The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-06 00:00:00

LAW INTELLIGENCE.

COURT OF BANKRUPTCY.—Sept. 5.
IN RE THOMAS CHURCHILL.

This bankrupt was described as a bill-broker and
foreign merchant. The amount of debts and liabili-
ties were stated in his schedule to be 27,8001., while
the available assets at present amounted to 5,7501.,
and a further sum of 4,0001. was expected to be
realised from a consignment to the West Indies, made
by the bankrupt and a person named Weston.
This day being appointed for the final adjourned
examination of the bankrupt and a proof of debts, a
number of creditors were in attendance, and further
claims for 8,7651. were established.

The body of the creditors not offering any opposi-
tion, and the bankrupt having rendered the usual ac-
counts, he was declared entitled to pass his final exa-
mination.

PO LICE INTELLIGENCE.
(YESTERDAY.)

GUILDHALL.
James Jackson, a mechanical instrument maker,
was placed at the bar, charged with attempting to steal
a piece of broad cloth, the property of the Patent
Woollen Cloth Company, Moorgate-street.
The prisoner was seen to put his hand in at the
window, which is about five feet fro:4 the ground, and
try to lift the piece of cloth in question off the shelf.
He was therefore given into custody.. The prisoner
was well known to the police, having been three times
convicted of felony.
As the property was not removed,
The MAGISTRATE said he could only commit the pri-
soner to the House of Correction for a month.
BOW-S7REE7.
Two young men, the one a waterman and the other
a labourer employed at the Iron Steam Boat Pier,
were charged, the latter with resisting the police and
the former with attempting to rescue the latter.
Policeman. F 82 stated, that in consequence of
what he . heard, he went down to the Adelphi-stairs,
when he found two men who had fallen into the
water and were drunk, sitting shivering on the side
of a barge • they . were surrounded by a number of
people, and witness thought it was wrong to allow
the ere, and he wanted to take them on
shoie when the toriner prisom-A---tryia -€6:llltt.r-
-fere, and said that the police were always poking their
noses into places where they were not wanted. Wit-
ness was nearly shoved into the water, and in at-
tempting to take that prisoner into custody the other
interfered and attempted a rescue.
The prisoners said that they had just saved the two
men in question from drowning; the labourer had
held them up in the water for nearly five minutes,
and when the policeman came up they were both
very much exhausted, and could scarcely breathe.
He (the policeman) was excessively overbearing in
his conduct, and knocked them about in a disgraceful
manner.

A gentleman named Russell here came forward for
the purpose, as he said, of bearing testimony to the
very improper conduct of the policeman. So ling as
the men were in the water the policeman did not come
near, but directly the men at the. bar- rescued them
from the water the policeman came bustling up to the
place with Much importance, and shoved every one
about in a most disgraceful manner. He wished to
shove every one away who had been concerned in
saving the men. _ _

HALL said the evidence of the policeman had
not been at all disproved. He should fine them 10s.
each, or in default commit them to the House of Cor-
rection for seven. days.
We suppose the poor fellows must go to prison.
_41,4 I?LBOROUGH-STREET.

Ellis Hartley and Alfred Thomas Gowland, two
fashionably-dressed young men, were placed at the
bar, charged by William Varney, a labouring man,
with assault, &c.

Complainant, his wife, and child, were coming
down the Hampstead••road about eleven o'clock on
Saturday night, when the two defendants, and
another who had escaped, violently pushed himself
and child off the pavement. His wife asked what
they meant by such conduct, when Hartley, who was
partially intoxicated, struck him a violent blow on the
head and then ran away. Complainant followed, and
gave him into charge of a constable. The other pri-
soner used no violence.

The prisoners could make no defence, and the Ma •
gistrate (Mr. Rawlinson) stated that if defendants
would remunerate complainant for the injury and
loss of time, he would dismiss them both.

Complainant was handed 205., and defendants left
the bar.

TRIAL OF THE RIOTERS.

NORTHERN CIRCUIT—York, Sept. 2.

