The Sun.
London, England, 1842-01-14 00:00:00

IRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS
FROM THE EVENING PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.

GLOBE.—It is perfectly m)s!erious to us how men
can be found blessed with the impudence requisite to
write as the Tory serif:ea do on " the faetorj sys:em."
The Post this morning exel " Surely there is not
much reason why they who have the good of the la-
bourer chiefly at heart should countenance a revolution
in the present state of influences in England, in order
to keep the manufacturing system from the decline
which seems to threaten it. Surely it would he indeed
ma.dness too sacrifice the employment of the agricul-
tural labourers, in order to give a fresh impetus to that
system which produces labourers answering to the above
description." The system which has produced what is
evil in the state of the manufacturing population is the
present system. No revolution is requisite in that sys-
tem to occasion a continual throwing off of the rural
population on the towns. The system of regarding no-
thing but cultivation on a large scale, and high price for
produce, is the system which crowds the towns with Li-
!Shur which has noemployment or encouragement on the
lend. The only question is, not whether this stream of
labour she still flow from the rural districts. With
great landlords, and large farmers, and the whole
economy of monopo'ist corn manufacture, that is in-
evitable. If farmers had cheap and plentiful bread to
feed extra mouths withal—it the old system of domes-
ticating labourers in farm-houses prevailed, many more
labourers might be kept on the land than the present
culture admits of. The true " sacrifice of agricultural
labourers" has been made by the present system. The
restoration of steady abundance by aid of unchained
commerce, and the removal of the high pressure of the
present system of landed monopoly, would be as great a
boon to the race of agricultural labourers as to any other
portion of the people whatever. Not for them are
monopoly profits. Theirs is the hovel, the Union-
workhouse, or the necessity to migrate to Elie towns.
The alternative then is not between rural labour and
town labour—but between town lallour aided by
capital, or town-labour unpaid and starved. The alter-
native is between the pauperism of Irish towns, or the
employment of Leeds and Manchester. To contem-
plate coolly " the decline which seems to threaten the
manufacturing system," is to contemplate coolly the
failure of the sole prop which still supports vast masses
of labour above the condition of hand-loom weaving, or
Irish indigence.
STANDARD.-11 clergymen are permitted, with-
out rebuke, to desert the doctrine of the Church, lay
Churchmen will ask no permission to exercise an equal
liberty to desert the Church which makes so little ac-
count of its doctrine. Let the Tractarians and their
supporters, Romanists, candids, or indifferent:, look to
the inevitable consequences of their conduct at the
ensiling o,:ford election. They cannot make the people
of England Romanists ; as well hope to bring them
back to the grotesque and scarcely decent cos-
tume of the first century, as to the superstitions
of the 15th. They cannot make the people of England
Romanist ; but they can make Dissenters of all whom
they shall convince that the Protestant Church of
England is on the road to Rome, or even but
trafficking with Romanist. As we have employed
the epithet Protestant, let us here notice a pamphlet,
by Mr. William Palmer, of Magdalen College, in
defence of his former denunciation of the unhappy
term. In one thing we are heartily agreed with
Mr. Palmer ; he no doubt wishes his pamphlet to be
read, and we from the bottom of our huarts desire
that the perusal of it should be universal. No words
of an adversary could paint the utter frivolity, the
ignorance, and pretensions of the writer, who is one of
the leadieg champions of the Tractarian School, so
strikingly as he exhibits them himself. We will take an
(*ample or two at random. We must premise to our
first extract an explanation that some sage, to
whom Mr. Palmer addresses his letter, had submitted
the following test, as decisive against the use of the
word " Protestant :"—" I ask, whether he (an ultra
Protestant) is prepared to alter the Apostles'
Creed, and to read, I believe in the holy Protestant
Church ?'" This is a plain plagiary from the columns
of the Standard. Some months ago we told of the
argument of an Irish priest, who boasted, in proof that
his was the true Church, of St. Paul's never having
written an epistle to the Protestants, though Protes-
tants themselves were obliged to confess that he had
written to the Romans (Romanists aro frequently
called Romans in Ireland). So says Mr. Palmer's
wise correspondent—the Apostles left no profession of
faith in the Protestant Church, which was to exist as
a protesting Church fourteen centudes after them.
COURIER.—The noble and "juvenile" Whig, so
lately relieved from the charge official of foreign rela-
tions, and happily consigned to the otiunt cum dignitate
of the shades of Broadlands, still loves to wander, it
appears, like an evil genius, about his former haunts
in Downing street, or in the Strand is to be found
outpouring his maledictory imprecations against the
master spirit by which he was expelled from the abode
where he had hog worked so much mischief to the
people and reflected so much discredit on the Sovereign.
Concerning the piece, now growing into fame, of Spa-
nish punctilio and ambassadorial etiquitte, enacting at
r•Litirid betwixt a French civilian learned in the law on
0,, one side, and a rough frank soldier of fortune,
cognisant of little but the learning of camps, on the
other, the unlaid ghost of Downing-street's former
teuaat thus delivers some strange revelations from a
world and through a morning organ of its own :—" As
a proof," says the sprite, " of what confidence the Spa,
nish Gevernn.ent plated in the British, we may men.
tion that the former applied to the latter to at sin,
through the n.edium of the English embassy in Paris,
some delay in M. S:lvarely's departure, a delay that
might allow tme for compromise. Lord Cowles,
however, scout, d Cie idea of giving support, or ob-
taining any titre fir the Spanish Government. It
must euhaiit to the pretensions of France, which were
just, and which th Brit:sh Government supported."
.Here it may be seen there is no halting hesita-
tion of manner which might lead to suspicion of facts
forced or fancied for an occasion ; but on the reverse,
the assertions are sported for truth with all the case

