The Sun.
London, England, 1842-11-01 00:00:00

7, f, (jib and physical improvement. The decrease of the
`ll;Ttr 11`t..,). ,
..-,,•a § species in relation to space is so obviously the
(I : iCC
~..-9.004--*ii, --7,- - --
J. ,•,,,r._77‘1: .... --••Atne source of hardships and relapse into barbarism,
-,--4.-i,,,,; , -4, that our new colonies in the southern world have
1 —........
....
"r-------•""7" - --- been thunded on the principle of concentration,
Atlli
'!‘''''
4% E•igl "tA`4 0 • in order to avoid that trl,v4 et na q i tol I „4~1' h, ~ It
are obvious and well-known facts.
They explain
01-A/ - • AV 14''
ASUN OFFICE Three o'Cloch. the semi-barbarism of a large portion of the Cana-
dians and the inhabitants of the United States,
and to some extent justify those !rude features in
:-
their character, which some travellers, ignorant
of what they ought to know, notice only to con-

We learn with regret that the schism betwixt
the free-traders and the Chartists, or the Re-
formers of the middle and working classes, is
not diminished. Indeed, if what occurred at
Birmingham on Friday may be taken as an
index to the state of feeling amongst the Char-

demn.

We copied a paragraph from a Morning Paper
on Saturday as a curiosity from its absurdity, not
suspecting for a moment that it would obtain the
slightest credit. It stated that a rumour pre-
vailed in legal circles that Lord LYNDHURST was
about to retire from the Woolsack, and. that he
would be succeeded by Lord ABINGER, wino bas
obtained such unenviable fame by his judicial
addresses and speeches at the Special Co►mnis-
sions. Such an idea probably never entered the
head of any human being except that of the
writer, for of all the Judges of Westminster
Hall, nay, of all the Courts down to the Insol-
, vent Debtors' Court, it would be difficult to, find
one legal functionary so unfitted for the
office of Lord Chancellor. He is very
advanced in years, he has had little practice as
an equity barrister or Judge, and certainly has
not raised himself in the estimation of the public
or " legal circles" since he took his seat on the
Bench. Is it likely, then, that Sir R. PEEL wuuld
have recourse to a manceuvre in order to get
the Chief i)aron out of his present situation to
provide for Sir F. PoLLocx, and that the
business iu Chancery, which is already so winch
in arrears, is to stand still for months, merely
because an old man will not 'resign without a
preMium ? We have heard of
,a Judge being
tempted from the judgment-seat by the offer
of a title, and of others being bought off in .a
variety of ways, but no job like this has ever
been practised in modern times,, and we there!'
fore regard the report as 'entirely destitute of
foundation.

tists, which we are afraid-it may, that schism
seems to have increased. To all previous causes
of discontent the Chartists at Birmingham now
add the accusation that the very persons who rr_
fused to allow them to meet two months ago to
promote Chartist views at present call on them
to assemble and agitate for the repeal 'of the

Corn-laws. They reproach the Corn-law re-
pealers with having, as members of the middle
class, contributed . to remove from amongst
them the Chartist leaders, awl with having the

•' audacity," supposing the Chartists to be hum-
bled, to call On them to aid the repeaters: It
appears from this, as might have been expected,
that the late turn-out, which forced the two
classes into collision, has much exasperated the
hostile feelings which previously existed between

them.
At the meeting called at Birmingham on Fri-
day by the Anti-Corn-law Association of that
town, to receive a deputation of the Anti-Corn-
law League, the Chartists forestalled possessior
of the hall, appointed their own Chairman;
scarcely deigned to hear Mr. BRIGHT, and did
not hear Mr. PAULTON, who attended from the
League, and passed triumphantly their own
resolution. They declared, indeed, that the
Corn-law, and every other law which presses on
the industry of the people, ought to be abolished;
but they exhibited a complete hostile disposition
to the League, and required that the Charter
should become the law of the land. That they
are moved by Tory emissaries, we will not assert;
but if the Chartists meant to sustain the Tory
cause—which is the cause of oppression and
coercion—which is enabled by the dissensions of
its opponents to preserve its mischievous mono-
polies—they could adopt no better method than
thus to interfere with meetings called for other

objects than to promote the success of the
Charter, and thus to exhibit a determination to
thwart the middle classes in the attainment of
an end which they admit will be beneficial to them-
selves. If they do not choose to support the League
let them abstain from supporting it, but let them
not continue to interrupt its proceedings, and in-
crease the which has already been enen-

dered by the O'CoNNon policy, of perverting a.

