The Sun.
London, England, 1845-12-26 00:00:00

and Nova Scotia, and the British settlements, all
who will not join in the great republican con-
federacy. What right has America to lay down
anysuch outrageous and unjust law ? The original
settlers were colonists from this country, and since
the declaration of independence the republic has been
making the most violent encroachments on every
neighbouring state. Florida was unjustly occupied,
Louisiana was obtained from the French, because the
French Emperor hated the English, and Texas
has been taken from Mexico by the most de-
ceitful tricks, backed by open violence. What right
has America to encroach on Mexico, and thereby
obtain a footing on that point of the continent which
threatens the most dangerous consequences to Bri-
tish commerce ? But, not satisfied with the Mexi-
can Gulf, America claims the whole trade of the
Pacific—she reckons upon trafficking exclusively be-
tween the Oregon and California, and the countless
islands in the seas of China and Japan, with a view to
harass and ultimately destroy our trade in the east.
No English Minister can shut his eyes to such immi-
nent danger, nor wait with his hands folded till

not succeed, we hope, either in escaping from us com-
pletely, or in raising i z serious manner the Arab
tribes of the Chelig Aact, the baggage and cavalry
of Colonel St. Arnaud had entered Orleans-
villa on the 1 1 th, and all his column ought
to be there at the present moment. On the
other band, General Comman's column is still
at the foot of Milianah, and these forces properly em-
ployed must prove sufficient to baffle the Emir's plan. If
these pre-visions be verified,', Abd-el-Kader will not be
able to extricate himself from his position, except by
one of the valleys of the Riou of the Oued-Ardjem, or
of the Oued-Fodda, and then, at their opening, he
might possibly meet the Marshal, if the latter be in-
formed in time of the movements of the Emir, and he
will, without doubt, be aware of it, for the news re-
ceived from General Jusurs column, give consistency to
the intentions attributed to Abd•el-Kader. This column
was, on the morning of the 10th, between the Ouled-
Bessam and the Ouled-Amer, in a spot called El-Arbaa
of the Ottled-Bessam. Its spies had even stopped two of
Abd-el-Kader's couriers, through whom the place where
the Emir was could be known."
We subjoin miscellaneous extracts from the pa-
pers :

N

" The whole of the Royal Family came up to the Tail
ries from St. Cloud on Saturday, at half-past 5 o'clock,
and fixed themselves for the winter. The King was re-
ceived by several of the Ministers, by the officere of the
Household, the two Prefects, and a great number of
generals and other superior officers. At 6 his Majesty
gave a grand dinner of 80 covers in the Gallery of
Diana. The Duke and Duchess de Nemours took up
their residence in the Pavillion Martian.
" The Moniteur says :---‘ By royal ordonnanco, dated
the 21st, M. Letegne, Count de Germiny, formerly
Receiver-General of the Department of Saone-et-Loire,
and Conseiller Maitre of the Cour des Comptes, is up.
pointed Receiver-General of the Seine-Inti ieure, in
place of M. Theodore Humann, who has 'given in his
resignation.'

the power of this encroaching state has become con-
solidated, and a contest, of the most terrible deicrip-
don, be forced upon the United Kingdom. We can-
not, however, for a moment, doubt that Sir R. PEEL
sees the danger in its true light, and that, whatever
happens, he will maintain the honour and rights of this
great empire unimpaired.

From the days of SHAXESPERR " Crowner's quest
Law" has been a subject of ridicule, and certainly
nothing can be more calculated to excite contempt
than the manner in which coroners generally
conduct themselves in their official capacity.
Not only do they exhibit too often an
irritability and petulance unbecoming the judicial
functions with which they are %vested, as is evi-
denced by the undignified squabbles now con.
stantly occurring between coroners and police-
magistrates, and by the bandying of re-
proaches between coroners and witnesses, but by
their carelessness or ignorance, or perhaps both, they
are actually in many cases positive obstructions to
the proper administration of justice, preventing, in-
stead of aiding, the detection of crime. For in-
stance, in the case of MARTHA BROWNING, now
under sentence of death for the murder
of ELIZABETH MUNDELL, it appears that a coroner's
inquest was held on the body, that the murderess herself
was examined, and that, principally upon her evidence,
the jury, under the direction of the coroner, returned
a verdict that " the deceased had committed suicide
whilst in a state of temporary insanity," thus lulling
suspicion and preventing further inquiry. Now
this verdict could not have been returned had

"The Miteore steamer arrived at Port Vendres on
Friday, with M. Roche and the Ambassador from Mo-
rocco, on their way to Paris. The presents sent by the
Emperor to the King of the French were being landed.
"According to a letter from Brest of the 11th, the
Jupiter, of the line, is to form part of the expedition to
Madagascar, instead of the Gloire and Nereide frigates.
The Jupiter is to take 600 troops, and provisions for at
least six months. From Lorient we learn that the
Armide frigate is to proceed to Brest, to take on board
troops for the same expedition.
" A letter from Vienna of the 13th says that the Duke
de Bordeaux had arrived in that city a few days before,
and dined at the Court. On the following day he re-
turned to Frohsdorf. The Duchess d'Angouleme was
passing a few days at the Court, and had been present
at the opera of Don Sebastian, in the royal box, with the
Empress-Mother.

" The Cologne Gazette of the 19th confirms the report
of the pregnancy of the reigning Duchess of Gotha. In
the event of there being no direct heir, says this journal,
the Duchy would become the property of Prince Albert,
the husband of Queen Victoria."
On Monday, the Three per Cents. closed on the Paris
Bourse at 811. 90c.; the New Loan, at 81f. 80c; the Five
per Cents.llBl.lsc.; the Orleans Railroad Shares,l,lB7f. 50c.;
Rouen, 9701. ; Northern, 7374 50c.; Havre, 770 f. ; Avignon,
897 f. 50c.; Vierzon,6ssl.; Bordeaux, 6201.; Boulogne, 505 f.;
Troyes and Montereau, 425 f.; Basle, 2321. 50c.; Fampoux,
500 f.; Spanish Three per Cents., 39%; New Deferred, 16.
The following are the quotations for other lines :-
Paris and Lyons Railroad (Laffitte), Bf. 50c. premium ;
ditto (Cabal), Bf. ; Union, 16f. ; date (Ganneron), 71. ;
ditto (Lapinsoiniere), 6f. 50c.; Ardoln, 51. ; Receveurs-
Generaux, 6f. ; Paris aid Strasbourg (Ganneron), tf. 50c.;
ditto (Bechet), lf. ; Tears and Nantes (Mackenzie), if. ;
ditto (Drouillard), 4f.; ditto (O'Nei!l), 51.; ditto (Lefevre),
5f.; Lyons and Avignon (Talabot), 10f. 60c. ; ditto (L...
cointe), sf. ; ditto (Cornpagnie Meridional.), If.; Bordeaux
and Cette (Mackenzie), 500 f.; ditto (Espeleta), sf. ; Char-
leroi (Kysaens), 497 f. 50c. The Lyons Definitive Shares
sold at 90f. premium ; the Strasbourg ditto, 22f. 50c.; Tours
and Nantes, 52f. 50c.
MAnSEILLES, DEC. 18.-Marseilles and Avignon, 645 f.
The Paris papers of Tuesday have not arrived.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, DEc. 24.
Anglo_Belgian - Madrid and Valencia... -
Barba does -
Boulogne and Amiens lll4 Namur and Liege 34
Bordeaux &Mediterran - North Jamaica ... -
Bordeaux and Toulouse - Orleans and Vierzon
Do. & Cette (Espeleta) Orleans and Bordeaux 11%
Do. ( Mackenzie's) .. 13/4 Over Yesel
Callao, Lima, and Pa- Paris& Lyons (Laffitte) 2N
citic Coast - Ditto (Gann, "

