The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-22 00:00:00

TURKEY.

CONSTANTINOPLE, AUG. 31.—Izzet Mehemet Pacha,
whose removal from office has been so long foreseen
and so often foretold, has at length fallen in reality ;
fallen with the hateful system he sought to revive ;
fallen, it is to be hoped also " never to rise again."
The Tevdjihat announcing his dismissal, and:the ap-
pointment in his place of Rauf Pacha, now Grand
Vizier for the third time in his life, was read at the
Porte yesterday at an early hour. About the same
time Sir Stratford Canning was engaged in audience
with the Sultan, the ostensible object of which was to
convey an autograph letter of thanks from her Ma-
jesty for the presents lately forwarded to her from
Constantinople, but which there is every reason to
presume was also turned to good account by the Am-
bassador for the expression of his sentiments with re-
spect to the Ministerial changes at that moment in
operation, and which it had been the aim of his un-
ceasing and energetic endeavours, from his first ar-
rival in the Turkish capital, to effectuate. He hal
seen at once that the Ministry, as then constituted,
presented no basis for the establishment of British
influence, at least such an one as was suited to
his comprehensive ideas on the subject. Sacri-
ficing, therefore, all temporary and petty advantages
which he might have obtained by conciliating the
personal regard of the late Grand Vizier, he made
open war on him and his system from the outset. The
course adopted by more than one of his diplomatic
colleagues was far less dignified and consistent. Their
amiable optimism could adapt itself to any state of
things, however ruinous. Their viewa extended to
the passing day, and no further. Their triumphs.,
therefore, are like to prove altogether as ephemeral.
One advantage they may certainly derive from these
tactics, which is, that their objects of one day (to
which, as I have remarked, they are strictly confined)
by no means interfere with those of the next. A re-
markable instance of this appears in the behaviour of
one of these gentlemen on the present occasion.
'While the position "of Izzet Mehemet was secure, the
Minister was his strenuous supporter and fulsome apo-
logist—when it became doubtful he held his tongue
and grew circumspect; but when, under repeated blows
dealt by a vigorous hand, the Vizier began to totter,
when it was known that his dismissal from office was
only retarded by the difficulty which presented itself
in the choice of a successor—then, and not till then
(and now only four days ago) a sudden and most
spirited attack was made upon him by the preux che-
valier and courageous diplomatist in question.
Rauf Pacha, who was President of the Supreme
Council, has been replaced in that post by Hahl Pa-
ella, the Sultan's brother-in-law ; he is considered
able and clever, but at the same time unprincipled and
corrupt, but he does not openly set his face against
reform, like Izzet Pacha ; he is, on the contrary, per-
haps, too friendly to innovation. Rauf, the Grand
Vizier, is, both with respect to his character and his
views, a perfect cypher ; and he has evidently ‘been put
in his present post, ad interim, till a more efficient
minister be chosen to occupy it.
On the 28th Selim Bey returned from Syria.
He left Beyrout on the 15th, at which time there
were nine European ships of war off the port.
The denouement of the Syrian .aftair seems yet to
be distant, but it has transpired that Selim Pacha
strongly recommends that the Turkish Governor of
the Mountain should be continued in office, es he is
of opinion that the appointment of a Maronite would
be the signal of wholesale massacres, and that not a
Christian would, in a few months, be found on
Mount Lebanon. This, indeed, is but the opinion of
an individual, but it is entitled to weight from such a
quarter, Selim Bey being a man of acute observa-
tion. In the event of a rising of the Druses, it is
believed that the French, who have a transport at
Beyrout, laden with arms and ammunition, would
arm the Maronites, who are called the French of
the Levant, and we must, in such case, assist,
in order to create a power, which, if once set up,
must undoubtedly be perpetuated solely 'under
French [influence. This would certainly be ,-,ad
policy, and it is difficult to account for the favour
which it has hitherto found in the English Cabinet.
There has been a little more fighting between the
Turks and the Persians : 500 of the latter crossed
the frontier, and attacked 200 Turkish horsemen ;
but the TUrks stood firm, and then charged the Per-
sians, killing about thirty of them, wounding their
chief, Koulli Khan, and driving them as far as
Ovadjik, about three hours' distance from Boyezid,.
on the Persian territory. The Turks Post only five'
men. The Pacha of Boyezid was actively preparing
for war, and had under his orders 6,000 regular
troops, infantry and cavalry. The Kurds of Boyezid,
Moush, and Van, were in arms ; 5,000 Lazes were
expected from Trebizonrle, and a corps of artillery,
with ten or twelve guns, had reached Baibout
from Constantinople. Moustapha Sabri Pacha set out
from Erzeroum on the 13th, to take the command of
the army. To-morrow the Austrian Internuncio,
Baron Sturmer, leaves Constantinople for Vienna,
by way of the Danube. The 'Austrian resi-
dents are pleased at his departure, as I,e has been very
unpopular with them ever since thy. affair of the in-
sult to the Austrian flag at Tophani. The nomination
of Rifuat Pacha and Ilassib Pacha, as tax comptrol-
lers, on a mission to Roumelia and Anatolia, has been
annulled, the office being deemed an expense at once
useless and injurious. The measure originated solely
with the ex-Vizier, and was by him carried out with-
out taking the advice of the other Ministers. The
Porte continues firm in its negotiations with Greece,
and it has become evident that if there is to be any
commercial treaty with that country, the Greek Go-
vernment must give up many of its pretensions. -The
entrance of Russian vessels of war into the Danube'
continues to excite a sore feeling in the minds of some
of the leading Turks, who declare that, by the treaty
of Adrianople, in which Russia stipulated for the free•
navigation of the Danube, it was never contemplated
by the Porte that any other than mercantile vessels
under the Russian flag were to enjoy this privilege.
It is too late now, however, to repair the error."

