The Sun.
London, England, 1827-12-12 00:00:00

GREECE.

The following letter has just been addressed to the
" Benefactors of Greece," by DI. Eynard

" Beaulieu, near Geneva, Nov. 29.
" Gentlemen,—The details I receive from all parts of
Gum?. fully confirm the information given by the Admirals
Codrington and Do Rigny, as to the frightful barbarities of
the Turks and Egyptians, who destroy, born, or massacre
all they meet. The unhappy victims who had escaped
Tenth !;), flight, return to their homes to perish from
hunger and wait. Ibrahim Pacha leaves no trace behind,
except devastated fields and smoking villages.

" On receiving these details, I hastened to send some
pecuniary aid, exclusively destined to procure bread for the
wandering population. The last funds placed in my
hands have been devoted to this object, and if charity
places any others at my disposal, they shall have a similar
destination.

" happily, gentlemen, we have no longer any need to
occupy ourselves with the defence of Greece, and all our
efforts must in future be directed to succouring the ill-fated
victims of the war, by enabling them to cultivate their fields,
replant their vines and olive trees, and to rebuild their cot-
tages. To favour agriculture among the Greeks is to
hasten the moment of order and civilization.

" The generous, frank, and active interference of the
great Powers has decided the fate of the Greek people.
Nothing can be more grand, more affecting, or truly
Christian-like, than this union of civilized nations against
barbarism ; and all the friends of humanity, grateful to the
mediating Monarchs, need have no further uneasiness as to
the future destinies of Greece. In the mean tin-,e, gentle-
men, its present state merits all our solicitude. Let us
continue a little while longer to send bread to those who
are literally dying of hunger ! The succours will he ad-
dressed to Count Capo d'lstria, President of Greece, in order
that he may cause them to be sent to those points where the
wants of the people are most pressing.—Accept, &c.
(Signed) " J. G. EYNARD.

" P. S. On the 24th ins. t, 20,000 francs were remitted
to Greece, with the special indication to purchase bread
for the women, children, and old men.'
" On the 21st, 8,000 francs were sent to the Count
Capo d'lstria, at Ancona, to be distributed by the Com-
mission to the Philhellenes in the service of Greece, whe-
ther French, German, or Swiss, and all others who might
stand in need of assistance. Of the above sum, 14,000
francs were furnithed by the Paris Committee, and the re-
mainder by other benefactors. " J. G. E."

THE DUKE OF BRUNSWICK AND

COUNT MUNSTER.

(FROAI A CORRESPONDENT OF THE TIDIES.)

A story is beginning to be in circulation which will
amuse the public; and which, as it casts a light upon one
who may hereafter act a distinguished part in the world,
ought to be known.
The Princes of the House of Brunswick are all brave—
brave to an excess ; a little rough, by the way, and homely,
but all the better for that, they are the farther removed
from affectation, fantasticality, and conceit. Every one
-knows what a hero the last Duke of Brunswick was !
what a skilful and painful retreat he conducted in the
midst of enemies, despising alike danger, fatigue, and in-
dulgence of every kind ; and how he died, at last, combat-
ing fearlessly for the liberties of Europe. His sons, the
two 131.-ces'*gom he left behind, are "chips of the old
block ;" Lord Liverpool and Count Munster were their
guardians. They removed them, no doubt, from the care
of a highly respectable tutor, the Rev. Mr. Prince, with a
view to give them a more enlarged education than a mere ec-
clesiastic,however learned, was thought capable of imparting.
This their Highnesses did not take in very good part : it laid
the foundation of dissatisfaction. The eldest is now of age,
and having come to the management of his hereditary
estates, has seen occasion to find fault with much that has
been done during his minority. Count Munster is the
only person whom he could " take to" for the supposed
mismanagement, which he has done with heart and soul,
and without any fear, as will appear by the result. The
Count defended himself, and a fierce controversy sprung
up, as may be said, between Hanover and Brunswick. The
Count put forth, or circulated rmong his friends, a pamphlet
written in French, but with the official documents in Ger-
man. Reflections were, no doubt, cast upon the Prince in
it, for he determined to call the author out. The person
whom it was most convenient to select as the bearer of
his Highness's message, who, probably, did not stand
long a•-choosing, was Mr. Tattersall, the horse-dealer,-
a very respectable man, ao doubt, in his line, but that line
not one out -orwhich prz even gann+•,llr n .41
convey messages of honour between Sovereign Princes and
high Noblesse. However, Mr. Tattersall is fully compe-
tent to make known the wishes of the Prince to the Count.
Here the matter, so far as we can learn, rests at present.
The extended education which Count Munster and Lord
Liverpool imparted to the Prince, after they removed him
from his first tutor, has probably given him that wider
knowledge of mankind which bee enabled lain to go be-
yond the narrow circle of courtiers and sycophants, when
ha had occasion to select an agent for an important trust
or a delicate commission ; cud such an education is useful,
if not ornamental, particularly as the world goes at present.