Lord Denman and Mr. Justice Maule are energeti-
cally engaged in clearing the heavy " supplemental
calendar." Every case is but an echo of the preced-
ing. The major portion of the prisoners were appre-
hended among the rioters. The unfortunate men are
arraigned by the dozen or the-score, and in but a few
cases are there acquittals, perhaps the evidence
of identity seems questionable, or where witnesses
are produced, to substantiate what is the commonly
urged defence—viz., an accidental or involuntary en-
tanglement in the crowd. A batch of near twenty
were tried at one time by Lord Denman this morn-
ing (some of them defended by Mr. Wilkins) for in-
timidating by tumultuous proceedings in Leeds. The
evidence being clearly conclusive,
Mr. WILKINs, on the part of his clients, said he re-
gretted he had not seen the depositions previously to
the trial. Had he done so, he should certainly have
advised them to retract the plea of " Not Guilty," for
he had made up his mind all through these cases (in
many of which he defended) never to advisedly aggra-
vate the offence of a prisoner by an unjustifiable alle-
gation of innocence. It was natural, looking at
the crowds of unhappy men who were brought to the
bar,
for
and
eepsprt:or
olirtiv.frpefeue:flreiasttlecoys
purposes of
oftaefroi
Nn:Ndid,
alhheceeiartiedse)hne
ogssdN tfevoelonaifiNun.%esi.
lodohdttli
oieg tbrvnetelachdanel te:oi
vanity or
oocvllamented
againstilsn;
u:feiolenNore,
tifeeedstdsihsasgfinroinuklseoleeslir3
successfully,
hceltoyoee.,
urg
bitt
a family, and would be sorely felt through the whole
country. Nor could too much anger be felt at con-
duct so cowardly and cruel, when it was pursued, as
it had been (unless his information deceived him)' by
men occupying the station of Magistrates, who had
dared thus to excite the people against the laws,
simply because, in the bigotry of so-called "Libe-
ralism," the laws did not suit their notions.
Lord DENMAN here interrupting, said—Mr. Wil-
kins, I hardly think that I ought to hear that said—
that Magistrates have incited the people to insurrec-
tion ! Besides, this question is not relevant to the
matter on inquiry.
Witnesses Nvere then called, who gave the prisoners
good characters --one or two of thpm having been
teachers in Sunday schools.
During Mr. Wilkins's address most of the pri-
soners sobbed with grief, antl seemed heartily sorry
for their folly. •
Lord DENIM AN, in addressing the Jury, said it was

of the utmost importance that all men, especially
those in the situation of the prisoners, should clearly
understand, that by the law of England any man
voluntarily lending—even if by presence only—his
sanction and .support to riotous and unlawful mobs,
was guilty of a participation in the offences in which
they were involved. For it was the very numbers
which gave force and invested with terror these illegal
assemblies ; and each individual present, and 'silently
aiding and abetting in their lawlessness, was as a
private in a large army of rioters carrying the terror
and the violence of invasion into peaceably disposed
districts of her Majesty's dominions. Still, however,
on the part of the people of this country, he must
assert the right
.of free discussion, and of peaceable
statement of grievances. But there was a very wide
difference between meeting for the purposes of peace-
able discussion, or of petitioning the Sovereign and
the Parliament—there was a wide difference between
this and assembling riotously, and to the terror of the
peaceable Subjects of her Majesty, and with the view of
committing acts grossly illegal and tyrannical. Nor was
it fair or just to trace to perfectly legal and constitu-
tional discussion all the unlawful acts which might
thereafter be committed. Unfortunately, it was mat-
ter for astonishment and lamentation that, after all
that had been done to enlighten and educate the peo-
ple, and, he would fearlessly add, to improve their
condition and promote their comforts,_ there should be
found in this country men, by the hundred and the
thousand, ready to assemble together fOr the absurd
the insane, the suicidal purpose ot throwing men it
their own circumstances out of employment, and thus
increasing terribly the distress which unhappily ex-
isted. The Judges would certainly endeavour to give
full effect to every circumstance of palliation; but the
monstrous and unheard-of tyranny of preventing
men from working who were willinOy engaged in
Work, mist be met with condemnation ; and it was
far from mitigation—it was aggravation—that men of
education and of religious profession should have taken
a share in 'these proceedings, which might have pro-
duced bloodshed.