the coroner made the searching inquisition that he
ought to have made. There was one witness, the sur-
geon, Mr. ATKINSON, who examined the body of
ELIZABETH MUNDELL after her death, aad who, on
the trial of MARTHA BROWNING, at the Old Bailey,
deposed " that it was very improbable the deceased
could have destroyed herself," at the same

time giving his reasons for coming to such
an opinion. This gentleman was not examined before
the coroner—was not even summoned or inquired
atter by that worthy functionary. Not only does the
coroner, when examined on BROWNING'S trial at the
Old Bailey, state expressly that no medical man was
examined at the inquest, but he adds, "I would ROi
have examined such a witness had he presented him-
self ; at least 1 would not have examined him as a
matter of course." Surely the Westminster coroner must
entertain very peculiar notions of his duty; and, know.
ing that he acts on this' rule, we trust the police
authorities will for the future place exactly its proper
value on the verdict which Westminster coroner's
juries may return, and not relax in their endea-
vours to apprehend those who are suspected of
murder, because a jury, presided over by a
Westminster coroner, has returned a verdict of
natural or accidental death, or temporary insanity.
This, moreover, is by no means a solitary case. It
was only last week that the Essex magistrates com-
mitted a man for trial for cutting the throat of his
wife ; and in that case an inquest had been held on
the body, and the jury found that the deceased had de-
stroyed herself. Surely these things call for inquiry
and for reform, and when the weightier affairs of State
afford them leisure, we trust that Sir R. PEEL and
Sir J. GRAHAM will direct their attention to the sub-
ject, for the purpose of devising measures which shall
restore the Coroner's Court to its pristine 'efficiency,
and make it what it was intended to be, and what it
WO S formerly, instead of what it too often is at pre-
sent, " a mockery, a delusion, and a snare."

Central of Spain
Ceylon .
Demerara
Dendre Valley ......
Dutch Rhenish
Dieppe & Paris Janet —
Dijon and Mulhouse
East Indian
Fampoux & Hazebrouk --
Grt Northern of France
Constituted l6
De. Pepin le Halleur —
Great Paris and Lyons 2%
Great Western Bengal IA
Great Western Canada
JAM aka S. Mid. Junction
Do. North
Do. Extension
Jersey _ _

Aaron's).- 3N
Ditto (Calon's).... -
Ditto (Sad Est) 2
Pans and Orleans —
Paris and Rouen
Paris and Strasburg
(Ganneron's )
Do. (Compe de L'Est)
Do. (Aymard's)
-•-
Paris and St. Quentin.
Rouen and Havre —
Royal North of Spain —
Sambre and Meuse
Strasburg and Bale .... 10
Tournay,Jurbise, Lan-
don, and Hasselt
Tours and Nantes
(Mackenzie's) . 44
Do. (Lefebvre's)
De. (O'Neill's)

Loatviiin mad Jemappe 214
Lyons and Avignon
Litxembourg

Trinidad ...... ....
Verona and Ancona....
West Flanders

THE MINISTRY.—Lord Ellenborough, it is understood,
has taken the office of First Lord of the Admiralty,
rice Lord Haddington.

FLANDERS MAIL.
BELTSSELS, Dec. 21.—The Chamber of Represen-
tatives voted to-clay the budget of Ways and Means
without any important discussion. All the sums
under the several heads proposed by the Government,
were agreed to. The amendments proposed by M.
Savart Martel and by M. Eloy-Burdine were re-
jected. M. Brabant moved an atnendt
first article of the project of law Pnt to the
on the Budget.
This amendment will be discu7;ded and voted on to-
morrow's sitting, as well ;is several votes of credit
for
has different departmet::,z,
already been presented.
on each of which a report
Large quP;atities of potatoes from other countries
continue e.O arrive at Brussels.
Fr:r some days past the Seine has been rising eon-
sl.d.erably ; if the bad weather continues we shall soon
have an inundation, the consequences of which may
prove disastrous.
We receive pretty satisfactory accounts from the
province of Luxemburg respecting the potatoes.
A fire near Tobolsk, in Siberia, lately destroyed a
forest, 60 leagues in length, and 20 leagues in breadth.
Twenty-five persons perished in the flames, which
destroyed one village, 13 mills, 1,850 barns, 77,800
stack of hay, 600 horses, 815 horned cattle, &c.
BRUSSELS, DEC. 22.—The Chamber commenced its
sitting to-day by passing several projects of law
granting supplementary votes of credit. It then
resumed the discussion of the budget of Ways and
Means.

Madrid journals of the 16th have been received, but
they bring no additional intelligence. The papers
are chiefly occupied in commenting on the QUEEN'S
speech, and the Chambers were engaged in arranging
the preliminary business of the session. The Oppo-
sition appears to have increased considerably since
the prorogation, and debates of importance are there-
fore anticipated.

The Funds contined firm—the Three per Cents.
closing at 37, and the Fives at 24, both for the Ac-

count.

M. Brabant's amendment on the tolls in the
Sambre was rejected. The entire budget was then
agreed to, -- by 71 members 2 voted against it, and
2 declined voting.
After voting a project of law respecting the transit,
the Chamber formed itself into a secret Committee,
to discuss its own budget, and then adjourned to the
lath of January.
The Senate met to-day, and appointed several
Committees to examine the projects of law sent up
from the Chanaber of Representatives.
The almost incessant rains have caused an extra-
ordinary rise of the Seine and its tributary streams.
The meadows, and a great part of the arable land,
on the banks, are entirely overflowed. The hamlet
of Curaghem and the whole valley of the Seine are
threatened with a general submersion.

BELGIAN FUNDS.—Bituss us, DEc. 23.
Adm..' Debt, 2% per Cent
• •
Rothschild's Loan, Five per Cent • • . • .. •
Lean of Thirty Millions, Four per Cent....
Ditto Three per Cent.... —••• • • • • ....
Ditto Thirty-seven Millions, ditto .... • • Ditto, ditto, -.-•
Ditto,dltto,lB42. . . •..
Ditto, 1844... .... . •
. . .•• 37%
Ditt0,1836......„ —••••—• ............
Ditto, 1838 .....• ••• .. • ........ •.•• • • . 74
Ditto of the City, 1833 .....• ..... . 102(
Ditto, 1843 •—• ••••• • • .. • ~.• 100
Bank nittelgium.• —.. ... •• • . •••• . :• • 75$
—Brussels Papers, DEC. 22,

..AUSTRIAN •FUNDS.—TIENNA, DEC. 17. b per Cent. Metalliques ••••• • • • • • •• • •
4 per Cent. ditto.. •••• • • • • ••• • • • 111%
• • .
3 per Cent. ditto • • • • • • •
• • • • • ••• • • • • • • •
• • ••• • • 176%
Loan, 1834 ••• • . ...... •. • .. 160
Ditto, 1839 • •
Dank Shares .• 1608
sterhazy's Lban

• . • • • • • • • • • ..
The Northern, or Ferdinand •• • • • • 1824
Gloggnita •
• • 1333 i ....
Vienna—Milan • • • • .......... ....
• • • • • • • • . 1111
Leghorn •••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 114 Pesch • • ...... ••• • • Sienna • •••••••• • • • • - • • • 106%
Oldenburg
• • ... ••••• • • • •
—Allgemeine Zeltung, Dec. 20.

