The Sun.
London, England, 1827-10-06 00:00:00

EAST RIDING OF COUNTY OF YORK

At the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace of our Sove-
reign Lord the King, held at the New Sessions House
in Beverley, in and for the said Riding, on Monday the
9th day of July, 1827, before' Richard Bethell, Esq.,
Chairman, the Rev. John Gilhy, Clerk, and other Jus-
tices there, the following Order was made:—Ordered
that the following Order, moved by William Beverley,
Esq., and seconded by the Rev. John Gilby, be taken
into consideration on the first day of the next Michael-
mas General Quarter Sessions, and that a copy of this
Order be sent by the Deputy Clerk of the Peace to each

acting Magistrate.
Ordered, 'that no recommendation of the Magistrates of
this Riding assembled in Quarter Sessions, be made to the
Custos Rotulorum, for the insertion of any person's name
in the Commission of the Peace, sinless such person shall
have been proposed by two of the Magistrates of the divi-
sion or neighbourhood for which it is intended he shall act,
nor unless he shall be appointed upon a ballot by three-
fourths of the Magistrates present on the first day of some
General Quarter Sessions. By the Court,
HENRY JOIIN SHEPHERD;
(Ibid.) Deputy Clerk of the Peace for the said Riding.

We have now gone attentively through the
whole :of the evidence taken by the Emigration
Committee, and are more and more convinced
.Of the impossibility of improving, Ireland with
her present redundant population—of the impos-
sibility of consolidating farms, and preventing
the still further increase of the population. The
experimental emigration proposed by the Com-
mittee will only serve to give a, stimulus to po-
pulation ; it will be beneficial to the individuals
removed, but will not be felt in the way of di-
minishing the redundancy. Sir Henry Parnell,
on whose opinion we place the utmost reliance,
when asked what was his opinion of the proba-
bility of the existing evil of a surplus population
increasing in Ireland, answered, " I think there
is every probability of the actual distress greatly
increasing, and all the consequences belonging to
it. I see no reason for supposing that the po-
pulation is not increasing now as rapidly as it
has increased dutilig the last thirty years ; 1 be-
lieve it has doubled in that period. . . And
when I have recourse to my own observation of
facts, I have no doubt that the population is now
increasing at the rate of doubling in 30 years ; for
this reason I think the misery of the people
must become every day greater, that the tempta-
tion and disposition to violate the laws will be-
come more general, and that the difficulty of
preserving tranquillity in the country will be
greatly increased ; I also think that the emigra-
tion to England will be so much greater than it
has ever yet been, that it must produce a gene-
ral deterioration to the comforts, habits, and
character of the labouring classes in this
country." Sir Henry thinks " the progress of
clearing estates will be slow, from the general re-
sistance of the occupying tenants to that prac-
tice, and the means they possess of deterring
landlords from carrying their intentions into
effect." Mr. Spring Rice observes that " those
proprietors who, in the first instance, perceived
the necessity of acting upon the, principle of
clearing their estates, were enabled to act' upon
it'without much inconvenience ; for so long as
there was but one person, or a few persons, who
wished to consolidate many small farms into one,
and to reduce the number of the surplus popu-
lation upon their estates, adjacent estates, which
were not directed by the same principles, affbrded
to the population quitting their former residences
a facility of settlement ; but now, when almost
all the proprietors are disposed to act upon the
same principle, and even if they have not the
means of removing the excess:of population from
their own property, of taking the best care to
prevent the settling of strangers among them,
there is scarcely any means by which a poor man,
who loses his former habitation and farm, can ac-
quire a settlement elsewhere." We cannot conceive
the possibility of a general dislodgement. It is
easy, as Mr. Spring Rice observes, to clear one
or.two properties in the outset, when the persons
removed can find shelter elsewhere ; but it is
otherwise when the inevitable consequences arc
famine and death. The towns have been gor-
ged with vagrants, and disease has been making
sad havoc ; for, last year, out of a population of
200,000 in Dublin, 60,000 passed through the
Hospitals in contagious fever. But long before
any great increase can be made to the mortality,
the country must be in a state .distressing in the
extreme to :all classes. You cannot kill off
the lower orders by famine and conta-
gious disease without carrying disease into
the other classes. Sir H. Parnell says the
distress of the lower classes is so great that there
is a growing indisposition in the higher to reside
in the country. " I have received letters of late
which induce me to believe, not only that it con-
tributes to produce an indisposition among ab-
sentees to return to Ireland to reside there,
but that it contributes very much to induce
those gentlemen who are now resident to be-
come absentees . . I have received a letter
from a Nobleman who has always been residing
on his estate, in which he says 4 What can we
do ? Landlords will not surrender their rents,
and, of course, a contest will ensue between'
them and the people. .
Government must take their choice between in-
surrection and emigration ; one cannot look
forward without dismay ; a residence in Ire-
land is becoming a burthe n too great to be
borne ; it is bad enough living in the midst of
distress ; any attempt to relieve the people only
brings shoals of wretched beings from other
places ; what must it be in districts ( and this
will soon be the case every where), in which
in addition to this, the gentry are living in
daily apprehension of their houses being at-
tacked, and their families destroyed? We
must leave Ireland to Police Magistrates, and
peihaps return in some years, when famine and
disease - and (if trade improves) a great emi-
gration into England have improved the c'ondi-
ton of the country." Thus, then, we see a
servile war, and famine and, disease are looked
forward to, as the means of purifying the atmo7
sphere of Ireland. But the rebellion of 1798,
and all the burning of cottages, and outrages in
its train, (lid not materially diminish the popui.
lation, or sensibly affect the regular rate of mill
crease. Before any material effect could be pro,
duced in the way of thinning the population by
the sword, all Europe would be filled with hor-
ror at our proceedings. Thus then, we see the
mort *portentous results announced as inevitable ;
we see Ireland proceeding in a career which fa-
mine and contagion can alone impede, and'Eng-
land gradtially approaching to the state of Ireland',

