The Sun.
London, England, 1842-03-31 00:00:00

EAST INDIA SHIPPING.

Arrivals—Ann, Griffiths, from China, in the Downs,
sailed 17th November, St. Helena, 29th January ; Mary
Gray, M'Kenzte, from Moulmein, in the Downs ;
Margaret, Roadie, from Bombay, at Liverpool, sailed,
14th Nov., St. Helena, 27th Jan. ; Penang, Cumming,
from China, off Liverpool, sailed, 23rd Oct., St. Helena,
31st Jan. ; Nile, Anderson, from Manilla, off Liverpool,
sailed, halia. Murray, from Bombay, off
Liverpool,23rdOct.Oe
sailedt 24th Oct., St. Helena, 25th Jan. ;
Woodstock, Austin, from Mauritius, off Liverpool,
sailed, 11th Dec., St. Helena, 25th Jan. ; Adriana,
Dodds, from Mauritius, off Liverpool, sailed, 6th Dec. ;
Akbar, Arkley, from Mauritius, in the Clyde,
sailed 19th Dec., St. Helena, 30th Jan. ; Robert
Matthews, Jolly, from Bengal, in the Downs, sailed,
7th Nov., St. Helena, 29th Jan. ; Ulverstone, Smith,
from Bombay, at Liverpool, sailed 22d November ;

LATE 'FATAL DUEL AT MALTA.
TRIAL OF THE SURVIVORS.
On Thursday, the 10th of March, Mr. John Levick,
of Malta, merchant, and Lieut. Antonio Mattel, of the
Royal Malta Fencibles Regiment, the parties com-
mitted by the sitting Magistrate—the former as the
principal, the latter as his second, in this unfortunate
affair—were placed at the bar of the Criminal Court
of Special Commission for the island of Malta
and its dependencies, to answer the indictment
preferred against them by Giacomo Pantaleone
Bruno, Esq., LL.D., . the Crown Advocate and
public prosecutor, of which Court Sir Ignatius
Gavino 13onavia, LL.D., K. St. M. St. George, Pre-
sident of the Tribunals of Malta, and Giovanni Bat-
tista Satariano, Esq., LL.D., and Francesco Chapelle,
Esq., LL.D., two of her Majesty's Judges sat as
Commissioners ; the substance of which indictment
was as follows
Ist count. That on the 9th of February last, in a
'place at the back of Fort Ricasoli, known by the
name of Viet Ghammieck, a duel took place with
pistols between the said Levick and the deceased Sep-
timus Adams, a Lieutenant of the 88th Regiment.
2d count. That Levick, in said duel, discharged at
Adams a pistol loaded with ball.
3d count. That tho ball. striking Adams occasioned
three lacerated and contused woundS, the first in the
middle part of the fore aria, accompanied by a frac-
ture of the radius underneath ; the .second in the in-
ternal part of the upper third of the same arm ; and
the third in the lower part of the left side of the chest,
fracturing the ninth rib, perforating transversely the
whole length of the liver, and lacerating the arteries
and principal blood Vessels, with a great hcemorrage
and fiow'of blood.
him,e viek'
acted of his own free will
(volontariamente), and wilfully (dolosarnente) against
in duelling with Adams
an
4th count. That Adams in the' space of 32 hours
died of such wounds.
dsthin
count.
fir
firing
at 'That
the public peace.
6th count. That in the duel which took place be-
tween Levick and Adams, Lieutenant Mattei. was
present, and aiding, with other individuals.
7th count. That Mattel, in assisting at said duel,
acted in the capacity of second.
Bth count. That Mattel
.in the duel which took
place, acted of his own free will and wilfully against
the public peace.
Upon -,vhich grounds the Crown Advocate de-
manded that such facts be tried before a Jury, and
that if the same declare thein by their verdict proved,
that they the prisoners be condemned to the punish-
ment of death under the provisions contained in the
21st and 22d section of the 4th Chapter, of the sth
Book of the Municipal Code, or in any other statu-
tutory law.
The words of the law referred to are as follows :
" Sec. 21. In duels, both the challenger and the
challenged, and their auxiliaries' and seconds shall be
punished with condemnation to the gallies for ten
years, if death doth riot ensue, and which punishment
can be increased to a' longer term than the ten years,
in proportion to the. excess committed.
" Sec. 22. But if death ensue, then the duelling
parties, as well as their auxiliaries, seconds, and ac-
complices, shall suffer -the punishment of death."
The prisoners being asked by the Court if they ob-
jected to any of the roceedings of the trial, referred
to their counsel, Messrs. Griffiths. and Moriani.
The Counsel' then objected to .thexe,being more
•:i/ dLJ

