The Sun.
London, England, 1842-12-29 00:00:00

PUBLICATIONS.

GIFT FOR THE SEASON.
In I Vol„ foolscap Bvo. cloth, with gilt leaves, price 3s. 6d.
THE ART of CONVERSATION, with accom-
panying Thoughts on Manners, Fashion, and Address.
By Captain ORLANDO SABRETASH.
•• We hesitate not to recommend Captain Sabretash's smart
little volume."—Court Journal.

" The volume overflows with humour, good sense, and good
advice."—United Service Gazette.
G. W. Nickisson, 215, Regent-street (Successor to the late
James Fraser).

MAGAZINE, REVIEW,: AND !ECCLESIASTICAL
REGISTER.
THE lIR.ITISII MAGAZINE
" Contains a mass of Religious and Ecclesiastical In-
formation, that may be looked for in vain in any other pe-
riodical. It is a perleet storehouse of ecclesiastical information."
—Cambridge Chronicle.
" It increases monthly in popularity with the clergy."--.
Oxford Herald.

Published on the Ist of each Month, price 2e. 6d.
The JANUARY NUMBER will contain a MAP of the
DIOCESE of GLOUCESTER and BRISTOL ; Two En-
gravings of the proposed restorations at 'St. Mary, Redcliffe
Church, and one of Herne Church, Kent.
Supplied by all Booksellers.

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UNDER THE IMMEDIATE and SPECIAL PATRON-
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RAL.

Now Published, in imperial octavo, price 255., embellished
with a Map of London, prepared expressly for the
Work, by WYLD. of Charing-cross,
THE COMPLETE EDITION OF
THE POST-OFFICE LONDON DIREC-
TORY for 1843, of which the following are some of the
most important Contents :-
1. OFFICIAL DIRECTORY, giving an Alphabetical List
of the 6,000 Government and Public Officers, the Privy Coun-
cillors, the Chief Officers of State, Foreign Ministers and Con-
suls in England. and the British Consuls abroad.
2. STREET DIRECTORS', the only published List which
exhibit, at one view the Nobility, Members of the House of
Commons, all other Gentry and Non-Professional Persons, as
well as Merchants, Professional Persons, Traders, and Trades-
men.
3. Costsizacian DIRECTORY, or General Alphabetical
Arrangement of Merchants, Bankers, Bcrristers, Attorneys,
Tradesmen, &c. The only published List which contains
the Christian and Surname of each Partner in every Firm at
its proper alphabetical position, with a reference to the Firm,
which appears as usual at the place of the Senior Partner.
4. CoIJILT DlRlCTORY,including the Gentry of the Northern
and Southern as well as of the Western Environs of the Me-
tropolis.
5. Taanns DIRECTORY, a Classified Arrangement of the
2,000 Trades of London ; in which will be found a List of
Commercial Travellers.
6. Law DIRECTORY, giving exclusively the Jurisdiction
and Arrangement of all the Law and Police Courts, with their
hours of business.
7. PARLIAMENTARY DIRECTORY, with the Peers arranged
in their order of precedence ; and also alphabetically with their
various offices and distinctions ; surnames of Peers, Members
of the House of Commons, with full names, Country Seats, &c.
8. POSTAGE DIRECTORY, corrected to the present time, in
which are tables showing the precise time of delivery of a let-
ter at any place in England and Wales ; the names of all the
Country Postmasters ; the nearest Money Order Office to every
street in the metropolis. 'iew System of West India Mails,
with all the arrangements of the Post-office.
9. CONVEYANCE DIRECTORY, corrected from the best au-
thorities, and including; among much other important mat-
ter, an alphabetical List of all Coaches now leaving London,
and their respective routes.'
10. BANNING DIRECTORY, with all the Bankers and Joint-
stock Banks of the United Kingdom, compiled from info, ma-
tion fut nished by all the most eminent banking establishments
o' the metropolis,
l he MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION is very copious, and
includes Li-is of all the C, ty Officers, Aldermen, &c., the Lon-
don and Country Newspapers, with their circulation, Churches
and Chapels of the Metropolis, and a complete List of the Pro-
vincial Inns throughout F-ngland and Wales.
The SMALLER EDITION, price 12s. ed., is now ready, and
either book mar be procured from any Bookseller in Town or
Country, or if desired for inspection in London, it may be
ordered of any General Post Letter Carrier, who, should the
work not he retained, will receive it hack without charge. In
the event of any difficulty being experienced, its prompt trans-
mission may be ensured by a communication to the Publishers,
NV. Kelly and Co., 19 and 20, Old Boswell• court, London.
" The plaintiff's publication was one of considerable bulk,
and most probably of great utility ; and so Vie Vice-Chancel-
lor of England must have thought by granting the injunction
ex parte, and continuing that. proceeding upon motion made to
dissolve it."—Vide Times of 20th December, 1841 : Judg-
ment of his Honour Vice-Chancellor Knight Bruce, confirming
the injunction obtained against the " Post-office Almanac" for
pirating '' Post-office Directory."
The following Reviews have already appeared of the Direc-
tory for the year, 1843 :
The Times, December 21, 1842.—The volume compiled un-
der the direction of Mr. Kelly, and published by Kelly and
Co. for the approaching year, possesses all the information by

