The Sun.
London, England, 1842-03-29 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY MORNING, MAWR 29, 1842

TOE CROWN ;NG MERCY OF THE 13, Great Marlborough-street.
TORIES.
COLBURN'S NEW MMOONRIST,THLY MAGAZINE
- AND HU
EDITED BY THOMAS HOOD, ESQ.
In the APRIL NUMBER of this Popular Periodical
Will be commenced
A NEW STORY BY MRS. TROLLOPE,
Entitled
THE BARNABYS IN AMERICA;
To be continued Monthly.
Those who desire to possess this New Story complete, are
requested to send their Orders immediately for the commencing
Number of April 1, which will also contain articles by Thomas
Hood, Esq., the Editor; Lady Morgan ; John Poole, Egi. ;
Horace Smith, Esq. ; Laman Blanchard, Esq. ; Peter Prig-
gins, and other distinguished writers.
Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

(From Tait's Magazine for April.)
The Peel policy has ieached the climax ! Sir Ro-
bert has taken even his own Warmest supporters by
surprise. There were whispers of a properly tax.
To some that seemed a necessary, as it will always
be, a just tax, if fairly levied. But the whole income
of the country suddenly brought within the sweep-
net of the Minister, that was news ! And as surely
as that the landlord's clutch of the bread of the
people will never be unloosed during his reign, it now
is that every man belonging to the generally uneasy
middle classes, every man striving to maintain his
place in-society, upon the lessening, or, in many cases,
-the-almost extinguished profits of a trade or a profes-
sion, must not only be taxed, but rendered liable to
the same ordeal, in the rigid scrutiny of his most sa-
cred and private affairs, as. if he were a bankrupt at-
tempting to defraud his creditors.
Well, the existing constituencies sent those Mem-
bers to Parliament who; having first adopted Peel's
sliding scale, which is to mete the people's food, will
next sanction his fixed standard for mulcting every
man's income. A sliding scale for the purposes of
the landlord—a Procrustean bed for those of the
Minister.
The Newspaper Press, we rejoice to see, is nearly
unanimous in denouncing an income tax on trades
and professions ; the country is already ringing from
from side to side with indignation ; and no man can
paint the gross injustice and the injurious and tortur-
ing operation of such a tax black enough. Even Sir
Robert Peel himself, though he cares little about its
unequal pressure, admits its inquisitorial character.
That seems, indeed, to be very generally understood,
but not yet to the full extent. The income tax, with
Local Boards, Tory Commissioners, Tory under-
strappers, prying, espionage, and reckless exposure*
of private aifrirs, was, in its day, one of the most en-
venomed weapons of party, spite and political perse-
cution that ever the minions of any Government
wielded. Many men of liberal sentiments still alive
must remember their own sufferings and the tender
mercies of its inquisitorial machinery. And what it
was in the beginning of the century, it will be again ;
for Peel's Budget will be carried, in substance, and
in every important detail ; and, whatever may be
modified, the tax on the precarious incomes of trades
and professions will assuredly not be spared, if there
shall be a tax on property of any kind. A war tax—
never resorted to but in the last extremity, and the
most grievous and unjurious in operation—will be
imposed upon that class of the community, which,
with the exception of the actually half-starving ma-
nufacturers, are the least able to bear. The country
has been, for nearly thirty. years, comparatively at
peace, though the great majority of the class to be
mulcted have been, and that for years, at war,
in warding off poverty or pecuniary difficulty'
in the midst of decaying trade, lessening and preca-
rious profits, ruinous competition in all professions,
and no foreign outlet for professional talent. And
after a series of bad seasons, when the increased
expense of living, of buying merely meat and bread,
and common necessaries, has been seriously felt by
every family, save the opulent few, it it proposed to
impose this tax anew ; and that without any
cause satisfactorily shown, save the mere conve-
nience of the Minister. Had this odious measure
followed the total repeal of thq taxes on food, there
might have been some reason, or at least, some decent
pretext for the course adopted. But to afford the
mass of the community no redress for their master-
grievance—the bread-tax—to give the manufactures
of the country no substantial relief that can with cer-
tainty be calculated upon, and to impose fresh burdens,
heaviest in amount to those least able to bear them,
and made intolerable in the mode of examinatian, is
the crowning mercy of Sir Robert Peel's vigorous
administration.
His real reason, after all, may have been fear, that
the Corn-law repealers would put their threats into
execution, and force him to surrender, by starving
themselves, in order to cut off his Excise and Customs
resources. "We give Sir Robert some credit for his
sagacity. This must be the real reason. " You,
Messrs. Cobden and Co." thinks Sir Robert to him-
self, " threaten me with using no wine ; you, Mrs.
Brookes, and your ladies, with using no tea, coffee,
and sugar : why, I will match you there—l will di-
rectly attack your pockets." He almost admits this
view, when he says. " The middle class may save as
much through the reduction of duties by the new
tariff, as they will have to pay in income tax." But,
if so, where was the need of change, or of having re-
course to this new, irritating tax ? And, admitting
that some changes for the better are made by his timid
peddling with the tariff, short is the way that the
cautious, 'yet meddling minister has ventured in the
right direction ; while with all his trimming and dex-
terity, and his evident anxiety to please those of whom
he holds, while he attempts some small good, he has
laid the foundation of many future difficulties to him-
self and his sueeessors.

