The Sun.
London, England, 1845-11-10 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENJNG, NOVEMBER 10, 1845.

be attended with some difficulties; but they stand in ne weight
balanced against the advantages which would ensue from a repeal
of the corn-laws, and by which the railway shareholder would be
most signally benefited. Surely Mr. Hudson cannot hold fast to
his pro c3rn-law principles, against the damning evidence of
their doings, which the woe.stricken picture presented by the
official share list now portrays. Discounts rule where pre-
miums formerly held their cheering sway, and even the ad-
vent of his own loyal person to the chair does not pre-
vent the shares of the Eastern Counties from drooping to
a lower price. They were done to.day at 20 to %, and
this day last week at 22 to The holders of shares
in that Company fully expected that the accession of
the Member for Sunderland to their management would be at.
tended with an immediate rise in the value of their shares. They
looked down with pity upon the scripholders of the poor London
and York line, under the leadership of Mr. Beckett Denison, and
generously offered to take them under their wing by offering them
a slice of the consolidatedstock which was to fill up the vacuum to
be occasioned by their absorption. They have already found this
beautiful vision little better than a dream, and yet, if we had been
blessed with plenty of cheap food for the people, their expectations
as to an advance in their:shares would very likely have been re-
alised. Whether the holders of the London and York scrip would
have accepted the terms of coalition offered them by Mr. Hudson
is another matter, and on that point we own that our opinion is
not very confident. The House of Commons passed the Bill for a
direct line from London to York by such a large majority last
session, that they stand pledged to the principle, and that fact must
naturally induce the promoters of the line to feel themselves of
sufficient importance to fight another battle on their own account.
—Chronic/e.

THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION.

There can be no doubt whatever that the corn-law has
formed one of the principal, if not the primary, subject for the
consideration of her Majesty's Ministers, in their late and
protracted deliberations in Privy Council; and the result, at
this critical moment, when starvation, or something very
little short of it, actually stares in the face several millions of
her Majesty's subjects, has been looked for with the greatest
possible anxiety. The result has not been allowed publicly
to transpire, but we are enabled to state upon authority upon
which we can place the most implicit reliance, that a majority
of the Cabinet have resolved upon the continuation of the
corn-laws as they at present exist, and without the slightest
modification.

How this will be received by the country will remain to
be seen ; but our own opinion is that it will create consider-
ble dissatisfaction throughout the whole of the manufactur-
ing districts, and be received with great pleasure by those
who have lately speculated largely in grain.—Sunday Times

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE EXTRA.

NEWMARKET, FIRST SPRING MEETING, 1846.

MONDAY.
Match: 300 h ft, T.Y.C. Duke of Bedford's Oakley, Bst
71b, agst Lord Exeter's Wood Pigeon, 7st.
Match : 500, 200 ft A.F. Mr. Greville's Alarm, 4 yrs, Bst
71b, agst Mr. O'Brien's Traverser, 3 yrs, 6st 71b.
FRIDAY.
Match ; 200 h ft. D.M. Lord Maidstone's Tom Tulloch,
Bst 41b, agst Lord Glasgow's f by Retriever, out of Emilia, Bst.
SECOND SPRING MEETING, 1846.—N0 DAT MENTIONED.
Match : 100 h ft, T.M.M. Lord Glamis's Satyr, 5 yrs, 7st
101 b, apt Mr. Shelly's Hawkesbury, 4 yrs, Bst 81b.
FIRST OCTOBER MEETING, 1846.
The Hopeful Stakes, of 40 sous each, h ft, for two-yrs-old
colts, Bst 71b, and fillies, Bst 51b ; last half of Ab M.
Lord G. Bentinck's Archness, Jollity, Bethphage, and
Vice-Consul—Lord Chesterfield's The Maid of Saragossa—
Mr. R. Clifton's Conceit by Velocipede, out of Miss Hors-
wood—b f by Hetman Platoff, out of elia's dam—b c Shy-
lock by Inheritor, out of The Hind—Mr. Coape's bl c Bro.
to Pawnbroker—Mr. Crockford's Kite—Lord Exeter's f by
Hetman Platoff, out of Galata—Mr. Gratwicke's b f Little
Julia by Mus, out of Carlotta, and b f Joyful by Sir Hercules,
out of Fredrica—Mr. Griffiths b f Lady Lift by Sir Hercules,
dam Sylph by Spectre—Col. Peel's ch f Isis by Slane, out of
10, and ch f by Glaucus, dam by Sir Hercules—Mr. Philli-
more's Saddle by The Saddler, out of Potentia—Sir R.
Pigot's Conyngbam—Mr. Newton's b f by the Saddler, out of-
Retrospect—Duke et Richmond's b c by Mus, out of Firefly,
and b f by Mus, out of Confusionee—Mr. Stephenson names
ch f by The Saddler, darn by Emilius—Mr. Worley's Wintonia.

