The Sun.
London, England, 1845-02-18 00:00:00

THE SL N, LONDON, TUESDAY" E VEINING, FEBRITARY 18, 1845.

GAME-LAWS—BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
Mr. BRIGHT presented a petition from Aylesbury
against the game-lasts, which the petitioners described as
tending to increase crime, and to aggravate tLe dis-
tress of the farmers, by destroying their crops.
MEDICAL REFORM.
Sir G. GREY presented a petition from some medical
practitioners of Devonport, against certain previsions of
the Medical Reform Bill.
Mr. S. WORTLEY presented a similar petiti3n, from

a place in Yorkshire. -
MINISTERIAL CHANGES--:-NEW WRITS.
Mr. YOUNG moved for a new ;writ for the Eastern
Division of the County of Kent, in the room of the
Right" Hon. Sir Edward Knatchbull, Bart., who had
accepted the:Chiltern Hundreds.—(Cheers and laughter.)
—Ordered.
The Box. MEMBER also moved for a new writ
for the borough of Thetford, in the room of William
Bingham Baring, Esq., who had accepted the office of
her Majesty's Paymaster-General.—(Hear, hear.)
NOTICES OF MOTION. _

Mr. COWPER gave notice that he would, on the 4th
of March, move for leave to bring in a Bill on the sub-

ject of gardens.
Mr. WILLIAMS gave notice that he would, in Com-
mittee on Ways and Means, move that all persons re-
ceiving public money in Ireland be subject to the same
income-tax as in England.
Mr. MACKINNON postponed his motion on the
health of towns.
Sir R. INGLIS postponed for a week his motion on
Sierra Leone.
Dr. BOWRING postponed his motion on the public
accounts till Tuesday next.
BURDENS ON LAND.
Mr. WARD gave notice that he would, on this day
fortnight, renew his motion respecting the exclusive and
particular burdens on land
, SUGAR DUTIES.
Lord J. RUSSELL gave notice that he would, on
moving the order of the day for going into Committee
of Ways and Means for the purpose of proposing the
sugar duties, move a resolution by way of amendment,
" That it is the opinion of this House that the plan pro-
posed by her Majesty's Government in reference to the
sugar duties, professing to keep up a distinction between
free labour sugar and foreign slave grown sugar, is
impolitic, and would aggravate the evils of a protecting
duty to their colonies at the expense of the consumer;
would tend to impair the revenue, and render the re-
moval of the property and income-tax, at the end of
three years, very improbable and uncertain."—(Hear.)
BARLEY.

Mr. WODEHOUSE gave notice of his intention; on
a future day, to move for certain returns respecting the
importation of barley.
BONDED BUTTER.
Mr. EWART moved for a return of the quantity of
butter destroyed in bond in the different ports of the
United Kingdom..during the last four years, with the
dates of the several periods at which such destruction
took place, and the quantity destroyed at each period.
FOREIGN JURISDICTION ACT.
Mr. MILES moved for copies a any Orders in
Ccuncil issued since the. end of last session of Parliament,
with reference to the Foreign Jurisdiction Act ; and
copies of any diplomatic correspondence that may: have
taken place with respect to consular jurisdiction in the

Levant. •
UNION WORKHOUSES (IRELAND).
Sir R. FERGUSON moved for a return, in provinces,
of the number of children sent out to service from the
union workhouses in Ireland in the years 1842, 1843,
and 1844, distinguishing •boys from girls, with the
average ages of eact., the average wages per half-year,
the number returned to the house in each half-year ;
Ist, on account of sickness ; 2d, on account of miscon-
duct or of quarrel with their master ; and 3d, on com-
pleting their time of service ; also, those remaining out
at the end of each year, and the number of boys at pre-
sent acquiring a knowledge of some trade, distinguishing
whether shoemakers, tailors, or other trades.
DISTRESSED FRAME-WORK KNITTERS.