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY MORNING DECEMBER 9.6. 1845

THE LATE JAMES GODING, ESQ.
WILL OF THE LATE JAMES GODING, ESQ., OF ST.
GEORGIE'S-PLACE, HANOVER-SQUARE, FOKMERLY OF
THE CANNON BREWERY, KNIGHTSBRIDGE.—HiS exe-
cutors are his n. phews, James, William, and Charles
Goding, who have sworn to the personal property for
probate duty under 120,000/. ; this is entirely exclusive
of the freehold, which is very considerable. He
directs his executors to invest the sum of 35,0001,
and to apply the interest and dividends for the support
of his niece, Elizabeth Goding, whom he had adopted,
and resided with him, and from her being afflicted with
delusion of mind, she has been the object of his tenderest
regard and solicitude. He has expressed himself most
anxious that she should continue to dwell in the house
in St. George's-place, and that nothing should be dis-
turbed or removed therefrom whilst she is living, and en-
treats his nephew William, in whom he reposes the
greatest reliance, to fulfil his wishes, and, together with
his nieces, will often visit her and see to her comfort,
and that she is treated with tenderness and kininess,
and at her death he desires she should be buried in the
vault with him, at the cemetery, Kensal-green. To
Doctor Fuller, of Piccadilly, her medical attendant, he
leaves a legacy of 2001. To St. George's Hospital,
Knightsbridge, 2001. To his nephews. William,
Henry, and Charles Goding, he leaves his licensed
houses, as specified in his will, as well as other
property, freehold and leasehold To his ne-
phews James and Thomas Goding, 5,000/. each ;
liberal legacies to his other nephews and his nieces, and
others of his family and friends. Legacies also to his
servants, and to two of them he has left the interest of
1,0001 each for life. The 35,0001. on the death of his
niece, to be divided into five parts of 7,090/. each, for his
nieces, Margaret and Susanna, and nephews William,
Henry, and Charles. His brother, Thomas Goding,
whom he had appointed one of his executors, and had
left to him several houses, died in the lifetime of the
testator. The residuary legatees, both of his real and
personal estate, are his nephews William and Charles
Goding, Esqs. The will, with a codocil, was made in
1841. The deceased died on the 20th ult., in his eighty-
first year.—Post.

COUNTY OF ANTRIM ELECTION
CARRICKFERGUS, DEC. 22.—The election of a re-
presentative or the County of Antrim, in the room of
the late Mr Irving, took place in the Cunt-house,
Carrickfergus. At twelve o'clock, Sir Mance Beau-
champ S.ymour entered the hall, accompanied by
Jo'ln White E-q., Sheriff of the County, James Wat-
,on Esq., of Brookhill; It. Dobbs, Esq., of Caitle-
Dobbs ; the very Rev. Dean Stannus, Major Naugh-
ton, &c.

INCOME-TAX ON VOLUNTARY
CONTRIBUTIONS.
(From the Edinburgh Advertiser.)
In our paper of the 12th instant we inserted a corres-
pondence between the Rey. Charles Fox Vardy and
Charles Pressly, Esq., the Secretary of the Stamps and
Taxes, London, with reference to the liability to income-
tax on the part of clergymen whose incomes are derived
solely from the voluntary contributions of their hearers.
Mr. Preasly, it will be remembered, stated that if their
income was derived, solely from voluntary contribution,
clergymen were not required to make a return of the
same for assessment under the Property Tax Act. It
will be seen from the following c Trespondence, which
has taken place subsequently to that announcement, that
this decision has been reversed by the Commissioners :
" 13, Young .street, Edinburgh, 9th Dec., 1845.
" Sir,—l have been requested by several of my clients
(clergymen), who have received schedules far the pur-
pose of returning to Government the amount of income
received by them, for assessment under the property-
tax, to apply to you for information as to their obliga-
tion to make a return, seeing that their incomes depend
solely upon the voluntary contributions of the congrega
Lions. May I request your early reply for their guid-
ance. I have honour to be, &c.,

The clerk having read the writ of election,
Mr. WATON, of Brookhill, proposed Sir H. B. Sey-
mour as a fit and proper person to represent the con-
stituency of county Antrim in Parliament.
Mr. It Donna seconded the nomination. No other
candidate INving been proposed, the sheriff declared
Sir Horace duly elected.
The Honourable and Gallant MEMBER, in returning
thanks said he would endeavour so to discharge the
duties of his office that they should have no occasion
to repent the confidence they had placed in him. He
had been trained up in constitutional principles, and
what he had been taught to revere w hen a boy he
wouldcomtinue to venerate through life. Circumstances
had of late occurred, which had made him distrust in
some degree that party on which he had hitherto be-
stowed his confidence, and he was not prepared to say
that he would support them now, as he would have
done six months ego. But he was bound to no party;
he would act according to the best of his jud4ment
for the good of his constituents.
At the close of this short address,
The Rev Mr. GREEN, vicar of Antrim, put the fol-
lowing query to the, newly returned Member:—" In
the event of a Bill being brought into Parliament to re-
p, al the Ma7nooth Endowment Act, will you give it
your support ?"
The answer given by Sir Horace was to the effect
that he had voted for the principle of educating the
Roman Catholic priesthood, because he thought they
would be made thereby more accessible to argument•
in favour of Protestantism. He would not, therefore,
pledge himself to a repeal of the grant to Maynooth.
I' the principle had not already been acknowledged and
acted upon, he might pause before giving it his assent
His interrogator expressed himself pleased with the
candour of the statement, but, at the same time, ex-
pressed his dissatisfaction that Sir H Seymour did
not see it to be his duty, as a Protestant, to oppose the
grant referred to. The proceedings then termi-
nated.

" ROBERT DOUIE.
" Charles Pressly, Esq., Secretary,
" Stamps and Taxes, London."
" Stamps and Taxes, London, Dec. 15, 1845.
" Sir,—ln reply to your letter of the 9th instant,
relative to voluntary contributions to clergymen and
dissenting ministers being liable to Income-tax, I beg
to inform you that the commissioners of this revenue
have again had the subject under their consideration, and
are now of opinion that all profits or emoluments which
accrue to any person from the exercise of any office,
profession, employment, or vocation, whether the same
arises from voluntary contributions or otherwise, are
chargeable with such tax, and consequently that cler-
gymen and others who derive their income from such a
source, are required by law to make a return of the
same for assessment. A letter to this effect has been
written to the Rev. Mr. Vardy, by whom the question
was first raised.—l am, Sir, your obedient servant,
" CHARLES PRESSLY.
R. Douie, Bsq., 13, Young-street, Edi nburgh.'

