Star.
London, England, 1830-12-01 00:00:00

A FEW WORDS ON BOOKS.

" When all that is worldly turns to dross around us, these (books)
only retain their steady value. When friends grow cold, and the son.
verve of intimates languishes into vapid civility and common place, the.te
only continue die unaltered countenance of happier days, and cheer ns
with that true fliend.hip which never deceived hope, nor deserted me.
row.".—WriswimoTox lavixo's " Sketch Book, i. 31. ed. 1820.
help to the struggling, counsel to the doubtful, light to the
blind, hope to the despondent,refreshment to the weary."—POTIARCH 1
" De Vita Solitaria."

I. Copyright among the Atioirato.—Though the accounts left us of
the condition of authors in antiquity are very obscure, it is quite clear,
from many passages, and especially from one in MARTIAL, that they
sold copies of their works ; but that what we call copyright was wholly
unknown. The copyists (librarii) were altogether distinct from the book-
sellers (bibliopoles). The following, forming part of the 118th Epigram,
is the passage referred to

" Whenever I meet you, Luperus, you say to me, allow my slave to
call on you for the purpose of getting your volume of Epigrams, and I
will return It when I have read It. Do not give your slave the trouble,
is my reply. My lodging is at a great distance, and I occupy the third
floor. You will find what you want much nearer. You go'eften into
the district of Argiletum.
" There ;admix Casear's.plate you will find a shop, the doors of which
are with the Domes of poets; enter and ask he me, giving your.
self no mem about Atreetus, the shopkeeper; and from the first or
snood shelf a Martial will be handed to you, polished and embellished
with purple moments, for which he will demand of you 6 denarii.—
Kb 1 you rejoin, you are not worth so much. Impereus you are
2100

