The Sun.
London, England, 1842-06-30 00:00:00

41-j tie

LONDON
TIIURSDAY MORNING, JUNE 30, 1842.

It appears by Mr., T. DUNGOMIIkfi statement, that
the Guarditus of the Poor of Norwich, being unable
to procure silver to relieve the paupers, have issued
ti,:•liets of ls. Cd. each, promising to pay them on de-
when presented at their office, in amounts
oE• not less than ten sh;dlings. That is one of the
o,l,;ecoences of the conduct of the Government.
Gouusuutt has discredited the gold coin. There
is not silver enough to supply its place, and so persons
,14-e obliged to have recourse to a " small paper cur-
-. • ,
rency.' As Mr. DuNcomßE remarked, if the prac-
ti.ce be permitted, we shall be inundated with such a
currency; at the same time, the necessity which gave
birth to it in thig instance is so obvious, that we can-
not for one moment censure those who have had
recourse to it, or fancy that it ought to be prohibited.

life have, on more than one occasion, directed pub-
l* attention to the error, not to say folly, of the
Governments of the world still insisting on preserving
to a great extent, a metallic, and above all, a gold
currency. Nor can we do otherwise than admire the
numerous devices by which men, acting under the
pressure of necessity, almost as obvious everywhere
s..s at Norwich, overrule the decrees of Government and
everywhere substitute a paper,ior a metallic currency.
The great hulk of the businesS of this country, except
no.:re retail, is transacted by means of paper, and be-
tween wholesale dealers of every description no metal
Coin ever passes. Every man, too, who keeps a
hanker's account—and the practice is now adopted by
hundreds and thousands, who a few years ago never
dreatned of it—pays the bulk of his outgoings by
cheques; so that the substitution of paper for metallic
money, in spite of the wishes and fulminations of
Governments about their immaculate standards, and
what not, has become almost universal, testifying
4r4esisAsly to . the strength of the necessity which,
gites birth to it.
Tice source of the necessity is obvious. It grow s
from the increasing barter of mankind. Of what use
is money of any kind to a savage who supplies all his
own ? As men depart from the savage state,
and as each one labours to supply the wants of others.
and no one makes more than a very small part of
what he uses and consumes, interchanges multiply.
This process is continually going on. Division of
labour, both amongst individuals and nations, it
contissually extending; old trades and occupations
tire continually splitting, each one into several new
trades. and occupations ; and as the population of the
svorld increases so interchanges multiply in the corn-
yeund ratio of that increase, and the extending divi-
sion of labour. But there is no corresponding in-
, and the substitution of
crease of the precious in-
Theta
, without the intervention
paper to complete the hart
of metallic. coin, is the necessary consequence.
Division of labour, let us repeat, springs from the
multiplication of the species, for were there only one
person he must do everything for himself. Barter is
the necessary consequence of division of labour, and
barter increases in a compound ratio, as it increases
and people multiply. To carry on this increase in
battier bullion does not increase, and paper money,

which is essential to extended barter, is thus the ne-
cessary consequence of the principle of population.
All the contrivances, therefore, of which we have
heard in modern times—as people have increased
very fast—the small note currency of the American
war, the old one-pound notes, the shin-plasters of the
United States cities, as well as the ls. 6d. tickets of
the Guardians of the poor at Norwich, are the offspring
of a great natural and inevitable condition of society.
Traders of all descriptions, all who buy and sell—
which includes the bulk of mankind—have good reason
then, we think, to be displeased and discontented
with their governments for always labouring under
some pretext or other to suppress the paper money,
which naturally grows into use from the necessities
of man's condition, and to substitute for it their own
damaged, ill-conditioned, incorrect, and costly coin.
It is now some sixteen years since a departed
Parliament, and being defunct, contrary to the pro-
verb, we may say as much ill and as much truth of it
as we please, under the influence of a most ridiculous
panic which had as little to do with one-pound notes
as with the tides, took it into its wise head to put an
end to small notes. When it did so it knew as little
of the correct theory of paper money as it did of the
recondite questions which have just been discussed by
the sages at Manchester—and the consequence has been
to deprive the public of a very useful instrument,of
barter, supplied in general by substantial and trust-
worthy men, and inflict on it the evils of a restricted
trade and a gold coinage. It has not put an end to
paper money at the same time, but it has driven the
public to substitute cheques, drafts, &c., &c., for pro-
mises to pay on demand, which from their general
nature are much more useful.