men were arraigned
In
nthprienseoxntercsaswee,raebocuotniet
avdoezde.n
for attempting to stop works near Leeds, and the evi-
dence was similarly conclusive..
Lord DENMAN, in summing up, said, in the present
case two of the men had asked for money to depart
and were it not that the firmness of the proprietor of
the works had resisted the demand, they would now
have been taking their trial, not for. misdemeanour,
but for felony of a most serious nature.
The Jury convicted all but one, recommending
several to mercy.—The sentences were deferred.
Mr. S. Wortley and Mr. Baines, with Mr. Pollock,
prosecute.
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3.
A great many of the rioters, on being arraigned,
pleaded Guilty.
The delusion all the prisoners seemed to have la-
boured under was, that if they abstained from violence
they could not be convicted—an error expressively
exemplified in the language of many among them
when asked to plead to the indictments, that language
very commonly being, " Guilty only of having been
present." Their error was abundantly corrected, the
Learned Judge taking care to have it well under-
stood that any man voluntarily present with an un-
lawful assembly incurred the guilt in which they were
collectively involved, whether or not he were proved
to have actively participated in the proceedings ; that
what was done under dread of or by means of the
terror inspired by a large mob, was the effect of cri-
minal violence, in which all persons present (unless
involuntarily) were involved.
The Judges went on rapidly clearing the calendar,
though some 30 cases were added since it was printed,
prisoners being arraigned in parties of from one or
two to a dozen, and the evidence often occupying not
more than a few minutes, the short simple facts to be
deposed to being the presence and participation in
riotous proceedings when the stopping of works was
attempted.
Mr. S. Wortley and Mr. Bathes left to-day, and
the prosecutions were then carried on by Mr. Hall,
Mr. Granger (M.P.) Mr. Denman, &c..
Great satisfactionwas universally expressed at the
careful consideration and humane feeling which the
1-....=-=.0.-1---T‘adgras displayed thromg. bout these tedious
trials, every circumstance of palliation or extenuation
being attentively and kindly elicited. The conduct
of the Counsel, too, employed for the prosecution, has
called forth general approbation, they having dis-
oharged their duty with as much forbearance as ability.
About half-past five o'clock, nearly simultaneously
in both Courts, the trials terminated, and the Learned
Judges congratulated the Jurors on the close of per-
haps the most arduous assizes ever known.
The Sentences were to be delivered this morning
(Monday.)

STEAM NAVIGATION.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
Sir,—Having read the expose in the Times of this
morning of the discouraging situation of the different
Atlantic Steam Navigation Companies, I take the
liberty of offering a few suggestions with respect to
the West India and North American lines, which I
think are worthy of the serious consideration of those
companies, and would receive the attention and con-
currence of the Government, if properly brought
under their notice.
Almost every person who possessed a knowledge
of the expense of steam-ships pronounced from the
beginning that the West India Company must prove
a failure, and the prediction has unfortunately been
realised. It is now generally understood that the
Company have made a new arrangement with Go-
vernment, by which certain parts of their contract
have been modified, and the service to be performed
greatly reduced. They were obliged by their origi-
nal contract to dispatch a steamer every fortnight
from Havannah to New Orleans, Charleston, New
York, and Halifax, for what purpose no one could
ever conjecture; this service is under the modified
contract to be dispensed with. St. Thomas is to be
ma le the central depot, from which, on the arrival of
the steamer every fortnight from England, four
steamers are to be dispatched to the British islands,
but the mals for Mexico and the foreign islands are
only b be forwarded by every alternate steamer, or
once a month.