which its predecessor for the present year is distinguished, and
in addition has an excellent map of London and the environs
prefixed to the letter-press. The volume for 1842 was re-
markable foe the great accuracy with which all things relating
to the residences and offices and places of business of commer-
cial men were collected, and presented to the reader and in-
quirer in a way that at once made him acquainted with what
he was in search of. The volume of the year about to come is
equally correct. This correctness is the great disideratum, and
the great feature of the work. The rest of the information,
equally important, is equally well arranged and presented to the
reader. Altogether this is a very complete volume, and one
which no countinghouse, and scarcely any shop of extensive
business, can be without. As a book of reference it is indis-
pensable, and to persons in trade a safeguard from imposture
and false representations.
Morning Chronicle, December 2, 1842.—This important
and most useful work goes on improving from year to year. In
taking up the volume for the present year, one would have sup-
posed that there was little room for improvement, from the
completeness of its information in all departments. However,
r in the volume for 1843, we find that several a Iditions have been
made. The Court Directory is considerably extended, so as
to include the gentry of the northers' and southern suburbs ;
and what is called the Conveyance "Directory appears to be
much enlarged, and presents a very complete account of the
means of travelling. There are other changes, which it is un-
necessary to particularise. The work, as we hare stated on
former occasions, is a most valuable one, and may be considered
indispensable in every place where business is transacted.
Morning Herald, December 1, 1812.—This is the forty-
fourth annual publication of this useful work, and, on examina-
tion, we find it improved ever' upon the former volumes. The
roferenees are more a nple, the general arrangements more com-
plete, and in all its details it is more elaborate. Extending
over a space of upwards of 1,600 pages, it contains everything
necessary for a Directory of the largest commercial city in the
world, and moreover includes the Court end, a feature never so
carefully illustrated before in a work of this nature. The map
which accompanies it embraces a wide circuit, and includes the
most important suburbs of London. It is, moreover, very well
executed.
Sun, December 2, 1842.—We have had frequent occasion
to call public attention to the comprehensive plan and excel-
lent arrangements of this useful work, and in these respects
have little new to add. It is satisfactory, however, to state,
that Mr. Kelly, the proprietor, not ungrateful for the exten-
sive patronage it has justly acquired, has adopted many new
im. rovements, and by simplifying some of the details, and
making numerous additions, has this year rendered it the most
complete Directory ever published. Of these we select the
following :—The full names of each partner in every firm
appear at his proper alphabetical position, with a reference to
the firm, which likewise appears as before. This will remedy
an inconvenience complained of, that unless the leading
partner's name was remembered, a firm could not be referred
to. A list of the principal hotels, taverns, and commercial
inns throughout England and Wales has been compiled, the
landlord's name being in each ease added. In the Trades'
Directory some new lists have been added, the longest of which
is Travellers' ( Commercial). The Street Directory has been
much enlarged, and now embraces a much wider extent. The
Court Directory also takes a much wider range than in the
last edition, and includes some thousands of names not con-
tained in any other book. The proprietor, from his access to
official documents, and the assistance liberally afforded by the
Post-office authorities, has great advantages, and consequently
has been enabled to furnish a vast amonnt of information, all
of which has been collected within the last 70 days, by re-
sponsible agents, possessing local knowledge. It is accom-
panied by an excellent map of London, by Wyld ; it extends
to 1,558 pages, 112 more than in the edition of last year, and
forms altogether a most valuable book of reference.
Railway Magazine, Dec. 3. 1842.--This is one of the most
extraordinary works of the day; year after year the Post-
office Directory grows upon us, not diminishing in value, as
its predecessors did, but each time presenting information
more correct and more copious. To specify all, or even any
great portion of the improvements in the volume for this year,
would be impossible; for every page gives evidence of the care,
skill, and enterprise of its conductors. The Commercial Di-
rectory and Court Directory seem very much enlarged, and in
addition to the previous references and classification, are oe-
companied with an engraved Map of London. Among the
novelties we may specify the insertion of the name of each
partner in a firm at the place where his name would appear
were he in business for himself; the addition to the Court.