Why did that stupid Parliament, too, apply one rule
to England and another to Scotland ? In Scotland
there was not one all powerful bank, having its cre-
ditor-fetters round the debtor Government ; and the
Minister of England, being subservient to the Bank of
England, persuaded the Parliament to do that to Eng-
land, which neither subservient Ministers nor stupid
Parliament dared to do to Scotland. Time, we have
no doubt, will do justice both to Lord LIVERPOOL'S
Ministry and his Parliament, and when it does, it will
condemn both for foolishly meddling with a great
matter they did not comprehend.
If people must, which seems very likely, take to
issuing small notes, following the example of the Nor-
wich Union, we would recommend them to issue them
for ounces, half ounces, quarter of ounces, or any'num-
ber of ounces of silver, and have nothing to do with
Mr. GOULBU RN or his coin. Acting on such a plan they
may soon laugh to scorn his nonsensical regulations,
and soon bring into that contempt it deserves, the so-
called wisdom of Lord LIVBRPOOL and his Parliament.

Ink() House of Commons on Tuesday, Mr. DILLON
BRO*NE called the attention of the Government to the
wretched condition of the famishing poor in Ireland.
Lord ICLioT admitted that the misery of the peasantry
was exceedingly great, and that the Irish Government
taken some steps to alleviate it, but he declined to in-
Form the House what they were. It is terrible to see
the inhabitants of one of the most fertile countries in
Europe thus subjected to all the horrors of periodical
famine. Dr. 3PHALE, the Roman Catholic Archbishop
of Tuam, in a letter from that city, addressed to Sir
ROBERT PEEL, states, as a fact known to himself, that
some of the people there are obliged to go two entire
days without a morsel of food. " I have made myself,"
writes that Prelate, "conversant with the details of
misery, and though even a sense of duty would excuse
wy absence at this season, I have thought it a more im-
perative duty to stay at home to encounter all the
importunities of distress, and to soothe those pangs of
suffering which it is impossible for me to appease.
Numbers in this neighbourhood go to bed without tast-
ing a morsel of food during the, entire day, and some
pass the secopd, doomed, to the same state of want."
This is the sad condition of the poor throughout one
fourth of Ireland. No wonder then that they are fast
losing all regard for the right of private property, and
that the doctrine " that it is better to seize food where-
ever they can find it than starve," is now generally advo-
cated by them. To add to the general calamity, though
thousands of pounds have been spent in organising the
:machinery of a Poor-laNfor Ireland, there are as yet no
workhouses to afford shelter to the utterly destitute.
That the people of Ireland should be discontented
under such dreadful privations is very natural. Neither

meal-stores and seize the provisions which they
have no means of purchasing, rather than lie
down and die of hunger. But it is the duty of the
Government to anticipate, by relief, this appeal to force.
To :plunder the public is a trade soon learned and not
easily forgotten. The doctrine of a community of goods,
when once acted upon, is very apt to suggest a repeti-
tion of the practice. Hence the gt eat danger of not an-
ticipating this crisis in the case of a hungering multitude.