These alterations will doubtless effect a considerable
saving, but they will never either retrieve the affairs
of the Company, nor will the public derive the ad-
vantage of having the mails carried with greater cer-
tainty or speed. The principal evil remains unaltered.
The Company, have undertaken, and still persist in the
plan of conveying the mails between the islands in
steamers of 1,500 tons and 500 horses power, whereas
the ,e:vice could be performed at less than one half of
thy: expense by steamers of 500 tons and 200 horses'
power, and with a much greater degree of certainty,
the smaller Steamer being much. more manageable,
and much better adapted for running into harbours.
Any man acquainted with the expense of steamers
will inform you that as you increase the size and
power of a ship you increase the expense in a much
greater ratio ; the expenditure and wear and tear of
a vessel of 1,200 tons, and 400 horses' power, will be
far more than double that of one of 600 tons, and 200
horses' power.
It appears, also, that the North American steamers
which have performed their work with such admi-
rable regularity have made no profit, and no body of
private individuals will continue a service which in-
volves so great au amount of capital, without receiving
a remuneration. As the present line of communica-
tion with the West Indies seems to be defective, and
must soo-er or later be abandoned, I would propose
that the West India mails be forwarded via Halifax
by the present line of steamers, and that the West
India Company take them thence to St. Thomas (or
any other central island in the West Indies) in a large
steamer, to be then dispersed in smaller steamers
throughout the islands, and I will now proceed to
prove the Practicability of my plan by showing the
great expense which will be saved by its adoption,
without increasing the distance or time ; and I would
beg any person who may read this letter, and who
takes an interest in the subject, to look to the position
of Liverpool or Southampton, Halifax, and St. Thomas,
on the map, and then read the following statement,
and I think he will agree with me that the mails can
be landed in the West Indies, via Halifax, in as short
a time as they are at present, and at nearly one-half
the expense.
The distance from Southampton to St. Thomas is
about 4,000 miles, which the West India steamers
occupy about 20 days in performing.
The distance from Liverpool to Halifax is about
2,500 miles, which, by a statement which recently
appeared in the Nautical Magazine, the North Ame-
rican steamers have performed, winter and summer,
in an average of 13 days on the outward voyage, and
10 to 11 days on the homeward voyage. The dis-
tance from Halifax to St. Thomas is about 1,800
miles
starting in good trim, from
not being obliged which a steamer,
to take in a full cargo of coals,
would perform in eight days. The average tithe,
therefore, of landing- the- mails at St. Thomas via
Halifax, would be 21 clays) and the homeward mails

would be landed at Liverpool via Halifax in 18 or
19 days.
I think that this statement, based riot upon suppo-
sition, but upon facts' will clearly prove that the
mails to and from the West Indies may be sent via
Halifax in as short a time as they are at present.
Will now give you what I consider a fair state-
ment (of the saving which would be effected if this
plan were adopted. I think both. Companies will
allow that it costs them one sovereign for each and
every mile they steam ; if, therefore, the distance from
Southampton to St. Thomas be 4,000 miles, it costs
the West India Company. 4,0001. per voyage out;.
but if they sailed from Halifax to St. Thomas, a dis-
tance of 1,800 miles, it would only cost them 1,8001.,
making a saving of 2,2001. per voyage, or 52,800/. for
24 voyages. It is much more difficult to arrive at a
correct conclusion of the saving which would be made
if steamers of 200 or 250 horses' power were employed
between the islands, instead of those of 500 horses ;
btit I should estimate, from looking at the distances
between the islands and to and from Mexico, that a
saving of at least 4,0001. per month on all steamers
employed might be accomplished, or 96,0001. for 24
voyages, making a total saving, by conveying the
mails via Halifax, and substituting smaller ships in
the West Indies, of 48,800/. per annum.
It will be quite apparent from these statements that
we have two lines of steamers, one said to be nearly
ruined, and the other to be making no profit, passing
over nearly 2,500 miles of the Atlantic, which would,
by a little arrangement, be, just as well performed by
one of them.
_

The West India Company have now fourteen large
steamers ; they might, if my plan were adopted, dis-
pose of ten of them, four being quite sufficient to
convey the mails every fortnight from Halifax to the
\Vest Indies ; and they could then build or purchase
tour or five smaller steamers at a cost of 25,0001. each
for the work between the islands. There would, no
doubt, be a loss in the sale of the large steamers, but
the first loss will prove the least.
I am not fortunate enough to hold a share in either
Company, and have to claim to your consideration on
that score ; but I trust that my desire to see under-
takings so important to filo mercantile interests of
our country meet with the success they merit, and
which with a little arrangement and good manage-
ment they may yet obtain, may be offered as an
apology for occupying so large a space of your
valuable paper. I remain, your obedient servant,
Sept. 1. A STOKER.
P.S. The West India merchants would, I think,
approve of the mails being forwarded via Halifax, as
they would then have a direct communication with
British North America, with which they have an
important and extensive trade.

