The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-03 00:00:00

that had it been put in force, the money levied would
have been barely sufficient to pay the Custom-house
officers, and to keep up the toll-ship. Posterity has
judged of this act.
" The possession of the Duchy of Bremen went from
the Crown of Sweden to the king of Denmark, but
this Government likewise refused to restore the rati-
fication of the treaty cancelled by Sweden.
"From Denmark the possession of the Duchy came
into the hands of the electorate of Brunswick Lune-
burg (Hanover) in the following way :—Duke
Henry the Lion had already an expectancy on the
country of Stade, which he had possessed for some
time. Other princes of the house of Guelph have
governed the country of Bremen in their capacity of
Bishops. In the congress of the peace of Westphalia
the house of Brunswick laid claim to the Arch-
bishopric of Bremen. It was, however, given to the
crown of Sweden as a lay duchy. King Charles XII.
of Sweden lost in 1709 by the battle of Puhawa all
means of carrying on his projects, and turned for
help to the Elector's court at Hanover. Here had
the saving Elector hoarded a treasure which was
kept in a cellar of the Royal castle, and according
to official documents might have yielded an income
of, on the average, a million dollars a year.
From this treasure the Elector was enabled to make
to the King of Sweden an advance for the Duchies
of Bremen and Verden. Already in the year l 700
a considerable sum had been lent on the specially .
mortgaged place Wildeshausen. King Fred. IV. of
Denmark now opposed the pretensions of the Elector
to these countries, and about the same time occupied
them, in the year 1712. To secure his rights, the
Elector (George Louis) again sacrificed a capital.
Sixty tons of gold were paid to Denmark, which, by
the treaty of 11th July, 1717, transferred its doubf-
ful claims on the two Duchies to the Elector. Be-
sides this, 227,000 dollars were paid by Hanover to
Denmark. By the peace of Stockholm, November
9 (20), 1719, the Elector acquired the stronger
claims of Sweden to the Duchies of Bremen and Ver-
den, by paying to Queen LTlrica T:leonora (the suc-
cessor of Charles XII., killed at Friedrichshall, Dec.
11, 1718) 1,000,000 of dollars, giving up at the
same time the mortgage money pledged on Wildes-
hausen. This sum was paid by Hanover in hard
money qt Hamburgh. By subsequent arrangements,
however, other sums were added; so that the sum
total may be reckoned at 2,500,000 dollars.
" The Elector was successor to the rights of the
Kings of Sweden and Denmark. Both Crowns had
rejected the Stade treaty of 1691. How could, then,
the Elector come to re-establish it ?
" To the Hamburgh deputies who appeared in Ha-
nover on the 20th March, 1729, the Elector declared
that he could on no account consider himself bound
to acknowledge the treaty further than sanctioned by
custom, and as it had been observed not only during
the Swedish times, but up to this very moment.
" In the act of the Vienna Congress of the 9th of
June, 1815, in and from the articles 108 to 116, seve-
ral rules are laid clown for commercial navigation and
tolls, relating, however, only to interior trade and river
navigation, and not to sea trade, sea navigation, and
sea tolls. On the 3d of June, 1819, deputies of those
States, either adjacent to, or separated by, the Elbe,
met in Dresden to settle a general system of navigation
and toll for that river, after having received the lead-
ing points from the act of the Congress. It was no
difficult matter for the Hanoverian Envoy to convince
the commissaries of those States, having nothing to do
with sea navigation, that the Brunshausen toll could
not be a matter of discussion in the present conference,
as this toll only concerns sea commerce and sea navi-
gation, as it allows all ships and goods coming down
the Elbe and going to sea to pass free, as it is not by
the place where a toll is levied, but only by the ships
and merchandise it affects, that its nature and charac-
ter can be determined, as it has always been looked
upon as a sea• toll ; and this view of the case rests
upon many precedents, the toll of Brunshausen hav-
ing been generally put aside in former transactions
about the navigation of the river Elbe among the ad-
jacent States, particularly in that of the year 1699.
" From Hanover'a being raised to a sovereign state
the Crown gained those rights which formerly be-
longed to the Emperor during the existence of the
German empire with reference to the toll. There
existed no treaty whatever that might have prevented
the Hanoverian Government fro.n altering the tariff
of the toltat Brunshausen. This Government, how-
ever, voluntarily bound themselves at the Dresden -
conference not to change or increase the duties of that
toll, without the consent of the States interested in it,
and particularly that of Hamburgh, provided a diffe-
rent way of packing up the goods might require a.
simple declaration of the existing principles.
"In 1824 a new commission was named by the
States bordering the river Elbe, to be held at Ham-
burgh. On the occasion the Hanoverian Plenipoten-
tiary made the following declaration :
" That if the Dresden Commission had seriously
insisted upon entering into the question of the Bruns-
hausen toll, the Hanoverian Government never would
have ratified an act which must be prejudicial to the
essential rights of its sovereignty ; that the Hano- _
verian Plenipotentiary was authorised, by a Royal
rescript, to declare solemnly and formally that the
Brunshausen tariff, as it had been laid before the
Commissioners at Dresden, was certainly observed in
all particulars; that on the Hanoverian side the obli-
gations had been strictly fulfilled, and that no devia-
tion with regard to raising the tariff, or in any other
respect, had been or should be made from what was
clearly laid down in the fifteenth article of the Dres-
den Act.'