liziti

nesses produced by the prosecition than had been ex-
-14011-kined before the Magistrate. Dr. Bruno, the
I-ktravn,. Advocate, replied, that although examining
witnesses before a Magistrate might facilitate the
trial, yet he could if he chose hold back any witness
and was not bound to produce every witness examined,
before a Magistrate. However, the Court consented
to an adjournment, which was demanded.
On Monday, the 14th inst., the Court re-assembled,
, whereon the prisoners pleaded "Not guilty " to their
indictment.

Out of a list of two English and thirty-four
Maltese, a Jury of seven was ballotted for by the
Registrar.
Dr. Bruno then opened the prosecution, charging
the Jury upon the importance of the subject, explain-
ing to them the nature of duelling, and enforcing the
necessity of checking this remnant of barbarous times.
He then produced the evidence, consisting- of thirty-
four witnesses, which examination lasted two days,
that is, till the afternoon of the 16th.
The Court having been adjourned till eight o'clock
yesterday morning,
Mr. Griffiths opened the defence with a strong
appeal to the jury. Then he endeavoured to destroy
the credibility of the Queen's evidence, Dr. Cross, of
the 88th Regiment, stating that he was a party im-
plicated, and therefore his evidence could not be re-
ceived. Afterwards he maintained that the laws in

alta affecting duelling had fallen into disuse, citing
=many examples of duels having had place, and no
notice being, taken of them.
Dr. Mariani followed up precisely the same line of
argument.
After Dr. Mariani, finished they examined their
evidence, consisting otsVc.enlsersons.
The President of the Court then summed up, stating
that they were to consider whether the facts of the
duel were proved or not, without regard to any con-
sequences; and particularly to bear in mind that the
evidence of Dr. Cross was that of a party implicated.
The Jury retired at half-past 4 o'clock p.m., and
consulted together for three .quarters of an hour,
when they returned and declared unanimously the
eight counts in the indictment Not Proven, wherein
the Court liberated the prisoners.
The announcement of the liberation of the prisoners
was received with immense applause.
On a dispassionate view of the case we regret this
verdict, because it may be attended with pernicious
consequences to the public peace, although we never
could believe that the rigour-of the Maltese law would
be acted on.

WHAT THE MIDDLE CLASSES
HAVE DONE.
The Reform Bill put it into the power of the middle
classes to elect representatives for them in the House
of Commons. IV hat use did they make of this power
at the last election ? They elected a house, the great
majority of which consists of members of the aristo-
cracy, who have a direct interest in the perpetuation
of the present system of misgovernment. The House
of Commons, as elected by the middle classes a few
months ago, contains 3 marquisses, 9 earls, 23 vis-
counts, 27 lords, 32 right honourables, 63 honour-
ables, 58 baronets, 10 knights, 2 admirals, 8 lord lieu-
tenants, 74 deputy and vice-lieutenants, 1 general,
1 lieutenant-general, 7 major-generals, 22 colonels,
32 lieutenant-colonels, 7 majors, 67 captains in army
and navy, 12 lieutenants, 2 cornets, 53 magistrates,
63 placemen, and 108 patrons of Church livings,
having the patronage of 247 livings between them.
There are, in fact, little more than 200, out of the
658 Members of the house of Commons, who have
not either titles, office, place,.pension, or Church pa-
tronage.
When the middle classes, therefore, elect such a
body of representatives, they at least can have no just
reason to complain of their legislation. If they will
have aristocracy, they must pay for it; if they will
lend themselves to prop up the fabric of corruption,
they have no reason to complain, if they find the
burden to be a heavy one. When such men as the
electors of Leeds, Bradford, and the West Riding,
consisting chiefly of merchants, manufacturers, trades-
men, shopkeepers, and farmers, determine on return-
ing Tory and aristocratio representatives to Parlia-
ment, surely it is foolish in them to growl, if they
find that their representatives have resolved to maintain
the Corn-laws, and to saddle them with a cruel and
inquisitorial income tax ! They who have chosen
a Tory Government, must be contented to reap its
fruits. "They cannot expect to gather grapes of
thorns, or figs of thistles."
The income tax will fall with extreme pressure
upon the middle classes, already suffering severely
from the hardness of the times, while the great landed
aristocracy of the community will scarcely feel it.
Their Corn-tax will afford them the means of pay-
ing it a hundred times over. The want of discrimi-
nation between income arising from industry, and
income arising from property will also operate greatly
in favour of the propertied classes. But all this is
only the legitimate regult of aristocratic legislation.
'the middle classes now stand in a most humili,
ating position. Their apathy and indifference to
the political emancipation of the working-classes, as
well as the mislegislation of the middle-class Parlia-
ments of the last ten years, have in a great measure
alienated from them the sympathy of the great mass
of the people; while the aristocratic clans, into whose
arms they have thrown themselves, have repaid
their slavish subserviency by imposing on them a
swingeing income tax !L.—Leeds Times.

