The Sun.
London, England, 1829-09-15 00:00:00

No. 11,540.

PATRIOTIC BANQUET GIVEN TO

GENERAL LAFAYETTE.

(From the Precurseur de Lyons, Sept. 7.)

LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, S-EPTEMBER'IS, 1829.

_ .
• The banquet in honour of General Lafayette was
given this afternoon in the magnificent saloon Gayat,
which was beautifully ornamented with shrubs, and
contained about 500 of the most respectable citizens.
The bust of the friend of Washington, crowned with
laurel, was placed in the saloon, and the General,
on his arrival, was received with enthusiastic ap-
plause. A band of music played some of the most
favourite airs during the dinner. Among the most
distinguished guests were M. de Condere, Deputy
of the Department of the Rhone, Messrs. M. de
Curc•elles and de Schoenen, Deputies of the Seine,
two sons of M. Augustin Perier, the Consul of the
United States, and the Deputies from the towns of
St. Etienne and Vienne. After the health of the
.King had been drunk with much applause, M. Con-
dere proposed " General Lafayette. Other war-
riors have gained battles, and other orators have
made eloquent speeches, but for civic virtues he has
no equal." The General returned thanks in a very.
eloquent speech, from which we give, the following'
extracts :

" I am proud and happy," said the General,
" that my passage through this great and patriotic
city should have afforded me an opportunity of again
expressing my constant hatred to oppression, and
my 'determination to resist all the attempts made by
counter-revolutionary incorrigibility.—(Great ap-
plause.)--Gentlemen, you are menaced with hostile
projects; but how will they be carried into execu-
tion ? Will it be by the Chamber of Deputies ? My
colleague and friend, your respectable Deputy,
M. Condere, will attest to you—and all his col-
leagues who are at this banquet will also attest—
that in the moment of danger our Chamber will
show itself faithful to honour and to patriotism.
Do they wish to dissolve the Chamber? That it
would be the affair of the electors ; and certainly
they will elect Deputies worthy of the occasion, of
the nation, and of themselves. Will they dare by
simple ordinances to vitiate the elections, and to
exercise an illegal power? No; the partisans of
such measures will no doubt call to mind in time
that the strength of every Government only exists
in the arms and in the purse of each of the citizens
who compose the nation. The French nation is
acquainted with its rights, and well knows how to
defend them.

" Let us hope then, gentlemen, that these plots
will be overturned. In the mean time permit me
to propose the following toast :—' To the depar►-
ment of the Rhone, and to the city of Lyons, the
ancient-metropolis of industry, the courageous enemy
to oppression—may her liberty, her dignity, and her
prosperity, be firmly based on the full and entire en-
joyment of every natural, of every social right, which
she has invoked in all times and under the worst of
circumstances.' "

As soon as the enthusiastic acclamations which
followed this speech had subsided, M. de Corcelles,
deputy, addressed the assembly. After remarking
upon the disbandment of the National Guards who,
he said, were destined to . defend the charter, he
Passed a high and well-merited eulogium upon
General Lafayette. " The National Guard of
France, and its illustrious founder," was then drunk
with much cheering, and the following among other
toasts succeeded :

" To the Members of the two Chambers, who
have so gloriously defended the rights of the nation."
—" To the Magistrates, whose courage is a guaran-
tee for the due execution of our laws."—" To the
army, who will still know how to make the honour
of France respected,"—" To the Atherican people :
they are indebted to us for Lafayette, but they offer
Washington as the model of heroes and legislators."
The American Consul at Lyons returned thanks
for the latter toast, and proposed " France, may the
relations of commerce and friendship which exist
between her and the United States increase and
become more closely united."
M. Dupasquier then gave, " The constitutional
deputies of the department of the Rhone, Messrs.
Condere, Ilumblot, Conte, arid Jars : they have
faithfully performed their duty, and may we here-
after give them colleagues worthy of them."
The health of M. de Corcelles, Deputy of the
Seine, having been giver.), that gentleman, in return-
ing thanks, said—" Our liberty is now menaced, and
we must unite in defence of it. Let the Manifesta-
tion of public opinion he a rampart before which our
enemies shall fly with terror. Let our ranks close ;
if they were to make an attack, our victory would
be certain ; we shall preserve and ameliorate our in-
stitutions, and ensure also the happiness, the glory,
and the prosperity of our dear country."
After several other patriotic toasts and many elo-
quent speeches, the meeting broke up.

