The Sun.
London, England, 1842-01-01 00:00:00

LITERATURE.

NARRATIVE OF THE LATE EXPEDITION
TO SYRIA. In 2 Toll. By tir. I'. Bunter, Esti.

London, Colburn, 1842.

The writer of these exceedingly interesting
volumes accompanied the Syrian expedition as
an amateur observer, and being on terms of inti-
macy with Admiral Walker, and several distin-
guished officers in the Turkish, British, and Aus-
trian squadrons, had ample opportunities of col-
lecting the best information relative to the pro-
gress of the stirring events of which he was an
eye-witness. His narrative is full of life, and
interspersed with anecdotes of " hair-breadth
'scapes," and acts of personal prowess, such as
are usually only to be met with in works of fic-
tion. But Mr. Hunter has kept strictly within
the bounds of truth ; so that the future historian
of this chapter in the world's history will meet
with no safer guide than is supplied by his pages.
Most of the work appeared from month to month
in the " United Service Journal," and the praise
which we bestowed upon it in a detached form
renders it unnecessary that we should now do
more than congratulate the officers and men com-
posing the Syrian expedition on so correct an
account of their exploits being now presented to
the public in a more compact and accessible
shape. The volumes are embellished with por-
traits of Admiral Stopford and Commodore Na-
pier—the latter the real hero of the expedition—
and with plans of the engagements along the
Syrian coast. We had marked some extracts for
quotation, but at present we have only space for
the following description of Izzet Mehemet
Paella, the new Prime Minister of the Sultan.
How strikingly it agrees with what we have writ-
ten of this Minister, the constant readers of The
Sun need not be told :

Syria began to offer temptations, and to be bid for at
the Porte. Izzet Mehemet Paella, one of the old school
of three-tailed grinding Bashaws, rich as a Crcesus with
the fruits of long extortion, landed at Beyrout, rejoicing
in the grandiloquent title of Governor of Syria and of
Egypt. There can be no better proof of the watchful
surveillance ever incumbent on the European representa-
tives at the Porte, who may be true well-wishers of
Turkish ascendancy, than the appointment, at such a
moment of a man like Izzet Pacha to chief authority in
Syria. One of the most noted of that selfish class of
local administrators, who have mainly contributed to the
late abject condition of the Ottoman empire,—a man who
has, before now, kept back even the shirts and shoes of
his soldiers, in order to put the money allowed for their
purchase in his pocket !
It is true he for a few days valiantly defended Varna
against the Russians ; but he also evacuated it to her
General (well known for certain persuasive powers) at a
very opportune moment. True it is, also, that he has
many enemies in the Divan ; but, at the same time, he
has more friends there than any other Pacha ; and a
single individual, however rich and astute, cannot pur-
chase up tlle good opinions of a whole Sanhedrim, such
as is the Council at Constantinople. Solim Pacha, on
old Izzet's arrival, at once became deprived of power,
although locally appointed as his lieutenant ; nay, Izzet
was placed superior even to the Commander, for the time
being, of the Sultan's forces. And what were his first
proceedings in Beyrout ? He sent for the members of
the Shora, or municipal council, and inquired what debts
of the late government remain uncollected, On being
informed that every pars of available taxes had pre-
viously been called in, he asked if there were not other
imposts which it had been found impracticable to realise.
The latter was by no means difficult, for their Egyptian
rulers had ceased only to impose burdens when the acme
of their capabilities had been tested. A sum of 20,000
piastres was found to be standing against the town. " Let
that money," said the new Governor, " be collected from
the 'inhabitants by to-morrow at noon, and all who fail
shall suffer forfeiture of their effects." Alas ! alas ! for
the first fruits of the vaunted reformation in Turkey.

HISTORY, ARMORIES, AND ANTIQVITIES
OF THE TOWER.
ORDNANCE OFFICE, TOWER.
The re-arrangement of the Tower Armories,
consequent upon the recent sad disaster, necessarily
calls for a new guide-book, demonstrative of their
altered localization. Mr. Hewett's brochure at
the same time that it supplies this desideratum,
combines with itself an authenticity derived from
the Tower records. One object held in view by
the writer is to imbue visitors with a moderate
degree of understanding as to the exhibition in-
spected, so that they may judge of its merits, and
enjoy its beauties; while the critical niceties
which he undertakes to explain respecting the
panoply of our old champions, the accoutrements
of their steeds, and the uses of their war-arms,
will afford keen eyes a task of discovery at a fu-
ture visit in the originals themselves. Among
the delineations of the machines of torment
which were formerly used in the various torture-
chambers, the refined cruelty of the " Mater
Dolorosa " is thus described :

This was an image of the Virgin, made of wood and
iron, and so constructed that " the victim subjected to its
embraces had by degrees his life squeezed out of his
body." The Jungfern Kuss (the maiden's kiss) was a
somewhat similar punishment ; it was inflicted bj an
" Iron Virgin, seven feet high, which stretched forth
both its arms in the face of the criminal, and with broad
hand swords hewed him into little pieces, which were
swallowed by fishes in hidden waters.'
Among the antiquated relics of the gun-foun-
dry department, burnt in half by the late con-
flagration, was the following curiosity :
A brass 6 pounder gun, date 1581, with the figure of
a frog on the barrel, and the motto,
Ich sing and spring
I sing and spring
Mein feind durch dring.
•
My foe transfixing.
Among those not much damaged, it is to be
rejoiced that two French brass mortars are pre-
served, if only for the sake of their fine motto—
" Non solis radios, sed Jovis fulmina mitto"—" I
dart not sun-rays, but the bolts of Jove." Much
to be regretted, however, is the loss of the Chi-
nese trophy, composed of military arms and
dresses taken at Chusan, and set up only a day
or two previously to the fire. To the many
Christmas-goers who will frequent the Tower at
the present holiday season, at the same time that
Mr. Hewitt's book is to be recommended as their
best cicerone, they should especially examine the
rich armour-suits described at page 66, made to
commemorate the unionof our Eighth Henry with
Katharine of Arragon, among the love-badges of
which the rose and pomegranate abound. Among
the many fables propagated, in early times, of the
Tower, one legend states that its foundation stones
were .1 cemented together with the blood of
beasts."