MEETING OF COUNTRY BANKERS.

(From the Birmingham Gazette.)

The deliberations of the country hankers at their meet-
ings in London, have been conducted with so much pri-
vacy, that little has hitherto transpired. Under these
circumstances, it gives us pleasure to be enabled to lay
before our readers from authority, the earliest account of
their proceedings, together with a copy of the resolutions
adopted at their second meeting on Friday, and transmitted
in the course of the same afternoon to Lord Goderich.

On Wednesday last a considerable number of the prin-
cipal country hankers assembled at the Old London Tavern,
to form a committee for the purpose of protecting their
common interests, more especially in reference to the en-
deavours of the Bank of England to extend their monopoly
by means of branch banks. Sir JOHN WROTTESLEIrj Bart.
M. P. was also unanimously requested to take the Chair,
and John Easthope, Esq., M. P., was also unanimously re-
quested to continue his services as honorary secretary._
After some preliminary arrangements, the chairman
briefly addressed the meeting, and invited gentlemen to ex-
press their sentiments freely, in order that they might learn
each other's opinions upon the occasion of their assem-
bling, and that they might mature and embody their reso-
lutions. He should reserve his further observations until
.a future meeting, and recommend calm deliberation. He
concluded by inquiring if gentlemen were prepared to
offer any propositions.
WILLIAM BECKETT, Esq., of Leeds, then read a series
of resolutions, which had been drawn up in order to save
the time of the meeting, but he earnestly recommended
that if their general tennr should be approved of, each
resolution, with any others which might be added, should
undergo careful examination. The gentlemen who had as-
sisted in preparing them had endeavoured to preserve mo-
deration as well as firmness, and to avoid the expression of
hostile feelings.
The resolutions were seconded by P. M. James, Esq., of
Birmingham, who expressed his wish that they should be
considered as materials for discussion, rather than for hasty
adoption ; and particularly recommended the exercise of
moderation at the outset of their proceedings, as being most
consistent with the justice of their cause. It would be
easy, he said, to increase in energy, as future occasion
might require. _ _

Several other gentlemen also addressed the meeting ;
amongst others, J. S. Harford, Esq., and ---- Baillie,
Esq., both of Brit,tol ; Joseph Pitt, Esq„ M.P. ; J. J.
Guest, Esq., M.P. ; William Rickfcrd, Esq., M.P. ;
Richard Spooner; Deane John Parker, Esq., of Canter-
bury; William Birkbeck, Esq., of Settle; and John
Wright, Esq., of Nottingham. The general sentiment
was in favour of moderate measures, whilst a determination
was expressed to seek redress by every constitutional means.
A select committee of 17 persons was appointed, to whom
the resolutions were referred; the meeting then adjourned
to Friday. The adjourned meeting was held accordingly,
when the Honourable Chairman said, that the resolutions
which he was about to read had been carefully prepared,
and bad been unanimously agreed to by the Select Com-
mittee.

Each resolution was subsequently moved and seconded
by William Beckett and J. S. Harford, Esqrs., and
passed unanimously. Upon the reading of the seventh
resolution, the names of Richard Spooner and W. Dil-
worth Crewdson, Esqrs. were added to the deputation,
The meeting then adjourned to a future day to receive
the report of the interview with his Majesty's Ministers.

The most active Preparation? are continued in
our ports in fitting out the ships destined for the Dardanelles
and other parts of the Turkish coast. At Plymouth, such
was the urgency of the order received on Sunday, that the
shipwrights were obliged immediately to commence, and to
work the whole of the Sabbath, on two frigates and two
bomb vessels, ordered to be immediately equipped; and at
Portsmouth, besides the bombs before mentioned, four large
frigates and two sloops of war are already in a state of con-
siderable forwardness.

LONDON.
WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 12, 1827.

An Express has arrived from Paris this fore-
noon, bringing the Paris Papers of Monday, and
the Gazette de France dated yesterday morning.
The Journal des Debats states that the Am-
bassadors left Constantinople on the 15th. This
news it states was received officially from
Vienna on Sunday evening. The Gazette
de France gives some extracts from the Augs-
burgh Gazette, containing intelligence from Con-
stantinople of the 11th, and the following para-
graph, dated Vienna, Dec. 1:

" It is hoped that the three Ministers will not leave Con-
stantinople; and it is even affirmed that the negneiations
may be resumed through the medium of the Austrian In-
ternuncio."

