The Sun.
London, England, 1829-01-27 00:00:00

IHE ARMY.

General Lord Hill, Commander-in-Chief, will hold a
Levee, on Thursday next, at two o'clock, at his office in
the Horse Guards.

A detachment belonging to the 56th Regiment of Foot
is ordered to march this morning, from London, for
Bristol, on route to Newry.
A detachment of the 70th Regiment of Infantry is or-
dered to march this morning, from London, for Bristol,
on route to Buttevant.

The detachments belonging to the 2d Battalion of the
Coldstream Regiment of Guards, that are now stationed
at Kew and Reading, were ordered to be relieved yester-
day by similar detachments from the same regiment at
Windsor.

The Duchess of Kent and the Princess Vic-
toria arrived at their apartments in the King's Palace at
Kensington, on Saturday afternoon, from a visit to his
31ajesty at his Palace at Windsor.

A Cabinet Council was held at half-past
three o'clock yesterday afternoon at the Foreign• office,
Downing-street, which was attended by the Lord Chan-
cellor, the Duke of Wellington, Earls Bathurst and Aber-
deen, Viscount Melville, Lord Ellenhorongh, Mr. Secretary
Peel, Sir George Murray, the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer, Mr. Vesey Fitzgerald, and Mr. Herries. The Mi-
nisters sat in deliberation during three hours.

The French Charge d'Affaires transacted busi-
ness yesterday at the office of the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs.

The King has been pleased to appoint Mr.
Kramer, Master of his Majesty% Band of Musicians in
Ordinary, to succeed, of course, the late celebrated com-
poser, Mr. Shield.

Grand dinners will be given by the Puke of
Wellingt,m, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Mr. Pe'el, en
Wednesday nrcel:. to ttie MeniSers of lrlth Houses of Par-
liament.. Hie Mrjesty's Speech will lr,. read at each of the
dinner'.

The Magistrates of Clonmel have received a
communication from Government, directing du, the con-
victions should be enforced, and the fines levied on the
persons in that reighbourhoorl, in whose possession the
Police had found fire-arms.— Waterford Mirror.

It is reported that an Illustrious Personage
has requirKl aiu received front the Lord Lieutenant 'f Ire-
lamb a pledge that he will not, tlitectly or indirectly,
sanction any ;Toe-vetting. by which the Catholic Cause
rift gain ground in Ireland.—Examiner.

In days of old, a Joseph commemorated in
Holy Writ rendered himself immortal by his fraternal af-
fectic:n ; and we have at this hour the good fortune to
possess a twyJern Joseph, distinguished by same amiable
propel.sity, :.4f which he has given substantial proofs, in
the distribution of many of the good things in Church and
State to tle,•.e whose claims wholly rest upon propinquity
of bloo-I unless a very generally received report is
destitute a fnuolation, he has not been wanting to this
family las ..:0; in the allotme7A of the land at the newly
:T. -,l4nent of Swan's River. Two hundred thou..
s-.n 1 ;, a very pretty appanage for a younger brother.
Vivit extento Proculeius nvo
17.-ctus in Fratres, animi paterni."

-2 Chronicle.

Ai: scut f2OO islands are said to have been lately
d;.covend by Vle navigators 14 Nantucket in the South
Seas and • Southern Pacific Ocean, which are not laid down
on any map or cluut, either in Europe or America. Many
of those islands contain inhabitants who had nosey before
seen a white man.

COURT OF KING'S BENCH, DUBLIN.—THE
KING, AT THE PROSECUTION OF THE MARQUIS OF DO-
NEGAL, v. STANDISH _GRADY, Eso.—Mr. Gilmore ap-
plied, on behalf of the Marquis of Donegal, for liberty to
file a criminal information against Standish Grady, Esq.
for sending a message to the Marquis, for the purpose of
provoking him to fight a duel. (After a long discussion
between Counsel, the Chief Justice ordered the case to be
mentioned again.)
DEATH OF MR. SHIELD, THE CELE-
BRATED Costrosen.—This amiable man and eminent
composer breathed his last about one o'clock on Sundry
morning, at a very advanced age (we believe upwards of
80). Mr. Shield was Master of his Majesty's Band, com-
poser of the Birth-,day Odes, &c. His dramatic composi-
tions were very numerous and eminently successful, among
which were—" Rosina," " The Poor Soldier," " The
Farmer," " The Flitch of Bacon," " Hartford Bridge,"
" The Woodman," " The Travellers in Switzerland,"
" Robin Hood," " Abroad and at Home," " Fontaine-
'dean," " Lock and Key," " Netley Abbey," " Two
Faces under a Hood," &c. He also composed a number
of excellent songs, particularly "The Thorn," " 0 bring
me Wine," " The Wolf," " By the deep Nine," " The
Post Captain," " Old Towler," " Tom Moody," " The
Prince and Old England," and a most erudite Treatise on
Harmony. Mr. Shield was a very superior performer on
the viola (tenor violin), and as a private character he was
deservedly respected.and esteemed by all who knew him.
His professional brethren were very anxious to pay hiss a
tribute of respect, by inviting hint to a public dinner, but
his declining health not allowing him to attend, it was
postponed. His urbanity, integrity, and kindness towards
ail who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, will render
his memory ever dear to them, and " his fame will re-
main, tho' his spirit has fled."
The remains of Mrs. Penrice, the widow of
Mr. Penrice, of Great Yarmouth, who came to an im-
mense fortune through the late Lord Chedworth, were de-
posited, on the 12th instant, in the vault appropriated for
the family. As the circumstances attending the bequest
of Lord Chedworth are not generally known, we shall re•
late the singular, but true story. Lord Chedworth, the
victim of a wicked report of a nature calculated to affect
most materially his Lordship's character in the eyes of the
world, was introduced to the late Mr. Penrice, apothecary,
at Yarmouth, from whose attentions he received that con-
solation which he in vain sought from his own friends and
family. Lord Chedworth in his will, after bequeathing
about 40,0001. to one individual, and some other legacies,
made Mr. Penrice residuary legatee. Mr. Penrice sup-
posed that this might bring hint about 10,000/. ; till the
individual who had been handsomely remembered, and who
was well acquainted with his Lordship's affairs, offered
him 100,0001. for his expectations. Mr. Penrice replied,
that if it was worth while for any individual to offer such
a large sum, it was worth his while to wait the result of
the settlement of his Lordship's affairs; which deterMina-
tion put him in possession of more than 300,0001. Mr.
Penrice did not many years enjoy his great fortune ; and at
his death it was divided amongst his four children,—Mrs.
Barney, Mrs. Fountain, and two sons; leaving his widow
3,0001. per annum for her life, and a sum of 10,0001. at
with another sum of 20,000/. expressly to
her disposal ;
keep lip the house at Yarmouth, containing a fine miler-
tion of paintings, and a handsome service of plate, all of
which now fall to the eldest son.