THE LATE CAPTAIN SKINNER.
BENGAL.—In our obituary to-day, we record, on
sure information, the death of Captain Skinner, late
of the Gist Regiment N. 1., and of the Commissariat
(and very latterly the political) department in Aff-
ghanistan. He was highly regarded in his regiment.
His gentlemanly manners and feelings, and his
thorough kindness of heart, won for him the warm
esteem of all his brother officers, and they have the
satisthction now of knowing that, much as his loss
is to be lamented, he had earned for himself a
name which must cause his memory to be pre-
served with honour, and reflect credit on the corps
of which he had been so many years a member,
and in which his professional character may be
said to have been formed. In the trying scenes
of the memorable and awful retreat from Caubul
to Jugdulluk, his noble conduct had gained not
only the admiration of his friends merely, but the re-
spect of his enemies; and we are assured, upon un-
questionable authority, that even Akbar Khan
grieved when he heard of Skinner's death, and thus
showed himself not wholly destitute of the feelings of
humanity ; and we also know it to be a fact that he
had search made for the body, was successful in find-
ing it—unmutilated too—and had it decently interred
—a solitary instance of real respect for a fallen enemy,
by that man, which was extorted from him by his
involuntary admiration of the courage, integrity, and
wisdom of Capt. Skinner, of which the Khan still
speaks whenever the name is mentioned. We have
nia.v.,d4tails—fromial source, which differ some-
what from those furnished by a late number of the
Bombay Times, on the subject of poor Skinner, and
we believe the reader may rely on them as being per-
feetly correct. When his house was attacked on the
2d of November last, and his life clamorously sought
for by the_ruffians of the city, lie narrowly escaped
into the house of an Affghan neighbour (opposite to
his own) who saved him, in consideration of his for-
mer disinterested kindness to several members of the
family, and whose aged mother, in defiance of great
personal danger, and the prejudices of a Mussulman
female, came forth in the midst of the affray, and seiz-
ing him by his hand, called him her son, and drew
him into her house; and to the great risk of his pro-
tectors (whom we are sure Government will duly
honour, if they are discovered when we get to Caubul
—indeed it would be well if General Pollock named
that family in a proclamation on arriving at the capi-
tal, as one that should be protected for that deed)
he remained there—the sanctity of the harem being
violated for his sake, in the recesses of which he lay
concealed for upwards of a month. But Atneen Ool-
lab, who was then all powerful in Caubul, forced him
at last from his sanctuary, but treated him well, and
after a few days transferred him to Akbar Khan, who
soon conceived a regard for him, and over whom he
obtained so great an influence, that the prisoners have
said, if mortal man could have saved our doomed
army in the course of its retreat, poor Skinner could
have done so; and it is felt by the ladies and other
prisonera that they owed their lives, in that dread-
ful hour of danger, mainly to his efforts ; for through
great personal risk (as may easily be conceived)
and difficulty, he obtained frequent interviews with
Akbar Khan, who, under Skinner's influence, at
list agreed to save them. He endeavoured also, out
of his pure personal regard, to save Skinner him-
self, urging him always to remain with him where
alone was at that time safety, when the cry to mur-
der every Feringhee—man, woman, and child—was
all over the hills ; but Skinner firmly resisted these
persuasions, and after the interview rejoined his post,
and at last, when Elphinitone and Shelton were pri-
soners, in the afternoon of the 12th of January, on an
interview which the gallant and devoted young officer
had with Akbar Khan, the latter actually laid hands
on him to detain him (with a friendly motive) when
Skinner exclaimed—" What, Sirdar, do you violate
your faith with me ?"---to which Akbar answered,—
" If you put that construction on my actions, go ; but
I implore you to stay"—but Skinner would not,
though then there was but a miserable remnant of
the fOrce remaining, and those who now survive
think he might have, without dereliction, constituted
himself a prisoner. But he thought' otherwise—and
we think he decided rightly and nobly, however fa-
tally for himself, poor fellow—and refused to abandon
duty while any of the men still held together ; and
while riding from Akbar's tent towards the handful
of soldiers still remaining, he was shot—the deed hav-
ing been perpetrated by a Ghilzie Chief who followed
him, and who is said to have been .jealous of his
influence over Akbar Khan, and fearful lest it
might be the means of obtaining the liberation of the
prisoners, and the escape of the other survivors. Surely
this Chief is known, and will be marked accord-
ingly. Thus fell Captain James Skinner of the
61st, an officer whose really great value to the ser-
vice was only thoroughly known when Government
were about to be deprived of his services ; for one
who, knew him well, in Affghanistan, and who is
most competent to appreciate the qualifications that
render an officer pre-eminently serviceable to the state,
thus speaks of what we may call his local professional
character :—" Had James Skinner lived, his perfect
knowledge of the language, habits, and modes of
thinking of the people of the country, and of their
real social and political state, combined with his in-
fluence among all with whom he came in contact,
from his acknowledged integrity, persuasive and gen-
tlemanly manners (for he had more tact in his inter-
course with Affghans than almost any man I have
ever seen) and his various other qualifications as a
servant of Government, must shdrtly have raised him
to that station to which, although long entitled, his
claims were not understood until the late adverse cir-
cumstances of his countrymen in Affghanistan called
forth this display." The loss of an officer to whom,
at a still early period of his life, such a character as
this is deservedly given by one fully capable of a due
appreciation of public conduct and character, is indeed
a loss to Government, which is not to be supplied
without very great difficulty, if to be fully supplied at
all; but it must afford great and just consolation to
Captain Skinner's friends and relatives to be able to
say, on Buell undeniable grounds as those we have set
forth, " he would have achieved honourable greatness
in his country's service, had it pleased od to have
spared him for a longer course of duty."—English-
man, June 14.

