The Sun.
London, England, 1829-09-17 00:00:00

THORNBER V. CHADWICK.

Mr. POLLOCK said, that this action was brought
to recover compensation in damages for an injury
sustained by the plaintiff, in consequence of being
thrown off a stage-coach belonging to the defendant,
and through the negligence of the coachman. The
plaintiff was a commercial clerk with a good salary
at the time of the accident, and the defendant was
an extensive ceachmaster at Manchester.
Mr. Serjeant Coss was able to show that the
plaintiff had himself declared repeatedly that the
coachman was not to blame.

The plaintiff was then nonsuited, subject to the
point reserved of the right of bringing the action.

WALKER V. LYON.

Mr. COURTENAY opened the pleadings. It was an
action in damages for a breach of promise of marriage.
Mr. BROUGHAM said that Miss Mary Walker, the
subject of this proceeding, was the daughter of a
farmer and bleacher at Eccles, near Manchester, re-
spectable herself and her family, though, un-
doubtedly, in inferior circumstances to the defendant,
who was a person of great opulence, and as. to' rank
in the world of great respectability. The acquaint-
ance between these parties commenced by Mr.
Lyon's coming to hoard, by his father's desire, at
the house of the plaintiff's father, where he remained
two or three years. The frequent opportunities
which these parties had of seeing each other led to
feelings of a more tender nature than those of mere
acquaintanceship or friendship, and eventually to the
defendant's becoming Miss Walker's professed ad-
mirer. In that character he was received and recog-
nized by her family. Miss Walker's accomplish-
ments were not of a mean order, and the defendant,
who it was said possessed many good qualities like-
wise, found favour in her eyes, He was therefore
received by the family as her suitor; but as Mr.
Lyon's father was a worldly man, it was feared that
he would object to Miss Walker's circumstances;
and the defendant therefore proposed that the mar-
riage should be postponed till his father's death.—
This was not opposed by Miss Walker's friends, and
there was a clear understanding that as soon as the
old gentleman was removed, their union would
be effected without further, delay. The defend-
ant and Miss Walker, therefore, continued to live
upon those friendly and affectionate terms: which
two persons so shortly to be so closely united might
expect to be, and his attentions anti attachment
remained unabated. He gave her and her tamily
reiterated assurances that he would marry her as
soon as the only obstacle which remained to their
union was removed, and that he would take her to
live with him to his father's house, which, as well
as his business, was very good. In the mean time
Mr. Lyon, the father, died, and left the bulk of his
property to the defendant, who was his only son.
This event seemed to make no alteration in the de-
fendant's demeanour towards Miss Walker for a
considerable time after it took place. He continued
to visit her as before, though he had now removed
from her father's house, and his professions of at-
tachment were as ardent and as frequent as ever.
A time did come, however, when this faithless man
did not blush to play a cruel trick to the young
woman over whose affections he had obtained so
much influence. The last visit that he made her
was the most tender of any which he had made,
as if he meant to prepare her by contrast to feel
more acutely his subsequent behaviour. In a month,
a little month, after this visit, her family received the
distressing and unlooked-for intelligence that he had
married another,--not a woman of higher rank or
larger fortune, but an inferior one in every respect to
the plaintiff, being his father's housekeeper. It was
for the injury thus wantonly and unkindly inflicted
that she now sought for compensation at the hands
of the jury.

Mrs: 11inchley examined by Mr. COURTENAY—
She was the plaintiff's sister, and a married woman,
residing at Liverpool. In July, 1824, witness was
upon a visit at her father's, whose place is near
Eccles. Her sister was of the party. The defendant
was also there, being a boarder in the house. Had
many opportunities of remarking his behaviour to
her sister; it was of a very particular kind. They
lived together upon " terms of courtship." This
was so understood by the whole of the family. The
defendant told witness frequently that he meant to
marry her sister as soon as his father died.
Cross-examined by Mr. POLLOCK—This occurred
in July, 1824. Her sister is now about 29. Cannot
say how old the defendant is. He may be about
40, or perhaps 45 or 50. Cannot say, as she never
asked his age.
Mrs. Mary Walker, mother of the plaintiff, said
her age was now 29. The defendant had lived in
her house four years. Her daughter and he kept
company together. Witness and her husband looked
upon him as her daughter's future husband. He
often declared that he meant to marry the plaintiff as
soon as his father died, and used to call her his
" laugh.)—His father lived about a
mile and a half off. The defendant is an only son.
His father was a cotton-dealer, and witness has
been to his house. It was a very
.good one, with a
garden and orchards, and such things.
Cross-examiried-;--The defendant came to her
house first in 1821. He did not now go much to
public-houses; her husband had got him away from
that; but he had a character for drinking before he
came, and it was to be out of. the way of the ale-
house for there was not one then near her house,
that his father placed him there.
The Jury found for the plaintiff—Damages, One
Farthing.

