The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-28 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING . SEPTEMBER 28, 1842.

tiREAT FIRE AT LIVERPOOL.
FRESH OUTBREAK.
LIVEI:POOL, TUESDAY.--Yesterday morning it was
thought that an effective check had been given to the
progress of the flames, but at eleven o'clock last night
the fire again broke out with renewed vigour, illu-
minating the whole of the river, the shipping, docks,
and the Cheshire side of the water. The flames, it
appears, last evening communicated to a stable, and
before he horses could be released five of them were
burnt to death. Ten or twelve pigs also shared the
same horrible fate. The following are extracts from
the different Liverpool papers published this morn-
ing relating to the fresh calamity :
At a quarter to ten o'clock last night, our reporter
returned from an inspection of the yet burning ruins
of the great and calamitous lire which has just visited
this town, when the few engines which were still pour-
ing water upon those parts of the ruins where the
fire was burning with the greatest vigour. In about
five minutes afterwards the fire-bell again sounded;
the rattles of the policemen were sprung in every
direction ; a rumour flew quickly through the town
that the fire-had again broken out, and a confirmation
of the report was quickly visible in the fimament,
which was once more redly illuminated. Oa hasten-
ing to the scene of the late terrible disaster we found
that a fire had unexpectedly and suddenly broken out
near the bottom of Crompton -street, within a short
distance of the place where the great fire originated,
and in close proximity to the extreme western point
of its extension. The alarm in a few minutes called
together some thousands of anxious and curious
spectators.
This fresh fire broke out at ten minutes to ten
o'clock, in a marine-store in Crompton-street, and in
a very brief space of time extended to a stable above
and behind it, and to a cooper's yard also, at the back
of it. As the premises were almost entirely composed
of wood, and fided'with light and combustible mate-
rials, the flames increased with great rapidity, and for
some time presented a somewhat alarming appearance.
Immediately to the east of the stable in Crompton-
street there stands a range of low sheds ; on the west
there is a single cottage, apparently used as an office
of some description. At the rear of the stables, and
approaching closely to the burning ruins of the late
fire, there is another range of low buildings or sheds,
and towards the west there are several outhouses
which stand in the cooper's yard, and adjoin the Ro-
tunda public-house, from the top of which so many
hundreds of persons have obtained a commanding view
of the late conflagration. Last night a number of
persons again thronged to the Rotunda, and some ap-
prehension was for a short time entertained lest that
building and the adjoining property should now meet
the fate which they had fortunately escaped before.
The space covered by the marine-store, the stable,
and the cooper's yard, is about thirty or forty square
yards; and in less than a quarter of an hour after the
tire broke out the whole was one mass of flame. The
wind was from the N.N.E.; and though there was
but a very gentle breeze, it gave the fire a tendency
towards the low erections adjoining the Rotunda,
but at the same time carried it away from the one
storied sheds or warehouses on the opposite or north
side of Crompton-street,. which were filled with
cotton and other valuable property. Mr. Whitty had
about three minutes before the fire broke out passed
through Crompton-street, and had only got a short
way up Formby-street, when he was overtaken by
an officer, who gave him the surprising intelligence
that another fire had broken. out in Crompton-street.
Alert and active as ever, notwithstanding all the
fatigue he has recently undergone, Mr. Whitty has-
tened to the spot, and gave prompt directions for a
couple of engines to be brought up. Though the
orders were executed with all possible dispatch, the
engines could not be brought into play so as to save.
the places that were then burning ; but the water was
poured upon the extremities of the yard, so as to prevent.
any extension of the fire. In fact, all that was in the
interior of the space before described was of com-
paratively little value, and was speedily consumed,
with the exception of a few articles which were taken
from the cooper's yard. Several carts which stood
in the stable-yard were either partially or wholly
burnt, and we are sorry to say that of seven horses
which were in the 'Stable five were burnt to death. A
poor donkey broke loose, and, though at the expense
of a singeing of hiS coat, made his way through the
flames into the street.
Some fears were for a time entertained lest the ware-
houses on the north side of Crompton-street should
take fire, and in order to prevent this, several persons
recommended that an engine should be brought up to
play upon them. Superintendent Leverett, however,
who was on the spot, thought that an engine would
be of very little use without water, and he theiefore
adopted the expedient of forming a small dam opposite
to the marine store, so as to catch the overflow. from
the engines that were playing on the embers of the
late fire higher up the street. The water thus accu-
mulated was thrown upon the heated woodwork of the
sheds, and prevented ignition.
The fire, especially in the marine-store, close to
the isolated cottage to the west, burned with consider.
able fury and obstinacy for above an hour ; but the
two engines, having :Iseen-got into good play, gradu-
ally contracted.the circle of the flames, and by half-
past eleven o'clock the fire was completely subdued.
The only places consumed were the marine-store,
stable, and c.oOper's yard. It is not known how this
fire originatedifs The marine-store, in which it com-
menced, was ;the point: furthest removed from the
burning piles of ruins left by the great fire, and by
some it is :therefore considered impossible that any
flaming fragment or ember from the heap. could have
ignited the store; but we are more willing to believe
that this was the case than to attribute this new dis-
aster, as some, did, to wantonness or malice. The fire,
we trust, is for the present got under; and, but for
the amazing rapidity with which it burst, we may say,
amongst -the wooden buildings destroyed, would have
been arrested in a few minutes by the large and active
force at present on the spot. We regret to say that
five valuable horses belonging to Mr. Bushell are de-
stroyed. We saw, amidst the smoking ruins upon
the site of the stabling, the carcases of two, charred
to a cinder, and the bones perfectly white, in parts of
which the skin and flesh had been stripped off. A
donkey was the only tenant of the stabling which
made its escape without assistance ; and, as it rushed
through the gates of the yard into Crompton-street,
with its long ears all a-flame, and shaking its head,
furnished a laughable exhibition contrasted with the
horror of the remaining scene. The stench which we
experienced, whilst seeing the remains of the four-
footed tenants of the stable, was dreadful.
A meeting of the fire-insurance agents has taken
place with a view of assessing the amount of,damage
sustained, and it is also rumoured that it is in con-
templation to raise the rate of insurance in Liverpool.
After "comparing notes" on the engagements of each
office having liabilities in connexion with this destruc-
tive event, the following was reported as the result
Sun
Globe .
Royal Exchange .... .
Phoenix.. • • • ••
London Corporation .
Liverpool ..
York and London..
Imperial.. 20,000
Scottish Union. 20,000
West of England . 20,000
Alliance
Atlas
Manchester .. 10,000
Guardian.
Yorkshire.
Norwich Union 3,600
County.
North British •. . 3,000
London Union . . •..

