The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-12 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 12, 1842

RUSSIA AND PRUSSIA.

The Prussian State Gazette, of the Ist instant, has
the following on the accounts, which have appeared
in various Journals, relative to the state of the com-
mercial relations between Russia and Prussia. After
alluding to some of these accounts as erroneous, it
says :

We have great satisfaction in being able to lay
before our readers positive information on the subject,
derived from a source in which every confidence may
be placed. The last treaty of commerce and naviga-
tion between Prussia and Russia, which was con-
cluded on the 11th March (26th February), 1825,
expired with the year 1834. Since that period there
have been no other conventional regulations for the
commerce and the communications between the fron-
tiers of the two countries than those contained in the
treaty of the 3d of May, 1815, relating to the Duchy
of 11, arsaw. These provisions, however, applied only
to the provinces of the two States which formed parts
of ancient Poland, and are considered to be so gene-
ral and undefined with regard to the import and
transit trades, that new and special arrangements
are required for carrying them on. Russia' considers
herself to be compelled, in order to protecit her own
manufactures and produce, to levy high import duties,
and at the same time keep a strict watch upon her
frontiers. Russia follows a very rigid commercial
system—one which other States followed in the last
century, and which some continue to follow, although
to a less extent, and which is still not without advo-
cates even in Germany. The eastern provinces of
the monarchy are deprived by this system of a com-
merce for which their geographical position, as well
as the nature of their manufactures and natural pro-
duce, renders them peculiarly apt. Theyp are the
more injured by the policy of Russia as the Zollve-
rein (the Customs-union) opens a competition in the
markets to all nations by the moderate rates of its
duties. in 1836 an endeavour was made to bring the
two States to a mutual understanding, but since that
time the ordonnances affecting the commerce and
communications between the frontiers have become
more and more burdensome. When the King was at
St. Petersburgh, this question was taken into serious
consideration between the two Sovereigns, Russia
cannot, it is true, make up her mind to relinguish a
system which she conceives to be indispensable for
her prosperity, but she is desirous of forming alliances
of amity and commerce with the States adjoining her
so far as may be compatible with the system she has
adopted."

NEW SETTLEMENT IN NEW
ZEALAND.

(Extract from the Colonial Gazette of the 17th August
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN AIR. RENNIE AND THE

NEW ZEALAND COMPANY.

MR. RENNIE TO THE NEW ZEALAND COMPANY.

London, July 28, 1842.
Gentlemen,—The public expect that the Direc •
tors of the New Zealand Company, while seeking to
secure the interests of their Shareholders by realising
an adequate return upon the capital employed, will
not limit their operations to trafficking in land, but
will act in the capacity of national agents for pro-
moting the colonization of New Zealand, and for ap-
plying upon an extended scale, and under the im-
proved arrangements which experience may now sug-
gest, the saving principle of defraying the cost of emi-
gration by means of the value which the peopling of
a new country confers upon its land.
Participating in this expectation, I address myself
to your Court, with the twofold object of stating the
grounds of our conviction that there exists at the pre-
sent moment an urgent necessity for making imme-
diate preparations for conducting an extensive emigra-
tion from this country to the Colonies, and of sub-
mitting for your consideration the outline of a plan in
which a body of persons whom I represent on this oc-
sion are desirous of engaging, for founding, under the
auspices of the Company, another settlement in New
Zealand.