ii. Forst Qf the ancient books. Books being written on parchment
and similar flexible materials, were rolled round a stick ; and, if they
were very long, round two, from the two extremities. The reader un-
rolled the book to the place which he wanted, and rolled it up again,
when be had read it. The leaves thus rolled round the stick, and bound
with a string, could be easily sealed. Those books which were inscribed
on tablets of wood, kad, brass, or ivory, were connected together, by
rings at the back, through which a rod was passed to carry them by.
See Horn's Introduction to the Critical Shady of Inowkdye q/.
the Holy Scriptures, iii. 478.
Who was the first philosopher that published books f Dto.
amiss Losimisrs, ii. 2, says, " Anaxagoras was the first that pub-
lished a book." This however is controverted by ansssertion in Ants-
TOTLE " Anaxagoras the Cluomenian, who was prior in age to Em.
pedocles, Litt posterior in kis works, &e. Metaphysics, i. 3, p. 9 of the
dart edition of the erudite THOMAS TAYLOR'S nrstudation.
CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS, SirONSHL ii. 308, says that some
ascribe to Alarcon the lint book that was published, and that others
maintain, that Anaxagoras was the Bret who offered a book to the pub
lie. Alemeon was a disciple of Pythagoras, and his claim to priority
is sanctioned by Phavorinus, see Dtoo. Legate. viii.
Sr. Avonstrix, de Cioitak Del, viii. 2. p. 711, asserts that the
first books were written by Tholes,. and Sumas (Eikataios) rays the
same of the philosopher Pherecydes.
iv. Ancient Libra•ies.—The Rev. Mr. Nlara ice speaks of an
astronomical libtary in Noah's ark, and the Rev. Mr. Dams, of the
regularity of Nosh's leg-book; while the Talmudism assert that Nosh
had no other light in the ark than jewels and pearls to study his nau-
tical &maned and requisite tables by.
ATHENAUS gives a catalogue of illustrious ancients who were /mi.
Dent for their collection of books. It is related that Plato bought three
books of Philolaus, the Pythagorean, at the high price of 10,000
detrarfi ; and that Aristotle bought a few books belonging to Speu.
sippus for three Attic talents. Ancient Greece contained many famous
libraries. Clearchus founded a magnificent one in Haack& There
was another in the island of Cnidos. The books of Athens, first col.
keted by Pisistratus, were by Sylla removed to Rome. We are in.
formed that there were no less than twenty-nine great public libraries
in Rome. Many of the Roman patricians also possessed splendid
libraries ; among these, that of Lucullus was remarkable, not only
for the number and variety of the books, but for the liberal use
to which it was devoted. " But the great expense, which he [Luadlus]
incurred in collecting books, deserves our serious approhation. The I
number of volumes was immense, and they were written in elegant I
hands; yet the use, which he made of them, was still more honoutablel
than the acquisition. His libraries were open to al! : the Gm ks re.
paired at pkosure to his galleries and porticos, as to the retreat of the
muses, and there spent whole days in conversation upon subjects of li.
terature, delighted to retire to such a some from other pursuits. lot.
callus himself often joined these learned men in their walks, and con-
ferred with them, and when he was applied to about the affairs of their
country, gave them his beat advice. So that his house was in fact a
sanctuary and an asylum to all the Weeks who visited Rome."—Pis.
TAROS, iii. 387. The Egyptian library collected by the Ptolemies
amounted to nearly 7(0,000 volumes.
V. First bates. The /int Mesnoria Technics extant, is a small
folio, supposed of the date 1430, Ars Monomial, Nowbilis per J. i.
gunk h'issnyelistaron, vet Ateworiale Qoutssor Heangefistaruw. The
first edition of the Bible 'is a vulgate in 2 vols. folio, 1456; ant it is
believed to be the fitst book also printed with metal types. The fist
book printed nib a dote is Peal:norms Codes, by Fun, folio, 1457
The firs! book printed in the English language, is WYLLTAM CAX-
TON'S Havre!' of the Ilist.ryes of Troye, by Raoul le Fevre, folio,
Cohen. 1471 A copy of which was bought from the Roxburgh col.
lection, by the Duke of Devonshire for £1000,18,0 !!!
Toe firs: book printed on paper made in England, is BAITHO-
LOMAEUS de Proprietatibies Rsresm, translated into English asd
printed by Wynkin de Word., folio, 1482.
vi. Scarcity and high piias of books in former time. Private per-
sons, from the 7tii to the 110 century, seldom poosersed any books
whatever. Even monastenes had only one missal. See Muratori,
Anti, ix. 799.
Lupus, Abbot of Ferrierrs. in a letter to the Pops, A.D. tsss, be.
meeltes hint to lend him a Mil of Cicero de Ofiriker and Qvii.elfirso's
baits:a:nu ; to., sayi•he, • although we 'hove pares Of shale books,
there is no complete copy of them in all France." 11). iii. 338.
The Cousins of Anjou paid for a copy of the Homilies of Baboon,
Bishop of Halberstadt, 200 sheep, five quarters of wheat, and the same ,

quantity of rye and millet. See HistoireLitt.de France, vii. S. Even so
late as um, sixty-sic pounds, thirteen shillings. and four pence was
paid for transcribing a copy of the works of Nicholas de Lyra, in 2 vols.
to be chained in the Wintry of the Grey Friars. An idea of the val to
of this sum at the time may be formed, when it is stated that the tumid
price of wheat was Ss. 4d. per quarter; the wages of a ploughman, one
penny a day, anti of a sawyer, 4d. In a blank page of COXES TON'S
.Nahehretie lieory, deposited in the British Museum, it is mentioned,
that this MS. was taken from the King of France. at the battle of Puic-
tien ; it was afterwards purchased by the Earl of Salisbury fur
pit. 13s, 41 (100 marks.) and directed by the last will of his Countess to
be sold for 40 lines. At this time the pay of the King's
surgeon was LS 13s. 4d. per annum, and a shilling a day besides. The
/loyal Library of France, which had been collected by Charles V. VI.
and VII. consisted of about 900 volumes, and was purchased by the
Duke of Bedford in 1423 for 1200 livres. The King" of r.oglatid
were not so well provided with books. The Countess of '4 estinure.
land presented a petition to the privy council in 1424. representing that
Henry V. had borrowed front her a book containing the Chronicles ut
Jerusalem. and the Expedition of Godfrey of Boulogne. and praying
that an order night be given under the privy seal for the restoration of
the said book ; which was granted with great formality. See HENIT'A
Great Britain, a. 116.