Dr. Elliotson has left town on a visit to Lord
Brougham, in Westmoreland.

THE EDINBURGH MAGISTRATES.
The following is copied from an Edinburgh paper.
It relates, as our readers will see, to the chase of the
Lord Provost (Sir James Forrest) and Bailies, after
the Queen, on her arriving in Edinburgh earlier than
they expected. The scene, from all accounts, was
highly ridiculous. Some of the City functionaries, it
would appear, had not time to put on even their ordi-
iiary vestments. It is lamentable to reflect that the
kilt is now out of fashion.
A NEW SONG. •
(Air, " Jamie Forrest.")
Hey, Jamie Forrest, are ye waukin' yet ?
Or are your Bailies snorin' yet :
If ye are waukin' I would wait,
Ye'd hae a merry, merry mornin'.
Hey Jamie, &c.
The frigate guns they loud did roar,
But louder did the Bailies snore,
An thought it was an unco bore,
To rise up in the mornin'.
Hey Jamie, &e.
And syne the Castle thunder'd loud,
But kipper it is savoury food,
And that the Bailies understood,
Sae early in the mornin'
Hey Jamie. &c.
The Queen she's come to Granton Pier,
Nae Provost and nae Bailie here ;
They're in their beds, I muckle fear,
Sae early in the mornin' !
- Hey Jamie, &c.
The Queen she's come to Brandon-street,
The Provost and the keys to meet,
And div ye think that she's to wait
Your waukin' in the mornin' ?
Hey Jamie, &c.
•My Lord, my Lord, the Queen is here ;
And now my Lord he lookit queer—
And what sets her so soon asteer,
It's barely nine in the mornin' !
Hey Jamie, &c.
Gae bring to me my robes o' state,
Come, Bailies, we will catch her yet ;
Run, run, my Lord, ye're ower late,
She's been through the town this mornin'.
Hey Jamie, &c.
Awa' to Dalkeith ye maun hie,
To mak your best apology ;
The Queen she'll say, 0 fie ! 0 fie !
You're lazy loons in the mornin'.
Hey Jamie, &c.