Mr. FERRAND gave notice that he would to-morrow
ask the Right Hon. Baronet the Secretary for the Home
Department whether it was his intention to lay upon the
table of the House the report of Mr. Moggeridge, the
Commissioner who was sent down to the Midland Coun-
ties to inquire into the distress among frame-work
knitters.
EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN FACTORIES.
Lord ASHLEY rose to move for leave to bring in a Bill
to regulate the labour of children in the calico print-works
of Great Britain and Ireland. The Noble Lord said
the subject he was about to bring under the notice of the
House he had so repeatedly had the honour of bringing
forward, that he did not expect the House would de-
rive any material interest from its novelty or the evi-
dence or arguments' to be adduced in its favour.
But he did hope that the House would be good enough
to extend to him a patient hearing, because he was about
to bring forward the case of a large class, which had
never yet been represented in that House. He was about
to speak in behalf of a very large body, who
were much oppressed, and had been altogether
forgotten, but whose interests were of great value
to themselves ; and, if taken in connexion with their
contemporary -labourers, of great influence on the
empire at large. In 1840 he had • the honour to
move in that House for a Commission to inquire into the
employment of children in the various departments of
labour; that Commission made a very ample report ; in
the summary of that report they made these statements:
—They stated in a general review of the condition of
the children employed in the various trades and manu-
factures of the realm, exclusively of the children employed
in factories, which were inquired into at a previous time,
that with respect to great masses of several thousands,
he might say several hundreds of thousands, of children
of tender years, there were many instances of their
beginning to work at the early age of three and fouryears,
many more between five and six, and that, in general,
regular employment began between seven and eight; of
the whole number of children employed in different
trades in manufactures, a large portion were under thir-
teen years of age, and in a very large proportion of
these trades female children were employed at an
equally tender age ; that in a great number of instances
the employment was continued for fifteen, sixteen; or
even eighteen hours consecutively, and that in almost
every instance the children were worked as long as the
adults. Schools were wholly beyond the reach of the
children, on account of the early age at which they were
sent to work. This was the summary presented by the
Commissioners, adduced from a large survey of a consi-
derable number of children employed in the various trades
and manufactures of the realm. Of all these cruel and
pernicious employments—pernicious he meant in the
extent to which they were carried—one only was
brought under their consideration ; be had the honour
of proposing to the House the removal of females from
employment in collieries ; but of all the various trades
and manufactures that had been investigated, that was
the only one that had been submitted- to the House. In
every other respect all had been left undone ; not one
hour had been struck off their term of labour,
not an hour had been added to their recreation •, and
they had not had the advantage of a power which had
been brought to bear on the other cases—they had not
had the advantage of public opinion—public opinion had
not been awakened in their behalf. 41t this he was not
astonished, when he considered the enormous labour it
would require to wade through these ponderous
folios, to arrive at all the information con-
tained in them, and to drag to light all these
recorA of suffering, ignorance, and shame.—(Hoar.)
But it mtht be said that he perhaps was
chargeable with that neglect, and that it was his duty
to have brought the matter under the consideration of
the House. Undoubtedly it was more his duty than
any other man's, but his excuse was that he had
not had the opportunity, and most undoubtedly
he had not had very great encouragement. He
was now, however, prepared to take up the subject, and
lie did hope that, in consideration of the urgency of the
case and also of the moderation of his proposals, the
House would be induced to give him some part,
if not the whole, of that which he was asking
in behalf of these young persons. He hoped
it would be borne in mind throughout the whole
of this discussion that he limited his demand en-
tirely to those children under the age of thirteen—
which were children by the. definition. of the• Factory
Act. - The vast proportion of these were females, and con-
sequently demanded more especial protection from
that House. He did not think that in the exclusion of
those of more advanced ages justice and humanity would
be satisfied; but the demand he now made was made in
accordence with what he could obtain, and not in
accordance with that which he considered was
required. The trade which he would especially
call the attention of the House to was that of
the calico printing, with all its subsidiary processes
of bleaching and dying, which trade was carried
on, accs,rding to the report of the Commissioners,
to the greatest extent in the cotton districts of Lanca-
shire, -Cheshire, and Derbyshire. There were a few
printing establishments in the neighbourhood of London
and Dublin. He would just state to the House, on the
authority of the Commissioners, what were the ages at
which children begin their employment. The Commis,
sioners stated that in Lancashire and Cheshire instances
occurred of children beginning as early as between four
and five years of age, several between five and six, many
- between six- and . seven, still more between seven and
eight, and the great majority between eight and nine. In
the east of Scotlandchildren commenced work at the same
early age. A paroehial minister, of the name ofDempster,
stated that they commenced work as early as five years
of age,• and consequently from being taken from school
so early they knew nothing beyond the alphabet. There
were exceptions to this rule in the print fields of Kent.
In the works of Mr. Sweeting there were only two chil-
dren of five years of age, and in those of Mr. Apple-
' Barth there were only six under thirteen years of age.
In Ireland the system presented a remarkable contrast
to the state of things in England ; showing, as it did, a
most remarkable care for children of tender years.
Out of 833 persons employed only 109 were under, 13 years
' of age. The Commissioners stated that a very large
proportion of the children and young persons were girls.
In Lincolnshire upwards of ono third of.those above 13
' years of age were females. Now, lie would just
show, as far as it could be ascertained, the whole
number of those employed. From the returns obtained
in the present week -from Lancashire, Cheshire, and
Derbyshire, it appeared that the number of children
under 13 years of age was 5,346. It must be borne in
mind that these returns gave only the number of chil-
dren actually employed at the tune. It often happened
that the works were standing, and he believed it would ap-
pear that the total number for which provision was made in
the factories was not less than 8,492. :In the West of
Scotland the number was estimated at .5,000 ; but
Commissioners said that this was exceedingly under the
mark, and the total number mentioned in his return
amounted in fact •to 13,492. From all the inquiries
which he could make on the subject, he was
convinced that the total number of children employed
in these several branches of industry, was not less than
k 5,000. He would Bow state to the House, what must