--- -
FORTUNATE Loss. .Many years ago a lady sent
her servant, a young man about twenty years of age, and a
native of that part °lithe country where his mistress resided,
to the neighbouring town, with a ring which required some
alteration, to be delivered into the hands of the jeweller. The
young man went the shortest way, across the fields; and,
coming to a little wooden bridge that crossed a small stream,
he leaned against the rail and took the ring ont of its case to
look at it. While doing so it slipped out of his hand and fell
into the water. In vain he searched for it, even till it grew
dark, He thought it fell into the hollow of the stump of a
tree under water; but he could not find it. The time taken
in the search was so long that he feared to return and tell
his story, thinking it incredible, and that he should often be
suspected of having gone into evil compel]) and gamed it
away or sold it. In this fear he determined never to return;
left wages and clothes, and fairly ran away. This seemingly
great misfortune was the making of him. His intermediate
history I know not ; but this, that after many years absence,
either in the East or West Indies, he returned with a very
considerable fortune. Be now wished to clear himself with
his old mistress; ascertained that she was living; pur-
chased a diamond ring of considerable value, which he de-
termined to present in person, and clear his character by
telling hit tale, which the credit of his present condition
might testify. He took the coach to the town of —,
and thence set out to walk the distance of a few miles.
He found, I should tell you, on alighting, a gentleman who
resided in the neighbourhood, and who was bound for the ad-
jacent village. They walked together; and, in conversation,
this former servant, now a gentleman, with graceful manners
and agreeable address, communicated the circumstance that
made him leave the country abruptly many years before.
As he was telling this they came to the very wooden bridge.
"There," said he, "it was just here that I dropped the ring;
and there is the very bit of old tree into a hole of which it
fell—just there." At the same time he put down the point of
his umbrella into the hole of a knot in the tree, and, drawing
it up, to the astonishment of both, found the very e:- -
mthaekefetrhruislereotifectthioenuzbvrheylla.wasl
itneteh the rest, butd , not
eat,
ofind it immediately—at he did not as.easily
rallen ? It was an incident
.uell's Hermit, which, though a seeming
chanes,. was 0#:
like one of those in
purpthee, and most important—Blackwood's
Aragal;ae.
itoirat, STAG-HOUNDS.—The meet, on Wednesday
at the Crooked Billet, Iver Heath, was attended by a field of
after_ it
nearly 200, including his Royal Highness Prince George of
Cambridge, who was accompanied by Mr. George Womb-
well, the Earl of Rosslyn, Lieutenant Kirwan, and several
of the officers of the 4th Light Dragoons from Hounslow,
Messrs. Cox, Worley, &c. The celebrated stag, Tom Thumb,
upon being uncarted at Pole-hill, nearly six miles from the
place of meeting, took away towards the feeder of the reser-
voir, where it doubled back into Long-lane, making for Hil-
lingdon, through Mr. Clarke's parks at Swakeleys, and
thence in the direction of the reservoir at Ruislip, where it
doubled to the left, across Mr. Newdigate's farm, on nearly
to Badger Heath. Tom Thumb then made for Harefield,
and was caught in a farm yard between that village and the
copper mills, after a run of nearly an hour, over a line of
country rendered extremely heavy in consequence of the
late rains. Prince George of Cambridge and the Earl of
Rosslyn were amongst those who were up at the finish. The
meet to-morrow will be at Littleton, near Chertsey ; on
Monday next at firoomhill Hut ; and on the following Fri-
day at Salt Hill.
engag that Mr.
ENGINEERS TO NEW LINES.---It appears from a
ineers are respectively
Brunel is connected with 14, Mr. Robert Stephenson with
34, Sir John Macneill with 37, Mr. Locke with 34, Mr.
with
17, with 22, Sir John Rennie with 20, Mr. Rastrick with
17, Mr. Miller with 10, Mr. Gravatt with 10, Mr. S, Hughes
with 9, Mt. W. Cubitt with 11, Mr. Gibbs with 12, Messrs.
One of the
Birch with 7, Mr. Blunt with 8, and Mr. Braithwaite with 9.
enveEnaitinTmV
aturity, is given
examplesTE GREEK'Sof
in Niobe the mother. The difficulty was to make her as
beautiful as her daughters; to keep up, in fact, the family
likeness, and yet to make her evidently the mother I regard
the delicacy and success, the knowledge of nature,
end
the refined taste, by which this is aeetittlpilsned. When
the most beautiful women have had large families,
there is, after their meridian, a little tendency to double chin;
which is utter seen in the braced elasticity Of youihm
beauty. To have altered the form of her cheek} to hate a
little sunk her eyes, to have wrinkled ever so slightly her
forehead, would have Injured the beauty of her features; but
by keeping the form of the lace unaltered, end giving a little
double chin, the end was attained : a look of maternity,
without ugliness, given, and beauty still triumphant, even in
ege.--gaydon's Lectures on Painting and liesiot,
DREADFUL GALEB.—LIVERYOO4
Yesterday and Monday this toot, and neighbourhood were
visited with heavy gales from the north-west, which have
done considerable damage, both on sea and land. The greater
par( of a new church, built at West Derby, Was blown clown,
and many other buildings in the town and neighbourhood
were injured. The ship Howard) *filth had been driven
into the river Dee, had her Maitittiest tarried away; and the
Dublin mail steamer, in the evening, was compelled to re-
turn, the sea rolling so heavily. At eleven o'clock, however,
she proceeded, but at four yesterday morning she was only
12 miles W. of the light-ship, which is 24 miles from Liver-
pool. Cie was then encountering a tremendous gale, and
`"as making but little way against it. To-day the weather
has moderated, but the wind is still strong, and the telegraph
cannot work owing to fog. The ship Howard had been towed
into the Channel.

The election occupied only a short time, and there
were but few persons present.
In the afternoon a number of the electors sat
down to a sumptuous repast with their newly elected
Member, in the Board-room adjoining the Court-
house, when a number of loyal and other toasts were
proposed and responded to, among the rest the health
of the Honourable and Gallant Member, which was
received with the most enthusiastic cheering. The
festive meeting, after lasting about two hours, broke
up at three o'clock.

HE REGISTRATION FOR NORTH

LANCASHIRE.
(From the Manchester Guardian.)
The following circular shows the alarm which prevails
in the monopolist camp respecting the representation of
the northern division of this county whenever an election
may oceur Blackburn, Dec. 11, 1845.
Dear Sir,—At a meeting, this day, of several gentle-
mer favourable to the maintenance of the Conservative
interest in the northern division of this county, now seri
ously menaced by the active exertions of the Anti-Corn-
law League, a scheme was submitted for improvmg and
rendering more efficient the registration of voters in that
interest, throughout the division ; which was favourably
received, but cannot be carried out at a less expense
than from 1,5001. to 2.0001. annually.
It was the unanimous opinion of the meeting that it
would not be right to allow the Members for the division
to bear the whole of so serious an outlay ; but that a
subscription ought to be entered into, for the purpose
of raising a fund from which the expenses may be de-
frayed.
I am, therefore, requested to draw your attention to
the matter, and to solicit your assistance ; for which I am
conv.nced no argument is requisite, because of the obvi
ous necessity of a strenuous effort being now made, un- i
leis the supporters of a Conservative line of policy are
prepared, at the next election, to surrender their legiti
mate influence at the will of an unconstitutional asso-
ciation.