•iii. Boole-Censors.'; The earliest instance of a book printed with a
pesmission from government occurs in the year 1478. See Bent-
Wax/ea History of Inrentions, iii. M.

vli E.rclneive privilege of printing books. The oldest instance of
this kind, is that which was granted by Henry, bishop of Bamberg, in
1490, to the following book :—Liter missal& secundussordissese cede.
sus Boadergensis. See Baca stattx, iii. 109.
ix. Catalogues of looks. The oldest was printed at Frankfort in
the year 1654. See BECKMANN, iii. 120.
a. Tidos of books. See what Acute GELEive says on this sub-
ject in the preface to his Attie Nights. Simplicity is now the
order of the day. What would the present leading-public
-ay to such an KMIOIIOCMMIN as the following ? Cataracts of the Imo.
burliest t Nods of neriallmeassia ; Literary Vomiting,; Ectoyeo.
;iodise Blooding* ; Monitor tif Monsters. By Epinsenicla the In.
spired. In the cave of Trophonius, in the Country Visions." A
book with the above title was published in French in 1776
XI. Supposed number of Books in the British Museums. It has
been stated that the new catalogue of the Iltitish Museum will extend
to fifteen quarto volumes Now, upon a moderate computation, we
may calculate that each volume will contain the names of 3,000 book*,
which, multiplied by 15, will give 46,000 volumes !
XII. Wicked Books. See p. 57 of Cinquieme deneeeiation do
Peek. Philosophique for an account of the great benefit Al. Arnaud, a
learned Doctor of the Sorban*, derived from reading bad books.
XIII. Books of Tfurets written by Persons who 'serer travelled.
That excellent book, known as MARCO PoLo's, is supposed to have
been compiled from conversations and scraps of memoranda of the tra-
veller while in prison. The travels of honest Jonx BILL, of Auter.
many, are said to have been compiled by Professor Baron, of the Uni-
versity of Aberdeen. It is still a matter of doubt whether OEMELLI
CAREERS, who has published an enter aining account of his travels
round the world, was ever out of Italy. tThe adventures and discoveries
of 31ENGO PARK are said to have been drawn up by Bryan Edwards.
The enterprising BELZONI could not write English ; and the amusing
travels of M. LE VAILLAIfT, among the Hottentots, full of fiction and
onnanc4 are the production of a French Abbe, who had probably never
pas.cd the barriers of Paris. See the Quarterly B. view, xaxvii. 448.
xiv. Buenos of books. An anecdote related by Castellon deserves
repetition. The library of the Indian Kings was composed of so many
volumes, that 100 camels w.-re necessary to remove it; one of these
princes who loved books, especially books of travels, requested one of
his learned men to extract what might be useful from all these volumes,
that'the library might be rendtred more portable. He was obeyed, and
now 10 camels suid to bear about the royal books. Another King,
still finding the volumes too numerous, commanded a Brahinio to re.
duce them to what was strictly neces.ary ; the Brahmin, oho undet.
stood the prince's genius and this avers on for reading, condensed the
whole library into four maxims !
xv. How to preserve books front being worm.eaten.—The insects
which do so much damage in libraries are the larva of the Ptinns fur,
and the l'tus,u moilis, of Linnaeus. The latter perforate the leaves of
a book in sinuous furrows, like those made ray a silk-worm, when de-
vowing &mulberry leaf: the former pierce them through almost iu a
straight line. M. PEIGNOT, author of several excellent bibliographi.
cal works, mentions an instance where, ha a public library, that was
but little frequented, twenty.saven folio volumes were perforated in a
',might line by the same insect, in such a manner, that on passing a
cord through the perfectly round hole made by the insect, these 27 vo.
lumes could be lifted at once.

A writer in the Gra&omit Magazine for February, 1754, asserts,
that books may be effectually preerrar d from the attacks of all sons of
worms and Innen, by mingling a a nail quantity of any mineral salt
in the paste used by the bookbinders.
J. J. Ve.

THE EVENING STAR.

LONDON.

WEDNESDAY. DECEMBER 1.

The IC !NG held a levee this day at St. James's Palace ;
after which there was a Council to receive the RECORDER'.
report of the persons now under sentence of death in New-
gate.

In the evening the Marquis of LANsnow N £ gives a grand
dinner to the Cabinot Ministers, at Lansdowne House, in

Berkeley-square.