WILTS QUARTER SESSIONS.

(From the Devizes Gazette.)
FEES OF THE CLERK OF THE PEACE.

THE KING, ON THE PROSECUTION OF THOS. RIDGLEY,

V. CADBY AND RANGER.

Mr. HALCOMB, who was for the. defendants in
this case, said he had a motion to make which was
of considerable importance, not only as it affected
the persons for whom he appeared as counsel, but
most important to the public at large. It related to
the fees required from defendants by the Clerk of
the Peace. The defendants in this case (which was
for an assault) were, a clerk and a servant to Mr.
Strange, an attorney. There were two indictments
against them; one for an assault on the prosecutor
and his daughter; and the other for an assault on
the prosecutor's wife. The fees upon these two in-
dictments amounted to 141. ls. 4d.! which Mr.
Swayne (the Clerk) demanded before he would al-
low the trial to come on. Mr. Halcomb now ap-
plied to the Court that the defendants might be
allowed to take their trial upon payment of 19s. Bd.
each, upon the first indictment ; these being the fees
of the Clerk of the Peace, according to the printed
table for entering defendant's appearance and plea,
and discharging his recognizances.
The other fees claimed by the Clerk of the Peace
of each defendant,'and upon each indictment, were,
" For summoning and swearing the Jury, and join-
ing issue, .1/.' 25.," and " fur entering the verdict
and sentence of the Court 1/. Bs. Bd.,' making alto-
gether 3/. 10s. 4d. demanded of each defendant
upon each indictment. The printed table of fees
authorised to be taken by the Clerk of the Peace,
certainly stated that " when there are several de-
fendants in an indictment, the fees are the same as if
each person was separately indicted ;" but neither
the table of fees (said Mr. Halcomb), nor the Act
of Parliament by which they were authorised, di-
rected by whom those fees were to be paid. The
Learned Gentleman then contended that the fees for
summoning and swearing the Jury, and joining issue,
ought (at all events, in the first instance) to be paid
by the prosecutor; that the joining issue was a step
taken by the prosecutor after defendants had pleaded;
and that, as in civil cases, the Jury process was al-
ways paid for by the plaintiff, so it ought to be in
criminal cases. It certainly could not be due from a
defendant before trial; as it would be very unjust
to compel him to pay such fees to force on his own
trial; and who, by the principles of English law,
must aiwaysbe presumed to be innocent 'until proved
to Ise guilty.
With regard to the fee- of 14s. 4d. for entering
the verdict, the Learned Gentleman said it was so
monstrous, so contrary to common sense to charge
a defendant with this fee when he might ultimately
be acquitted, that it could not for a moment be sup-
ported; but if it could, the defendant ought to pay
d priori; and a recent Act of Parliament had di-
rected that all fees which were usually paid by a pri-
soner who should he acquitted, should be paid by
the county. Then as to the fee of 14s. 4d. for re-
cording the sentence, Mr. Halcomb submitted, that ,
as no sentence would 'be passed, in case of an ac-
quittal, such fee could not, in that event, ever be-
come due from any one. -It was harsh beyond
measure, it was a total denial of all justice, and had
long been matter of surprise to many at the bar, that
a man who, after going through
.the ordeal of a trial,
might be found perfdctly innocent of the offence laid
to his charge, should be liable to be sent to prison,
from Session to Ziession, until he paid fees, forsooth,
" for recording his verdict," and entering the judg-
ment of the Court against him!
Mr. HALCOMB further argued, that it was of great
importance to ascertain which fees were to be paid
by a prosecutor and which by a defendant : because,
as, in all cases in which there were more than one
defendant, the table of fees required that each de-
fendant should pay his fees to the Clerk of the Peace
as if he was separately indicted, it followed, that it
made a great difference to defendants as well as to
the exchequer of the Clerk of the Peace, if, in a
case in which there might be a dozen defendants he
could charge his lees twelve times over; but which,
if due from the prosecutor, he would receive but
once. There was no reason, either (said the Learned-
Counsel), why he should be paid more than one fee
for summoning and swearing one Jury, although it
might be reasonable that each defendant should pay
him for recording his own appearance and plea. As
the practice had hitherto been, any evil-disposed
person had the power of ruining a defendant, by
multiplying indictments against him, and in the case
of a poor man it almost amounted to a denial of
justice, to compel him to pay before the trial the
present large amount of fees even upon one indict-
ment. The Learned Counsel instanced two cases;
one of which had occurred but the day previous,
when a labourer was remanded to be imprisoned,
and not take his trial till the next Sessions, because
he could not pay the fees of the Clerk of the Peace;
the other was that of a poor labourer, who was ,
acquitted of an assault at the last Marlborough Ses-
sions, but who, through his inability to pay the fees
demanded, was about to be sent to prison ; to pre-
vent which the Learned Counsel felt it his duty to
return those fees which he had received for defend-
ing him.
Mr. SWAYNE said, the simple question was,
whether the fees demanded were payable by the pro-
secutor or by defendant. He would only observe,
that it had been the practice for the last thirty-two
years, not only at the Sessions, but at the Assizes,
to receive them from the defendant; and the Judges
had repeatedly and decidedly said, that before a de-
fendant was put upon his trial, he should pay the
fees due to the officer of the Court. The respect-
able professional gentlemen around him, however,
would bear him out in saying, that he was notia
the habit of making it a point that they should 'pay
him his fees before trial; but with regard to Mr.
Strange, that gentleman had been indebted to him
for fees ever since the year 1821; he had certainly
very frequently promised to pay him, but up to the
present moment he had never fulfilled his promise.
He submitted to the Court, therefore, that he was
justified in not again taking Mr. Strange's word.—
If (said Mr. Swayne) he will deposit in the hands
of any respectable person the fees that I am entitled
to, I shall be satisfied. If I take more fees than I
am entitled to, I am answerable to a higher tribunal
—I am liable to an action being brought against me.
I merely want my due. It is impossible that I can
bestow so much time and attention, and pay my
heavy Sessions expenses, without some fees. By a
recent Statute, too, which empowers Magistrates
to dispose of assault cases, nine-tenths of the fees I
usually receive are taken off; but, as I previously
stated, I merely want that which I have a legal
claim to.