CAPTAIN ROSS AND THE ANT

ARCTIC EXPEDITION.

(From the Guernsey Star of Sept. 15.)
The Alarm, Captain T. L. Stewart, left Guernsey
last year for the Falkland Islands, and departe&from
thence at the end of May last for Buenos Ayres. A
gentleman of this island (Guernsey) having received
a letter by her, giving some account of Captain Ross
and the vessels under him, engaged on a scientific
voyage of discovery towards the Antartic Pole, has
favoured us with the following extract :
" Captain Rosi and the Antarctic expedition are
now here. The Erebus and Terror came in contact,
on endeavouring to escape an iceberg, in the seas of
the Southern Pole. The expedition will positively be
here for five or six months to repair the vessels, and
to make observations.

" Captain Ross has erected an observatory at the
old French fort built by Bougainville. A most in-
teresting series of observations are carrying on, which
will greatly interest the scientific world. Those upon the
pendulum are noted every quarter of an hour. Astro-
nomical observations are also carefully made by the
officers. Thermometers are placed both above the
ground and under it; mine, with my barometers, are
now doing duty with the rest, and have the honour to
be registered also. The anemometers, showing the
direction and force of the winds, will add much to the
valuable information afforded by Captain Sullivan,
R.N., respecting these islands. Pluviameters are also
carefully registered, and we are now about the end
of your Guernsey November. A tide-guage is by
the jetty, and an excellent magnetic observatory,
where the dip, intensity, and variation of the needle are
carefully registered by able observers. The officers
relieve each other in regular watches on these duties;
and I never met with such devotees of science. -YOu
would be delighted to see Capt. Ross's little hammock
swinging close to his darling pendulum, and a large
hole in the thin partition, that he may see it at any
moment, and Captain Crozier's hammock is close
alongside of it. The floor of this room is mother
earth, from our want of timber.

" Captain Ross has been s® kind, at my request, as
to add to these observations another.series, to ascer-
tain the rate of evaporation in these islands ; and
Hooker, the botanist, is also so good as to draw up a
report on the grasses, the prevailing graminse being
considered as unknown in Europe. The splendid tus-
sack grass is the gold and glory of these islands. It
will, I hope, yet make the fortune of Orkney and
Irish landowners of peat hogs. Every animal here
feeds upon it with avidity, and fattens in a short time.
It may be planted and cut like the guinea grass of
the IV est Indies. The blades are about six feet long,
and from 200 to 300 shoots spring from one plant.
I have proved by several experiments that one man
can cut 100 bundles in a day, and that a horse will
greedily devour five of these in the same time. In-
deed, so fond of it are both horses and cows, that they
will eat the dry tussack thatch from the roofs of the
houses in preference to good grass. About four
inches of the root eats like the mountain cabbage. It
loves a rank wet peat bog, with the sea spray over it.
indeed, when the sea beats with the greatest violence,
and the sea spray is carried furthest, then the tussvk
grass thrives the best on the soil it loves. All the
smaller islands here, though some of them are as large
as Guernsey, are covered with tussack, which is nu-
tritious all the year.
"'the whole of the gentlementhe
eonththe
hah
expeditiont
are delighted with the Falkland Islands, and expyreers3s,
themselves as being more p
even with New Zealand. Some think them in every
way better for colonization, even with the drawback of
wanting timber trees there.
" Al hen the observations made during their voyage
are published, you will be surpr.sed at their favourable
account of the climate.
" In addition to all these SC:elltifle observations, the
surveying department is exploring and examining
different harbours, sites for different objects in a new
settlement, &c. _ _

" The botanist and I started from Port
where I had been eight days, at seven o'clock in this

nt
winter morning, and on foot: arrived at Governme
House by four o'clock in the afternoon, examining the
country we travelled over, where there is a good (101,,
of mossy bog. No one iad done this before in on
day during the winter, yet the distance as the crow
flies is not far.
"I have tamed a guanacoe from Patagonia•
lie
lies down before the fire, with his head on ray kneel
like a dog, though he is now as tall as a donkey;
hope to get more in the Falkland Islands. '14%
browse on the poorest land, and their flesh is „
venison. Their wool is thick, but I fear not so value
as that of the alpaca. The monkey from
Cape de Verds has hitherto kept his health, ""
quite lively. I hope soon to give a favourable acellile
of my adding to our domestic breed of animals t
valuable fur seal.
" In going from Fort Sussex to Mount Ostat'a
passed several herds of wild cattle. The day-
most beautiful, and so clear that I saw from CaPje.
Dolphin to Cape Carysfort, all over Berkeley Sou
n
Lively Island appeared at our feet.
" The potatoes came here in beautiful order hY the,
Alarm, from Guernsey. The onions, I fear, WeL
packed in the sea sand, as I lost them, and the Platt,2,
bee
packed trees, &c. The fruit trees should have ".
packed in moss, and pressed down in it."