THE SALE TESTIMONIAL.
(From the Bombay Times.)
We take blame to ourselves that we have not, be-
fore now, adverted to the subscription for a Sword, or
testimonial of some sort, to Sir Robert Sale, now in
progress amongst Bengal civilians. This move-
ment amongst t members of. the civil. service is as
graceful as is well-merited ; and as its
object, and he
,time of its selection, have been
well chosen. The amount subscribed by each has
been limited to a maximum of Rs. 10, and it is
needless to state that no subscription under this
has been set down. We have not observed
what the grand total on the list presently amounts
to, but we should think that, by the time the
papers are called in, it might be guessed at by
multiplying 460—the number of civil servants—
by 10, the amount subscribed by each—that
is, to Rs. 4,600. It is proposed to subscribe for a
separate testimonial to Lady Sale : and certainly no-
thing can more tend to enhance the self-satisfaction
which her heroic husband must feel at the position
his own gallant conduct has procured for him, than
to know how becomingly those who are dearest to
him have borne themselves throughout a period of
unexampled trial, where courage and patience were
of such unappreciable value. It is, we trust, re-
served for Lady Sale to be the chronicler of those
fearful scenes in the midst of which the hearts of
so many men failed them, but where her's never
for one moment quailed. And poor Sturt—yet
why should we say poor of one who fills a hero's
grave, where so many sleep forgotten,—in the
midst of the homage paid to his living relations,
his memory must not be unremembered. A nation's
gratitude is due to them, and will be accorded them :
—the evidence of the estimation in which they are
held by their fellow-citizens will speedily be with
them. We trust that the gallant veteran and his
heroic lady,—with their bereaved daughter, the widow_
of the, bray-cot - who fell at lezeen, and who,
had he found spirits congenial, might have saved
Caubul—may speedily be restored to their country;
and withdrawing themselves at length from the perils
of war, live through many a tranquil day of the bright
autumn of a green old age, to reflect on the deeds
they have done, and the dangers and difficulties they
have endured—knowing that, while England remains
what she is and has ever been, it is on characters and
conduct such as theirs that it is her pride and glory to
dwell !

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED
STATES.

(From Cleave's England and America contrasted.")
The constitution is essentially popular, and there is
no office in the country to which a naturalised
foreigner is ineligible.
The Government is strictly republican. The ad-
ministration of affairs is confided by the federal con-
stitution to three grand departments, namely, the
legislative, executive, and the justiciary. The legis-
lative branch of government is composed of delegates
chosen from the body of the people, for the period of
two years, who are required to assemble in general
congress annually, for the purpose of enacting such
laws and deliberating upon such subjects as the exi-
gencies of the country at large may require. This
body is denominated the House of Representatives,
who, in conjunction with the Senate, composed of two
Members from each State, chosen by the territorial
legislatures, constitute the first department.
The Executive branch of the Government is con-
stituted by the President, who is elected by the people
for the period of four years, and the Senate, without
whose advice and consent the President is almost
wholly devoid of power, not having authority even to
appoint his own cabinet council.
The Judiciary is composed of seven Judges, nomi-
nated by the President, and confirmed by the Senate,
who are supreme in all their decisions upon legal and
constitutional questions referred to them in the shape
of appeals, not only from State sovereignties, but also
from the Grand Consolidated Union. These Judges
are appointed during good.behaviour, and are ame-
nable to the people for official misconduct only through
the medium of the United States' Senate.
The Executive branch of the Government is subdi-
vided into the following departments. viz.:—
Department of State
Department of the State,
Post-office Department,
Department of War,
Department of the Navy,
Attorney-General,
the heads of which are styled secretaries ; they are in-
eligible to a seat in either House of the 'National
Representation, but sit as a Privy Council, for advice
to the President in all matters with which he is offi-
cially charged. The three grand divisions of Go•
vernment enact and carry into effect all laws of a ge-
neral nature, and superintend the welfare of the whole
Union, but refer to local or State assemblies the power
of governing themplves, agreeably to the wishes of
the people, in their own particular mode • hence it is
that no two of the States are governed ;like or sub-
ject to the same code of laws.
The district of Columbia, which has been appro-
priated exclusively to the uses and purposes of the
general Government, contains three cities, viz., Wash-
ingtO, Georgetown, and Alexandria. in the former
city are located the Capitol of the nation, the Presi-
dent's house, and all other public buildings, rendered
necessary at the seat of Government. The Capitol is
built after the plan of St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
The President's house is large and magnificently fur-
nished, and has very much the appearance of Gold-
smith's hall, in rear of the General Post-office, tLon-
don. White marble being found in the greatest pro-
fusion in many parts of the United States, all public
and many private buildings are built of that beautiful
and splendid material. The district of Columbia is
only a place
of importance during the sessions of Con-
gress ; its population is little short of fifty thousand.
The salaries of the leading public officers are as
follow :