In reply to Mr. Swayne's observation, that if he.
took more fees than he was entitled to, " he. was
answerable to a higher tribunal," Mr. HALCOMIi
said, it was quite clear no higher tribunal would
punish him for demanding the same fees which had
been paid for so many years; that the fees which he
claimed were admitted to be according to the printed
table of fees ; but it was very important to the pub-
lic that the Magistrates should now decide (what
ought to have been decided long ago) by whom
and when those fees should be paid.
The CHAIRMAN, after a short conference with the
Bench, observed that there was certainly great
weight (Inc to some of the observations of Mr. Hal-
comb; but as the Court was taken by surprise, the
course recommended by Mr. Swavne must be
adopted, and Mr. strange must deposit the amount
of fees demanded in the hands of a third person,
pending the decision of 'the Magistrates. Mr. Ma-
comb became responsible. ►

O❑ Wednesday last, Mr. Stanfield, butcher,
Greengate, Salford, went into toe Smithfield cattle-market,
accompanied lry his 50,,, aLd of ten }•oats al. \VA,'
they were in the crowd a man struck a cow pretty severely,
and she turning lway fr,in blow, unfortunately ran
the point of her horn into the lad's eye, Nun completely
tore it out, so as to ban upon Lit, cheek..—illanchtster
Courier. •

ELOPEMENT IN IIUI.ISLE LIFE.

11 On Saturday last a very respectable looking
little woman came into this town, and made
many inquiries after a person who she described
as her runaway husband, whom she at last found
comfortably •waiting under the roof of a person
who holds a high situation under the Crown.—
'I he facts of the case are these :—Some time ago
this gay Lothario not satisfied with the com-
forts of Hymen's bands, formed an illicit ac-
quaintance with a -young female in the town in
which he resided, which being found out by the
injured better half of the husband,
,he left the
place and his wife and three children, and
shortly afterwards the cause of all the ma-
trimonial strife also left ; and' on the day
before mentio.ied the lawful wedded wife
found her faithless husband comfortably
situated as we have before described ;
and the unlawful sharer of her matrimonial corn-
fiots holding a situation. Her husband too was
paying his addresses to the relation of a respect
able inhabitant of this town, who upon being
applied to by the wife, ,!eclared her innocence of
her admirer being a married man ; and it was
finally agreed that the wife should be placed in
a closet in the room, which was accordingly
done. Shortly afterwards the husband entered
the room, and upon being taxed by his intended
wife with being a married man, he with many
protestations and oaths protested that he was
not, which protestations were answered by his
real wife, who bursting from her hiding place,
assailed him with " you be, you scoundrel,"
and commenced ploughing his face with her nails
in a most woman-like manner. : The feelings of
the parties we will leave to better judges than
ourselves to describe.---Hants Advertiser.

FEMALE ACCOMPLISHMENTS

(From the Lady's Library.)

True grace appears to consist in a due mix-
ture of propriety, dignity, and ease in man-
ner and action. If there be any other element
i 1 it, it is the desire of pleasing, added to a de-
licate perception of what is beautiful in motion,
with an organic facility of executing it. This
last faculty is partly a physical gift of nature, but
still more the result of mental predisposition and
of habitual practice.
It would seem, then, that what is called grace,
is nothing but the corporeal expression of certain
mental qualities, which entitle the possessor to
love and respect.

True grace of manners must be founded, in
the first place, on the basis of good sense. A
fool cannot be graceful. Good sense is indis-
pensable to the discrimination of propriety, of
real dignity, and of becoming ease. Without it,
the affectation of dignity is ridiculous, and that
of ease disgusting.
But good sense alone is sufficient for the ac-
quirement of grace. Unfortunately, we see
many ladies, of the most excellent understand-
ing, not only negatively without grace, but po-
sitively ungraceful. There are other requisites
to grace, of the most essential kind.

An amiable temper, and an habitual disposi-
tion to please, are of the first consequence. The
expression of all violent passions is destructive
of grace. The expression of all feelings unplea-
sant to others is equally so. So is the expres-
sion of selfishness, in all its forms. The
graceful female must, in appearance at least, be
devoid of selfishness ; and the best mode of
achieving this, is to divest herself, as far as she
can, of the reality—at all events, as far as it is
offensive to others.

That violent passions are destructive of grace,
may be easily illustrated. A lady in a violent
rage is, probably, as ungraceful an object as any
to be found in nature. Why ?—Because she is
of necessity destitute, at such a time, of all pro-
priety, dignity, and ease. A tiger tearing his
prey is no graceful being, although this animal,
like all the rest of his tribg, is, from his natural
conformation, highly susceptible of the exhibi-
tion of graceful motion.
_ _

But the expression of all feelings offensive to
others, even though • not so violent in their cha-
racter, is equally ungraceful. It is proper to re-
mark here, an error into which young ladies,
and English ladies too, we must say, beyond all
other females, are apt to fall. They think, that
the expression of pride, of disdain, of contempt,
is graceful :,and becoming ; but there never
was a more fatal and absurd mistake. The
strong expression of pride is so far from being
graceful, that it is the very antipodes to all grace.
To say nothing of it in a moral point of view, of
its incompatibility with good sense, and of its
utter absurdity in human beings, however ex-
alted, of its general rarity among persons of real
superiority, whether of rank or nature,—we
shall simply observe, that it communicates to
the manners, to the movements, to the looks,
and to every action of its possessor, a constraint,
and stiffness, at variance with all the principles
of grace and not less ridiculous than repulsive
and disagreeable. Disdain and contempt, which
are only more active exertions of this quality,
mingled, perhaps with resentment, are still more
offensive, and even • hateful. These young la-
dies who 'indulge habitually in the • expression of
such feelings, would do well to inquire whether
any body cares about their pride, their disdain,
or their contempt—whether the opposite quali-
ties are•not infinitely more graceful and feminine
—and whether they might not much better ob-
tain their object, which, after all, is an influence
Over others, and over our sex in particular, by
the adoption of different means ? We cannot
help thinking, that the result of such an inquiry
must be favourable, in all cases, except those
cases of incurable folly.
Selfishness, in all its outward forms of egotism,
vanity, and apparent eagerness after self-gratifica-
tion, is totally inconsistent with graceful man-
ners ; indeed, we might say, with the observation
of the commonest forms of polite society. Ego-
tism and vanity are highly and justly offensive
to others. A female egotist is, perhaps, even
more disagreeable than a male, because we are
always inclined to concede the claims of a lady
to attention, without this unnecessary and un-
graceful enforcement. The motions of a vain
person are generally ungraceful. The attention
of such persons to themselves, to the different
parts of their dress, their obvious consciousness
of looking well, their over anxiety to appear to'
the best advantage, their sly glances to discover
whether any body is admi.ring them, &c. &c.,
must give rise to constrained and awkward
movements, destroying all that ease (not to men-
tion dignity) which is essential to grace. But
let it not be supposed that we areso•tmgallant,
or so unjust, as to tax the fair sex exclusively
with faults like these. They are, we believe,
still more frequent among ourselves. Many a
night have we contemplated with pity a young
coxcomb in company, adjusting his hair, or his
cravat ; taking an occasional peep at his own
sweet person in a mirror ; casting the most irre-
sistible glances, as he conceived, at the ladies;