Directory of the environs north and south of London ; the in-
sertion of the names of all Postmasters in the list, showing
the return of post • list of Commercial Travellers, &c. We
had almost thought that the Law and Conveyance Directories
had been incapable of improvement, but we were equally sur-
prised and gratified to find that great accessidns have been made
to them. The Postage Directory is not only valuable from,
its exclusive information, but from the exertions made to keep
pace with the improvements of that department and the
changes in it. The Banking Directory and the Lists of
Public Companies, with the names of their secretaries, the in-
formation as to the public offices of all kinds, are carried out to
such an extent as to be of the greatest advantage to those en-
gaged in the transaction of public or commercial business. The
Parliamentary Directory shows an equal advance with the other
departments, and indeed no department is behindhand with the
progress of events and the march of improvement. To detail
the merits of this work, in fact, is to recommend it to public
support, which is scarcely' necessary, for few can fail to appre-
ciate the energy, skill, and enterprise of its conductors.
The Spectator, December 3, 1842.—This storehouse of
business information continues to enlarge. Among its addi-
tions and improvements are a very considerable extension of
the " Court Directory" so as to include other points of the
compass besides the west. The north and south of London are
now of " the Court courtly," as well as the western suburbs
from Notting-hill to Camberwell. All this is said to be pecu-
liar to the Post-office Directory ;" other professed " Court
Guides" are " exclusives." confining themselves to the west
end. A new map of London is another addition.
Shipping and Mercantile Gazette, December 13, 1842.
Each succeeding year seems to introduce some net and useful
feature into this most serviceable compilation. Then there are
distinct Directories, under the respective heads of " Court,"
" Parliamentary," " Street," " Postage." " Banking," Sce.,
leaving nothing to be required for the most important as well as
for the most ordinary occasions for reference. It is mere loss
of time and space to commend the " Post-office Directory," for
all purposes, over every other. There is no comparison, nor do
we know of any pretension to compete with it.
Weekly Dispatch, Dec. 4, 1842.—" The Pest-office London
Directory for 1843," published by Kelly and Co., Old Boswell-
court, is really a most gigantic undertaking, and has been ac-
complished with more than giant strength as regards increased
utility and general impprovement. In noticing the several di-
visions into which this really national work of reference is
classed, it is only necessary to take them seriatim as they ap-
pear in the volume ; and it is gratifying to state that under
every head a marked desire to render the work most perfect is
visible The Street Directory embraces a much wider extent
than in former editions, and nosy exhibits at one view all the
inhabitants of every street; an important addition is made to
the Commercial Directory, by the insertion of the names of all
the partners instead of the senior only, as heretofore has been
the custom. The Trade Directory is enlarged for the first
time by a list of commercial travellers, which must be a deside-
ratum to all connected with the trade of the provinces ; a list
of the principal hotels and inns throughout England and Wales,
with the names of the present landlords, has been added ; and
in the list of post towns the names of the several Postmasters
have been inserted. The Conveyance Directory has been en-
larget, and is made as perfect as the ever-changing and im-
proving nature of its subject will allow, and certainly affords at
the present time a very complete guide to the various modes of
travelling now in use. The Court, Official, City, Banking,
Postage, and Assurance Directories are equally entitled to en-
comium for the degree of labour that is manifested in the com-
pilation of each ; and it would be doinga great injustice to the
enterprising spirit and good faith of the Proprietors not to award
them the meed of our unqualified recommendation of this, we
might literally call it, stupendous work.
John Bull, December 3,1842.—1 n the Post-office London
Directory for 1843 there has been effected, that which we had
thought impossible, an improvement on the volume of the pre.
ceding year. The Court Directory which it gives has been
largely increased, and it now includes residents in the northern
and southern as well as in the western suburbs. The Convey-
ance Directory is unique, giving information as to every pos-
sible mode of conveyance by land or by water; and, in parti-
cular, every pains appear to have been taken to state the rail-
road time tables as correctly as their changing arrangements
will allow. A large, clear, admirably executed map of London,
engraved by the Messrs. Wyld, completes the work, which ought
to be called the Directory of Directories, oi, in Eastern phrase,
the Father of Directories.