The case did not conclude till ten at night.

THOMAS MAYNARD, coal-dealer, R. H•
JONES, and J. W. WZST, whose trial for uttering a forged
note was not concluded yesterday when we went to press,
were, at a late hour in the evening, found—MAYNARD,
guilty of the forgery, and Jones guilty of having been acces-:
ory after the fact. Wan was acquitted:

The Jews, come from Spain, have preserved
the manners of their ancient country, but with
the laxity, and sometimes with the depravitl,
which always arises from the love of gain',' OW
it is superior to all other human considerations.
The Franks live at Constantinople as in their
native country. Having nothing to fear, either
from the laws or from the local authorities, by a
course of capitulations which place them solely
under the jurisdiction of their ambassadors, they
live very much at ease, and wear the European
costume with pride, since the Russians have, by
repeated victories, taught the Turks to respect
the Christian people of Europe. The suburb of
Pera, where the foreign ministers reside, presents
the union of all nations ; all costumes are to be
seen there, all languages are to..be heard there.
People there salutes accost one another, give
each other their hands, embrace each other, as
they do in our cities. The shops and warehouses'
of the traders are laid out as in London or
Paris. French, Russians, English, Austrians,
&c., all distinguished under the general name of
Franks, avoid showing here their national hatreds
and prejudices. They visit each other frequently,
and live sometimes like brothers. It is in the
contemplation, in this small space, of this frater-
nal concord between the subjects of the greatest
Sovereigns in Europe, that one may say that ,
Pera is like the Isle of European ',civilization in '
the midst of Asiatic barbarity.
The harbour of Constantinople, of which the
direction is from the east-south-east to the west-
north-west, presents, upon an extent in length,
4,000 fathoms (toises), and, in breadth, 300, a
tranquil and safe anchorage. The depth of its
waters, and the good holding of the bottom,
which is of clay-mud, permit of the largest ships
of the line approaching the two banks, so as even
to touch the houses. Although this harbour is
the receptacle of the filth and drains of the
suburbs Eyoul, Hasse-Kepi, Hassan-Pacha,
Galata, and Topliane, as well as of a part of
those of Constantinople, still one never observes
in it any encumbrance or accretion. Its waters
preserve always the same depth. The immense
works, expensive and sometimes insufficient, for
clearing and cleansing harbours, which are seen
in most of the maritime cities of Europe, are very
unnecessary here, since nature itself performs
this operation. The waters of the two streams,
the Cydaris and the Barbyces, known in modern
times, at their confluence, by the name of the
" river of mild waters," joining their impulsive
action to that of the current of the Bosphorus,
perform for the harbour of Constantinople the
important service of carrying away towards the
Sea of i\larmora the dirt and filth which might
raise the bed of it, or form in it accretions or
shallows.