Mr. Alderman HUMPHERY made a noble stand in the
House of Commons on Tuesday for the freedom of—Tur-
bot. The worthy Alderman left to Lord JOHN RUSSELL
the less inviting task of protesting against the exclusion of
corn from the tariff, and the retaining so high a duty on
sugar, that he might address himself exclusively to
the grievance of imposing a duty upon a fish
in so great request at all City feasts. We
are not surprised that so frequent a guest at
the Mansion House as Alderman HUMPHERY
should have spoken warmly upon so interesting and per-
sonal a subject. But what does surprise us is the ingra-
titude of Sir ROBERT PEEL, who replied by a laugh to
she question so pathetically put by the Alderman, as to
what mischief turbot had done, that it should be singled
out as the special object of taxation ? Yes, the Premier,
who is himself a merchant tailor and a freeman of the
,Ity, and therefore ought to sympathize with the woes
of Aldermen—who so often feasted at the expense of
the City, and therefore ought to have cherished a grate•.
eui remembrance of civic hospitality—we repeat, this
very Premier only laughed in answer to Alderman
HUMPHERY'S pathetic appeal for the free irnpor-
,ation of fresh turbot ! Can any person after this
question the immeasurable extent of official
ingratitude? What ! tax an Alderman's turbot, and
allow a poor inqn's herring to pass untaxed ? Does this
show gratitude towards the givers of City dinners ?
When did ever the miserable devourers of Yarmouth
bloaters entertain her MAJESTY'S Ministers with
turtle and venison, and all the luxuries of the
season ? Why, therefore, extend to them a boon
refused to the providers of such splendid enter-
tainments, as well as their most abundant par-
takers ? It is for Sir ROBERT PEEL to answer these
questions. In the mean time, we call upon the Alder-
manic body to adopt some public means of resenting this
Mmisterial attempt to curtail Mansion House dinners of
their fair and established proportions—this filching of
turbot from the City feasts.

The following letter from Greece included in the
Turkish correspondence of a Contemporary, bearing
date the 7th inst., shows the extent to which " the re-
sources of that country are drained by Bavarian adven-
turers." 'We are assured that the picture it presents is
not the least exaggerated, and that the figures are per-
fectly correct :

The budget has been discussed in the Council of State,
which has given rise to many public attacks on the old re-
peated grievance of the sums lavished upon Germans. The
Ministerial paper coolly replies, that there are, in truth, very
Few Bavarian officers in the service—only such as are become
indispensably necessary in particular departments of the civil
and military service. I beg thereon to subjoin a few figures.
The organisation of the army is composed of 206 officers ; of
those 151 are natives of Bavaria. There are besides 72
Bavarians in other branches of the public service. These 223
foreigners receive annually 573,780 drachmas (20,4041.) of
Greek pay, or four-fifths of the deficit, according to the Bud-
get. [The revenues are stated to be 18,500,000 drachmas, and
the expenses 19,200,000 drachmas ; but there is reason to be-
lieve that 'the former figure is an exaggeration.] The foreign
officers hUld the highest rank in the artillery, engineers, and
ether scientific departments of the army ; and the civil em-
ployes are Professors in the Universities, Judges, archi-
tects. &c. Their merits may, I think, be fairly esti-
mated from the standard of their former rank and social
position in Germany. Of the officers few ever held a com-
mission in the Bavarian army, but were nearly all private
iddiers, a few only were subalterns, six of the latter are now
full Colonels. The professors' came as shopkeepers and ar-
tisans to Greece (the Eldorado of Bavaria), and here have be-
come metamorphosed into academicians, learned lawyers, or
mighty architects. The worst has yet to be told. For instance,
the regulations of the army require that every officer shall
previously pass an examination before a military court pre-
vious to obtaining his commission. ; now, not only are the
Bavarians entirely exempted from this regulation, but the
board for the examination of Greek officers is composed
wholly of Bavarians."
_ _ _

It is nonsense to talk of the freedom of Greece while
this system is suffered to continue. Our only wonder
is the great forbearance exhibited by the Greek people.
I"ere they to throw King OTHO and his Bavarians into
;he sea it would not occasion us the least surprise.

Except the Royal ordonnance for imposing a duty
upon imported linen and linen thread, and aleading article
in the Courrier Francais, on the Eastern question, there
is no news of any political interest in the French Jour-
nals of Monday. Of course there is plenty of election
matter, but it is of no interest out of France. The fol-
lowing is the Cpurrier's article on
.the affairs of the
East:—
A terrible crisis is getting up at Constantinople, which may
decide the very existence of the Ottoman empire. The policy
of reaction, which some months past it was hoped was near its
end, is gaining
strength every day. and the effect which it pro-
ducei are becoming more and more alarming. A general in-