have a wry important influence on the moral character
of those employed, the state of the places in which this
work was carried on. The Commissioners said that no-
thing could be worse than the state of these places.
It was undoubtedly true that there were many proprie-
tors who paid as much attention to drainage, ventilation,
and warmth, as circumstances would admit. But, on the
other hand, there were many other places which N't et e in
a most detestaVe condition. The atmosphere of the
dashing rooms was stated to be so filthy that the
children's eyes were extremely irritated; and even
affected into inflammation by the particles of
filth and dust with which it was iirpregnated.
The stoves were occasionally red hot. and the tempera
lure of the apartments generally from eighty-five to
a hundred degrees. He found children, between eleven
and twelve years of age, working fourteen hours a day,
in a temperature of a hundred and ten degrees of
heat. Sometimes, too, wet garments were dry ed
in these rooms, and the air was, consequently, more
noxious. The Noble Lord then quoted the opinion of
Mr. Davis, a surgeon, that at particular seasons such
labour was unfit for females. The continuity of the
labour was the principal objection. If the periods of toil
were diminished, much good would be effected. (The
Noble Lord was here quite inaudible in the gallery.)
The nominal hours of working, as stated in the rules of
the establishment, are fair enough, but they are by no
means the actual hours of employment ; as it was not
at all uncommon for children of from five to six y ears
old to work from fourteen to sixteen hours a day.
Now, in Cheshire and Derbyshire, and other places, the
timefor adults was not allowed to exceed twelve hours
a day ; but in those places, too, those were only
nominal hours, for there were scarcely any
regulations at all, inasmuch as that the people
worked by the piece, and were, therefore al-
lowed to work as many hours a day as they
pleased. He (Lord Ashley) was aware that
in bringing evidence of this kind before the House, he
would be trespassing to a great extent upon the patience
of the House ; but, as- there could be no doubting its
authenticity, he would rather support his case by such
evidence as this, which did not admit of dispute, than
call upon the House to rely neon any statement of his
own. He would now read-the evidence of one of the work-
men. The Noble Lord then read the statement, which
was to the effect that the workman, whose account he
was, reading, "had often gone to work at nine o'clock
on Wednesday night; and did not leave off till Satur-
day night ; and that a boy did the same. This
would scarcely be believed, but nevertheless it
was true, that he never left the shop from
Wednesday to Saturday night ; that he was him-
self completely knocked up at the end of that time, and
the boy was almost insensible ; while there were se•
veral others who came on the Monday, and did rot
leave until the following Monday. The next
statement he would read, was that of a
man named Henry Richardson, who stated that he
worked all day and all night. In the West of Scotland
the nominal working hours were from six in the morning
till six in the evening, yet in the report of the Sub-
Commissioner, it was stated that instead of
regular hours he had found young girls
working as much as eighteen hours a-day.
These-long hours were not necessary. That they could
be dispensed with was proved by what had occurred in
such large firms, as Greg's, Watson's, and Jackson's.
These houses had not been able to carry on even the re-
duced hours of Moto for three months together. When he
called for reduced hours of labour for young people,
especially in these ',arks, it was chiefly for those periods
of the year when (as we understood) they were
least able to endure those protracted hours. Of all the
features of this employment, that which he was now
about to describe was the most abhorrent—that was the
practice of night work. According to the reports of the
inspectors the practice was carried on ; and in some
districts it was so general and constant that it might be
called part of the system, and where it was not car-
ried on the establishment might he considered an
exception to the rule. Relays of children took place
at different times—sometimes from six to six, sometimes
from twelve to twelve, and at others from four in the
morning to four in the evening. Now, he would show
the House what was the opinion of the children them-
selves. [The Ncble Lord then read extracts from
the -evidence, but in a rapid and indistinct
manner very difficult to follow. They were
to the following effect] :—Eliza Hales, eight
years of age, had worked all night, four nights of-the
week, before she was six years old. William ----,
nearly nine years of age, - a tierman, had frequent!),
worked all night. He had worked all day and night.
John Candy, nine years old, had come to the works
at six o'clock on Friday morning, and had worked all
day and night, until six o'clock on Saturday morning.
He bad been obliged to take snuff to keep himself awake.
William Archer said he knew men who worked three
days and three nights without going home. The same
state of things existed in Scotland, but in Ireland, which
appeared here also to the highest advantage, there was in
general no night work. Since the improvement in ma-
chinery, however, there wasa decrease in the labour of the
children. Their physical condition was improved since that
improvement had taken place, but with regard to the
moral state, the evidence was most lamentable. Their
education was almost totally neglected, and the parents
thought it better to get two-pence more for their labour
than to let them, go to school They were quite ignorant
of moral restraint, and gave themselves up to pilfering,
druukenness rnd crime. Mr. Evans gave testimony
to the effect, that the number of scholars in his
school had decreased one-half since 1832. And it
should be recollected that this took place, notwith-
standing the increase in the population; from 1832
to 1842, at which time Mr. Evans gave his evidence. It
was not surprising after thin that the Central Commis •
sioners should say in their report that the time which the
fc()n°3ase qualificationth e their
f
females were at work prevented them from learning
needle-wook and those careful habits of order, without
esin lavnhdicthhtahtegyencoeuroldl
wantnot of
husbands'
women earn-
ings, n -
ings, or bestow upon their homes any degree of comfort,
of that class, wa • s stated by clergymen and medical men,
employers, and other witnesses, to tbe one of the great
and prevailing causes of crime and • • immorality amongst
the working-classes. Those were- the words of the
Commissioners, and not his (Lord Ashley's.) Was
that state of things to continue ? What was
the remedy lie p: oposed for the evil. He would
propose the total abolition of night-work for all females
of whatever age, and all of both sexes under thirteen.
(Hear, hear.)' Ile was entirely of opinion that no loss
would accrue. from this arrangement to the employers;
and if that were so, was it it not the highest and most
sacred duty to apply a remedy to a state of things
fraught with so much immOrality and crime ?
Night work was proved to be most injurious to
the eyes, and was most lamentable in that respect.
The Commissioners had not stated any countervailing
advantages to the employers (rom their night work.
There was more work spoiled by night than there was
by clay. One of the largest manufacturers in the world,
Mr. R. Hargrave, of Ackworth, had shown that a
great deal of work had been spoiled by night-work
The average loss of spoiled work upon the machine was
10 per cent , while the average loss in quantity upon
spoiled work, front night work, was 50 per cent. The re-
sult was that the loss upon spoile:l work was to an im-
mense extent—to such an extent, in fact, that night work
was equally injurious to the employer and the employed.
....e(llear, hear.) He had received two letters from two
of the most respectable overlookers in Lancashire—Mr.
John Graham and Mr. Davis, and those gentlemen
had given him permission to make those letters public.
Mr. Graham said he had recommended his em-
ployers to give up night-work as far as women,
young persons, and children were concerned, on the
score of economy. And Mr. Davis said that Mr.
Thompson had been induced to give up night work,
partly on the score of humanity and partly on the score
of economy. On the score of humanity with
a view of securing to the women and children
a proper night's rest, and on the score of economy, be-
cause the loss upon the spoiled work more than coun-
terbalanced the gain upon the extra night work.
He was bound to say, however, that these gentlemen,
Messrs. Davis and Graham, did not recommend the
hours of labour in certain cases, but, nevertheless, they
fully admitted that the evils, in many instances, were
too manifest. He should propose, that after October,
1846, that no child, under thirteen years of age, should
be-allowed to work -more. than eight, hours a day in a
week of six days, or twelve hours a day in three alter-
nate days. He should propose making provision by
his Act for the education of children, two hours
a day would be allowed for educational purposes to
children-who worked eight hours a day for six days in
the week ; and three hours to be permitted the children
who - worked on three alternate days in the week.
Now, he did not know whether it was ne-
cessary that he. should meet beforehand the
arguments likely to be adduced against his BilL , He
might be told that the forests were sufficiently ca-
pable of providing for the welfare of their children,
and, therefore, no legislative enactment was neces-
sary to force them to do sos The inquiries
he had made on this part of the subject,
led to a different (=elusion ; and although they had
ample means to afford their
.children education, they
preferred the pence they earned to providing for their
future welfare. He might be told that poverty was the
cause of this—that poverty was the great reason
that induced , them to send their children to work.
But if they attended to the evidence of.the Commission-
ers, particularly that of Mr. J. Symons, they would find
that this was not so much the case. He felt that he had
wearied the House, and be had but little more, to say on the
evidence of the state of these unfortunate creatures. He
had great fears that the repetition of individual cases,
but the frequent reiteration of the subjelets of the same
class must b.-come exesedingly tedious to the House.
But it might be, that he suffered almost as much as he
inflicted. The extent of. the research and corre-
spondence, and the mass of labour, cheered
by little or no prospects of success, sufficiently proved,
that his endeavours had not been warmly responded to.
It was necessary that an attempt should be made, and
better to do so even though failure should ensue. On
what ground opposition would be made to this motion
he knew not. He had .g imperviouslygarded with the ut-
of the
most caution against speakin
character and conduct of individuals. He had en-
deavoured to expose a pernicious system without hurting
the feelings of any man. In all the debates on the sub-
ject it had been conceded that protection should be ex-
tended to very young children. Their inexperience,
their helplessness, the deep interest the Legislature was
supposed to have in their moral and physical welfare,
had been urged as reasons why protection ought to have
be( n extended to persons of such tender years.
[LEFT SPEAKING.]
he