Sunday Times, December 11, 1842.—This extraordinary
work is at once an Offieial, a Street, Commercial, Trade, Law,
Court, Parliamentary, Postage, City, Conveyance, and Bank-
ing Directory. Those accustomed to laborious compilations
can alone form a conception of the enormous industry requisite
to the production of such a work. Amid a countless variety of
matter we find named every inn throughout England and
Vales, a list of commercial travellers, the names of the post-
master of each town, the names of each partner of every firm—
(a most important addition)—for instance, Few, Hamilton,
and Few will be found under the respective letters F and H.
The Court Directory is the most perfect yet produced. In
this extraordinary work we have 1,635. pages of important
matter, and on an average 160 names in each page—i. e.,
261,000 in all—a prodigious undertaking.
Britannia, December 10, 1841.—Napo'eon, to whom we are
indebted for some very smart sayings, as well as for some
hundred millions of debt, used constantly to exclaim, when his
projecto were treated as impossible, Impossible ! that word
is not French." Every day we are becoming mere strongly
convinced that it is not English either, when employed to limit
the progress of human exertion and industry. Of all springs
of action enterprise appears to possess the most expansive
power, and to be the most constant and persevering in its
movements. No sooner does there seem the slightest possi-
bility that any object of general utility may be accomplished,
than it is at once undertaken, and, in nineteen cases out of
twenty, successfully prosecuted. Only a few years ago the
publication of such a book as this would have been pro-
nounced to be impossible. Think of a volume composed of
upwards of 1,600 closely-printed pages, and containing twice
or thrice as much matter as Johnson's Dictionary, being
completely produced in the space of a few weeks,
though every house in London and its suburbs has to be vi-
sited to procure the information it embodies, and every pub-
lic office that can be named has to supply its list of officers,
hours, &c. Conversant, as every person connected with a
newspaper must be, with the interior of a printing-office, we
own to a feeling of surprise at the rapid production of this work,
ard view it as the greatest marvel typography has yet achieved.
As for its contents, we leave those who have more talent for
detail than we pretend, to describe them. From experience
we know that there is no information which a directory can, by
any stret h of imagination, be supposed to give that is not
readily found here, and found almost in an instant. The ge-
neral arrangement, the indexes, the classification of names and
trades, all sin the work of reference, and help to effect a great
saving of time. In many respects the volume is superior to its
predecessors ; the information is more copious, the details
more exact, and the several departments more conveniently
arranged, Besides these improvements, we have a large and
beautifully executed map of London, which has been drawn
expressly for the work, and, for its size, is perhaps the most
comprehensive and exact that has ever been engraved. Alto-
Cether, it is one of the most surprising books which the inces-
sant activity of this age has called into being, and one of the
most useful that an inventive mind could devise for facilitating
the dispatch of business and securing accuracy. We give this
praise freely, because we are sure it is deserved.