LISBON PAPERS.

(From die DiarioFluminense.)

RIO DE JANEIRO, JULY 2.
In the sitting of the Chamber of Deputies, on
the 29th June, the Archbishop of Bahia proposed
the erection of three new Bishoprics in the Empire
of Brazil. " Divided," said he, " into eighteen
provinces, each of which is larger than the greatest
kingdom in Europe, with a population of four
millions of inhabitants, disseminated and dispersed
in places extremely remote from each other, and
with great difficulties of communication, our empire
has hardly nine bishoprics, while the little kingdom
of Portugal, with three millions of inhabitants, has
'three metropolitan and fourteen suffragan Bishops."
The Archbishop proposed_the erection of three new
dioceses, viz., Ceara, St. Pedro Dosal, and Minas
Geraes.

BRUSSELS, SEPT. 7.

NORTHERN CIRCUIT—LANCASTER, SEPT. 12
. THE KING V. TRAFFORD AND OTHERS.
Mr. Tom4INSC*- opened the pleadings. It was
an indictment against the several defendants, charg-
ing them with improperly erecting banks and mounds
to the side of the stream of the river Mersey,
which the flood water was prevented from running
over, and the current driven with great violence
against the aquedUct of the Bridgewater canal, of
which-the Archbishop of York and the other pro-
secetors'were rile trustees. The defendants pleaded
"Not Guilty."'
Mr. Sedeant CROSS, in addressing the Jury, said
that the question involved in this proceeding .was
one deeply affecting.the commercial interests of thi,
county, if not of the country at large. It was a
question whether the canal, made'about sixty years
ago by the Duke of Bridgewater—that valuable and
national'. work, accomplished by one ►nan of great
public spirt; and immense private resources—
whether this canal, which was the means by which
the produce .of the best parts of Yorkshire, of the
man-fifacturiag districts of Lancashire, and of the
Staffordshire potteries, was conveyed to every part
of the country, was to be continued in its usefulness
to the public, or whether it was to be made com-
pletely useless by the improper and irregular con-
duct of these defendants. It was unnecessary to re-
mind the Jury, many of whom had viewed the spot
in question, that the Duke of Bridgewater's canal
crossed the Mersey, which formed the boundary
of the , counties Lancaster and Chester, at a
place not very distant from where it was crossed
by the great Manchester road, at Crossford-
bridge. The country about there was flat, and much
subject to be overflowed by the Mersey whenever
there was a swell in that river. It had been found
necessary to carry the road upon a bridge of arches
for some distance at the Lancashire side of the
river, and the canal, though not exactly parallel
with the road, was also raised upon a causeway
across and over the low grounds, as well as over the
river itself. The aqueduct over the bed of the river
consisted of a single arch ; that over the marshy
grounds and a little brook, of two arches and a
dry arch, through which ran a road. It would be
important for the Jury to pay attention to the two
arches which he had mentioned, because upon these
the whole of this case rested. He had already
stated that the Mersey was subject to floods, upon
which occasions it overflowed its bank upon the Lan-
cashire side, but, instead of spreading over the
country, the waters were used to fall into a natural
channel,' formed by a stream called Charlton-brook,
by which they were carried under the two arches
in question some distance further down the river,
until at a declination of about 20 feet they were
again received into its stream. Ever since the
aqueduct of two arches had been made, the flood
waters were carried off in this way, and in effect
the neighbouring lands were saved from inunda-
tions to which they would be otherwise subject.—
The main aqueduct of the canal which was thrown
across the bed of the river, was also saved from
that pressure against it, to which it had been since
exposed, now that the waste gate which he had
described was cut off. More lately, however,
and by degrees, the proprietors of the lands
adjoining the river upon both sides, of whom
the present defendants were some upon the Lan-
cashire side, had begun to hem in the stream by
high banks of earth, and in consequence the waters
now, whenever a flood occurred, instead of finding a
wholesome and natural vent in the channel of the
Charlton, were confined within the bed of the river,
and by necessity driven with great force against the
arch of the aqueduct. This was calculated to pro-
duce great danger to that fabric, and not only to the
aqueduct, but to the canal itself, since being carried
upon a causeway it was exposed to be entirely beaten
away by the force of these currents. And in effect,
in the flood which occurred in July last, a large slice
of the aqueduct was carried away, and the whole
trough of the canal itself would have been emptied
in one spread of desolation over the adjoining lands,
if the trustees had not by great exeiticr is, and at a
great expence, raised a wall in the midst of the canal
itself to check the waters. In the mean time the
aqueduct of two arches, which Mr. Brindley had
wisely designed to carry off the water, was rendered
quite useless. The charge imputed to the defend-
ant by this indictment was, that by reason of the
embankments which they had raised to the river,
they had forced the current with great violence
against the vent of the arch of the aqueduct, and •
placed its very existence thereby in peril.—
It was merely to raise the question of right that
this form of proceeding had been adopted; and, to
show that there was nothing like in adopting
this form, a civil action had also been commenced,
but its fate would be determined by the issue of
this indictment.
Mr. Justice LITTLEDALE observed, that the case
was now becoming one of construction of the Act of
Parliament, arid there seemed to be little doubt
about the facts. He advised that it might at once
be put into a shape for taking the opinion of the
Co art upon it.
Mr. POLLOCK still objected that he had no power
to arrange; but, however, eventually counsel upon
both sides agreed to take a verdict against the de-
fendants, with liberty to turn it into a special ver-
dict upon an award of facts to be made by a gentle.
man at the bar, who was to examine the witnesses
arid draw up a case. A verdict was taken accord-
ingly.