•
Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
ADVENTURES OF SIR HENRY MORGAN,
THE BUCCANEER.
By the AuthoLof "Rattlin the Reefer," "Jack Ashore," &c.
" This new work from Mr. Howard's able and fertile pen,
has the advantage of a most happily chosen subject, combining
the intense interest of historical truth with the popular attrac-
tion of fiction ; no wonder, therefore, that it should be, as it
undoubtedly is, the best production of its talented writer. Its
hero was unquestionably ene of the most extraordinary persons
that ever lived in any country, and his adventures as extraor-
dinary as the character of which they were the fruit."—Naval
and Military Gazette.
Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

NEW NOVEL EDITED BY MRS. GORE.
Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols., _
F A SCIN A T I O N.
EDITED by Mrs. GORE,
" This charming tale seems rapidly pri-ving its claim to the
title Mrs. Gore has bestowed upon it. Its lively, vivid, and
picturesque sketches of French and German manners and so-
ciety during their most picturesque period—its spirited and ori-
ginal. draughts of character—and its dramatic cast of plot and
ncident, are commanding for it universal perusal Its " fas-
cinating " hero, the Marquis Letonere ; the noble, passionate,
and devoted rincesse de Soisons, heroine of the tale ; the
three Aulic councillors, on whose oddities and peculiarities the
whole plot turns—the jolly German boar-hunting Baron—the
henpecked gourmand—the crack-brained scholar ; not to for-
get the generous-hearted little tailor and his shrew of a wife—
all these first-rate characters, and half a dozen more of a se-
condary class, give to this tale a fascination' which will no
loubt be as irresistible in our day as its celebrated hero wai
in his."

Henry Colbum, Publisher, 13, Great Marlboro Ugh-street.

Now ready, in 2 vols. small Bvo., with illustrations,
.lEUT,-COL. NAPIER'S EXCURSIONS
ALONG the SHORES of the MEDITERRANEAN.

" These volumes are neither more nor less than the actual
ocrrespondence of the writer with his mother, Lady Napier,
wife of the gallant hero of Acre; and though they have been
put into the shape of a Journal, they are evidently as fresh as
when they left the pen of the writer—as free, as off-hand, as
confidential, as easy—izt one word, as real. In addition to
Excursions along the Shores of the Mediterranean, taking in
almost every noticeable spot that the extensive and interesting
locality includes, they comprise several inland excursions. We
have also the results c>f a residence on the rock, excursions
across the border, with many off-hand sketches of Spanist,
domesticlife in Granada, &c. ; a trip to Malaga, with glimpses
of its Moorish relics; Algesiras, with a capital account of a
bull fight; a visit to the Coast Of Africa; an entire cruise in
the Levant; and, in short, a fund of entertainment and in-
formation, full of life, spirit, and reality, and affording one
of the pleasantest pictures of the life of a soldier and a traveller
united in one, that can anywhere be met with."—Naval and
Military Gazette.
Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE MEDICAL TIMES
ONE-THIRD I

THIS favourite Journal will be permanently En-
larged one-third with the next Number of SATURDAY,
which commences Vol. VI. In addition to important article,
on the New Poor law, Rules for Medical Officers, on the nevi
measure of Medical Reform, with Velpean's Clinical Lectures.
and an immense mass of Foreign and Home Medical informa-
tion. A series of Sketches of Distinguished Medical Men will
be given, commencing with a classical pencilling of Mr. LAy-
RENCE. Price 4d., stamped, sd.
Office, 10, Wellington-street, North.
N.B. Wednesday Evening the latest time when Advertise-
ments
can be received.

FDINBURGH REVIEW,No. 151.—Advertise-
ments for the forthcoming Number are requested to be
sent to the publishers on or, before Tuesday next, April 5, and
Bills on or before Wednesday, April 6.
39;Paternoster Row, March 29, 1842.