public meetings to their own purposes.
At present the League is fiercely and daily I
assailed by the monopolists, and those who op-
pose it will scarcely escape the suspicion ofbeing
willing to aid the monopolists, who have always
relied on spies and hired tools to attain their
ends, in their endeavours to put down the
League. Such a suspicion will be strengthened
by the fact that the arguments of the real or
pretended Chartists are drawn from Tory
sources. A Mr. SAUNDERS, at Birmingham, for
example, u3ed an argument which had appeared
a day or two before in the Morning Post, and
which has in it a fallacy, and an inaccuracy,
which an inhabitant of machine-making Bir-
Mingham must instantly detect. In 1797
23,000,0001b5. of cotton were manufactured in this
country, and then the rate of wages, it is said, in the
cotton trade was 265. Bd. per week; in 1840 up-
wards of 460,000,00011)s. were manufactured, and
the rate of wages is said to be only 4s. 6d. per
week. But these amounts apply only to the
wages of actually working up the cotton, and all
the wages paid for making the machinery by
which the cotton is worked up, and by which
the country has been enabled to augment the
manufacture twenty-fold, giving a good living to
thousands of intelligent and skilful artisans, who
have thriven and even made fortunes by trades
which our forefathers never dreamed of, are •put
aside and wholly forgotten. When an artisan
uses such an erroneous one-sided Tory argument,
so unjust and injurious to his own pursuits, he
must give us leave to say, that he subjects him-
self grievously .to -the suspicion of willingly serv-
' ing the Tov cause, and willingly exerting him-
self to perpetuate the landlords' monopoly.
In truth, the Chartists themselves are aware
that this monopoly is the great cause of the re-
duction of wages which we all deplore, and it is
both impolitic and exasperating for the Chartists
to thwart the middle-classes in their righteous
endeavours to get rid of this monopoly. Let us all
aid, in the first instance, to abolish the landlords'
monopoly as the most mischievous, and let us
then see what is the next gigantic abuse against
which we can level the greatest power of public
opinion, and so gradually extirpate all the politi-
cal abuses which, under the pretence of promot-
ing the happiness of society, render all classes
alike, in their dealings with each other, vicious
• and miserable.

In Mr. DICKENS' "Notes on. America," he
mentions, that during an election dispute at
Toronto, one person was deliberately fired at out
of a window. We are reminded of that circum-
stance by the last arrival from the Western Con-
tinent, which brings some intelligence of a serious
election riot at Hastings, in Upper Canada, at
which as much, or indeed far more, violence was
displayed than ever occurs at elections in the
United States. Such occurrences in Canada may
be quoted as a match for many of the violent
acts with which the inhabitants of the United
States are reproached. We notice them together,
not to excuse either patty, but to remind our
readers of the peculiar circumstances on which
much of the violence of men's dispositions de-
pends. Had Mr. DICKENS been acquainted with
it, he would have abstained, we think, from
making several implied censures.
_ _