JULY 8 AND 9.—The Diario publishes officially
the treaty of Commerce between Brazil and the
United States of North America, with the date of
12th Dec. 1828.

SUMMER ASSIZES.

On Friday last we witnessed the consecration of
St. George's Church, by the Right Rev. Bishop
Luscombe, who, on the occasion, delivered a most
impressive sermon to a numerous and interested.au-
ditory. The Bishop was assisted by the Rev. W.
Drury, M.A., the Minister of the Choral, and at-
tended by other Clergymen, not only Members of
the Church of England, but, as we noticed with
real satisfaction,by Members of the Church of Rome,
the Greek Church, and of the different denomina-
tions of the Reformed Church.
On Saturday the Bishop'administered Confirma-
tion at the King's Church to upwards of 100 young
persons, to whom the Bishop addressed an exhorta-
tion, calculated to impress upon their minds lasting
remembrances of the solemnity, and a due attention
to its serious object. The Bishop left us this morn-
ing for Bruges and Ostend, and will afterwards pro-
ceed to France, to administer the same rite at St.
Omer, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Havre, &c. Sin-
cerely do we congratulate our countrymen on the op-
portunities thus provided for the confirmation of the
younger members of the British community, so tin--
nserous on the continent; as well as on the establish-
ment of episcopal superintendence, which cannot
fail to have a beneficial influence on the Clergy
and their congregations. When the document of
the consecration was read, we heard the Bishop de-
scribed as Commissary to the Lord Bishop of London.

In the Chamber of Senators, on the 4th July,
Senor Verqueira made a speech, shewing the neces-
sity for a law relative to the marriage contract. As
long as the Catholic religion was exclusively recog-
nised, it was natural that it would be required to be
solemnized by that religion, but now that the Con-
stitution tolerates all religions, a new law is requi-
site. He, therefore, read a project of law on the
civil celebration of marriage, of which the follow-
ingare the first two articles.

—Art. I. Marriages contracted according to the pre-
sent law, shall have the same civil efficacy as those
contracted according to the canon law adopted in
the Empire.
11. A marriage is valid if contracted in the pre-
sence of the Justice of Peace of the district of one
of the contracting parties, or of another Justice of
Peace specially authorized by the Government and
the President Of the province, and of his Secretary,
the latter putting the contract in writing, unless
there are any of the legal impediments stated below.
Among these impediments are the male being
under 13, or the female under 12 years of age,
want of the consent of the father, or of the guardian
and mother jointly, where the parties are under 21
years of age, and certain degrees of consanguinity.