This day Despatches were received at the Colonial Office
from Lieutenant-General the Hon. F. C. PONSONEY, at
Malta, dated the 13th of November ; and from General Sir
G. DON, Lieutenant-Governor of Gibraltar, dated the 22d
of November.

Malta and Lisbon mails have arrived this morning—the
former bringing advices to the 13th, and the latter to the
21st November. Neither contain matter of much public im-
portance. We shall take another opportunity of adverting
to their meagre details.

The preparations for war on the continent, and the local
disturbances in England, hare had a slight effect on the
Money Market this day. We stated yesterday, that the
work of the incendiaries was drawing nearer to the capital; but
to-day our accounts show that the Lords Lieutenant of
the different counties, have promptly and efficiently com-
plied with the orders issued, from the Home Office ; and
that the mischief is now in a fair way of being ended. At
meeting, yesterday, of the Magistrates of the Western
Division of Suffolk, held in Bury St. Edmund's, at which
his Grace the Duke of GRAFTON presided, the cir-
cular from the Home Office was read; and it was
stated with great satisfaction, that that division of
the County, was exempt from the commission of those
outrages, which have disgraced other counties. A general
meeting is to be held at Ipswich to-morrow, for the purpose
of putting into effect, the instructions of the Home Secre-
tary. Similar meetings are called in Norfolk, Kent, Sur-
rey, and the other disturbed counties ; and in the mean time,
as the incendiaries are externally deprived of their power,
they have betaken themselves to the composition of the most
violent threats, in the way of anonymous letters.

On the warlike intelligence which is now arriving from
all parts of the Continent, we observe the Times and other
of our contemporaries, are inclined to avoid giving their
conjectures. We admit it is safe policy so to do, and we
likewise admit, that little can be said to throw the prepon-
derancy of probability, much in favour of any theory which
those, absolutely not in the secret, can form. We
have always ventured to place before our readers,
freely, any conjectures on public events, which seem
to us, as reasonable ; not assuming any authority
for our opinions, beyond that which they may obtain by the
arguments on which they are supported. In the course of
this line of practice, three or four months ago, we stated our
views, of what might be the position of Russian internatio-
nal politics. We stated that we considered military ambition,
and a spirit of adventurous agrandizement, were natural to the
political state of the Russian empire ; and in some degree, neces-
sary to the security of its Government. We stated that we con-
sidered the complete conquest of Turkey only baffled, or ob-
structed, by the policy of our late Administration, accom-
plishing such a complete union of policy, between France
and this country, as to have succeeded, by intimidating as-
sociation, in checking. that progress which would other-
wile have been triumphant. We conceived•, that just before
the appointment of the Polignac administration, the dominant
party in France, skewed something like a tendency to Russian

friendship ; and we believe, that but for the ascendancy in the
late Cabinet of France, of the unfortunate POLIO NAC Ad-
ministration, that country would probably have entered into
co-operation with the Northern Powers, and would have
commenced a course of ambition, which, by this time,
might have been dangerous to the independence of all the rest
of Europe.
Following up these views, 'when the French revolution
took place, we conjectured that Russia would be slow in her
recognizance ; and that conjecture has been verified ; for
we have observed her not only slow, but, to the present
moment, most ambiguous.
On what did we conjecture this tendency to tardy recogni-
zance ? Merely as a deduction from what we had before
perceived to be her disposition. She saw all the preventa-
tive machinery which had existed, suddenly broken up ;
and therein she saw the chances of gaining ascendancy
in that Cabinet, which was most essential to her
projects. She felt not, therefore, like the rest of Europe.
The establishment in France of a republic, or a monarchy,
were not the points on which she was solicitous ;—but she
was solicitous of an administration, which would make
France an ally, and make her hostile to the policy of this
country, and the other European powers, who had united,
and were interesed to check that activity, which suited the
temperament of her policy. When, therefore, all Eu-
rope rejoiced at the re-establishment in France, of a new dy-
nasty with old policy, bent only on preserving the tranquillity
of Europe, and the consolidation of its own power, if we be
right in ourconjecture, she must have rather been chagrined
•
than pleased. We have, since the Belgian revolution, ven-
tured to point oat to our readers,that it afforded a new pretext
for Russian adventure, should such pretext be required,in the
tortuosities of her policy ; and how far she may now be
operating, through the fears of her neighbours,without actu-
ally entertaining fears herself, no one uninformed of the
fact can rationally hazard an opinion.
We have entered on this hasty recapitulation of our
former speculations, not by way of boasting, that we have
seen them all confirmed; but to express to our readers that
we hare not yet seen them proved to be mere day-dreams and
cobwebs of the fancy ; but that on the contrary, we still
continue to consider the policy of Russia, whatever it may
be, bated or moaned differently, from the policy of any
other state iu Europe ; and therefore political developments
in that quarter, will not be considered by us so extraordi- ,
nary, as may be their character in the eyes of those who pos-
sess, or who think they possess, a bettor clue to the laby-
rinth of Russian policy.