smiling with the most delectable affectation, and
fancying, all the while, that he was the most ex-
quisite fellow in the universe, and most vehe-
mently anxious to impress all others with the
same opinion.

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

CAMBRIDGE. JAN. 24.

BACHELORS' COMMENCEMENT.--The examination of
the Questionists counnenced on the 16th, and terminatel
on the 23d instant.

Exsintri E RS. —Charles Jefferys, M.A., St. John's, and
James Bowstead, ALA., Corpus, Moderators; Joshua
King, M.A., Queen's; William Whewell, M.A., Tri-
nity ; John Birkett, M.A., St. John's: John Henry Rose,
M.A., St. John's ; Watkin Maddy, M.A., St. John's ;
Charles John Myers, M.A., Trinity; Charles Smith,
M.A., and William Hodgson, St. Peter's.

At a congregation this morning, the following gentle-
men, having passed their examinations, were adrditted to
the degree of ilachelor of Art. :
WRANGLE ILS..-PhillpOtt, Hall. ; Cavendish,
Trin. ; Murphy, Caius; Thurtell, Caius; Smith, Christ's;
White, Trin. ; Shadwell, John's; Phillips, Queen's;
Mallet, Pemb. ; Lyons, Trio. ; Scott, Queen's; Phillips,
Trin. ; Fell, Pet. ; Hoare, Trin. ; Tillotson, Pet. ; Parken,
(queen's ; Singleton, Joh. ; Coucher, Corpus ; Cobden,
Job. ; Jennings, Christ's ; Langshaw, John's ; I3eavan,
Caius; S. Smith, Job. ; Ladds, Caius; Pasbley, Trio. ;
.Martin, Joh. ; Birkett, Emu'. ; Hods,m, Caius ; Marsh-
man, Trin. ; I3eatson, Si I. ; Pearson, Corpus ; Sidgwick,
Trin.

SENIOR OrnmEs.—Phillips, Pet. ; Wharton, Job. ;
Hawtrey, Joh. ; Clarke, Joh. ; Clarke, Cat& ; Ellis,
Jesus; Williams, Corpus; Withers, Trin. ; Hodgson,
Jesus; Burnett, Pernb. ; Cautley, Pemb. ; Baldock,
Job. ; Stone, Joh. ; Valentine, Tx-in. ; Paget, Caius ;
Jones, Magd. ; Bowman, Clare ; Macauley, Pet. ; Dicken-
son, Caius ; Butler, Job. ; Leaty, Clare; Hopper,
Christ's ; Hildyard, Pet. ;, Barlow, Trine ; Netberwood,
Corpus ; Doria, Joh. ; How4rd, Joh. ; Walker, Trin. ;
Cox, Corpus ; Abbott, Queen's ; Butler, Trin. ; Whiting,
Joh. ; Soames, Trin. : Middleton, Queen's ; Jackson,
Clare ; Newby, Trin. ; R. Smith, Joh.

JUNIOR OPTIMES.—Barkei, Christ's; Bailey, Trin. ;
Prittie, Trin. ; Bellhouse, ; \Wilda% Cath. ; Ste-
Ile, Queen's; Martineau, Trin.; Sheopard, Christ's ;
Campbell, Trin. ; Sunderland, Clare; Bay, Clare; Fi-
si.n, John's; Johnston, Sidney; Beaclon, John's; Poole,
Jollies; Basch, Trio. ; Sl,arkes, John's; Mainwaring,
Caius ; Adams, Queen's ; Foulger, Trin. ; and Luckock,
John's.

Mr. Cavendish, who has obtained the distinguished ho-
nour of Second Wrangler, is grandson of Lord G. Caven-
dish, and heir presumptive to the Dukedom of Devonshire.

The Examiners seem disposed to follow the example of
the Sister University, fur tLe unprecedented number of 31
Questionists have this year been rejected !

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

TATTERSALL'S.

Except Brother to Moses, who has nearly regained the
ground he lest last week, none of the favourites under-
went any change worthy of particular notice, although
there are symptoms of shifting amongst the 16 to 1 horses
for the Derby. The odds closed thus :

RIDDLESWORTH.
4 to 1 agst Duke of Rutland's Brother to Moses
5 to 2 agst Mr. Batson's Luss filly
6 to 1 agst Duke of Grafton's colt (taken)

DERBY.
13 to Psgst Mr. Hunter's Canvas colt
15 to 1 agst Duke of Rutland's Br. to Moses
16 to 1 agst Mr. Pettit's Post Obit (Posthuma colt)
16 to 1 agst His Majesty's Eleetress colt
16 to 1 agst Lord G. Cavendish's Espagno;le c.
16 to 1 agst Lord Sligo's Prince Eugene
17 to 1 agst Lord Selton's Morris Dancer
18 to 1 agst Lord Jersey's Will-o'-the-wisp
20 to 1 agst Mr. Batson's I.uss filly
25 to 1 agst Lord G. Cavendish's Brother to Sontag
No others mentioned.