which it must ultimately teach. The Emigratiot?
Committee have proposed no remedy to me 4
the evil. They have, however, done great good hi
exhibiting the evil to the country in all its bideo4
magnitude. Whether this awful proSpect before
will stimulate the country to any corresponding
exertions remains to be seen. England Could
easily be set right herself, were it not for the
Sister-Island.--Morning Chronicle.

There are few persons probably to whom the
country are under greater obligations than to
Mr. Mac Adam. Without inquiring whether he
was actually the inventor of the system which
goes by his name, that he is the person through
whose spirit and intelligence it has been brought
into action, there can be no doubt ; and, there-
fore, as far as the public are concerned, he is the
author, and the fit object of their gratitude at all
events. Travelling, which on most of our roads
was heretofore fatigue 'and labotit to man and
horse, is now a pleasure to the one, and a matter
of comparative ease to the other ; while the fa-
cilities of communication between place and place
are such as forward the interests of commerce, of
science, and personal convenience, far beyond
what, only 20 years ago, would not be thought
or dreamt of. But from the state of some of
the roads in and about the metropolis, we think
there is an evident danger of the benefits of this
system being in some degree lost to the public,
and its credit materially injured, by its falling
into incompetent hands, or into hands which un-
dertake too much, and thus mar the means com-
mitted to their care. As a small specimen of
what we mean, we would only point to the thalf•
mile of road between Hyde Park corner and
Knightsbridge, which is fast falling back into
the state from which it was only a few years ago
reclaimed. This, we believe, is part of the dis-
trict which is nnder the surveillance of Lord
Lowther's new Board of Commissioners ; who,
if they do not exercise their trukt better else-
where than they do on this spot, so short yet so
important, both as to the road itself, and the
watering, watching, and lighting it, the public
will almost begin to wish even the old Commis-
sioners back, with all their jobbing propensities
to boot. While upon this subject, we cannot
help adverting ' to the old and undiminished
nuisance of turnpike-gates in and about the me-
tropolis and other large towns. If there is any
.advantage more than another that the inhabitants
of London had a right to expect from these new
Commissioners, it was, we should have thought,
the removal of these barriers to comfort and lo-
comotion. If it is not done because the Commis-
sioners cannot afford to relinquish the revenue,
let that be shown, and some other means perhaps
might be devised for finding it—such as a con-
tribution from the County Rate, or some more
equal general assessment. But that a man can-
not live ire, or stir out of some of the principal
streets of the metropolis, without being stopt
either to pay money or produce a ticket, and that
generally byTellows who set good manners and
common decency at clefiance, is an evil and a
nuisance which every one more or less feels, and
which ought long since to have been put an end
to.—Morning Herald.