At the meeting on the Covent-garden stage,
the other day, a gentleman enquired for Mr. KIMBLE :
lie's just gone off!" replied another, evidently connected
with the theatre. Such is the force of habit.
The pottery trade of Scotland has consider-
ably improved of late, and it is stated by those who are in
possession of the best information, that the general con-
sumption has increased at least one-fourth. The demand,
however, is principally confined to the coarser sort of
earthenware, such as tea-pots, basins, plates, &c. Sugar
moulds for the West Indies are especially in request; and
the manufacturers are scarcely able to execute their orders
with sufficient despatch. A new branch of this trade has
lately been introduced, and is likely to succeed—that of
superseding the present shabby-looking chimney cans by
improved forms, corresponding with the elegance of the
buildings they overtop.— Glasgow Chronicle.
SIX MEN DROWNED,--WICK, SEPT. 5.
On the evening of Monday, the 24th of August, the fish-
ing-boats at Wick went out out as usual in quest of her-
ring•. During the night a very strong breeze sprung up
from the north-west, which scattered most of the boats
up and down the frith ; and, lamentable to relate, one of
the boats belonging to Pulteney has not been heard of
since, and all hope of her return has been given up, as
the crew of a south frith boat, during the gale, came in
contact with a boat with her keel uppermost, and, getting
entangled in her drift of nets, was in danger of sharing
the same fate, having to unship their rudder to get free
of her nets. There were five men on board; two of them
have left families—one with three, and the other with four
children. On the same night (Monday), as the boats
were going out of the bay, one man was thrown over-
board by a sweep of the sail and drowned ; his body has
not yet been found ; he has left a wife and eight children.
Last Tuesday night, a great number of boats were driven
up the frith by a strong breeze firma the north; three of
them were driven across the frith to Burghead, and have
only returned this morning. Many of the boats have lost
from four to twelve of their nets, and one has lost her
whole nets. The fishing here is near a close ; and, owing
to the late stormy weather, has been rather unsuccessful
this season ; very few of the boats have caught near their
usual complement. On Friday last, a vessel from Caith-
ness arrived at Clachnaharry, having in tow a herring..
boat, which she picked up at sea. She was found with
masts and sails entire, and a small quantity of herrings on
board. Nothing has been learned of the crew.— Caledo-
nian Mercury.

. , --
The historical tragedy, written some time ago
by the eldest daughter of Mr. CHARLES KEMBLE, and
which has been read and highly appreciated in several
literary circles, is, we understand, likely to be acted at
Covent-garden Theatre in the ensuing season, should Mr.
KEAN, Mr. KEMBLE, and Mr. MACREADY be united with
that establishment.

PLYMOUTH, SEPT. 12.—The following is
an extract of a letter from Padstow, dated the 11th, to a
Gentleman in this town :—" We write you at the request
of Capt GUSWELL, of your schooner the Mary, last from
Newport, to inform you that the said vessel, in a tre-
mendous gale of wind dead on the shore, ran for this port,
soon after entering which she dropt her anchor, and was
boarded by a pilot,—but in consequence of her chain part-
ing she was driven on the Dunbar Sand, where she con-
tinued until this morning. The weather having mode-
rated a little, with the assistance of pilots she was brought
further out of the violence of the sea, and we hope may
be got into the quay next tide. Several vessels have been
wrecked in attempting to enter this harbour,—among the
rest is the Friends, of Torquay, which was capsized
during the gale, and all on board perished. The Atlas,
of Fowey, was driven in the rocks, and went to pieces,
the crew with great difficulty saved. P.S. We have just
a moment to save the post, to say, that in consequence of
the Mary being full of water, every exertion, with the
assistance of anchors and cables, has been ineffectual in
getting her off, and she is now in the same position as she
was this morning."—Mr. C. DICKSON is appointed As-
sistant-Surgeon to the Naval Department at Fernando Po.
The Antelope (6), Lieut. PEARSE, tender to the Ra-
millies, sailed this morning for the Downs; and the
Trinculo went out of harbour, and anchored in the
Sound this afternoon. Captain G. BURDETT (1802) is
appointed to the Britannia; and Commander W. S.
Al:Ansi-um (1825) is also appointed to her. Mr. JOHN
Ltd.'s (1801) is appointed Purser of the St. Vincent.
Arrived the Marina, PONCIIA RD, from Jersey, for Alge-
sir.is; Baroness Fortescue, EnwAnns, from London;
Acorn, HEARD, from Oporto, for Galway and London-
derry. Sailed the Shannon, HUTCHINS, for Dublin.—
Arrived the Nelson, TATE, from Quebec ; and the Erin,
Al‘Kinnm, from Dublin.

