The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-20 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TU} SDAV MORNING, SEPTEMBER 20, 1842.

must, we apprehend, their inferiority to the rest
of their countrymen be -referred to a similar
origin. The notion of a.tenant-at-will is that of
a dependant man, half a slave. The bulk of the
farmers of England are tenants-at-will and half
slaves. From the more ancient times—and the
fact seems not now to be altered—to escape from
the country and to find a refuge iu towns, was to
be emancipated from the thraldom of the land-
lords. In the towns a man takes part in electing
the Magistrates, or they are appointed by the
Crown ; in the country the Magistrates are
those very landlords whose tenants-at-will the
farmers are. In Scotland the squires or landlords
do not administer law as well as let land, and the
farmer there has, in the Sheriff or his Depute, a
means of defence against the squire, which every
farmer in England wants.
Down to a certain period in our history, and
probably in the history of all Europe, the clergy
being the direct heirs of the knowledge of anti-
quity, both instructed and, to some extent, de-
fended the working agriculturist against the
squire. - They did not need the aid of the law to
make good their tights and their claims; they
had an inherent power, which they directed
against the landlords ; but xvben the rest of the
community came to gather as much knowledge
as the clergy, when for the purposes of this life
the vulgar had far surpassed their teachers, and
those teachers had to look to the law ex-
elusively for the defence of their property, the
clergy of necessity made common cause with the
squire, and both formed a league against the
farmer and labourer. In England, owing to the
great wealth of the Church, the pastoral office
is filled, as the rule, by the children of the
gentry; and the clergy have thus strong class,
as well as professional, motives for siding with
the gentry against the farmers.
In Scotland, the ministers are the children of
farmers, schoolmasters, and ministers ; and if
they have to look to landlords as patrons, they
invariably cherish sympathies with the class
from which they spring. Hence in Scotland the
farmers have, in an independent magistracy-
and in a clergy not allied with the squires, two
elements of independence; and so have the
townspeople of England, which the farmers
of England want. By the union of
the powers of the magistracy with the
ownership of land, and the league be-
tween the landlords and the priests, there is
realised in the agricultural districts of England
a complete and irresponsible tyranny, which
subdues, heart and soul, all who are under it. The
independent yeomen -of England are, in truth
and fact, little better than mental slaves. Hence
their inferiority, till they emancipate them-
selves by a residence in towns.
To causes like these do we ascribe that general
want of energy in our farmers, of which the
superiority of the Scotch is a sign.
Whoever has passed any time in our agri-
cultural districts must know that between
covenants or customs, jealously enforced by the
squire or his steward between payments
of rates and payments of wages—between the
meddling control :of the priest and the squire,
the farmer is a poor, dependent, worried man,
who has no mind or thought for anything,
but how to pay his rent, and keep on
quiet terms with his masters. No education
could, we believe, make them .better farmers till
they become more independent men. How in-
dependence is to be conferred on them we will
not now inquire ; but we are sure that the Corn-
laws, which always make them promise a larger
rent than they can pay, and which place them at
the mercy of the landlords, is one of the main
causes of their inferiority to the rest of their
countrymen.

The clerical bigots of Dublin are making a
somewhat ludicrous tool of the Protestant Opera-
tires' Association. That very learned and de-
liberative body are made to publish an address
of several columns to the members of the Uni-
versity, to guide them in the selection of a can-
didate to represent the " Silent Sister" in Par-
liament. This, as SAM WELLER would say, is
46 coming it rayther strong ;" but the Dublin
Operatives are not the boys to stick at trifles.
Apmed with the Homilies, the Thirty-nine
Articles, and headed by the Rev. Mr. GREGG,
they give the Roman Catholics such a slashing,
by way of setting the University an example of
the right way to go to work with Popery, as
must astonish the oldest heads in Trinity Col-
lege. Having drubbed the POPE to their heart's
content, and all who do not verily and indeed
believe him to he ANTI-CHRIST, they put the
following pretty stein g of pithy queries to the
members of the University :
"First—Shall isolators continue to desecrate the
proceedings of our Legislature—to concentrate the
forces of infidelity against the Church of Christ—to
raise the loud laugh against every appeal to the Word of
God--to render it impossible but that the State should
pander to their feelings in every ecclesiastical appoint-
ment ?