COMPLETE SUFFRAGE CON-
FERENCE.

BIRMINGHAM, TUESDAY.—The Conference com-
menced this morning. The Council of the Con-
ference, who took upon themselves the arrangement
of the preliminaries for the meeting, intended to
hold the sittings of the body in the Town Hall ;
but the Commissioners of Birmingham, to whom is
entrusted the care of the building, refused to permit
its appropriation to this use, and the managers of the
exhibition were obliged to meet in a building in New-
hall-street, lately occupied by the Mechanics' Insti-
tution.
The Conference consists of about 280 representa-
tives from towns and villages in England, Wales,
and Scotland, and the period of the meeting has been
happily chosen, so as not to interfere in the slightest
w
degree with the progress of the holiday amusements
belong to the season. The assemblage is made
up of the two rival parties of Complete
.Suffragists and
Chartists, who are now contending for supremacy ; the
majority, however, consisting of mere nominees and
tools of Feargus O'Connor,
who, being the violent, is
of course the stronger party, and who have been elected
as delegates on the distinct understanding that they
consent to no compromise with the " Complete Suf-
frage humbugs," as Mr. Sturge and his friends are
termed by their opponents.
The delegates began to muster about half-past
dine, and shortly after ten o'clock, on the motion of
the Rev. THOMAS SPENCER, of Bath, seconded by
Mr. FEARGUS O'CONNOR,
Joseph Sturge, Esq.,
was called to the chair,
amidst very general cheering.
The CHAIRMAN then addressed the meeting, detail-
ing the circumstances under which the Council had
been compelled to arrange the meetings of the Con-
ference in the place in which they were then assem-
bled, the Commissioners of the town (a self-elected
body) having refused them the use of the Town-
hall, from the alarm which they felt at the progress
of their peaceful movement. As a proof, however,
that this feeling was not participated in by the repre-
sentatives of the rate-payers, Mr. Sturge read a me-
morial which had been addressed to the Commission-
ers by forty-three members of the Town Council,
praying that the Hall might be granted for the pre-
sentrequest had also been re-
fused.them but a very short time
meetings,
Helyn uldbduettatihne ir
with a few observations on the position of the Com-
plete Suffrage Union. Both himself and his friends
had been frequently urged by the working classes to
aid them in endeavouring to procure an equality of
political rights, but they replied that the name of
Chartism was so identified in the minds of nine-tenths,
of the middle classes with the ideas of violence and
bloodshed, that they could not join them while they
continued to act under this title. For his own part,
however, he believed that there was as large a num-
ber of peaceful men amongst the sincere and honest
Chartists, as in any body of individuals in the king-
dom ; yet he regretted to say that the conduct and
language of some professed friends to the People's
Charter, had given too much occasion for such an
opinion. He held it, however, to be the duty of
all not to be deterred from the bold and uncom-
promising advocacy of just legislation, although they
might condemn the means which some were too ready
to use for its attainment. It was with , these views
and under the circumstances he had referred to, that
the Complete Suffrage Union commenced its labours ;
and its main endeavours were intended,
jand had been
directed towards breaking down the prejudices of the
electors and the middle classes, in order that they
might be induced to grant full justice to their unen-
franchised countrymen. This union had been ce-
mented together by a solemn covenant to pursue the
great object which they had in view by just, peace-
ful, legal, and constitutional means, and only such.—
(Cheers.) The success they had already met with
gave good ground to hope that, by forbearance and
argument, they should do much to remove the aliena-
tion which had been so lamentably fostered and in-
creased by the events of the last few years.
Having adopted all the
six
involvedanyquestion of prin-
ciple in what was called " The People's Charter," he
hoped it would have removed at least all feeling of
po in ts at
whichtlie last
Conference
suspicion towards them from the minds of the true
friends of the people, and he thought on a review of
their proceedings they were entitled to claim credit
for honesty of intention until the contrary was proved
against them; but they were resolved not to be parties
to any steps whatever which involved the slightest
violation of their peaceful principles, or to ge further
in offending the prejudices of those at whose hands
they sought redress, than was called for by a firm
adherence to the claim of full justice for their fellow
men.—(Cheers.) Whilst men in power, professing
Christianity, like Lord John Russell, could, be justly
accused, as he was, by Sir Robert Peel, of inviting
one portion of the community to arm against another
—whilst he bribed the young men of their country to
engage by enlisting in a murderous crusade against
the unoffending people of China, and whilst the lead-
ing political journals vied with each other in scurri-
lity and falsehood. he (Mr. Sturge) could not wonder
that some in a different sphere were found to follow
so bad an example.—(Hear, hear.)
But such con-
duct was not Christian, and he wished emphatically
to assure that assembly (and, he believed, he spoke
the sentiments of every member of the Complete Suf-
frage Council), that they would never knowingly act
in union with any who recommended or countenanced
violence for the attainment of their objects. After
some further observations in recommendation of
peaceful agitation, and moderation in their language
(which the Chairman doubtless felt to be necessary
from the aspect of the piebald assembly before him),
Mr. Sturge concluded by saying that he would do
his best to act with strict impartiality ih the discharge
of his duty as Chairman, and whether they succeeded
or failed in the object they sought to accomplish, he
Was persuaded the great principles they advocated

Mr. J. H. PARRY then moved the appointment of
a Committee to investigate the claims of the delegates
in list No. 3 (comprising the representatives of six
towns).
Several propositions were made as to the best
mode of selecting the names of the Committee, and
it was at length decided that any delegate present
might propose another, and in this way 28 names
were handed into the Chairman.

The Rev. P. BREWSTER, a Scotch delegate, handed
in a list of nine names which he had previously pre-
pared, and proposed that they (being all Complete-
Suffrage men) should form the Committee.
Mr. F. O'CoNsoa said, as party spirit was about
to be displayed, he should feel it to be his duty to
move a counter-list, and handed in the names of nine
of his own party.
A very noisy discussion ensued, which lasted till
nearly four o'clock, when Mr. Brewster and Mr.
O'Connor withdrew their lists, and it was agreed that
the names of the 28 delegates handed in should be
taken indiscriminately, and those nine which had the
largest number of votes, should be constituted the
Committee.

The meeting, which at times was extremely noisy
and disorderly, then adjourned to six o'clock in the
evening.

POOR-LAW, IRELAND.
Mr. O'Connell has addressed a letter to the Poor-
law Guardians of the county of Cork, of which the
following are extracts :
Every body must admit that some dangers will
ensue in the working out of the present system.
Blood, alas ! has been already shed ; and, taking for
granted that the slayers on the recent occasion were
as guiltless as the circumstances would admit; yet
that very fact may, perhaps, give to every thinking
mind a stronger impression of impending perils. At
all events, it is a great deal more safe to apprehend
too much a future and contingent danger,than to have
that danger come on us unexpectedly, and without
preparation to meet the evil day.
The first proposition which I wish you to consider,
is this :—That there is not a single Irish person, either
in or out of the workhouse—either rate-payer or pauper,
who does not find fault with the present system.
The Irish people are for once unanimous.
The second proposition to which I solicit, my
Lords and Gentlemen, your attention, is this :—That
the present Poor-laws were introduced into Ireland most
inconsiderately, most incautiously—nay, in open defi-
ance of an emphatic caution the other way—there is
even something inexpressibly ludicrous in the history
of the transaction. There mixes the melancholy with
the absurd, in this matter, to an extent which could
occur only in Ireland.
The history of the transaction is short. The Whig
Government bethought themselves of giving Poor-
laws to this country, and, very properly, commenced
with appointing " Commissioners of Poor-law In-
quiry.' These persons were empowered to examine
upon oath into the state of poverty and destitution in
Ireland—that was the first step. These Commis-
sioners were occupied between two and three years in
the inquiry. They were persons of the highest re-
spectability. They at length published voluminous
reports of evidence and inferences. Their conclusion
was a strong recommendation that a great increase
should be made in medical and other charities ; but
they distinctly pointed out the total unfitness of the
condition of Ireland for any general system of Poor-
laws.