and all the in pudenee of an nfficial roue, so habituated
by half a certury's persevering practice in public as to

mistAke his own fictions for facts, and his own crooked

chicane- for -diplomatic dexterity. The wait of real

data on which to build a speculation, or the apprehen-
sion of dates destructive of his workmanship, no more
incline 6i n to pause in l is oferations thin does subse-
quoot i!etection and exposure disturb his equanimity.

The provinces of Panama and Veraguas have
erected themselves into a sovereign and indepen-
dent State, having during the present revolution
thrown off their allegiance to the Central Govern.
went of New Grenada. The Constitution which
has been adopted in the late Convention, which
held its sessions for upwards of three months in
this city, differs but in little front the Constitution
of New Grenada. The legislative power is vested
in a Congress which meets yearly. Every two
years the body of the people are appointed to as-
semble and choose electors of the parishes, who
form a provincial assembly, which is to elect the
representatives to Congress, &c. The right of
suffrage is universal. The original voter
is required to have completed twenty-one
years, to be free born, to live by his own labour,
and not by servile means, and after the year 1850
to be able to read and write. The executive power
is exercised by a President and Vice-President, who
are elected for four years. The fundamental law
of the State declares that the Isthmus shall never
again be incorporated with New Grenada, except
under a federal system, and that only if adopted to
promote the welfare of this State. The same law
also declares that the State of the Isthmus ackow-
ledges and promises to pay the foreign and domes-
tic debts in the proportion that will fall to its po•
pulation.
The Isthmus is distinguished for its vast capa-
cities for improvement. Its varied and exhaust-
less resources of wealth remain yet to be deve-
loped. With local and geographical advantages
which render it both in itself and by its position
one of the most important points on the face of the
globe, politically and commercially, all its resources
lie dormant for want of active capital. Its mines
of gold anti copper afford scope for brilliant spe-
culation. The gold mines of the Darien were for-
merly very productive, but have been long aban-
doned. In the immediate vicinity of Panama gold
is found in the mountains and " quebradas." The
mines in the province of Veraguas are very consi-
derable, and of great value, but, from the want of
labour, intelligence, and capital, the produce is
trifling, not exceeding 20,000 dollars annually. By
the sufficient investment of capital, and the intro-
duction of machinery, these mines might be
worked to considerable advantage, and prove the
source of great wealth. The ore of Veraguas is
considered the most valuable in South America, and
fetches the highest price in the Jamaica market.
The ports in the Pacific are Panama, and David
in Chiriqui ; those in the Atlantic are Portobello,
Chagres, and Bocas del Toro ; of these latter, the
first-named is one of the most serene harbours that
can be imagined, in the form of a deep crescent,
secured against tempestuous weather on all sides
by lofty•hills, and capable of admitting vessels of
the largest burden. The entrance to the Port of
Chagres is difficult, and, in its present state, no
vessel drawing more than 14 feet water can pass
the channel; it is, however, susceptible of improve-
ment by blasting the rocks, and thus opening a
wide and d,ep entrance.
After travelling two or three hours up the river
Chagres, a magnificent country opens upon you ;
no high nor inaccessible mountains, but a gradual
undulation running throughout the most luxuriant
richness of soil, with all the advantages of natural
irrigation, combine to invite to labour and cultiva-
tion, requiring but little aid from the hand of
man to pour forth in endless abundance
all the productions necessary to sustain an im-
mense population. Were the Isthmus to fall into
the possession of the British Government, or were
the existing Government to invite and encourage
an influx of settlers, and bring about the hitherto
abortive project of uniting the two seas, instead of
meeting a single hovel scattered here and there,
stamped with poverty and squalid wretchedness
along the whole line from Chagres, we should see
within a short period towns and villages arising,
and an overflowing harvest of general produce
yielded by the now naked and neglected soil, and
this highly interesting and important portion of
the great Continent would become one of the most
flourishing spots in the universe. The propulsion
that commerce would receive, and the advantages