" Secondly—Shall the national money be disbursed
to maintain an institution which not only inculcates
idolatry, but rears up men to be its propagators ?
" Thirdly—Shall men be pensioned as Chaplains in
the Army and Navy, in the gaols and workhouses, to
perform a 'worship offensive to God Almighty—to
destroy the souls which, as a Christian State, we should
labour to save ?

"Fourthly—Shall the National Board of Educa-
tion in Ireland—shall the Committee of Privy Council
of Education in England, say to the teachers of the
youth of the nation, Ye shall neither expose nor de-
nounce idolatry—ye shall suffer it to be inculcated in
the minds of those who are deluded by it.
"Fifthly—Shall the seat of justice be polluted by
men who arc idolators—who hold it as an obligation
paramount to every other to further the interests and
fulfil the will 'of their church—and who believe that
to do this is righteousness ?
" Sixthly—Shall zeal for the truth of God continue
to be a disparagement in' this Christian nation ?
shall the Protestant operative or tradesman who is
rejected by the population because of his love of truth,
and to Britain, the land of truth, and of his desire to
raise up his own country to that noble condition
which truth alone can confer—shall his principles
find no preference in our Protestant State—shall he
be left by that Stat 3 to pine when its honours and its
rewards are conferred upon the enemy ?"
It is expected, of course, that answers to each
and all of these questions will be duly returned,
signed by the Provost in the name and on behalf
of the University. The range .is somewhat dis-
cursive, but the graduates of the hod and the
hammer are not remarkable for a strict appli-
cation of the rules of school logic. One slight
difficulty was overlooked by the Associated
Operatives in preparing these questions,
and that was to ascertain whether the
members
them
i he t t
eorf
ththaenth m 'Universityseir e 3 could
is answerrath rather
r
e
. It
too much too expect the eradication of
the reli-
gion of seven minions of people from the zeal of
the heads of a College and a society of operatives,
with funds to no more than the modest amount
of twenty shillings and ninepence, including
fifteen shillings and sixpence magnanimously
subscribed by the Protestant Operatives of South..
wark ; but it is something to make the attempt,
something to revile and exasperate them, and
make them feel as uncomfortable as possible. •
As regards the University election, about which
the Protestant " boys" of Dublin are so anxious,
the Evening Mail says that the result of Mr.
HAMILTON'S canvass, assured to him in writing,
—presents a most decisive majority of the
whole of the electors. Even the Irish Govern-
ment, then, is not enough to cope with
the bigots of the Dublin University. Mr. HA-
MILTON is pledged to oppose the Education grant
and the grant for Maynooth, and hence his popu-
larity in the Irish seat of learning. But it will
not do. The. neck of the old Tory party is
broken, and broken, too, by that darling of the
Irish Orangemen, Sir It. PEEL.

We publish in another• part of The Sun highly
important news from the Cape of Good Hope,
respecting the hostilities at Port Natal. Captain
SMITH'S division was relieved by a British force,
after his camp had been a month surrounded by
the Boors, and his men were compelled to feed
upon horseflesh. The Boors fled inland, and
were attacked by the savage Caffres, by wham,
it is to be feared, this thriving and industrious
colony of Dutch settlers will be extirpated.

Wo think the En.:4lish Government -rend

blame for its conduct with regard to thus&' iio,ir
emigrants. The details will be read with interest.