" It was further declared, on the part of the Hano-
verian Government, that they earnestly wished the
toll tariff to be settled on principles in accordance
with changes that had taken place in the course of
time, and in conformity with the interests of all par-
ties concerned.

" In the years 1825, 1826, and 1827, Hanover had
several negotiations with Denmark and Hamburgh, on
the subject of the Brunshausen toll. On the 27th of
November, 1827, an agreement was come to between
the Hanoverian and Hamburgh Plenipotentiaries,
which, had it been executed, would have settled all
former grievances, and would have introduced a clear
and simple tariff upon moderate principles. The
Hamburgh Plenipotentiaries took upon themselves, at
the conclusion of this negotiation, to get it agreed to
by the Senate, and subsequently expressed their hope
that this would be the result. However, the Ham-
burgh Senat6 did not think it convenient to enter
into their views, nor did it from that day to this make
the slightest communication on the subject to the Ha-
noverian Government.

" It was thus again the fault of Hamburgh, that,
instead of having long ago established a eleip'r and
simple tariff, the state of things has remaine,d, as it was
before.

" Hanover has even declared herself lately again
willing to renew the negotiations, on the ground of
the former agreement above mentioned.',

• MARRYAT'S " PERCIVAL Ktext.”—This
new novel of Captain Marryat's, proves to be a most
amusing companion to "Peter Simple," the difference
being that the hero of the present work is the victimiser
instead of the victim. Its claims to rank with tne best
of Captain Marryat's previous productions, rest on the
variety and originality of its numerous characters,
. and
the perpetual movement of its incident and Ital The
proud, but gallant Captain Delmar ; the half savage
half heroic Negro Pirate Vincent ; the true heart of oak
British Tar, Bob Cross ; the unlucky Tommy Dott ;
and above all, the clever scapegrace who is the hero.or
nnoe.
andll,
the story—all these
inthaetese,kanroewlderadgwen with
of human
•of the story comprises an unceasing succession of
stirring scenes. The night adventure with. pegg.,
Pearson in the gale of wind, the chase and fight wit'n
the two French vessels, the blowing up of the
schooner, the duel by proxy—these and 0-rate'sschooner,
other of
the leading incidents, are executed
wit". a force and
spipritEtLhTaAtaCAaprtaTiini:l3air?Qu'artithsi.morscmlj ha', never exceeded.
ivtits.
—There is a
river of first-rate magnitude which has no delta, though
it seems to possessvall ttose qualities which are supposed
to be requisite to tae formation of such an alluvial tract
the St. Lawrence, in North America, reaches the sea by
of bay, which extends upwards of three hundred
miles, and gradually increases in width from three to
above one hundred miles. One would suppose that the
form of this bay would render it subject to be easily filled
up by the earthy matter brought down by a river whose
course exceeds eighteen hundred miles ; and yet we do
not find that an alluvium of any extent has been formed
along the banks of this wide estuary, except on the right
hank below Quebec. The St. Lawrence is the only large
river which traverses a great number of lakes. Even
after having left the five great Canadian lakes, it passes
through those of St. Francis, St. Louis, and St. Peter's,
In each of these lakes the current ceases, and it is only
perceptible where the river again issues from the lake,
All the earthy matter, therefore, which the river col-
lects and keeps suspended in its course from one lake to
the other is deposited in these lakes. Thus this large,
river brings no debris and earthy matter, or very little,
to its wide estuary, which cannot therefore be changed
into a delta by the accumulation of such matter.—Penny
Magazine.

IMPORTANT 'DISCOVERY IN MEDICINE.--The last
number of our medical contemporary, the Dublin Medi-
cal Press, contains an interesting paper by Dr. Paterson,
of Rathkeale, on the discolouration of the skin from the
internal use of nitrate of silver, and on the means
of preventing and of removing that effect. It is well
known that the nitrate of silver possesses great efficacy
in the treatment of certain forms of epilepsy, and painful
complaints of the stomach ; but, from long use, it is li-
able to render the skin almost as black as that of the
negro—an effect which continues for life, and for which
there was no known means of prevention or cure. Con-
sequently, it frequently occurred that a patient treated
with nitrate of silver got rid of his disease at the ex-
pense of his beauty ; and hence medical men have been
prevented from employing this active remedy as exten-
sively as they otherwise would. Dr. Paterson, by nu-
merous and satisfaotory experiments, has succeeded in.
discovering that combining iodine with the silver prevents
the cliseolouration without impairing the medicinal
powers of that metal ; and the iodine will remove the
discolouration which has been already produced. This,
we believe is a matter of great importance to patients la-.
bouring under painful or spasmodic diseases.