that would flow to Great Britain are incalculable.
Panama would become a great emporium for Bri-
tish manufactures, and would supply the coasts of
Mexico, Costa Rica, the Equador, Sc. It would
be the half-way house bet Ween her colonies of New
Holland, New Zealand, &c., besides the bridge of
speedy communication to the East Indies.
Tire Isthmus is situated between 7 14 and 9 50
north latitude, and 77 to 82 50 west longitude. It
is bounded on the west by Costa Rica, on the
east by the department of the Magdalena, on the
north by the Carribean Sea, and on the south by
the Pacific Ocean. As to the territorial, or rather
superficial extent of the Isthmus, 1 will not venture
a decided opinion. The quantity of miles square
of its superficies has never been accurately defined.
It is about 120 leagues long and 10 broad. Its
population is about 120,000.
The seasons are divided into wet and dry ; the
wet commences in May and continues until the
latter end of November ; the dry begins in the early
part of December, and lasts until towards the be-
ginning of Mar. The climate of Panama is hot
and extremely humid, and consequently trying to
European constitutions. The average range of
the thermometer (Fahrenheit) is about 86 in the
day and 78 to 80 in the evening. In the wet
reason, a difference of 5 orb degrees will be observed,
being about 83 in the day acrd 76-at night.
The agricultural 'ProdUctions; from the present
imperfect and very. defective. mode of cultivation,
arc maize, rice, sugar cane, coffee, plantains, and
}ants, all growing in spontaneous abundance. Sar-
saparilla, vanilla, gums and balsams are found
throughout. Mahogany and cedar, and. a great
variety of other woods, affuid the material of a
valuable timber trade, and would be a source of
great wealth in the hands of a people of settled
and laborious habits. Pearls, tortoise shell, and
hides, arc amongst the articles of exportation.
Pearls form one of the principal objects of industry
and export at present ; the value may be said to be
from 40,000/. to 50,000/. annually. The pearl
fishery is carried on at the islands in the bay of
Panama, about thirty miles distant, and is per-
berined by divers without any aid from art or ma-
chinery. The price of agricultural productions
fluctuates remarkably, and may be quoted as fol-
lows :—Maize, per fanega, of 2501b5. per 3 to 6,
and sometimes so high as 9 dallars. Rice, per
aluma, of 30Ibs, from 5 rials to 20 rials (a rial
being 6d. sterling). Coffee, only produced in small
quantity for domestic consumption, 14 dols.,irer
quintal, or 100 lbs. Sugar, 12 f10h4,,, per quintal.
Molasses, per eantara, weighing 501bs. 1 dol. to 1i
dol. The fluctuation observable in these quota-
tions is, in my opinion, ascribable more to the
desultory, labour and indolent habits of a scanty
population than to any other cause.
The revenue of the Isthmus amounts to about
100,000 dollars per annum, derived from the Cus-
toms, tithes, monopoly of tobacco and distilled
spirits, and from stamps. Hitherto the revenue
has not met the expenditure, the deficit having
been supplied from the Treasury of the Central
Government at Bogota.
The military force may be estimated at 500,
including the militia. The insignificant body o:
undiscliplined and wretched troops constitutes all
the strength and hope of these people to maintain
their independence as a separate Government.
The port of Panama is situated at the head of
:he Bay of Panama, and formed by several culti-
vated and fruitful islands, particularly Flamenco,
Perico, and Nao, at a distance of about two leagues
from the city. Under the lee of these islands ves-
sels of large burden may lie in perfect safety, and
the anchorage ground •is taken up generally by
men-of-war. Vessels of inferior tonnage find se
cure anchorage at about two miles distance from
the town in consequence of the prevalent calmness
of the sea in this harbour. The tide rises here
about twenty-five feet throughout the year. At
about three leagues from the city, and contiguous
to the other island is the island of Taboga, in a
high state of cultivation, and affording excellent
water in great abundance and easily procured. (Ves-
sels of any tonnage may lay here in safety close
to the shore. This island is a complete garde.,
supplying the market of Panama plentifully with
fruit and ° vegetables, and producing maize, rice,
sugar-cane, &c. The land is the property of
the: inhabitants, who have united themselves
in 'it small village composed of about 1,000
inhabitants. They derive a comfortable livelihood
from their industry, and would not be induced-to
alienate their right and titles to this beautiful and
fertile island. Taboga is about one and a half to ,