FRxteers Ferms, Pixie, DEC. 10.—Five per Conte.
101 f. 20c. 15t. 20c. 15c, 101 f. sc. 10c.; Three per
Cents. 157 f. 20c. 30c. 25c. 30c. 671. 25c. ; Bank Stock,
1,960 f. ; Routes de Napies, 73f. 90c. ;,74f.--Exchange
on London—One month, paper 2bf. 10c.; money, 2fif. 54.;
three months, money 24d. 95e.—fours Authentiquc,
Dec. 10.

We have received this forenoon the Austrian
Observer of the 30th November, which con-
tains a narrative of events at Constantinople be-
tween the 7th and 11th November. Up to that

time the PORTE seems to have been resolved to
claim indemnity for its losses at Navarin. The
following are extracts :

CONSTANTINOPLE, NOV. 11.

The first news of the affair at Navarin arrived here on

the 28th Oct., by a direct communication from the Ad-
mirals to the Ambassadors of the tbree Powers. It re-
mained unitnuivu tor several Limps [MU% Et, et,. rams ..me CO

;he public.

On the Ist Nov. the Interpreters of the three legations
repaired to the Porte, and put the following questions to
the Reis Effendi :

lit, What are the instructions that the Porte has vent
to Ibrahim Pacha ? .

2d, In mrluit light die Porte would consider hostile ope-
rations, on the part of the three squadrons, if occasioned
by Ibrahim Paella persisting to refuse compliance with the
declared will cf the Allied Courts?

3d, Does the Porte persist in its refusal to accede to the
proposals made by the Allied Courts?
The Reis Effendi, who was still ignorant of the event,
of the 20th Oct., gave the following answers to the three
questions:—

The Porte has not questioned the Allied C,,urto respect-
ing the instructions they have given to the Commanders
of their squalrons; it therefore does not feel itself obliged
to communicate to the Courts the instructions given to its
General.

We hope that no hostilities have taken place, and we do
not feel disposed to declare now what we should do or not
do in certain cases. People do not give a name to a child
before it is born and its sex known.

The Porte will never depart from the principles it has
already expressed.
On the same day the first accounts of the battle of
Navaria were received by the Porte and the Austrian
Internuncio, tl►e latter immediately sent to the Reis
Effendi, to urge him to Lo his utmost to dissuade the
Porte from all precipitate measurer. and he supported his
advice by all the arguments which he could command in
such a complex state of affairs, in his capacity as represen-
tative of a great Court, whose constant endeavours are di-.
rected to the preservation of perpetual tranquillity. The
Prussian Ambassador guided, by similar instructions, and
animated by the same sentiments, was not wanting on
his part in endeavouring to make the Porte sensible of its
own interest.

On the 2d the Reis Effendi sent for the Dragomans of
the three Ambassadors, that they might give him some ex-
planation of what had passed.
Their answers were not considered by the Turkish Mi-
nister as satisfactory, and the Reis Effendi declared on the
following day that the answer of the Ambassadors of the
three Courts bad given a different face to the whole affair,
and remo--ed it from the domain of politics to that of reli-
gious legislation. The Reis Effendi, however, requested
the Austrian Internuncio to induce the Ambassadors of the
three Courts to draw up a declaration, which he would
endeavour to support in the Divan. The Internuncio im-
mediately conferred on the subject with his three colleagues.
On the 4th November the interpreters of the thrac Am-
bassadors brought a written declaration, which, however,
did not produce the effect desired.
On the sth tkere was a grand meeting of the Divan at
the residence of the Mufti. The Imperial Internuncio
chose the moment when the Council Was assembled,
and
sent his first interpreter, M. Von Hnszar, to call the Reis
Effendi out, and to deliver to him a note full of the most
friendly exhortations. No final resolution was taken in the
Council.
• The 6th and 7th November passed in conferences be-
tween the Internuncio and the three Ambassadors, and in
messages from the former to the Porte. On the latter day
news arrived from Smyrna of the landing which Fabvier
and Cochrane had made on the island of Scio, which, as
might easily be foreseen, could not'fail to be a great impe-
diment to all negociations of a pacific nature.:
On the Bth the Reis Effendi made to the interpreter of
the English Ambassador the first communication of the
resolution taken in the Council, and of the claims of the
Porte to an indemnity for the affair of Navarin, and on the
following day (the 9th) he repeated the same communica-
tion to the interpreters of the three Ambassadors.
On the 10th the three Ambassadors, in a circumstantial
note signld by them all, presented a declaration in reply to
the communication of the Reis Effendi.

