The Sun.
London, England, 1827-10-05 00:00:00

with them ; it is distress that drives them to it. I knew
two or three who bore a very good character, but the dis-
tress of the times has driven them to commit those things
which they had never done before."
Morality is only compatible with a state of the
social system in which it is possible for the lOwest
order to fall loWer, and in which, consequently,
hope and fear equally concur in influencing the
conduct of the mass of the population. All ex-
hortations are thrown away on men who are
without these two inducements. Mr. John Smith,
banker, residing at Oundle, in Northamp-
tonshire, says, " We have a great many me-
chanics that are great incumbrances, such as
carpenters, masons, tailors, and shoemakers, and
that sort of people; there is such a redundancy
of them that they keep increasing yearly, and it
destroys the good intentions of those that would
work. They are put upon the road, a parcel of
them together ; they do nothing at all ; they go
in the morning just when they please ; they will
not go out at the proper time of day, and they go
home ' almost when they please." Mr. James
Taylor,of Feltham, in the county of Middlesex,
says, " The men put upon the roads or gravel-
pits, do not earn even the money they get out of
the surveyor in the general way ; they get into a
low dekraded way, and seem as if they did not
care whether they did it or not, and it is with
difficulty we can get them even to do that ; if we
were to have this gravel dug by the load, at the
price of sixpence a load, I think the parish would
get more loads done for the money than they
would by giving them a shilling a-day." They
will not work, but betake themselves to stealing
and other crimes. When the feelings become\
blunted, you can only drive men by the lash.. You
may fill your gaols with them, but that again they
do not regard ; for what terror has a prison to a
slave ? Thus Mr. Holton, a: Magistrate, near
Bolton, in Lancashire, says—" We have quite
as many bastard children brought before us as at
any period, however prosperous. They (the
parents)' are totally unable, in many instances, to
support them ; the townships have taken very
strong measures of late to enforce it ; the mea-
sures taken by the Overseers to enforce the pay-
ment for illegitimate children have produced the
very worst consequences ; in many instances the
fathers have been committed to our prisons,7
which are quite-Rill ; the prison of our hundred
now contains 740 if:mates ; the mothers are un-
able to maintain these Megitimate children, and
there has been an additionalburthen on the poor
rates from that cause." , Mr. Malthus, in his
evidence, alludes to a very interesting subject, on
which much depends, namely, the dissemination
of sound views on the causes of national welfare
among the people :
" If the principle were to be introduced among the
lower classes, which more or less operates among the
higher classes, through all grades, from the poor up to the
most wealthy, of not marrying without the means of pro-
viding for a family, you would admit that would be the
best •security for preventing a redundancy of population ?
No doubt ; the prevalence of that principle would be the
best possible security that could be obtained.
" Do you not agree that every pains should he taken to
impress upon the minds of the poor that it is their duty to
attend to that circumstance at the period of their marrying
and settling. ? I think that all possible pains ought to he
taken to impress that truth upon their minds, as a truth
that most essentially concerns their welfare.
" Are you not of opinion that it is a principle which is
practically operative in other classes of society, more parti-
cularly amobg those in the next class to the poor? Yes;
and it operates also among the poor themselves in a degree,
it operates among the labouring classes with more force in
some countries than in others.
" Are you not of opinion that much which concerns the
happiness and interests of the poor might be produced, by
disseminating among thOin explanations of their real posi-
tion, couched in such language as they might perfectly un-
derstand ? .1 think that such explanations might be ex-
tremely beneficial to them. .
" If cheap tracts were written and given to the poor,
and it. some instances taught in the schools, explaining the
doctrines you have just,laid down, with respect to the con-
dition of the poor, do you imagine they would be able to
understand them, and that they would apply what they
learned to their own case? I think they are not very diffi-
cult to be understood, but they are perhaps rather difficult
to apply. I believe some tracts of that kind have been oc-
casionally circulated.
" Have you any knowledge of the effects produced ? I
have understood that many of the labouring classes, parti-