• MARKET INTELLIGENCE.
(From the London New Price Current of Feb. 18.)
Suomt.—To-day, in consequence of the high rates for
West India Sugar, there was very little business transacted,
and the quantity sold did not exceed 20 hhds and trcs ; the
rates were 2s above those of Friday. Brown Jamaica is

worth 55s to 565, low yellow 57s to 595, middling 603 to 645,
good and fine 65s to 69s per cwt.
REFINED.-To-day the home trade purchased Refined
goods with caution ; for brown Lumps 70s to 71s accepted,
and. 73s per cwt for standard Lumps. In bonded Crushed
Sugar there was very little done, and 31s 3d to 31s 6(1 is the
value for forward delivery.
M.sunrrius.-This afternoon there was no public sale,
but a large parcel of 10,000 bags is declared for Friday. Pri-
vately several parcels were sold at 6d to is advance.
EAST INDIA.-This afternoon all descriptions of Bengal
Sugar met with much attention, and 3,195 bags 48 casks at
auction were all sold at an advance on former rates of 2s
for white, and 2s 6d to 3s per cwt for brown and yellow ;
fine white fetched -67 s to 67s 6d, good 65s to 665,
middling 64s to 648 Gd. damp and washed 63s 64
to 675, good sound yellow Mauritius kind, 61s 6d
to 625, middling 58s, greyish yellow 55s to 55s 6d,
low 52s 6d to 54s Gd, damp and washed 52s to 575, soft white
1193 to 598 Gd, low damp brown 47s to 48s, washed 43a Gd to
45s Gd, very low sound 43s per cwt. There was a very large
business done privately.
MoutssEs.-This afternoon there was a large business
transacted in West India Molasses, and the rates paid were Is
per cwt above those of last week.
FonErcsr.-To-day there was more disposition to purchase
Foreign Sugar, and holders manifested firmness. A floating
cargo of new Bahia was sold for a new port, white
at 24s 9d, and brown at 198 per cwt, the quality
was good. 2,200 chests of fine yellow kind were disposed of
for exportation at 22s 6(1 per cwt. At public sale 100 barrels
200 bags of Pernambuco were offered, and were all taken in
at 20s to 21s, for good yellow 18 to 19s, for brown, and 17s 6(1
to 19s for damp and washed, being 6d to Is above their value.
COFFEE.-This afternoon there was a good demand for
Mocha, 550 bales at auction were all sold at 6d to Is per cwt
advance, middling greenish clean garbled fetched Cls to 635,
good middling bold 64s 5(1 to 655, niiddling brown 59s to 625,
ord brown 51s, ragged 38s to 48s, bold triage 635, small broken
38s Gd to 39s 6d, and black' 19s. Of osta Rica 605 bags
were all taken in, bulked tine ordinary at 625, good ordinary
foxey 443 to 48s, ordinary 38s; the damaged, however, sold
at 30s 6d to 465, and inferior 17s 6d to 28s 6(1. Of 809 bags
43 barrels of Rio, a very small part only sold at easy rates,
and fetched 55s for middling dark coloury Jamaica kind in
casks. The remainder was taken in at 31s for good, and at
31s Gd for line ord rather coloury.
TEA.-To-day the market exhibited a languid appearance
for Congou, and prices are drooping, 100 to 'lid is the
value of common and good common cash. Holders of
Pouchong are now inclined to sell, but for llyson there is a
better demand. At public sale 6,775 packages more offered,
1,800 of which sold, 1,000 packages were Pouchong, which
went ld per lb under former rates, the remainder consisted of
Hyson, which fetched id to 2(1 per lb advance.
Cocoa-This afternoon at public sale 155 bags of Bahia
Cocoa were sold at 37s 6d to 38s 6d per cwt for fine bright
Red.
SrxcEs.-This afternoon at public sale 552 bags of Malabar
Pepper were only partly sold; good fair brown rather mixed
at 30, grey 3d, and sea damaged 2id to 21(.1 per lb, 10 bags
of long fetchen lis 6d per cwt for fair sound.
RUM, Bi:ANDY, AND Horx.axtrs.-For Leeward Island
Rum prices are still drooping; 2s to 2s Id proof, and at 2s ld
for 2to 3 per cent overproof of very common quality. Sellers
of Calcutta upon lower terms, 130 birds at is 101(1 to Is l ltd
proof with certificate. Demerara id per gallon cheaper.
For good and fine Jamaica prices are still kept up : 2S to 34
per cent overproof 3s 5d to 3s 10d, better quality 4s to 4s 41,
line 4s 9d to 5s Gd, and high flavoured sorts 6s to 7s per gal-
lon. In the Brandy market there has been bUt little
business done, and lower rates are again taken :
Cognac, best brands of the vintage of 1838, hhds 5s Id, puns
4s lld ; 1839, hhds 4s 10d, puns 4s 8(1; 1840, hhds 4s 10d,
puns 4s 8d ; 1841, hints 4s 9d, puns 4s 7d ; 1842, 'Aids 4s Gd,
puns 4s 4d; 1843, birds 5s 4d, puns 4s sd, common 2s 8d to
2s 10d, mid to good mid 3s to 4s, and Bordeaux 2s 6d to
2s 9d per gallon. Geneva dull of sale, and prices are droop-
ing; Is 9(1 export sorts; fine for home consumption is 2s 4d
to 3s. For English Corn Spirits the market is very firm at
lOs 2d per gallon, cash. •
RICE.-An increased desire has been manifestad to pur-
chase Bengal at 118 to lls 6d for mid and good mid, and at
12s per cwt for superior ; at auction 700 bags went
briskly, good bold clean white at 12s to 12s 6d, sea-
damaged • lOs to 12s, 108 pckts realised lOs for
good broken, 9s 6d .for small, and 8s to 9s per cwt for sea-
damaged. Madras has been fetching stiffer rates; 8s 9d to
Os are the prices given for yellow. Jaya is much wanted,
and full rates are offered; white is worth lOs 6d to 12s 6(1, and
yellow Os to 10s per cwt. Cleaned Rice is wanted, and prices
rule firm, Carolina at 23s to '2Bs, 'and Patna 13s 61 to 17s;
there is not a large quantity being made.
INDIGO.-An increased desire has been manifested to pur-
chase Madras Indigo, and large parcels have been sold at an
advance on the rates of the hist quarterly sale of 2d to 3d
per lb. Bengal has fully supported former prices. Spanish
is still wanted, and 50 serons of Guatemala at public sale were
all sold at 2s Ild to 45 6d per lb, for ord cortes, but good
to middling sobres went a little cheaper.
Ons.-In Linseed Oil extensive purchases have been made
and an advance taken place, sales on the spot at 25s 3d to
25s 6d and for forward delivery at 25s 9d to 26s 3d. A good
demand for Rape Oil, 37s to 37s 6d paid for pale, and 36s to
36s 6d for brown. Olive has been in excellent de-
mand-Gallipoli at 437, Spanish 411 lOs to 42/, Barbary
and Sicily 401 to 41/ per tun. Palm in good reques,
and higher rate are given, fine fetching 26s to 26s 6(.1 per
cwt by private treaty ; at public sale 53 casks of low .went at
20s to 225, the quality very ordinary. Ceylon Cocoa Nut
Oil 27s 6d to 28s 6d, but 228 casks from Sydney at public
sale were only partly sold at 25s to 265. In Common Fish
Oil there has been very little done, Cod is 28/ lOs to 29!; Pale
Seal 311 lOs to 32/, Southern 271 to 311. Sperm is in fair de-
mand, fine British at-84/ to 86/, and American 80/ to 831.
TATLOW.-For Russian. a small reduction in prices has
occasioned the demand to be good on the spot for Candle,
and soap making-purposes. P.Y. Candle of first 'quality
• 39s 3d to 3959 d, and inferior sorts at 37s Gd to 39s per cwt;
For forward delivery few buyers are to be met for October,
November, and • December next 39s 3d to 395 6d
per cwt accepted. Town Tallow has suffered a de-
cline of is to is 6d; but the IoW rates of 395 6(1 to
40s per cwt induced the -trade to purchase largely Other
kinds of Tallow are rather cheaper, still the demand is good;
at auction 63 pkgs of Cape fetched 40s 61 to 41s : 288 pkgs
of South American 34s- to 37s 9d; 93. casks of New South
\Vales 37s to 403 6d; 50 casks of St. Petersburgh 37s to 37a
9(1; but 46 casks of Belgium Town Melted Tallow were
taken in at 39s 3d to 40s per cwt.