President, per annum ........ $25,000 or £5,000 0
Vice-President 5,000 or 1,000 0
Secretary of State .........
Secretary of Treasury .
..... . 6,000 or 1,200 0
Secretary of War ....... 6,000 or 1,200 0
Secretary of Navy .. . 6,000 or 1,200 0
Postmaster General .... ... .. . 6,000 or 1,200 0
Foreign Ministers
Charge des Affaires 3,500 or 700 0
Members of Congress, per day,
during the session
.Members .of the Senate .4 ie ~..
and one day's pay for" each twenty miles travelling to
and returning from the seat of Government, according
t) the most direct mail route.

Although at the late meeting of the British Asso-
ciation in Manchester, there were many very inte-
resting specimens of mechanism exhibited, there was,
nevertheless, one in particular, which threw all others
completely into the shade, when considered either as
to the novelty of the invention, or its evident practi-
cal applicability to the every-day concerns of life—
and may, with truth, be said to have been " the lieu
of the exhibition," viz.; a machine for the Working,
or forging of iron, steel, &e. This truly surprising
machine .is quite portable, occupying only a space
of 3 feet by 4 feet, and cannot be daemed other even
by the most critical judges, than one as purely ori-
ginal in principle, as well as practical in its applica-
tion, as ulna so perhaps as was the splendid' invention
of the fluted roller of Arkwright, by which the art
and perfection of drawing the fibrous substances be-
came known, or that other still more splendid disco-
very of Watt, the condensing of steam in a separate
vessel a.-by which the power of the steam engine of
that day may be said to have been doubled. But now
for. some explanation of the machine, and its probable
general application. It is then, as has before been
said, very portable, not requiring more- space than
from three to four feet, and may)* worked by istedm
of water power,' and when moved by the former, as
was the case at the exhibition; made 650 blow s, or
impressions per minute; but from their very quick
succession; and the work being effected by an eccen-
tric pressing down, not striking the hammer or swage,
not the least noise was heard. 'here are five or six sets
of whkt may be called anvils and swages in the ma-
chine, each varying in size. The speed and correct-
ness with'which the machine completes its work, is per-
! fectly astonishing, and must be seen in order that its
1 capabilities in this respect may be duly appreciated;
for instance, when it was put into motion for the pur-
pose of producing what is known as a roller, with a
coupling square , upon it (and which had
acadtilleplatedr-
wards turned and fluted), the thing wa
in fifty seconds ! of course at one heat, to the
' astonishment of the hystanderaa. But what ap-
peared as the most extraordinary part of the affair,
was,,that the coupling squares was produced direct
from the machine, SO mathematic:llly euirect, that no
labour can make it more so !! ! The machine willper-
form the labour of three men and their assistants or
strikers, and not only so, but complete its work in a
vastly superior manner to that executed by manual
labour. For engineers, machine-makers, smiths in
general, file-makers, bolt and screw-makers, or for
any description of work parallel or tar'', it is most
specially adapted ; and forswhat is technically known
as reducing, it cannot possibly have a successful coin-
peCtor—in proof of. which it may be stated, that a
piece of round iron, I 4 inches in diameter, was re-
duced to a square of din., 2ft. in. long at one heat.
The merit of this invention belongs, it is said, to a
gentleman at Bolton, of the name of Ryden—Pro-
villain/ Pape.