The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-23 00:00:00

NE W SPAPE N. STAMPS.

Zxtract from a Return of the Number of Newspaper
Stamps, at One Penny and Ong Halfpenny, issued
to the several Now'Tapers in England, Scotland,
and Wale:‘, from the Ist of April to 30th June,
1842, inclusive :

Number Amount of
of Advertisement
Stamps. Duty.
Courier .. . ... ............... 42,000 £94 13 0
Globe ............ 246,000 252 13 6
Standard . . .... .••.. • .. ..... 260,000 278 3 6
SUN... .. . 313,000 323 3 6
, „r.....r..—_,.72.2.r.,—,.,., _.„.,.._.!...,,.....!—._..,.........--

• HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDDF. Tills DAY.
Morning...... 33 minutes after 3 I Evtning minutes after 3.

LONDON:
VRIDAY MORNING. SEPTEMBER 23, 1842.

--....----.-

We yesterday drew attention to the chief dis-
tinction between manufacturing and agricul-
tural industry, and patriotically* endeavoured to
reconcile the editors of the Quarterly Review and
the Poet, together with the Rev. Mr. MELVILLE
and the other preachers against manufactures, to
their hard lot of being.obliged to sojourn in the
midst of a manufacturing Population, and daily
make use of its labours. A newspaper, a review,
or ti
printed sermol , a manufactured article;
and, being fond of our own wares, we are inclined
to- think with our Correspondent, H. P., that a
newspaper is one of the most refined species of

manufacture known. The paper on which it is
printed, even while blank and unmeaning, is the
produce of a most ingenious process, carried on
to a vast extent by the CROMPTON'S and DICKEN-
SONS of our time, and the source of princely for-
tunes to the HOLLINGWORTHS and the WHAT-
MANS of a former day. When further manufac-
tured, and made instinct with meaning by the aid
of ingenious compositors, who come as punctual
to their business as the clock, and sent forth to
the world by the help of a steam-press, it seems
to us, to say nothing of our own humble share, nor
of the share of numerous gentlemen who contri-
bute to its completion, to be a species of ma-
rnufacture which almost may vie with Mr.
DYER'S card-making machine, or Mr. WHIT-
WORTH'S exact imitation on steel of the highest
dexterity of the fingers. Yet the literary gen-
tlemen we have alluded to, scarcely knowing
apparently that they are manufacturers, seem
smitten with despair at the progress and success
of their own social craft, and can find no conso-
lation, but in dreaming of the solitary labours of
the husbandman. We hope we may venture
still further, to console these gentlemen, and the
community at large, doomed, like them, to be
manufacturers in spite of themselves, by briefly
pointing out other peculiarities and advantages
of manufacturing industry.
Next, perhaps, after the distinguishing facts,

that manufacturing industry is practised in com-
pany, agricultural industry in a great measure in
solitude, the most striking difference between
them is, that agriculture is carried on by little
help from machinery, and manufactures by great
help from the most refined machinery. In ma-
nufactures fixed capital, (which is another term
for instruments,) in a-4ricultnre manual labour, is
the chief means of production. In the former
skill, in the latter rude toil, is the most conspi-
cuous element. In manufactures, therefore, the
waste and wear and tear of the human body are,
as the rule, preventedt—hough there are yet
many exceptions, because skill, as the Report of

the Sanitary Commissioners proves, is not car-
ried far enough—while, in agriculture, all the
tasks are performed by muscular strength, and
the body is continually undergoing great fatigue.
In manufactures machinery works for man, in
agriculture he performs the task almost un-
aided. We consider that circumstance—would

the law-maker only allow us to exchange the pro-
ducts of our acquired skill and knowledge for the
produce of the wearying muscular exertions of
Polish serfs and American backwoodsmen, and
so spare our own husbandmen some of their ex-
cessive toil—to be a prodigious advantage for the
whole community. Other persons take a diffe-
rent view, and deem it a great degradation that
a man should have no other occupation than to

watch and guide a machine. On this point we
shall venture to quote a passage, though it be
long, from a letter which appeared in The Sun up-
wards of a year ago :
Some of your Contemporaries, I am aware, speak of
this dependence of man on man arising from division of
lgbour, and still more, they speak of the dependence of
man on the machinery he uses, as a great moral degra-
dation. The results contradict their assumption, and in
moral wealth as well as manual skill the manufac-
turers, practising new arts, are superior to the pea-
santry. They are the servants, I admit, of ma-
chinery, but the machinery is the result of mind, and
the servitude, rightly understood, is that of physical
power to intellect. A machine is in all cases the sub-
stitute for manual labour. It is the product of cool
calculating wisdom, the creation in moments of deep
thought, which in antiquity was called inspiration of
far-sighted men ; it substitutes, therefore, the delibe-
ration of the sage for the capricious, and may-be some-
times the drunken, irregularities of the hasty la-
bourers. While the hand varies in intensity and skill,
the mind-begotten machine is invariable and perfect
in its operations. Whatever it is appropriated to per-
form that it does excellently. In subjecting, therefore,
the workman to the operations of machinery, and
making him depend on that, it makes him the servant
of the noblest intellect with which God has endowed
his creatures. _ .