On Thursday, Sept. 3, the Triennial Visita-
tion of the diocese of Derry was held in the Cathedral of
that City. The Lord Primate (Lord BERESFORD) in his
charge, after adverting to the recent change in the laws
affecting the Roman Catholics, dwelt at great length
" upon the evils resulting from pluralists in the Established
Church ; and said he would use all the influence which the
law kad armed him with to suppress them." Of the ex-
pediency and propriety of abolishing the pluralities, no per-
son is more capable of forming an opinion than his Grace,
and without a doubt there is no measure more calculated
to increase the prosperity of the Church, from the certainty
of its forcing the pastor to dwell among his flock, and
making him solicitous to perform the duties of his station.
His Grace, however, must remember, that his measure is
impolitic, if it is not general; general, not only in his own
diocese, but in the surrounding ones. If a man is per-
mitted to hold pluralities in one diocese and not in another,
it is a matter of complaint to him who suffers by the rule
others are unaffected by. To be forbidden to do that,
which induces a neglect of duty, is no haidahip, but a par-
tial measure produces discontent and causes incalculable
mischief, as it tends to separate common interests. The.
Church of England is composed of all its dioceses, and a
measure of advantage to it in one, must be equally so when
adopted by the rest ; the unity of its government is de-
stroyed when the contrary is acted on. Let, therefore,
pluralities be abolished by a general measure, which shall
affect not only the lower orders of the Church, but even
the highest; which shall not alone take a curacy from a
Vicar, but the Deaneries of Durham, Bath and Wells,
Canterbury, Worcester, and St. Paulo, from their five
episcopal possessors. It is said the respectability of the
English clergy ought nut to be lowered by a diminution of
their income, though it arise from pluralities. This is
only balancing a cure of souls against pounds, shillings, and
pence. With respect to the Bishops, an equalization of
income would take away all excuse for pluralities, grid
equalization means not that one may
ttot have more than
another, but that it be not necessary that the present supe-
rior emoluments of the one above the other be obtained by
depriving learned men, and those who spend the greater
portion of their lives in our Universities, of those places,
offices, and dignities which their learning and labour en-
titles them to, and whose habits in a great degree inca-
pacitate from performing the active duties of a parish. It
is a slight measure which would advance the best inte-
rests of the Clii.;rch„ amid which would remove the great
causes of scandal which at present threaten vitally to affect
its prosperity.

TOPOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL, and MI.
LITARY OBSERVATIONS on CONSTANT'.
NOPLE, and the THRACIAN I3OSPHORUS.

Constantinople, situate at 41 deg. north lati-
tude and 29 deg. east longitude from Paris, is
placed at the extremity of a counter- fort, that
forms part of a chain of high hills, which, run-
ning along the shores of the Black Sea, of the
Bosphorus, and of the Propontis, joins Mount
Hcemus to Rodope. The formation of this
counter-fort is such, that three-fourths of the
houses of the city have a view of the sea. Some
large ravines, deepened by the rain, serve as out-
lets to the waters of the fountains, and divide
the irregular base on which this city is built into
seven parts or hills, thus giving it a physical
similitude to ancient Rollie. Qpnstantinople,
formerly celebrated uudcr the name of Byzan-
tium, became more populous and more import-
ant as soon as Constantine, sensible of the im-
mense advantages of its position, fixed here, in
the year 330, his residence and the seat of the
Roman empire. This Emperor gave it - the
name of New Rome, in order to male it a sharer
in the glory and the advantages of the ancient
mistress of the world. No one, however, called
it any thing but Constantinople, or the city of
Constantine ; and this appellation has been pre-
served to it by the Persians, by the Arabs, and
even by the Turks, for, in the style of the Otto-
man chancery
of the empire,(chancede. rie), and upon the coin
this city is designated by the
nailleofConsNutiniah. The hills upon which
i this city s built,----:the superb imperial mosques,
surmounted by immense cupolas, and surrounded
by lofty minarets, of which the chief/occupy the