Total liabilities ...

.... .R 350,000

Some uncertainty, however, exists as to whether all
the liabilities have been ascertained, the meeting
having been called so soon after the conflagration.
No doubt there would be much property uninsured;
so that the result of the meeting tends to prove that
the loss cannot be far under what we have stated.

The amount of damage sustained, it is said, will
exceed 700,0001.

INQUEST ON THE THREE MEN KILLED.

(From the Liverpool Times.)
ORIGIN OF THE FIRE.—An inquest was held yester-
day (Monday) before P. F. Curry, Esq., Coroner,
touching the death of John Martin, Luke Smith, and
James Bell, the three men who, as has been previously
mentioned, were killed by the falling of a wall, and
whose bodies are lying at the Northern Hospital.
The witnesses examined were Edward Knight,
warehouse-keeper; Samuel Tack, police-officer; Hugh
Falkner, labourer ; Joseph Massey, inspector of po-
lice ; Michael Martin, labourer; Mr. Harris, surgeon
of the Northern Hospital. But the most interesting
portion of the evidence which had reference to the
origin of the fire was given by the servants of Mr.
Peniston, the bone merchant, in whose premises, it is
said, the fire originated, and was to the following
effect :

John Coghlan examined—l am the engineer at
Mr. Peniston's, in Crompton-street, and have been in
the employ of Mr. Peniston for the last three years.
1 have the charge of the engine, have to look after the
fires, to lock up the place at night, and I have charge
of everything in the yard. The last time that I locked
up the gates on Thursday night last was at ten mibwes
to ten. Before leaving the place I drew the red fire
out of the stove, as usual, and filled up the bars with
slack, in order that we might have a small fire
ready for use on the following morning. Sometimes
when I have slacked the fire, it has been completely
burnt out when I went next morning; but generally
there was a little fire in the stove. I have followed
the practice of slacking the fire for the last four
months. The engine was• set up with brickwork.
The smoke was carried off through a line which went
under ground, the whole breadth of the yard. The