HIS MAJESTY the EMPEROR of
AUSTRIA,
having AUTHORISED and GUARANTEED several DIS-
TRIBUTIONS of MONEY DIVIDENDS, which (thous!:
ttiey are NO LOTTERIES) seer many possibilities of obtain-
ing LARGE FORTUNES,
HEINE BROTHERS, at HAMBURGH and at
LUBECK,

ire now SELLING ORIGINAL BONDS for the said DIS-
FRIBU TIONS.
Persons desirous to purchase for the Next Distribution
may receive, PREVIOUS to giving any orders, the PRO-
SPECTUS and PARTICULARS, upon addressing a line
either to HEINE BROTHERS, at HAMBURGH,
or to HEINE BROTHERS, at LUBECK.

The NEXT DISTRIBUTION contains DIVIDENDS *I
£64 £lOO £250 se 1,000
66 110 300 1,200
70 120 500 1,800
80 150 600 4,000
90 200 700 22,500
STERLING, amounting together to 142,9941.
BRITISH STERLING MONEY.

- If Peel imagines that he will gain the working-
classes by his policy, no mistake can be greater.
Many of them can scrutinize his tariff, with as much
knowledge of its probable operation as him3eJf ; and
then inquire what it promises to them. Increased
employment ? Doubtful. Cheaper food ? Certainly
not. The single alteration on the sugar duties, pro-
posed by the late Government, would have afforded
more actual relief and solace to the countless number
of families in the kingdom, whose income is under
15s. a-week, than his proposed alterations of the
tariff. Bread and bread-stuff, which at present swal-
low up-two-thirds, and as often three-fourths, of their
incomes, remain precisely as before. In cheese and
- butter we hear of no reduction ; and as to the reduc-
tion which may take place in the price of fresh meat,
it little concerns those who rarely see meat, and,
while bread remains at its present exorbitant rate,
cannot obtain meat in any form. Instead of dividing
the working and the middle classes, Peel's Crowning
Mercy will force them more rapidly into close al-
liance. They have the selfsame interests, however it
may be with the aristocratic and non-producing
classes. Whatever affects the employer, must soon
and certainly affect the employed. Whatever lessens
the means of the consumer must soon be felt by the
producer. All burthens ultimately press hardest on
the lowest body. This has been very clearly stated
in Parliament by Lord Brougham, and his lessons
will not he lost. The working-men are already ac-
quainted w:ri the operatien of taxation. They may
escape the fiery ordeal of the income inquisition, but
they must bear their share of the loss of money going
to the tax-gatherer, instead of being employed in
giving iripulse to their industry.
And whither have vanished all those visions of the
relief to trade, of the influx of prosperity, which were
to follow in the wake of a Tory Administration ?
Are they to end in a new sliding scale, and an in-
come tax falling on all incomes alike, from whatever
source they may accrue, whether from the most per-
manent and well-secured, or the most uncertain and
fluctuating ? And what a wonderful man he is who
has accomplished this !—what a mighty mind that,
which, after seven months, devised the marvellous
scheme! Why, Mehemet Ali would have done the
same thing in seven hours—and better. He could
not have done worse. It is almost ludicrous to hear

THE WEATHER.—Noom, MAncn 28.
ROYAL GALLERY OP SCIENCE, ADELAIDE-STREET.
Thermometer... 52 I Highest 52 I Lowest
Barometer 29.78.—Wind W.—Freezing Point ;2 Deg.

of the admiration of the Minister into which the
House of Commons was thrown, when the mighty
scheme was unfolded, and when Sir Robert Peel
spoke his long-concocted pamphlet on Finance. What
was wonderful in the only important part of his
scheme,- safe the temerity of him that proposed it ?
Brut since Sir Robert has carried his Landlords'
Monopoly against the people, it is upon the whole,
perhaps, not to be regretted, that he should also carry
his income tax. It will prove the source of illumi-
nation on questions of Government and Finance to
thousands ; and will speedily recruit the ranks of
the Suffrage Associations with many able and useful
soldiers. It will be the means of immediate amalga-
mation. There is, we fear, a very slender chance
of the working-class becoming in haste so easy and
comfortable in their circumstances, notwithstanding
the penny a pound reduction on the price of macs-,
roni and vermicelli, as to be indifferent to public
affairs. Sir Robert, by his vigorous measure, may
temporarily galvanize the finances ; but by what un-
tried, unheard-of process, is he to give healthful vigour
„tothose exhausted powers upon which all permanent na-
tional prosperity must ultimately depend ? The subject
remains as dark, as perplexed as ever; and were the
income tax made five or ten per cent. instead of three,
without great retrenchment of the public expenditure,
without immediate relief to trade and manufactures,
the same causes which have been at work for twenty