GOVERNESSES, or MODERN EDUCATION.
Authoress, :12, Newmoi-street, Oxford-street.
Guided by the canons of pu're reason, and
basing her system of instruction upon the new
and enlightened principles that distinguish the
Kantesian school, Madame B. Riofrey has
effected great service to the heads of the educa-
tional world by her publication of this work.
Swayed by the belief that to be a good governess
it is necessary to enter into the feelings of the
mother, and that as the infant mind with its
delicate faculties should be, in its early years,
carefully rendered a recipient of only the purest
intuitions, our authoress, in fashioning her book,
has been studious to lay down, in a series of
clearly-written chapters, the elevated truths and.
refined morality which every female teacher of
youth should possess. In these pages, such wi!,,
see, as in a glass, the loveliness of
the Dutieswhich devolve upon them to inculca,-„,
as pre-
ceptors of their species, and in
tie advocacy of
which the authoress labour:, with praiseworthy
solicitude and earnest,:ess. Believing the mind
to be a rich -garden, which, according to
the seed in it by the hands of the sower, is
de"_#:ined thereafter to produce the golden fruits
of good, or the opposite of evil, Madame Riofrey
enforces the fact, with candour and firmness, that
the governess who exercises influence over so
valued and precious a possession, must be her-
self a highly moral and religious character. Man,
it has been observed, is an imitative animal, and
the soul is said to be so passive and unresisting in
Sts primitive years, that, like a stream, it reflects
within its depths whatever virtues or whatever
vices may casually overshadow it in its rising
source. Truly, said the philosopher—"derriere
l'education est cache le mystere du perfectionne-
went et du bonheur de l'humanite." In these
early years, when impressions of the good, the
beautiful, and the religious write themselves in-
effaceably upon the mind; so vice, more strong
than virtue, if it only gain an exercise of its
powers, burns deeper than a searing-iron. Care-

ful, therefore, should all men be in the choice of
the guardians of youth, and reciprocally wary
should teachers be to set before them-
selves such high models of moral come-
liness as are recommended in this book,
dedicated to their use and service. Better
than brilliant external accomplishments, our
authoress recommends interior mental vir-
tue : in her estimation the finished touch of the
harp-strings is far less worthy of commendation
in a youthful lady, than a simple development
of some sweet moral feeling, or the practice of
some ingenuous virtue. Subversive this may be
in a great measure of the present method of edu-
cation, but it is the only healthful view that ought
to insure acceptation. The pearl of mind has
hitherto been put in a false setting; but it is to
be hoped that time " mental gem," under Ma-
dame Riofrey's new plan of tutelage, will ac-
quire in the next generation a fairer lustre than
it has customarily gained under the old. The
papers which constitute the volume are admir-
ably calculated to work out the ends proposed,
Petrarch, Wordsworth, Tiraboschi, Latnartine,
and others, need only be mentioned to stamp its
choicely-written lessons in different languages
as worthy selections; while no less than forty
ethical chapters from the pen of Madame Rio-
frey herself enjoin her salutary and efficacious
precepts.

LAYS AND LYRICS. Menzies, Edinburgh, 1841
The author of this volume of Poems states, i❑
his Preface, that he was prevailed on to publish
them by several kind old friends, who even so-
licited him to do so by a round robin, which they
sent to Min with all their signatures attached.
Such solicitations were not to be denied, and the
result is the little volume before us, which,
though it gives few decisive tokens of what
Wordsworth has somewhere called " the vision
and the faculty divine," yet exhibits a quick ap-
prehension of the music of verse, and abounds in
such healthy, unaffected feeling, as does great
credit to the author's head and heart. Some of
his minor lyrics, such as " Fatherland," and the
" Harp of the Troubadour," are really very cre-
ditable specimens of versification.

CURIOSITIES OF LITERATURE. Part IT
MASSINGER AND FORD. Part IV: MID-
DLETON'S LIFE OF CICERO. Part IV.
WYCHERLE Y, CONGREVE, cyc. Part IV.
Moxon, London, 1841.
These are republications of some of our stand-
ard works, in monthly half-a-crown Parts, which
are got up with great care and neatness. By
issuing them in this cheap and commodious form,
Mr. Moxon is conferring a great benefit on the
reading public.

SIR WALTER SCOTT'S PROSE WORKS.
Cadell, Edinburgh, 1841.
In addition to the Sixth Part of Sir Walter
Scott's Life of Napoleon, which brings down the
history to the battle of Dresden in 1813, and
General Moreau's death, we have here also the
entire novel of the " Monastery," printed first in
one octavo number ; and, secondly, in a neat duo.
decimo volume. Both reprints are very cre-
ditably executed.

FROM THE FRENCH PAPERS.
We extract the following from the Debats :—" The
Companies of the two Versailles Railroads held sepa-
rate general meetings on Monday, to come to a final
' resolution as to a union. The project was agreed upon
several months ago by the respective Councils of Ad-
ministration. It consisted in a junction of the two un.
dertakings, taking the shares at the average price from
those quoted on the Exchange during several years, or
in other words, five shares in the Versailles and Meudon
road are to have only an equal interest in the new Com-
pany with three shares in the Versailles and St. Cloud
road. The meeting of the latter confirmed this
treaty by a majority of '234 to 1, and that of the
other by 405 to 76. These votes put an end to a
deplorable opposition, which has done great injury
to the cause of railroads in general in France,
as it has occasioned loss to the shareholders of
each of these particular undertakings. The Government
must be sensible from this result of the error committed
by the Legislature in authorising the construction of
two railroads for the same place. Before signing the
Treaty, the Directors of the two Companies obtained a
promise that a Bill should be presented for relieving
the United Company, for a certain number of years,
from the payment of the interest and the sinking fund,
on the loan of 5,000,0001. granted to the Versailles
and Meudon road. By means of this relief, and the
economy to be made by a concentration of the service,
and by prolongations and embranchments, which will
render the two stations in Paris more useful and profit-
able, the two undertakings may rise to prosperity.
Already the town of Versailles and the Council-General
of the Eurc-et-Loire, have voted a subvention of
1,200,000 f. for the formation of a railroad from Ver.
seines to Chartres. With the concurrence of the
country and the State, France may now hope to rise
from the inferiority in which she has hitherto remained
as compared with other kingdoms in respect to railroads."
A young woman, named Marie Decourcy, had been
living for some time with Julliard, a journeyman shoe-
maker, but became at length weary of his ill treat-
ment, and some time ago she left him. The man de-
termined to be revenged for her desertion, and three
days afterwards lay in wait, as she came out of a shop
where she worked, and induced her to go home with
him in order to take away some things which she had
left. Scarcely had she entered the room than Julliard
gave her a deep wound in the breast, but was pre- I
vented from completing his design of murdering her by
the porteress of the house, who came on hearing the
girl's screams. Julliard was arrested, and yesterday
made his appearance before the Court of Assizes, by
which he was found guilty of a deliberate attempt at
mfeurder, and condemned to hard labour at the hulks for
' li.