engine-house was built of brick; and wood. The roof
was of wood, and the back was of wood. There was
a sufficient brick wall around the boiler, as is the case
with almost every engine, and then, there was a
wooden partition between the engine-house and the
next yard. The furnace has an iron door, divided
into two halves. lt was not closed at night. If we
had closed it, there would have been no draught, and
the fire would have gone out. It was alivays left open
at night. The engine-house is flagged. There were
no chairs in the engine-house, nor any seats of any
kind. There was not a joiner's bench in- it. There
was a bit of a board temporarily fastened to the wall,
and to which the vice was made vast; We used it to
lay our tools upon,: but. never as a seat.
Inspector Murray—That is the bench of which I
spoke. It might have been used for laying tools on,
and also as a seat.
John Coghlan, in continuation—l was roused out
of bed on Friday morning, at about a quarter before
three o'clock. The man who knocked at the door in-
formed me that the yard was on fire. I first ran to
my master's house, told Mr. Peniston, and then went
to the yard. I found the whole of the building be-
longing to my master on fire, and other places besides.
There were two buildings, one on each side, on fire.
I have no idea where the fire originated. On Thurs-
day night I ordered the lads to fill up the slack, and
they threw their spades, three in number, into the
fire-hole. The spades were lying there the next day,
and the handles were not at all burnt. We left no
light of any description in the place. We would not
be allowed to do that. We have a dark lantern,
which was not lighted more than one night in twenty.
We were very cautious about lights; for if it had
been known that I had had a candle about the build- ,
ing, I should have been turned off.
The beadle mentioned that he had in waiting an-
othQr witness, one of the boys in the employ of Mr.
Peniston, who was also present when the place was
locked up. He could corroborate the evidence of
Coghlan.
Mr. Curry remarked that he had no reason to doubt
the truth of Coghlan's testimony, and that it was un-
necessary to call the lad. He added, " The fact which
the last witness has mentioned about the spades is
sufficient to convince me that the fire did not originate
from the stove."
Inspector Murray—When I went in, the fire was
confined to the engine-house. I did not see anything
of the spades. They might have been there though I
did not see them.

The CORONER—Have you any idea, Mr. Peniston,
how this fire originated ? Mr. Peniston—Not at all.
I feel confident that it could not have originated in
my yard. I feel very sorry, for lam a sufferer very
nitwit by it. I had not a farthing of my property in-
sured. I have examined all over, and there was no-
thing at the end of the yard that could have ignited.
The CORONER—It IS now a question for you,
gentlemen of the Jury, whethor we should adjourn
this inquest for further evidence as to the origin of the
fire, or not.

Mr. Peniston—l should be very glad if any gentle-
man would come and examine my premises, to see
whether there is any proof of the fire having origi-
nated there. The boiler is all good.
The CORONER—Do you think, gentlemen, there is
any occasion to adjourn, in order that we may have
furthef evidence as to the origin of the fire ? Or,

supposing that the premises were maliciously set on
fire, wculd,that have any effect on the verdict you
would return ? I have not any doubt on my own
mind.; but some. persons have doubts, though they
lean to my way of thinking. We are of opinion that
that though, the place was maliciously. set on fire,
and these' parties were killed in assisting to extin-
guish it, the only verdict could be accidental death.
I have put the point to one or two, and they
think that there is something in it; and, as this was
such a melancholy event, and involved such a loss of
property, (with which, however, you have nothing
to do), as well as of life, I think that it would be
better to adjourn for further information as to the
origin of the fire. I s'.,nt a note to Mr. Shuttleworth,
and he has returned me an answer, stating, that the
point to which I have alluded involves a very im-
portant question, and one he should not wish to decide
upon in a hurry. I should not myself hesitate to
give my opinion on the law of the case ; but it will no
doubt be more satisfactory to the public to have the
case sifted as thoroughly as we can do so. What
witnesses can you get, beadle ?
Beadle—There are several police-officers whom I
can get, and the man who first saw the fire. He Cane
perhaps, throw some light upon the origin. Then
there is Mrs. Isaac's man. lle was in his mistress's

place the last, though alone. •
Mrs. Isaac was present, and stated that she could
give no evk:ence which would at all tend to elucidate
the origin of the fire. She added, "My place is an
oil and colour store, and we have a boiler in it ; but
the last fire we had on the premises, and the last light,
either candle, match, or anything else, was on Tuesday,
when a small fire was lighted to heat some water."
The I3eadle--There is some tar scattered about the
yard, and that is thought rather curious,- as tar was
more likely to burn than run about.
v
A Juryman-,lt, .is quite necessary, I think, that
further eidence,p4ould be.heard,
if only for the sake
of these"'iwO...partieS here, Mr. Peniston• and Mrs.
Isaac, who-are •blanied'about the town.
The Jury thougytitYas very desirable that further
evidence as to the origin of the fire should be obtained,
and agreed to adjourn
The CORONgIt remarked, " Suppose the premises
had been maliciously set on fire, would it alter the
verdict or not ? I have no doubt about it; but as one
great legal authority holds a different opinion, I shall
accede to the wish of the Jury, and adjourn the inquest."
The inquiry was accordingly adjourned.

