Star.
London, England, 1830-01-12 00:00:00

: • .;

Ina concurrent and powortully
of utini?n• maintained about the Iridertor teuti, lip diverting
attention from the skate powerful emu* have Invoked the
h,.le subject In a mkt of confusion which gives scope for perpetual

'The coefficts

contention co as to prevent the people from ever coming at the
truth. The extreme results exhibited in the above state-
ment, have been progressively and periodically produced, at
. -
times tie- occasionally when none Of the causes generally
-assigned :have her.: in particular operation. The prin-
ciples -Wideli have -imperceptibly produced that progree-
sloe, are ano deeply rooted In the system, and are so 'lgo-
rout in their operation that, kft to itself, the system will in tins.

destroy itself. The expedients of mitigation or counteraction occa-
sionally said to be in contemplation- by the Executive Govern-
meni,, will, it adopted, be found insufficient to beep pace with tbp

destroying induerke of those principles that lave produced such
a fatal progression. The measures of relief that are urged by
e.rious pittalic writers, if adopted, might produce a partial re-action,
'Jut they would not of themselves parry off the ultimate dissolution
)1 the system. If the great interests of the country are to be re-
stored to a healthy state, and to be put in a career of prosperity
commensurate to our means, the workings of capital must be fully
grappled with, I. its tendency to accumulate—in its forcing itself
into violable occupation in the various internal and external ra-
nlifintioniit society, as also the 'patience of the funding system
on thrive "iciikings, and farther measure' most -be adopted baying
a tAtdiney in secure to our *Wiens and labotirers a fair and ade-
quate.,re!wird:' Por, without these, no isolated mantles of policy
can pi•eva4ka progressive accumulating destruction of capital, to
the annual amount of 15 to 20 millions by 'tswans of insolvency
and deprivation ; and though that 'destruction should not
annually 'shot, itself, it will, at short periods of three or four years,
in its insidious and appalling operations; and at every such re-
turning pedet, Eke abbettors of certain views will each have a cause
ani a remedy as inadequate as those urged at the present periods
while tb'e main causes, as at present, will remain untouched.
On chic investigation.- the increase or decrease in the foregoing
item., will be found to be in the precise proportion as the principle
of Legislative protection has been extended to the interests of those
clams dependent on the highest amounts, while those dependent
on the loWest amounts have been put out of the pale of such prO-
tection. It is now admitted, as a general rule, that the money
price or exchangeable value of all commodities is mainly influenced
by the relation of their supply as compared to the demand. If the
supply exceeds the demand, the depredation of value is in a highly
increased ratio, as compared with the excess, and vice versa. If I
understand the end of Government aright, it is to protect the pro-
perty or interests of all classes, by preventing injurious inroads being
made by one class on the interest of another.lt ought never to inter-
fere in matters of commerce between man and man, but to let every
one to prosecute his own interests in his own way, so far as that can
be done without injury to others. In order to secure these ob-
jects, it is necessary that the executive Agents of Government
should be in that station vibere they were stated to have been by
the late Mr. Casengo, when, in big accustomed splendid manner