OAKS.
6 to 1 agst Lord Exeter's Green Mantle
7 to 1 agst Lord Exeter's Varna
10 to 1 agst Mr. Batson's Loss filly
12 to 1 agst Mr. Ridsdale's Clotilde (taken)
16 to 1 agst Lord Sligo's Vat
30 to 1 ngst Device (Defiance) (taken)

ST. LEGER.
12 to 1 agst Mr. Stephenson's Voltaire (taken)
13 to 1 agst Mr. Petre's Rowton
40 to 1 agst Lord Sligo's Vat (taken)

The scat as before.

HUNTING INTELLIGENCE.
APPOINTMENT, FOR THIS WEEK.

Lord Yarborough's Honndl, on Monday, at Aylesby
Village ; Wednesday, at Fox DAes ; Friday, at Kettleby
Thorp ; and Satur4av, at Headate Lodge—at eleven.
The lilacknsoor Tale Hounds, on Tuesday, at Stourton
Inn; and Fr;day, at Sk.,ek-hout—ct ten.

3ls> Lester:a Harriers, on Weenesday, at thr.: Shoulder
of Murton; and SsttudaY, at Alderney Cottage—at half-
past ten.
The Brighton Harriers, on Monday, at Pateham ; Wed•
near the 11.6:ze Course; and 'Friday, at the Dyke—
at fsn.

• Tne Hq7eera will continue to meet every
e Itiew(n.c':•.;:! at the Lqwes !lace
Cot.. 7.,e ; an: half-t, sL ten.
l'he Fixi.houddE, oujitesd,y, at
St. anti CrtKom'ee Park-gattt.
The en Monday, at liringford
ir,:dnesd*F, .at raoti.i.-!ane Teil..s"-zate; l'hur,flay, at
Guic77....pc:t; and Satterd,:y, at Sandiway Head
h?l'..pFt ter. • • •

- Mr. Flotn).T3, cn The May, at The Gint (Nant-
glyn); rare!,4lw, et C;T--.ll..ttryd-b.-idge ; and Satur..:ay, at
G-vr-knitync:;--..:t, 1,e.; gsat

TheW,;ti,,ce on 'Monday, at Swaffham
Thee Caure; and Friday, at Neetoa Tuns—at half-pa,t
ten.

General Wm. riz,..Q7's Hounds, on Monday, at Mr.
Abbott's, Wir`d7a . C-7.a Acre; Wedi!sday, -at Beet!). ;
and Ft;day, at Wf..:( eleven.

The hr-,,t, on Monday, at Filly;
Thor.s.-1..y, at Common; and Saturday, at
Helliv4lly—at a eleven.

TheA,-dswo,ti.-Fex-i.::::-.7.,:-b on Tueslay, at Badstvorth-
hall ; RNI-7-1-::r.F:-9.t half-cast ten ; r.nd
at Act)n, ci?v,n.
Ansnn'a lirop2ces, on Montiv,7, L A S hurlburgh-hill ;
Wedrar:diy, at t'ile Kenr.e!, Dunehurzh Thursday. at
Bour On; and Sat-oreuy, at Prinasthorne Village—at half-
pEt

liitynell'a Hourf7, on Monday, nt Etginton ; Thus-
diy, at Eon Wuud; ald Saturday, Eizlifield—at half-
pa I,_ti,o

The Quota ILYJne.F:, on Mlnky, at Bonney Park ;
Toewoy. at Cl'ln-;'.ul-.:;-•;!..re; C-rez,t Dalby ;
and Fe day, at 1%15 -.:i-7.naer WeT3—at Lolf-7,7e,s ten.

Cli,nock Prr,r7iTt2; on Monday, rt Ce.torly Banks ;
and Fridpy, at Is-4.7•7 Omni.
Tito Gran:filn Ilw.A.T.Aie, on 11.1atnin.y and Friday, at th
Kennel—at

Mr. Kin :4's crn Moaday, at Holn-Inidge ; and
rrlrpday, at P,?,rk--a::

The Whitelaav,,,n Mond. v, at Barrow
Mouth; and AV,:d'rsday, at Ric'..e6:,--at
Mr. I.)nso.y.'s Hound', on Tue:-OF,-, at Westhide
Vil-
hne; and Fri4,:7,, ;,!n,
M. G. Mare's Emuls, or. Trr...lay, at Stowlin3toct—
at bail-pr,st ten.
The Cumberbmd ."ox-hotinds, ox Tuesday, at Galt ;
and Friflcy, at. M;cldl,!:,-..ftut.;h Woods—,t ten.
Tne Lambton Fox-hound,. on :Monday, at Shotton.;
Tuesday, at Chesser-le-treat; Thursday, at 13randon ;
and Saturday, i.t SuMierland.ll;idge—at tin.
Sir G. Sitwell's Fox-houc6... on Tta,,iay, at Hardstaff
Common ; and Thursday, at Nort..)n—,:t ten.

The Warwickshire FOk-hounds, on 111onday, at Mitfard-
bridge ; Wednesday, at Wainliody Wood;. st Al -
veston Pasturi; and S:.turd4y, at Austey Wood—at half-
past ten.

THE CARLISLE CITY ELECTION.—!iII is
still doubt and uncertainty as to the city election. Sir
Wiliam Scot sticky to his post, and, like a true Scot, who
imagines toor ey to NI, an in all, continue; !n c.rculate the
most amazing stories of his iom2ense " Durirg
the Wee:: there leave been various rumours as to the inten-
tion of Mr. Lawson to come forward. On Wednesday
la.st that gentleman arrived here on his way to Netherby,
the seat of Sir J. It. G. Graham, Bart., and was soon
afterwards waited upon by a deputation from the most re-
epectabie freemen in the place to solicit him to come for-
ward. Nothing definitive was settled, as Mr. Lawson had
to leave town soon afterwards ; hut we have reason to
believe that there are hopes of his consenting to stand kir
want as the champion of liberty and in lependence, and
in defence of the good cld Lice cause, u )rn threatened by
an enemy limier false c010urai,..... Carlisle Jour/mi.