On the 11th November nothing was known respecting
the departure of the three Ambassadors from Constanti-
nople.

We have also received this forenoon the All-
ffemeinc Zeitung of the 4th and sth instant.
These papers likewise contain intelligence from
Constantinople to the 11th November of the same
complexion. A new squadron was getting ready
E
for sea ; and the ItEisFFENDI is said to have
declared that satisfaction for the violation of the
law of nations, the revocation of the Convention

of the 6th of July, and complete indemnity for
losses at Navarin, are the necessary conditions
for the restoration of peace.
The following are extracts :

CONSTANTINOPLE, NOV. 10,

An embargo having been laid ever since the 2d, on the
ships of all nations without distinction, trade is of course at
a stand. The Government is engaged day and night in
preparations for war, and all that I mentioned in my letter
of the 7th has already been realized. The Sultan has
ordered a general arming of the Mussulmen, and intends
to take the field in person, with the standard of the Prophet.
The Austrliin Internuncio takes great pains to prevent a
war, but hitherto in vain. Tranquillity, however, still
prevails, but all the English, French, and Russians are
preparing to depart. The Ambassadors themselves mean
to leave the capital by the 15th. AI. Von Chabert will go
to Zante.

CONSTANTINOrLE, NOV. 12,

A new svioadron is now getting ready for sea here. The
Sultan means to go to Adrianople with the sacred standard,
as soon as the Russians pass the Pruth. The Reis Effendi
is said to have declared to Baron Ottenfels, that satisfaction
for the violation of the law of nations, the revocation of the
convention of the 6th of July, and complete indemnity for
the loss at Navarin, are the necessary conditions of the
restoration of the state of peace. _ _

VIENNA, NOV. 29-ZVBNING

The Constantinople mail of the 10th has arrired here
to.d;ly. It is said that the communications are partly im-
peded by the circumstance that the Porte, since the em-
bargo on the ships, has also refused to allow the three
Ambassadors to send Tartars to the frontiers.

Three French couriers are said to have been stopped.
The communications with Constantinople are at present
therefore carried on solely through our Internuncio, whom
the Porte still permits, according to existing treaties, to
send despatches to the frontiers _by Tartars. It appears
from all accounts, that since the affair at Navariu the
Porte has acted with a strict conformity to the law of
tions in a manner hardly expected in Europe. The nu-
merous reports of all kinds respecting Constantinople de-
serve little regard. Up to this evening I cannot find that
there is any positive news of the departure of the Ambas-
sadors from Constantinople, though letters from Buda-
rest announced yesterday that it took place on the 15th.

CONSTANTINOPLE, NOV. 11.
The joint note of the three Ambassadors delivered yes-
terday to the Reis Effendi, in reply to his demand, address-
ed to them on the Bth (of indemnity, satisfaction, and re-
nunciation of all interference in the affairs of Greece) is
said to be drawn up in such a wanner that some persons
believe that their departure may be still deferred. These,
however, are unauthenticated reports.

SMYRNA, NOV. 5.
This morning Admiral de Rigay approached the harbour,
and the French Consul immediately went on hoard his
ship. On the first news that the French squadron, which
had taken part in the affair of Navarin, was before the city,
some fermentation took place among the people. The
Pacha found it prudent to adopt measures of precaution,
and sent to the commander of the Austrian flotilla, request-
ing him to join the Austrian squadron, in order to contra-
diet, in the eyes of the people, every supposition of hostile
views, ascribed to the French Admiral. Tranquillity was
preserved. The Russian Admiral, Heydon, who left Na-
vatin at the same time as the French squadron, and inten-
ded to come to Smyrna, has not yet arrived. Admiral
Codrington is gone to'llialta. Thus there is at present no
hostile flag in the harbour of Navarin. Ibrahim Pacha
makes excursions without opposition in the Morea.

CORFU, Nov. 9.

A Russian corvette, which arrived yesterday, and
takes to Ancona M. Catacasis, Russian Counsellor of State,
who is to go express to St. Pctereburgh, brings word that
the 26 corvettes, brigs, and transports, still remaining of
the Turkish and egyptian fleet, have bane directed by the
Admirals of the Allied Powers to sail, and return either to
Constantinople or Alexandria. The Turkish Albanians of
the army of the Seraskier, after receiving their arrears of
pay, hare returned to their homes. The Seraskier has or-
dered their money to be taken from all the inhabitants of
the Ottoman States under his command, without distinc-
...

Lion, as a military contribution. We hear of a successful
expedition of Col. Fabvier against Scio, of an attack by the
Greeks upon Eubtea, and of the sending of an auxiliary
corps to Candia.

