The Sun.
London, England, 1842-10-06 00:00:00

Cta ,'sun.

LONDON:
THURSDAY MORNING. OCTOBER 6, 1842.

OVERLAND MAIL.

The Mall from India was to leave Bombay on
the 27th of August. It will not be due in
London until about the 10th instant, but the
telegraphic announcement may be expected on
the Bth.

Under the pressure of affliction the Tories
seem to be making great progress in useful know-
ledge. They have succeeded, it is true, in Par-
liament, but they have failed, as we long ago
said, in the country. Their measures have not
given prosperity to the manufacturers, and they
are exciting the discontent of the agriculturists.
They are beginning, therefore, to know them-
selves, and take a more correct measure than
or merly of their own wisdom. Their journals
being quite unable to explain the strange cir.
cumstances which alarm them by any ordinary
reasoning, are obliged to fall back on first prin-
ciples, and, to exonerate Sir R. PEEL and his
policy, they condemn the whole system of so-
ciety. For example, the Morning Post said yes-
terday—

The truth is, that in our artificial state of society,
the abundance of a thing does not always make it
more accessible by the mass of the people, nor its
cheapness increase the quantity of it which they can
command. In this respect the arrangements of society
counteract the natural order of things, and, therefore,
the proposition seems paradoxical which is really and
practically true.
This is exactly what the Chartists say ; ex-
actly what the most ultra Democrats say, and
exactly what the whole body of the toiling and
ill-requited working classes say. They contend
that, in the natural order of things, power be-
longs to the many; that those who produce the
wealth of society should make laws for the
whole, and that productive industry should be
rewarded with plenty, and only idleness be in
want and destitution. Because, as the Post states,
this "natural order of things is counteracted by

the (political) arrangements of society," they
demand Universal Suffrage—the abatement of
the aristocracy, and an alteration in the right of
property. Our Contemporary, then, must hence-
forth be classed with those whom he sometimes
stigmatises as Revolutionists. He asserts that
the natural order of things, which is necessarily
the most beneficial, is counteracted and per-
verted by political arrangements; and, did we
not suppose that he used the words we have
quoted, in ignorance of their import, we should
at once inform the ultra Democrats that they
had found a convert and ally in the Tory
Morning Post.

It is now universally admitted that the con-
dition of the working classes, moral and physical,
is the plague spot of society. We have too Ire-.
quently stated our opinion of the best means of
improving their physical condition, namely, es-
tablishing perfectly free trade, beginning with '
the trade in food, to make it necessary for us to
enter now into that subject. The best means of
mproving their moral condition is for us almost
a new subject.
When we consider the age of
those whom it is most requisite to improve, and
the almost instant want of improvement for the
security of society, education, the fruit of
which can only ripen into wisdom in another ge-
neration, seems hardly calculated to supply the
present and immediate want. For education to
be available, it must mould the hearts of the
millions to meek submission, to poverty, and to
lowliness, when they see the few enjoying
plenty, and endowed with power and authority;
and no education, short of a complete Spartan
drilling, or monastic suppression of all the pas-

sions, or a complete remodelling of man's heart
and mind, is at all likely to answer that end.
Experience, too, we are afraid, forbids us to
hope much even in future from education. It is
now upwards of thirty years since LANCASTER
and BELL directed public attention to the sub
ject, and though it has been imperfectly wrought
out, it has ever since been kept in view ; and
the moral condition of which we now complain,
seems an unanswerable proof that education, at
least at an early date, will not ensure the desired
improvement. Whatever it may have effected
in other countries in which a system of instruc-
tion has been in harmony with the institutions
and condition of society through a long series
of years, no system of teaching seems likely, as
long as we have a political and free Press, ever to
produce contentment in the depressed mul-
titude. In fact, the idea of attaining this
object by education is, to a great extent,
given up ; and, through all ranks, from
Lord Chief Justice TINDAL to the daily
journals of all parties, the opinion is now
entertained that the diffusion of" sound religious
knowledge" amongst the people is the one thing
needful. There is much difference of opinion as
to the mode by which this may possih:y be ac-
complished, but there seems to be none as to its
being the most essential matter. Hence it
becomes of great importance, considering the
urgency of the demand to improve the moral
condition of the people, to inquire whether the
diffusion of " sound religious knowledge"
amongst them is calculated to answer the ex-
pectations of those who advocate it, and to that
inquiry the remainder of our remarks will be
directed.