The only striking feature in the discussions last night in
'the House of Lords, was the introduction of Lord WYN-
FORD'S Bill for diminishing the expense and delays of
Courts of Justice. A Morning contemporary, in comment-
ing on this Bill, repeats with his Lordship, " that pleadings
are of no earthly use in affording information with regard to
the cause of action." Sri sweeping a condemnation of our
technical procedure, from a retired Judge, is one of the won-
ders of the age we live in. His Lordship proposes that, in
the outset, the parties shall know fully their respective cases,
as " if every suit of each party was disclosed beforehand, he
was convinced that, in nine cases out of ten, the parties
would be advised not to go on." We like the tone of the
speech, which reflects honour en this Judge.

Tho honourable Members of the House of Commons were
chiefly occupied Kith the discussion of petitions on disputed
elections. The New Police, likewise, came in for a share
of attention ; upon which Mr. Hum stated, that the dif-
ference of expence, between the present and the old system,
would be found to be very great, and he thought the present
system admitted of improvement. At all events, it would
be advantageous to have returns of such expense before
the House, preparatory to the Committee after the recess.—
Mr. HUME elicited another gratifying fact, by inquiring of
Mr. Rica, whether there was any intention, upon the part
of Government, to fill up a sinecure in Ireland, which a
Noble Lord, not long since, had resigned—he alluded
to the sinecure office of Postmaster-General of Ireland.
Mr. S. Rica said that the situation had not been filled up,
and he was happy to inform the Hon. Member that It was
not the intention of government to fill it up. Mr. GouL-
BURN added, that the vacancy had occurred during the time
Of the late Ministry, and it was only fair to them, to state
that they had no intention of filling it up.

CITY, ONE O'CLOCK.

Consols, which left off yesterday at 821. for the Account,
opened at 821}, same for Money, and at which price thoy
continue at present, with little doing. In the Foreign
Market nothing doing as yet.

cur. TWO O'CLOCI:

Consols have receded since the early part of the morn-
ing,when they were 821, for the Account, to 82i ; at present
they are 821 1, and 821 Buyers, for money, owing to the
scarcity of money stock, there is a backadation of 1-16th
per cent. We do not hear any political news.
In the Foreign Market, nothing doing, except in Spanish
Bonds, which are 151 to 15i.
We hear the French Government have sent orders to
Birmingham for barrels and locks for muskets, u they can
manufacture the stocks of the muskets cheaper in France.
It is reported that the new levy, in France of 80,000
men is to make up the deficiency for the army in Algiers,
and other troops which are sick, but this cannot be correct,
for some time ago there was an extraordinary levy of troops
in France for that purpose.

Their MAJ ESTI as entertained a party of the Nobility
and Gentry at dinner on Monday evening, at St. James's
Palace. Among the company were—Earl GREY, the
Marquis and Marchioness of LANSDOWNE, Lord and Lady
DuaHAM, Viscount and Viscountess Gonsalcil, the Duke
and Duchess of RICHMOND, the Duke of DEVONSHIRE,
Sir JAMES and Lady GRAHAM, the Earl of ALISII•RLE,
Viscount and Viscountess Axsow, Marquis and Marchioness
WELLasr.tv. Earl and Countess ERROL.
The Duke and Duchess of CUMBERLAND, the Duchess
of LO UCISTER, and the LORD CHAMBRELAIN, dined with
the KING and QUEEN yesterday, Her MAJESTY'S private
band attended in the evening, and played several pieces to
the gratification of the comyany.
Lord. HOLLAND, Lord HILL, and Lord %MINIMA!) had
audiences of His MAJESTY yesterday, Count MUNSTER
bad also an audience of the KING yesterday.