After calmly surveying the various remedial mea-
sures which have been either adopted or proposed for
removing the causes of this distress, we have arrived
at the conclusion, that extended colonization affords
the only means by which the causes of the distress
which has overspread the country can be permanently
abated. To remove without transferring distress, to
preserve the peace of the country, to save the institu-
tions of England from being swept away in an un-
controllable rebellion of the stomach, it is necessary
that we should resort to some immediately effectual
means of providing for the unemployed, and destitute
masses. But in what way can immediate relief be
afforded ? To this momentous question, in our opi-
nion, only one answer can be given : convey the un-
employed labour of the United Kingdom to the un-
occupied lands of the Colonies ; adopt an extensive
scheme of systematic colonization.
The adoption of an extensive plan of colonization
would afford instantaneous relief: it would occasion
an immediate increase in the demand for shipping,
and for all the various materials required for the
equipment and maintenance of the emigrants ; and
while it thus enlarged the field of employment, it
would diminish the number of hands seeking to be
employed. But though: the conveyance of a portion
of our unemployed population to the unoccupied lands
of the Colonies affords, we think, the only effectual
means by which markets can be opened and the causes
of distress removed, vet it does not appear that the
Executive Government is prepared to originate any
extensive plan of emigration. It may even be ques-
tioned, whether, in a movement of this character,
Government should take the initiative. An extensive
scheme of emigration, if adopted in the first instance
as a Ministerial measure, might be rendered unpopu-
tar by being represented as compulsory, and might
be cried down by the ignorant and prejudiced as a
species of transportation, while, were it undertaken
by a public Company, it would be less open to such
unfounded objections, and would be presented more
in -the character of a voluntary and spontaneous
movement on the part of the people themselves.
Having thus endeavoured to explain the grounds of
our conviction that it has become indispensably neces-
sary, as regards the mitigation of distress, the pre-
servation of the public peace, and the security of life
and property, that immediate arrangements should
be made tor, the adoption of an extended scheme of
emigration, and being of opinion that, in the present
state of public feeling, it is expedient that such ar-
rangements should originate with an incorporated
Company rather than with the Executive Govern-
ment, we now proceed to lay before the Court of Di-
rectors the outline of the plan in which we are our-
selves desirous to embark for founding, under the
auspices of the Company, another settlement in New
Zealand.

The new art of systematic colonization consists in
defraying the expense of conveying the enemployed
labour of the mother country to the unoccupied land
of the Colonies, by means of the marketable value
which the approach of an industrious population con-
fers on the previously valueless wastes of a new coun-
try. The results of the experiments which have hi-
therto been made in the practice of this art are en-
couraging and instructive—encouraging, as affording
a practical demonstration of the principle that tha cost
of emigration may be defrayed by means of the
value it creates'; instructive, as suggesting precau-
tions for avoiding the causes of difficulty and retard-
ation which have occurred in the earlier experimental
settlements. Some 'allusion to these causes may be
useful.

The provisions introduced into the Act of Parlia•
ment erecting South 'Australia into a British province
rendered the commission of practical errors unavoid-
able. The act prescribed the limits of the province
before the character of the country included within
those limits could be adequately known ; it forced pre-
liminary land-sales to absentee proprietors ; and it
precluded the Colonization Commissioners from com-
mencing their operations by advancing the surveys,
and by adopting precautions for the accommodation of
the settlers on landing, and for placing them on their
locations without delay and expense.
These impediments to early progress would be
avoided under the arrangements now contemplated.
It is proposed that the new settlement should be
founded on some eligible site on the eastern coast of
the Middle Island of New Zealand. This part of the
coast has been selected, because it presents the very
important advantage of having been already exa-
mined, and found to comprise an ample extent of
fertile land, and to contain several safe and commo-
dious harbours.

An advantageous site for the new settlement being
in the first instance secured, we propose that the
Company commence their operations by sending out
a preliminary expedition, consisting of surveyors,
civil engineers, mechanics, and a few agricultural
labourers. On the arrival of the preliminary expe-.
dition at its destination, the surveyors should pro-
ceed to lay out the town, and the engineers to con-
struct a landing-place, a wharf, and a road from the
wharf to the centre of the town. At the same time,
a portion of the mechanics should be engaged in
erecting, in the immediate vicinity of the wharf, an
extensive range of sheds for the reception of goods,
and a spacious building, comprising a large dormitory,
for the immediate accommodation of the first body of
colonists on their landing. These objects being
effected, a portion of the mechanics might perhaps be
employed in erecting a church and a school-house.
And while these several operations are in progress, the
agricultural labourers should be employed in clearing
and cropping an extensive suburban farm, which the
Company might judiciously cause to be stocked with
the best breeds of cattle and sheep from the Austral;an
Colonies. After sufficient time has elapsed for the
proximate completion of these important operations,
some of them, the first body of colonists, consisting of
a due proportion of capitalists and labourers, should
be dispatched from this country.
Under these arrangements, the new settlement will
present a field for the immediate commencement of
productive industry. The impediments to early pro.
gress which occurred in the first experimental Colonies
will be moved ; the labour and cost of lauding: and