It was well observed yesterday by a Morning
Contemporary, that " when Missionary SMITH
was tried in Detnerara, the slave negroes who
were called as witnesses could give little account
of his preachings, but they all remembered his
reading the chapters in Exodus that describe the
liberation of the Israelitish slaves, and the venge-
ance on their Egyptian oppressors and task-
masters" The Bible has before now been made the
text-book of freedom, and whether the stirring
chapters of the Old Testament, or the chapters
teaching love and mercy, and inculcating poverty
and humbleness of heart, of the New be princi-
pally dwelt on, they seem little calculated to
make the multitude reverence either the legisla-
tion of the landlords or the splendour of the
hierarchy. In fact some of the most powerful
arguments by which both have been lately as-
sailed, are taken from the two sacred books.
Those who undertake the task of interpreting
them may, perhaps, suppose that they can, as
heretofore, shape them to their own particular
purposes; but the same circumstance which pre-
vents education from being effectual amongst us
as a system of drilling—namely, the existence of
a free political Press—will equally prevent any-
body of clergymen from straining or perverting
the Scriptures. The men they have to deal with
can " read, and write, and understand ;" they,are
as intellectual, perhaps even more intellectual,
than those who would reform them, and can in
no wise be deluded or deceived, except through
the instrumentality of their own passions. On
these grounds we doubt whether the diffusion of
religious knowledge amongst the people would
produce that moral and political improvement
which its advocates expect.

To us, also, it seems contrary to experience to
believe that men will, or can, be made religious
by Act of Parliament. Whatever means the
Legislature may employ, they must begin and
end in taxation. It has no funds but what it
derives from that source. It cannot send forth
one missionary, or establish one zealous man in
a spot, except by levying contributions on the
.people. Already taxation is a source of much
discontent, and to connect religion in any way
with more taxation, is about the fittest means we
know to bring religion into disrepute.

On this subject, probably, men are led astray
by inferring that the same beneficial results
would flow from the exertions of the State as
from the exertions of individuals. Great things
have been done—great conversions of the heathen
made, by missionaries, and it is hence supposed
that similar effects might be produced at home
by the Legislature extending the Church. Be-
tween the two, however, there is a great differ-
ence. The missionaries, at least in the first in-
stance, have been provided by other countries.
Their resources have been, as Dr. CAA LMERS
would say, ab extra. Church extension must be,
so far as the people are concerned, ab intra.
Missionaries have not only cost the people to be
converted nothing, but in general, from being
members of a more advanced society they have
carried much useful knowledge amongst then).
Church extension will be icostly to the people,
and the clergy belonging to the same society,
without being in general further advanced in
secular knowledge than the people they are to
teach, will not be able to impart any valuable
information to them, and they cannot produce
the same effect here as missionaries have pro-
duced amongst ignorant savages. It is un-
doubtedly very pleasing to suppose that
immorality and irreligion, and with them
discontent and unhappiness, can be ba-
nished from society by an Act of Par-
liament to promote Church extension; many
good men, like Chief Justice TINDAL, have in-
dulged in the supposition, but when it is exa-
mined by the light of experience, it seems no
better than one of those day dreams which occa-
sionally amuse the wise and the good, as well as
the weak and the visionary.

We regret to learn, from the Paris papers, that
a very angry feeling- prevails, relative to the long
disputed question of the right of search, and
that violent attacks are made on the English
Government and the commanders of English
vessels for the rude manner in which, they state,
French vessels are visited by our cruizers. The
affair between the Cygnet and the Eagle, of
which we gave an account yesterday, has re-
vived all their hostility to the conventions of
1831 and 1833, which- is not a little heightened
also by the contrast drawn between the posi-
tion of France in this respect, and that
of the United States. We are not surprised
at the bitter and abusive language adopted by
the Constitutionnel, knowing the character of the
man who directs the politics of that journal ; but
there are others equally violent, and little doubt
exists that, but for a certain influence, time whole
par,e
lrtiroipeknneiicsnsit
yana,not
Nat v etothxhu
elcede
tEpr tani
displayinglsgl
ai
scet even
ne,
itsamlais those
ede
aeserc friendlysrr(bin ev
ode ncannot
see the
see anything peculiarly offensive in the manner
in which the Englishman performed his duty.
He was on a coast where the slavesustpraedeeis
carried on to a frightful extent, and, ting
something wrong from the appearance of the
vessel, he fired a shot to bring her to, and on this
being disregarded a second shot was fired. We
believe this is the usual mode adopted on similar
occasions, and if the right of search is to be ex-
ercised at all the French have little cause for
complaint; but seeing the jealousy with which
our interference is viewed by the two Chambers,
and by nearly the whole nation, it may be a
question whether the best interests of humanity
are not more endangered by the observance than