The mission of Lord ASHBURTON to the United
States embraced a variety of topics, the most
important of which, beyond all doubt, was the
settlement the Boundary. line. No progress
whatever hactbeen made for half a century in the
negotiations respecting this disputed question ;
the adjustment was every day becoming more
difficult from-the increasing value of the land on
the banks of the St. John river, and its tribu-
tary streams, and unless concessions had been
made on both sides, the affair would in all pro-
bability have been left to that most dan-
gerous and capricious of all arbitrators—
the sword. A compromise, therefore, was
infinitely . preferable, if that could be
made without loss of honour, and prejudice to
the great object the British Government had in
view, a convenient and secure road from Nova
Scotia to Quebec. Though we should on this
account chiefly have preferred the old line
claimed by England, as affording a more direct
and perhaps more convenient communication be-
tween the Colonies, it must be borne in mind
that, without going to law or going to war, the
parties to disputed questions cannot get all they
want ; and that iwnine cases out of ten a refer-
ence to a disinterested arbitrator is found
not only the cheapest but the most
friendly *ay of settling the misunderstand-
ing. This plan was adopted ; the question was
referred to the late King of HOLLAND,
and the line now agreed to, he will be rejoiced
to hear, is nearly that fixed by his MAJESTY.
It is, in fact, a conventional line, as it was found
impossible to give a decision in any other way
which should he in conformity with the words of
the Treaty of 1783, and the features of the coun-
try as understood at that period ; and in justice
to Lord ASHBURTON, it is necessary to remind
those who impugn his conduct, that, with a slight
exception, the Government of Lord GREY, in
1831, was willing to accept this conventional line.
The new boundary, therefore, runs nearly half
way between the lines claimed by the respective
countries, and at the point nearest Canada,
may be twenty-five miles from the St. Lawrence,
but this is only for a short distance, all the re-
maining portion of it running towards the north-
west, being from forty to eighty miles distant
from that river. We shall thus have a secure
road to Quebec, and though not the shortest we
could desire, it is satisfactory to know that the
arrangement has been made in an amicable man-
ner, and has settled a troublesome question,
which, if it had remained open for a few years,
would to a certainty have involved two kindred
and powerful nations in a bloody war. Great
blame also is attached to Lord ASHBURTON for
allowing the Americans to navigate the St. John
through the • British territory to the sea. This
objection certainly comes with a bad grace, when
it is known that one of the great principles
which this country has maintained is, that these
vast rivers are highways for all nations, and that
the Government of Great Britain has so stre-
nuously urged this point on the King of HOL-
LAND in reference to the Rhine. Do the persons,
too, who urge this objection forget that two na-
tions are benefited by mutual intercourse, and
that granting this right to the Americans will
increase the trade and commerce of St. John and
the other towns along the Bay of Fundy? The
other questions, too,
have been settled in a way
which throws no discredit on the British Minis-
ter. It is of some importance to bind the Ame-
ricans for a term of years to keep a large force
on the African coast for the suppression of the
slave trade ; and a treaty for delivering up cri-
minals has always been anxiously desired by the
commercial people of England. As regards the
affair of the Creole, Lord ASHBURTON said he
could make no stipulations whatever on that
subject ; and he expressed deep regret that
any necessity should have made necessary
the invasion of the American territory by the
capture and destruction of the Caroline.
Some of the American writers call this an apo-
logy, while his Lordship in the same paragraph
states that the British authorities were com-
pelled, by the necessity of self-defence, to have
recourse to such a severe reprisal. It is that sort
of apology which a father makes to a son after
using the rod of correction, and is expressed in
I regret exceedingly that I
words like these :—"
have been compelled to punish you, but your own
bad conduct has brought you into trouble, and I
hope you will behave better for the future."

There is still a dearth of news in the French
journals—for there is nothing novel in the abuse
of England by the Republican Press. With the
National, however, this is a standing topic—an
inexhaustible mine available in all emergencies
of the Press.

The Phararnond, which left Algiers on the 10th,
arrived at 'Marseilles at eleven at night on the 12th.
Troops had been embarked at Algiers for Cherchell,
they are to second the movements of General Chan-
gamier, who is gone towards Fenez, to chastise the
tribe of Beni-Menasse. General Bugeaud is gone to
Oran to make arrangements in concert with General
Bedeau and d'Arbouville, and to direct the move-
ments of troops which are going to take place to
expel the Arabs and to relieve General Lamoriciere,
who experiences some difficulties at Mascara.
rosecuted with extreme acti-
vity. toryiri.h' se
ilAn\-ktobhraeLPoeofnr ttahrneer e 8 thPof September, says—" The
employed day and night simul-
taneously on the mole, the jetty, and the quays. We
are assured that the project adopted for the mole is a
plan of M. Pairel and Mr. Bernard."
We have to announce the failure of the house of
Lubinsky and Co., of Dantzic; their liabilities are
considerable. This is another victim of the new
English Corn-laws.— commerce.