conveying the goods of the settlers will be abridged ;
the settlers, on their arrival, will not be exposed to
hardship and privation ; they will be placed at once
upon their locations, and will be enabled to purchase
at moderate prices the seed and stock previously pro-
vided by the Company. The capital which ought to
be devoted to immediate cultivation will not be ex-
ported for the purchase of provisions. The settlement
Nvill be made, from the first, an appropriate residence
for a civilised community.

• MODE OF PROCEEDING.
I. It is proposed that the Company select
100,600 acres of land for the settlement.
11. Of the 100,600 acres thus selected, 600 acres
may be divided into 1,600 town sections of a quarter
of an acre each ; 20,000 acres may be divided into
1,000 suburban sections of 20 acres each ; and 80,000
acres into 1,000 rural sections of 80 acres each.
N.B. The area of the town is proposed to be
reduced from 1,000 acres to 600, because in the first
settlement the larger area has been found to occasion
inconvenient expansion and distance. Of the 600
acres, 200 will be reserved for streets, roads, wharfs,
squares, and public buildings and works. The re-
maining 400 acres will be divided into 1,600 sections
of a quarter of an acre each. A section of a quarter
of an acre in a town of 600 acres may not be less
valuable than a town section of one acre in a town of
equal population extended over 1,000 acres. Suburban
sections are suggested as affording the prospect of a
rapid increase in value from proximity to the town.
111. The lands of the settlement may be distri-
buted into 1,600 allotments; namely, into 1,000
allotments, consisting each of one town section, one
suburban section, and one rural section; and into
600 allotments, consisting .each of one town section.
IV. The Company should offer for sale in this
country, at the price of 125/. each, the 1,000 allot-
ments, consisting each of a town, a suburban, and a
rural section.

V. In awarding the first-named 1,000 allotments to
purchasers the priority of choice should be deter-
mined by fot. The remaining
600 allotments, con-
sisting each of one town section, should be offered for
sale at the price of 251. each. Provision should be
made to enable purchasers to choose consecutive num-
bers, so as to hold two or more adjoining sections if
they desire them.
VI. The sum of 140,0001., to be received by the
Company for the 1,600 allotments offered for sale, may
be appropriated as follows :
First, The Company might retain, for de-
fraying expenses not otherwise
chargeable, for guarding against
unforeseen difficulties, and for its
commission upon the transaction... £40,000
Secondly, The remaining 100,0001. should
be primarily charged with the ex-
penses of surveys and management;
after defraying, which, the residue
to be thus applied, viz.:—
One-half to emigration ; one-
half to public works, such as
roads, wharfs, Midges, and
buildings, for the reception of
the first emigrants ............... 100,000