THE LONDON GAZETTE
(THIS EVENING.)

LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE, FEn. 17, 1845.
Notice is hereby given, that her Majesty will hold Levees
at St. James's Palace, on the following days, at two o'clock :
Wednesday, sth March next.
Wednesday, 12th March next.
REGULATIONS TO BE OBSERVED AT TILE QUEEN'S LEVEES, AT

lchabod Hagg, tailor, Colchester, Feb. 24, at half-put 4
twelve, and April 1, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy.
Belcher, official assignee ; Soles and Turner, Aldermanhury_
Thomas Wilkinson, draper, Hartlepool, Durban-, Feb. 26,
at twelve, and April 14, at half-past two, at the Newcastle-
upon-Tyne District Court. Waklev, official assignee, New-
castle-upon-Tyne; Marshall, Durham; llarle, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne; .Rogerson, Lincoln's Inn-fields, London.
William Hall, grocer, Claypath, Durham, Feb. 26, at half
past eleven, and April 14, at half past one, at the Newcastle-
upon-Tyne District Court. Baker, official assignee, New-
castle-upon-Tyne; Marshall, Durham; Harle, Newcastle-
..upon-Tyne; Rogerson, Lincoln's Inn-fields, London.
Thomas Rees, porter brewer, Liverpool, March 3, and
April 1, at,twelve, at the Liverpool District Court. Morgan,
official assignee, Liverpool ; Sharpe, Field, and Jackson, Bed-
ford. row, London ; Harvey and Falcon, Liverpool.
Joseph Scott, paper- dealer, Liverpool, Feb. 26, at twelve,
and March 25, at half-past twelve, at the Liverpool District
Court: Turner, official assignee, Liverpool ; Parkes, Smith,
and Co., Bedford-row, London ; Greatley, Liverpool.
Samuel Crew, coal merchant, Bristol, March 4, at one, and
April 1, at eleven, at the Bristol Dictrict Court. Kynaston,
official assignee, Bristol ; Gray, Bristol and Bath.
John Hutchings, boot and shoe maker, Bath, March 3, at
one; and April 3, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court.
Kynaston, official assignee, Bristol ; Bachelor, Harford, and
Co:, Bath: • .
William:Knight, oil-cloth manufacturer, Manchester, Feb.
'2B, at one, and March 20, at twelve, at the Manchester
District Court. Pott, official assignee, Manchester; Makinson
and Sanders, Elm-court, Middle-temple, London; Atkinson
and Saunders, Manchester.
James Schofield, grocer Creenacre-inoor, Oldham, March
5 and 24; at twelve, at the Manchester District Court.
Stanway, official assignee; Menchaster ; Barrett, Man-
chester ' • Bower and Son, Chancery-lane; LondOn:
John Holman, victualler, Exeter, Feb. 27, and March 27,
at eleven' at the Exeter District Court. Hirtzel, official
assignee, Exeter ; Turner, Exeter ; Spyer, Broad-street-
buildings, London.
Thomas Griffiths, jun., wine-merchant, Wem Shropshire,
March 1 and -27, at eleven. at the Birmingham District
Court. Whitmore, official assignee, Birmingham ; Ham-
mond, Fumiyal's-inn, London ; Brown, Wem ; liodgson,
Birmingham.

IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT.
HOUSE OF COMMONS, Feb. 17.
SALE OF LIQUORS ON SUNDAY.
Mr. BRIGHT presented petitions fron Carnarvon,
and other places, against the sale of liquors on the
Sabbath.

INCOME-TAX.
The Order of the Day for going into a Com-
mittee of Ways and Meat.s was then read, Mr.

GREENE in the Chair.