The subscriptions are requested for two years only,
by way of experiment ' • and the maximum is limited
to IN., in order to afford scope for a general manifesta-
tion of support. I shall feel obliged by your forwarding
any sum you may think proper to contribute, at your
earliest convenience, to Mr. Backhouse, solicitor, the
secretary for this district.
I are, dear Sir, yours, faithfully,
WILLIAM FEILDEN, Chairman.

NEW YORK BREAKFASTS.
I went to several boarding-houses before finally
tbgonA,hhe,ci.oiltonitlarnceetnphksore day,
saeafni
alsEnkel
enpy:feni
:dasig:alrriahera aboutea:
siatuainhBl
esbldsmritl.
making a selection. In answer to inquiries for the terms,
etstmaalottaieahnibnatosead.leonteyba
mdandloet:sowffiTi,
hill
selklechmaiaar:Edrsreffu.:hoce
.nnstiadbu.:rseetederntliloineugigrh;hao; nudrt the
ehßlirg,ewhaeekss-ti
molasses,put ;
and
hdrhwelve o rolls oyoi
,onfeutglgl
o:
every
vkele beef-steaks,
roftnya-ksnastdedekeaassekucbrsrpeu,
supper
mushedtrisaoananl
tt:
n
enough ; but really, on inspection, this well-covered
an
used
dirteo
ittihiyetheiatirgly hours and temperancteleenvfetrhtyahteoniAsemmeevunesin.t
cans, yet only imagine a Londoner, and an old hand not
much worse than the shady side of
Ise assembling
an at six o'clock at the no' of
;eat bell—washed d shaved, mind, by six o'clock—
a
to took at an immense rump-steak at the head of the
table swimming in fat, not half coeked ; then lower
down a diih of enormous salt mackerel, one of which
would make two of our English mackerel ; then some
Halifax salmon just as taken from the barrel, and as ball
as brine ; then two or three smaller dishes, some with
mush--a food for pigs—and others with hommaney, only
differing from mush in that this last is white maize
ground and boiled in water, whilst mush is yellow corn
ginrol,ll:nngdlaannd boiled.
d,thank
As this sort
ceptinofthfeoopdenisi
tennottiakrineos:vnl
have been rather particular in describing it. No caution
is required to my countrymen to avoid it, because the
rveemryatsnigdehrt
oo fr itth
ew
ti
al lhbl
ee
wasenoufigihl e
dtou
pm
wa e
thhsim sick.
some warmed-
rmiedu.
up tough old hen, called chicken fixings—all washed
down with the most execrable coffee in the whole world.
I used t,) think that England might defy all creation for
bad coffee, but the Americans beat us hollow.
We were some thirty or forty at breakfast. The
men ate like wolves ; and, cheap as it was, I reckoned
it cost them a shilling per minute. Little children, who
also assemble at these tables, were permitted, by their
foolish mothers, to be guzzling raw rump-steak, swim-
ming in fat, at six o'clock in the morning !
Rambles in the Chited States.

WASTE OF SEA-COASTS.
The abbey of Whitby, at its first erection by Lady
Hilda in 958, is reported to have been a mile from the
sea; but the distance from the verge of Whitby east
cliff to the nearest part of the abbey, measured in the
line of transept, was found in 1816 to be little more than
200 yards. Along the coast line of Yorkshire, from
Bridinngton Quay to Spurn Point, the shore has no im-
portant inlet or projection, and consists of beds of clay,
gravel, sand, and chalk rubble; and exposed to a strong
current from the north, as well as to the uncontrolled
action of the wails, the annual devastation committed
here is very extensive. Of the villages of Auburn,
Hartburn, and Hyde, in the Bay of Bridlington, only
the remembrance remains. Several places on the shore
preserve, in the termination of their names, a memorial
of sneres, or freshwater lakes, once having existed in
their neighbourhood—as Skipeea, Kilnsea, and Withern-
sea, the Scandinavian sjo signifying a lake; but the sea
ha 3 broken into these meres, and absorbed them, though
recesses on the shore seem to mark the spots they ot.c,!
occupied. The mere at Hornsea still survives; but
this place which was once several miles inland,
has been brought within half a mile of the water's
edge, and the hamlet of Hornsea Beck been utterly de
stroyed. The waste of the coast amounts to about four
yards a year; and farmers may be met with who have
witnessed the corn wave where the sea now prevails.
The depredations of the ocean towards Spurn Point, at
the entrance of the Humber estuary, have been still more
considerable; nor is it unlikely that the Point will ere
long become an island. Ravenspur—with the latter part
of which word the name Spurn seems to be connected, an
important place in this locality—has long since been lost,
with a number of other places in the vicinity, belonging
to Bristol Priory; and the site of the priory itself has
been totally swept away. Pennant remarks—" The site,
and even the very names of several places, once towns of
note upon the Humber, are now only recorded in his-
tory ; and Ravenspur was at one time a rival to Hull,
and a port so very considerable in 1332, that Edward
Baliol and the confederated English barons sailed from
hence to invade Scotland; and Henry IV., in 1399, made
choice of this port to land at, to effect the deposal of
Richard 11. ' • yet the whole has long since been de-
voured by the merciless ocean ; extensive sands, dry at
low water, are to be seen in heir stead." Mr. Lyell
makes a remarkable statement respecting Sheringhana,
on the coast of Norfolk.—"l ascertained, in 1829, some
facts which throw light upon the rate at which the sea
gains on the land. It was computed, when the present
inn was built, in 1805, that it would require seventy
Years for the sea to reach the spot, the mean loss of land,
b'ing calculated, from previous observations, to be some-
what less than one yard annually. The distance be-
tween the house and the sea was fifty ye.rds ; but no al-
lowance was made for the slope of the ground being from
the sea, in consequence of which the waste was na-
turally accelerated every year, as the cliff grew lower,
there being at every succeeding period leas matter to re-
move when portions of equal area fell d own. Between
the years 1824 and 1829, no less than 'seventeen yards
were swept away, ano only a small garden was then left
between the building and the sea. There is now a depth
of twenty feet—sufficient to float a frigate—at one point,
in the harbour of the port, where only forty-eight years
ago, there stood a cliff fifty feet high, with houses upon
it. If once in half ts, century an equal amount of change
were produced at once by the momentary shock of an
earthquake, history would be filled wit. h records of such
wonderful revolutions of the earth's sut. face ; but if the
conversion of high land into deep sea be gradual, it ex-
cites only local attention. The flag-staff of the Preven
tive Service stataon, on the south side of ilk's harbour,
has, within the last fifteen years, been thrice removed
inland, in consequence of the advance of thiN Sea*"