This report much displeased the Whig authorities.
Lord John Russell, of sourse, deemed himself wiser
than any combination of Irish Commissioners. He
determined to have a new inquiry. He, accordingly,
selected an adviser of his own—a man whose name is
but too familiar in Ireland—Mr. Nicholl. He made
him sole arbiter of the fate of Ireland.
Judge of the fitness of this appointment. This
Mr. Nicholl had been brought up in the naval ser-
vice of the East India Company. He, for many
years, commanded, with, I believe, integrity and
skill, a large ship engaged in traffic between England
and the East Indies. Mark this! A sea Skipper to
regulate Poor-laws for Ireland !! ! If we were not
divided among ourselves—but no matter.
Thus qualified, Mr. Nicholl was dispatched to Ire-
land. He spent, in investigating the state of the
country, an enormous length of time—" to wit," as
we, lawyers say—about nine weeks /—rather less. The
dates are these—Nicholl received in London his sail-
ing orders for Ireland from Lord John Russell on

the 22d of August, 1836. He visited Ireland, re-
turned to England, and drew up, prepared, and gave
in his full report before the 15th of November in the
same year. Was the like of it ever heard ? Alas !it
could happen only in Ireland—save only in
Ireland. He was whirled in a post-chaise, at
the public expense, from Dublin to Cork,
from Cork to Sligo, from Sligo to Belfast, and
thence, I believe, by a short sea, to Glasgow ; but,
to be sure, " his eye in a fine frenzy rolling" passed
over allzlreland. He calculated the number of poor-
houses, the number of paupers, the amount of ex-
pense, the quantity of rates ; in short he calculated
everything, and was accurate in nothing. But his
report was adopted—acted on—and our Poor-laws are
the legitimate, the natural consequence. How I pity
and despise the man who does not feel the force of
this statement.

Armed with this most potent and convincing in-
formation, 'Lord John brought in, and carried his
Poor-law ior Ireland. He had :against Poor-laws
a most deliberate and painfully minute Report by his
own Commissioners—men of the highest respecta-
bility. Ile flung that Report to the winds, and adop-
ted the result of that self-intuition with whitth any
Englishman, whether he be seaman or landsman, un-
derstands everything Irish better than the Irish them-
selves. Of course, my Lords and Gentlemen, you
submit to this superiority.
Before I quit this topic let it not be supposed that
I spurt favour from any Of you by my bitter blame of
the Whigs. lam bound by truth to say that Sir
Robert Peel and tho Duke of Wellington, and the
entire of the Tory party, supported and sustained the
Whig Government in the full extent of their Poor-law
measure for Ireland.

The third proposition to which I claim your atten-
tion, my Lords and Gentlemen, is this T hat a Poor-
law cannot possibly increase the property of any coun-
try. It has no positive or augmenting quality, such as
have manufactures, or agriculture, or commerce. It
is merely a new distribution of property already in
the country. For example—the Poor-law does not
bring an additional shilling into Ireland; it only
changes the person who is to have the shillings or their
value; that is, it shifts the money from the rate-
payer to the pauper, and I think it changes it disad-
vantageously.. Before the Poor-law, the rate-payer
was in the enjoyment of all his property, which he
had, either by hereditary descent from the earnings
of his ancestor, or by means of his own earnings; in
short, it was his own by the most just title—that is,
by some industrious acquisition, or wise economy.
The Poor-law does this--Lit takes away property, thus
honestly earned, from the rate-payer who earned it,
and gives it, to the extent of the rate, to the pauper
who did not earn it at all.

Thus it is quite clear that, in point of fact a Poor-
law, instead of promoting industry, does, in its na-
ture, retard the progress of individual wealth. I say
this, of course, quite independently of charity to the
poor, to which I shall call your attention presently.
The fourth proposition to which I beg to call your
attention is this :—That there is scarcely any country
in the world with such a Poor-law as that in Ireland.