cularly thz artisans, acknowledge the doctrines which have
been laid down on the subject of population."
There cannot be a question that it is of the
utmost consequence. to disseminate a knowledge,
on Which the welfare of a nation depends,
throughout all classes of the community ; and
we have more than once expressed our satisfac-
tion at the attempt now made for the first time
by the •Society of Gentlemen who are concerned
in getting up the Library of Useful Knowledge,
to supply the desideratum. Hitherto the tracts
distributed among the people have been worse
than the useless trash of fanatics and enthusiasts,
which, if they did not stupify the people, at least
consumed that time which _might have been em-
ployed in the acqUiSition of something useful to
them as men and citizens. But, indeed, why
do we say the lower orders ? IS it not noto-
rious that our youths of fortune have only lately
been initiated y into the knowledge of all that
might be useful to theM, in their capacity of
Legislators or Magistrates ? Is it not notorious
that our Statesmen have been raised to the first
stations, without possessing any one qualification,
beyond that of making a few quotations from a
Latin Poet, and speaking the English language
fluently ? Has not distinction in the House of
Commons been acquired by the most vulgar And
meretricious talents ? We have had our heaven-
born Statesmen, who, of course, were too sublime
to possess any earthly
,knowledge, as we have
had our heaven-born actors, in leading-strings.
Mr. Walter Burrell, when asked to explain the
cause of the extra population in West Grinstead,
says, " I should first say, that Sussex is infi-
nitely the most healthy county in England, ac.
cording to its Population Return ;. in the next
place, the farmers have acted upon a very foolish
and stupid plan, they will not employ single
men ; the consequence is, that a man imme-
diately marries ; and' they likewise give a pre-
mium upon population, for they give to a man
with four children one shilling a week for that
fourth child, and so on for every other beyorni
that." Now, this stupidity in the Sussex
farmers, which excites so much wonder of Mr.
Walter Burrell, is the very stupidity gravely re-
commended by Mr. William Pitt upwards of
thirty years ago, when he recommended in pom-
pous language the system of paying wages of la-
bour in order to encourage breeding, at a time
when the distresses of the labouring classes were
occupying the House, so little was he acquainted
with the most common principles of political
science, and so little were the House Alp to set
him right. Whether our posterity shall ever be
exceedingly wise, is a question we shall not at-
tempt to answer ; but we can safely answer for
the wisdom of our immediate predecessors:—
Morning Chronicle.
It is stated‘ that a considerable number of
country bankers are now in London, for the pur-
•pose of consulting together as to the best means
of protecting their interests from the invasion
which they suppose to threaten them, the g •
iieral establishment throughout etrie countryb.y of
branches from the Bink England.° We sin-