CIRCULARS FROM THE HOME SECRETARY.

(COPY.)

" TO THE LORD LINUTINANT OF THE COUNTY Or

" Whitehall. Nov. 25, ltiO.
" In consequence of the acts of outrage and violence whick have
taken place, and still continue to take place, in different parts of the
country, 1 am commanded by his Majesty to urge upon your
in the strongest manner, the necessity of taking, with the least possible
delay, such measures as may be effectual for the repression of tumult,
the preservation of the public peace, and the protection of the proper.
ties and lives of his Majesty's subjects. For these purposes I
am assured that your
will feel that the utmost diligence and energy should be exerted in eon.
tutting measures with the gentry and yeomanry of the county, in as.
sembling and strengthening the civil forte, and in disposing and ar-
ranging it in such a manner as may secure its general union and
eo.operation. In order that your efforts may receive the
most effectual support and assistance, I have the honour of enclosing the
' copy of a letter which I have addressed to all Justices of the Peace,
Mayors, and other Magistrates, baring jurisdiction within the county
over which you preside. Reposing the firmest reliance upon your
seal, it is unnecessary for me to recommend the most prompt and im-
mediate personal superintendence of those parts of the county in which
insubordination and disorder may unfortunately prevail ; but it is my
duty to represent that if any circumstances should prevent your actual
presence in such disturbed districts, it is greatly to be desired that
your should lose no time in appointing a Vice-Lieutenant,
under the provisions of the 4fith of Geo. 111. e. 90, sec. 49. Under the
present circumstances I shall wish to hens from your as
speedily as possible, after the receipt of this, and
" I remain, with great respect,
" Vont most obedient and faithful servant.
(Signed) " MELBOURNE."

(COPY.)
_ " Whitehall, Nov. 26, 1830.

" fits,—ln the present disturbed state of the country I 'am com-
manded by his Majesty to express his confident expectation, that sU
Magistrates will act with the promptitude, decision, and resolution
which circumstances so imperiously require.
The open acts of violence, and the secret and malicious destruction
of property, which are both of them daily taking place, demand that
the powers entrusted to the Magistracy should be exercised with firm-
ness and a vigour which are not required in more ordinary times.
" At the same time, therefore, that you will maintain a strict ob-
servance of the law, you will not fail to use the greatest activity
for the detection of those offences which have unfortunately been
lately of so frequent occurrence, and for the securing of persons of
sumpicious character, always bearing in mind that the law invests
Justices of the Peace with the fullest powers for these purposes, and
affords the most ample protection to those of them who act with a view
' to the furtherance of public justice, and without any corrupt or mall.
dons motive.

" It is unnecessary for me to observe, that measures which may
strengthen the civil force of the countg, by uniting and bringing it to-
gether, and giving it the power and eflickncy which arise trotu commu-
nication and union, are loudly called for ; and for the purpose of as.
listing you in attaining this object, I beg leave to inclose a plan which
has been adopted in the Western district of the county of Sussex, and
which has hitherto repressed tumult and maintained the public tran-
quillity in that part of the country.
In the discharge of your duty, and in your exertions to maintain the
authority of the Law, you may rely upon the most steady and effectual
support. It is the determination of those whose duty it is to advise his
Majesty, by all lawful means to repress outrage, and to pre-
serve the public tranquillity ; and as, on the one hand,
your efforts for these purposes will be acknowledged as they deserve, so,
on the other, any remissness or inactivity in the fulfilment of functions
so vitally important will necessarily incur his Majesty's severest
displeasure.
" I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
(Signed) " MELBOURNE."
4
THE LANDED INTEREST, TITHES, AND PERMANENT

IMPROVEMENT IN THE CONDITION OF THE
AGRICULTURAL POPULATION.

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE EARL GRIT, &C.

Observationsoo the expediency of valuing Real Property and Tithes,
of commuting Tithes, and of consolidating and rendering effectual, by
the following suggestions, the Bills recently brought into Parliament
by Lords Wriscati.sze and NI:GMT, relating to the Labouring
Classes.