CALCUTTA AND GEORGE'S
POINT RAILWAY.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
Strt,The attention of the Committee of Management of
this railway having been called to the report of a meeting of
the shareholders of the Great Western Railway of Bengal,
holden yesterday at the City of London Tavern, at which it
was represented by the Chairman, that the promotion of a
line of railway from Calcutta to Diamond Harbour, was
part of the registered scheme of that Company, I am directed
to state that such is not the fact, and formed no part of the
undertaking; and, in proof, I subjoin an extract from the
Registry of Joint-stock Companies, under the 7th and Bth
Vic., cap. 110, under which Act that Company is consti-
tuted, and from which extract it will clearly appear that
their scheme is " for connecting Calcutta with Patna, with a
branch or extension through Moorshedabad. to join the
Ganges."—l have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient
servant, J. FOSTER.
Offices, 147, Fenchurch-street, London,
Nov. 8, 1845.
EXTRACT.

"Great Western Railway of Bengal, for connecting Calcutta
with Patna, with a branch or extension through Moorshe-
dabad to join the Ganges."—( A true copy.)
(Signed) FREDERICK ROGERS, Regr. J. S. C.

THE LONDON COFFEE AND EAT.
ING HOUSE KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION-PRE.
SENTATION OF PLATE TO THE LATE PRE.
SIDENT.

(FROM A CORRESPONDENT.)
On Tuesday last, the Committee of the above Association,
with several friends, dined at Anderton's Hotel, Fleet•street.
Mr. Binmore, the President, took the chair; and Mr.
Conneybear officiated as his Vice.
Ample justice having been done to a most excellent din-
ner, the cloth was removed, when the usual loyal toasts were
given and heartily responded to.
The CHAIRMAN then rose and said, the next toast was the
one of the evening, namely, the health of their late Presi-
dent, who had not only been a very liberal donor to the
funds of their institution, but had exerted himself to the
utmost for its benefit---(Hear.)
Drunk with three times three, amidst loud applause ; which
having subsided, the Chairman presented Mr. Kirton with
a valuable silver salver and snuff box, each bearing the
following inscription : " This silver salver and box
is presented to Mr.lVilliam Kirton, by the members of the
London Coffee and Eatinghouse-keepers' Association, as a
token of their esteem and regard for the zeal, ability, and
liberality, displayed by him during the time he fulfilled the
office of Vice-President and President, and for his valuable
services upon all occasions to advance the interests of the
Association.—November,

Mr. KIRTON, in returning thanks, said he had often had to
ask for their indulgence when addressing them, but he never
needed it so much as on that occasion. He thanked them,
most sincerely for the valuable presents just handed to him
by their Chairman—valuable in themselves, and the more
so as coming from parties 'with whom he had been many
years associated in the good work of providing for their less
fortunate brother tradesmen. When he first took the office
of Vice-President, he felt it was one which required part
of his time and perseverance, and he had certainly done his
best to promote the interests of their society, and which, he
was happy to say, had been sucsessful ; he had, however, to
thank not only those present, but many who were absent,
for the kind assistance which they had rendered him, and,
in fact, fur the general good feeling evinced towards him
whilst he held both offices.—(Hear, hear.) He had always
been prowl to attend their meetings. He begged once more
to thank them, and in conclusion to add, that he should re-
gard their gift with the most lively feelings. He would con-
tinue his humble exertions for their society, which he trusted
would continue to flourish beyond the wishes of its most
ardent friends.—(Loud cheer%)
The healths of the Chairman, the Vice, the Committee,
Secretary, Visitors, &c., were proposed in the course of the
evening, and duly responded to. •

Seveiel excellent songs were also sung by Messrs. Hum-
phreys, Hare, Abbot, Page, &c.
The salver and snuff-box, which were manufactured by
Mr. lye, of Cheapside, were greatly admired.