-,,•,--to'W._-•e-Gr
7-
,-----
...... • . . . .
. .
• -
..:3 : iigt:•::, • • (........._
jrze '4l:4___x_e_e_ie262- ,
/ 4• i'l..\' 'l, .W.A4V; •: • : , ,
, -
.t.
, , ~ti% , ---"=•---•:•'
,
( ••i..,...47017 '.. 1 -,, -----'- -` ' i
, ''':--7-"Tk
.....1
, .
4,:e‘,9ii c)..4 t'.4o-•:' '7..*:110' - .„-
..„. .
e
~ ,
,
( ...... ). t
-'/,' *l-1-, .1fIP• -.4*,,,'.'l.,''L'ittiiitillSPi'd4ol 4-

and bricks. CoMbusiible arid fragile, they re-
semble the condition 'of the men who inhabit
them. If they chance to eSeape the frequent
ravages of fire, they decay naturally, and 1111 into
ruin at the end of 30 years. The customs of
the East, which establish *a separation betweeo
men and women, render it necessary that these
edifices should be divided into two parts, which
communicate with each other only by a vet
narrow corridor, and of which one serves 'as :a
harem for the women, while the other is used for
the reception of friends and strangers.
Notwithstanding the great praises which the
Greeks haVe lavished upon the beauty of Con-
stantinople, before the epoch- of its fall, it is pro-
bable that this city was then neither much better
built nor more beautiful than it is at present,:
for the Turks, who have adopted the costume-of
the inhabitants of Constantinople, and who have
given to all their grand mosques the form' of St.
Sophia, must have been idelined to imitate the
architecture of the Greeks in the construction of
their private houses also. .As there exists but very
few edifices, with the exception ofehurehes, whoFe
existence. is of higher' date. than the 16th' cen..7
tory, we may believe, not without reason, that
the houses of the Greeks, which Mahomet-It,
reserved to himself for his share in the conquest
of the city, were generally built of wood, and that,
destroyed by fires, they have re-appeared over an.l
over again, after these disasters, in the 'same ex-
ternal form and dimensions which they had before
the taking of Constantinople by the Turks.
The besestins, or public 'market-places, are.
immense corridors, narrow enough, and badly
lighted, of which the walls, built of stone and
surmounted with arches, preserve from the
vages of fire the merchandises which are le`':
there, without fear or uneasiness, tinder the
watch of men appointed to take care of them.—
The merchants of all classes are there separated
by nations and by professions. The 'rinks and
the Armenians seldom ask too much for their
goods, but the purchaser ought to be on his
guard against the crafty Greek merchant : he
ought also to reduce by half the prices asked by
the Jews.

PRICE 7D.