The Gazette des Tribunaux says that Just-Brazier
and Colombier are reported to have acknowledged all
the facts imputed to them on their trial, and to have
made besides some important disclosures. The exa-
mining commission of the Peers met again yesterday, it,
adds ; a new information has been set on foot, and se-
veral writs of arrest have been issued. The Gazette
des Tribunaux says that no decision has yet been come
to on the demand for mercy made by the prisoners
under sentence of death.—The Debats says, " Yester-
day, after the sitting of the Chamber of Peers, the exa-
mining commission met at the Petit Luxembourg in the
residence of the Chancellor, and decided that a supple-
mentary examination should take place immediately.
It appears certain that revektions made by Colombier
and Just-Brazier have caused five or six arrests, which
were effected on Monday night."—" We are assured,"
says the National, " that the head Registrar of the
Court of Peers went on Monday evening, at 9 o'clock,
to the gaol of the Luxembourg, in order to announce
to Quenisset, Colombier, and Just-Brazier that their
punishment had been commuted to deportation."—
The France reports that, among the persons just ar-
rested, is a gun-maker, who sold or remitted the pistols
to Colombier.

On the 21st inst., the Prussian Ambassador at
Munich made an official communication to the Court
of Bavaria of the promise of marriage between Princess
Mary of Prussia, daughter of Prince William, uncle bf
the King, and the Prince Royal of Bavaria. The
marriage is not, however, to take place before the
month of October 1842. The Prince Royal of Bavaria,
Maximilian Joseph, was born on the Bth November,
1811. He received his education in different German
Universities. Princess Mary of Prussia is the youngest
of the daughters of the uncle of the King of Prussia.
She is only in her seventeenth year, having been born on
the I.sth October, 1825. She is said to be exceedingly
amiable and beautiful.
M. Delecluze has lately made a discovery among
the manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci, carrying back a
knowledge of the steam-engine to at least as tar back
as the 15th century. He has published in the Artiste
a notice on the lite of Leonardo da Vinci, to which
he adds a fac-simile of a page from one of his manu-
scripts, and on which are five sketches with the pen,
representing the details of the apparatus of a steam-
gun, with an explanatory note upon what he desig-
nates under the name of the Architonnerre, and of which
note the following is a translation :—" Invention of Ar-
chirnedes.—The Architonnerre is a machine offine copper,
which throws balls with a loud report and peat force.
It is used in the following manner:—One-third of this
instrument contains 4 large quantity of charcoal fire.
When the water i•:s well heated, a screw at the top of
the vessel whi'fn contains the water must be made quite
tight. Or., closing the screw above, all the water will
escaPe below, will descend into the heated portion of
instrument, and be immediately converted into a
vapour so abundant and powerful, that it is wonderful
to see its fury, and hear the noise it produces. This
machine will carry a ball of a talent in weight." It is
worthy of remark that Leonardo da Vinci, far from
claiming the merit of this invention for himself, or the
men of his time, attributes it to Archimedes.

EARTHQUAKE IN ROSS•SHIRE.-011 Mon-
day the 20th instant, exactly at four o'clock, P.M.,
a severe shock of an earthquake was felt at Kintail,
and in several of the neighbouring, parishes to the
great alarm of the inhabitants. There was nothing
peculiar in the state of the weather, or the appearance
of the day, unless it might be a stillness and calmness
in the atmosphere, which, although remarked at the
time, is not uncommon at even this season of the year.
There was no recurrence of the shock. The noise which
invariably accompanies such visitations, like the rushing
of water or the rattling of a carriage, was very distinct.
We have before noticed the extreme prevalence of light-
ning, with occasional thunder, in the west and north
Higlands this winter, but the above is the only case of
earthquake in the same districts, which has come to our
knowledge.—lnverness Courier.
The exportation to London of rabbits from
France amounts to some thousands weekly ; but they
are inferior to the English. American venison has also
become an article of importation to this country.—
Manchester Guardian.

MORNING SU

_

THE TEN HOURS FACTORY
QUESTION.

A REPORT ADDRESSED TO THE SHORT-TIME COMMIT.,
TEES OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, OF CER••
TUN CONFERENCES HELD WITH THE RIGHT HON. SIR
ROBERT PEEL, DART., M.P , &ND SEVERAL OF HIS COL-
LEAGUES, ON THE SUBJECT OF THE TEN HOURS FAO-

TORY QUESTION, AND OTHER IMPORTANT MATTERS,

Having been deputed by you to wait upon the lead-.
ing members of the present Administration, to urge
upon their attention the necessity and importance of a
Bill for the better regulition of infantile and youthful
labour in factories, we beg to present to you an abstract
of our proceedings in the various interviews with which
we were honoured, as the best mode of laying before
you the results of our labours in the discharge of the
duty confided to us.

INTERVIEW WITH SIR ROBERT PEEL, BART., FIRST LORD
OF THE TREASURY, ETC.
The first visit of the deputaton was to Sir Robert
Peel, upon whom they waited by appointment on the
23th of o:!tober, at his official residence, Downing-
street. Robert received the deputation in the
most courteous manner, and awaited in silence their
statement.

The Deputation opened the business by saying " We
have been deputed to wait upon you, Sir Robert, by
the short-time Committees of the West Riding of
Yorkshire, in consequence of a letter from Lord Ashley,
stating that Sir Robert Peel's opinions were not yet
matured upon the Factory question. We were is
hopes that you would have come, by this time, to a
satisfactory conclusion respecting the Ten-hours Bill,
and we now press upon your attention the necessity
which exists for introducing such a Bill at an early
period of the ensuing session—a Bill for the better re-
gulation of labour in factories.

Sir ROBERT—" Will you please first to explain the
nature of the Bill you propose ?" The deputation ex-
plained that the leading provisions they were anxious to
see enacted were—

1. A clause declaring that in future no person be-
tween 1:1 and 21 years of age should be employed more
than ten hours per day in any mill or factory.' The
Deputation added that it was mote urgent now thus,
ever to have a legislative protection for those above 13
years of age, owing to the immense increase in the pro•
portion of females now working in factories.