We laidbefore our readers in Tuesday's paper
the presentment of the, Grand Jury empanncled
at the late Sessions, to which we alluded a few
days previously. It is a document marked by
great good sense ; and, without any of that un-
necessary verbiage and pretence which find their
way now-a-days into almost every thing, details,
in plain, intelligible language, a series :id facts
entitled to the highest consideration. Yet this
statement waB to be withheld, because it was not
delivered in till the Jury had been discharged.
Among other alarming and extraordinary facts,
the Grand Jury tell th Court that nearly 700
bills of indictment came before them during their
sitting—a fact quite sufficient of itself, we should
imagine, to show how necessary the recommen-
dation was which we made a long while ago—
viz., that two • Grand Juries should be ern-
pamieled at the same time, the one to take the
serious offences, the other the minor cases of as-.
sault, &c. ; for of these- 700 bills 200 or 300
probably Were of the latter description. What
human mind, judgment, or patience, we would
ask, is adequate to the -due consideration of such
a succession of objects as this formidable array
presents? ' Supposing the Grand Jury to have
sat ten days, and to have been engaged at their
labours ten hours in each day, that time would
not give an average of much more than eight
minutes to each case ;, and considering the time
that stnne of them would necessarily take, others
must of necessity have been despatched with
more of " haste than good speed." The anoma-
lous state of criminal justice in the metropolis
calls for immediate consideration and reform,
whether we consider the labours thus thrown
upon Grand Juries, their absence from judicial
aid, and the sort of Judges before whom
so many even of the capital cases are tried,
the whole being different from what it is in, any
other part of the kingdom ; and, strange to say,
most lax and imperfect, where it ought to be in
all respects a model for the rest. The Grand
Jury next observe, and very properly, upon the
practice of making peace-officers unnecessarily
witnesses—a practice which might be easily re-
pressed by Magistrates; and if not remedied by
them, might soon be put a stop to by those who
try the cases withholding their expences fiom
parties so situated. They next notice the age
and decrepitude of watchmen ; and it is fair to
infer, that if the weak and aged guardians of the
night who came before theta had yet accom-
plished something in the way of police, how
much more must have been left undone by the
suburbs. But
still greater number of similar people, whom the li
wise .managers of such matters place as the guar-
diansirop er property
its
of one half, at
the
least,of the persons
the metropolis acid
by far the most valuable part of this statement io
that which relates to the state of the pri-
sons, a part which we need not recapitulate, but
of which it may be truly said, that the one visit
of these Jurors is of more real value than all the
parade and fuss, but the actual nothingness,
which accompanies the visiting Justices in their
multifarious movements. In short, 'it may be
fairly said of these gentlemen that they have set
an eidlevle well worthy of adoption by all who
follow diem in their office. Let the Grand Jury
but learn their duty and do it, and they Rill soon
find that it does not merely consist in deciding
upon indictments, but that matters of higher and
more general moment devolve upon them, which
they would essentially serve the public interest;
welfare, and security, by attending to, as, the
Jury upon whose presentment we have offered
these remarks.bas thus set them the example of
doing.—lbid.