The experiment made on us is new. To this I beg
your particular attention. There are three features

that distinguish, unfavOurably, the Irish Poor-law
from almost all others. First, no pauper has, in Ire-
land, a right to relief: Relief is purely discretionary
in the guardians to give or withhold. Secondly, re-
lief is strictly confined to the precincts of the poor-
house; no relief can be given outside of its walls. The
Irish Poor-law accompanies relief with imprisonment.
It proclaims, " starve or go to gaol ;" and, thirdly,
the assessment on property is universal and com-
pulsory.
The fifth proposition to which I beg attention is
this :—That our Poor-law is not calculated or intended
to do any good to the mere pauper. It is calculated
and intended to give relief to the destitute alone. It
does not, therefore, relieve poverty until it amounts to
actual destitution; and, even then, it gives no assist-
ance, except in a place of confinement, and to the ex-
tent of merely sustaining existence. Besides, it
separates the husband from the wife, and the mother
from her children above the age of infancy. It utterly
refuses to give relief to any part of a family, unless the
entire submit to confinement. The son is tempted to
desert his mother--the brother to desert his sister—
the father to desert his family, who, in his absence,
are receivable into the workhouse. tis not, perhaps,
easy to conjecture the extent of criminality to which
the unhappy husband may he thus exposed ; but that
law cannot be a good one which creates and presses
such temptation on sons, brothers, husbands. The
boast of those who knew and loved the Irish character,
was the sanctity of their domestic affections. The
Poor-law is calculated to extinguish this loving and
loveable virtue.
There is nothing so revolting in ,our moor jaw, as
the absolute, indeed despotic, authority of the Com-
missioners. The tendency of irresistible power
always is to abuse; and I believe no proposition will
be more universally assented to than this—that our
Poor-law Commissioners have wantonly, foolishly,
and perversely abused their authority. They have
even stained themselves by acts which are naturally
attributed, and, I very much fear, justly attributed, to
motives of religious bigotry and political partiality.
If ever there was a country which required, in
making the experiment of a Poor-law, great urbanity
of manner and language, quiet firmness, the total ab-
sence of all irritation, entire patience and forbearance,
even where the guardians were wrong, and, above
all, the total absence of party spirit and religious
bigotry—if ever there was an experiment requiring
all those qualities and such conduct on the part of the
Poor-law Commissioners, that experiment was the
introduction of the Poor-law into Ireland. Yet, I
believe it will be admitted on all hands, and by all
parties, that our Poor-law Commissioners have totally
failed in all these qualities.
They have thus erected a house for the accommo-
dation of 2,000 persons, without a sewer ! Is it
possible to give a stronger proof of wasteful bunder-
ing ? Ought such men to continue Commissioners
a single day longer ? If juitioe were done, they should
be employed for the rest of their lives in personally
conveying away the filth of the workhouse.
I have never yet been able to obtain from anybody
a satisfactory explanation of what is meant by the
" principle of a Poor-law," unless it be that which
will always be found to be practically mischievous----
namely, the support by the State of the indigent, no
matter how that indigence has been produced, whether
by dissipation, drunkenness, and extravagance—or by
mere misfortune. That is, in other words, an indis
criminate support of all the indigent, accompanied (as
it must be) with all the vexatious and most expensive
machinery for the administration of such relief.
I believe that I understand the principle of Chris-
tian charity, for it is, alas! easier to understand than
to practice it. Christian charity requires of each and
every one of us, to the full extent of his means,
" to free the prisoner," to "feed the hungry," to
"clothe the naked," to "soothe, comfort, and solace the
sick," the " unhappy," the " infirm," in short, to
succour distress, and assuage misery, in all their
complicated forms. We are commanded to do this to
the extent of our means, under the penalty of eternal
woe. lam one of those who believe that to the faith-
ful who perform these acts of mercy, there is pro-
mised, and therefore merited, an eternal recompense.
These truths give to the poor a right, in morals and in
conscience, to succour and relief.
But this is not the principle of the Poor-law. The
principle of our Poor-law, instead of " making free
the prisoner," gives relief only on the terms of the
pauper submitting to imprisonment. It extorts from
those, who themselves really require relief, a portion
of their own scanty means of subsistence; and it ex-
torts from those of a wealthier class the means that
should be used to employ labourers and to pay wages.
And these means, which should be expended in wages,
are, by the " principle of our Poor-law" employed to
feed the idle inmates of a place of confinement.
I want you, my Lords and Gentlemen, to attend
not only to my observations but to my prophecy. I
do prophecy that the people of Ireland will not con-
tinue long to pay the poor-rates. Whilst the opposi-
tion is confined to particular localities it will be put