most elevated points of this prornontory,—the
houses, painted in different colours, and inter-
spersed with gardens, which are overtopped by
cypress and other trees of perpetual verdure,—
the disposition of all the edifices in form of am-
phitheatres,— the aspect of the harbour, ani-
mated by the presence of vessels of all sizes, and
by thousands of gondolas,—lastly, the distant
perspective of the country, where the most active
vegetation glitters,—present a coup arced the
most beautiful and the most imposing that is to
be found in the whole universe. But this phy-
sical appearance is like the moral aspect which
the vast empire of which Constantinople is the
capital presents. The traveller, struck by the
great extent of the Ottoman empire and by the
recollection of its glory, thinks that he is about
to traverse one of the most rich and powerful
states in Europe ; but, as soon as he has entered
it, he sees nothing but weakness, disorder,
anarchy, and all the symptoms of rapid decay.
The Magic' of the .aspect of Constantinople dis-
appears in the same manner. The heart shrinks,
a feeling of deep melancholy seizes on the soul
of the traveller, when, after having admired the
exterior of this capital, which nature has des-
tined to be the queen of cities, he finds within
it nothing but narrow, crooked, dirty, ill-paved
streets: houses of wood, of brick, and of mud,
and covered with a deceptious cement : a mul-
titude of men, whose grave and unquiet physiog-
nomy announces the pride that has dominion
over them, or the fears that invade them, and on
whose countenance there is seldom to be per-
ceived a smile, or that pleasing gaiety which
characterizes a contented and happy people.
Constantinople, situated opposite the southern
extremity of the canal of the Bosphorus, the en-
closure of which, between two parallel chains of
hills, forces the air to follow the rapid movement
of the waters, enjoys the double advantage of
having its atmosphere continually renovated and
refreshed, and of seeing all the depositories of
waste and pluvial waters carried away by the cur-
rents which precipitate themselves from the har-
bour into the Sea of Marmora. No marshy
ground exists near this city. Its temperature,
very mild, never presents cold of more than from
4 deg. to 5 deg. below 0, of the thermometer of
lteaumur, nor heat of more than 26 deg. The
meteorologic variations it experiences in the
course of the year are about 64 days rainy, 5
snowy, 5 wintry, 20 overcast, 36 variable, 15
stormy, and 220 perfectly serene. The north
and south winds, of which the course is deter•
mined by the bearing of coasts and the positions
of seas, succeed each other alternately. The
north wind, which is produced by the expansion
of the air, greater during the summer on the
waters of the Archipelago than upon the Black
Sea, blows almost constantly from the beginning
of the month of April to the end of September.
The south wind, which succeeds for a few days
to the north, does not appear until the vapours,
accumulated upon the isles of the Archipelago,
have there condensed the air and diminished the
heat of the temperature : it is for this reason
that it is always wet and sometimes stormy. In
the winter only, when all the high mountains-of
European Turkey are covered with snow, do the
east, west, and north-west winds blow. These
are always very cold and snowy.
With all these meteorologic advantages, Con-
stantinople ought to be ignorant of the existence
of the plague, which, almost most active in heavy
and wet weather, owes probably its origin and its
renewal, as many observations have proved, to
the warm and marshy places in the environs of
Damietta, in Lower Egypt, whence this scourge,
less fatal than the yellow fever, because it is easy
to restrain and avoid it, spreads itself throughout
all the provinces of the Ottoman empire. But
the carelessness of the Government, the domi-
nion of fanaticism and of established usages, will
preserve the germs of this destructive malady as
long as this capital shall continue to languish
under the yoke of these incorrigible barbarians.
The suburbs of Fenar and Eyoub form part
of Constantinople, and are only separated from
it by walls of enclosure. Both are situated at
the extremity of the harbour. Fenar is inhabited
by the Patriarch and the principal Greek fatni-
lies, and by the numerous suite of domestics and
dependents which are attached to them, Eyaub
is peopled by,Turks only, and it contains the
famous mosque called by the same name, whither
the Ottoman Sultans, after their accession to the
throne, repair, in order to be girded by the chief
of the emirs with the sabre of command, which
is the symbol of the military sovereignty,-
The suburbs of liassehni, Raisen-Pacha,
Galata, and Tophane, all situated along the nor-
thern bank of the harbour, are inhabited, the
first by Jews, the second by the persons employed
on the naval arsenal, the third by traders of all
nations, among which, are 30 European factors,
and the fourth by cannoniers, artillery woftimen,
and their families. These suburbs, placed at
the foot of a bill, are less healthy than the other
parts of Constantinople, on account of their ex-
posure to the south, and do not enjoy, like Pfle,
and Saint Dimitri, which are situated on, the
upper plateau that commands them, the agreeable
and salutary winds of the pl,ack Sea.
The suburb of Scutari, situated on the Asiatic
coast, is in a happy and cheerfid position. The
air which is breathed there is always pure and
fresh ; its environs are fertile : it serves as the
point of departure and arrival to all t 4 caravans
which traverse Asia their journey to
Persia, Syria, and liindostan. Its population
is more than 30,000 souls,
suiTulrtb% Isaai
composede of Constantinopleofl4iimi)eri analndioso,ftwitg:
200 ordinary mosques, about 300 messgids, 80,
besestins, more than 500 fonntains and about
100,000 houses.