When a man lives nearly alone, he has many
enemies. He must be on his guard against
other men, and against wild beasts. His prin-
cipal pursuit is war; his food is obtained by a
kind of war; he seldom lays aside the rude arms
he has learnt to manufacture ; and his passions
are ferocious. He is a savage, from the circum-
stances of his condition. Throughout the whole
extent of the great inland frontier of the United
States, men of European descent live in a compara-
tively isolated and semi-savage state. Many of them
consortwitli the Indians and adopt their manners;
others live in hostility with them; and thus are
the borderers, by being placed in circumstances
somewhat similar to those of the Indians, trained
into their violent and savage dispositions. Be-
twixt this extreme border and the civilized towns
of Boston and New York, there must be tints,
as it were, or successive waves of these savage
dispositions, affecting the whole population, but
being deeper at the border than on these foci of
European-American civilization. A semi-savage-
ness is the natural and necessary consequence of
their circumstances—scattered, bordering on the
wilderness, and exposed to danger and hostility.
To institute a comparison between them and
the people of Europe, exposed now to no such
circumstances, is not less unjust in principle,
though it is in degree, than to institute a com-
parison between civilised Europeans and Indians.
As well might the vices of the Savage be as-
cribed to the institutions which grow from his
condition, as the vices of the Americans be as-
cribed to the republican form of Government
under which they live. But this is continually
done, and European writers, overlooking all the
natural circumstances in their condition which
tend to savageness, commit injustice both on the
institutions and the inhabitants of the United
States.
The great physical element and mean; of
civilization is the increase of people in relation
to space. That continually begets a necessity
for new arts and new inventions, That continu-
ally increases the dependence of each individual
on society. That continually lessens or annihi-
lates the sense of self-importance and arrogance,
and continually tends to make man peace-loving
and humble-minded. The increase of the species
in relation to space is the parent of both moral

Accounts from Madrid of the 23d ult. Ode.
that the Cortes will be opened on the 14th ill 4.
without a speech. The QUEEN had subscribed
considerable sum for the relief of the sufferers IV
the great hurricane at Ceuta.
The official Gazette of the same date contains
a decree authorising the import of all timber for
naval purposes, by ships of all nations, under the
conditions specified in the tariff.
Don RAMON MARIA CALATRAVA had beea re-
elected Senator for Segovia.