THE BLESSINGS OF
NEW DISCO-
The following beautiful address was delivered on
VERIES IN ART AND SCIENCE.
the Lith of September, by M. Lamartine, at the meet-
ing of the Academy of Macon, of which this eloquent
speaker is resident. It is in reply to some remarks
made by M. Lacretelle, respecting the injury done to
certain interests by modern discoveries and chiefly
the changes caused by machinery and steam
" Gentlemen,—l intend to answer, in the name of
that body I have the honour to represent, those inge-
nious arguments upon the dangers of industry which
he has advanced.

"In listening to his spiritual and eloquent critique
on the industrial system, I could not forget that Jean
Jacques Rousseau once sustained, with equal elo-
quence and ingenuity, a thesis on the inutility and
danger of human learning. The paradox has past—
the immortal writer rests ' • and France having ap-
plauded the sublime attacks on the base of her glor=y,
has advanced with a firmer and a more rapid step in
the paths of science and of genius, where Europe is .
dragged behind her. Thus shall we do to-morrow,
after protestations as eloquent against industry. Our
rail-roads will be continued, our mechanical powers '
increased. I can believe that a mind preserving all
the freshness of its poetry in the maturity of its reason
bewails the loss of a more pastoral civilization, and ac •
euses our engines of soiling the azure heaven with
their black smoke, or our railways of having depoet-
ised the sweeping undulation of nature's youth. But
the severe and lofty reason of the statesman cannot
associate itself with dreams like this ; and finds a truer
Poetry in the feverish action of the industrial world,
which makes fire, air, and water, living slaves of man
—than in the idleness of ignorance, or that contempla-
tive repose which refuses to multiply the work of God
:,y the toil of man.
" You have quoted, Sir, the great modern English
poet to support your
.opinion. Chance condemns you
by the mouth of your own authority. You have not
read all Lord Byron, or you would have found this
very question answered against 3'ou in the notes to
his immortal pilgrimage of ' Childe Harold. "They
, d crossed only
by t, Ife
savage 4 which is most
,
oncemost
poetic—scienceaskedth:itillustroiortansalvtirreiter 7
He pointed to the
or covered with yes-
ei swhich he considered
, shadowy
withil ocean. 'I, in turn, ask you,' said he
poetic—that ocean, void, bare, deserte
in them thousands of disciplined menyi g
, and' curbing
the subjugated waves by the powerful and hidden
dower of their helm?' Was not asking thus, to answer?
" You accuse machines ; they
are the artificial
hands of the labourer. All natural things are
machines for man as
I his
the frail
c l cloud canoe,
of their canvas 'carrn
soon as he Can think. No
inimal invents a machine; in this is its weakness.
Man does, and in this is his force. They attest his
perfectability. Blaspheme not creation by accusing
industry. Corrupted and crafty civilization has not
made man industrious, but God.—(Applause.)
" You say that England outrages the universe to
force its markets. I neither excuse nor accuse Eng-
:and. History listens not to the accusation of one
people against another. Yet may I assert that a wide
difference exists in the conquests made by the indus-
trial principal—however violent or unjust they be—
and those consummated by a brute and military sys-
tem. Where conquering Rome trod, she left a desert.
What have Tyre Carthage, and England left ?—colo-
nies, people, civilization,-thew groupings of consumers
And producers. Unjust as the Chinese war—the
opium War—may be, if we raise our thonghts o the
philosophic height of historic reason, is no compensa..
Lion to be found ? Who knows but the first shot fired
!iy a Chinese merchant vessel which commenced. the.,
Chinese war, bath. burst asunder
the
portals of a new
world ? Who knows but that it. has linked, in ,on#fi
communion, four hundred Millions of active men with,
Europe ?
"To prove how cautious we should be in predicf•:'
ing consequences, even from the most trifling facts, I
will mention three facts, yet providential ones, at the
commencement of this age.
" In 1768, I believe, they, for. the first time, brought
a few packa os of tea, as a curiosity, to the Governor-
General of India, and to-day ontire fleets are employed
in furnishing its consumption to England, Russia,
Germany, Switzerland, &c., the mighty exchange of
two worlds.