In some parts there are open spaces, for the
most part irregular, in the midst of this laby-
rinth of houses ; but the- two most remarkali!it
are the Hyppodrome, so celebrated in the time
of the Romans, and the Etmeidan, or shambles,
where the Janissaries are accustomed to carry
their flesh pots, and to hold their assemblies
when they want to overthrow the Ministers, or
to depose the Sultan. The Hyppodrome, h
is used at present as in the time of the Greeks,
for horse exercises, is 400 paces long, and 100
broad ; its dimensions have not changed, since a
needle of Egyptian granite, a pyramid of free-
stone, and a column of bronze, are still actually
standing in the central line of this place, and at
equal distances from its two extremities.
The Turks, turning to advantage the aque-
ducts constructed by the Roman Emperors, have
established at Constantinople a great number of
fountains, of which the varied forms approach
nearer to Chinese or Indian than to European
architecture. The necessity of an abundant
supply of water in every quarter of the city, for
the baths and frequent ablutions of the Mussill-,
mans, have made the Turkish fountaineers in-
dustrious. They are not much inferior to our
own purveyors of waters. Their aqueducts and.
their hydraulic pyramids are directed with as
much care as skill. But, occupying themselves
with the present only, and disdaining to cast a
thought upon the future which threatens them,
the Turks have neglected the numerous cisterns
which the Greek Emperors constructed for the:
supply of Constantinople in the event of a siege,
and have permitted the Basilica to be transfmmedt
into manufactori4 for cordage and silk-yarn.
The number of the inhabitants of canstanti_
nople is uncertain. We can determine only
:aft74liscite-Yr
approximate calculations tha population
where there is no account kepntneajo:fsioalls
are
Icriortnhsstivaltnidno;:lleieraendtraivteslledresplnadlel
ad-
mitted without passports. Some authors give to
popula-
tion of 500,000 souls : others pretend that the
number of the inhabitants of this city and its
suburbs is more than 1,100,000. The daily
consumption of wheat can alone furnish us witit
the means of determining the number lay ap_
proximation. Fifteen thousand -kilota of flour,
which is equivalent to 840,000 pounds, (litres),
leave every day the public magazines, in which
is deposited, for the account of Go-fernment, all
the grain destined for the consumption of the in-
habitants of Constantinople, and are delivered to
4 hundred principal bakers of' this capital. Sup-
posing that the daily consumption of each indi-
Vidual (men, women and children inclusive) is
one pound of flour; which is a large allowance,
considering
:that the Turks make great use of
fruits and vegatables,—thia will give us 840;000
souls: if we add ty; this number more gran
30,000 persons who receive their subsLstence
from the seraglio, and a number of i'inabitanta
which is
smug
go the daily dlas e
sieloalnisuzer,io:
roefs w
rlt heat
taiboonii t
(1)4f006000nOs
tsaonut
lnU )irethe e get eh teiry e popula-
course of mortality,
founded on the ors'' Other
when this city is not afflicted with the plague or
by
other c2,o?igious diseases, give pretty nearly
the e results.

The grAlkil 41.04(pe5, of which the magnificent
oolumuzi were almost all taken from the ruined
temples of ancient Greece, have been c,onstructed
upon the model of the chutTh of St. Sophia,
which is imposing by its, tnassiveness, admirable
for the grandeur of, ifs cupolas, but less elegant
than the terc.ple3 of ancient and modern pomp,
and perhaps less interesting with respect tcl bold-
ness and lightness than many churches of Gothic
architecture. The smaller mosques and the
messgids are only distinguished from private
houses by their contiguity to a minaret, from tote
top of which the nezzms call the ,Nussulmans to
prayers.

The privato houses arc composed of light
miller, the interstices being filled up with earth

This general 'population divides itself into
1120,000 Greeks, 90,000 Armenians, 50,000
Jews, 2,000 Franks, 630,000 Mahornetans.
Each of these nations inhabits separate quartets,
and has ,a distinct costume and different u.sages.
The form of the " cahouk " Qf hat, aijd the
colour_of the boots, uhich aro yellow for *Alussul-
mans, red for Armenians, black for the Greeks,
and blue for the Jews, serve to distinguir,n be-
tween them at ;he first gla»re.
The Qsinali and the Armenian, vCtio are of
Asiatic. origin, have nearly the same manners
and follow the same usages. Their wives live in
retirement and wear a veil, which covers their
figure, when they fro into the streets. The
gloomy pictures which some writers, sealous ad-
mirers of Eurceean manners, have been pleaded
to trams. a oriental jealousy, are exaggerated,
The Turks and the Arrnen4s, in gety,tral, love
their wives with tenderness, and rarey know how
to refuse them what they des;.:e. Fond wives,
and excellent mothers, the nahometan and , Ar-
Menial); women have generally no other object
but to please their husbands and to bring up
thermhe,sreeigulearlittliiees'fai‘r'hsiecx4
hthaelet erocyres of the Turks and Ar-.
isdtnohi
respectable
elsdithhar ebaanitl: ielat
t
husband who strikes his wife is
looked upon as the basest and most conte.mptible
of' men.
The Greek women, more free,
are not always,
perhaps, so pure in their manners. The
cltil-
dull, less caret! for, sometimes neglect their
parents. Family quarrels scandalize• the puhlit
from time to time. We very often e Greek
husbands strike their wives, without exciiing-the.
indignation of their fellow-countrymen, • -
(To BE CONTINUED.)
•

4,1111.0 ,11(