DIRECT TAXATION AND TAXA-
TION MONEY.
(From the Sentinel.)
In compliance with the request of numerous correspon-
dents, we purpose devoting a special article to the two sub-
jects above indicated. It will enable us to place the action
of the currency on productive labour in a clear light.
We hold that the revenue of a country ought to be levied
on property, and not on articles of consumption. We con-
sider that income, whether arising from wages, the profits of
trade, or professional services, should be exempt from all
fiscal contributions to the state. But since, in the present
state of Parliamentary representation, this doctrine would
assuredly be rejected by the Legislature, we must endeavour
to accomplish indirectly what is refused directly. This is to
be done through taxation-money.
The Legislature of a country always take the initiative in
the imposition of taxes; they fix the amount to be levied
within the financial year. This is their undoubted privi-
lege. But it constitutes no part of their privilege to pre-
scribe gold as the medium in which the payment is to be
made. That metal is not indigenons to our country; it is
a foreign commodity, and to compell the people to pro-
vide that which they do not possess, and which they
can only procure by giving for it an enormous amount
of time and industry, is an act of despotism for which no -
thing can be pleaded but that " such is the will of
Pharaoh."
In our view, the Government that imposes taxes ought to
furnish the material in which the taxes are to be paid. The
wooden tallies of the feudal age, and the Exchequer-bill of
modern times, are in the nature of such materials as we de-
siderate. Neither possess intrinsic value; both are symbols;
both are convertible into taxes, but not into the precious
metals. They are the cheap and efficient instruments in
which a Government and its subjects may settle its accounts.
If Parliament vote forty, or fifty, or a hundred millions
of taxes, just to that extent ought it to issue taxation-
notes. In such notes Government should pay its debts and
receive its credits. Both being equal in amount, the whole
circulation would annually return into the Treasury ; there
would be no deficiencies, no necessity for converting a float-
ing into a funded debt; and it is obvious, that had this sys-
tem always been acted upon, not one farthing of our national
debt could, by possibility, have existed. If we cannot alter
the past, we may, in the future, prevent any addition to the
public burdens.
But it will be objected to this system, that the taxation-
note, when compared with gold, would be depreciated.
Granted—it wouldcertainlybedepreciated but not deteriorated,
and the distinction is not verbal, but fundamental. The note
would still pass for a pound of account, and liquidate taxes to
that amount, when pleaded into the Exchepuer as a dis-
charge. It would release the indebted subject from his obli-
gation to the Crown, and that is its whole function. It has
nothing to do with the bullion merchant; it was issued for
internal, not foreign purposes, and is strictly. a fiscal, not a
trading instrument. Preserving its integrity in this, its de-
fined character, it cannot be said to be deteriorated ; for it is
assumed that Government will always take back these taxa-
tion-notes for the precise value at which it issued them.
But the question of depreciation remains. One of these
notes would not purchase 123 grains of gold, as a modern
Bank of England note will. We admit the fact. But how
does it arise? From taxation, which always reduces the pur-
chasing power of the pound; and the amount of taxa ion
is the precise mathematical measure of such reduction.
Now, let us assume for a moment, that our revenue was
wholly raised by direct taxation ; and that it required twenty
per cent, on all the rateable property of the kingdom to pay
the amount voted by Parliament. Instead of this, how-
ever, with indirect taxation, issue taxation-notes equi-
valent to that amount. At the same time preserve the de-
nomination, in these notes, of pounds of account. They
would of course be depreciated, as compared with gold,
twenty per cent. • or, in other words, though they were
called pounds, each of them would only be worth sixteen
shillings. But the excision of four shillings would be due to
taxation, and express it. This is the true sense in which
such notes would be depreciated, though, for the reasons al-
ready assigned, they would not be deteriorated.
Our intention was to have confined this article to an ex-
position of the principle on which taxation money rests.
But, on subsequent reflection, we deem it right to give
some illustration of the mode in which it would act. We
will take the case of absentees, who spend on the Con-
tinen.: the incomes they derive from British labour. Now,
suppose a fundholder in this position, and receiving
dividends to the amount of one thousand pounds.
Pay him in taxation notes. As these would be limited
to British circulation, and not be negotiable on the
Continent, the fundholder would have to apply to a
ballion merchant, who would give him for his thousand
paper pounds only eight hundred gold pounds, for the deduc-
tion of two hundred pounds, or twenty per cent. would be
just the amount the fundholder owed for his share of taxa-
tion, and which amount he would have to pay were direct
taxation levied. In this manner we should effectively lay
hold of absentees and make them contribute to the burthens
of the State, and teach i,heni what the Manchester Chamber
of Commerce denies, that capital does owe allegiance to
country.

PB rAece n A -a—liAst oPf at
hr
el i
na ne np
ltaacreys pcontainingreiTnscontainingPt ee dr
and appointments made, since September, 1811. There are
24 new places in the return, which extends to 18 pages. In
has just übis,Pure°(ll, mt
the courts of equity a number of new places have been
created. It is stated that the appointment of the clerk of
emoluments, the clerks of records and writs, and taxing
masters, and of their respective clerks, took place under the
Act for abolishing certain offices of the High Court of
Chancery in England, which abolished the offices of 43 per-
sons, whose receipts from fees exceeded 77,0001. a-year.
The annual expense of the new establishment, including
sale] ies, amouts to 25,611/. 11s. 7d. In the lunacy depart-
ment several offices were abolished. The appointments
made in the Court of Bankruptcy are given in the return,
and in respect to the appointment of 12 commissioners for
the country districts, at 1,8001. a-year each, it is stated that
the salaries were given by the Act 5 and 6 Victoria, c. 122,
which abolished the country commissioner, acting under the
old system, whose fees, including their travelling expenses.
amounted, on an average, to the annual sum of between
50,0001. and 60,0001. Since August, 1844, three offices for
the railway department of the Board of Trade have been made,
the annual expense for salaries of which is 3,600/.
JESUIT WRITERS IN AN UNIVERSITY REVIEW.—It
has long been suspected that an active correspondence bas
existed between Oscott and certain members of the Univer-
sity of Oxford ; and the names of some of the fellows of
Magdalene College have come before the public as not un-
connected with it. We have now to state, on the best
authority, that clear evidence has been obtained of
the circulation of periodical literature in both Uni-
versities emanating from the Jesuit College of Stonyhurst, in
Lancashire, of which Mr. Tickle, late of Balliol College, and
ethers, are now members. We refer to the Oxford and
Cambridge Review, edited by a member of one of the two
Universities, and to which it has been discovered that several
fellows of Exeter College, Oxford, together with Lord John
Manners, Mr. Smythe, M.P. for the archiepiscopal city of
Canterbury, and Mr. Keon, a distinguished student of
Stonyhurst, are contributors. We also hear, from a source
on which we can rely, that the cause of the Jesuits is openly
and boldly espoused in some of the common and combination
rooms of the Universities, on the part of those who have not
seceded, with Messrs. Newman, Oakeley, and Ward, from
their Protestant emoluments—" quousque tandem ?
Church and State Gazette.
SHIPWRECKS AND Loss OF LIFE.—On Wednes-
day, the 29th ult., the Flora of Kirkcudbright, a coasting
vessel, coal-laden, John Jolly, master, and the Akaster of
Whitehaven, also coal-laden William Atkinson, master, left
the latter port for the Scotch coast. A storm quickly came
on—there was a strong wind from the south-south-west, and
a very heavy rain; and, towards evening, the light on the
Little Ross being obscured by the tempest, the vessels were
driven forward, and soon after six o'clock they struck on the
rugged and danferous Borgue coast about eight miles west-
south-west of Kirkcudbright. They were driven on and
over some perilous reefs of rocks, and in a little time went to
pieces. The Flora had two men and a female passenger.
'The master got on to the rocks, and by and by to the land;
and by great exertions the other two reached the land,
though at the time they did not know but their companion
had perished. After wandering for a while, the man and
woman, perceiving a light, got to the farm-house of Robert-
son, where they were kindly and humanely treated by Mr.
and Mrs. Smith. The alarm was given, and several persons
with lights went in search of the wreck, and, if possible, to
rescue the unfortunate seamen. After a considerable time,
the master of the Whitehaven vessel was found on the
rocks, so feebled, benumbed, and exhausted, that without
assistance he must have perished. After the vessel got over
a reef, she fell on one side, with the mast on high rocks.
The master crept on his ands and knees on the mast, and
called on his companions to follow him ; and though they
spoke and named him, he is of opinion they did not
make the attempt. Several of the persons who went to
render assistance heard the mournful cries of the distressed,
but owing to the darkness of the night, the severity of the
storm, and the ruggedness of the shore, they could not find
them, and no doubt is entertained that they have perished.
Captain Atkinson, who was much cut and bruised, was con-
veyed to Roberton, where he also was hvnanely sheltered
and attended to. Captain Jolly, who bad been in great
danger, after wandering for some time, knew where he was,
and reached the house of his brother, when the alarm was
given, and a party went in search of the sufferers. The
female passenger was much cut and bruised; her name is
Carr. She had been at service in Whitehaven, was returning
to her widowed mother in Kirkcudbright, and the reticule
which contained her money is lost.—Dunliries Courier.