CLEAN-STREETS.—EMPLOYMENT OF THE POOR,
AND RELIEF OF AirritotiouTAN DESTITUTION.—Yesterday
ninety poor men, engaged by the Association for the Pro-
motion of Clean Streets, &c., were treated to a dinner of
roast beef and plum pudding and a pot of. ale each, at the
Albion coffee and ale house, in Grocers' Ilall-court. The
men were afterwards addressed by the President of the As-
sociation, complitnenting them on their conduct and exer-
tions. These men are employed at 2s. 6d. a day. each, and
the above Association have the benevolent object in view of
giving, or causing to be employed, during the winter, a great
number of poor and able-bodied men, and their exertions are
deserving of public support. It is stated upon good authority,
that if the large towns in England were thus to employ their
poor, it would release them from a large amount of parish
expenses, besides improving the healthiness of the towns, and
give employment to more than 40,000 able-bodied poor men.
HOSPITAL FOR CONSUMPTION, AND DISEASES OF THE
CHEST, lino3u-rox.—At the meeting of the directors and
committee of the Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of
the Chest, at present located at Chelsea, held yesterday at
the board-room, Great Marlborough-street, it was stated that
her Majesty the Queen had most graciously condescended to
patronise the forthcoming bazaar, to be held in honour of the
opening of the western wing of the new building, now in
course of erection at Brompton. It is stated by the builders
(the Messrs. Birds, of Brook-green, Hammersmith) that the
new hospital will be ready for the reception of patients about
Midsummer next.

A fine specimen of that curious bird the razor-bill
(alea torda), so common in the summer months on our rocky
cliffs, was shot last week on the Thames between Westmin-
ster-bridge and Hungerford by Mr. Hawkes, master of the
steamer Waterman 10. When first seen it was pursued by
some boys in a boat, who were endeavouring to capture it,
and with the natural aversion of the genus to take wing,
endeavoured to escape by diving. There is hardly an instance
on record of this sort of bird having been seen so far from its
accustomed haunt,, which are the precipitous limestone and
granite cliffs on the southern coast of England,

LITERATURE.
•
IR
E.NE a a Poem. By Alexander Comyne.
This is a work of promise. Mr. Alexander Cornyne,
it is evident, is a young man, and, like all young poets,
he delights in description, and exquisitely graphic many
of his descriptions are. The following, which we meet
with in the second page of the poem, is quite a Claude-
like pictures,--

the priest, and the means of pro`ecting holy
things' from desecration on the occasion of alarm,
which in those uncertain times suddenly happened, and
as suddenly pissed away." To trairs'Ortn these sa-
gacious and probable conjectures into an established
reality, to calculate the precise age and the exact
uses of these interesting structures, to give them at
once an identity of time and character, such have beets
the objects which, in the present undertaking, Mr.
George Petrie has ever endeavoured to reach. Keeping
constantly before him the attainment of truth, he
has escaped those incongruities which distinguished
all of his predecessors : he never forsakes a fallacy
until it has been most accurately and minutely
divulg,d, as an instauce of which we may refer
particularly to his mention of Dr. O'Connor lend his rois-
oonceived translations. The volume as a whole deserves
all possible praise for the spirit in which it is penned,
although it opens in the somewhat questionable and
ungrateful character of one ready to overwhelm his
opponents with sarcasm; nevertheless, when we re-
collect the principle quem aznat ille castigat, and per-
ceive, even in his composition of the dedicatory ad-
dress, the enthusiasm of the antiquary and the
earnestness of his national disposition, we cannot but
overlook a failing so materially to the advantage of
science. The typography, the embellishments, all
the arrangements about the appeanince of the work,
are in admirable keeping with its value as an acqui-
sition to the architectural library—they are all good:
in addition to which the volume presents one excellent
feature in its favour,--it has no rival ;in its pages
the round towers of Ireland are enshrined.

" It is not day, it is not night:
The tranquil flood of amber light,
That lingers on the mountain's brow,
And casts its-fading tints below,
That parting, yet in union holds
The approacldng twilight's dusky folds;
And the pure brilliance of the west,
That gilds afar the tetherial vest ;
Combine an atmosphere of bliss,
So soft, so calm, to human sense;
There breathes around such innocence
Of thought and passion, that the soul,
Springing beyond its earthly goal,
And free as its own element.
With health and vigour redolent,
Dwells in ideal happiness.
It is not night ; the veil of bliss
That hangs o'er nature, shrouds a rest,
•
Oh ! far more exqui,itely blest !
'Tis day, now melted into peace.";
The plot of the poem is the simplest imaginable. Irene,
the daughter of a noble, loves Hare, a youth of low
parentage: they fly together. The father of Irene pur-
sues them, and arrives at the .ea-shore just as the
lovers have embarked. A storm arises, their barque
founders, and, lilt, Lord Ullin,
"The waters wild
Sweep o'er his child,
And he is left lamenting."
This plot, however, is m rely the thread running
through a pearl-chain of poetry, for this small brochure
et trains much true poetry. The description of "Hope,"
for instance, is exceedingly beautiful:—
" But what is hope? a meteor-gleam
That dances o'er the path of life,
That faintly gilds the ruffled stream
Of worldly love, and bosom'd strife;
The vision of a charmed eye,
The phantom of reality."
There is something sublime in the description of the
rising of the storm which engulphs Irene and her lover:
"But, hark ! a murmuring mystery of sound
Dispels the leaden atmosphere around;
In hollow whispering blasts the wind
Plays o'er the rippling deep,
That like a mighty mind,
Troubled in its sleep,
With majesty of motion swells,
Graceful, dignified, and slow—
Waking the music of its shells,
That be a hudred fathoms down ;
Where Ocean's fountains ever flow,
And hideous forms and creatures creep,
In kingdoms all their own."
" Irene" contains much genuine poetry, but it is evi•
dent that Mr. Alexander Comyne is at preAent merely
trying his powers. He will, ere long, essay a bolder
flight, and, whenevi r he does, it will be his own fault if
he does not succeed.

THE LICENSED VICTUALLERS' ALMANAC

A IVD GUIDE.
One of the effects of the removal of the stamp dull
on almanacs was to increase their number. This
in-
crease has continued year by year, and we believe that,
even is a financial point of view the removal of the
stamp duty has been a source of profit to the revenue,
inasmuch as the duty on the additional paper consumed
more than compensates the loss on the stamp. Almost
every calling has now its special year-book; and it is sur-
prising that a body so influential and enterprising as the
licensed victuallers should have wait. d until 1846 for to;
annual publication of this sort " peculiarly their own.
The present brochu, e well deserves its title of Guide. In
addition to the usual contents of an almanac. it contains
a digest of the Excise and Licensing Liws, and of 1111
laws regulating the calling of the licensed victuallers;
lists of brewers, distillers, victuallers, &c. in the metro-
polis and the provinces; and in fact every article of infor-
mation that the licensed victualler can requite to enable
him to conduct his business legally and properly
Every licensed victualler should study it. It may save
him some money and much anxiety in the course of the
year, inasmuch as this little book informs him exiledy
what he may and what ho may not do.