the breach of these conventions. The slave-trade.
is a disgrace to humanity, and nations that
encourage it, have no claims to be ranked among
civilized nations; but if the traffic cannot be di-
minished, much less abolished, without constant
heart•burnings and collisions, which may endan-
ger the peace of two powerful countries, we may
pay too high a price even for this great object of
our wishes. To carry the plan into effect
the voluntary and cordial co-operation of
England and France is necessary. At
present there is no co-operation whatever, as
French vessels do not capture one slaver for
fifty taken by the English, and to continue this
system it is evident will neither tend to effect its
purpose nor restore a good feeling between the
two countries. If France reject conventions into
which she voluntarily entered in behalf of huma-
nity, let the blame and the disgrace rest with
her, but let not the peace of the world be en-
dangered by any mad attempt on the part of
England to compel her to do her duty.

We trust, therefore, that new negotiations will
be entered into on this important question, and
measures be adopted for removing all thase
causes of jealousy and suspicion of this country,
which evidently have made a strong impression
on the minds of the French people. In this man-
ner there might be some hope of abating the evil,
while at the present day it exists to as great an
extent as formerly, and never can be put down
unless both parties job, willingly in the sacred
cause.

It is exceedingly amusing to observe the per-
plexity and embarrassment that has of late beset
the Tory journals, which this time last year were
the unhesitating, thick-and-thin supporters of
Sir ROBERT PEEL and his Cabinet. Fain would
they still continue their unqualified support of
him and his ; but they know not how to do it
with a due regard to their own consistency, and
the prejudices and predilections of their readers;
and this imparts to their manner a reserve—an
awkwardness—a hesitation—that sits as gro-
tesquely and ludicrously upon thorn as a
cocked hat would upon a cow. Like the
weathercock, they are constantly chang-
ing. Now they adopt a blustering, inde-
pendent tone; now they are melted almost to
tears at thought of the sad straits to which they
are reduced. One day they muster up brass
enough to give their equivocal friend, Sir ROBERT
PEEL, an encouraging pat on the back ; the
next, they assume an air of dignified reserve—
of injured innocence—and shake their thick heads
at him, as though he were past all hope of amend-
ment. But of all the Tory organs, the Post is un-
questionably the most perplexed and discontented.
The Times now and then gives out a low, threa-
tening growl, indicative of a sort of half-formed
intention to spring out upon the Premier and
rend him to atoms; and the frequent bray of the
_Herald is by no means one denoting satisfaction
at his course of policy; but the Post is uniformly
sulky and desponding-, and, like RACIIAEL weep-
ing for her children, " refused' to be comforted."
The " Lamentations" of JEREMIAH are touching
enough, but those of our Contemporary are of a
still more affecting- character. He is in hysterics
at least six days in the week ; and the respite
that he obtains on the Sunday, only seems to
deepen his melancholy on the Monday. This
morning his frame of mind is peculiarly distress-
ing and cor.,vulsive. He has made the alarming
discovery flat the Agriculturists are at length
brought to the verge of ruin ; that they are at
theirwits' ends—no great distance to travel—with
apprehension ; and that they have no more
chance of redeeming their fortunes, than Sir
R. PEEL has of screwing an Income-tax out of a
Tipperary bog-trotter. Mark the tone of our
convulsed Contemporary !—" There is one fea-
ture by which all the agricultural Meetings are
distinguished—it is fear! Symptoms are already
exhibiting themselves, and these symptoms go in
every instance to the discouragement of any ra-
tional hope that farming profits can maintain
themselves against the working of the new law !')
Encouraging language this from a Tory journal
which, no longer ago than last February, was
among the foremost to cry up the PEEL Ministry
as a godsend; and to assure the agricul-
tural party that they would find in the
Premier a steady, zealous, and affectionate
friend, W:10 would have far too much re-
spect for 2..sses of home-growth, to reduce the
duty on colonial ones; and who would never
allow a free-born British bullock to come into
undignifik. competition with a Dutch or Flemish
one !
It was slid of FALSTAFF, that he was not only
witty himself, but the cause of wit in others.
Parodying this remark, we may say of
our Contemporary, that lie is not only
afflicted Mniself, but the cause of affliction in
others, fol one of his correspondents writes from
Liverpool in this dejected strain :—" All my in-
quiries leaf to the conviction that the mischiefs
of the Tar: fl are only as yet in the infancy of their
developan M.: The farmers' friends may hold
forth to tl. em on the superior flavour of English
hams ani' bacon; but facts are stubborn
things, aid the fact at this moment is,
that A xi,erican salt provisions are fast
propertionate ;minim: in the
supply of This part of the kingdom. The
bonded wai+houses here are literally crammed
with AmerD:an beef and pork, which, on the re-
diketion or tl,e duty, will all be thrown into the
market." .41as,- for the pig monopoly of the
A griculturis:s! JOHN BULL will now be able to
get his ham And bacon cheaper than he has yet
done ; there will be an awful fall, too, in the
price of his buttock of beef; and the farmer's
and grazier's vocation is at an end! Heaven only
knows—reiterates the Post from day to day__
what will be the result of this appalling state of
things: and then he goes on .to insinuate all
sorts of horrors, the slightest of which are enough
to make a nervous man's hair stand on end ! For
our own part; we entertain none of our Contempo-
rary's misgivings, even as regards the interests of
the agricult;trists; but hold firm to the convic-
tion. that the more free trade is encouraged, the
better it will be for all classes of the community.