You will remark, too, that the' inventors and makers
of this machinery become alSo its servants. It is the
offspring of their best and calmest wisdom, the result
of their most profound researches, and whatever the
passion or the caprice of the moment might dictate,
they are compelled to guide their conduct by the
creations of their own mind in its brightest :moments.
They cannot get rid of their machinery, and are quite
as much slaves to it as their workmen.
To me, Sir, this opens a very grand view of society,
which, as far as I know, has not sufficiently attracted
public attention. The workman in the manufacturing
district is the slave, to use the Tory slang, of ma-
chinery; but the workman in the agricultural dis-
tricts, the soldier and the sailor, the bulk of manual
labourers, are the slaves, or the servants of capricious
men. They are governed by passion and uncertainty.
Machinery works with something of the regularity of
nature, and they who serve it serve at least a steady
master. The more machinery is increased, therefore,
the more intellect, which creates machinery, becomes
the aiding and ruling power of all the operations of
man s hand. The use of machinery is extending even
in war, and slaughter cannot be carried on without
serving intellect. This process, then, is general in
society. More and more, year after year, does man
become the servant of that mind-begotten machinery
which works with unerring precision, and more and
more is he liberated from the dominion of passion
and caprice. The phrase, therefore, that man is a
slave to machinery, means that he is the servant of the
highest human intellect, and that its rule over society,
as the use of machinery extends, becomes every day
greater and greater.
According to that view, which we believe is
the correct one, the substitution of machinery for
manual labour possesses higher advantages than
merely sparing muscular exertion. It reduces
the most refractory wills under the dominion of
calm wisdom, and, in making man the servant of
machinery, makes him tractable, orderly, and
humble. Such is one of the essential and distin-
guishing characteristics of manufacturing in-
dustry. That it is carried on in our country too
much for the advantage of a few, and too little
for the benefit of the many, we admit and de-
plore. It shares that characteristic, however,
with all our political institutions, and is not on
that account more deserving of blame than the
Legislature, which has ever provided for the
welfare of the few at the expense of the many.
In truth this fault of the manufacturing system
is derived from our political institutions, and is
not inherent in it.

The Tory journals frequently reproach the
master manufacturers with neglecting their work-. 1,
men, or treating them harshly and Cruelly, and
they appeal to the dislike exhibited by the
workmen for their masters as the proof of the
justness of their reproaches. It is, however,
much to be feared that the peasantry only want
an opportunity, which numbers have conferred
on the town population, to exhibit their dislike,
and something worse, of the upper classes. A
writer in the Morning
.Chronicle, speaking of the
more agricultural part of England, says :
I heard the resident gentry spoken of in terms
which the wildest Chartist never surpassed. In short,
at Cookham, at Woburn-green, at High Wycombe,
and every town and village I visited in that district,
the hostility of the labourers towards the local gentry
and many of the farmers was, to say the least of it,
expressed without reserve; and in most cases it sounded
with a peculiar ferocity, inasmuch as those who uttered
their coarse sentiments used language of the coarsest
which I have certainly heard equalled
oknind—ln
aLoanronatedi-stand,or in a coal-heaver's tap-room,
but never exceeded in either. At Woburn, at Cook-
ham, and other places I was induced to, inquire ra-
ther particularly into the character of the persons
whom I heard talking thus freely of the higherclasses.
and I found that two-thirds of them or more
were farm-labourers, the remainder being shoe-
makers, papermakers, blacksmiths, and millwrights.
In a company of twelve of these persons
Only one understood the word machinery to
apply to a plough, or any other implement of labour ;
even the water wheels that moved the paper mills
were not admitted to be parts of machinery.. They
applied the term to certain arts of the paper mills
which are of recentachin introduction,. but. could not com-
prehend that m
Chartist education,s
Supposing that a_n_aelry had existed in any other shape.
snore than esoolfmtthi
sounded
dm t mighthem
onhave a
that
received
subject,a
but few of thema understood the nature of the Chartist
h ave doctrines,
haar
hoard
noffl of them appeared never to
spiritworuealddyindt(a)lgr that or any other doctrine
eectphiveemanthe name; but all were in
with the hope of levelling any
classt 11a
better provided with the comforts of life than
themselves.