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE THIS DAY.
Morning 29 minutes after 3 I Evening M minutes after 3.f

years, must ultimately undermine the country. Fo-
reign nations already Ichabod written upon our
walls ; the glory of rich,k see
proud England departed. It
is viewed as a humbled nation, plunged into desperate
circumstances; and . its Government compelled to
have recourse to
isdesperate measures. Thus, the ho-
nour of the nation tarnished abroad, while at home,
much causeless suffering,
whole middle * mental and
pecuniary, is
mdlo class, in addition to
isid
former hardships. There present, little consola-
tion, save in looking to th national movement for
represented y
Philips,
b
radical reform; to the intelligent men
such individuals as Lovett, rineent a
vo-
luntarily returning to their original nci
confidence in their
ad
s flume,
ttirge.
true and long-tried friends ;in Brougham n
and such new and potent auxiliaries as
Joseph
The means of national Lalvation are still ins our hands ;
and Sir Robert Peel's policy will quicken us to the
use of them, and hasten the crisis.

* In Parliament, the secrecy, the delicacy, the honour of
the persons entrusted to examine schedules an,l appeals, is pa_
raded in answer to every appeal. Now, in Scotland, it is well
known that the statements and appeals of persons surcharged,
were actually sold to the snuff-shops for waste paper. This
might not take place everywhere, but it did take place, and
made some noise at the time.

Died at theiclanse of ISTesting, etlanci, on the
15th instant, Mrs. Inches, widow 'of the Rev. John
Inches, minister 1:)f that parish, at the very advanced
age of 102 years.

does not appear, but he testified to the fact that,
in spite of this noble gift, and in spite of the
6,003,0001. a year, levied on us for their advantage,
they are annually sustaining a ruinous diminution
of their income. The country is subjected, there-
fore, to a grevious and unjust impost, which does
not answer the intended purpose, but which
nevertheless, the Tories are resolute to main-