T0ta1............ £140,000
By this arrangement, after setting aside an ade-
quate sum for the Company's expenses and remune-
ration, the large fund of 100,0001. will be employed in
defraying the expense of the surveys and manage-
ment, in sending out labour to the colony, and in
effecting those improvements by which labour is
abridged.beneficial to
Thisthe
capitalistarrangementwho employs labour, than
will be found more
pand-
atosfadlees to emigration,votingalarger as was done in the formerportion of the proceeds of the
settlements founded by the Company. The quantity
of work performed by two labourers, in a settlement
provided with wharfs, roads, and bridges, will be
greater than that which could be performed by those
labourers on a settlement not provided with these im-
portant facilities for rendering industry effective.
Inrvieoduisatelalboabtotru,r,
canwhenaccomplish not
little : when the
aided by the results of
pr
means of communication are imperfect, a great portion
tobfet hdei
difficulty
eu available
of
labourof
transport. the community must be de-
votednumbenr of b
not to ilannds b
medi, atuetpbryodtubcEe quantity of work, thetsioaabtuetd,tonoovtercboymtinheg
actual supply of labour will be increased by diverting
a portion of the proceeds of the land-sales from emi-
gration to the execution of works by which labour is
abridged.
On behalf of a body of persons who contemplate
...
the formation, under the auspices of the Com-
-1 pany and on the plan herein sketched out, of a
settlement in New Zealand to be situated on the
Eastern coast of the Middle Island,
I have-the honour to be, Gentlemen,
Your most obedient servant,
(Signed)
GEORGE
REPLY OF THE NEW ZEALAND COMPANY.
New Zealand
on behalf of a
emigration Sir,—l am instructed by the Court
re-
ceipt of your letter dated the 28th lilt,
body of persons contemplating of Directors of
the New Zealand Company to acknowledge the AHuoguusest,
1 RENNIE, jun.
Broad-street-buildings,
eet-bration to New
Zealand, in which you suggest the formation by the
Company, on the plan pointed out in your letter, of a
new settlement to be planted on some eligible site on
the eastern coast of the Middle Island. I:l'he Court
has given this proposal its
I am now directed toyou its views
on the subject. serious consideration, and
communicate to

•The Directors of the
New Zealand Company feel
it incumbent upon them at all times to do the utmost
in their power to further the views of persons desirous
of emigrating, and to prove to them that the Company
is ever ready to perform its function as a national in-
strument of colonization. The Directors deem this
duty to be the more imperative upon them in times
like the present, when general distress pervades this
country, for which extensive colonization appears to
offer the best if not the only prospect of substantial
relief. I have therefore to inform you, that the Court
is willing to entertainnerally the proposal of a new
settlement on the eastern coast of the Middle Island
of New Zealand, provided that her Majesty's Govern-
ment will consent thereto, upon such terms as shall
afford the Company a reasonable remuneration for the
responsibility and risk of the undertaking ; and pro-
vided no insuperable diinculties shall be found to
arise, out of circumstances now unforeseen. With
respect to the plan
which you have submitted, the
Court sees no objection to its outline ; but desires to
be understood as reserving its final judgment as to the
details, until the enterprise shall be somewhat more
matured.*

The intention of the Convexly to establish at pro-
per opportunities a succession of distinct settlements
upon the coasts of New Zealand has been for some
time before the public, and the motives of that inten-
tion will be sufficiently understood by reference to the
Directors Third Report. It is only requisite, there-
fore, to add, that you are at liberty to make gene-
rally known the readiness of the Company, in the
present instance, to entertain the principle of your
as-
surance of the approbation of
JOHN WARD, Secretary.
Govern-
ment, the Directors will
shall
ehrav:ia
joebsttayi,nse
proposal ; and when you
be prepared to enter into
dan
With you, and with the par-
'n order that your wishes
honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servant,
fm ties
ay herbe 0 cno my
carriedomuu
rni
eni
pct
rao
et
practicalsioenn st ,
operation.—l have the
' —sq., 1, Chesham-place,
Belgrave-sqoare.
* The question of the price of the land is thus left
entirely open. dun., P
George(Sßigennnedie), j