Hatred of the opulent classes, and a levelling
spirit, are as conspicuous in the agricultural _as
in the manufacturing districts. Men who feel
themselves miserable believe themselves op-
pressed and, notknowinchow to obtain relief and

redress, will become sulky and ferocious. We
have good reason to believe that the same dispo-
sition exists in other parts/of England as well as
in Bucks. The parsons will have a hard task to
eradicate such feelings, while the landlords will
find it no easy matter to prevent them breaking
out into disorder and violence. Falling markets
betoken abundance in the land; and however
much the landowners may suffer from a reduc-
tion of prices and rent, they will, in the end, find
it the cheapest, as well—las the most humane,
way to preserve the peace of the country, to
take instant means for directing a large share of
that abundance into the houses of the half-starved
peasan try.

THE STADE (not, as the Post writes, the Stadt,)
DUTIES are described by that journal as the heredi-
tary property of the King of Hanover. The Stade
duties are neither more nor less than one of those
piratical robberies' which the Barons and Princes of
the middle ages committed on the people. Those
plunderers perched themselves on a rock commanding
a road or a stream, and sallying out whenever
they saw carriers or vessels, detained them till
they purchased a permission to proceed, by a per
tentage on their goods. Some ancient possessor of
Stade, a town that did command the entrance to the
Elbe, practised this trick; custom converted the
demand into a regular payment, and now an exaction
from all the commdrce of the day which enters the
Elbe is called hereditary property. Men must
have strange ideas who call such plunder of
the English merchants the hereditary pro-
perty of the King of Hanover. If he had,
in the sanction of the merchants of the middle ages, a
right to this toll, that right ceased the instant the mer-
chants of the day questioned it. From a right their
refusal to be plundered converted it into a wrong.
The King of Hanover does nothing to improve the
navigation of the Elbe, for which service the toll is a
suitable payment; it is a mere relic of feudal rob-
bery, and the Ministers of England will exhibit only,
pusilanimity, or—what is worse—a readiness to sacri-
fice the property of the people they are bound to pro-
tect, to gratify an ill-omened Prince, if they do not,
on behalf of the English merchants, refuse to allow
King Ernest to levy the fraction of a farthing on
them. In fact, he has no power to enforce the col-
lection of the toll, and for the English Government to
consent to levy it on English shipping, is to make
that Government a tax-collector for the little Hano-
verian des t.
Loan STANLEY IS NOT DEAD, either civilly or po-
litically. The rumour on this subject was not true.
He received two persons, and two persons ac-
tually saw him, and transacted business with him, at
the Colonial-office on Tuesday. We have no less au-
thority for our assertion than the Court Circular.
While Sir Robert Peel and the Earl of Aberdeen have
been in Scotland attending on the Queen, while Sir
J. Graham and the Chancellor of the Exchequer have
been enjoying themselves at the Isle of Wight, or vi-
gorously putting down the Turn-outs in the North,
Lord Stanley has been quietly labouring in the re-
cesses of the Colonial-office. How admirably, think
some, will our colonies be governed. Others say
that the Noble Lord has been., commissioned by Sir
Robert Peel to open all dispatches which reach town
in his absence, and forward to him the important ones,
and this duty the Noble Lord has performed with his
usual diligence, and in a most clerk-like manner. As
the Noble Lord has now proved that he is not dead,
but actively at work, the world cannot suffi-
ciently admire the powerful necromancy of Sir Ro-
bert Peel, which has converted the fiery Tybalt into
a most humble and useful drudge.
THE ADELPHI NUISANCE.—The following com-
munication confirms the account which we gave last
week of the noxious vapours which arise from the
Adelphi arches. In the remarks we made no blame
was imputed to the police, who seem sufficiently
aware of the danger, but we blamed the parochial
authorities for their supineness. A medical gentle-
man had reported—and they must know the fact—
that nothing can possibly be worse than the condition
of this locality, yet they take no steps to provide a
remedy. It matters not whether the property is pri-
vate or public. If they were to indict the place as a
nuisance, a Jury would soon compel the proprietors
to do their duty.:—
" F Division, Sept. 21, 1842.
" Relative to the paragraph in The Evening Sun of
the 15th September, I beg to state that the Adelphi
arches are private property, occupied for stabling,
cow-houses (there being now sixty cows), waggons,
belonging to the wharfs, &c., &c., and formerly shut in
by gates (of which only some remnants remain), but
now quite accessible for any person at all times; con-
sequently a number of vagrants are from time to time
found there by the police, who conceal themselves in
the vaults and sheds, to sleep during the night, and
being very convenient as a deposit for all sorts of filth,
a great deal is taken there, which causes a very offen-
sive smell in the neighbourhood, particularly in the
summer season, but which does not come under the
cognizance of the police.
(Signed) " JOHN H. SANDROCK,
" Superintendent."

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