.
" Eminent physicians of France, Germany, and Russia,
pronounce the cholera to be contagious, and express their
belief that it will extend throughout Western Europe. Some
distinguished medical men are of opinion that it will pro-
duce a much greater mortality in the climate of Western
and Southern Europe than has been experienced in the
frigid temperature and prolonged winter of European Rus-
sia. The Governments of Prussia and Austria, alive to the
enormous evil, establish a rigid *orders aanigairei and, in
conjunction with France, commission competent professional
persons to examine, and report upon the character of the
pestilence.
There is little to hope from the conservative efforts of
a Government so proverbially indifferent to science as that
of Britain. Ordets in Council have been issued ; but, under
the present quarantine system, these will prove a very in.
sufficient security. In place of the quarantine officers, at
three shillings per diem, soldiers of the line should be sub-
stituted—men much less accessible to a bribe. Why do
not Ministers confer with the French and German Cabinets
on the means most likely to bar the advances of this scourge
of the globe ? Why not call a meeting of the medical men
of London? Why not the heads of the profession them.
selves assemble ? There is but one answer—from the peer
to the pedlar—we are in such hot pursuit of the • main
chance,' that we have no time either to • fear GOD' or • re.
gard man.' At the eleventh hour our rulers will bestir them.
selves—when the panic is universal, and the lasar-house
required."
Though we do not participate to their full extent
in the apprehension of the writer, we deem his
opinions to be of value well deserving of all the
publicity we can give them. Of two things we are
quite certain—that there is danger, and that it is
the duty, as, no doubt, it must be the inclination of
Government, to guard against it. Nor can there
be the smallest hesitation, we should think, with
any one to admit that even exaggeration, in such
case, is safer than indifference; and that it will be
wiser to overrate the danger, and to multiply our
safeguards, even to excess and minutia, than by
disregarding the one and omitting the other, leave
a possible door open by which this frightful cala-
mity can enter.—Morning Paper.

ELECTION OF is
On Friday the election of
represent the Peers of Scotland ,
Picture-gallery, Holyrood-house.
Peers present (Errol and Falkland), sons-in-law to
our most gracious Sovereign, were among the num-
ber; and Viscountess Falkland, the King's daugh-
ter, graced the assembly with ber presence. The
gallery was almost crowded to suffocation with an
assemblage of beauty and fashion. The Magis-
trates of Edinburgh, in their robes, were, as usual,
present. The business of the day was opened by
prayer.
Upon the roll being called, the following Peers
answered to their names :
Duke of Buccleuch ; Marquisses of Queensberry, Tweed.
dale, and Lothian ; Earls of Errol, Morton, Buchan, Home,
Strathmore, Haddington, Lauderdale, Airlie, Leven and
Melville, Selkirk, Kintore, Hopetnutt, and Stirling ;
Viscounts Falkland, Arbuthnot, and Strathallan ; Lords
Forbes, Saltoun, Elphinetone, Turphichen, Colville of Cul.
roan, Napier, Belhaven cad Stenton, Rollo, Ruthven, ar.d
Kinnaird.

The following Peers gave proxies t—The Dukes of Len-
nox. Argyll, and Montrose; the Earls of Cull's, Breadai-
bane, Aberdeen, Dunmore, ltosebtry, Glasgow, and Pan.
more ; Lords Gray, Cranstoun, Keay, and Naime.
The following voted by signed lista :—The Dukes of Ha-
milton and Gordon ; Earls of Caithness. Moray, Ktnnoull,
Dumfries, Elgin. Wernyas and March, Balcarrass, Ahoyne,
and Stair; Visosunts Swerooot, Kenmure, and Duntblane ;
I Lords Somerville, Polyester, and Kircudbright.
The Lists of the Earl of Mar, not being attested by sub-
scribing witnesses, was rejected. A protest against the te-
jection was, however, entered.
The Earl of Stirling's vote was received by the clerks,
under a protest by the Duke of Buccleuch and others.
A protest from Mr. Goodinge Johnstone requested it to
be entered on the minutes that he claimel a right to vote as
Nlarquis of Annandale.
When the votes had been taken and examined by the
clerks, Mr. Ferguson announced 'hat the tullowing Peers
were elected by the votes uodernoted. vit.—Marquis of
Queensberry, 53 ; Marquis of Tweeddale, 47 ; Earl of Alor-
too, 45; Earl of Elgin, 43; Earl of Selkirk, 40 ; Earl of
Home 39; Earl of Leven and Melville, 35; Viscount
Falkland, 31; Viscount Arbuthnot, 37; Viscount Strath.
alien, 44; Lord Gray, 47; Lord Salmon, 44; Lord Forbes.
41; Lord Colville, 41; Lord Belhaven, 41 ; and Lord
Napier, 35.
The following Peers had votes as follow:—Lord Kin-
naird, 33 ; Earl of Airlie; 32 ; Earl of Caithness, 25 ; Lord
Rollo, 24 ; Lord Elphinstone, 18 ; Earl of Buchan, 17 ;
Lord Ray, 15 ; Earl of Errol, 14 ; and Earl of 1/au-
more, 11.