" Another fact is this. Forty years since they pre-
sented a cotton plant to the Egyptian Pacha, and now
one-half of the Meditteranean navigation bears the
cotton (f the Nile into Europe. This is nothing.
His eyes are opened by his new wealth to political
wisdom, and he has suddenly bethought him that the
Isthmus of Suez, so long forgotten by trade, is the
shortest road to India. lle is about to open the path
between the two Continents.
" Again, a last fact. Fifty years since an English
machinist discovered the incalculable force of expan-
sion possessed by the compressed vapour of boiling
water. The steam-engine was invented.
" What results, gentlemen, from these three coin-
cident industrial facts, occurring in the same age? A
second creation of the geographical, political, moral,
and commercial world. The extremes of the earth
have approached ; languages, races, interests, religions
have been blended together. The result for all hu-
manity has been an increase of force and unity that
God alone could compute. In short, these result in a
certain and perhaps nigh future, the realization of that
chimera of all conquerors and of all creeds—universal
monarchy; but at the time universal monarchy, the
monarchy ofintellect, commerce, industry, and thought.
" Industries are the degrees of rising civilisation.
Will you dare to curse, to check, and to destroy them?
But 1 know such a thought is far from you. I know
that your complaints are only jests. But, Sir, it is a
dangerous thing to sport with the truth. From such
men as you are, all is considered serious. In scoffing
at your age, you run the risk of forcing an error on it.
" Independently of this, what is the truth ? It is
that the world is changing, and becomes more and
more industrial and democratic. The. one must fol-
low the other. Well, shall we deny the facts for aye
—shall we abstain from resolving those two grand
and difficult problems which Providence itself hath
placed before us ? No; in place of stopping our work-
men, and destroying our machines, let us accept and
triumph over the difficulties of our epoch. The great
successes of civilisation are born convulsive efforts.
The world becomes industrial. Give industry a soul
which shall nullifyits great vice—the hardness of heart
begotten in nations who make wealth their idol.
" You have pronounced, in conclusion, a word for
the language of religion destined also to become a po-
litical term, charity.' That word is also ours, be-
lieve me. I call to witness all my honourable col-
leagues in the Council-General of the Department ;
they know that our sessions are filled with the sole
thought of assisting the working classes; we are not
of that implacable school of economists who cast out
the poor from their communion, as insects which so-
ciety should crush. We are well aware how, at an-
other epoch, materialism produced this legislative ego-
tism. We have our faith by which we regulate our
actions—we hold that society ought to act, heal, and
vivify—that there is no legitimate source of wealth
which is productive of any unmerited misery—in a
word, that policy should be led by science, and admi-
nistration in the same path along which religion is
conducted by virtue ; that is to say, to the relief of all
that can be relieved, to the regulation of all that can
be regulated—in short, to the general equilibrium of
all the great industries.
" We do not deny that there are great obstacles—
we meet with them every day in our deliberations.
Did I not fear to abuse the attention with which you
have already heard me, and which must now be nearly
exhausted, I would glance rapidly over those ob-
stacles.—(Go on, go on.)
" Well, then, the difficulties to which I allude are
these :
" Public wealth has three inflexible absolute laws.
Labour, liberty for labour, and competition. Every
man should labour; it is a law of nature, a law of
spirit as well as matter. Every man should labour
freely without any other restraint upon his power of
working and producing than competition with those
who labour and produce as he does. This is the law;
if it be violated we become arbitrary and oppressive;
obstacles are raised up against one man fur another's
profit, or a maximum of labour and production is
established which not only impoverishes and ruins
the State, but which throws a chain on the
most incontestible of the rights of man—the right
of living by the sweat of his brow. I know that there
are some whose opinions advance forward with
rapid strides ; who hold that a forced organisation of
labour should be established, and a partition of the
public money, without regard to conditions. The
secrets of futurity lie hid in the bosom of time—but in
the present state of our knowledge we believe that
liberty is still synonomous with justice—that to sup-
pose the possibility of a forced arbitrary organisation
of labour is to dream of the resurrection of the Indian
castes, instead of the ascendant equality of the modern
world, and the tyranny of labour, instead of its inde-
pendence, and retribution, by the accomplishment of
its work.
"But we must not hide from ourselves that com-
petition alone is insufficient—competition is egotism
abandoned to itself—it acts with the blind brute