As very few particulars of the battle of Na-
varin have yet met the public eye, we need make
no arullour for pnblishina the following iniPrest-
ing letter from a young Officer of the Albion,
which contains some details of the share which
that ship had in the danger and glory of the day.
Our Squadron had harder work than the public
have any idea of:—

(corr.)

MALTA, NOV. 7 & U.

The public letter written by the Admiral after the
battle, (which I have seen), does not appear to me to be
sufficiently explanatory, (probably from this cause), the
fear of giving offence to our Allies, if he reported the feats
of the British ships more favourably than those of other
nations. The Admiral says, the Genoa and Albion took
up their anchorage beautifully, and certainly that was the
case. The Turkish fleet were moored in a crescent; the
Admiral led in and anchored ; the Genoa followed, and
also anchored without interruption ; then carae the Albion,
but before we reached our anchorage, (although each ship
was within 100 yards of our leader), the action begun,
which compelled us to anchor sooner than we otherwise
should have done. We were in a cluster of ships, and so
near, that in swinging, we fell on board of a large Turkish
frigate, which we nearly destroyed in a very short time.
The desperadoes attempted to board us, but we repulsed
them, and returned the compliment by boarding them,
after clearing nearly every man on deck with our musketry.
In this situation, when the Turks feund themselves beaten,
they set the frigate on fire, while entangled with us. You
may conceive our feelings in this awful dilemma, with a line
of battle ship and a 60-gun frigate firing upon us at the
time, and without a prospect of being saved if the fire
should ex tend to us. But the hand of Providence was
with us, and the wisdom of the Almighty directed us : he
blessed us with courage, firmness, and resolution, stimu-
lated us to exertion, and by his powerful aid, we succeeded
in cutting the frigate adrift : in five minutes after we were
clear her magazine caught fire, and she blew up. This
was the first man of war destroyed. When this frigate
was gone, it opened a space for the fire of another : we soon
brought our broadside to bear on a line of battle ship, and
had the satisfaction of seeing her soon in flames ; and as
fast as we beat them, the Turks fired their ships, to prevent
their falling into our hands, (regardless of the wounded
and surviving Greek slaves, who they compelled toserve on
board, with heavy chains affixed to their legs.)---During
the action, and long after it ceased, these poor creatures were
swimming to our ships to implore protection, and we took
in fifty, and among them was a poor creature who had his
arm shot off, and in this mangled state, with a heavy chain
on his leg, he swam to us, and received that protection..
which a Briton is always proud to give to the afflicted..-.
Warfare is at allitimes horrid, but the scene we witnessed,
was sufficient to soften a heart of stone.

10,-e mentioned yesterday that letters from
Vienna stated that the Austrian Army of Ob-
servation which is about to be formed would be
very large. Some of these letters, we under-
stand, affirm that it is to consist of 100,000
men. Letters from Berlin, received yesterday,
stated that Prussia was also about to assemble an
Army of Observation on the frontiers of Poland.
Its numerical force was not stated.

It will be observed, by our extracts from last
night's Gazette, that the Russian squadron
sustained a very heavy loss in the battle of Na-
yarit]. The squadron consisted 'of four ships of
the line and four frigates, and its loss consisted
of 2 officers and 57 men killed, and 18 officers
unded severely.
and 121 men w 9

The Chanticleer, of 10 guns, recently returned
from the Mediterranean, is ordered to be paid off at Ports-
mouth, and recommissioned. captain HENRY FosTED,
who obtained the gold medal of the Royal Society at their
last meeting, is to have the command of the Chanticleer,
and proceed to the southern hemisphere, for determining
the true latitudes and longitudes of the principal places in
that part of the globe, ants other objects connected with
science, AS recommended by that learned body to his Royal
Highneati the LORD Mau AuxisAL.

SHIPPING INTELLIOENCE-(TRIS DAY.)

FROM LLOYD'S.

DEAL, DEC. ll.—Wind S.S.W.--.Arrived the Id:),
----, from Leith to Jamaica.
PORTSMOUTH, DEC. 11. —Wind S.S.W. and S.W.—
Arrived the :Nereid, Jay, from Yarmouth, for Leghorn.

PLvt.totrrn, Dec. 10.—Wind S. W.—Arrived the
Lovely Cruiser, from Newfoundland.
FALMOUTH, DEC. 10.—Wind S.S.W. to S.W.—Ar-
rived the Fame, Dyer, from London to Lisbon.

THE TUNDS-(THIS DAY).

CITY, TtOrizyr, o' CLoor.