cerely hope that there is no probability of a spirit
of undue hostility springing up hetweenthe country
bankers as a body, and the Corporation of the
Bank of England ; because we. feel persuaded,
that the tendency of such a spirit would be to
produce conduct on the part of both, from which
neither could derive either honour or advantage,
and which could not fail in its results to prove
highly prejudicial to the community. Where
the legal rights of parties are, as in this case,
well defined, and where, if they mutually pos-
sess the power ofthwartingand injuring each other,
they possess also that of contributing essentially to
each other's accommodation and prosperity,we can-
not, we own, see much reason to apprehend the
existence of any inveterate or durable feelings of
hostility. Although we believe the Bank of
• England, in adopting the resolution to establish
branch Banks in different parts of the country,
wete mainly actuated by a wish to promote the
public welfare, it would have been unreasonable
to expect that it should lose sight altogether, in
carrying this resolution into effect, of its own se-
parate interests as a Corporation ; or by confining
• its provincial operations to districts, where there
already existed no other than unsuccessful or in-
solvent Banks, and where the natural presump-
tion would be that the trade of a Banker was a
bad one, that it should submit to sacrifices with-
out the probability of requital. Where there are
already prosperous and affluent Bankers—that is
in other words, where the trade. of Banking haS
hitherto been good, the establishment of Bran-
ches of the Bank of England will unquestionably
impair the influence and reduce the profits of
those Bankers. Yet we cannot see in this any
fair subject of complaint. Those Bankers might
at any time have been exposed to the more active
and formidable competitors of a rival com-
pany, consisting of private individuals. Private
bankers of wealth and respectability will always,
we are persuaded, be enabled to compete with
the Branches of the Bank of England in every
county of England. For if the latter possess the
advantage of an unlimited command of capital,
and of unbounded credit, they will be subject on
the other hand to the disadvantage of having
their detailed operations cramped and fettered by
general and inflexible rules ; they will have less
accurate information of the affairs and transac-
tions of the merchants and traders, who must be
their principal customers ; -and they will be al-
most entirely without the power of adapting their
conduct towards individuals to the thousand
special and unforeseen circumstances which must
continually arise—a power which, in the hands
of Private Bankers must be a most efficacious
instrument for extending their connections and
influence. These reflections are too obvious to
have escaped the consideration of the par-
ties concerned. We trust that they will be
allowed their due weight, and that the
Bank of England and the respectable and
wealthy Banking Establishments which exist
in almost every part of the country, will never
even contemplate. the adoption of vexatious ex-
pedients to thwart and harass each other ; but
that they will manage their respective affairs in
that spirit of fair and generous rivalry which has
hitherto distinguished the whole commercial
body in Great Britain. Neither of them can
aim at a monopoly of the circulation. Fortu-
nately this is now out of the reach of either, or
of both united.. If they should attempt then
mutually to check the circulation of each other's
paper, both no doubt would succeed to a very
considerable extent, and the effect would be in-
jurious to both ; but the country would also
suffer, inasmuch as a greater quantity of metallic
currency would become necessary, and a greater
amount of the capital of tho country be thus use-
lesSly employed.—Morning Post.
We are enabled to lay before the public a Com-
munication of considerable interest and import-
ance, both from its nature and the quarter from
whence it comes, respecting the real state of
things in that part of South America, where vain
efforts have lately been made to put an end to
the calamities of an impolitic and injurious war.
In it will be found an explanation of the real
causes which led to the rejection of the treaty
concluded by Garcia with the Emperor of Bra-
zil, and it will be seen, that in the New World,
as well as in the Old, personal feelings and inte-
rests generally prevail over those of the State,
and selfish gratification is frequently purchased
at the price, or at least at the risk, of national
ruin. The fact is, that Republics and Empires,
which have still all to learn, are much more in-
consistent in their conduct and impatient of re-
straint, than old- established Governments. In
the present case, a natural self-consequence,
arising from their success in emancipating
themselves from Spain, makes them arrogant
and intractable, and they will continue to display
the same rashness and folly, till experience shall
teach them their comparative nothingness in the
•
scale of nations, Buenos Ayres affords us a strik-
ing exemplification of this at the present mo-
ment, and is, we fear, risking her national
existence from a want of the most ordinary poli-
tical foresight. The chief if not the only guard
against such a calamity as a complete dissolution
of the union, and the destruction of the Repub-
lic, seems, in fact, to lie in the almost equal want
theo of goodEun policy which governs the Councils of
p
esor of Brazil ; for there is no doubt
that he possesses both means and power sal_
cient to crush Buenos Ayres, if he knew how to
bring them effectually into action. It is la-
mentable, therefore, that a State, weaker in re-
sources, and divided in its councils, should have
in some measure compelled the Brazilian Empe-
ror to adopt a better line of policy, and to be-
come a more dangerous enemy, by rejecting,
through the influence of individual interest alone
(as it will be seen by the Sollowing letter), a
peace not less advantageous than 'necessary to its
independent existence :—" BUENOS AYREs.--
The rejection of the preliminaries signed by
Garcia has been entirely the result of a political
trick of Rivadavia's. His obstinate and ab-
surd policy had brought all the provinces
about his heels, and but the day be-
fore, the arrival of the Convention from
Rio, he had good reason to expect that
if he did not retire of his own ac-
cord, lie would be kicked out of the Presidency
vi et a2-mis. He saw in the Convention a mean
of raising a hue and cry about national honour,
with which he cloaked the fact of his apparently
voluntary resignation, and under which he hoped
to retire with a false credit. He raised the cry
which), with all, the Papers in his pay, as well as
all the Employes o'f Government, he had it
his power to turn whichever way lie chose. He
destroyed all immediate hope of peace, so essen-
tially necessary—he gratified his personal jealousy
of Garcia, by stigmatising him as a traitor, and
he then left to others the task of extricating the
Government from the difficulties in which his
policy has involved it. But people will do
Garcia justice ; and as they open their eyes,
they will discover the farce, and the re-action of
public opinion against the author is already ra-