BOURSE--PARIS, SATURDAY, SEPT. 17.
First Highest Lowest Last
Price. Price. Price. Price.
French Fives (ex div.) 118 75... 118 75... 118 60... 118 65
3 per Cents.... 80 ... 80 10... 80 ... 80 10
Bank of France ......... 3265
.75324675
50...5047 50.
...3265 ....53024675
50
Laflitte Bank 5,000f...5047 50:0
Belgian 8ank............ 780 ... 780
... 780 ... 780
Belgian Fives ............ 104 ... 104 ... 104 ... 104
1840..... 105 ... 105
... 105 .., 105
Spanish 'Active ...... ... 22
224 224 22
Portuguese Fives ...... 304
...
... 30
... 30 ... 30
Dutch 2i per Cents... 53i ... 53i 53 ... 53i
Neapolitan... ............ 107 40... 107 45... 107 40... 107 45
... :::
Passive •••—•
Roman ... ............... lo.ri,
... 105 ... mii ... 105

RAILWAY SHARES
Versailles R.B ...... ..• 250
... 250 ... 250 .250
Rouen
Orleans. 575 575 575 ... 5;5
Strasburg to 8a1e....., 205 ... 205 ... 202 50... 203 75
...

THE SLAVE TRADE,_TREATV WITH PORTUGAL.
or
al for the suppression —À second Suppletnetit to the Gazette, published last
night, contains the treaty entered into between this
country and Ptug of the traffic
in slaves, signed at Lisbon, on July 3d last, and rati-
fied at Lisbon and London, ' July 30 ; and it also
contains an Order in council, passed on August 27th,
for executing the provisions of the treaty.
COMNIENCEIvrEN-
T DAy.—The Atnerican papers re-
ceived by the Britannia steamer, state that this imposing
ceremony at New
Brunswick, N.J.' took place on
1, the 27th ult. '
-he May•ol' seal Town Council, together
with the heads of Itutye;s College, the several classes
of students, and the gfeater portion of the higher and
middling classes of inhabitants, amounting to near three
thousand, went in the usual procession to the Dutch
Reformed Church, when the labours of the day com-
menced. After file degrees had been conferred, an
oration on the Character of Wilberforce, together with
the valedictory, „.as pronounced by James Chipchase
(on whom the " first-honour" was conferred), of Rose
Hall, New Jersey, and the exercises closed with the
Benedict by
„President Carnahan, of the College of New
Jersey. 12" Noe York American observes of the
oration :—" It wat, one of the most tasteful and elegant
performances of the kind to which we have ever listened
on kindred occasions. Elegantly written, imbued with
a sweet and lofty spirit, and chastely delivered, and pro-
nounced the best of kind ever delivered on
speech thethat stage."
THE SHIPPIxG TNTEREST. —We hear loud
.com-
plaints of the depression which this interest, in common
with the other
.0
~reat interests connected with trade, is
now suffering, Prelo:h•te from foreign ports, besides
being scarce, are lower than they have ever been known
before ;
white, at home, freights are not only low, but
cargoes with difficult made U. So scarce, indeed, is
employment fur sh'Y •
pp ix even at rates which will
scarcely. pay freightl';nidn'Charges, the number of ships
laid up in LiVerpeol akin, is beyond all past experience.
In most of the docks there are unemployed vessels and
vessels on sale ; bt.t the Brunswick Dock, large as it is,
has, if not two-thirds, certainly more than half of its
space OCCUphild by ships of large tonnage with brooms,
the sign of being on safe, at their mast-heads. The west
side is wholly filled with' tiers of vessels on sale, and on
the adjoining
quay all traffic has ceased. We have
heard it mentioned, that one firm alone has from ten to
twelve thousand-tons of shipping thus laid up,--Liverpool
Albion,

•Ft Aq u 4
:5i,;1,1

AND

VI tc Opinton.

" Who runs may read.'

:~ G_)r E3~r~ri,

We find it stated in Galignani s Messenger that M.
Dubost, one of the heads of the French Post-office,
left Paris on Thursday for London. This gentleman
is charged by the Government to negotiate a new
Post-office treaty on a much larger and more liberal
basis than the existinc, one. The arrangements con-
templated in M. Dubost's mission extend also, we un-
derstand, to the more rapid transmission of the Indian
mail from Marseilles and to the putting an end to the
vexatious delays and difficulties which the couriers of
the London Pr-ess have hitherto experienced in carry-
ing their despatches through France.
The Courrier Francais, on the contrary, announces
that Lord Lowther had visited Paris for the purpose of
making new arrangements for the conveyance of the
Indian mail, which was no longer to proceed through
France after the expiration of the convention signed
by the Post-offices of the two countries. " The
mails," it says, " will hereafter be landed at Venice
or Trieste. This will be highly prejudicial to our
country, and by no means advantageous to the Eng-
lish ; but, although the distance be longer by that
road than through France, their correspondence will
follow it in preference, in order to avoid the delays and
vexations of every description which their couriers
have experienced in France. Such is the result of the
impediments opposed to commercial and political re-
lations by a narrow-minded and teasing Adminis-
tration."