restoration of the prosperity of Spain, so long and nil-
' justly delayed.
" 'Under the. impression that the greatest necessity
of Spain at tii'emoment is confidence between man
and man, and, above all, confidence in the Govern-
ment, and yielding to the wishes of several respectable
and distinguished Spaniards, he respectfully submits
to the judgment of the Spanish Government the ad-
joined plan for the establishment of an Anglo-Spanish
Bank, based upon a large capital, to be conducted upon
liberal principles, while it cannot fail to be advan-
tageous to the individuals concerned in it, as well
as to the country at large.
"He by no means wishes to give an exaggerated
importance to an undertaking' purely commercial in
its nature ; but he will be permitted to remark that
the establishment of a bank in Spain is a different
thing from the establishment of a bank in countries
where these institutions are common. In these latter
countries the establishment of a bank would be simply
adding to the number of those already in existence;
but here in Spain the founding• of a bank would b
the proof of that confidence, the absence of which has
been thq great evil of Spain.
" It cannot be doubted, or have escaped observa-
tion, that Spanish industry is receiving a new im-
pulse ; the means of favouring and advancing that
industry, which must be daily on the increase, are
now alone wanted.
" The subscriber hereunto cannot omit, in conclu-
sion, the expression of his particular satisfaction in
having been thus, for the second time, selected as a
medium of rendering service to Spain ; and has the
honour to sign himself, with the greatest respect,
" HENRY IittISTOW,
" Lieut.-Colonel in the British service."
" Proposal for the establishment of an Anglo-Spanish
Bank, capital '2,000,000/. sterling (200,000,000 reals).
" Art. 1. That the bank is to be under the imme-
diate protection of the Spanish nation ; to be en-
dowed with particular and exclusive privileges;
and •to form a corporation with complete liberty
of action under all circumstances ; so that whatever
may be the political relations of Spain and Great
Britain, the funds, the privileges, and acts be secured
and continued, even in case of war between the two
countries.
" Art. 2. That the Spanish Government hind itself
to afford its protection and support to this establish-

ment ; that the Spanish Government secure by law
the admission of the bills of exchange and promissery
notes of the bank in the payment of all taxes, contri-
butions, and other fiscal imposts, so long as these bills
of exchange and promissory notes are regularly paid
in the current coin of the country.

" Art. 3. That the bills of exchange and promissory
notes of this bank be made by law payable in the
money of the country.
" Art. 4. That the proposal for the establishment
of this bank having been first made by an English-
man, in relation with the Spanish Government, it is
hoped that Government will zealously co-operate in
the attainment of the object proposed.
" Art. 5. That the bank is to be an incorporated
Company, whose chief and central establishment is

,o be at Seville, or other place agreed upon, under the
name of the Anglo-Spanish Bank of the South of
Spain :' its privileges to be extended according to its
own wants and those of the community for which it
has been established. The bank, if thought neces-
sary, to have offices or branches in London and Ma-
drid, for the better dispatch of its business.
" Art. 6. The number of shares in this bank to
be 20,000, of 1001. sterling each.
" Art. 7. Any number of shares demanded by
Spaniards to be given to them ; but it is expected that
they will take a portion, not less than a fifth of the whole.
" Art. 8. In drawing up regulations for the ma-
nagement or working of the bank much, importance
should be given to the local junta, or committee, to
be formed in Spain, by whose advice and information
the committee in London may act and give instruc-
tions. In consequence of the greater experience in
banking affairs in England, the opinion of the com-
mittee there should serve as a guide for the direction
of that in Spain.
" Art. 9. The responsibility of the debts and obliga-
tions of the Company to be limited to the amdunt of
the shares in clear and express terms.
" Art. 10. Exclusive Privileges :—These to consist
in the power of issuing bank notes offive dollars value and
upwards, and bills of exchange, payable on sight, or
in twenty-one days. All other banks and private in-
dividuals to be prevented from issuing notes and bills
of this description within the limits of district defined
in the charter of the new bank.
" Art. 11. The bank to have no restriction what-
ever in its operations ; that is to say, to have the
power of receiving in guarantee all kinds of value and
merchandize, or representative of capital, as funded
debt, specie, precious metals in bar, bills of exchange,
and promissory notes, securities upon loans, &c. • and
also the right of disposing of these guarantees or pledges.
" Art. 12. The bank to be prohibited by law
from taking more than six per cent. interest, and per-
mitted to take any rate under this amount.
" By order of the Preliminary Association,
H. J. BURGESS,
" Provisional and Acting Secretary.
" London, 6th August, 1842."