HEARN'S EFFECTS of MONOPOLYt
Mr. Hearn, whose statistical labours on the subjec
of the Bread-tax have already justly received the ap-
probation of the Anti-Bread-tax Journals, has just
published a broadside, entitled, "What does the
Bread-tax do for London ?" in which he states the
expenditure of several families, and shows in detail
the amount they pay to the State and to monopoly.
The following is a specimen of one family :
For the
Tax.
Six alb loa•ee at Pd.=.4s. (d. being 2s. fd. for the bread, and Is. 6d.
Ulb. butter 10d.=1 Oyu 08% butter 03 ik
11b. sugar 7d.=o 7 01% sugar 0 5►4
2oz. tea Lt.( 0 4 tea 0 3tq
Clb. meat 11(1.=4 0 2 0 meat 2 t)
7 pints beer 3,1.= 111 0 10% beer 0 35(,

11 5.

41 7

This small family, consisting of a mother and two boys
(tinder ten years of age), pays on the weekly expenditure of
Ils. 5d., 4s. 10d. in taxes. This far the year is 12/. 1 ls. 4d.
out of 291. 13s. Bd. Of this, the Government gets I/. 65.. and
the monopolists 11/. ss. 4d. Thus the monopolists wring from
the consumer nearly nine times the amount the Government
does. Is not this oppressing the widow and the fatherless?
Here is another :
The taxes paid by this family, are considerably more than a
third of their expenditure, 131. Old. per week out of 34.. 3d..
that is, 33/. 17s. Id. per annum out of 89/. Is. Of which the
Government receives 41. 18s. 7d., and the monopolists 281. 18s.
6d., nearly six-fold.

For the
Tax.
Nine 4:b. loaves at Fild.=e,s. 4%d. being 4s le.l for the bread, and 2s. Sd.
201 b. meat nid.7--15 10 9 2 meat n 8
41b. butter 14d.=4 8 S 8 butter 1 0
31b. cheese 10d.=2 6 2 A cheese 0 6
lib. tea ss.id.=s 6 3 3ii tea 2 214
11b. raw sugar , 7d.=o 7 0 154 raw sugar 0 5 i
31b. loaf ditto 104.=2 6 1 1% loaf ditto 1 4%
14 pots beer 4d.=4 8 3 6 beer 1 2