piilly developing the truth. That there must
SQOII be an outcry for-peace in the City, I have
little doubt ; but what we have to fear is,
that then there may be no National Govern-
ment to make it. It is to be feared, that it'
the war continues, the Provinces will carry it
on each for itself, by, plundering guerillas
sent into ,the Brazilian territories. This will
suit the habits of the Gauchos, and they may,
take such a fancy for the sort of life as to make
it, very difficult for Buenos Ayres' to make a
peace which will be satisfactory to them, even if
they leave the Government of Buenos Ayres the
authority to act as a National Executive with
Foreign Powers. "As in many other small
communities private influence and interests have
much greater weight than the public weal, the
loudest advocates for war are persons more or
less concerned in shop-keeping or privateering.
As long as there is any thing left in the shops
the proprietors wish the war and their high
prices to continue ; and those who have shares
in privateers
.get their livelihood by it. The
war, in fact, has lasted long enough to make a
numerous body interested in its continuance.
The mass of the people, however, are suffering
severely from the high prices of every necessary
of life ; even beef, the chief food of the lower
classes, is become dear, for, as there is no export
of hides, the animals are not brought to market
as usual.• All articles of clothing also are be-
coming very scarce, from the blockade, and if it
lasts another twelve months, the people will not
positively have shirts to their backs : a coat costs
130 dollars, and a pair of trowsers 60. In fact,
I don't know what we are to come to if this goes
on."—Nets Times.

LAW INTELLIGENCE.

ADMIRALTY COURT, Om. 4.
THE EXMOUTH.

Dr. J. ADDAMS moved the Court to order a sum
to be paid out of the proceeds of this vessel, an East
Indiaman, sold under a decree of this court, on
account of pilotage. The facts of the case hare
been already reported.
The motion was not opposed, and was granted
of course.

This was the last default-day after Trinity Term.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.

BOW-STREET.--The case of the young man, George
Helm, who applied last week to the Magistrates of this
office to assist him in discovering his parents, having caused
a good deal of public comment, Mrs. Bradford, widow of
the medical gentleman of that, name who assisted pro-
fessionally at the birth of the young man, and afterwards
procured him a nurse, appeared yesterday at this office, ac-
companied by her son, also in the medical profession, for
the purpose of stating who the parents of the lad really
were. It will be recollected that Mrs. Bradford, when
pressed upon this point by Mr. Minshull on Saturday, de-
clined to furnish any information tending to unravel the
mystery, adding emphatically, " that the secret of the
young man's birth should die with her." In consequence,
however, of some manifestations of public opinion which
took place in the immediate vicinity of th. lady's residence,
and she having since consulted her friends upon the-sub-
ject, the result was, as we have just stated, her appearance
at this office for the purpose of affording the required in-
formation. On her arrival, she desired a private interview
with Mr. I%linshull, after which, she went to the clerk's
office, where the names of the real mother and reputed father
of the applicant were taken down in writing.
Mr. Mnisnuri, then took his seat upon the bench, and
addressing Mrs. Bradford, observed, " You wish, I believe,
Mrs. Bradford, to give some explanation of what occurred
before me on a former day, and I am desirous. to affbaYou
every opportunity to do so. Your have given the particu-
lars in writing concerning the parents of the young man,
George Helm. These particulars you certainly refused to
give on Saturday, but when it is considered that you were
taken unawares, and that you supposed yourseif bound to
keep the secret, your withholding it at that time was very
natural. The explanation you have rince given is highly
satisfactory, not only to me, but, to the young man himself... 7,
Mrs. Bradford then stated, that she wished it to ha
publicly known, that her husband and herself had received
money from time to time frotn the persons who, as she
understood, were the parents of the ydung man. After the
death of Dr. Bradford, this money passed through her
hands, until within the last twelvemonths, when the mo-
ther of the young man died. Mrs. Bradford added, that
from motives of delicacy to the reputed father of the appli-
cant, who was still living, she forbore to name the parties
in public.
In answer to some questions • put by Mr. Mnisitur.r.,
the lady went on to state, that the birth of the applicant
took place between three and four months after the marriage
of the mother with the person who was now .his reputed
father. The circumstance was the cause of great uneasi-
ness to the husband, and as it was likely to be the subject
of unpleasant remark in the neighbourhood where they re-
sided, it was finally agreed that the occurrence should be
kept a secret, and that the infant should be given in charge
to a nurse, with directions to bring it up as her own. The
child was accordingly delivered to Mrs. Helm, of the
Temple, but Mrs. Bradford declared that she knew nothing
of the circumstance connected with the birth until her
husband's death, when it .became necessary that she should
know.tlw secret, in order that. the fund destined for the
boy's support might still be continued. She accordingly
received, from time to time, since the death of Dr. Brad-
ford, different sums fur the lad's maintenance, both from
his • mother and his reputed father. The last sum she re-
ceived on account of the young man was 2/. about a twelve-
month ago, from his mother a short time before her death.
Mr. White, a gentleman officially connected with the
House of Commons, who had interested himself a good
deal for the applicant, said that from what he knew of the
business, he could confirm the statement of Mrs. Bradford,
—thitt she was ignorant of the mystery attached to the
birth of the young man until the period of Dr. Bradford's
death.