VARIETIES OF ISRITI-,H CATTLE'
We subjoin a short notice of the different breeds of
cattle, from the pen of Professor Low, which will give°
sort of idea of the different kinds of stock in tbit
country. Its brevity necessarily prevents any compre-
hensive description of their differeot properties, but still
enough may be learned from it to induce further inquiry:
I. The wild cr white forest breed, derived from a racil
which formerly inhabited, in a state of liberty, the woods
of the country. Remains of this remarkable race harf
been preserved for ages in the parks of opulent indivi-
duals, where the animals, herding and breeding excln•
sivt ly one with another, retain the habits of their wild
condition. In other cases they have been reared in,.
state of domestication, when they assume the habits and
essential characters of the common varieties.
2. The Zetland breed, of Scandinavian origin, inl3B.
biting the remote islands of that name, and spreading
over the Orkneys. These cattle are of diminutive size'
but fatten readily, and are valued by the consumers'
The females excel the cattle of the Highlands in th.
faculty of yielding milk.
3. The breeds of the Highlands of Scotland, spread:
ing over the primary mountainous tracts of North
Britain. These cattle are of small size, covered thicklf
with hair, hardy, and suited to a country of heaths and
mountains. The finest, usually termed the West Big'.
land breed, are produced in the countries on the western
coasts, and certain islands of the Hebrides, the smallest
in the central Highlands, and the largest towards d,e
eastern coasts, in the countries mixing with, or border
ing on the plains. These hardy cattle are reared in vast
numbers on the natural herbage of the mountainous
country where they have been indigenous from time inr.
memorial, and whence they are transferred at the suits's'
age, to be fattened in the lower country.
4. The Welsh breeds, somewhat exceeding in size •--of
West Highland breed, and, like it, suited to a e..untrf
hills and natural herbage. They have dark or orange
yellow skins, and are mostly of a black colour. lr„
finest are reared in the county of Pembroke, in the dig'
trict of Custle•Martin.
5. The Kerry breed, naturalised in the mountains of
w
*,
Kerry, but spread over all parts of Ireland. The cat,.'
of this breed are of small size, and of various colon
with tapering horns. 'They subsist on scanty food, so°o
the females, yielding milk abundantly, are valued 14
poorer inhabitants for the dairy.
6. The polled Angus breed, allied, in its esSe!!datiiii
characters, to the cattle of the mountains, but IncSst
in size by being naturalised in a country of ibis
herbage, where artificial food can be s u
breed has dark skins, and is destitute of hpoprni1'
se,
been greatly improved by the care of the breeder* ""3
is reared over a considerable tract of country.
7. The polled Aberdeenshire breed, of mixed origin'
and reared in the lower parts of the county of Aberdeen'
8. The Galloway breed, inhabiting a tract of Grer.
wacke hills in the south-west of Scotland; the cattle of
which are greatly valued for their hardiness,their
adap-
tation to the purposes of the grazier, and the quality of
their beef. They- are carriedl in
Ngorera,iatnumwbheernsee theytothe
pastures of England, chief o
are transferred to the London and otrheedresmtitaurtkee,nsf•
They have deep bodies, dark skins, and are
horns.
9. The polled Suffolk breed, cultivated for an un-
known period in Suffolk and the adjoining districts.
The individuals are of medium size, with defective horn.s.t
but the cows are admirable for the quantity of
which they yield. The breed is losing ground tontine'
ally from the want of care of the breeders, and the
effects of crossing.
10. The polled Irish breed, of large size, and welt
suited to the dairy, but much scattered, and merging in
the breed with which it is crossed.
11. The Falkland breed of Fifeshire, apparently de-
rived from Holland, inheriting the milking properties
of the Dutch races, but now nearly extinct in the pure
state.
12. The Alderney breed, reared in the Norman islands
of the Channel, of small size and ungainly form, with
short crumpled horns, of delicate constitution, and re;
luiring a temperate climate, but yielding a rich and
hnely coloured milk. This breed is regularly imported
into England, where it is kept for the luxury of the
countries of the Chalk.
13. The Ayrshire breed, derived from the county of
Ayr, but widely spread over the dairy districts of Scot-
land, and extending in considerable numbers to Ireland'
This is the most numerous breed, cultivated exclusively
for the dairy, in the British islands. The individuals
are of medium size, and of various colours, with short
horns. They are capable of subsisting on ordinary Ras'
tures, and yield a large quantity of milk in proportion
to their size and the food consumed.
It, The Deyon breed, naturalised in the higher parts
of Devonshire, on the Bristol Channel, but spreading
through the lower country. These cattle have orange
yellow skins, fine tapering horns, and are of a deep r' d
colour. They are of a light and graceful fotm,
and suited for active labour. They fatten with sufficient
facility on good pastures and in a temperate climate;
but they are inferior in hardiness, and the power of sub-
slating on scanty herbage, to the mountain cattle of Scot-
land and Wales. They increase in bulk when natural-
ised in a lower country, so that the breed of South Devon
differs in size and aspect from that of the higher lands.
The females are small, and deficient in the power of
yielding milk, though the milk which they afford is well'
coloured and rich in cream.
15. The Sussex breed, a variety of the Devon and
inheriting its properties, but of larger size, and iris deli-
cate form. This breed is now undergoing great ill"
provement, but is little sought for, for the purposes of
grading, beyond the district in which it is reared.
16. The Glamorganshire breed, proper to the county
of that name, common to the high and low grounds, but
only brought to perfection in the vale of Glamorgan-
This breed possesses valuable qualities, and combines
both the properties of milking and fattening ; but the
numbers of the improved variety are limited and cir-
cumscribed in their diffusion by other breeds more gene-
rally cultivated.