force of fatality—it crushes and tramples on all
around it. Let the whole world fall to ruin provided
that Ibe enriched.' This is its motto—can this be the
device of a well-organised, moral, aud, above all, Chris-
tian society. No; when competition has annihilated
industry, and wrenched the last penny, the last crust
of bread, from the hands of the labourer without em-
ployment, society cannot turn round upon him and
say, `die of hunger.' The last word—the last reason,
which a well organised society could utter could
never be death—the last words of society are life, that
is to say, labour and bread. That is the bourne at
which we must inevitably arrive; it is there that we
are turned by the most wholesome study of political
economy, and by those inspirations of the human
heart which precede and complete every science, and
which one of our colleagues has so well defined in
those sublime words, ''To love is to have knowledge.'
"Yes, the science of political economy is confined—
law is austere and severe, and competition is without
pity; but then, is there nothing beyond science, corn-
petitions, systems, and written laws ? Beyond this lies
a whole world—a moral world; there is 4od, with his
laws not written, but interpreted and expounded y
philosophers and religious men, in which we find cor-
rection and compensation for our imperfect laws, as
all must be imperfect that is written by the hand of
man. Yes, therein do we find inspirations immea-
surably superior to those of bartering avarice, or of
a purely human' policy. Without such inspirations
there is no society that will not sink under the weight
of its own vices, egotism, inequalities, and miseries.
The equilibrium which is ever and anon thrust aside
by cupidity may be restored by care and courage.
" There is a ceaseless struggle between charity and
cupidity. And for what do we ask ? That political
society should not stand by passively gazing on the
struggle that is going on between industry, wealth,
and labour ; that it should interpose, not by pushing
itself arbitrarily between the manufacturer and his
workmen—between the consumer and the producer
—but that it should interpose, with all the power
which it possesses, to afford asssistance wherever
there exists a necessity for its helping hand ; to shower
down a temporary supply of funds wherever there be
a congregation of the working classes out of employ-
ment; in a word, let it be as a visible, enlightened,
active Providence, shedding its healing balm upon the
sufferings of the population ; let it strive to imitate
that invisible Providence which is sometimes hidden
from the sight of the unfortunate, in order to endow
society with the glory and honour of supplying its
place for a moment.—(Applause.)
" And will the means ever be discovered for realis-
ing this desirable object, which has been lately in-
volved with such hopeful earnestness by the illustrious
philosopher to whom I now reply. For my part I
have no doubt upon the subject. Society has never
failed to invent aught that was necessary for its wel-
fare or support. Genius is not_the grand disco-
verer and inventor in the ranks of society. This
grand inventor is love; genius is but a faculty,
whereas the lore of man is an impassioned virtue,
and for our honour or excuse let it be said that this
passion for the improvement of any class of human
beings is the characteristic passion of the present
age. It is to this passion that we owe the invention
of so much that posterity will appreciate better than
we could have done. It was this passion that invented
the French Revolution, dispassionately and morally
considered, the audacious application of the principles
of the fraternity of men, drawn from the Scriptures,
and philosophy, and introduced into political legisla-
tion—it was this passion which borrowed from reli-
gion that sublime word " equality," and which will
shortly, I hope, borrow from the same source that still
sullimer word, the union of all classes. Ah ! the
present age, which has been so loudly blamed, but
which all hilosophers should bless, has made rapid
strides in political science. This science was wont of
yore to look upwards only, but now it descends to look
downwards. Of yore, it founded claims upon force
alone, and now it founds them upon rational grounds,
and, above all, on that religious reason which is not
the problematic product of science, but which the
ministers of divi..e law, those stepping-stones between
God and mankind, received and inculcated with the
very dogmas of their faith.
"Let us separate with these hopes, and in accept-
ing the democratic conditions of society, let us each,
in our own sphere, labour for their improvement.
You, members of this academy, which shows the
human mind in all its brilliant and solid phases—you
who light up the road of thought—reflect, meditate,
and create science. We men of application and ad-
ministration, we will make laws and regulations—
and you, pious men, ministers of alms and human
'virtues, lend us, for the consummation of our im-
perfect laws, those two powers which you alone pos-
sess, and without which no society can hold its" ground
—charity on hie h and resignation here below.