".2. That to insure the fulfilment of this clause., no
young person should be permitted to stay or be found
in the mills between six o'clock in the evening and six
o'clock in the morning. The mill-owner or manager
infringing the law to be subjected to the penalty of im-
prisonment. _

" 3. The gradual withdrawal of all females from the
factories..

"4. The boxing off of all dangerous parts of ma-
chinery, under a heavy penalty, with a power of re-
covering compensation for any injury sustained through
neglect of this provision.
Sir ROBERT said—" The last point is a mere mat-
ter of detail ; but don't you think there would be very
great hardship in the proposal respecting female labour?
Suppose a widow, with two daughters, without any
other means of support than her and their labour.
Would it not be very unjust to step in between her and
an honest employment, and say, you shall not be al-
lowed to support yourselves by your own labour?"
The Deputation—" There are certainly difficulties
connected with this portion of the subject, and the one
so strongly stated by you is not the least. Such cases,
however, would be the exception, not the rule ; and it
is the latter, not the former, to which all legislation is
directed. Special cases might be provided for by
special enactments. We do not believe that any
evils which might arise from even a rigourous and
entire prohibition of female labour could be comparedl
with those which spring from the present system.
The females employed in factories are generally
the offspring of parents who have been similarly situated.
They get little, if any, education worthy the ne.mo pre-
vious to entering the mills ; and, as soon as they enter
them (generally at a very early age, in or.insequence of
the connivance of parents, medical mrn, and factory
owners, to evade the present law) they are surrounded
by influences of the most vitiating and debasing nature.
They grow up in total ignorance of all the true duties
of woman. Home, its cares and its employments, is
woman's true sphere, but these poor things are totally
unfitted for attending to the one, or participating in the
other. They neither learn, in the great majority of eases,
to make a shirt, darn a stocking, cook a dinner, or cleats
a house. In short, both in mind and manners, they are
altogether unfitted for the occupancy of a domestic posi-
tion, as is evidenced by the fact that the wealthy and
middle classes very rarely engage any of this class as
servants. Yet those who are thus considered unfit even tea
fill the office of menial to the rich, arc the only partiea
among whom, ordinarily, the male factriry labourer has
a chance of obtaining a wife. They are married early.
Many are mothers before 20. Thriftlessness and waste
even of their small incomes, and consequent domestic dis-
comfort and unhappiness, generally succeed. Through
these means is engendered a vast amount of imnao-
rality and misery, and while such are its results as re.
spects private life, the operation of thc system is not less
injurious in a national point of view. It throws the bur-
den of suppoi ring the family on the wife and the child,
and compels the adult male, upon whose shoulders the
duty ought rightfully to fall, to be reluctantly idle. It
is an inversion of the order of nature and of Providence
—a return to a state of barbarism, in which the woman
does the work while the man looks idly on. The conse-
quence of throwing loose such a mass of partially-
informed men in such circumstances, cannot fail to be
fraught with danger to the State. Disaffection and dis.
content must be engendered among parties so situated.
If, therefore, such evils, both private and public, can be
distinctly traced to this source, we think it is the im-
perative duty of Government and the Legislature to
step in and arrest their operation to the utmost practi-
cable extent."

Sir R. PELL—" I still see great difficulties the
way, admitting all you have stated. I believe that fe-
male and youthful labour is preferred, in consequence of
its greater cheapness ;is it not ? And D'Lso, because
it is, in some departments, better adapted for the pur-
pose in view than adult labour."
The DEPUTATION—" You are right as respects the
cheapness, Sir ; but the other point tnP.y admit of doubt.
For instance, it is objected that ail.ults could not stoop
to the machinery, to the height of which children are
perfectly adapted. But this objection could easily be
obviated by having the ray'ies raised, and other machi-
nery fixed a little higher from the ground. And as to
dexterity of fingers; You must be aware that the utmost
fineness of touch -and quickness of movement may be
acquired and retained by constant practice."
Sir R. PEtri,—" It is ex ident that the course you
propose woiald have the effect, if adopted, of compelling
the empinyment of a greater number of adults, and con-
sequently higher priced labourers ; and the result of
that would be to raise the price of British manufactures,
and thus place our manufacturers under greater disad-
vantages in foreign markets than at present. Now, the
complaint of our manufacturers is, that the competi-
tion in those markets is already so great that it is with
the utmost difficulty they can maintain a footing in them.
I feel deeply for the working classes of this country,
and I am sure that if any measure could be devised by
which the deep distress they now suffer could be alle-
viated it would be the duty of the Government imme-
diately to adopt them. But we have not only their
case to consider, but also the effect which such mea-
sures would have upon the employment of capital, and
the interests of those classes wino have invested their
capital in these pursuits."
The DEPUTATION.--.." Hitherto, Sir Robert, the in-
terests of the capitalists have been attended to almost
exclusively : and the consequence le, that the intro..
duction of self-acting machinery, and machinery re-
quiring the attendance of women and children only,
together with intense competition between our own
merchants, has thrown vast numbers out of work, and
reduced the wages of those who are employed to
the barest pittance which can support existence. This
evil is likely to be still further aggravated by the im-
mense increase of machinery abroad. The policy of
the late Government had been to allow that it should
be freely exported. Of late years machinery has been
extensively introduced on the Continent. Belgium,
Saxony, Prussia, and other places have, instead of
taking our goods, succeeded in their primary object—
that of supplying their own markets ; in some instances
they have gone farther, and now compete successfully
with us in neutral markets ; and in some articles even
come into direct competition with us in our own mar-
kets. Above all, America is a rival that threatens ul-
timately to destroy one of the staple manufactures of
this country—cotton. It can be shown that, in con-
sequence of the American manufacturer possessing the
the advantage of having the raw material almost at his
own door, he is enabled, notwithstanding a higher price
of labour, inferior machinery, and less economical
processes of management, which give an advantage
to the British manufacturer of 17 per cent.,
the American is yet enabled, with his water-
power and cheaper raw material, in all fabric
in which quantity is more a matter of considers.
tion than quality, to beat us in the end by a small per
centage. Now, the disparity at p resent existing be-
tween us as respects machinery, cheap labour, and
superior management, must, in the nature of things, be
continually lessening, and a closer approximation take
place. The population of the United States of Ame-
rica, by natural increase, aided by immigration, will
lower the cost of labour, improvements will be daily
introduced in the machinery, effecting more with a less ex.
pendit tire of power, and experience will improve their
modes of management, until at length they will be on
a par with us in all these points, while the substantial
and permanent drawback of having to send to America
.t
for our raw material, bring it 1 home, and re-transport
for sale in its manufactured state, will still press upon us."
n- .
but do you not think that,
t.
st
accordingSirlPEEL—"to yo `Fell,
ovvt admissions, the arguments
against any interference which might aid the process
which you have
eis•y much
o clearly and
re ngstthroenngdl?y„ described as now
going on,are v
The DEPUTATION—" Pardon us, Sir Robert, such is
not the case according to the light in wliich we view
the subjeot. It is an axiom in political economy, that