1711 c o u-nt

SPIRIONDON JOURNALS.
Ifhe seittk7titiltpervaded the Dublin Meet-
ing of TiretitttyTart f =acted upon with a de-
gree of energf ;utleconsistency becoming the
e.,
great national Olieeillevalich calls for it, the Ca-
tholic hate assumed not merely a
new, but, in some respects, an awful form. It
was proposed at that meeting, that the Catholic
Association should lay aside its name, and other
exclusive attributes, and that in correspondence
with the character of the meeting, a large pro-
portion of Protestants, men of property and in-
fluence in Ireland, incorporating themselves with
their Catholic brethren, and prosecuting, in firm
alliance with them, the one paramount measure
of their release from civil bondage, the conjoint
body should adopt the tide of " Irish Associa-
tion," and present itself to the people of
England as virtually representing the wishes
of the, majority of Irishmen, Protestants and
Catholics included. Such a formal coalition
of the laity of both churches, would, it is
plain, be a powerful instrument for advanc-
ing that cause which is now confessed to be
a common one. The weakness of Ireland
for the last half century has been the dis-
cord between her sects, fomented by laws
whose avowed purpose was to make one the
victim of another- The only occasion on which
Protestant and Catholic, (the latter then compa-
ratively feeble and timorous) united, and spoke
like a eines nation, was that of 1782. Mr.
Grattan was the magician who then broke the
spell of sectarian animosity. He taught die Pro-
testant to demand a free trade, and a free legis-
lature; he taught the Catholic to echo the pa-
triotic cry. England was engaged in a doubtful
war—a war against the liberty of another branch
of her empire : she gave way to the voice of the
.4 universal Irish nation," and Ireland recovered
her independence. The Protestant Aristocracy
have recently, after many years of hesitation and
experience, convinced themselves, that without
conceding the claims of the Catholics to liberty,
their own claims to property may soon be of
little value. They and, that so long as the
Catholics are fettered, they are likely them-
selves to be curtailed of their own enjoyments,
—that their estates are threatening to become
less productive, their influence as landlords
already tottering, and a power created all around
them, from which their lives may not long be se-
cure. If the Protestant aristocracy, therefore, are
convinced that Catholic excitement and disaffec-
tion have begun to re-act upon themselves, and
to visit them in their dearest interests, as a
direct and increasing calamity, what step can be
more natural or more lawful, than their combining
with the Catholics,—the original, but no longer
exclusive, sufferers from persecution,—to abolish
that which, from a particular, has grown into a
general grievance? It is said in our Dublin
letters, that difficulties have occurred at the
threshold of the projected alliance, which may
retard or wholly disappoint it. If the Protestant
and Catholic managers be as earnest in their
pursuit of this common good, as their discourses
would lead us to infer that they are agreed in
principle upon its importance and urgency, we
cannot anticipate any chance of fililure, or even
of delay. This is no time for mutual jealousy,
when the sole end of both parties is to extirpate
from the Statute Book those laws of which jea-
lousy and foul suspicion have been from the first
the odious characteristics. Let each yield a
little, and all will be the gainers.—Times.
The foolish agitators of Ireland have began to
abuse the new Lord Lieutenant, raking it for
granted, c priori, that his Grace must be op-
posed to the claims of the country. Of this in-
judicious conduct it is hardly possible to speak
in terms sufficiently reproachful. None had a
greater esteem for the late Viceroy than our-
selves, none more sincerely regretted his recall
or departure. Perhaps if the Duke of North-
umberland himself were frankly to give his opi-
nion at this moment, he would wisti, as we do
most sincerely, that the Marquis of Anglesea had
never been recalled, or that he were replaced, but
the Lord Lieutenancy being no longer occupied,
it is certainly competent to any other nobleman,
of high rank and character, to accept of it, with-
out thereby giving offence ; and it is unwise and
unjust to anticipate a perverse line of politics
from the Peer who consents to fill the vacant
office, and to calumniate him forthwith for opi-
nions which he may not hold, and for a system
of rule which he sway not adopt. For our own
parts, we do not believe that the Duke of Wel-
lington would have an exalted ()ranee or Cum-
berland Lord Lieutenaut of Irelarl; and we I
give his Grace full cm edit for the sentiment. Nei-
tiler is the Duke of Northumberland such a per-
son. And if he were even doubtful of the pro-
priety of making conceseioe to the Catholics, did
his noble amid candid predecessor derive no ad-
vantage, imbibe no new light, acquire no fresh
knowledge, from living among the brave and in-
jured people whom he was sent out to govern ?
We repeat, therefore, and in the most positive
terms, to the public, the assurance which we
Nve in our paper of Saturday, that the Duke of
orthumberland is even now anxious " for an
early, judicious, and conciliatory arrangement of
the Catholic question."—lizid.
We were very much amused some time ago
with an application from a foreign bookseller to
an English author to furnish him with an ac-
count of England in about a sheet of letter
press. Such an account would be about as in.
etructire as a description of the world in three
sheets. England is truly a country of anoma-
lies. A man may live half a century in Eng-
land, looking into every thing, and busying
himself about every thing, and yet at the end
of that time stumble on important discoveries as
to practices of the existence of which he had
not the slightest suspicion before. If an Eng-
Lehman travelling in France or Italy were to be
told that in his boasted country of law and li-
lserty a man may be thrown into prison, and
kept in it term after term, without the possibility
of obtaining a trial, because he could not raise
a considerable sum of money demanded by the
Clerk of the Peace as dues before trial, he would
be flatly contradicted. Yet it appears from the
report of a case at the Wiltshire Quarter Ses-
sions, reported in the Devizes Gazette, which
our readers will find in another column, that be-
hire a defendant can be admitted to trial he must
pay (lawn large sums to the Clerk of the Peace.
In the pupa alluded to, the defendants were the
clerk and servant of an attorney, who were i
twice indicted—once for an assault on the pro-
eccutor and his daughter, and a second time for
an assault on the prosecutor's wife. " The fees
upon these two indictments amounted to 141.
Is. 4d., which Mr. Svvayne, the Clerk, demand-
ed before he would allow the trial to come on."