surrection may at any time time take place in Syria. In Diar-
hekir and at Mossul a revolt has already burst forth ; Bulgaria
is in commotion ; bleed has been spilt at Aivali and Calymnos,
where the inhabitants determined on resisting the insupport-
able vexations of the authorities. Wallachia was beginning to
prosper; but Russia, fearing that the Sclavonian power, which
thus was springing up on her frontiers, might hereafter prove
an obstacle to her plans, contrived to excite disturbances
there, and then, under cloak of those tumultuous movements,
obtained from the Porte that Chekib Effendi should be sent
to Bucharest as extraordinary commissioner. Chekib is
entirely devoted to the Cabinet of St. Petersburgh, and
will only act according to her suggestions. It is said that
M. de Metternich is beginning to get uneasy at this state
of things, and that he regrets each day more and more the
co-operation which Austria so inconsiderately gave to the treaty
of July 15. The state of Syria is the principal cause of the
differences which are now in agitation between the Porte and the
European Powers. England, which guaranteed to the tribes of
the Lebanon, in 1840, through Mr. Wood, the maintenance
of their privileges, protests with great vivacity against the
nomination of a Mussulman to the direct government of the
Mountain, and against the presence of the Albanians in Syria.
The Au•train Internuncio unites with Sir S. Canning, and
M. de Bourquency follows in their train, by order of M.
Guizot. But Russia, far from joining in those efforts, excites
the Divan to resist. The representatives of France, England,
and Austria, have been exceedingly discontented with the lan-
guage held by the Russian Charge d'Affairs in the confer-
ences which took place at the French Embassy, and they
decided that they ought to treat with the Divan
without the cooperation of M. tie Titow. The &hail
was disposed to follow their councils; but his Ministers, gained
over by Russia, have caused this good int, ntic n to be fruitless.
Everybody sees what Russia aims at in exciting troubles in the
Ottoman empire, but the aim of these proceedings of Russia
escapes the notice of the imbecile and fanatic council-
lore of the Sultan. Who could believe that Sarim
Effendi, when pressed by the Ambassadors to put an end
to the disorders of Syria, should reply by comparisons
drawn from the state of France and England, and by remind-
ing the Conference of the millions of signatures to the Chartist
petition, and of the disorders at Toulouse and Clermont ?
The madman ! who does not understand the difference which
exists between the crisis that occurs in a normal state, and
the convulsions and the rattle of death ! Thus the judg-
ment which the Opposition in France had formed against
the Treaty of July, is fully justified. The eJnfiagration which
the execution of the Treaty has excited in the East cannot
now to be extinguished. Turkey is rapidly approaching her
end, and two birds of prey are brooding over the dead body.
Ow one side Russia, which holds a fleet and an army always
ready for the conquest of Constantinople ; and, on the other,
, England, which stretches forth her hand en the Isthmus of
) Suez. It may be asked what France is doing in this crisis.
Franoe ! oh, she is obeying the orders of M. Guizot."
TOULON, JUNE 23.—The squadron, under the command of
Vice-Admiral Hugon, which put to sea yesterday, after having
sailed all night, anchored this morning at ten o'clock, off the
Hieres Island.
It is said that a telegraphic despatch directs the Admiral to
remain in the vicinity of Toulon till further orders.
The Phare des Pyrenees of the 24th, has 1104 S from Pam-
peluna to the 18th. People's minds were still much agitated
in that city. The General had re-inforced the garrison of the
citadel, which now consists of two battalions.
The same journal says :—" We learn that a Colonel of En-
gineers came on the lbth to Urdox, to reconnoitre the bridge
of Danchariena. He set out on the 19th for Alexandria, hav-
ing given orders to build a corps de garde at the head of the
bridge.— Commerce.
BOURSE—PARIS, MONDAY, JUNE 27.