In_the absence of any intelligence, or the arrival
of a single Foreign Mail this morning, up to the
above hour in the City, there has been a complete
dearth of news, and as the period lengthens since we
had any accounts from Constantinople the anxiety
for further information increases ; this is stated to be
one principal cause of the little business doing in the
British Funds for the last few days, the Bears being
afraid to extend their operations, whilst the Bulls
appear satisfied with being able to keep up the pre-
sent prices. Consols opened at 83/, and subse-
quently became buyers, but are now 83i I, with but
few transactions. The French Funds of Tuesday come
over, the 5 per Cents. at 1011. 10c., and the 3 per
Cents. 67f. 25c., being a trifle higher than the last
advices. India Bonds are 71 3; and Exchequer
Bills, 41 4 pm.

In the Foreign Funds there is little interesting to
state, Brazilian appear to improve, as well as Buenos
Ayres Bonds, under the impression of peace being
likely to take place between these Powers, the former
are 60} 1, and the latter 50 1; Colombian are 28;
Mexican, 6 per Cents, 49 ; Portuguese, 72 ;
Russian, 88i; and Spanish seem to be a little higher,
being 11 IN In Shares there is no novelty, and
prices remain nearly at yesterday's quotations.

T*o- 0' CL 0 CE.

The Consol Market is in a state of complete
stagnation ; scarcely a bargain doing; the only price
83k The Foreign Funds are without variation.
No further intelligence has been received, since
the Express in the morning, from Paris.

ThREE O'CLOCK
Consols for Account, 83/1
FOUR O'CLOCK—CLOSING PRICES.
Consols Danish Bonds
Do. for Ac. 83i 4 I Greek Do. 1825, 18
- -

Brazilian Bond; Kt Mexican Do. 1825,
Buenos Ayres Do. 511 Peruvian Do. 26
Chilian Do. Russian Do. 881
Columbian, 1824, Spanish Do. I 1

SUN OFFICE, Five o'clock.

Up to the present hour no intelligence has
been received by Government from Constan-
tinople ; but we understand that an Austrian
Messenger has arrived with despatches for Prince
ESTERHAZY, the nature of which has not
transpired. The Messenger left Vienna on the
3d inst. at midnight, up to which time no intel-
ligence had arrived of the Ambassadors having
quitted Constantinople. The Messenger Grossed
the Channel in an open boat.

NEW AND EFFECTIVE PLAN FOR PRE
VENTING THE SINKING OF SHIPS AT SEA.

(From the Sphyns of Saturday, Dec. 8.)

In a former Number of this Journal we an-
nounced the discovery or invention, by Mr. Ralph
Watson. of n plan for effectually securing shilm
against the calamity of foundering at sea, and stated
our impressions after seeing its application to the
model r
e odf an
for eihgeh tygun ship, which Mr. Watson had
purposeprepared of demonstrating its safety
t
and efficacy.* We shall now redeem our pledge by
describing, as intelligibly as we may be able to do,
amidst the dilliculLics of so technical and scientific a
subject, the principle on which this invention is
founded, and the mode in which it is to be practi-
cally applied.
It is well known that the mere bulk or size of
any substance will neither occasion it to sink nor
swim on the surface of the water; the whale, whose
weight is often near 100 tens, floating as certainly
and securely on the bosom of the deep, as the
lightest nautilus that skims its surface, and the raft,
formed of a thousand logs of oak or fir, being as
buoyant as the thinnest shaving or splinter that can
be separated from the mass ; while the minutest
grain of sand that can be gathered by the sea-shore is as
certain of sinking when thrown into the water, as a
granite mountain would be if rooted from its base
and hurled into the sea.

It is the difference of specific gravities or relative
weights in the substance and the element with which
it is brought into contact, that alone causes this dif-
ference. Whatever is specifically lighter than the
quantity of water which its own bulk will displace
by immersion in the fluid, will swim; and whatever
is specifically heavier than the same bulk of water
will sink; a law of nature, which is as unerring in
its application 'to the lightest grain of dust, as the
largest mass of iron or lead,—to the nut-shall shal-
lop of the playful infant, as to the floating fortress of
a hundred guns:

In the construction of every ship that is built, the
largest quantity of materials used are of much less
specific gravity than water; and even in the modern
and improved system of naval architecture, in which
iron and copper have succeeded to oak and fir, in the
knees, bolts, fastenings and sheathings of the largest
vessels, the whole of the hull,
masts, yards, sails and
rigging, taken together, is of so much less specific
gravity than the bulk of water which their weight
displaces, that these alone require ballast to keep a
ship upright, by submerging the keel sufficiently be-
low the surface of the fluid, and in this state she
would never be liable to sink..