It was very naturally to be expected, that
when the Bank of England entered upon the
plan of establishing Branches in the principal
towns throughout England, the Country Bankers,
whom this formidable competitor threatened in
all cases to press hard upon, and in some to
destroy, would not sit down contented in their

• .
altered'conditiOn. If we believe the- statement
of one of contemporaries, they are very
thoroughly rimed to the consequences which
these Branch Banks have produced, and those
which they are likely 'to produce, and are deter
mined to try. the effect of their combined effortS
against a, giant, who can safely despise them
singly. Our contemporary even goes so far as.
to say that they have expressed a determination
to suspend attention to their own private
affairs, until they have brought on a fair trial of
strength with the overgrown corporation of the
capital. We are sorry for this determination, for
two reasons. In the first place, as the trial of
strength must be a protracted one, such a resolu-
tion may possibly leave them nothing to attend
to ere it be finished ; and, in the second place,
we think that it is only by attending sedulously
to their own affairs, that they have any chance of
effecting their object. The Country Bankers, in
those towns where Branch Banks happen to be
established, either possess credit i❑ their district,
or they do not. In the former case, why should
they fear competition? What poSsible inducement
can a merchant have to leave men with whom
he has long had dealings, for men whom he
knows nothing about ? In the latter case, they
have no claim to consideration. In respect of
the public, the Country Banker has one mani-
fest advantage over. the Branch Bank—he has a
perfect knowledge of every one around him ; and
besides; he manages his business in person. The
Bank has not only greater -risks to run with re-.
Bard to its customers, but also with regard to its
agents. We do not see what possible advantage
the Bank can derive from a competition with a
respectable Country Banker, while we see much
chance of loss ; and we see great advantage to
the public from a Branch Bank, where the Country
Banker is wavering, speculative, or monopolising.
There ,is, we admit, a lack of reciprocity on the
part of the Bank ; it goes down to the coun-
try to compete with the Country Banker, but it
does not allow him to come up to London to
compete with it. But by what combination can
the Country Bankers mend their condition in this
respect ? There seems no legal doubt of the
power of the Bank to establish Branches when
and where it pleases; and its perfect monopoly of
London and its vicinity has been so recently ac-
knowledged, that unless it choose voluntarily to
give it up, no one will call on it to do so. It
has been said that the monopoly of the Bank is
unjust ; but that is nothing to the purpose ; the
question is, is it legal? If so, what can. the
Country Bankers do ? But supposing the
monopoly broken, we very much question
if any advantage, would flow to them. In
the first place, who in London would take
their notes, when he could get those of the
Bank of England ?. What probability is there
that the longest established and most respectable
Banker in England could compete with it here?
But might not'the breaking up of that monopoly
induce the Bank to set about more energetically
to compete with him ? The cry against mono-
poly is always popular ; but a monopoly
from which no 9ne suffers, is, at worst, a
bearable evil. In the dispute between the. Coun-
try Banks and the Bank of England, the most
important party seems to be left wholly out of
consideration. What has the public to complain
of the, Board in Threadneedle-street ? A Sun-
day contemporary lately directed the attention of
his readers to the curious fact, that in Scotland
a Banker charged five per cent. for exchanging
against a piece of paper signed by three good
men and true, a few pieces of paper signed by
himself; while the Bank of England gave solid
gold in exchange for the merchants' paper, and
charged only four per cent. So much for free
trade versus monopoly. Would a Bank of
England branch effect nothing in Edinburgh ?
Would Our northern brethren, with all their
affection for " notes," pay a pound a hundred
more for them than for sovereigns ? We are not
defending monopoly in the abstract, but., like
every thing else, we would have it judged of by
the fruits it yielas. The miseries caused by
numerous failures of private banks, in. 1825 and
1826, were, beyond example, great, and they are
yet felt in the altered fortunes or tens of thou-
sands. Any plan which tends to give them
greater security is, therefore, well deserving of
being entertained and acted on.—New Times.