First Highest Lowest Last
Price Price. Pile,. Price.
French 5 per 119 ... 119 ... 118 7U ... 118 75
4per Cents. ...... 101 i 5 ... 101 75 ... 101 75 ... 101 75
3 per Cents 79 15 -79 15 ... 78 95 78 95
Bink or trance
Lattitte Bank 1.0001. Shares 1052 50 _1052 50 50 ...1052 50
5.000 f. Shares 5052 511'.. 5052 !,0 . 5052 50 ...5052 50
',eleisn Bank
Belgian 5 per Cents. 1840
3 per Cents 72 72 ... 72
Spanish Active 23% ... • 23% ... 23 ... 23
Passive 4% .. 4% ... ... 4%
eapolitan
h.ainan lO4 ... 104 ... 103 1C3%
RAILWAY SHARES.

t. Germain __
802 50 ... BC2 50 ... Si 2 50 ... 802 50
V.,:nilles,L.ls II U .. 100 ... 97 50 ... IJ7 50
Rouen 522 50 ... 522 50 ... 520 ... 520
Urbane
Stiasburg to Bale 197 50 ... 107 50 ... 10 50 ... 197 50
BELGIANFUNDS-13ExisEELE, JUNS 26
Actual Debt, 2% per Cent.
nottischilu'b Loan, 5 per Cent lO2
Loan of Thirty Millions, 4 per Cent. 93%
3 per Cent
71
,(1340) lO3
Loan of City, 1932, 4 per Cent. 03%
Society of Commerce, 4 %per Cent B6
Bank of Belgium, b per Cent 763(
National Society
Exchange on London (short)
—Brussels Payers, June 26.
AUSTRIAN FUNDS.—VIENNA, JUNE 17
fiveper Cants. Metalliques
Fort per Cents. l, 0%
Three per Cents.
Bank ,1-,areit
HAMBURGH BORSEN:HALLE, JUNE 24.
Bills. Money.
110

Thirty.seven.

Austrian 5 per Cents.
Bank Shares l6BO
Anglo-Russian Loan lO% 109%
Russian 5 per Cent., Ist series, Certificate— 10.1 N, 103%
Inscription, Ist series lO3
Russian 5 per Cent. Hope and Co., 3d and 4th
Series 9S
Ditto in Certificates IS%
New 4 per Cent. (1840) Bl4 85%
Dutch Actual Debt, 2% per Cent. .........
Ditto 5 per Cent. - —,
_ .

Polish Bonds —
New Tickets li 9
Anglo-Danish Loan, 9 per Coat. — 78%
Spanish, New 5 p:•r Cents. lB
EXCHANGES ON LOINDOS.

HANIBUR.GII, JUNE 24.-13 6%, Two months It 6%.
PETERSBURG, JUNE 14.—Three months. SS% pence.
RIQA, JusiE 16. —Three Months, 36%.
PRUSSIAN FUNDS.—BEEEIN, JUNE VI.
Bills. Money
St. Schuld Sch., 4 per cent. 105% 10+%
Prussian English Bond,,ltt3o, ► per cent. IL3 102%
Exchange on London
'Z'PriaitZr7i mare Gazerre; Jtlne22,-