42 7!.', 27 (SN 15 714
The expenditure of this family presents the largest outlay we
have yet examined, amounting to 1101. 16s. 6d. for the year.
The exactions thereupon by taxes, are to the amount of
401. 1 Is. 5.1., that is above one-third; the sum the Government
gets is 8/. lit. 5d., not quite a fifth of the whole. The mono-
polists grasp all the rest, viz. 32/. 10s. We perceive, that as
the outlay increa'es, the ratio of taxation diminishes, thus con-
firming the oft asse.ted truth, that the poor pay threefold in
proportion to the rich.
After giving a number of instances, assuming that
the population of the metropolis is 1,878,000, he comes
to the conclusion that the annual taxation levied on
the metropolis by the monopolists is not less than
7,108,394/. ; that a family of six persons pays them
221. 14s. ; and an individual 31. 15s. Per week this
amounts to ls. per head, and six persons pay
Bs. 9d. per week to maintain such persons as Sir Ed-
ward Knatchbull in their "station in society." Sub-
sequently Mr. llearn enters into a number of calcula-
tions to show how much employment would be multi-
plied for all were this unjust appropriation of the pro-
perty of individuals now ordained by the selfish land-
lords to be done away. We quote the first example :
See the " effects of monopoly." The whole family might
be well clothed—yea, much better than the majority are—by
the taxes which the landed interest wrings from them. This
221. 14s. 3d. would provide them with all the above articles
every year. The weekly expenditure of each individual, at
the prices paid for his food, as exhibited in the Family Table:,,
amounts to 3s. 9d., and he is taxed to the amount of Is. bid.
out of it, very nearly two-fifths ! !
Let us now take another view of these "effects," and see
how many hands of various crafts the taxation to which the in-
habitants of the metropolis are subjected thereby, would give
employment to.
The male population amounts in round numbers to 876,000.
The female to 1,002,000: Let us suppose two-thirds of the.
males to he youths and adults, and one-third children. This
will give 584,000 for the former, and 292,000 for the latter.
Allowing two hats in the year to each man and boy, the num-
ber will be 1,168,000, or 97,333 k dozen. Each dozen of hats
will employ one pair of hands for a week ; consequently these
would give employment to 1,870 hatters for the year. Finer
goods will employ double the number.
Theeffects of these monopolies on wages is thus
briefly depicted :
A master shoe-manufacturer who has employed from one to
two hundred hands per week, tells me, that in 1812 (before
the Corn-law), he paid men from 21. 10s. to 31. per week;
and women from 17s. 6d. to 28s. per week, for the same work
he now pays the above 12s. 10d. and 3s. 9d. His attestation
follows. Talk of machinery reducing the rate of wages indeed !
What machinery is employed in making shirts and shoes? Or
wi ire is steam power applied to the manufacturing of trousers
and waistcoats? Has wages fallen in any of the manufacturing
districts equal to this?
Wages, then, where no machinery is employed,
have fallen to one-fifth of what they were. The toil
of both sexes, and their scanty rewards, may be known
from the following :
Women are making men's trousers for shops at 6d. per pair;
waistcoats at 4d. each ; and shirts at lid. a piece.
We would gladly quote some more of these facts,
but our space ,forbids, and we earnestly recommend
Mr. I-learn's broadside, which costs next to nothing, to
the serious consideration of all the working classes of
the metropolis and of the empire.

MONEY MARKET and CITY NEWS.
FROM THE MORNING PAPERS ORTESTERDAT.
TIMES.—The premium on gold at Paris is 9i per
mille, which, at the English Mint price of 3/. 17s. IClid.
per ounce for standard gold, gives an exchange of 25.39.
and the exchange at Paris on London at short being
25. 57i., it follows that gold is 0.74 per cent. dearer in
London than in Paris.
By advices from Hamburgh the price of gold is 433}
per mark, which, at the English Mint price of 3/.175. ,
per ounce for standard gold, gives an exchange of 13.9 k,
and the exchange at Hamburgh on London at short
being 13.101, it follows that gold is 0.57 per cent. dearer
in London than in Hamburgh.
The course of exchange at New York on London is
los per cent., and the par of exchange between Eng-
land and America being 109 23-40 per cent., it follows
that the exchange is 1.57 per cent. against England.
But the quoted exchange at New York being for bills
at 60 days' sight, the interest. must be deducted from
the above difference. .
By the official returns published by the Customs the
export of the precious metals to foreign and colonial
ports for the week ending Thursday last was as under;—
Ounces.
Silver coin to Belgium 40,000
Silver coin to Rotterdam 26,000
Silver bars to ditto