• Mr. MnisnuLL--.I think you said, Mrs. Bradford, that
you wished to say something respecting reports in the
newspapers. I read the report of last Saturday's pro-
ceedings before me, and I must say, I think that it was
accurate as far as it went.

Mrs. Bradford objected to the report published in one of
the papers, in which it was implied that the Magistrate
seemed to entertain an impression that she had money given
her on account of the young man which she refused to
give him. This she positively denied. It was also stated
that she declared she knew nothing of the lad, and that
shet
she
ten
Adofferedlerd. t,
say
sys,
that't
yeiajt,.
_ sheto thatnu couldseffect,
say,
swear whereassie
h
ad
that the mpression
merelynotlinl (s in-
tended
'
his in ber possession.
which the reporter received of what you eaidwal the same'
that myself felt at the time.
Mrs. Bradford was then asked by a gentleman Present
if she had ever heard that the grandfather of George
Helm, be meant his mother's father, had left a large pro-
perty to be divided amongst the children of his daughter.
Mrs. Bradford knew nothing of the circumstance.
Mr. Muni no. expressed his opinion that it would be
extremely wrong to state publicly the names of the party
connected with this transaction. The disclosure could do
no good, and would tend only to give unnecessary pain._
The young man was now in possession of the information
he required, and his friends could make what use they
pleased of it.
Mrs. Bradfoid's son here whispered something to Mr.
Minshull, who observed, " Your son wishes me to express
no, opinion of your conduct in this transaction, and I au,
bound to say, that I saw nothing wrong on your part
when you appeared first before me. Whatever repugnance
you felt on that occasion to disclose the truth was natural
enough, considering how yinr were situated, and certainly
your subsequent conduct in stating what, you know, has
tended to remove any unfavourable impression that I and
others might have felt.

Mrs. Bradford hoped that the Reporter for the Times
would be particular in stating the Magistrate's opinion, as
the report she complained of appeared in that journal.
Mr. MmsnoLL—Since you mention the Times, I must
in fairness say, that it is the only paper in which I read the
report of Saturday's proceedings, and I thought it was
given very correctly. The Magistrate then addressed the
young man, the subject of the inquiry, and asked him if he
were quite satisfied with the information lie had received.
Helm—Quite satisfied, Sir.
Mr. MiNsuuLL—Does the information agree with what
you previously :inspected ?
Helm--It does, Sir, in every particular.
The parties then withdrew.
A. few circumstances connected with this somewhat mys-
terious affair have come to nor knowlolge, from which