In a Fourth Edition of Tuesday's Sun we were
enabled, by means of an extraordinary Express from
Liverpool, to publish news from the United States in
twelve days from Boston, and little more than nine from
Halifax. The papers conveying that intelligence were
brought to Liverpool by one of the four steam-ships
(the Columbia) employed for the conveyance of the
mails and passengers between Europe and North America,
and nothing can afford a stronger proof of the efficiency
of the vessels on that station than the present ex traor-
dinary voyage across the Atlantic. We are gratified to
tind that Lady Begot and family have selected one of
these steam ships (the Acadia) to convey them to Canada
to join the Governor-General, Sir Charles Bagot, who
will meet her Ladyship at Halifax. She sails from Li-
verpool on the sth proximo.
THE PARLIAMENT, THE PRESS, AND THE POST.—
The Post of yesterday has a queer, crotchety article
on the subject of the Liberty of the Press, in the course
of which our fantastic Contemporary, having occasion
to remark on the right of the people to petition the
House of Commons, observes, that there are some who
think this House " the most sapient and the most justice-
loving Assembly on the face of the earth, which does
not happen to be exactly our opinion." This sneer
comes with_ peculiar ill grace from a Journal
which was among the first to hail the triumph of
Toryism at the last elections, and to predict all sorts of
blessings from the benignant and patriotic influence of
the Peel majority. We thought that the Post would
never have been weary of singing the praises of a House
containing so many Tories—that it would have regarded
it as a House built up after its own express fashion, ac-
cording to its own dearest wish—and launched its
heaviest bolt of wrath at the head of the monster who
dared even to hint that it was not absolute perfection.
But we were mistaken, it seems. So far from being
remarkable for its sagacity, the House of Commons is
not even ordinarily " sapient," notwithstanding its Tory
majority ; and so far from being just in its proceedings,
it is not even " justice-loving !" Verily our Contempo-
rary is hard to please. The last House was not to his
taste ; and for the present House he professes a nearly
equal disrelish. Does its Liberalism offend him ? Is he
shocked at its squeamish abhorrence of bribery and cor-
ruption ? Not so, but he hoped that it would have distin-
guished itself by the inveteracy of its Toryism ; that it
would have carried matters with a high hand, in the old
borouglimongering fashion; that it would have supported
monopolies of all kinds; and restored the clear delightful
times of jobbing. Because it has not done this, the
Post's ultra-Toryism is up in arms; and he is now
ready to agree in opinion with the Liberals, that the
House of Commons—the House of his own adoption—is,
after all, "no better than it should be." Then, as regards
the Press ! On this point, too, our Contemporary is
all effervescence and exacerbation. He is disgusted, he
tells us, with the excess of liberty it enjoys. It is too
unencumbered in its movements. Manacles would be-
come it vastly. An Ex-Officio or so, drawn up in the
Attorney-General's neatest and most stringent manner,
would be the greatest blessing that could befal it. If
these be our Contemporary's real opinions, the remedy,
so far as he himself is concerned, is easy. Let him
ship himself off to St. Petersburgh, with his stock of
editors, reporters, compositors, pressmen, &c.; and then
he will find himself at once in the full enjoyment of that
species of wholesome restraint which he so much desi-
derates. With the knout, the dungeon, and the Siberian
mines in prospect (should he at any time so far forget
himself as to discover that the Russian authorities are
not immaculate, and the Russian system of despotism
not the very perfection of enlightened government) he
will—with his present queer notions respecting the free-
dom of the Press—be as happy as the day is long. We
expect shortly to see him figuring in his own columns,
among the " fashionable departures? for St. Petersburgh.

DR. REID'S LECTURES ON CHE-

MISTRY.

After last week's hiatus in this scientific course, caused
by the occupancy of the great room at Exeter-hall with
Mr. Hullah's music-classes, 1)r. Reid resumed the deli-
very of his lectures last night, and treated upon the sub-
ject of acids and, alkalis. The former, he proceeded to
show were producible from the fermentation and putre-
faction of animal and vegetable matter. Prussic acid,
one out of this numerous class, was entertainingly
dilated upon by the lecturer—that acid, a few drops
of which, poured into a spoon and held to the nos-
trils of a powerful bullock, killed him instanta-
neously, and which therefore had, in some instances,
been used for that specific purpose. The vegetable
alkalis coming under consideration, Quinquinna or
bark, being rich in carbon and hydrogen, showed itself
by experiment to possess the property of burning with
much brightness. This alkali, and others of the same
4der, operates with different degrees of activity on the
system, according to the diet and habits of the
patient. Morphine, was thus found by medical
experimenters on its first discovery, to have no
power on some persons ; while, when rendered soluble,
in the system of others, it lecame highly energetic. Dr.
Reid finally treated on oily and resinous substances,
and those of a kindred character, such as alcohol, ether,
and naptha, all of which possess the quality of being
volatilized easily. A series of brilliant and adroit ex-
periments illustrated the evening's lecture.

A recent return states that the ribbon manufacture
at St. Etienne employs more than 40,000 persons either in the
town itself or the adjoining departments. The annual produce
amounts to from 40 to 45 millions of francs a year, and not
fewer than 23,000 looms are at work. The ribbon trade at St.
Etienne employs besides from 10,000 to 12,000 individuals of
various denominations, such as folders, stitchers, rollers, shop-
women, clerks, designers, and dyers.