CHEAPNESS OF FRuiT.—The quantity of fruit in
our market on Saturday was very great, and the prices
at which every description of it was sold, were aston-
ishingly low, apples being sold for ad., per gal., and in
some instances lower ; Keswick codlings were sold in
the evening at td. pergallon, other fruit in proportion.—
Leices enhire 21Tavvry.

THE AMERICAN TARIFF.
The lifoniteur publishes an article in which the
writer contends that " the productions of France are
treated in the new American tariff with greater favour
than those of other countries, thanks to the modifica-
tions introduced into the Bill by the Senate. In the
original project the silks of all countries were to be
subject to a duty of from 40 to 45 per cent. ad valo-
irsenre.epllacned tariffythebb
now in force the duty ad vcrenz
a specific duty of $24- per pound
weight, a change highly favourable to French silks,
on account of their being lighter and of greater value
than the other silks imported into the United States.
French wines were at first to be made liable to a duty
of 20c. per gallon ; by the new tariff they will only
pay 6c. and 7in., that is, less than was stipulated in
the Convention of 1832. Cotton goods of French
manufacture are likewise t.) enjoy an indirect advan-
tage. The nominal duty laid on that article is 30 per
cent., but, it amounts in reality, in certain cases, to
100 per cent., whilst it invariably remains fixed at the
first rate for the fine Indiennes, which constitute the
most considerable portion of the export of French
cotton goods to the American Union."
The Presse says—" The new American tariff,
which was thought to be indefinitely adjourned in
consequence of divisions in the legislative body, ap-
pears to have caused a grave perturbation in our prin-
cipal commercial towns. The Bordeaux papers,
amongst others, have already noticed the disastrous
effects which this recurrence to the prohibitive regime
has produced. An American vessel, the Sea, was
taking her cargo on board in the harbour, and on re-
ceipt of the new tariff the merchant had his goods
landed again, preferring to pay the penalty of half
the freight he was subject to by his articles of agree-
ment. The Sea will quit Bordeaux in ballast, and
will be followed by the other vessels in the harbour,
10,000 or 12,000 tons of merchandise which were to
be taken to the United States will, therefore, remain
in store; and similar facts are taking place at present
in our other commercial towns, and most probably in
all other countries which are affected by the enact-
ments of the American Bill. A' double evil
will result from this. In the first place, the
countries of Europe, which were accustomed to send
their natural or fabricated products to the United
States, will be affected by a crisis more or less in-
tense; and, next, the United States themselves will
undergo the reaction of the evil which they will have
caused. If in a few points only the conduct of the
Bordeaux merchants be imitated, the quantity of im-
ports to America will diminish considerably, and the
customs' duties, calculated after a more elevated tariff,
but on a much smaller quantity of goods, will remain,
most probably, below the figure which they have hi-
therto reached. The measure adopted to supply the
deficit of the American Treasury will, therefore, be
inefficacious, and their financial situation, in place of
improving, will become worse. Thus, by a just re-
turn, the abuse of the fiscal and prohibitive system al-
ways falls back on those who try to seek safety in it."
The Delnds has the following :—" The new tariff
adopted by the American Congress, after so many ter-
giversations, and to which President Tyler has given
the sanction which he had previously refused, will
affect the commercial relations of the United States
with all Europe. It certainly will limit interchanges.
It is not only fiscal, the only character it ought to
have assumed to be consistent with the federal com-
pact—it is also protective. With'regard to iron, and
cotton linen and thread, it is so in a high degree.
The duties upon ccttonnades are nominally 30 per
cent. ; but, according to the manner in which they
are to be assessed, they will, for common or medium
cottonnades, be in fhct still greater. On our beauti-
ful Indiennes they will not be less than 30 per cent.
The duties on woollen cloths are also considerable,
and will be prejudicial to the English manufactures.
These duties were partly occasioned by a desire to fa-
vour the manufacturers of cottonnades, cloths, and
iron goods in the north. The spinners and weavers
of New England having coalesced with the iron-
masters of Pennsylvania, this object was pertina-
ciously pursued, and is now attained. The interests
of France, however, have, in the new tariff, been
more considered than those of England. Instead
of the feeling of hostility against us that some persons
have believed to exist in the Union, there remains
at bottom the old attachment which took root on
the eAtablishment of the independence of America.
Admitting for a moment that . relief to the federal
finances was all that was required to restore order,
stability, and prosperity to the States, let us ask, can
it be expected that under the new tariff the public re-
ceipts will bring into the Tresktry at 'Washington a
sum of from 30,000,000 to 32,000,000 dollars, of which
it is in want ? According to the American journals,
the best judges on the other side of the Atlantic do
not anticipate any such result. Such members of the
Congress as are imbued with democratic prejudices
have not dared to come to the only resolution which
can be efficacious, that of laying a heavy duty on the
three articles which are of most general consumption
in America—we mean tea, coffee, and sugar. The
first two articles are now, as previous to the tariff, en-
tirely exempt from duty, and the third only subject
to such a charge as is necessary to protect the,sugar-
manufiletories of LotrNiatia. Nothing can be more
easy than to draw from these articles customs' duties
to the amount of from 50,000,000 f. to 75,000,000 f.
The people of America are sufficiently rich to bear
such a tax without injury to their fortunes. They,
however, have not as much wisdom as wealth. They
cannot overcome their political passions as easily as
they overcome natural obstacles. May Heaven grant
that the cruel warnings of adversity may not be neces-
sary to bring America back to her senses."
The Ministerial evening journal, the M'essager, in
an article on the new American tariff, after alluding
to the duties on French articles, says :—" On the
whole, if we consider the necessity that existed for
the Federal Government to augment the Customs'
duties (almost the only source of revenue), in order
to meet the public exigencies, we have no reason to
be dissatisfied with the charges upon our products.
The active solicitude of the King's Government, ably
seconded by the judicious negotiations of the French
Minister at 'Washington, has ordained results which
insure for them in the markets of the United States
an advantageous and permanent sale."
M

ONEY MARKET and CITY NEWS,
CITY, TUESDAY EVENING.