NEW UNIVERSITY MOVEMENT.
We have been favoured with the following copy of an ad-
dress to the Hebdomadal Board at Oxford, which we noticed
the week before last, and which we believe has since been
presented. We have no time for remarks on it, except to say
that it appears important, rather as indicating a defect than
as suggesting a clear remedy :
" Considerable efforts have lately been made in this country
for the diffusion of civil and spiritual knowledge, whether at
home or abroad. Schools have been instituted for the lower
and middle classes, churches built and endowed, missionary
societies established, further schools founded, as at Marl-
borough and Fleetwood, for the sons of poor clergy and
others ; and again, associations for the provision of addi-
tional ministers. But between these schools on the one
hand, and on the other the ministry which requires to be
augmented, there is a chasm which needs to be filled. Our
universities take up education where our schools leave it, yet
no one can say that they have been:strengthened or extended,
whether for clergy or laity, in proportion to the growing
population of the country, its increasing empire, or deepen-
ing responsibilities.
" We are anxious to suggest, that the link which we find
thus missing in the chain of improvement should be supplied
by rendering academical education accessible to the sons of
parents whose incomes are too narrow for the scale of ex-
penditure at present prevailing among the junior mem-
bers of the University of Oxford, and that this should
be done through the addition of new departments to ex-
isting colleges, or, if necessary, by the foundation
of new collegiate bodies. We have learned, on what we
consider unquestionable information, that in such institu-
tions, if the furniture were provided by the college, and pub-
lic meals alone were permitted, to the entire exclusion of
private entertainments in the rooms of the students, the
annual college payments, for board, lodging, and tuition,
might be reduced to 601. at most, and that, if f, agalitv were
enforced as the condition of membership, the student's en-
tire expenditure might be brought within the compass of
801. yearly.
" If such a plan of improvement be entertained by the
authorities of Oxford, the details of its execution would re-
main to be considered. On these we do not venture to enter,
but desire to record our readiness, whenever the matter may
proceed further, to aid, by our personal exertions or pecuniary
contributions, in the promotion of a design which the exi-
gencies of the country so clearly seem to require.
" Sandon Ashley, R. Grosvenor, W. E. Gladstone, T. D.
Acland, Ph. Pusey, •T. H. S. Sotheron, Westminster,
Carnarvon, T. D. Acland, Bart., W. Bramstone, Lincoln,
Sidney Herbert, Canning, Mahon, W. B. Baring,
J. Nichol, Judge Advocate, W. J. James, S. R. Glynne,
J. E. Denison, Wilson Patten, R. Vernon Smith, S.
Wilberforce, R. Jelf, W. W. Hale, W. Heathcote, Edward
Berens, J. Wooley, Hon. Horace Powys, W. Herbert,
Dean of Manche* ter, G. Moberley, A. C. Tait."