In addition, 1;;;ver, to the materials of which
the ship is actually constructed, almost every vessel,
when fitted for sea, has other substances on board,
a
which counteract this floating tendency, and make
the balance
contents her safety ; or, in other words, make the ship and
all her specific gravity greatly against
much heavier than the bulk of
water she originally displaced, that but for the large
quantity of atmospheric air included in the other-
wise unoccupied parts of her hull, she would sink
ce o f
so
without an effort. Her safety, however, from this
cause, is liable to be endangered by any leak which
may be sufficiently powerful to displace this air by
water; in which case her destruction is certain.
The iron and shingle ballast in ships of war, as
well as the guns, shot, and much of the stores and
provisions, arc of the description of counterbalancing
weights alluded to ; and the cargoes of merchant
ships are most frequently of the same unfavourable
nature ; so that, with the very few exceptions of
ships wholly laden with liquids, timber, or other
materials lighter than water, it may be taken as a
gureral position, that all ships sufficiently laden and
stored for voyages of any length are, from the mo-
ment of their quitting port, liable to the calamity of
foundering should they sustain an injury to their
bottoms, or encounter a leak which the ordinary
power of their pumps could not subdue.
To prevent this, the following is Air. Watson's
plan. It is known to all persons familiar with the
construction of ships, that the cross-beams on which
the decks are laid are of considerable thickness and
depth, to support the immense weight which the
decks themselves have to bear. As it is necessary,
however, that these beams should not interfere with
the free passage of the seamen between decks, or
the working of the guns in time of action, it is ne-
* see the Spliunx, No. 20, Saturday, NOT, 17. , •