The Paris papers have arrived, but their con-
tents possess little interest. The Journal des
Debuts in an article on the Administration of
M. GUIZOT, points out the difficulties that Millis'
ters had to contend with since 1840, and the
great measures he has, in spite of these difficulties,
carried through the Chambers, among others
the Bill for fortifying Paris. We are much
deceived if the inhabitants view this expensivfq
undertaking with the same complacency. 't
is now," says that journal, " two years sincethe'.
present Ministry accepted office under very'
critical circumstances, and no Ministry since
the Revolution of 1830 has had so long an
existence without either any modification or any
internal dissension. They had much 'to do;
first, to reconstitute a majority in the Chamber,
next to restore confidence to the friends Of order • ;t
in the country—and abroad they had to institute ss;,a
a course of policy if not of alliance, at least' iiciis
of peace °
and reciprocal good feeling,'
earaii-
Never had any Adminiatration to contend wit. ;Lhiillt.
an Opposition more formidable from its unar • , '
hers—from the exasperation that pervaded it's.
by its talent; but, notwithstanding-the progn,„
tications of its speedy overthrow, it is still ia";
istence, after having passed through two se r'°`l,
crises—that of the elections, and that of the death
of the Prince Royal. It has attached its nanlea
to tvro great laws—that of the fortifications of
Paris, and that of the Regency. It has obtaine a
fb Ade the construction of railroads. deferred
after
from the Chambers the vote so long
having re-established our relations with Europe ' •
on an honourable footing, it has produced at
home a degree of tranquillity and 'Security 1111.-
known for the last twelve years.. . A e inoirast the
..t ,
. ,
causes which have sustained the Cabinet again'
so many enemies, the firA to be 'mentioned is tbe,.
perfect accord which has never ceaSed to eatisi
amongst its members. It is the only 'Min'
istry which has existed two years without hay'
ing experienced the slightest internal alissgre.:"., 4
ment or change in its composition. The charit.
able- efforts of the Opposition to destroy t '
unanimity have completely failed. ft Was'
therefore, in the Chambers, before the
public; ~, ,
that the adversaries of the Cabinet have heel' :.
compelled to make their attack; and. the case'
quence has been that the Ministry has consider
ably gained in public estimation. Their eneelies'
by the desperation of their . repeated attael
have elevated the Ministerse in a word, ah°\.,
themselves. They have been.forced to a disph';
-.
of courage, talent, and argument, w dg• hich e''' j
.
ceeded even the expectation of their frien „,
There are persons who detestthe present ginis,,.. ,
ters, but there is,not one who, will, not ackno.. ;,
ledge that they have shown extraordinary talen
" L ',,,
We have seen Ministers in themselves extreme 2,
talented, and still they have been worn out bit
the length of their existence, but the Preie
Ministers are, even by the. admission of ai t 'er.,
antagonists, stronger than they were two Ye'
sr
Thence." ' the
Presse has a long article relative to the
decision of the Belgian Government to retai ,05
on the United States for the additional eharee
levied on the British Queen steam.ship jailer
port of New York, and praises the act for rati
l b
it
a selfish reason. The result of the goarre '. -t *
"ia
anticipates, will be, that , French bottoms ,l 4
e 1
become the carriers between Belgium and aers ,
United States. Writers in French newsPi:ytiica . a,(l,
generally display very erroneous views ' is - ~;
they touch on affairs of trade and connnercen'ttie 'A.
it likely that Belgium will injure her mere orse
navy, small as it is, by breaking- off inter'i. re-
with a good customer from a petty spirit °a ece
,
venue ? The following article in the ,-I`.aea
,ctitioa*
regret t(o say, contains ,much truth reef the •
the inefficacy of treaties for suppressing that
slave trade. We are not aware, hod
any English journal bas assertedhoweVer, that Engoe °
t
would support her pretensions for the Iolal.o, saar.
of the treaties of 1831 and 1833 by deelar" '"
.tog
vi
That would indeed be a strange way' °Le slio
her humanity. , den°B
" The liberty of the. seas, the absolute indel?sa' ralie
of flags, is the principle and the right of keen
power of reciprocal search, which has been conceded zia es"
by certain powers for a determinate objeet,d." this e.a
ception to this right and this principle ;an laratia.
ception has been established on the formal de.e horrid
that no other.means existed for abolishingst_tnd'eciara- ~-,
traffic in slaves. Now, however, when flesh reeentif - 0
that '0
lions of the. British Government, and a treatyhat
concluded; with America, have established :__i rig , •
traffic can be attached, .without this recirr ecao, she ;
of search, on what right, on what authorit! a 1833
refuse the revision ot the treaties of 1831
the
•The English journals have declared that tli.e.b
on
31... sure)
part :cannot be annulled without an act of bad I. t re)
part of France, and. that England would eveL',ed, and
her pretensions
.hy war ; but we have a1.55,e1-:',,raa for
we can prove that England could not deela.,e_a , eon;
a subject, which, far from forming matter
„.17__,,annee ,
,i
tinental coalition, would rather raise then.o!utleet, b
~
of Europe in favour of France. Let 'a b ,f
A , n verle's
deterred by a vain menace.
declare, 1---‘ as it
" This right of search has, been .
la st as long or
in suppressing the trade, which will
11 colonies
_±. ~,,,/
there are markets for them in the Span this right ° '4
in Brazil. If one flag be exempt from
will e,,,, pro; . I
search, it is under that flag that the trad
(the j".l '
no flag thers 'i
secuted, and the fact that there is o 1 for °
• ht of search
rican) exempt renders the rig
as nugatory.' a eg. k
OCTO°'. • Las'
BOURSE—PARIS, SAVIIDAvo Lo„cst rrice,
"1:8 treaties
First Highest price. .
18
50
Price. Price.
.10
50... lot
French Five per Cents. 118 60... 118 60..• 1
101 •'" 79 9°
Four per Cents. 101 ... 101 n•• 9 90., ,„.i.t,
3 per Cents 80 5... SO 1'.5.270 .* 3,(1,57 50 ''
Bank of France 3270 ...3275 •••,,,57 b0.....-:-.)
Lallitte Bank I,ooof 1057 50 ..1057 50...51'0'7:3 ~.sit;lo:i
5,000 f 5075 ...5075 ''' 895 •** 103 it
Belgian Bank
Belgian Fives 103,1 ... 104 •.- 1043 ... 1,,,!',.3
1840 IO4A ... 10.4 ••• 2.24 ...
Spanish Active.. .....