tam.
Is there any probability that this very impost
which is so injurious to the people of England, is
also the cause of the distress of the planters?
That seems a very strange supposition. but we
have got half way towards justifying it when we
have shown that in spite of the impost, the planters
are going to ruin. Certainly stranger things have
come to pass in politics ; such, for example, as 2 and
2 does not make four, than that the very reverse
should be the effect of a law from that intended
by the law-maker. On such a subject we do not
pretend to be dogmatic-or positive, but the mode
in which the impost may probably operate, so as
to bring about the ruin of the planters, is this :
The number of labourers, and the quantity of
labour at the command of the planter, is limited.
Each and every planter is eager to get hold of
as much of the impost, through raising a large
crop of sugar, as, possible. They all, therefore,
lay themselves out to cultivate sugar; they com-
pete strongly with one another to obtain the ser-
vices of the negroes for cultivating sugar; and
their competition, sharpened by the desire to
get hold of as much as possible of the impost,
tells against themselves, and enables the negroes
to demand very high wages, and to labour on
their own terms
To their bargains with the negroes there are
two parties, and it is clear that if their competi-
tion one with another were lessened, it would
have the same effect as increasing the number of
labourers, and enable them to cultivate their es-
tates at a less expense. It is also clear that the
increased price obtained for their sugar, in con-
sequence of the discriminating duty, augments
the fund applicable to the payment of wages in
a limited population, and the question is, whether
the increased competition thus occasioned for
labour be more than equal to the advantage
which the planter derives from the tax ? We be-
lieve that it is, and so we believe that the unjust
impost itself, which is so injurious to the home
consumer, is the.primary cause of the planter's
distress, decay, and progress towards ruin.
It is abundantly evident, from Lord STANLEY'S
speech, whatever may be the losses of the
planters, that the negroes are increasing in
opulence. Those in Jamaica, according to Sir
C. METCALF'S report, are " perfectly free and
more independent than the same class in any
other country." That proves great competition
amongst the planters to have their services. In
one parish the number of freeholders had in-
creased nearly five-fold, or from 387 to 1863 be-
tween 1837 and 1841. In Demerara, the negroes
have purchased, according to Governor LIGHT,
Jne estate for 11,0001., and another for 16,0001.
Now, the means of making these purchases, and
becoming freeholders, both in Jamaica and De-
merara, could not have been obtained by the ne-
groes from merely cultivating their provision
grounds, which are chiefly or solely to supply
their own subsistence. Owing, said Lord STAN-
LEY, to the labourers becoming possessors of the
land, the planters had been compelled to give ex-
orbitant wages. It was the exorbitant wages, how-
ever, given by the planters in the first instance,
in order to get a large crop of sugar, and so get
hold of a large share of the tax, that led to making
the labourers landowners, and by narrowing
still more the supply of labour, raised still
higher the rate of wages. We conclude, from
dl these circumstances, that it is the competition
,f the planters one against another, in their new
condition of purchasers of labour, stimulated by
the bounty or discriminating duty which has
been the chief cause of that high rate of wages
which makes, as they now complain, cultivation
ruinous to them.
Our principles would lead us directly to the
conclusion that the remedy for this condition is
the very reverse of that recommended by the
planters, and adopted, we are afraid, by Lord
STANLEY. We should say abolish the unjust
discriminating duty, and trust for once to Nature
tnd to GOD. Do right, and do not dread the
.:onsequences. It is only politicians who lay
town the rule that they can set at defiance the
laws of morality with advantage. We should
iay that, by abolishing the discriminating
duty, you will lessen the Competition of
the planters one with another induce
them to introduce cheaper and better methods
of cultivation, and reduce the wages of the
negroes, now raised exorbitantly, by taxing the
people of England. By employing skilled labour,
the planters would be enabled to cultivate
cheaper than those who import the unskilled
and ignorant Africans.
The planters, on the contrary, recommend the
promotion of immigration. They want more
labourers, that they may grow more sugar, and
get hold of more tax. Lord STANLEY goes with
them. He supposes himself, very erroneously
we can assure his Lordship, to have been instru-
mental in ruining the planters, by emancipating
their slaves. He conferred on them by that the
greatest blessing a statesman ever conferred on a
people. He is in no wise instrumental to their
ruinous competition, except by maintaining the
unjust tax on -the people of England which
stimulates it. But believing, very errone-
ously, that he has been the unwitting and
innocent cause of their distress, the honour
of the Noble Lord, it is said, is piqued to
afford them redress. He is about, there-
fore, to promote immigration from Africa
into our colonies. He is to renew or ex-
tend a quasi slave trade. He is to perpetuate
ignorance and want of skill in our colonies by a
perpetual stream of ignorant savages imported
from the coast of Africa. Instead of diminishing
the wages of the negroes, by taking the hand of
the planter out of our pockets, he is to diminish
them by introducing a lower and less enlightened
class of labourers from other countries. He is
wilfully to degrade the enlightened and com-
fortable negro population and to undo what
emancipation has done. '
We hope that Lord STANLEY will consider the
consequences of following the suggestions of the
avaricious and unjust planters. It seems pro-
bable, it not inevitable, that the West Indies are
to become the " black islands." The coloured
race there, not forfeiting, perhaps, their
allegiance to England, nor shaking off their
connexion with that generous people, who
have purchased their freedom, will become
predominant and masters. For the whole World,
for Africa itself; that may be a great blessing,
provided the educated, intelligent, religious, and
skilful, moral blacks, who have been brought up
in the ways of Englishmen and with English
notions, shall remain the most numerous, and
shall be the principal source of an increase of
population ; but introduce amongst them a con-
tinual fresh supply of ignorant half savages from
the West coast of Africa, and without retarding,
but rather hastening the supremacy of the co-
loured population, you will establish in the
West India islands an empire of savages, instead
of enlightened and intelligent beings, and make
the " black islands" a curse to Europe -and
America.

and for the contumely they sometimes heaped
upon them. It was our painful duty, on
more than one occasion, to remonstrate with
great earnestness against the ill-advised pro-
secutions of STEPHENS, MACDOUGALL, LOVETT,
COLLINS, and others, by which the Whigs, to serve
a Tory purpose, earned, we regret to say, the
lasting hatred of numerous bodies of their honest
and well-meaning, even if erring, poorer fellow-
subjects. On this account, as well as on account
of the people themselves, we rejoice that the
Tories, who were wont to call them the canaille,
and to insist that they had nothing to do with
the laws but to obey them, have come round to
our doctrine, treat the working classes as some-
body, and claim great credit for exempting them
from taxation.

It is now in the power of the working classes
to show that they are worthy of the considera-
tion vouchsafed to them. Be it for good or for
evil, a great change is proposed in the financial
and commercial regulations of the country. Both
parties in Parliament affirm that the change will
have a considerable influence on the condition of
the working classes, and both appeal to them to
a certain degree for their support. One party
affirms that the change will benefit them; the
other denies it. Our own opinion has been more
than once stated; but irrespective of that, we are
sure that the working classes are bound to take
the subject into consideration, and express an
opinion on it. Those who deny them the suf-
frage in electing members of the House of Com-
mons, do now tacitly concede it to them, and
concede to them the power to influence, and
even to over-rule the decision of Parliament, by
seeking their approbation. For whichever party
in the State the working classes may decide, or
for neither, they ought- not to lose the present
opportunity of exercising the right of suffrage,
when every man, however poor, who can express
an opinion, may make it tell on the country, and
legitimately force himself into of the pale of the
constitution.