Upon the northern bank of the harbour, be-
tween Galata and Hasse-Keni, is the grand
marine arsenal. A small bay, called formerly
the Galley Harbour, is surrounded by the house
of the Tersane-emini, or Intendant-General of
the navy,—by a spacious place contiguous to a
hill on which is built the vast palace that serves
as the residence of the Grand Pacha,—by the
large and magnificent barrack for the galiondgis,
or sailors, constructed by order of the great Ad- I
miral Hassan-Pacha,—and lastly, by the dock-
yards and the basin for repairs of vessels, for
which the Porte is indebted to M. Rode, a Swiss
engineer. To the west of the house of the
Tersane-emini are all the naval magazines, and
the quay near which are moored 30 ships of the
line, frigates, corvettes, and brigs, that constitute
the naval force of Turkey.
Behind the naval magazines, in a low and
damp nook, situated near the hill on which the
palace of the Capitan-Pacha is built, stands the
gloomy bagnio (prison), where man is reduced
to the last degree of misery and degradation,
where the prisoner of war is joined with the
malefactor, and where the threats and the blows
of the guards and gaolers mingling with the oaths
and plaintive cries of the captives call to one's
mind the image of hell.
The Sultan Selim, who took a more lively in-
terest in the wants and the glory of his empire
than in his pleasures and personal enjoyments,
had given up to the navy his seraglio of Ainali-
Cavak, Castle of Mirrors, the favourite palace of
-Achinet 111., where that prince took delight in
admiring himself and his slaves in the large
glasses which the Senate of Venice sent him after
the treaty of Passarowitz. Extensive works had
already been commenced on that vast site, con-
tiguous to the naval arsenal ; but the disposition
of the Sultan Selim caused the abandonment of
these projects, and the Grand Seignor has re-
sumed possession of this ruinous palace, which
he will in all probability never inhabit, because
the expense of putting it into repair would
amount to very considerable sums.
At the western extremity of the suburb of
Hasse-Keni, which is itself placed to the:west of
the seraglio Ainali-Cavak, is situated the mili-
tary school. The site of this school having be-
come too small, on account of the number of
the pupils and the new division of the classes,
the Sultan Selim had granted to this institution
the palace of a Sultana, sister of his father, which
had not been occupied for several years : but af-
ter the fall of that Prince, the pupils were obliged
to quit the:seraglio, which is falling into ruins,
and return to their old and confined habitation.

The magnificent barrack of the bombardiers
is situated in front of the military school, and
near to the sea. It forms, by its grandeur, its
magnificence, and the height of the minarets of
its mosque, one of the ornaments of the extre-
mity of the harbour. Near this barrack are seen
the furnaces for making bomb-mortars, and the
manufactories of ordnance carriages.
The suburb Tophane, placed at the east
of Galata, in front of the seraglio, contains the
vast barracks of the cannoniers, and 211 the large
establishments for artillery works. The Sultan
Selim had constructed magnificent barracks for
the nizam-gedittes at Scutari, Levend-Tchifiick,
and near Pera. The two former edifices were
destroyed lay the Jannissaries after the death of
Mustapha-Bairactar. The third has been spared,
because it was not entirely finished at the epOch
of this last revolution.
The palaces .of the European ambassadors,
which are called seraglios, would be in Europe
,
mere town hOusei. That. of the French -Am=

bassador, which is situated on the rapid eastern
declivity of the hill of Pera, enjoys a very beau-
tiful view, and has a tolerably large garden.
Built by the Baron de Breves, under the reign
of Henri IV., it was repaired under the direction
of Baron de Tott, during the embassy of M. le
Comte de Saint-Priest. That of the Venetian
Ambassador (actually occupied by the Austrian
internuncio) presents a tolerably beautiful front.
The position of these two places proves that the
plateau above was not inhabited when they were
built. The palaces of the English, Russian,
and Swedish Ambassadors have nothing regular
or elegant in their construction. That of Russia
is small, and little worthy of such an embassy.
The house of the English Ambassador, newly
built on the commencement of the southern de-
clivity of Pera, presents to the view a large
square, of which the fronts, not in very good
taste, are only seen obliquely from the entrance,
and of which the interior distributions affords
none of the conveniences which so large a site
promises. The ground on which this palace is
situated was presented by the Sublime Porte to
England, as an acknowledgement for the deli-
verance of Egypt.
The canal of Constantinople, or of the Bos-
phorus, gives vent to the waters of the Black
Sea, which flow rapidly towards the Sea of Mar-
mora, or Propontis, and'from thence towards the
Archipelago, or lEgean Sea, by the canal of the
Dardanelles or of the Hellespont. This canal,
which separates Europe from Asia, flows between
two chains of parallel hills. Its depth varies
from fifteen to twenty fathoms (brasses) in the
middle of the stream. There are no shallows to
render the navigation of it dangerous. A single
rock, well known, opposite Therapia, would be
somewhat dangerous if it were not close to the
shore. This canal is an excellent harbour
throughout its whole extent of about seven sea
leagues : its bottom has good holding. Its
sinuosities, and the hills which bound its coasts,
shelter it from all winds. The gulf Buyuk-
dere, where this canal enlarges itself in extend-
ing itself towards the valley of the same name,
serves as a place of anchorage, and as a station
for vessels which are about to enter or to leave
the Black Sea.