On the motion that the income-tax be continued, '
being put,
Lord JOHN RUSSELL said, he was very glad
that the Right Hon. Gentleman had consented to
postpone,' for another day, the decision of
the House on this question, because the more
he thought of the question the more he
conceived its importance to be great and
greater even than the Right Honourable
Gentleman himself seemed to suppose.
If he could agree with the Hon. Gentleman
the Member for Kendal, who seemed to be greatly
enamoured of this tax, and thought that it ought to
be permanent, he could find some comfort, because
he believed it was approaching to that accomplish-
ment—(Laughter)—but, for his own, part, be had
been accustomed to consider the income-tax neces-
sary, indeed, in great emergencies—for the carrying
on of a war of an arduous and costly nature,
but subject to some of the greatest objections which
could be urged against any tax.—(Hear, hear.) He
had always been of opinion that it was unequal, and
vexation and fraud were inherent in the tax.
It was impossible to deny its inequality, for no man
would say it was equal that a person whose income
'was derived from a landed estate or the funds, which he
could leave to his children entire, was in the same po-
sition as a person in a profession--a surgeon or an
artist—whose bread depended on the continuance of
his health, or who, by the loss of a limb or a defect
of eyesight, might at any moment be deprived of his
income.—(Hear, hear.) No person could say
that those two persons should be considered
in the same light. Neither could any person fairly
deny that great vexation w inseparable from that
tax—that a person engaged ha trade, who was obliged
either to submit to the payment demanded of him,
or show all his accounts, and the matters in which he
was engaged, was not subject to very great vexation.
With regard to the fraud and evasion, he believed no
man who had been concerned in the collection of this
tax would deny that great frauds were practised
under it ; that the man of the most integrity
and the moat honour paid the tax fairly
and was subjected to the least reduction, while those
who wished to evade the law either found the means

of doing so, or entangled the Government and them
/selves in the most expensive proceedings. Such being
the evils of this tax he had heard with surprise from
the Right Hon. Gentleman on Friday night that
they were inseparable from it. He had sometimes
thought that by different modifications, by alterations
with respect to uncertain incomes, and by changing
particular provisions which bore hard upon particular
classes, the tax might be rendered less vexatious. The
Right Honourable Gentleman had had three years
to observe the operation of the tax, and th:re was no
reason why he should not wish to make it more equal
and less vexatious if he could. Yet he declared that
• •
it was impossible so to do, and that he
would show by argument that any attempt
of that kind would but aggravate the injustice.
He did not pretend that the process was not vexatious
and inquisitorial.—(Hear, bear.) But what he
argued on the last occasion on which the
property tax! was imposed was, that any attempt
to make any alteration would lead to a greater injus-
tice than that which it cured. He did not, and he
could not prove:that the defects were such as could not
be remedied, but what he proved was that they were
inseparable from the nature of an income-tax. What,
then, was the conclusion ? Why, that this was a tax
whose great merit was its productiveness to the
revenue, but which could only be imposed on great
and urgent necessity. When theßight Hon. Baronet pro-
posed the income-tax last year, he alleged in its defence
the necessities of the times. He said that, although they
were at peace with the powers of Europe, yet the addi-
tions made to the armament in the Mediterranean, the
war with China, with all the expenses which it entailed,
the war in Canada in the west, and near the Indus in
the east, though they did not amount to an European
war, constituted circumstances of emergency which, in
his opinion, justified the imposition of the tax. He
went still further, and said, that in imposing this tax, he
would not consider only the sum which it was requisite

to raise to balance their income and expenditure, but to
make a provision for the alteration of certain duties on
customs, that would increase commerce and invigorate

industry, thereby trying an experiment which he thought
would succeed in improving the condition of the people,
and at the same time get back the amount of revenue
that had been sacrificed. He thought ho was not stating,
inaccurately the grounds on which the Right lion. Ba-
ronet based the tax on its original imposition. But in
addition to the grounds so stated, they had also the re-
marks of the Right Hon. Chancellor of the Exchequer,
during the last year, to the same effect. The Right lion.
Gentleman, in adverting to the Budget he was then
introducing, explained the various reductions that
were made, among which were several that did not
come into full operation till lately. The Right. Hon.
Gentleman then said—" I am not able, on the short ex.,
perience we have had, to conjecture what would be the
result of the reductions, still less what view the House
would be disposed to take in the course of next year.
In this year the income-tax would come under conside-
ration again, and then it would be for the House to de-
termine whether it should continue or not. Such
being the case it must be obvious to every one that he
should not be acting an honest part if he induced the
House to consent to any large reduction of duties,
which could only have the effect of preventing Parlia-
ment from coming to an unfettered judgment on this
subject, because if the reductions diminished other
branches of the revenue the House would have no al-
ternative but to reimpose the tax or take refuge in na-
tional insolvency." The First Lord of the Treasury
was said to be very reserved with respect to his inten
tions, but he (Lord John Russell) must own that ho did
not think he would have been so reserved as to conceal
his intentions from the Chancellor of the Exchequer.—
(Hear.) He had just given the grounds on which the
latter declined to make any great reduction of duties.
Now, in bringing forward his propositions the other
evening, the Right Hon. Baronet lost sight of both
these grounds; and he certainly expected that the Right
Hon. Gentleman would have shown some particular cir-
cumstances in the condition of the country, which called
for a remedy of a formidable and searching nature. He
had scarcely touched upon either of' them topics. He
had never given any statement as to the reduction of the
revenue. The Right Hon. Gentleman took a very popu-
lar course—a course which produced great enthusiasm,
but which he thought was one attended with no incon-
siderable danger to the country. The Right Honour-
able Gentleman showed that if they went on with-
, out an income- tax, there would be a small defi-
ciency, the year after next, in the income—that
would be a ground for continuing the income-tax
for a short time, and the resolutions in the Chairman's
hand seemed to justify the continuance of that tax for a
short time. But the Right Hon. Gentleman went on with
the consideration of a great number of other taxes, and
the duties ,which he proposed to abolish, and then, when
he had totally destroyed the surplus which remained,
and left only 70,0001., he took advantage of the pope-
larity which the abolition of taxation caused to induce
the House to consent to the income• tax. The result of
that course would seem to be the imposition of the in-
eome• tax, not merely for three years, but perpetually.
(Hear, hear.) If the Right Hon. Gentleman had taken
another course—if he had said, " Now look at my tariff
—see what my tariff has produced ; see that, although
the duties have not entirely recovered from their reduction,
they have been gradually increasing, and in three years
I hope the original amount will be restored."
The Noble Lord went on to say that he regretted
the course the Right Honourable Baronet had
taken ; no period in history could be shown in IA hich the
revenue had, from a reduction of taxation, increased to
the amount of 6,000,0001. ; for that, in three years.
should be the amount it should increase to, in order to
balance the deficiency. It 'was not aisigned as a reason
for the continuation of the income tax, the position in
which this country was placed by reason of its relations
with foreign States, because the Hon. Baronet said they
were at peace with all foreign powers ; neither was it
justified by reason of the reduction or the abolition of
duties the Hon. Baronet had proposed ; therefore he
(Lord John Russell) was justified in saying that the in-