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.
TIMES.—The premium on gold at Paris is 8 per
mille, which, at the English Mint price of 3/. 17s.
100. per ounce for standard gold, gives an ex-
change of 25 35i, and the exchange at Paris on Lon-
don at short being 25 571, it follows that gold is
0.88 per cent. dearer in London than in Paris.

By Idvices from Hamburg+, the price of gold is
433 per mark, which at the English Mint price of
3/. 17s. 104 d. per ounce for standard gold, gives an
exchange of 13 9, and the exchange at Hainburgh on
London at short being 13 10, it follows that gold is
0.46 per cent. dearer in London than in Hamburgh.
The Funds were a little flat in the early part of
business, but they closed rather firmer, and at the
price they opened. Loans of cash were made at three
per cent. during the day, which is rather a higher rate
than previously required.
By the official returns published by the Customs
the exports of the precious metals to foreign and co-
lonial parts for the week ending Thursday last, were
as under :

Silver coin to Rotterdam 6,000 oz.
A small failure his occurred on the Corn Exchange,
viz., that of Messrs. W. Hills and Co., corn factors.
It is mentioned in the City as of minor importance.
though it serves as an additional instance of the losses
by over-advances on corn, which have of late been so
frequent.

Among the plans which are mentioned in the City
as likely to promote the importation of bullion into
India, it is suggested that the Directors of the East
India Company should suspend their tax of 4 per
cent. upon coining. While this exists the Govern-
ment can make bullion yield them 4 per cent. more
than the merchant; and he cannot ship it so as to
yield a remunerative exchange. The abolition of the
tax, it is thought; could be easily effected without
considerable change, as the Mint establishment is per-
manently employed and paid. There is no doubt that
some remedy is wanted for the depreciation of cur-
rency in India, the war in China operating as an ad-
ditional cause to those already touched upon in pre-
venting the influx of treasure into the country.
SUN.—An improvement was visible in the condition
of the Money market in the afternoon, and Consols
left off at the prices of yesterday, being 92a 921 for
Money, and 924 92i for the Account. India Stock
was about 2 per cent. worse, the rate being 247 248.
Although money was in greater demand, but more
from an apprehension that it may be wanted than
any actual pressure, the premium on Exchequer Bills
remained at 50 52 for the Old, and 49 51 for the
New issue.
The prices of Foreign Securities were rather bet-
ter, although no decided change has to be observed.
Belgian Bonds were 102 103; Dutch Two-and-a-Half
per Cents., 511511; the Five per Cents., 102 102 ] .
Danish, 83 84 ; and Brazilian, 66 67. ;f1
The quotation for Mexican Bonds was 351 35i,
with but the smallest amount of business.
Birmingham and
The Share-market showed more firmness; London
and Birmingham were 182 184;
81 82 ; the
4
Gloucester, 39 41 ; Great Western,
Half Shares, 58,i 59+ ; South Western, 57 58 ;
Shares, 27 28;
North Midland, 56 58;
South Eastern and Dover, 22,} 2
the N
81 81 ; Northern and Eastern,'l ;Eastern Counties,
per share.
64 7; and Brighton, 34 34J 8 9 ; Blackwall,
Exchanges, A decided e
si
pmeperi
aolvl
ye improvement t was seen in the rates of
; Amsterdam
+ ; Antwerp, Paris, which was quoted at
25f. 80c., 25f. 85c.
terdam, 12 6 .eir,) arn 12 6, 12 61 ; Rot
13 11+, 13 .114 ; FrankfP' 4,'12 44- ; Hamburgh.
25 90 ; Marseilles, 25 ort, 150+ 151 ; Genoa, 25 85,
Vienna, 9 55i 9 r 85 ; Leghorn, 30 30, 30 35 ;
• , 06i ; M•ul I.'ld 36a 36/ • Lisbon,
521 524 all at three month's ' 4 8 '
The quotations for the . Bonds were—Colombian,