MORNING SUN

p rice is dependent upon supply and demand. If an
article is scarce in the market, however small the defi-
ciency may be, the price of all the stock in the market
is raised. In lake meaner, if there be a surplus, how-
ever small that surplus may be, it affects not merely ,
the surplus, but the whole of the commodity, which is ;
thereby reduced in price. Nox, we can show by sta-
tistical
facts and irrefutable documents, that since the
year 1815, there lies been a constant introduction of
self-acting machinery, or machinery which imposed
greater labour on the smaller number of adult opera-
tives retained ; thus cheapening the cost, and h.-
creasing the amount of production. And what has
been the consequence ? Why, exactly i❑ proportion
as this as taken place, the profits of the capitalist
and the wages of the labourer have regularly de-
creased ; until at length, in 1E3.3, we received no more
money for three times the amount of raw material manu-
factured, than we received in 181' for the one-third.
This result, in our opinion, is clearly traceable to the
unregulated use and extensive introduction of machinery
which has either superseded adult labour entirely, or
replaced it by the cheaper labour of women and children.
What is now the consequence? Throughout the manu•
facturing districts mills are nearly closed. Inc' capi-
taliA end middle Cht3SCS are in ditliculties—insolvent or
bankrupt ; while the operatives are in a state of desti-
tution which must make every heart bleed, and which
arises from causes over which they themselves have no
controul. Now, if this insane course had be•el checked,
if over production had been discouraged by wise laws, sod
a prudent system of trade pursued, wages end profits
would have been better,and employment more permanent
anti more equally diffused over the year. Fur these rea-
sons, Sir Robert, we believe that the dictates ot' sound
political wisdom coincide with the dictates of humanity,
Morality, and religion, in calling upon us to retrace our
steps, and arrest the progress of a system which is
spreading disease, disorganization, and disaffection, in
the tactory districts. As a proof that we are not over-
stating the facts, we beg to present you, Sir Robert,
with one illustration of many which might be offered.
It is a printed copy of the Report of the Unemployed
Operatives' Enumeration Committee of Leeds, in which
a'detailed statement of the condition of the operatives
in the several wards of that to.vn, the emporium of the
woollen district, is given. The summary of that ap-
palling statement is, that nearly 20,000 human beings
are now living upon an average weekly income of I 1 Id.
per head. We leave to your own judgment what must
be the ultimate end of such a state of things."
Sir ROBERT, taking the docu►nent, said, " I am
sorry to say that I have already seen this mclencholy
statement in manuscript, through the kindness of Sir
James Graham, to whom it was presented by Mr.
B'ckett. lam deeply grieved by the knowledge of
such an amount of suffcricg, and sympathise most sin-
cerely with the condition of the people as there de-
scribed. It is indeed very distressing, and some effi-
cient remedy is most desirable."
The DEPUTATION—The requirements of humanity
imperatively deinand it. No system which entails upo❑
the great bulk of the community such suffering ought
to be permitted to exist ; such a baneful influence
(eight not to go unchecked, whatever reasons, political
or economical, may be adduced in its behalf.
Sir ROBERT PEEL then directed the conversation to
the broad question of machinery, which, he said was
one deserving of the greatest consideration.
'cis, DEPUTATION said, " We will not attempt to
conceal from you, Sir Robert, our opinion that, in
order to meet the case fully and fairly, the enactment
of other and more comprehensive measures is indis-
pensably necessary. A ten-hours Bill ten years ago
might and would have produced much more benefit
than it can now produce. In the interval a vast
amount of automaton power has been called into ex-
istence. It appears by the reports of the Factory In-
spectors that between the years 1835 and 1839 the
horse-power increased at least one-half, while, so far
from the new machinery calling new manual labour
into exercise, the fact was, that the number of
spinners in Manchester required to work the
enlarged and increased machinery was not more
than one-third of the number previously employed.
For such a state of things it would be very unwise,
and a concealment of the truth, to say that a ten-hours
Bill would be a complete and perfect remedy ; but it
would, at lc at, be a step in the right road. To insure
effective relief from the dangers and evils by which we
are now surrounded, bolder and more comprehensive
measures most assuredly are requisite ; and if you, Sir R.
Peel, will excuse us for stepping beyond the legitimate
boundaries of' our mission, we will tell you our opnions
as to those measures. We have conic to you in the spirit
of friendship—not to dictate or dogmatise—neither
have we come to find fault, without suggesting such a
remedy as appears to us capable of alleviating the evil ;
and we alto come free from all party feeling or preju-
dices. We nra sick of party nicknames and party
contests, for party purposes. We are sick of the ever-
lasting confusion and bad feeling arising from these
contests, and are prepared to award our confidence,
support, and gratitude, to any Government, or set of
rue (no matter what their party name may be), who
will stow by their ac ions that they sympathise with
our wrongs and our seffe.rings, and are honestly desirous
aremoving them. We venture to recommend, for the
reasons laid before yell at length, the pessing, of the
Ten Hours Bill, and to accompany it either by' the
total repeal of the Nee Poor-la•w, or by such an altera-
tion of it as will render it applicable to the nainufactur-
iog districts, in which it is at this moment practically
inoperative, and in winch we defy any Government ever
to enforce it.
Roesner—Well, gentlemen, I have listened with
deep interest to y our statements, and feel obliged by
your waiting on me. I confess that there is much force
iu what you have advanced, and that the evils you
complain of are manifold and great, especially those
which press upon the manufacturing operative. I also
fear that an extension of our manufactures will not
afford the relief desired ; for past experience, I think,
Shows that such an extension would only bring into
play niore machinery, and not employ manual labour in
any thing like the rate of the increase in the machine de-
partment. Of course I cannot pledge myself to any
particular line of action in respect to the measure you
advocate. But I shall give the subject that full and
attentive consideration which its importance and various
bearings deserve, and should I conic to a different con-
clusion to that you hold, I shall do so with a confident
reliance o❑ the intelligence, moderation, and good feel.
ine vou have now displayed, assured that these conclu-
sions and the reasons I may adduce for them will re-
ceive a calm and impartial examination.
The DeetnreertoN repeated that they had no wish to
draw from the Premier any premature avowals of his
policy. Their sole object was to make a true and full
statement of the condition of those whose interests they
represented in the spirit of friendshie to all parties. •
Trey sought not the injury of any class, but the welfare
of all : and they believed that the policy and measures •
they recommended scot Id insure this commendation. ,
They wished it to his understood that they had no anti- ,
really whatever to the masters—no desire to injure
them. They neither accused them of selfishness nor
cruelty. It was the system which made them what
they were ; and the object the Deputation had in view
was to alter the system in as gradual and beneficial a
manner for ail parties as possible.
'The Deputation then rose to take leave, observing
that they had some thoughts of waiting upon Sir •
James Graham, and asked Sir Robert if it would be ad- ,
visable or necessary ? To which he replied, " Cer-
taints, ; I think you had better see Sir James, and also
Mr. Gladstone." Sir Robert immediately wrote notes
of introduction to those two gentlemen, after which, he
most courteously basic the Deputation farewell, again
expressing the satisfaction the interview had afforded
him.
The impression left on the minds of every one of the
Deputation on retiring was, that Sir R. Peel is fully
aware of the great source of our evils at the present
lament, and that lie sincely sympathises with the work-
ing-classes, GEORGE A. FLEMING.
.TOSHUA HOBSON.
JOHN LEECH.
MARK CRABTREE.
TITUS S. BROOKE.