We are enabled to supply the following statement. It ap-
pears that the mother of the young man was the daughter
of an eminent tradesman, who carried on business in. Ox-
ford many years ago, from which place he repaired to Los.-
-don, and took a house in the neighbourhood of Portland-
street, where his daughter succeeded him in the business.
She sometime after became a widow; and being possesses!
of considerable personal attractions, was seduced by a Inan
of4rank and fortune, and became enceinte. In consequence
of this misadventure she formed a second alliance, and was.
married to Mr. T., who is now living and carrying on
business in the neighbourhood we have mentioned. To
prevent the scandal arising from its being publicly known
that Mrs. T. gave birth to a child so soon after her union,
the plan was devised the particulars of which we have
already stated. It will be observed, that the name of the
real father of young Helm has never once transpired,—that
he is still living, and is a man of rank. The young man
himself stated, that he obtained, about a twelvemonth ago,
some clue to the person now proved to have been his real
mode?, and presented himself before her, stating that he was
the boy brought up by Mrs. Helm of the Temple, and that
he had heard the person he then addressed was his mother.
Helm stated, that on receiving this i nformation, Mrs. T.
turned pale, fainted away, and lived but a fortnight after.
The young man added, that believing her to be his mo-
ther, he put on mourning at her death, and followed her
to the grave, unnoticed by those who attended the funeral.
The time of Mrs. T--'s death, as stated by Mrs. Bradford
agrees with this part of the applicant's statement which he
gave to Mr. Minshull in private the other day. It is said
that a considerable property was left by Mrs. T—'s father,
to be equally divided between her children after her de-
cease. She has left two sons and a daughter by Mr.
but young Helm being also born in wedlock, is equally
entitled not only to his portion of this property, but like-
wise should his reputed father die intestate, to his due
proportion of whatever he may leave behind him.

lIATTON-GARDEN.—Yesterday a porter in the em-
ployment of Messrs. Moore, Stanger, and Co., Cheapside,
named Heaven, was brought before Mr. Sergeant SHLLON
under the following circumstances

• A watchman na►ued Farr, saw the individual at the bar
passing through Gray's-inn-lane at ten o'clock the preced-
ing night, with a large bag upon his back, He stopped
him, and asked him what it contained. • The reply he got
was, " I don't know." He then demanded to see its con-
tents, which the man refused to comply with. He called
another. watchman to his assistance, took the bag into his
custody, and found in it a large quantity of velvet. On the
man refusing to give a satisfactory account of how he be-
ca►ne possessed of the property, he took him to the watch-
house.

Heaven stated that the watchman had not made a cor-
rect deposition of the real facts. He (Heaven) told him
where he got the bag and its contents—namely, at Mr.
Nicholas Jervis's, Tottenham-court-road, and that he was
conveying it to his employers, whose names he mentioned,
in Cheapside. _ He admitted that he said he was not aware
of what was in the bag, nor in truth was he, for when he
received it, it was tied up, and he was not informed as to
the nature of its contents. As to his declining to allow
the bag to undergo the inspection of the watchman, he
mere)), acted upon the general orders given to him by his
employers, who desired him-never to permit any one to
look over goods in, hia possession in the street.
A respectable man, a constable in his own right, corrobo-
rated the statement made by Heaven. This witness also
deposed, that Farr, the watchman, was quite skunk, as was
also the watchman who came to his assistance. Upon their
demanding to see the contents of the bag, he (witness) told
them they had ,no right to do so ; but if they conceived
the bag had been improperly come by, their duty was to
take the possessor of it to the watch-house, and allow the
night constable to exercise Ids judgment in the affair. In-
stead of paying any attention to what be said, they took
him into custody, and locked him up in the watch-house,
upon a charge of assault.
Mr. Moore, one of the firm alluded to, stepped forward,
and said that he conceived his servant was treated with great
severity in being detained all night in a watch-house. Air.
Moore also said that Heaven was not aware of what was in
the bag.
Mr. Sergeant Sn. Low was of opinion, under all the
circumstances, that the watchman had acted correctly, in
taking the individual before him into custody, for nothing
in his opinion could be, more suspicious than a man car-
rying a large bag through the streets at a late hour, of the
contents of which he declared himself ignorant,: As to the
right of the watchman to inquire into and examine the
contents of uny suspicious parcel, bag, &e., there could be
no doubt in the world. If they had not that power vested
in them, many, very many robberies, would have up to
that moment remained in the shade. He therefore, in dis-
charging the person before bins, could not subscribe to the
idea that the watchman had overstepped his duty.
Heaven was then discharged, and left the office with his
employer, who expressed his intention of indicting the
watchman and the watchhouse-keeper for falsely imprison-
ing his servant.

[As cases of this kind may frequently occur, would it
not be proper to make it part of the watchhouse-keeper's
duty to inquire into ,the truth of such a prisoner's state-
ment, and upon finding it true to discharge him ? The
power of detaining, during a whole night, a tradesman's
,servant, or any innocent person found carrying a parcel, is
one obviously liable to great abuse, and which may prove
extremely injurious to individuals.]