The two coasts which, after this anchorage, ex-
tend themselves as far as the Black Sea, are more
steep than they are in other parts of the canal.
Some travellers have thought that all this part of
the banks of the Bosphorus was formerly vol-
canic ground, and they pretend that the irruption
of a volcano has produced this breach, by which
the waters of the Black Sea are precipitated
towards the Mediterranean. General Andreossi,
who has made this district his study for three
years, with all the attention of a learned geolo-
gist, has perceived no trace of volcano in this
part of the Bosphorus, and he thinks that this
strait exists because the chains of mountains of
Asia Minor and of the Balkans of Europe,
which direct themselves towards each other, de-
creasing as they go, are in this spot at their
lowest point of abasement, and that they might
have furnished naturally, and without having
recourse to any violent rupture, an issue to the
waters of the Black Sea.

The canal of the Bosphorus is defended, near
its opening into the Black Sea, by the two
castles of Fanar, or beacons of Europe and Asia.
These two forts, distant from each other about
1,500 fathoms (toises), answer badly the end
for which they were designed. But the new
castles of Poyras and Caribehe, constructed by
Baron de Tott, at the place where the canal be-
gins to narrow itself, are distant from each other
only 500 fathoms (toises). They can engage an
enemy's ship with advantage, as well on account
of their proximity to each other, as of the com-
manding position of their casemated batteries.—
The forts of Routnily-Cavac, and of Anatoli-
Cavac, which have been repaired and brought to
perfection by MM. Monnier and Fontaine, have
only batteries which are open and close to the
edge of the water. Situated at the foot of a hill,
of which the brow is cut by a large wall of sup-
port, these batteries would be commanded by the
fire of the high batteries of ships of the line, and
would become the receptacle of all the shot which
might strike against the wall behind.
In the new system of defence of the Bospho-
rus, there have been intermixed, at nearly equal
distances, other batteries with the old castles of
the canal. These batteries are sometimes rasant,
and sometimes elevated seven or eight fathoms
(toises) above the level of the sea. It was pro-
posed, in addition, to cover the low batteries
with a strong blinding, in order to protect the
cannoniers from the fire of ships of the line and
from the bullets which might recoil either from
the wall behind or from the neighbouring
rocks. This project, however, was not carried
into execution.

Several batteries have been constructed on the
shores of the Buyuckdere road in order to pre-
vent am hostile squadron establishing itself in
this anchorage after having passed the upper part
of the canal in spite of the defensive works.
The castles of ltomily-Hissar and Anadoly-
Hissar, constructed in the 15th century, at two
leagues north-east of Constantinople, a short
time before the capture of this city, in a place
where the canal is only 300 fathoms (tosses)
wide, have remained in their primitive state.
Formid able to the vessels then used in naviga-
tion, they would be little dangerous to men of
war, on account of the insignificance of their
batteries and the smallness of their terraplains,
which prevent cannons of large calibre being
placed there. It has been unceasingly repre-
sented to the Porte, that this point is of the
highest importance for the defence of the Bos-
phorus: the Turks are disposed to laugh when
It is proposed to them to amend works which
were constructed by Mahomet 11., the vanquisher
of so many Kings, and the conqueror of Con-
stantinople. However, Selim 111. had adopted,
for these castles, a plan which would have been
executed but for the fall of that Monarch, whose
mind was superior to all the prejudices of the
nation.

Placedthein
Na
ort
h central
and
of
position
gionse of the s h eov en
the people of the East and of the West, being
able to communicate with them by the Euxine
Sea, the Propontis, the Archipelago, the Medi-
terranean, and the Ocean, and by all the ad-
fluelits of these seas,—presenting a vast, safe,
.
and 6mmodious anchorage, m its harbour and
the canal of the Bosphorus, to all the vessels of

If, by a happy revolution, of which ilea; ig
little hope, the Ottoman Emperors ,should ac-.
quire, with the desire of civilizing their nation,
the power necessary for the execution of this
grand and difficult project ; or if all the Christian
monarchs could agree to drive out of Europe the
incorrigible barbarians who occupy one of the
most delightful parts of it, Constantinople,
emancipated from the trammels which paralyse
in a great degree its natural resources, and which
cramp its prosperity, could not fail of becoming
the most beautiful, the most populous, the most
wealthy, the most powerful, the most wholesome,
and the most agreeable of all the cities in the
universe.