).

come•tax would not be temporary, but wouie
always renewed. 1:e (Lord John RusLell) Doe,.
licved the question would always be, in rtgard La „4
income-tax, as the Chancellor of the Exchequer D;(1
stated laseyear, between a renewal of that impost 50
a national insolvency.—(Hcar, hear.) Well, now
the House look at the statement the Right Hon. EaroPeto
made upon financial and commercial grounds. e
As rd
what had been stated upon financial grounds, it
John Russell) would own they did not admit of olyc
bo
fault. As to the statement in her Majesty's speech tc.,3
it was not r Majesty's intention to increase the oil
list this year, of course the House and the Nun
all
should be rejoic, d at this, while they .were not O
tlO
surprised at it.---(llfar, and a laugh.) With reelle`
the increase of the navy estimates,
ronet had left out of his statement that which licittitti
J. Russell) looked upon as the must necessary p °,l,ea
while he went into a detail of matters tot at all ic'au for
the Right llva,
la
fur. There were details which were always loake„.at.
as a matter 6f course in the report of the Seeratg'4,r.
War; and the House always admitted that a ennb ole•
able army force was required to be kept up in
grants!the
vies, and the supplies for that department were ary
without any objection by the House, whether theifb re,
in power was 't% big or Tory.—(Hear, hear.) re•
gard to the navy estimat( s, he (Lord J. Russell) w 6 I,cl
juiced to find that, in this department, the ,11,wal
which was apparent in the years 1834 and 184.0. it
.•
now about to give way to more vigilant attee'l_
hear)—nor did he think that a force of ten sits
of the line, for such a maritime power ' as.,ret•
was, should be looked upon as a great e°
sion.—(Hear, hear.) But it did appear, Votel
whole statement of the Hon. Baronet, that the esl_, have
were very large indeed, and much larger than coulacesai
been expected, considering the aasence of those la
which led to an increase some few years ago.,,,aeld
stance, from the year 1841 to the year 1842, I.P`Saaist
of the public expenditure, including over haling nCh be
for the support of the army in Canada for tho
amounted to .18,167,0001. Then, the estinaates_,, otie
year ending January, 1843, including 1
over nineteen millions ; and the amount of the est oti
to January, 1844, was 18,895,0001., and this aineeastger
conceived, should be looked upon as considerabb ore
than it ought to be, when it was remembered abtlys,eol.
was no peculiar cause for it.—(Hear, bear.) ,:;this'
he hoped and believed, that when her MojestY;t:ld
ters came prepared with their statement, they fa
come prepared with good and sufficient reasonsdia
,350,000403,0
increased amount of the estimates, and if dial. aila,fr,
he would not join in any vote for
nat diminution 'of them.—(Hear, be et
consequence of voting those estimates ivotaa toit,"a
there would be a surplus with the inefa,n/„%orr;
3,400,000/. Now, he thought if the whole ot Pro sr:‘
was to be disposed of with respect to many
cies chosen, it would be said that they ha ea-
00%a
ously chosen with respect to promotiog the in' • wor
commerce of the country. The tax on cottorteralPa
tax on the raw material—a most important to, ~
trade, was against all sound commercial atitiZoieita
he mast confess that he rejoiced that it was the o°o
take it off.—(Hear, hear.) With respect to aotat !a
glass he concurred with the Right Hon- fat tt,tca
that tax greatly impeded manufactures in "la sot
and he thought the Right Hon. Baronet COe to6"00
better than take it off. With regard, how the °la
of the other taxes it was proposed to reinovettathq to
observations would not apply. With respac,t„a oval
tion duty of the Right Hon. Baronet who do' "well al
keep up any surplus, why 300,000/. should be gpe dives
in in auction_ duty he could not tell. Although tja ea
generally agree with the property-tax Although
ofe .ei
Member for Lincoln, he thought it weni:
much better to have taken off the tax on nr`-i bah 61!
than auctions. The Right Hon. Gentleman ate,a
that there had been no complaint made of the
was true, and he seemed to take to himself
atagef,': le'
finding but a tax that aught to be rernov"'l,"iirg,lloree
nobody complained. Now, generally saeaaartliena'
hewed that when the people found a tassa
they objected to it, but that was not the'; tbed
(Cheers.) The tax on soap, he believed, "bah
one remaining on the necessaries of life (0"
Smith said ought to be repealed, but tbe to trial°
Gentleman had said nothing with respect so (Wail
He thought that the Right Hon. Gentrauesg t°,o.
have gone further. He thought that in e ee° Fed
House the Right Hon. Gentleman should have 01
ward and said to that House, " Do 3ou thiolbyt,tbe°,)
petual income-tax will be sufficiently rePaid
remitted by my proposition ?" But thelitoo p,
another part of the Right HOD. Baronet's Pooose'refiel
he begged to direct the attention of the Oboe?
meant its commercial policy. The Itighato sacra
had referred to the tariff of 1842, and "
improved condition of the revenue to the ehnaaitpll
tariff. Now, he thought it would have heep-ri6e
eJ
the Right Hon. Gentleman had given ,61; rottfeo.t,°-
instead of general statements. He bau "nlof
House that there had been a great increase tat' Pi;
in the Customs, but not a single word A 8
titular articles on which that duty ha" ,0 Otate,3
(Lord John Russell) believed that as ,f,:er ,e, trdt
judged from returns presented to the We' osr°"„tif',l
regard to the duties which the Right flonaefeel)-5!?,t,
reduced, there had been a great has to the Bust
them, and that the great increase ha the tat* 1.1
been solely on articles untouched by hisaa 6r:rtifihe
regard to the articles of consumption in, Ojai 'l'i
schedules, there appeared a loss of 5,500'.'"„e- tetlri,el!j
reduced, but a gain of 17,000/. on those 'aali aii:l4,