Mr. George Wigney, brother of the Member
of Parliament for Brighton, has issued a long address
to his fellow townsmen, on the subject of the breakwater
oil' Brighton. It appears that Mr. Wigney has taken oit
a patent for making solid breakwaters of iron plates,
tilled up with concrete, and proposes that one should be
erected off Brighton, in preference to the floating break-

water.
H. Percy,
Chudleigh, the youngest son of M.
trainer, died on the 29th ult. at Pimperne, in his 19th
year. 'The deceased may be considered to have been
the prince of light weights, having on a recent occasion
ridden only tire stone eight pounds. He was a very
fortunate rider, and the winner of many celebrated races.
Amongst which may be noticed the Goodwood and
Ascot Stakes for 1840, &c. His last performance was
at the recent Houghton Meeting, when he rode Lord
Exeter's Scarf. After the race, being much exhausted,
a rf viving draught was administered to him, which
enabled him to ride Lord Eglintoun's Young 'Ln. 11,
was conveyed home as soon as possible, and gradually
.stink under his complaint, s% hich was an affection of the
heart and lungs. The kindness and gentleness of his
disposition had endeared him to all who knew him.—
Plymouth Journal.
Many important improvements in the Post-office
department arc in contemplation by the light lion. Lord
Lowther, the Postmaster-General, not only with respect
to the transmission of letters and newspapers to foreign
parts, but also inland by railways trains, morning and
• evening, to diitricts %here there in at present only one
delivery every other day, especially in several small
towns and villages not Post-ottice stations.
The Patriote of Chalons-sur-Saone states that

the wife of a farmer of Vessey has been taken into cus-
tody for having, after a quarrel with her husband, and as
lie was lying in bed, thrown a large saucepan of boiling
water over his flice and breast.
CHELTENHAM, WEDNESDAY.- So great is
the feeling in this town become against railway travel-
ling, that this morning a lady otfered five pounds for an
inside place to London by one of the coaches, which was
booked full, and •no one felt inclined to relinquish their
place for that sum.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

['non TIM DAILY PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.
LORD ASHBURTON'S MISSION TO THE