In 1790, 1, and 2, the happiest aura of our rural population, a farm of
100 acres, in a fair state of cultivation, averaged 18s. an acre, or 901. pet
annum; the tithes 3s. 811. an acre, or 171. 10s. per aanum ; poor-rates
141. wheat 535. the quarter ; and labourer's wages's. a week. At that
period taxes did not press upon agriculture.
All real property and tithes in England should be valued, under the
superintendence of commissioners, expressly appointed for the purpose;
' the land-tax should be revised and equalized ; tithes should be regu-
lated by a special composition act (or the amendment of that instituted
by the Archbishop of Canterbury) and yearly by the six weeks aggre-
gate average of wheat ; and a peroranealiesprort 11601 i in the condition I
morals, and habits of the labourers. their regeneration from the consoli.
dation of farms, and their exclusion from the soil, which demand all the
energies of his Majesty's Government and the Landed Interest, should
be promptly and judiciously accomplished.
These expedients, and a sound paper currency+, would enable the
Land-owners, Armen, and others, to pay for the labour their mw
pations stand in need of, and to give constant and adequate wages
they would elevate an oppressed population from a state of pauperism
to an appropriate station in society, to bear the pressure of the public
burdens, "and the fluctuation in the prices of corn ; and they would ex-
cite the industry of the labourers by an impulse praiseworthy and
powerful, and reduce both the poor's-rates and parochial expenditure.
The following is a Table,.by which the fair proportion of Tithes
and Wages, for the year 1831, and thenceforth for any period, may be
I ascertained t

For every one shilling increase in the price of Wheat from ssa. an
addition of one halfpenny to the tithe rate of 3s. Gd ; and for every de.
crease of one shilling from 335. a diminution of one halfpenny in such
rate.

For every one shilling increase from b3s. an addition of two pence to
the labour rate of 179: i and for every decrease of one shilling, a ding-
nudon of two pence in inch rate—yet it should not be reduced below
the standard of that year.

Tithe Rate .I
Wheat per 1.... Weekly rate
per Acre. Quarter. " of Wages.
...—....--.. —4.-- ............
s. d. I. s. d.
3 6 53 1792 9 0
4 0 G 5 1803 11 0
5 8 105 1813 17 8

The landowner being generally considered to receive an unreasonable
proportion of rent, the following War statement of the product of an
acre of land will, perhaps, present some information on the subject.
Upon an average, an acre of land win produce about three quarters
of wheat, or 279 quartets loaves. An advance in the value of wheat,
amounting to 10s. the quarter, raises the quarters loaf, or Silb. of flour
about ld. ; a diminution of les. reduces the loaf and Goer about Id
Tits baker's profit amigo more than the rent, tithes, and poor.' rates:
Rent out of the quartem loaf lid.-279 quarters
loaves, at lid. amount to ... ... £1 14 101
Tithes and poets' rates, ,15s. Id. being lid. per
quartern loaf ... ••• ... 015 0

Per =tun

...a 10 411

From my Commentary, printed is 1828, on proportioning tithes by
the rise or fall of produce, and on the prospects of the fanners and is.
bourns, I quote two preps, from which it will be sees how truly
the prediction has bees verified :
" Farmers. traders, and manufacturers, from prises disproportioned
to the cost of production, and the want of credit to carry on business
which they decidedly attribute partly to the suppression of the country
notes, have rascal the wages, and contracted the employment, of their
sneering workmen, and, in many imams, have manifested a total in-
ability to pay for any labour, either ordinary or incidental, which dads
*centred's. respire."
,r Ds the Bth if April, 1888, the circulation of the mar
in any ewes under 51. is to be prehibited if this law is -perm,
take oast, it is vary probable diet rainy industrious families will is.
=be by
by it I the ematquetteeev such a crisis ore b.
Or eadroplogs. The Beni and government, no doubt, will
extend thelrmicisiliones, their disosents, and advances, to meet the
peruse ; no trniseney Mort of that descript ef
alleviate the lreassis, wadi useaufacturees,ion trawilders,l and la ectually-
belers. will essisre, whit that messes has its full operation."
landen, Data, M. W.

• Lord wisehihwe's 11111 esemeriirde 'wetly with a plated Plan to
teplate the eimployeewit of the kbauthes rewrote meted wpm it the
pariah qf Osemile; eat to which the Noble Fasl's sheaths is requested
♦ les the teas 196 July last.