We have received accounts from Malta by the
Levant Mail up to the ::..)4th ult. We learn from
them that a. Court-martial, which had been
sitting for some days on certain charges of a
peculiar nature brought against Lieut. LIONEL
PLACE, of her Majesty's ship Queen, had closed
its proceedings by the honourable acquittal of
the prisoner, at whose own request the Court-
martial bad been held. The fleet had sailed out
on a cruise, and was expected to return in a few
days.

The Madrid mail of the 26th has brought the
papers of that date, together with the usual cor-
respondence.

General VAN H ALEN has published a circular,
which has caused much sensation in the capital.
as it is equivalent to a declaration that the Go-
vernment is not in a position to meet the ex-
penses necessary for the maintenance of the army
in Catalonia. General VAN HA LEN has ordered
the Colonels.of the different corps to exact from
the Ayuntamientos of their cantonments a daily
sum of 11 or 12 cuartos for each soldier, and of
six reals for each officer, up to the rank of cap-
tain inclusively. It is somewhat difficult to un-
derstand in what way the Captain-General of
Catalonia is authorised to levy upon the respec-
tive municipalities of his province, without having
the sanction of the Government to enforce such

a measure.
The Three pe'r Cents. were done at 21f at 60
days, and the Five per Cents at 26k for cash, and
26 9-16, and 27.5-16 I,
with prem., at 60 days.

We have received all the Paris papers.
The KING, QUEEN, and Royal Family, arrived
at St. Cloud from Eu on Sunday morning at ten
o'clock. His MAJESTY, who appeared to enjoy
good health, presided at a Council of Ministers
shortly afterwards.

Thenon-arrival of the India mail at Marseilles
on Sunday caused some surprise, as the Levant
mail arrived at ten o'clock of the preceding day,
thus proving that in the Mediterranean no ob-
stacle existed.

The affair between the Cygnet and the Eagle
affords the Paris papers another opportunity of dis-
cussing the question relative to the right of search,
The writers in general describe the proceeding
of Lieut. WILSON., the Commander of the English
vessel, as a wanton and unjustifiable act. The
Constitutionnel sees in it the commencement of a
plot for driving the French from the west coast
of Africa altogether. The Courrier takes for
granted the burning of villages, pillage of habi-
tations, and firing at canoes, attributed to the
English by the French captain, and adds that all
these abominable acts were merely for the pur-
pose of disquieting French commerce !
It appears from the Journal des Davis that no
contractor can be found to execute any portion
of the line of railroad to the Belgian frontier. It
also admits that the French Government engi-
neers are so imperious, and so difficult to please.
that all the contractors for the fortifications have
failed instead of gaining anything; and it winds
up by saying, that since no contractor can be

found, the French Government must set about
the execution of the line itself.