If they are of opinion that the proposed in-
come tax and alterations
,of the tariff will be be-
neficial to them, let them meet and express such
an opinion, and so they will enable Sir R. PEEL
to reject the demands of the agriculturists, and
secure to them the advantages of those changes
in the tariff which he holds out to them. If
they are of opinion that the income tax, in addi-
tion to all the other taxes which now crush in-
dustry, will be injurious to them—if they prefer
a reduction of the sugar duties to the reduction
of the duties on timber—if, after hearing Sir
ROBERT PEEL expatiate on the advantages of
cheapness and abundance, they think they are
more likely to be benefited, and the necessary
revenue raised by a free trade in corn, giving a
stimulus to industry and consumption, than by
additional taxation—let them announce such
an opinion. Whichever view they may take,
let them not be silent at this crisis of the public
affairs, when they are invited by the Tories to
give their opinion on the great questions at issue.

There is a good deal of miscellaneous gossip in the
New York papers to the Bth inst., received this morn.
ing, by way of Liverpool, by the packet ship Patrick
Henry. In the first place there is a parody of the
APLEon affair getting up at Lockport, in which a na-
tive of the " Emerald Isle" is to replace the hero GM
the " Land o' Cakes." The name of this new candi-
date for the gallows is HOGAN, and it appears that his
crossing the frontier was a mere act of idle bravado.
No sooner had he appeared at Lockport than he was
pounced upon by the sympathisers and committed to
prison. We suppose the farce of another trial will be
gone through, and after a deal of ridiculous nonsense
on the part of the American authorities, just to show
how mighty independent they are, and what great feats
they can perform within their own territory, ,HOGAN
will be sent about his business.

We trust the arrest of Hoosir will have the effect
of accelerating the final settlement of this troublesome
Caroline question. DANIEL WxusTER, President
TYLER, and Lord ASHBURTON, must be equally anxi-
ous to deprive a set of unprincipled vagabond adven-
turers of a handle by which they can at any time dis-
turb the peaceful relations between two great coun-
tries. It is a disgrace to the statesmanship of the
nineteenth century that a M'LEoD, or a HooArr, or
any other pennyless, reckless adventurer should have
it in his power at any moment to involve in hostiliti( s
two of the mightiest commercial nations in the world.

Next in importance to the seizure of HoGArz, is a
decision of the Supreme Court of the United States,
annulling as unconstitutional an Act of the Legisla-
ture of Pennsylvania, declaring that no person could
be forcibly carried out of the State as a fugitive slave
without an inquiry before a Jury. The Judges who
concurred in this decision were, Mr. Chief Justice
STORY, Mr. Justice DANIEL, Mr. Justice 314 LEAN,
Mr. Justice BALDWIN, and Mr. Justice WAYNE.
We quote as exceedingly curious, the points of fun-
damental constitutional law affirmed by the American
Judges :-
Ist. That the provision in the Constitution of the
United States relative to, fugitive slaves executes itself
so far as to authorize the owner or his agent to seize the
fugitive in any State of the Union, as property ; and that
no State law is constitutional which interferes with such
right.
2d. The provision also contemplates legislation by
Congress, to make tho delivery of a fugitive slave more
effectual against all State or other interference.
3d. That Congress having legislqted, such legislation
is the supreme law of the land, excluding all State legis-
lation upon the same subject ; and with which legisla-
tion by Congress, no State can pass any law to qualify,
impede, or control the remedy given by the act of Congress.
4th. The power of legislation• by Congress is exclu-
sive; and no State can pass any law to carry into effect
the constitutional provision in regard to fugitive slaves,
even though Congress had not legislated upon the subject.
stn. That the points thus decided are in no manner
intended to interfere with the police power of the States
to take up runaway slaves, and guard against their mis-
conduct or depredations.