of speaking of things that ought to be met,were not as though they
were in 1826, be said, " 311nisters stand In an elevation of intel-
lectual attainment, from which they look Gown on all that is pass-
ing before them ; and if any find fault with their measures, it is
because their minds are not sulkiendy enlarged to comprehend the
grandeur of their designs." Prom this " elevation of intellectual
attainment" they ought to watch over the interests of all; and if
either natural or artifidal circumstances should occur, having a
tendency to throw the interests of one or more classes into the
hands of the other classes, then is the time for Government to begin
to act, by adopting measures tending to produce ik countervailing
influence' and thereby to prevent such an injurious result, and to
preserve the equilibrium of interests. Such are what I understated
to be the nature and objects of a Government that exists for the
public good.
in•lookitg beck on the name' and argyle-ill circumstances that
have bad a tendency to affect supply and demand during the last
40 years, it will be found that normal circumstances have tended
to diminish the supply of food, as compared with .the demand, since
the population has increased, SO per cent. while 'the land !Taft
into cultivation, and that of inferior quality too, has not e
seven per cent. and that has been done under circumstances tending
to•lisnit the demand for labour, as compared with the supply, by
lidding farm to farm, and by breaking op the cottage system, with
an increasing agricultural and labouring population. On the other
band, artificial circumstances have tended to illertON the apply
of manutaztures, as compared with the demand. Now, as price,
and consequently the means of income to the respective classes de-
pendent on production, are mainly dependent on supply and de-
'mend, the obvinus duty of those who " stand in an elevation of in-
telleetual attainment" was to" look down". on these circumstances
and to adopt measures tending to increase the supply of natural
produce, in proportion to the Increase of population, by giving fa-
eilities to the admission of the natural products of countries less
densely populated, and to Increase the consumption of, anilicial
prOductions, in proportion to the increased power to produce them.
That such would have been the tendency of the measures of a Go-
.eerement fulfilling its legitimate duties, Is beyond doubt or ques-
tion, But it has proceeded on mistaken principles so far, that in-
stead of promoting an adjustment of supply to the demand, and of
demand to supply, so as to maintain the Just equilibrium, it has
sanctioned the enactment of various statutes, with a view to
reduce the supply of corn as compared with the demand, in order
to raise the price to the community, who, as a consequence, have
been taxed to an amount of from twenty to thirty millions per
annum, Inorder to uphold the rents of landed proprietors. On
the other bassi, in opposition to the principle of protection thus
adopted for the beseit of landowners. wad In opposition to the
duties so obviously suggested to government by the expansion of
machinery which produces without consuming, and, therefore, at
'an expense of less than one-third of that which is necessary to sup-
' poet human life,' encumbered as the necessaries of life an by taxa-
•-'sion,.not only for the benefit of the State, but of landed proprietors
.; Ia consequence of the measures of .protection before mentioned.
Tee in despite of suck circumstances, the laws by 'which labour
bad been previously protected have been repealed', and the menu-
faittured products of foreign artisans, who are not so taxed, are
walksted us be brought into competition with the were of labour
preCtisr profhoof trade. kis from these and sisal* Ciscinnatiattes,
my 11,esqV Duke, that the wages of :labour slut the plats of trade
Save Sec:watt% while the price of Wheat, priest of stock, rent of
• hod, and taxer:have increased. But not marina the policy that
has prodneed these results• been ealsoceitte the very ends for.
which governments exist. but there lin lEa manifest
as the menufacturing classes cannot by possibility expend mere in
the pefitnereotthe sale than they rewire for their men produeti,'
leefrl the means of paying high prices hie_
._"sich products is
mansfageren ; they have disqueed the geoid, ttej
uphogthig•. 'runts, which it l tot possibir-torritoder sack sirs,
cuenstanees Without the ruin of the censure, and that talbact,
camplialle &4WD pray no 'cats , •Aork Wester
• of kgielstlisis .pas
ale miththen prinel*.,esorot be•vidueed
ihnottidsts..4 destroying the utississ de*ileass oss, silk,
. *.4.04.104 ionic weaving; and 'turf ae will as •n the
agrievittiell•hilleiren, or mote shad half OOP ;stipulation as un-
easier; •di 'lnastufabtures; •slastskaissoinly • with their • nsuitlpiled

"oworogyfulle**. •
Most dos* dml rogrm.ny fArd,,Palut.
Mistakes tonal-tan be adduced, as thre to indicate on
tit i part of its' author, a total absente-rit hannisdie of tit hrst
• priori/4.10 anekty, and cif those *Malt hold nosh universal and
• pradontinamswarover •tho promedinp ofotanithul ;or otherwise
that they are actuated by tbo mast unlrjendly distion towards
.their spottlyi 'Mid are determined, if passible, to •eo the vary
• &mon= beantiesy: They • have inionisitiogly over-voted. *bar
Wit powiri,; 'if they are actuated bragged priocipleakfor though'
"Yeti esteem 'Sad Gamer athdatico may tigllT 'Pima* tl6tea'•
that.,, fat above the ordinary race of taco as to be able
to's • with tit! OW 'Moulds* which their awl. nssisnns
matethi power albino's intellect or burnous wasp
long tikassrlio social organisation amidatlito es,akting eimists
sob di• have bar ig& policy beta put I mot*. ;:shod who nias
spies are adoptad'lMsiog a tendency to appeasimmoto Mat 'Oaf
hP' folunktiiitt Of sq •Inad saes*, but which

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Itit! so. a pramsture .41141,1ad05,,e01. tUI 411Bookiss ot dm
=sllll toctitio bellead 011,:antipamilgtAp ticatraj. Thit
.ig iiiitakiattallistem die wiser of istena
•*. 6 Irma awe kosatdielbin sta. thigfratal . iliarerls._,, _ •
ii,,,k elk. ; as•sbioNlairehrb 1 PlPriv
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MANNA Ails. 1108111 • • '' JOHN 11:018.411.1.