UNITED STATES.
TIMES.—It gives us much pleasure to announce,
that the It.ght Hon. Lord Ashburton, at the request
of her Majesty's Government, is about to proceed to the
United States on a special mission, with the object of
settling all existing differences between that country
and our own Lordship, who will sail in a few
weeks, bad been tasked to undertake this service, and
had consented to do so, before the President's Message
had been received, so that the mission in question,
whatever be its character or results, has been had re-
course to, wholly irrespective of anything contained or
omitted in that document. The step itself, we think,
is a wise one. Without at all presuming to imagine that
it has originated in any humble suggestions of ours, we
may nevertheless remind our readers, that only a few
weeks ago, we strenuously urged the peculiar propriety
of making a special effort, at the present time, to re-
move every remaining ground of dispute, inasmuch
as the introduction of new elements of irritation con-
tingent upon further delay, might eventually render an
amicable adjustment unattainable, and involve both
countries in all the horrors of war. We do not know
that any great expense will be incurred by this mission ;
but even if there should, the vast importance of its ob-
ject, which cannot possibly be overrated, is more than
sufficient, terminate how it may, to warrant the ex-
penditure of a much larger sum than is likely to
be required. Nor is it a trifling merit on the part
of her Majesty's present Ministers that they have
thus undertaken an enterprise which, be it success-
ful
or not, is manifestly adopted on the most rational
data, with the best possible intentions. Two things,
at all events, are clearly demonstrated by the
appointment of this special mission —in the
first place, that the Conservative Government,
instead of imitating the Whigs in prosecuting a series
of speculative political experiments, are steadily address-
ing themselves to the repair of such practical evils as,
by engendering a want of mercantile confidence, ope-
rate injuriously upon British commerce ; and secondly,
that Sir Robert Peel's Ministry are intent, by all prac-
tical means, upon maintaining the blessings of peace.
Neither must it be supposed that Lord Ashburton's
mission necessarily implies any deficiency in the instruc-
tions or powers of the American Minister at her Ma-
jesty's Court. Those instructions and powers, we have
no reason to doubt, are of a plenary order ;
while, from the known discretion and ability of Mr.
Everett, as well as from the very short period
during which his Excellency has been in this country,
the presumption is, that, for various satisfactory
reasons, it has appeared to him that the disputed
points between America and ourselves had better be
entirely committed to Lord Ashburton and the Wash-
ington Cabinet. The appointment of a special Am-
bassador from this country, is, of itself; a piece of
marked respect to the United States Government,
which can hardly fail of being duly appreciated and of
paving the way for an amicable negotiation. A
friendlyintercourse, too, between our special Envoy and
the leading statesmen of America, dictated by a
cordial anxiety to complete an infrangible bond of
amity, cannot but be attended with beneficial results.
All that both parties contend for, may not be im-
mediately secured ; but, by the reasonable conces-
sions likely to be yielded without dishonour on either
side, the main points in dispute may be so reduced
in importance as to ren2er future surrenders more
advantageous to each than a dogged adherence to
mare unsubstantial punctilios. The selection of Lord
Ashburton for this delicate mission appears to us, upon
the whole, to be deserving of commendation. His
Lordship is, by universal acknowledgment, the prince
of British merchants. With immense mercantile inte-
rests extending over the whole world—interests which,
while peculiarly identified with America, cannot suffer
interruption in any quarter without incurring a serious
injury in their entire range, his Lordship has the ad-
vantage of proceeding to the United States, not only
with the highest claims upon the consideration of that
trading community, hut with a direct personal con-
cern in the maintenance of general peace. Thus,
while the independence and integrity of Lord
Ashburton place him above the suspicion of unduly
yielding to extravagant demands which he can well
at ord to resist his Lordship's large and intimate con-
nexion with American commerce may naturally be sup-
posed to deter him from all such petty sticklings as
may obviously tend to interrupt it. The Noble Lord,
besides, is thoroughly acquainted with the whole ques-
tion touching the right of search, as affecting, among
all nations, the perfectly compatible interests of hu-
manity and trade. That Lord Ashburton's appoint-
ment will be acceptable to the United States Govern-
ment may be fairly inferred from Mr. Everett's concur-
rence ; and we certainly augur from it the most auspi-
cious results. Heaven grant that we be not disap-
pointed !
CHRUNICLE.—With to-day, Eighteen hundred
and forty-one leaves us to join " the years beyond the
flood." Many years have quitted the world with a
more obvious parting benediction on humanity, and with
apparently brighter prospects for their successors. The
first light of Eighteen hundred and forty-two will dawn on
many a sad spectacle of want, wretchedness, and despair.
And it will shine on the selfish power which has caused
that suffering dreaming yet of resisting the claims of jus-
tice. Two legacies are bequeathed by the dying year
which will suffice to make it memorable. It has be-
stowed upon us the rather questionable boons of Toryism
in the State and Puseyism in the Church. We do not
regard either of them, considered in itself, as a " charter
and freehold of rejoicing," or desire them for ourselves
and our heirs to have and to hold for ever. Never-
theless, like other venomous things, there may be me-
dicinal virtue in them, and a jewel in the head of
the ugly toads. Each has probably work to do,
which could not be so well performed by better hands.
The Whig Ministry fell, not by the timidity with which
it had been reproached, but by the boldness of an
attack in which the people were not ready to sustain it
vigorously at the moment. Preparation is always re-
quired for the public mind, to enable it to bring the
knowledge it may long have possessed, and the feelings
it may long have experienced, to bear upon a legislative i
question. Sir Robert Peel knows this, and therefore
keeps back his plans, that the least possible opportunity
may be afforded the nation for their full discussion and
just appreciation. The Whigs were, doubtless, aware
of it too ; but they ranted to secure the discussion
which he desires to preclude. Their resignation must
have been foreseen and determined on from the moment
they chose their measures. It was, and is, their only
path to the triumph of their principles of commercial l
refoim. Already the effect is evident. A general
election has been carried triumphantly in favour of
monopoly ; and before Parliament has assembled for
any other purpose save that of the seizure of office by the
victorious party, it is confessed that the principle which
carried the election must undergo modification. The
election banners of Corn-law immutability are scarcely
furled, when its champions declare that change is in-
evitable. The old year has put in the Tories ; but it
has put them in for the work of commencing, if not of
completing the break up of the food monopoly'. The
new year, before it is very much advanced, will see
them coming, with laggard step, wry faces, and unwill-
ing hands, to their enforced task. Come to it they
must. They are the slaves of fate. They have ex-
pelled a Ministry for frowning at the fabric of the Corn-
laws, and themselves are doomed to pull out the first
stow!, a signal of approaching demolition. And they
have not now to deal with a Government, fettered and
enfeebled by its position as a Government, and with
divided aid from its own party. They have no allies in
the camp of Opposition. Neither Parliamentary tactics
nor successful contests have availed to stop public dis-
cussion. It is their turn to' offer compromises, instead
of refusing them ; and in their turn to be refused. The
cry for justice swells on every side. No former propo-
sitions, or disturbing forces, entangle or abate the de-
mand. This is what they have won for themselves.
For this, did the old year turn out the Whigs. We
cannot interrupt with complaints the peace of its dying
day. Better the Tories restored, than the Corn-law
question not in the advanced position it has gained.
Nor have we more regret about Puseyism, which
the year has dandled into a sort of vampire vigour.
They sound rather oddly those plms for razing
Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, and half Lon-
don, that the inhabitants may be located in villages
each with a squire and parson for its guidance, and
those claims of divine power over states and indivi-
duals. But affected superstition may act as a balance
to tae fanaticism that threatened to inconvenience the
business of the country. For any church establish-
ment to be really national, in a reading and inquiring
age, it must allow considerable diversity of opinions.
In the present Church of England, extreme opinions
are exhibiting themselves in collision ; but they are
' not there legitimately. They are there in defiance of
the baffled articles for securing uniformity of faith.
limy point to the alternative of either comprehension,
or expulsion. We shall enter, then, not unhopefully
upon the labours of the coming year. Whatever it
rn ty do with parties, the precedent events are not
unpropitious to its doing much for the principles which
alleviate the evils of society, and advance its prosperity
and happiness.