THE ROUND TOWERS and ECCLESIAS-
TICAL ARCHITECTURE of IRELAND. By
George Petrie.
For centuries a controversy has been maintained
among archaeologists as to the origin and uses of up-
wards of one hundred towers, built in a cylindrical
shape, and scattered throughout Ireland. With the
exception of the Cromlechs and the fragments of
Druidical stones,which testify in their very ruggedness
to their connexion with a stern and sanguinary
idolatry, the structures which have produced these
antiquarian debates appear to be the first ecclesias-
tical piles raised by the ancient inhabitants of our
si-ter island; and it is in consequence of this extreme
remoteness of the period of their construction, as
well as of certain remarkable peculiarities which, are
still visible upon their ruins, that architects, his-
torians, and topographers have all found great diffi-
culties in the way of arriving at any accurate
conclusion. A mere insinuation on the part of
Giraldus Cambrensis first animated the inquiry and ever
since then conjectures after conjectures, theories after
theories, flooded the pages of Irish research until
the question became more and more complicated,
and the prospect of at length arriving at the truth
more and more obscure and visionary. From the
ingenuity in masonry which the " Ostmen" had dis-
played before their invasion of Ireland, Molyneux has
surmised that those buildings were strictly of Danish
erection, an hypothesis which was in sound measure
supported by tradition ' • on the other hand, General
Vallancey has advanced a much bolder proposition, by
ascribing them to the industry of the Phoenicians,
and supports his argument by comparing them to the
Persian fire-temples. Indeed, no supposition has ap-
peared too improbable, no reasonings too chimerical
to parties desirous of advancing some novel explana-
tion of the epoch and the objects which should be ap
priated to the originators of the round towers. Any
new peculiarity, however small, not hitherto disco-
covered among their remnants, acted like a talis-
man upon the imaginations of such individuals ; and
upon the meagre basis of a single fact arose a world
of shallow conclusions. According to some they were
colossal cenotaphs to the departed great, while, ac-
cording to others, they were signal towers
to the faithful, who were summoned to
worship by the sound of a brazen trumpet
issuing through its loophooles—the multitude
having been called together in olden days by the
tones of that instrument. The narrowness of an up-
per apartment caused one to maintain that the edifice
was devoted to the voluntary imprisonment of some
recluse, dwelling for ever in a lofty solitude, like that
of St. Simeon Stylites; while, from the smoothness
of the inner walls, or the casual detection of a bone,
they were declared by another to he nothing less
than charnel-houses. In the volume, however, which
lies before us--the laLorious and elaborated production
of Mr. George Petrie—these numerous conjectures
are controverted one by one, awl an entirely novel
theory is advanced instead. The work is an exten-
sion of an essay which, in 1833, obtained a gold
medal and a prize of fifty guineas from the Royal
Irish Academy ; and the book is in every respect so
replete with archaeological erudition, historical 're-
search, and sagacity of deduction, as to claim a place
among the national literature of Ireland. We cannot
better convey a notion of the author's general opinions
upon the subject in question, than by quoting the
main points which his arguments are intended to de-
monstrate :--
"I. That the towers are of Christian and ecclesias-
tical origin, and were erected at various periods between
the fifth and thirteenth centuries.
" 11. That they were designed to answer, at least, a two-
fold use, namely, to serve as belfries and as keeps, or
places of strength in which the sacred utensils, books,
relics, and other valuables were deposited, and into
which the ecclesiastics, to whom they belonged, could
retire fur security in cases of sudden predatory attack.
" 111. That they were probably also used, when occa-
sion required, as beacons and watch-towers."
To elucidate these novel declarations, and to do so
with lucidity and in a manner that shall place the
question beyond dispute, all the ancient archives and
records of Hibernia in its darkest ages, have to he
scrupulously searched and collated. From these
sources we learn, that among the tribes which
originally colonized Ireland, houses and other edifices
were constructed almost entirely of timber, though
they were frequently built also of uncemented blocks
of stone—a style of architecture denominated the
Cyclopean ; specimens of these Pelasgic structures
are still standing in secluded spots in the counties of
Galway and Kerry, the layers of stone converging
towards one another in a circular manner, until
the apex is closed up with a single stone.
It is likewise attested by facts and assurances, at
which the most unbelieving opponent cannot now
cavil, that a more durable, or rather a more solid
and compact characterof masonry, was not introduced
until after the appearance of Christianity in the insula
sacra, and that then churches, and oratories, and
abbeys very speedily accumulated in all directions of
the country. In connexion with these churches, ac-
cording to the most distant ecclesiastical records,
there were raised certain campanilia, or belfries,
while, from the peculiar formation of the round
towers, as well as from the circumstance of their
never being found far removed from the ruins of some
sacred edifice, it becomes a very natural conclusion
that those very buildings are the campanilia men-
tioned. What renders this deduction still more rea-
sonable is the fact, that in every masonic particula-
rity they bear a striking analogy- or relationship to
the ecclesiastical structures with which they are so
closely allied by position. Between the larger masses
of stone, which constitute the principle portion of
their bulk, and in every possible corner and
crevice, are inserted hammered splinters of the
same material, or, as it is generally termed
" spawled rubble," precisely in the same
fashion in which the adjacent chapels are con
strutted ; the basis in each instance is elevated
on a succession of steps or plinths ; the doorways are
either quadrangular and covered with a lintel, or
formed with a semi-circular head, and are sometimes
ornamented with architraves; details that are never
observable in the Pagan temples, and are exclusively
peculiar to the earliest ecclesiastical mannerisms. In
addition to these very conclusive arguments, it is sin-
gular that upon the interior and exterior surface of
the round towers are repeatedly discovered emblems,
mottoes, and ornaments entirely of a Christian nature.
That they were occasionally applied to the purposes
of protection, as maintained by Mr. Petrie, appears
not at all improbable, since a very remarkable resem-
blance may be traced between them and the old fz.-
tresses in Britain, not one of the least significant
features of which is in the elevation of the entrance
doors, variably, from eight to thirty feet above
the level of the ground. From these, and various
other characteristics, it is not surprising that the ob-
servant shrewdness of Sir Walter Scott
should, some years ago, have accidentally hit upon
the identical notions which the present volume
undertakes to demonstrate, where, in speaking of the
round towers, in the Quarter y Reciew, he observes,
"It is all but impossible to doubt that they were ec-
clesiastical buildings ;" and again—" they might pos-
sibly have been contrived for the tempority retreat o

17. The Herefordshire breed, greatly valued for its
fattening properties, and extensively diffused, for the
purpose of grazing, in the west of England. It has 9.
remote affinity with the Devon breed, and the cows in-
herit the defect of the latter in being small and imper-
fectly suited to the dairy.
18. The Long-horned breed, from time immemorial
spread over Ireland and the western counties of England,
still occupying a great tract of country, both in the
mountains and plains, and varying in size with the ferti-
lity, natural or acquired, of the districts in which it has
been naturalised. It was on the basis of this widely-
spread race that Bakewell reared the beautiful breed of
I)ishley, which spread over the midland counties and
extended its influence by crossing the older and coarser
varieties. The Long-horned breed is now giving rapid
place to others better suited to the purposes of the breeder,
the grazier and the consumer.

19. The Teeswater Short-horned or Durham breed,
derived immediately from the district of the Tees, and
perfected by Charles and Robert Colling, in the county
of Durham. This breed is believed to possess a better
combination of properties than any of the larger cattle
yet produced in the British Islands, is everywhere extend-
ing its limits, and superseding the pre-existing breeds,
or modifying their characters by intermixture.

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SCARCITY OF FOOD IN RUSSIA.—The St. Peters-
burgh Gazette of the 7th contains an Imperial order, permit-
ting the importation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, flour, beans,
peas, and other similar products from Prussia free of duty up
to the 13th of September, 1846. The Gazette also contains
an ukase published at Palermo, November 16, declaring that,
inasmuch as the crops have been indifferent in the western
part of Russia this year, the Emperor was desirous of afford-
ing a notable alleviation to the condition of his faithful sub-
j. cts in that part of his dominions, and should, therefore,
only require for the coming year a levy of five men in the
thousand. Furthermore, the Governments cfPokorff, Witepsk,
and Mohileff, were to be excused altogether from furnishing
their contingent. The levies were to commence on January
1, and were to conclude by March 1.
FOWL TRANSACTION. Mr. Robert Fuller, a
poulterer, of Boston, killed last week, for the London Christ-
mas market, 2,400 geese, 1,000 ducks, and 500 turkeys,
which altogether weighed upwards of twenty tone.—Lin-
colnshire Chrenick