If twelve defendants are included in one indict-
ment, the Clerk of the Peace is allowed to de-
mand from each defendant as much as he could
demand from one person if no others were in-
cluded in it. And by multiplying indictments,
the fees on all of which must be paid by defend-
ants before trial, a rich man may keep a poor
man in prison as long as he pleases. "As the
practice had hitherto been (says Mr. Halcomb,
Counsel for the defendants), any evil-disposed
person had the power of milling a defendant by
multiplying indictments against him ; and in the
case of a poor man, it almost amounted to a
denial of justice, to compel him to pay, before
trial, the present laia4e amount of fees even upon
one indictment. The Learned Counsel in-
stanced two cases ; one of which had occur-
red but the day previous, when a labourer
was renzanded. to be imprisoned, and not take
his trial till the next Sessions, because he could
not pay the fres of the C'lei k of the Peace ; the
other was that of a poor labourer, who was ac-
quitted of an assault at the last Marlborouph
Sessions, but who, through his inability
to pay the fees demanded, was about to
be sent to prison ; to prevent which, the
Learned Counsel felt it his duty •to re-
turn those fees which he had received for
defending him." By a recent Act of Parlia-
ment, it is directed that all fees which were
usually paid by a prisoner who should be ac-
quitted shall be paid by the county ; but in
practice the payment of the fees is made a con-
dition precedent to trial. Well might Mr. Hid-
comb exclaim, " it was harsh beyond measure;
it was a total denial of all justice, and had long
been matter of surprise to many at the Bar--
that a man who, after going through the ordeal
of a trial, might be found perfectly innocent of
the ofrence laid to his charge, should be liable
to be sent to prison, from Session to Session,
until he paid fees, forsooth, " for recording his
verdict, and entering the judgment of the Court
against him." It had long been matter of sur-
prise to many at the Bar. What said the Ma-
gistrates ? The Chairman, we are told, after a
short conference with the Bench, observed
" that there was certainly great weight due to
some of the observations of Mr. Halcomb ; but
as the Court was taken by surprise,"
These atrocities have been going on daily for
years before their eyes, but it was not convenient
for them to see them ; and now they are
taken by surprise when they are mentioned 1
The Clerk of the Peace observed with appa-
rent nonchalance, " the simple question was,
whether the fees demanded were payable by
the prosecutor or defendant." It was merely by
accident, no doubt, that the defendants had
been pitched on. It never occurred to a Clerk
of the Peace, that if a prosecutor were to be
asked for 141. ls. 4d. for fees, beforehand, his
ardour might be so far cooled that he might
pause before lugging out ; whereas the poor
devil of a prisoner is a sure card, for he must be
a strange fellow if he prefer being imprisoned
from Session to Session rather than pay, if he
have the money, to obtain a trial. The circum-
stance of being able to make each defendant pay
the whole fees and charges for summoning a
Jury, &c., whereas the prosecutor would only
have to pay once for all what each defendant is
made to pay, had no effect in determining the
choice of the Clerk of the Peace I And how
happens it that the Magistrates are blind to these
things ? How happens it that they allow to the
Clerk of the Peace the power of denying justice
to all who are unable to pay heavy fees to him,
and to keep them in prison from Session to
Session ? Shall we attempt"to solve the enigma?
The situation of Clerk of the Peace of a County
is so lucrative, that it is deemed not beneath the
acceptance of the first families of a county ; and
when such an office falls in, it is generally be-
stowed by the Lord Lieutenant on a member of
his own family. In the Register of Saturday last
Mr. Cobbett mentions, to the honour of the late
Lord Radnor, his gratuitous nomination to the
office of a Deputy Clerk of the Peace on the
death of his principal, as a piece of generosity
unexampled in county animals :

" Having got into digression," he says, " I will
relate to you, my Lord Duke (of Wellington), and
the public, an anecdote illustrative of the character
of the Noble Lord (Radnor's) father. When he
was Lord Lieutenant of the county of Berks, the
Clerkship of the Peace of the county became vacant
by the death of the gentleman who held it as a si-
necure, or once performed by deputy. The De.
play reported the death to the Lord Lieutenant,
and requested him to recommend him as the Deputy
to the succeeding Clerk of the Peace. His Lord-
Lhip desired him to send him a blank commission,
which the Deputy did, and his Lordship filled the
blank with the Deputy's own name, and sent it back
to him, though here was a lucrative office, that he
might have given to one of his own family, or to
any friend, or friend's son, and though the Deputy
was a perrou to whom, I believe, he had never
spoken in his life, except, perhaps, in the character
of a Magistrate. If, indeed, he had sought all Eng-
land through, he could not have found a man more
worthy of his favour. This man was Mr. William
Budd, to whom I have done myself the honour, and
a real honour I deem it, to dedicate my book called
the Woodlands.' But, my Lord Duke, where
shall we look for another Lord Lieutenant to do an
set like this, however worthy the object ? I think
it my duty to record this act of the late Earl of
Radnor, and especially as I know that it will be
gratifying to the feelings of my excellent friend Mr.
Budd."

So much for the value of the office. The
ChtZrman was taken by surprise. There seemed
a great deal in the observations of Mr. Hol-
comb ; but then the income of the Clerk of the
Peace might be affected by the removal of
this abomination ; and we must -keep up
the value of the office of Clerk of the Peace,
who is as one of ourselves. One would
have thought that the bare statement of such
monstrous injustice as the remanding poor la-
bourers from session to session, because of their
inability of paying the fees to allow them to be
tried, coal not have been made to any company
of English Gentlemen without calling forth a
loud and indignant condemnation of the prac-
tice. 0 no ! They know better how to ma-
nage their feelings. They know when patience
and good temper are becoming virtues f What!
Be indignant at practices which, perhaps, en-
able the son or cousin of a Lord Lieutenant to
give a grand entertainment to them—to keep a
preserve, or whatever else may be desirable !
Mr. Holcomb deserves high commendation for
his placing these abominations in such a manner
before their Worships that they can no longer
plead ignorance of them. We need not say that
this is a service of danger to a Barrister, who,
before entering on it, must have counted on the
animosity of the Clerk of the Peace, generally
a powerful man, and tho rest of the Magistrates.
Barristers who attend sessions will occasionally
relate to their iiiends anecdotes exhibaing Ma-
gistrates in a strange light ; but it is one thing to
tell abuses to a friend under promise of secrecy,
and another to drag them in all their ugliness
before the public. Well may Magistrates con-
, spire to drjye Barristers from sessions ! They