GLOBE.—As to the candidate most suited to
effect the great object for which every Dublin Liberal
should strive, we feel the more unwilling to offer
an opinion, from our recollection of the injury inflicted
on the Liberal cause at the last election by an un-
founded statement, which obtained the currency of
truth, as to the Duke of Leinster'i son having con-
sented to be put in nomination. No such blunder as
this must be allowed to mar the fair prospects of the
Liberal cause in the impending contest. Whoever may
he thought of by the Liberal Committee, a prompt and
decisive reply must be required from the party named.
In fixing the" must fix ; and having made their choicu
and obtained the consent of the party, "union" must then
be the watchword ; and to well-regulated and well-di-
rected effort, in which every man must be engaged with
an energy of purpose which implies that the cause is
written upon his heart, and that success can only
be achieved by his acting as though the result de-

pended on him alone, each Liberal must devote
himself. Such is the spirit in which the election must
be contested on the part of the Dublin Liberals ; and
triumph will crown it with its due reward. if we
doubt the propriety of putting Lord Morpeth in
nomination, it is because we fear that his Lordship's ab-
sence from the country, and the knowledge.of his recorded
declaration that he will not in sit in Parliament except
far Yorkshire, may dispirit some of the electors by in-
ducing an apprehension that, if elected, he will not tike
his seat. Of Lord Morpeth's suitableness there
can be but one opinion. The services he rendered to
Ireland as Chief Secretary have earned for him a name
which is associated with all that is dear to Irish pa-
triotism ; and his election would be an appropriate
mode of recognizing his services and personal worth.
Whether these considerations should be deemed
sufficient to counterbalance the disadvantages of his
Lordship's absence from the country—and the doubt
whether, if elected, he would rescind his purpose of re-
maining out of Parliament until again returned for York-
shire, must be left with those whose better means of
forming a correct judgment on the case, will give their
counsel a weight which we cannot expect will be attach-
ed to our opinion.

MONEY MARKET and CITY NEWS.

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.

TIMES.—Among the paragraphs in President Ty-
ler's Message there is one which may be considered sa-
tisfactory to the holders of American securities, not on
account of its giving them any legal advantage, but
because it is a gratuitous expression of moral feeling.
After declaring that the States alone are responsible
for their own indebtedness, the President adds that he
can do no more than express a belief that each State
will feel itself bound, by every consideration of honour
and interest, to meet its engagements with punctuality,
remarking that the failure of one State should in no de-
gree affect the credit of the rest, and that the present
non-paying States have such resources that they will
most likely redeem their obligation at no distant
time. That the want of credit in one State should not
affect the credit of another, is just enough ; but the
European capitalists have not been misled by any notion
of a real connexion between them ; but, hearing repu-
diation advocated by the highest authorities in one
State, have feared lest it should prove infectious, unless
there were some cleat guarantee of a feeling of higher
morality existing in the Union. Hence this passage
in the mouth of the Executive is particularly oppor-
tune, as it shows that any other conduct but prompt
payment on the part of the Sates will be con-
sidered dishonourable in the highest quarters. And
here it may be remarked, that in all Mr. Tyler's acts
hitherto there is an exhibition of great conscientious-
ness. de has been accused of wavering and of tam-
pering with opposite parties, but still it should be no-
ticed that, under the most trying circumstances, when-
ever he has made up his mind that a certain course of
conduct is wrong or unconstitutional, he has invariably
avoided it, however industriously he may have been
beset. In the present case of the State obligations he
has made an admission which can leave no doubt of the
rectitude of his intentions, while at the same time it is
not such a one as to compromise his Government. The
bondholders, therefore, have every reason to thank the
President for the expression of such an opinion on such
an occasion.

C H RO N IC LE.—This afternoon an evening Contem-
porary states that the Government have at length resolved
to meet the question of compensation to the innocent
holders of the Exchequer bills " upon equitable
grounds ;" and, taking for granted its non-liability in a
legal sense, it has determined to state to the House of
Commons the facts of the case, leaving it to that body
to deal with it. " The Chancellor of the Exchequer ;"
it is said, " will probably bring the matter for-
ward ; and, without denying the laxity that has
hitherto been allowed to prevail in the Ex-
chequer bill department, will propose that the par-
ties who have really taken the forged documents under
circumstances showing no ground for believing that
they could have suspected fraud, shall be indemnified
to the full amount of their fictitious securities." We
were not prepared to look for the first information re-
garding the intentions of the present Cabinet in the
columns of our Liberal Contemporary, and fear that this
intelligence is at least premature. But we never hesi-
tated to maintain that the claims of the innocent holders
to full compensation, both on moral and legal grounds,
were irresistible, and that the Government would
merit the censure of Parliament if they should
seriously resist them. The Government may just as
well make a merit of necessity, for they must grant
compensation to the innocent holders in the long run,
and it would be far more wise and politic to propose a
plan of arrangement than to have one forced upon
them. When that arrangement is completed, the first
point of the question, namely, compensation to the in-
nocent holders, will have been adjusted. The third
point, namely, the adoption of a better system of ma-
nagement, will be fully taken up by the commission,
leaving the second only for discussion, namely, detec-
tion and punishment of the accomplices of Smith and
Ranalio.
HER ALD.—The rise to be observed in Spanish
stocks is attributable to the renewed reports of the
Commissieners, said to be appointed to carry into effect
the capitalization of the overdue Coupons, being at
length on their way from Madrid with the pesos duros
for the payment of two halt-year's dividends upon them,
when consolidated, at the rate of three per cent. It
is possible the news this time may be true, and it is
high time the Spanish Finance people should at length
show a little fire after so much smoke ; for it is now
upwards of twelve months since the capitalization
project was put in motion and the Commissioners sent
on their travels—in the newspapers. There is no
intention to be ill-natured, or to say anything in-
vidiously in that sense, on this occasion, which might
serve needlessly to discourage the expectations of the
bondholders, or to throw suspicion on the actions and
purposes of the Spanish Government. Occasion has
been taken at various times, on the contrary, to express
much more confidence in the integrity and financial
management of Senor Surra y Rull than unfortunately
it was possible to entertain and record respecting more
than one of his predecessors ; but long and costly ex-
perience must satisfy the creditors of Spain in this
country how little
land of romance have hitherto been to be depended on,
and to find according to the common saying, that
"fine words butter no parsnips." It may be hoped,
rather than taken for granted that present appearances
will prove more substantial of result to the bondholders
than on numberless other occasions has proved to be
the case.

FROM LAST NIGHT'S GAZETTE.

The Gazette of last evening contains a notice from the
Speaker, that it is his intention to issue a warrant to the
Clerk of the Crown to make out a new writ for the
election of a Member to serve in this present Parliament,
for the City of Dublin, in the room of John Beatty West,
Esq., deceased.