TURKEY AND GREECE.
(FROM A GREEK CORRESPONDENT.)
The final settlement of the question regarding Turk.
ish property in Greece has become a matter of life-or-
death importance to the present Cabinet. Diploma-
tists at Athens have taken it for their motto ; the Op-
position employ it as their main weapon : the political
journals are solely occupied in discussing it. The
Turco-Greek question, as it is pompously called, is in
everybody's mouth, while it is clearly understood by very
few. The Greek Cabinet pretend to treat the menaces
of the Porte with contempt, but secretly, I believe, are
not a little alarmed.
I propose to give you a short narrative of the whole
question—this Gordian knot which resisted all attempts
at unravelment for more than eight years!
The discussion is founded on three separate bases,
originating in the two protocols of 1830 and 1832. The
former merely recognised the independence cf Greece,
while the latter elevated her to the rank of a kingdom,
and established the frontiers which she at present pos-
sesses. The main point in dispute concerns the Turkish
lands in the province of Thebes ; those of the Phthiotis
are next ; and lastly is comprehended all the Evlat Va-
cool, or property bequeathed to the mosques of Chalcis.
The protocols admit as a principle that all the pre-
vinces actually held by the Greek troops at the time
the first acknowledgment of independence was signed
(April, 1830) should be considered as belonging to the
new kingdom by right of conquest. Those, however,
which were still occupied by the Turks, were sold to
Greece for the sum of 40,000,000 piasters. The crite-
rion fixed upon to determine what lands bad become
Greek, or remained Turkish, was the fact of actual
occupation by the troops of either party, and also
the collection of tithes. Attica and Eubee t were
undoubtedly in possession of the Turk, who at
once proceeded to sell their lands, undilurbed-by the
Greek Government. But not so with Bete' ; a
small part in the neighbourhood of ()repos, and that
immediately under the guns of Chalcis, was recog-
nised as Torkis'a property, . while the remainder of
that extensive province was occupied by Greek troops,
Some, however, at the Turk whey. held )rands in that
portion of Beeetia which was in possession. of the
Greeks ultimately founded a further claim on the fact
of many successful inroads having been made by the
Ottoman garrison of Chalcis for the purpose of collect-
ing tithes. Now, of the two points necessary to prove
a right of possession, the Greeks claimed that of actual
occupation, whilst, on the other band, the Turks unde-
niably had collected the tithes, although they had ac-
complished it vi et armis.
A Turkish commission which was sent to Athens
concluded, after a long and tedious negotia-
tion, a compact with the Greek Government, con-
sisting of two engagements on the part of the lat-
ter. The first of these, which was immediately fulfilled,
Obliged the Turks to pay 600,000 piasters as an in-
aleninification to those Turkish subjects who had lost
their lands, or which had got into dispute in the pro-
.vinee of Bceotia. The second portion of the compact
on the part of the Greeks (and which has not been ful-
filled) insured the repayment to the purchasers of the
price of certain lands which has been already con-
tracted for.
iscepraty m
tiintmhaecittiahty the sum of 400,000
the Cabinet of King Otho
has At
determinedengt h it
to
drachmas to the Turkish purchasers, being the amount
of outlay, and in addition 8 per cent. interest per annum
on the capital, calculated from the date of the contract
with the Porte.
The second part of the question regards the
Turkish lands in the province of Phthiotis. The
Greek Government, on the plea of having paid
forty millions of piastres for the non-occupie pro-
vinces, and also because the Greek army had been
in possession of the north side of Mount tEta and the
Pass of Thermopylae, seized all the Turkish property in
those provinces (1832). The Porte alleged that that
payment
aly mneont o
tot.
private
y gaveproperty
Greece
; therightn aialso
of
contestedsovereignty, t
he
a
fact of Greek occupation at the exact time required by
the protocol. And on these grounds the Porte per-
mitted the sale of those lands (1837). After mucn
deliberation and hesitation the Greek Government ad.
mitted the validity of the last Turkish claims, but de-
clined, nevertheless, to ratify the sales, unless the lands
were sold to the villagers who lived on them in prefer.
ence to others. The Porte applies to the Greek Mi-
nistry; and this forms the second cause of complaint.
The probable result is, that the sales will be ratified on
condition that the proprietors cede to each family of
peasants a free allotment of about five acres of land.
Nekt, as regards the church property. These lands
were bequeathed to the mosques by families who, fearing
the rapacity of the civil governors, bargained that a cer-
tain portion of the produce should be for ever returned