have good reason for so doing. They are wise
lin their generation. Talk of Spain 1 Talk of
Italy ! we defy any man to adduce an instance
of such barefaced iniquity in any country of
Europe, as that which is practised in the county
of Sir Francis Burdett, and very likely in many
others, with the connivance of the Magistracy.—
Morning Chronicle.
As the Meeting of Parliament approaches,
the inhabitants of such of the parishes in the
metropolis as labour under the infliction of a
Select Vestry, are anxious to learn ‘vhat mea-
sures are in agitation to rid them of this dis-
temper. Hitherto the fault has been that each
parish has wasted its resources in fruitless indi-
vidual efforts, when a united and simultaneous
movement was the one thing needful. This, we
fear, is still the error. If the money which has
been expended in St. Martin, in Marylehone,
in Covent-garden, St. Junes', Westminster, and
St. Giles', had been put into one common purse,
and dedicated.to one common object, " the long
pull, the strong pull, and the pull altogether,"
must have accomplished that which has hitherto
failed for want of it. If this has been the error,
it is the part of wisdom to learn experience from
the knowledge of it ; and, if this long-standing
nuisance is to be abated, it must be by a speedy
union of action among those who are affected by
it. Mr. Hobhouse stands pledged to bring the
subject before Parliament; but, to enable him to
do so in a tangible shape, each palish should
furnish him with its own case, and delegates
should be appointed from each, to show the
amount of combined evil, which loses half its
force when presented only in an isolated form.
We would strongly recommend, therefore, each
parish to lose no time in laying the foundation of
the combined movement we allude to, by put-
ting into a clear and business-like shape a con-
cise view of its own particular grievance. Let
Mr. Hobhouse, or whoever else takes the matter
in hand, be furnished with these statements
without loss of time ; and le: the parties who
furnish them be prepared to authenticate them
before a Committee.—Morning Herald.
One of the principal causes of the iniquity and
oppression that prevail in the prisons of the me-
tropolis is the practice which allows gaolers to
extort fees for the " accommodation" of pri-
soners. This practice sanctions the worst sort of
rapacity, the plunder of captives. It steels the
hearts of gaolers more than anything else, it makes
them look upon those who are intrusted to their
custody as beings handed over to their dens to
.be fleeced and preyed upon by them in every pbs-
sible way. Even in Houses of Correctior,
which are prisons not merely for safe custody,
but for punishment, it appears that " accommo-
dation-money" is taken from those who can
afford to give it, to purchase a relaxation of the
severity of the law, so that in these places the
greatest rogue is likely to be best off. The
petty-larceny knave must bear the lash of justice
with all its terrors, while the robber on a grander
scale knows how to soften down her awful frown
into something of more benignant expression.
At the meeting of the Middlesex Magistrates the
other day, the visiting Justices of the House of
Correction reported that two culprits had effected
their escape under circumstances calculated to
throw blame on the gaoler and officers. The mode
of escape, in fact, rendered the proceeding
very suspicious, and some of the Magistrates re-
probated in strong terms the "gross negligence"
which rested somewhere ; but Sir Jas. Williams
said it had been more than hinted that superior
acommodation was to be had for a consideration
in the House of Correction. Nobody could say
how far this disposition to accommodate might
go. He wished this matter to be made a part
of any inquiry that might take place upon the
subject. Thus we see how much inquiry is still
wanting into the state of prisons, notwithstand-
ing all that we have heard of late years of Par-
liamentary Inquiries, Committees of Prison Dis-
cipline, and Philanthropic Reforms, without
any reference to the case in question, which we
do not wish to prejudge, as it is now under offi-
cial investigation. We do not hesitate to say
that gaolers who receive " accommodation-
money," to mitigate the terrors of punishment
to criminals who can pay, will not find it diffi-
cult to accept a bribe to connive at their escape.
But, whether we look at the system of our gaols
for debtors or for criminals, all seems to move
upon the pivot of venality. The fees in the one
place, and the aecommodation,money in the
other, ale " part and parcel" of a system dis-
graceful to the country. Why should a debtor
be unable to procure even the convenience of a
decent lodging within the prison to which the
law sends him, unless he pays, under the name
of a fee, to a gaoler ? Why should those
debtms, who are so throughly insolvent that they
cannot pay those fees, be left to the mncrcy of
the turnkeys ?—nid.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.

BOW-STREET.

Yesterday a gentleman waited upon Sir R.
BIRNIE, to give information of the following aggra-
vated highway robbery, accompanied with violence,
which was perpetrated on Saturday evening last,
between Woolwich and Deptford.
The gentleman stated, that the person who bad
been attacked and ill-treated was a Mr. Coulson, a
pianoforte-maker, who resides at Brewer's-green,
Westmiester. On the morning of Saturday he left
home for Woolwich, on business, and at pine o'clock
in the evening he went to the coach-office for the
purpose of taking his passage to town, when he
was informed that the last coach had just started,
and was told to go by the lower road to the Black
Hulse public-house, where the coach generally stop-
ped for a few minutes. Mr. Coulson followed the
direction, but found, on arriving at the Black Horse,
that the coach had just left, and that he could pro-
curs no other conveyance. Being an old man, and
finding that be must walk to town, he naturally
wished to be protected on the road, and asked if
any of the police patrol were at hand, but was an-
swered in the negative. While Mr. Coulson was
conversing with the people of the house, he ob-
served two countrymen and a tall man in top boots,
who had the appearance of a servant out of place,
drinking at the bar. They immediately proposed to
accompany Mr. Coulson as far as Deptford, to
which place they said they were proceeding.—
They accordingly walked with him as far as the
turnpike-gate between Woolwich and Deptford,
when his three companions began to hustle each
other, apparently in sport. Mr. Coulson observed
to them that lie was an old man, and would take the
middle of the road,, upon which the tall man went
over to him and kept walking by his side, observing
that he was a servant looking for a situation, which
he shortly expected to obtain, in the house of a gen-
tleman in Bedford-equare. The other two men
were a short distance behind, and on arriving at a
gloomy part of the road, one of them rushed sud-
denly upon him and knocked him down. The three
men then knelt upon him and beat him in a dreadful
manner about the head and face, apparently with a
view to render him insensible. They then robbed
him of his watch and 11. 15s. in money. NT. Coal•

son lay for a considerable time in a state of insensi-
bility, and then, with considerable difficulty, pro-
ceeded towards town. lie arrived at Westminster-
bridge in a weak and exhausted state, and made
known to the watchman there the manner in which
he had been robbed and ill-trated.

Sir R. BiamE, after observing that the robbery
appeared to have been one of a most aggravated
description, asked if Mr. Coulson himself was not
able to come forward and give hit evidence as to
the above facts ?

The gentleman observed that be had been so
dreadfully ill-used as to render medical aid necessary.
Sir R. BIRNIE immediately wrote to Mr. Day, of
Whitehall, under whom the patrol stationed upon
the road in question are appointed to act, in order
that immediate steps may be taken to bring the of-
fenders to justice.