The Legislature of Pennsylvania provided that the
question of slavery should be decided by a Jury.
The Judges of the Supreme Court say no ; the Act
of the Constitution for the seizure of a slave executes
itself—in other words, a slave-owner has only to claim
a fugitive as his slave, depose the fact before a Magis-
trate, and so carry off his victim, who may be a free
man or woman ! The decision of the Judges is mon-
strous and abominable. The Act of the Legislature
of Pennsylvania, thus set aside by the Judges, was
passed, in 1826, for the express purpose of preventing
the free men and women of that State from being
carried into Maryland, and other States, as slaves on
the lying depositions of the agents of slave-dealers.
The Legislature of Florida have adopted a series of
resolutions against the payment of the State debts,
on the ground that they were contracted by the Exe-
cutive, without the consent of the people. They also
passed an Act, which prohibits all banks, refusing to
pay specie for any of their liabilities, from making
loans, or buying or discounting notes or bills of ex-
change, declaring such bills and notes valueless. The
object of all this legislation is to establish, if possible,
a specie currency. The Legislature of New Jersey
have passed an Act, for compelling the banks of that
State to resume specie payments on the 15th August.
The celebrated Kentucky Senator, HENRY CLAY,
retires from public life, and is to be replaced in Con-
gress by Mr. CRITTENDEN. Of late years Mr.
CLAY'S popularity has declined in this county, in
consequence of the marked manner in which he
mixed himself up with Mr. Wan and others, in op-
posing the noble efforts of Jonx• Willer ADAMS
for the amelioration of slavery in the United States.

Though we do not assent to the Tory doctrine
that the proposed income tax will not affect the
industrious classes, we rejoice very much to find
Tory writers proclaiming aloud that it is the
duty of statesmen to study the welfare of these
classes. It is true that they only now adopt this
principle because they are afraid of the indus-
trious ',classes and need their assistance. It is
true that—they only preach this principle, and
pretend to promote the welfare of the working
classes in order to bribe them into acquiescence
with general disfranchisement, and into submis-
sion to the Tory rule. Though we cannot give
the Tories praise for their motives, nevertheless
it gives us great satisfaction to find them paying
court to the hhrd-working artizans.
It was our painful duty on many occasions,
when the Whigs were in office, to censure
them for their neglect of the working classes,

We have inserted one letter, with extracts from
another, on the present state of_ the Church of
Scotland, in order that our readers .may form an
opinion of the sentiments entertained by Correspond-
ents differing, in every respect, from those generally
put forth in The Sun on this important subject.
The parties are strong advocates for the rights of
the people, and if words always conveyed the real
sentiments of those who use them, our Correspond-
ents would find us cordially supporting them in
what has been called, at various times, the " Veto
Act," the " Non-Intrusion principle," and the
" Rights of the Christian people," but because we
can see no such principle as that they contend
for embodied in the new scheme, we have ever
been opposed to it. Their letters, we confess,
have not at all tended to change our opinion, nay, on
the contrary, they confirm it, because the writers have
evidently no just conception of the danger to popular
rights which this ecclesiastical statute contains, nor do
they point out any feasible plan by which the machi-
nery can, in reality, confer on congregations the free,
fair, and full choice of their pastors.- In framing a

representative constitution, either civil or religious, it
is clear that every thing depends on the nature of the
.franchise and the qualifications which form a title to
exercise it. These are all distinctly laid down in
every consitutional charter, they are minutely defined
in the Reform Act, and so important was this part o
the subject considered, that special Commissioners
were appointed by Parliament to watch over the
rights of electors, and administer to them strict
and impartial justice. Has any machinery of the
kind been prepared, or even demanded, for carrying
into effect the Veto Act ? None whatever. The
right to vote is vested in heads of families in commu-
nion with the Church, but no law is laid down to
define the qualifications which entitle a man to this
privilege. These are as various and trivial as the
dispositions and caprices of the different incumbents.
What one man may consider a sin another consi-
ders not only lawful, but just and good. Appeal
from the clergyman to the Presbytery is only
a mockery, when the Presbytery happens to
contain a majority of members, entertaining the
same religious opinions. The atrocious case which
lately came before the Presbytery of Arbroath,
is a striking confirmation of the statement, for though
the complainant had only followed a long established
practice, and buried one of his family on a Sunday,
he could obtain no relief, and was compelled, at great
expense, to appeal to another tribunal. The com-
plainant may meet the same fate in the Synod. A
second appeal must then be made to the General As-
sembly, at still greater expense; and considering the
character of the majority in that Church Court,
there are ten chances to one that his overture
would be rejected, and the unfortunate victim be
compelled to submit or leave the church of which he
had long been a sincere and faithful member. The
case of DAVIOT is another instance. In a
parish containing some 1,800 inhabitants, only
half a dozen have the right of election : the
living has been vacant for three years,
the Christian people are deprived not only of Church
privileges, but of a minister, and neither General As-
sembly nor Synod, have devised any remedy for this
crying evil. Cases could be multiplied without end,
and till some plan, therefore, be laid down
for granting the parishioners a reality, and not
mockery, we must continue to oppose the
Veto Act, as one of the most cunningly devised
schemes ever invented for increasing ecclesiastical do-
minion. Let the Non-intrusionists define the fran-
chise, and then the people will understand them. Let
the Church grant the right of voting to every Chris-
tian parishioner untainted by crime, and of twenty-
one years of age, and we shall be as ready as any of
our Correspondents, and probably as willing too, as
either CHALMERS or CANDLISH to support the rights
of the electors.