The Commerce has the following :—" A Belgian
journal of high Conservative principles gives a letter
from Paris, in which the following passage occurs :
It is generally believed that M.. Thiers will proceed
to the end with his new plans. He saw that the
death of the Duke of Orleans put an end to the
course of policy of which he hoped to be the repre-
sentative, and he suddenly returned to his ideas of
1834. A war policy is at present impossible,' says
M. Thiers to his friends. I shall enter into a policy
of canals, and railroads, and material interests, such
as the commercial and manufacturing Government of
the United States are busy with.' In addition, he
will not any longer listen to electoral reform, nor a
revision of the Jaws of September, nor to anything
which is connected even distantly with the politics
of the Left. If ,yob knew with what profound dis-
dain the poor Left is treated by all the men who re-
volve around M. Thiers, and who regulate their con-
duct by the words of their master !'
Upwards of 800 men of literature and science are
expected to attend the Scientific Congress at Stras-
burg, which will be opened on the 28th inst. The
Town Council has voted a sum of B,ooof. to be ex-
pended in the entertainment of these numerous and
illustrious visitors of all nations.

The Constitutionnel has the following :—"M. Olo-
zaga, the Spanish Ambassador to France, has left
Madrid for Brussels, on a mission of importance to
the Belgian Government: From Brussels he is to go
into Holland to negotiate a treaty of commerce. It
is added
_that the Spanish Government, desirous of
restoring its navy, has authorised him to propose an
exchange of a certain number of Dutch ships for an
adequate quantity of timber from theforests of Spain.
Spain, it is well known, was in the last century one of
the most powerful maritime powers of Europe. In 1717,
' when she contemplated the conquest of Sicily and Sar-
dinia, she was able to equip a fleet of 22 ships of the line,
3 frigates, 4 galleys, and 340 transports, in which
were embarked 30,000 soldiers, irfantry and cavalry.
From a recent table of the navy, it appears to be re-
duced to 5 ships of the line, 3 or 4 frigates, and a few
schooners. That Spain owed her fall and ruin to
England is unquestionable. It would, however, be
advantageous to France, and restore the balance of
power in Europe, if Spain were to resume her ori-
ginal rank among nations, when her influence would
be available in the present state of politics."
Admiral Hugon arrived at Toulon on the 14th inst.,
with his squadron, from the Hyeres Islands. The
Phaeton steamer is undergoing repairs in that port,
for the purpose, it is said, of taking on board Admiral
Baudin, the Maritime Prefect, who is about to pro-
ceed on a tour of inspection along the coast, and visit
the batteries of Provence and Languedoc.
The Madrid journals of the 10th inst. are devoid of
news. The Eco del Comercio announces that the
Minister of Finance, being convinced of the impos-
sibility of putting his plans into execution, was on the
point of sending in his resignation. A letter from
Malaga of the 3d speaks of some serious disturbances
having occurred at Motril, but gives no details ; a
detachment of infantry and cavalry had been directed
towards that point.
It was rumoured that General Rodil was on the
point of exchanging the Ministry of War for the
Captaincy-General of the island of Cuba, which
General 'Valdes is obliged to resign on account of ill
health ; and that General Alcala, the Military Com-
mander of the Basque provinces, would be appointed
Captain-General of the Philippine Islands.
Messrs. Arguelles and Count D'Ofalia were dan-
gerously ill.
The Augsburgh Gazette confirms the news of a re-
"volution in Servia, and states that it took place on the
4th and sth of September. Prince Michael at first
took refuge at Belgrade, but as the insurgents marched
on that city, he passed the Austrian frontier to pro-
ceed to Semlin. The same journal states that the
tribunals of Wallachia have condemned to death Vo-
gorides, the head of the conspiracy which burst out
last year at Braila, and nine other individual. As
those men are not Reyes, the punishment has not
been carried into effect, and they have been given up
to their respective Consuls. Vogorides was delivered
into the hands of the Greek Consul, and was carried
away on the 20th ult. to Greece, whero he is to under-
go his punishment.