The letters and journals of the south of France
are filled with accounts of the inundations of the
rivers of Provence, Dauphine, Bresse, and Viva.
rais. Italy appears likewise to have been visited
with similar calamities; and on the 20th ult. a
frightful hurricane was experienced at Rome,
which damaged a number of houses, and felled
many trees in the vicinity.
The deputation ordered by the presiding Court of
Switzerland (the Vorort) to go to Neufchatel to com-
pliment the King of Prussia, has returned to Berne.
The deputation is extremely gratified at the reception
it met with at Neufchatel. The King spoke to them
in the most friendly terms, and among other things
said that his affection was not confined to the canton
of Neufchatel, and that he felt the same sentiments
towards the rest of Switzerland.—Helvetie.
The same journal (the Helvetie) says Mr.
Yichann, our Charge d'Affaires at Paris, lately had a
conference with M. Guizot, the Minister for Foreign
Affairs, in which he stated to him the complaint of
the Vorort, concerning the violation of our territory,
committed by French gensdarmes in disguise, who
came to arrest, near Vairmont, in the canton of
Berne, a citizen of Soleure, who has enlisted in the
French service. M. Guizot answered, that if the facts
were such as they were stated to him, the French Go-
vernment would hasten to do justice to the complaint
of the Federal authority. The Vorort requires that
Talzmann, the deserter, shall be brought back to the
place from which he was taken, and that satisfaction
shall be given for this flagrant violation of our terri-
tory.—Le Commerce.
BOURSE—PARIS, MONDAY, OCTOBER 3.
• First Highest Lowest Last
Price. Price. Price. Price.
French Five per Cents. 118 85... 118 85... 118 0... 11$ 65
Four per Cents 101 25... 101 25 .. 101 25... 101 25
3 per Cents 80 10... 80 15... 80 05... 80 05
Bank of France 3250 ...3250 ...3250 .. 3250
Laffitte Bank 1,0001 1037 50 —1037 50...1037 50...1037 50
Belgian Fives 104; ... 104; ... 104; ... 104;
1840 105; ... 105; ... 105; ... 105;
Spanish Active 22,4 ... 22; ... 22; ... 22;
Passive
Portuguese Fives 29; ... 29 ... 29; ... 29;
Neapolitan... • 107 40... 107 40... 107 40... 107 40
Romaa
RAILWAY SHARES.
Versailles, R.B ...... 253 75... 253 75... 253 75... 253 75
L.B 9B 75... 98 75... 98 75... 98 75
Rouen
Orleans. 5BO ... 581 25... 580 ... 581 25
Strasburg to Bale 205 ... 205 ... 202 50... 203 75

DUTCH. FUNDS.—AMSTERDAM, OCT. S.
Money. Bills.
Actual Dab , 23{ per Cent 52%
Ditto, ditto 5 per cent. ........ ...........
Amon Syndic, 434 per cent 95 953{
Date, ditto, 834 per cont... ..... ......“
Commercial Company, 4,4 per cent ......
and 1837) 5 per. cent. lOO% 100%
Loan 1837, 5 per cent. . ••••••••••••• Ve% 99%,
Exchange on London, One month .....
Two months
Hanaburgh, One month 35 91%
Two months 35 68)k
Dutch Papers, Oct. 3.
BELGIAN FUNDS.—Bausms, Ocr.3 :
Actual Debt, 2% per Cent , ..—
Rothschild's Loan, Five per Cent. lOl%
Loan of Thirty Millions, Four per Cent 9l
Three per Cent...........
Thirty-seven Millions, ditto
--- ---- (1840) 102%
Loan of City, 1802, Four per Cent 92
Society of Commerce, Four and a Half per Cent B6
Bank of Belgium, Five per Cent
National Society
Exchange on London (short) . ....... ...... -
-Brussels Papers, Oct 3.
AUSTRIAN FUNDS.—VIENNA, Sem 24
Five per Cents. Metalliques •
Four per Cents. loog
Three per Cents... 7:}6
Bank Shares
I•••••••••• ...... 1630
"Illgemeine Zeitung, Sept. 29.
PRUSSIAN FUNDS.—BERLIN, Sam 29.
Bills. Money
St. Schuld Sch., 4 per cent.
Prussian English Bond,, 1830, i per cent l3B
Exchange on London 6 23pi
Prussian State Gazette, Sept. 30

Mr. Wyld has published a little elegant map, ex-
hibiting a sketch of the North-eastern Boundary be-
tween our North American provinces and the United
states as settled by the treaty of August 9, 1842. It
will be found extremely useful in explaining the
points so long at issue, and throw some light also on
the interesting coerespondence between Lord Ash-
burton and Mr. Webster.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer arrived in town
yesterday from his residence at Ityde, Isle of Wight.
Count de St. Aulaire, the French Ambassador, is
expected to return to the residence of the embassy, in
Manchester-square, this day, from a visit to her
Majesty, at Windsor Castle.