the Right Hon. Baronet's measure. In t,,11? "the it'f:f
there was a gain on those not touched
1,695,0001., while the loss on those 05ec: b
686,0001., leaving a total 'gain on thee°,,e-cet,°:o°".
1,900,0001 Now, as far as that statement s- nigheng
appear that the proposition of the the ~001
Baronet had not been fairly put te„ftire,.'V'tilo
The gain which had taken place had been -Jo 'd eta
to the improved condition of the countrP„, se aa'lo
harvests, revivals in trade and manufactur`ad chebol
changes in the tariff. The Government," the) for ;'
of Trade might have a case to show- have
the Right Hon. Baronet should i; e~h be
the House what that case was, and whyic ical„a
considerable increase on those articles on net ftli`o, ofof
reduced the duties. The Right Hon. 13411;roia ea
to go further and to remove 400 articles
otber e,1100(
ration of the tariff. But there was n°
duties, with regard to which the Right We,: ilia oil' a
dealt differently. With regard to ths`daa--4,01.
commercial policy to which he had 0011.4 of olllca
which were long ago settled in the oPini;ard t,oreslae
who at all looked into them, anti
Ai
there was no opposition—one principle 'OO 01;05 ;5,
was, that there should be to export dutiiiraple record
produce of manufactures. Another and 0010011,40 a
to charge a duty on the raw materials one art ale siva
These were excellent principles which wer aae rert,d
by all. In 1721, Sir Robert Walpole inn glisaes
tion by which no less than 130 articles lucre og re(1,00
were affected. With regard to then 3 have tb., it
little dispute. Everybody was glad to ,o.o%per, tiOit
tion and to have the advantage of it. rideitArl,oo
wish to dispute with the alight Hon. Gu ottlioptvoir
was a good thing to take off the duty nu, eoal,c0.10';00
who would wish to see the
Gentle data- on d tsl'e of 44i'
Therefore, the Right Hon. man balkstil co
tage of these circumstances in the tetet Wit so cis
tbB
principles, where he was not likely.to •901 0010
tion. But there was another prine%ralrleassit
acknowledged, of which Sir Robert t which rat oal
statesmen of his day were ignorant, he by 5f lad jai
developed and proved to demonstratie.n aecl• ocibere
and a great writer, Dr. Adam Sinitnilecipie otottrio,‘
soon after acknowledged to be ajost Panoipleciesvolla,
an authority than William Pitt—the
that en or ce,r ti
ought to be no protective duties—thar. owes, ai)e,.a
to protect certain branches of ma
fact, doiegheo"ol4;
classes of industry, they were, in '‘e-fire lto o'
one part of the community for the tYtros bat belOitioie
another; but that after all this benena if, oaf
rent benefit, because that very class Ine behtould the
whom they committed this injustice,. ila be -_a ifi.,p/
Trey deprived the consumer of article: jok:cot., Via
to buy, that very class itself was
Vi 4
long run by that species of legislatiod sppro oi,,aoe
But this, though a sound principle, and air. !,3 I`,llo
greatest writers, and acknowledge% "who 11:ntri, tbe
Grenville, and Mr. Huskisson, and the o°o'4
part in the commercial legislation 0_ „to 00 oit.o 011
were worthy the name of statesiniebnie "to oatroa fa;
former principle in not being roe eora3 ,aoafftl,l
easily admitted by all classes o
.0f that aiunt art.,B
the contrary, whenever a change and vh)le eptie,:tll),l
posed, they always found a fiercerest, who
lot thoci,tB;
on the part of the protected Intel to itaarbil,
not only that itself ani all belongTartraeuiooasees,
nation itself was interested in that FBp ea, 606
hear) pea, 'on .e`
national industry.—(Elear, ahooalt. coil otl
truth of this principle was aavised that obese 0010
writers and wise statesmen au
awayevit it 000!
deliberation should be used inodnoit.nlit_..sufboitieovtd.-Togetoo,lo:ii
In fact, there were no laws
fit matter for legislation. If tt!,eiyas qalt'reaeat 0011
commit a fraud or act of coal', order tltorni/Ige'lli`t'Pc
late and punish if they aromfotarapieroi
crimes. But when a man piece °
r
night, in order to produce a
otba ar"' "°`
he wished to exchange for soineeh an act w belmar
support himself and familras sctil otiabt net rn the Dail
all praise and approbation, aaar bear, ft o°f lee obir,,
' fered with by legislation.---(% spirit ajoeasata
sition.) How perverted was "eal on isle id
which turned frompraeygerneta,
it was unable to
to interfere with the natural exchanger mei_orw,)
it
and to control that desire bY,,lav theigearalr oplaiabta
to earn an honest livelihood and
it ore r to
the had
tioried ed
were just principles 0 aria men „awe vas,
those great men whom Ile, eron ClllOl3 realift:rejlll;.o
epertofe
?iss*Y orbeestko:gibt rte.'ol;
oughtflight
ntoonb.eStahreonoehtj
those and' of of
se;
and abolish those imps natural, c tiro. jp,
endeavour to break dowtninooo 40,
and caution, restore a Inagethe 'Set abouts„,,e,
With respect to sugar did
oraote orb iir7o tbe
terfere in any way to P
:Near, ropoe Wochitit'u,r
plan of legislation?—( ;Id be not P total Pr ebioli;e
tion.) On the contrary, "this year, "sear 0.1'4 'a.
by the law he briegs. in
who seat "aolooleje aionliat
against certain countra by
~nea _ of
rate than that obtained fromreposed to d: this Br lac
Right Hon. Gentleman and th i.as" tae Pijoe.olo
ing the present prohibit'
ha°t the sagaaia Itigi4oore , „$e
such a restriction was, - think that pthing prr,do
slave colonies. lie did ded °ln- lice" ea) 'are
ba
ronet should have procee /wart
,ot Ito
eof his•---k be "
than on that F, whose naaie sbou pa- api
Gertcallr Co° to °to°
badthat
beenth e negotiator
f r
o n:1 130;
at setu_dmit
sugaob
jectio
wet"
on his return, proposin,Z tq
`i you have 11° n o°'
would naturally sab rown eett° re sdu
slave-groin in the woir,:ch
no objection to au's respect ur se.
tobacco—(slave-groFln eclitr) ebtee' a ra sA
grown, and even with _tt you
oci
have no objection to
suer
beret
to Brazil, and bring bu
—ontb°er articles sugtrs
o._tito