From Madrid the latest news is to the 20th inst.
The young QUEEN was proving to her Cabinet that
she was not without a spice of the dogged obstinacy
which distinguished her reputed Sire, the petticoat-
embroidering FERDINAND. It seems that the REGENT,
at the request of M. ARGUELLES, had appointed Col.
DOLCE, who so gallantly defended the Royal apart-
ments on the night of the 7th of October, a Gen-
tleman of her Bedchamber, and M. ARGUELLES
presented him to her MAJESTY to receive from her
hands the gold key worn as the insignia of office.
Her MAJESTY, however, refused in decided terms to
confirm the appointment, nor has weeks of persuasion
changed her resolution.
The Budget was not quite prepared, but in anti-
cipation of it the Minister of Finance caused to be distri-
buted on the 19th, a summary of the expenses of
the current year, from which we quote the following
items :

Beals.

The Qucen's Household (in 1841 this item
amounted to 35,817,320 reals)
Legislative Bodies
Foreign Affairs
Justice
Interior
War 450,187,295
Marine 85,039,176
Finance
Sinking Pund 339,919,764

Total 1,369,301,683
Or in English money to about 14,116,512/. In 1841
the gross amount of the Budget of Expenses was
1,328,075,216 reals, consequently there is an excess on
that of 1842 of 41,226,467 reals. The material difference
which exists relates to the Finance department and to the
Sinking Fund. In 1841 the former was estimated at
292,599,801 reals, whereas in 1842 it amounts to
337,882,209 reals. The latter was 328,378,980 reals in
1841, and in 1842 339,919,764 reals. It is to be observed
that the allowance for Public Worship and for the main-
tenance of ,the Clergy is not included in the above
statement.

A number of strange reports were in circulation in
Madrid. One of the absurdest was that one of the
Ministers sought to promote a marriage between the
young QUEEN and. the Emperor of BRAZIL, to termi-
nate in the junction of the Crowns of Spain and
Portugal. As for DONNA MARIA and her husband,
they were to be sent to rule the Brazilians.

Three purchases were made, on the 18th, in the Three
per Cents., at 20 for cash, and 21 at different dates,
for a sum of 2,200,000 reels. The negotiations in the
Five per Cents., 30 in number, amounted to 22,600,000
reals, and were concluded at 21 it. 28 at 60 days. The
certificates of the debt bearing no interest sold for 61 at
60 days.

There is not much news of interest in the French
journals received yesterday morning. The wine and
brandy growers of France are very much dissatisfied
that so much time is lost in concluding a commercial
treaty with England which shall admit French
wines and brand: e 3 into this country in
exclrmge' for British merchandise. The colonial
sugar dealers are also very much out of humour in
consequence of the postponement of the Sugar Bill
till next Sessions. Nor are the Editors of the French
press a jot better satisfied with the proceedings of the
Government during the last sessions of the Chambers.
At a meeting of that influential body it was re-
solved that every Journal, at the next election, should
have a candidate at each of the electoral Colleges, to
enter a solemn protest against the system of press
prosecutions sanctioned by the Ministry.
The Pliare des Pyrenees of the 23d has the following
article :

" We learn from Madrid that the French frigate
Medea, and a French steamer, have anchored in the port
of Barcelona, where the Suffren of the line was ex-
pected. It is said that the arrival of this naval force is
in consequence of the dispute which has arisen between
General Van Halen and ,the Consul of France, on ac-
count of the insults to his Majesty the King of the
French in the Constitutional.."---Constitutionel,
The Municipality of Barcelona of 1841 had resumed
its functions.
Orders had been given to arm the fortresses in Cata-
lonia. A beginning had been made with Figuieres and
Gironne. Numerous troops are traversing the country,
to put down the bands which have appeared of late only
towards the mountains.
General Bode' entered Bilboa on the 20th at noon,
with a numerous staff, and three squadrons of cavalry.
Our correspondent says, the Pharedes Pyrennees of the
20th, sends us no news from the frontiers. The Spanish
authorities exercise the strictest vigilance with regard to
travellers.— Commerce.

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