THE NEW GAMING ACT-RIGHT

OF HOLDERS TO RETAIN STAKES.
BIRMINGHAM, TUESDAY NIGHT.—A decision, of itself
unimportant as to the amount of dispute, but of the greatest
consequence to the sporting world as regards the question in-
volved, was given this day by Matthew Devonport Hill, Esq.,
Q.C.; Recorder for the Borough, at the Mayor's Court. The
facts of the case are briefly these :—At the close of the past
year a wager was made between the plaintiff and a man
named Barber, to play a game at " put," the plaintiff staking
11. 55., and his opponent 11. In consequence of a dispute
having arisen in the course of the game, and Barber affirming
that he had won owing to some mistaken play on the
part of Smith, that party at once threw down the cards and
refused to play any further; at the same time denying that
he had lost the game, and asking for his money from Mr.
Chettaway, the defendaut, who refused to give it him, but
handed it over to Barber. The consequence was that Smith
sued Barber for the 11. 55., and the case came on for trial
this day, when Mr. W. Morgan appeared for the plaintiff,
and Mr. T. Harding for the defendant.
A witness having been called by the plaintiff's attorney,
who proved that the money was paid into the defendant's
hands, in his capacity of stakeholder, while the game of cards
was playing, Mr. Hardingsaid he thought that that fact hav-
ing been admitted by the plaintiff's witnesses must put an
end to the case—to show which he would refer the Learned
Recorder to the 18th section of the Act of Parliament recently
passed, to "Amend the Law concerning Games and Wages,"
in which it was enacted, " That all contracts or agreements,
whether by parole or in writing, by way of gaming ar►d
wagering, shall be null and void; and that no suit shall be
brought or maintained in any Court of Law or Equity for re-
covering any sum of money or valuable thing, alleged to be
won upon any wager, or which shall have been deposited in
the hands of any person to abide the event on which any
wager shall have been made. Provided always that this
enactment shall not be deemed to apply to any subscription,
or contribution, or agreement to subscribe and contribute for,
or toward, any plate, prize, or sum of money, to be awarded to
the winner or winners of any lawful game, sport, pastime, or
exercise."

The Recorder having looked over the clause and the Act
in general, expressed some surprise at the construction of it,
and said that if the Parliament were obliged to put a reason-
able construction upon all the Acts that they had passed, he
was afraid that they would not often find time for a recess.
Although the Legislature might think that by preventing
actions being brought against stakeholders they should be
putting an end to parties entrusting stakeholders with money,
he did not anticipate any such result, nor did he think that they
would retain the money for their own use, but give it to the
parties they might deem the winner, and, of course, such a
decision would be final, as no remedy could be obtained
against the stakeholder.
After hearing Mr. Morgan, who sought to explain away
the meaning of the clause, but without effect, the Learned
Recorder, presuming that playing the game in question was
unlawful, decided that the plaintiff must be nonsuited.—
Correspondent of Hereford Journal.

THE LOSS OF THE MARGARET.
By the Queen of Scotland steamer, which arrived early on
Wednesday from Hamburgh, having brought over the sur-
viving portion of the crew, except Captain Rawlinson, of the
unfortunate steam-ship Margaret, we have elicited the follow-
ing particulars respecting, the passengers who were lost with
the ill-fated vessel, as also some further disclosures connected
with the catastrophe :
The poor fellows who have been thus preserved, are seven
in number, comprising the chief and second mate, two sea-
men, two engineers, and an apprentice, all of whom are at
present suffering from a severe attack of illness, consequent
upon their being exposed so long to the intense cold and fury
of the storm. They-state, in addition to the hasty particu-
lars which were forwarded to the owners, and which ap-
peared in this paper'a few days ago, that after the storm had
somewhat abated the bodies of the whole of the passengers
were found on the deck of the cabin, where they had been
left when the crew took to the mast-head. They describe
the scene to have been one of the most heart-rending cha-
racter. Amongst the bodies were those of a fine healthy
middle-aged woman and her five children ; the eldest was a
girl from thirteen to fourteen years of age. It appears she
was on her way to America, to join her husband, and they
apparently had perished from the intense cold. The body of
another of the passengers, a stout young man, about thirty
years of age, was lying near the group. He seemed to have
been a soldier, and was on his way to London to assist, so it
was understood from him, at a sugar-baker's at the east end
of the metropolis. The rest, from their look and the nature
of their dress, seemed to be Polish Jews, most of whom were
travelling jewellers. Two of their bodies were discovered in
the steward's pantry; one in a stooping position, having, it
was supposed, fallen thus in death ; and the other standing
upright, with his right arm extended, and in his hand a
prayer-book opened. Another of these poor creatures was
found dead in one of the coal-bunkers. Mr. Archbold, the
chief mate, states that several of the passengers had con-
siderable property about them. The woman was known to
have changed at Hamburgh a thousand dollar bill for cash,
which, for security, she wore inside a belt round her. Most
of the Jews had also considerable quantities of property about
them.