The Peers who did not vote are the Duke of Atiopll. ti e
Duke of Roxburgh (minor); the Earls of Rothes„ EAlit gt i.)
(minor), Abercorn, minor) galloway, Traquatr, Dailhou,ie
(in India), Carnwath (in India), Oundonald, Nortiiesk (do.
ceased), &afield ; Lords Cathcart, Sinclair, Setripill, BLi..
tyre (minor), Fairfax (in America), Aston, Elibank (tninti:),
and Durus—in all 19.
In the evening a splendid dinner was provided in the
Waterloo Tavern, where their Lonlehips dined with their
ds—the Marquis of Queensberry in the chair, supported
on his right by the Duke de Polignac, and on his kit by
the Earl of Errol—Caledonian Mercury.
(The change since last election is, bard 'Errol, a En 1•11
Peer, Lord Reethesk, deceased, and Lord Sinclair, who was
sot a candidate on the present occasion.]
The French Government is actively engaged is
endeavouring to procure a majority in the new
Chamber. The king labours to procure it, and
the Ministers are not less anxious. Tte prefects
and departmental officers are specially charged•to
assist in obtaining this result. Never were exec
tions equal to those now made resorted to inFrance
to secure by undue influence the return of these
members who constituted the majority of the last
Chamber. But all these efforts will be useless ;
France demands nct merely present liberty, bat
seccrity for the future ; while the estabi.ishtutnt
and success of the popular a -ssucia;iuns dethen-
strata that, if the people could return the Deputies,
the millions would send those who were for march-
ing with the revolution. But even the selections
under the new law, who consist of all the Aristo-
cracy of France, and of a very small porticn of
the Democracy, appear, according to the carres-
pondence from the departments, to be animated be
a similar spirit. Of course, in sonic districts, the
elections will be decidedly ministerial, and royahst.
But the great mass 9f the electors are resolved pn
returning men who will nett adopt the system of
peace at all hazards. The Socit aide-toi, ells
Ciel eaidera, is entitled to unbounded coefitl;nce
and gratitude. It is labouring night and d.y to
point out to the electors suitable candidates for tech
arrondissement—the wants and the position .of
'France—and the duties of electors. It was this
Society which ensured the re *faction of the 2,21
who voted " the insolent Address" to Chariett,X.
—and its members are again confident of pro-
curing the return of a truly patriotic and national
Chamber. Should it fail, it will urge France to
petition for a new and more emended system of
representation, which shall embody all interests
and represent all ages and all parties.—Franett
has only to imitate England, and their Chamber
like our Parliament will then be worthy of the age.
GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A REVOLUIio-
NARY TRIBUNAL.—At length, on Tuesday, at
one in the morning, after enduring for 31 hours
an agony more terrible than death itself—after hav-
ing drunk a thousand and a thousand times The
cup of bitterness, the door of my prison was throWn
open—my name was pronounced—l followed.—
Three men seized me and pla;:ed me before my ter-
rible judges. By the flaring light of two torches I
beheld the tribunal which was to give me death.—
The President, dressed in a gray coat, and rearing
a sabre, was leaning on a table covered with pAters
an escrutoir, pipes and bottles. The table—Was
surrounded by 10 persons, some standing, some
seated, two of whom were in waistcoats only, and
wore aprons; others were extended on the
benches fast asleep. The door was kept by two men.
sword in hand, in shirts stained with blood ; an el-
derly turnkey kept his hand incessantly on the
bolts. Three persons in front of the President
held a prisoner of about 60 years of age. I was
seated in a corner; my guards placed their satires
across my breast, and warned me that if I in!lde
the slightest attempt to stir they would poniard me
Immediately. I looked on all sides for my Pro-
vençal friend. I saw two National Guartht ffle-
sent a reclamation from the section of Croix
Rouge, in favour of the accused, before the P,iftsi-
dent: He replied. " These solicitations are Rae-
, behalf of tes;•-- -11 44 •

less in behalf of traitors." 'lle prisoner cried, " It
is horrible—our judgment is .a these aisassina-
lion." the President said, " Mylands are wash-
ed of it—lead out M. Maple." He wai,puahed
into the street, where I saw him inaesacriil while
the door was yet open. Toe 'President sat kwa
?ti
apparently to reinter the nima ot Le unforttinate
man just
.destittchil. I iVeaid
.•
• order Olen
"a us apitre ! I ills iwtOthate rphced I ... re
the expeditious
.ead ..,14,:.y tr#l‘nal. Two orl!lay
guards held' ,
a . 7 , jibe tilird sea led the ol
!ar of My coat. B
~ ~ • s ttagasir!e. " la-
rative of Journiac St..
,eikw o hid 'thesood '?..-
tune to escape from the critical ordyal, tO whpli
he was thus in no inconsiderable lgo,Cy led:"