down—the payment will be enforced, and blood will
be shed, again and again. But if the resistance ex-
tends from parish to parish, from barony to barony,
from county to county, how will it be possible to over-
come that resistance ? Is there any man so insane as
to imagine that a national resistance of that kind
could be put down ? It might be forced into actual
insurrection ; it might be driven into rebellion ; it
might involve us all in one common ruin ; but I con-
fess I think the man insensible to the state of the
country, and to the disposition of the Irish people,
who imagines that such an universal resistance could
be suppressed.
It is flippantly presumed that because the laws of
landlord and tenant are nearly the same in Eng-
land as in Ireland, therefore the relations of landlord
and tenant must be thej same. Yet, there are no
two things more essentially different. In England
the tenant deals with his landlord as for an article of
commerce. He pays his rent and lays out his capital
with the expectation of deriving profit and advan-
tage, and accumulating property for the benefit of
himself and his family.
In Ireland, on the contrary, the tenant anxiously
seeks, in his dealings with his landlord, for the bare
means of subsistence. He cannot live unless he gets
land. A livelliood, and not profits, constitutes the
r oel!'
Irish tenant's great object. Ile is in the power of
the landlord, who, in fact, has authority of life or
death over him.
mince, consistingthemat ofall great matter. T
oartyp masspr e
the Irish
u must not
have ever been the natural enemies of the Irish
peasantry. Religious animosity mixes itself up with
mnanotdl ds or
national antipathies. And what is most strange is,
that amongst those Tory landlords are to be found not
a few Catholic proprietors !! ! who, although they
have not the religious stimulant to dislike the people,
yet make full compensation for its absence by the
excess of their Tory virulence. Like all other de-
serters, they not only augment the hostile ranks, but
they rival their unnatural allies in the excess of their
animosity to the people.
Those who recollect—(and who can forget it ?)
the acrimonious virulence of the Irish landlords towards
the late lamented Mr. Drummond, for his having
simply said that "property had its duties as well as
its rights," ought to perceive how intense must have
been the contemptuous hate entertained by that land-
lord class towards their tenants, when they exhibited
such indignation at the mere assertion of their having
any duties at all to perform towards their tenantry—
or anything else save rights over them ! This viru-
lence does indeed bespeak a foregone conclusion.
I repeat, my Lords and Gentlemen, that my object
is, to arouse you to a salutary alarm. Ido not know
anything that has created more apprehension in my
mind than the facts that appeared at the recent meet-
ing of the inhabitants of the Catholic united parishes
of Dunkerrin, parishes which are partly in the county
Tipperary and partly in the King's County. The
meeting was presided over by a most respected and
respectable clergyman—the Rev. Mr. Nolan, the
Catholic Rector of the Union. No man, whether
clergyman or layman, ever displayed a more ardent
zeal tor preserving the public peace and preventing
tumults and crimes. That spirit which animates the
rest of the Catholic Clergy of Ireland— (and it is well
for you, my Lords and Gentlemen, that it does ani-
mate. them !)—has found opportunities for displaying
itself in -the person of this Reverend Gentleman,
which could not have happened to many others. He
has availed himself of those opportunities, and obtained
the respect and esteem of every class and persuasion.
'1 here are two facts which appeared in the speech
he, on that occasion made, in recommending the re-
turn of peace and order. One of these facts was, that
his parish had to pay no less than 720/. Poor-rate,
though there were butfinn• paupers from that district
in the workhouse ! ! !—That is at the rate of one
hundred and eighty pounds for each pauper! !! The
other fact is, in my judgment, of tremendous im-
portance. It is this—that notices had been posted in
the extensive district, including his parish, forbidding
the payment of rent ! and it was upon this subject
especially that the. Rev. Gentleman exerted his in-
fluence and his Powerful eloquence to put a stop to
such practices.

- "An experiment of this description," be adds, " but
not carried out to the extent which I propose, has mi-
tigated the horrors of the tithe system.
" Let it be sufficiently- understood that I. propose
that no man should pay poor-rate who has not 5001.
a year; but that the owner of 5004 should pay one
per cent., and that such per centage should Increase
in the ratio of one for every additional hundred per
annum. The actual per centage, however, would not
be an essential part of my plan. The principle of
that plan is, to exempt all persons under 5001. a year;
and to levy the poor-rate by a gra4ated income-tax
upon every person having that income, with an accu-
mulating ratio for great incomes.
" It is quite clear that no violent resistance, no in-
surrectionary movement would be created by the
plan which I propose. It is the wealthy alone who
would, on my plan, be compelled _to support the
paupers. And the self-interest of that Crass, with the
power which naturally belongs to them from their
station in the State, would effectually protect them
from the faults and the follies of the Poor-law
Commissioners."