. The sufferings of all on board before the vessel struck,
, painful as they must have been from the former description
of them, appear from the tale of the survivors to have been
' much more so. As has been previoutly announced, the ship
was tossed about for five entire days. On the day prior to
'her destruction they lost the whole of their fresh water and
provisions, with the exception of the bread, which having
been saturated with salt water and sand, was perfectly use-
: less in the shape of food, and there is no doubt that they
would have all perishedin the same wayas the passengers, had
not one of the seamen secured a pint of brandy in a bottle in
his Guernsey frock. During the time they were lashed in
the rigging, a period of twelve hours, the night was one of
the most tempestuous character, for, in addition to the fearful
gale, it rained, hailed, and snowed, and not one ever expected
to live the night out. At the break of day, however, they
were somewhat rejoiced to find that the sea had moderated;
which enabled them to descend. As may be imagined, they
were in a pitiable state of exhaustion, scarcely able to stand.
They however rallied, and finding a piece of beef had been
washed under the bowsprit, they prepared to light a fire in
the galley—the mate finding some stray lucifer matches in
his pockets—with a view of cooking it. They got it cooked,
but the raft being ready at the same moment, and the tide
being favourable to carry it ashore, they jumped on it, and
pushed off from the ill-fated ship. • The raft, however, was
knocking about for five or six hours before they effected a
landing, two of them perishing from cold and exhaustion
ere that was obtained. On reaching Norden, the British
Consul housed them at an inn, where food and clothing were
bountifully supplied.
Two days afterwards, having somewhat recovered, they
left Norden in a fishing boat to visit the wreck, in order if
possible to bring ashore the bodies of the passengers. Al-
though the distance was only 15 miles they were unable to
coma up with the wreck until Sunday, owing to the
continuance of the storm. On arriving they found that she
remained entire, but perfectly embedded in the sands, utterly
irrecoverable. Her wooden decks had partially given way,
and portions of her cargo had floated out, but nothing was
seen of the bodies, which no doubt are buried with the ship
in the sands of the Isle of Juist. The body of ttie steward ,
Turpin was picked up, which, with the two others who had!
perished on the raft, viz., Henry Heath, fireman, and James t
Leaper, seaman, were interred near Norden, the funeral'
being attended by the survivors and several hundreds of the
inhabitants. Turpin was an unmarried man, but was the
principal support of his mother, who is residing at Hull.
The other two have left widows and families.
The crew declare that the conduct of Captain Rawlinson,
during the severe trial was most calm, skilful, and deliberate.
For 12 hours before the steamer struck he took charge of
the wheel, and maintained it until it was dashed from his
hold by the seas that swept over the vessel. He still re-
mains at Norden for the purpose of protecting what portions
of the wreck may be washed up, as also to identify any of
the bodies of thepassengers that may be cast ashore.

AIR CHURN. - The Farmer's Gazette gives an
account of a- very curious churn invented by the Bishop
of Kildare. " Milk," it says, " essentially consists of an
oil, which in chemical language is called buterine; of
curd, also called cassine; and of whey, with some neutral
salts not very important. These matters are held togetber
by so loose a degree of affinity, that they separate
spontaneously when at rest, the oil rising to the top.
To convert this oil into butter, it is only necessary
to bring it into intimate contact with the oxygenous
portion of the atmosphere. Instead of the prevalent and
unscientific mode of effecting this by churning, his Lordship .
accomplishes this measure by the more scientific and simple
manner of forcing a full current of atmospheric air through
the cream, by means of an exceedingly well-devised forcing
pump. The air passes through a glass tube connected with
the air-pump, descending nearly to the bottom of the churn.
The churn is of tin, and it fits into another tin cylinder,
provided with a funnel and stop-cock, so as to heat the
cream to the necessary temperature. The pump is worked
by means of a wince, which is not so laborious as the usual
churn. Independently of the happy application of science
to this important department of domestic economy, in a
practical point of view it is extremely valuable. The milk
is not moved by a dasher, as in the common churn ; but the
oxygen of the atmosphere is breught into close contact with
the cream, so as to effect a full combination with the butyra-
ceous part, and to convert it all into butter. This new churn
is washed out with far greater facility than the wooden ones;
and the mode of warming the cream is extremely well de-
vised and simple. The butter itself is excellent; and what
constitutes perhaps the best practical criterion of its success
is, that the woman who has the management of the dairy
has liven her peatO anion to tho now aura.- - _

SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR
TORRES STRAITS.
(From the Sydney Government Gazette.)
His Excellency the Governor, in directing the publication
of the following sailing directions for the passage through
Torres Straits, from Raine's Island to Cape York, prepared
by Captain F. B. Blackwood, of her Majesty's ship Fly, and
also similar directions for the passage through Endeavour
Straits, prepared by Lieutenant Yule, of her Majesty's ship
Bramble, gladly avails himself of the opportunity of express-
ing the high sense he entertains of the services rendered to
the commercieal interests of the • colony by Captain Black-
wood and the officers associated with him in the survey of
Torres Straits, and also for their exertions in the erection of
the beacon on Raine's Island.
His Excellency the Governor further directs it to be noti-
fied that charts of the passage in question have also been re-
ceived from Captain Blackwood, and having been litho-
graphed, copies may be obtained on application to the port-
master at Sydney, and harbour master at Melbourne, at a
charge of ss. for the set, including a copy of the sailing
directions.
SAILING DIRECTIONS FROM RATNE'S ISLAND TO CAPE YORK.
The beacon erected on Raine's Islacd is in long. 144 6 52
E., lat. 11 33 49 S.; variation of the compass 3 50 E.
This position having been determined with great care both
by chronometric measurements and by a series of astrono-
mical observations, may be considered as nearly correct, and
will afford a good opportunity for ships passing to test their
chronometers.
The top of the building (which is a circular stone tower)
is 75 feet above low water mark ; and it was constantly seen
from the masthead of her Majesty's ship Fly, at a distance
of 13 measured miles.
It is coloured towards the S.E. with vertical black and red.
bands; the dome which surmounts the building beingpainted
white.
' Provisions have been left inside the building, and it is hoped
that a large five-ton tank, with a good pipe laid down into
it from the top of the beacon, may be the means of affording
a good supply of fresh water to any persons who may be
unfortunate enough to be wrecked in the neighbourhood, and
who may land on the island.
A reef on which the sea always breaks heavily runs out
E.S.E. one mile and a half from the base of the beacon (which
is built on the east extreme of the island), and closing in
towards the islet on its western side, leaves a small piece of
sheltered water where boats may land and small vessels an-
chor in four fathoms. It is high water at the full and change
at eight a.m , and the average greatest rise of the tide ob-
served was nine feet at that period.
The midchannel course for the channel south of Raine's
Island is W.S.W. ; and for the northern S.W. by S., both
perfectly clear, on which direction having steered for nine
miles, soundings will be obtained in from 17 to 25 fathoms
coarse coral sand. The flood tide sets in about W. by ,
from two to three knots per hour at the springs, therefore
a ship steering by the north channel, and having the flowing
tide, will be liable to set towards the reefs which form
the northern boundary of the passage; and if it be late in
the evening when she enters, should anchor directly she
strikes soundings; if plenty of daylight, haul up to S.W.
half W., for the middle banks, which should be seen (after
having run 13 or 14 miles from the time of obtaining sound-
ings) on the starboard bow, and Sir C. Hardy's Islands
ahead.
Better anchorage will now be obtained in twelve and
thirteen fathoms coral sand, and the ship will be in a good
position for steering in for the main land by passing either
north or south of the Cockburn Reef.
The middle banks are three or four small sand-banks,
generally showing above water, and surrounded by small
coral reef, of which there are no outlying dangers.
From them the beacon on Raine's Island bears N.E. by E.,
half E. twenty-six miles, peak of northern Hardy Island
S.W. by W. twelve miles, and Ashmore's Sand-banks thi.
in number, will be seen bearing S., nearly six miles distant,
and the east extreme of the Cockburn Reef, W. by S. nine
miles.

To pass in by. Pollard's Channel, or to the south of the
Cockburn Reef, when one mile from the middle banks, bear-
ing north, steer a W. half S. course for nine miles, and when
within one-third of a mile from the end of the reef (which
always breaks, and is quite bold to approach), alter course
to S.W. by W., and steer close along the southern edge, by
which means a series of shoal patches, which lie between the
Cockburn Reef and Hardy's Isles will be avoided. This
channel is very deep, 28 and 25 fathoms, and in no part is
less than three-quarters of a mile in breadth, and appeared,
on a very close examination, to be perfectly clear of sunken
dangers; strong tide ripplings gave the appearance of shoal
water when her Majesty's ship Fly sailed through, but the
lead gave nothing less than 25 fathoms.
It is about eight miles in length, and when the northern
Hardy Island bears E. by N., a small sand-bank (which is
the southern and western extreme of the dangers) being
visible, and nearly on with Haggerston Island extreme, and
the-Cockburn Isles bear N. by W., a course may be steered
for the Bird Isles, which bear N.W., distant eighteen miles.
To pass on the north of the Cockburn Reef, steer as before,

to make the pitch of the reef, when soundings of eight
fathoms will be obtained; having clearly made out the
breakers on the reef, which is safe to approach, and at the
distance of half a mile or less from it, steer a due west course

for eight or nine miles, till the Cockburn Isle bear S.W. by
S.; being then about a mile from the reef, steer along its
edge in nine or ten fathoms on the north-westerly course.
The Bird Isles should now be seen bearing west. From
the north extreme of the Cockburn Reef, which should be
rounded in ten or eleven fathoms, a S.S.W. course for a mile
or two will lead clear of a sunken patch (bearing west three
miles from.the end of Cockburn Reef), and a direct course
may then be steered fur the islands above-named.

by keeping along the edge of the Cockburn Reef, a series
of dangerous shoal coral patches, which run in a parallel
direction to the reef, at a distance of three miles from it,

will be avoided; the southern danger bears N.W. by W. from
the eastern extreme of the Cockburn Reef; and a good mast-
head look-out will detect its position, it being very shoal
(five feet) on one part of it. •
The Bird Isles being reached, all sail may be carried, and
Captain King's track followed to Cape York ; and it may be
observed, that in with the main land the bottom is mud, and
perfectly clear of sunken dangers.
I would, therefore, recommend reaching the Bird Isles
as soon as possible, for when reached the danger of Torres
Straits may be said to terminate. Should the weather,
however, be fine and clear, in a vessel not drawing more
than 15 or 16 feet water, the middle tract may be safely
pursued. To follow this tract pass either north or south
of the Middle Banks, and steer a N. by W. course for 30
miles, keeping a bright look out for several sunken coral
patches which exist near the track, and if the sun be not a-
head they will be distinctly seen; having run this distance
steer N.W. for 15 miles, when a- sand bank surrounded by a
reef should be seen, and also Arnold's Bushy Island, in 11 deg.
S. on the. larboard bow. •

Three sand-banks, surrounded by small reefs bear E. by N.
10 miles from Arnold's Bushy Island.
The bottom now changes to mud,' and the ground becomes
clear of sunken dangers. • •
Mount• Adolphus Island (flat-topped) will he seen bearing
N.W. 35 miles, and a course may be steered for Cape York,
passing between the reef Z of Captain King's track and
some reefs to the northward, in a clear channel of four miles
in width.