cessary' to make the height, from the tlpPfr)
of the lower deck to the under surface of the
supporting the deck next above it; at least
the average height of a full-grown man, andil
ships even more. There consequently rem'
very large space between the beams themsele,
beneath each deck supported by them, Iv`
perfectly unoccupied, and which might the el
filled up entirely, without being attended
imaginable inconvenience.
In those parts of the ship allotted to the
medation of the officers and passengers, the
surface oldie beams is generally covered oveti
a slight ceiling of plank, and painted for the
purpose of giving a smooth appearance to el
parts of the cabins; and in the Royal Yac
believe, the hollow within is filled up with
prevent the tread of those walking on tliel
above from being heard by those who oectln
r}
cabins below. In all other parts of the allOcie
ever, the space between the beams of evaioes
entirely open, and unappropriated to any
whatever. to 6"
This waste space Mr. Watson propose' a I(
entirely with copper tubes, of a cylinaPc,-•lgb
reaching from beam to beam, either in s„'„6
diagonal lines, as the beams may best 17; 0
minating at each extremity by conva-eri
globular ends, and every part of the cylinner,ll
hermetically sealed. These tubes would vt'il
eight or ten to four or six feet in length, 5-0
two feet to eight or ten inches in diameter, 01
ing to the depth of the beams, the largest to
ing required for ships of the largest beams, 'll/01i
smaller ones being amply sufficient for ships
beams are of smaller dimensions.
it the O
It has been calculated that, supposing a.
der parts of any ship's leeks to be fitted ,
tubes, and these filled with even atenospheti.
only (though still lighter air could, if neces_d94'
employed), they would contain, in their age'',„
number and capacity, a bulk of air ega.ti„-ef
terbalance the specific gravity or conte'idee,
ship, however constructed, or however,.3,„ed
consequently to prevent her sinking ue„-
point at which these tubes would come
with the water.
The principle of supporting great lve"'esi
bladders filled with air, is familiar to evesYsfi-egh
has ever learnt to swim. The floating of njee
off shoals or rocks by means of empty
more strictly speaking, casks filled with
operation known to every seaman and
pie sjep
world. The impossibility of a glass bo
while filled with air, leads to the constant e
ment even of that most fragile of all maters,
conveying intelligence of Discovery Still° eel
known seas, often wafting a slip of naPer,,.. is
up in its interior, from some remote O0'n"
Pacific Ocean to the very shores of lE4,'„ ;
riding buoyantly triiimphaut over every dar'voti
the space of a full year in time, and over 00
of miles of space, in the midst of tempests
ricanes that in their fury destroy the strooge'
It is then by the same application of this col
brit powerful law of nature to the decks °I. Irefo
making them all to repose as it were uP°9 e 0
air-filled tubes, that Mr. Watson proposes as
them from the possibility of sinking as °°'
r, or
accident. tb
llti
previouNs‘.,
description
cehreoi
psaetti
ow:hgool
glance
nhtcaheveeti waft; Sitliel
portion of the ship's frame holds togethe
tubes remain unbroken.
th tot
This leads us to speak of the safety of *•-te
tflreormstosoudchoaunr
pbeuaerititwtroefefnrtohtmeh the beams,
inp my siN;v,ehriechththeeyoncloyuoldbjbeeetp,
itahceer:,l
they would be so safe as here. If covered °iv
under-lining or thin ceiling of plank, they wot!reill
be liable even to a scratch or a blow. Their Clltio
surfaces would be a sufficient protection agaittitee
being forced in, by the mere pressure of vrti
case of submersion,--for stout copper °V
withstand what even thin glass will resist. oil,
in action, the direction of which is chiefly ht/rulth
while it retains any great force of motion, "'11)-pite
likely even__to tot eh them: anrinn CIO
ing or rolling in the ship itself could
safety, if fitted in with ordinary care by tr ilo°'
Nothing, therefore, could be more secure fro
than the air-filled tubes in question. ce.lloe'r'
Next, they interfere with no room or "5: of P.
appropriated to the stowage of cargo, it°r"er to:
visions,—they offer no impediment evhate,
ship's rate of sailing,—they would not deOrg; (Pc,
single inch lower in the water,—and 'odic doll'
fixed they would require notoattthenetion or site°
any state of wind or weather.
Greater advantages than these, we coneeio
would be literally impossible for any iriVet
iv
possess : and as to the end to be attained
the preservation of all the lives and prePerriosi
every year sacrificed by ships found
eriginBtereot:
there can be but one opinion among the d-e eof f
part of the community as
accomplishment. Ar
Supposing, however, a ship to be literally t
pieces, and separated beam from beam, arid
from plank, till not a single part of her evlioler)
remained together,—
tee very disseveration 0'44!
frame would at once let loose a life-buoy for:di
man on board ; and any portion of the deco,
still hung together, even in fragments, would coo'
the safest and most buoyant raft that could be
strutted for those who might take refuge on it'efttl
ElUei in the river Thames, are to be seen, NO
day, ship's buoys made of copper, floating siroPtiiisc
being filled with air, and continuing tight IA
leaks, though bearing the weight of heavy slit/
ropes, and the pressure of a tide running often or
great violence. Any one of such buoys would
,o
port two or three men from sinking; and evers'
tshkisn:oft its,
of Mr. Watson's air-filled copper cylinders,
event of a total separation of the wreck--'
mity at pea
however, can never happen in case of mere foto,
ing—would serve the same purpose-
arising from the pololS
Another vast advantage
siininkPi°nrta,necv
afigareil:satnothergawflul3
ts:ifiaring use might be 11;f6
of water from alongside, which cannot often 'lig'
,icnet
hrttehaeimneosyseetcriiiiitrzi,
orln
sh iplinme-igottbabtetlehsahuilpe,dfcoirosine6tptoo
done without danger of the oppsite fate of eiv ficei
the
in case
Indianian,e o ffire,
a
wind under a heavy press of sail, and her leet.o
and scuttles opened purposely to admit liereciefici
and thus overpower the flames. When COOP 001‘,
is felt that beyond a certain point she could Ottgitr
the sinking her to that point would be boldly tt
taken, and thus every danger averted. ta the
When it is remembered that, according -eel'
most accurate reports collected for a series of I ,d
nearly two British ships are lost by wreck, °nor
fonndering every day in the years—and that °lf
palling calamity can be almost made to disapPetil 6°
tirely from the catalogue of human at so s°3"f elf
expence as five per cent. on the actual value of
ship that ran be named,---while this security
applied to vessels of any form or construction, tbelf
out detriment to their strength, their speed °I. 00%
capacity of burthen,—we should say, that 'l°bost,'
but the most bigotted adherence to old thingstA to,
ever defective, could prevent its immediate an
versa' adoption. (0'
We cannot conclude this imperfect sketch VI
invention which we have endeavoured to rende,,
without i tt low
theut mentioning
world
at
telligible to those least acquainted with eg-eeiti
affairs,
for no patent or exclusive ivilege for his P,':etti
nation, and his own especially, should enter at.
on the free and full enjoyment of its advaatage'
We say, fearless!that this is
y,
offering
• eg
greater practicable importance than obtain' IV
footing on the pole—or than many Of i lot
steps towards the discovery of the longitovele
t large,ha Mr. Watson ill/
which large sums have been paid, and large ;IP
are still annually expending;—and that it 14"9tiplit:
desiring that '0,1c6
honour to the present Lord High Admiral °I-001P
land, if he would immediately order the exPerstis#
to be tried oil some unemployed ship of hiegaibie'.
really to deserve.
tnhaevy;easnudltboesftsTivehoral-Al‘eixr.peWrimatesonnt
sthhoeurledlrrtiov: pio