A ship passing in by Pandora's Entrance, in lat. 11 26 40
S, (a good and safe passage of two miles in width), should
steer for a vegetated sand-bank in lat. 11 19 30 S.; whence a
N.V. course of 48 miles will take her to Arnold's Bushy
Island, when the middle track will be joined.
Good anchorage may he obtained m seven fathoms (fine
coral sand), under the southern Sir C. Hardy's Island. The
channel between the two large islands is perfectly clear, and
rounding the north end of the south island in seven or eight
&thorns, at the 'distance of a cable and a half, a good berth
may be obtained off a sandy bay just round the bluff head of
the island.

Lat. of Observation Bay, 11 55 10 S,
Long. 143 33 18 E.
Variation 3 10 E.
High water at full and change, n. 15m. a.m.
Greatest rise, eight feet.
Fresh water may be obtained here from May till August,
but after that time the springs are dry.
When leaving the Hardy's Isles with the intention of
passing into the• main land by the Cockburn Reef, steer a
N.E: by N. course for four miles; by which means the dangers
of Pollard's Channel will be avoided.

In the month of September her Majesty's ship Fly watered
in a sandy bay about half a mils to the eastward of Cape
York; wells were dug, and the water was good and abun-
dant. The bay may he known by a little low rock about
three or four feet above the water at its entrance.
It may be advisable here to mention, that in steering for
Raine's Island, care should be taken not to haul in for the
reefs until well to the northward of 13 30 south let., a reef
having been discovered this past season by the Osprey
schooner, in lat. 14 south, and 146 20 east long. This reef
having been seen by two different ships, and both vessels
possessing good chronometers, the above position cannot be
far from the truth. See Government Gazette, 1845, No. 8,
p. 97, where sailing directions have been given to avoid the
Osprey Reef. It is there described to be in lat. 13 57, and
long. 146 34 east, differing about of long. from Captain
Blackwood's above more recent report.
The Alert or Lihou Reefs should also have a good berth
given to them of at least a degree of long., the current ap-
pearing to set very strong to the N.W. in the neighbourhood
at certain seasons.

N.B.—The cciursez above given are those by compass.
F. Y. BLACK WOOD, Captain R.N.

SAILING DYRZ(7rIoNs FOR ENDEATt`OII STRAIT.
N.B.—The soundings are reduced to tho in west spring-tide
level, and the bearings are 'nage-ie.
The variation is about four degrees easterly•
Vessels entering from the sont.47er, and drawing
about 15 feet water, should, after ha.vinglaassed through the
strait between the Brothers and Albany Isles, keep a good
look out for a rock situated nearly in the 'midchannel be-
tween Mount Adolphus and Cape York. This; rock is laid
down in the Admirality chart by Capt. King; it has since
been examined by an officer in her Majesty's ship Fly, who
found only four fathomi on it; which being reduced to the
low water level, would be barely three fdthome ; there is
deep water around it.

Raving passed this danger, a direct course may be shaped
for Endeavour Straits, which can be entered by three dif-
ferent openings, the shoalest water four and a half fathoms.
Of the three passages I consider that to the westward the
best, it being twice the breadth of either of the others,
and the soundings from nine to ten fathoms sand. To
go through this opening a vessel must pass to the west-
ward of all the Possession Group ; the two western-
most being close together and thickly covered with wood.
Having passed between these and a high rugged island to
the westward, S.W. by W., will be the course towards
Wallis Isles. Pass about two miles to the northward of the
northernmost of Red Wallis Isle.—(The leading mark for
the channel is Cape Cornwall on the compass bearing N. 74
E, when, if the weather be clear, it will be on with the
Peaked Hill, on the mainland, near Possession Group.)
When abreast of it at that distance, the course will be W.
S. eight miles, or until Booby Island bears N. E. Care
must be taken not to keep to the southward of this course,
as a very narrow sand-band extends from the Red Wallis
Island due west for six miles, having two small and shoal
patches upon it, one with 2i fathoms, bearing N. 34 W. four
miles; and the other at the western extremity, bearing N
874 W. from the Red Wallis. The channel here is the nar-
rowest part of the passage, and is two miles broad, the
depth being sufficient for the largest ships, with the excep-
tion of a small sandy knoll, on which I sounded in three
fathoms; this patch lies seven and a half miles N. 79 W.
from the Red Wallis. To the north of this patch the pas-
sage is nearly one and a half miles wide, with six fathoms
in midchannel.
A vessel having proceeded so far west as to bring Booby
Island to bear N. E., I conceive she will then have passed
through the strait, and may shape a course northward and
westward, according to her destination. That portion of the
strait between Possession Group and Wallis Isles is quite
clear of shoal water, having a uniform depth of seven fathoms
and upwards.
The spring tides between the Possession Isles sometimes
run five knots per hour, the.ebb N.N.E. five hours, and the
flood S.S.W. seven hours. High water at full and change at
one o'clock. Rise and fall nine feet six inches.
CHARLES B. YULE, Lieutenant, R.N.,
Com.nanding her Majesty's ship Bramble.

Dispatches front the Governor of Gibraltar were received
on Saturday night at the Colonial Office.