The Sun.
London, England, 1829-11-13 00:00:00

QN,R 14, S C
_ ALS, AND RAILWAYS.
o'X'
(Fi'onttlie Register of Arts.)
The Ml' mense advantages that result to a
Country from having rapid, cheap, and regular
modes of conveyance, have been admitted by the
most enlightened politicians in all ages. The
exchange of manufactured articles for the pro-
duce of agriculture, at a rate of cost but very
little more than their value where they are pro-
duced, must tend, under a proper system of go-
vernment, to bring, not only the necessaries of
life, but comforts and even superfluities, within
the reach of every individual.
So sensible were the ancient Romans of the
importance of rapid conference, that all the cities
of their vast empire were united by roads far su-
perior to any that have been executed in later
• times, and of a much more expensive kind than
the best rail roads in this country. The Roman
roads were made so firm and solid that they have
riot yet entirely yielded to the dilapidations of
fifteen centuries. Their total extent, according
to Rondelet, was about 48,000 English miles.
After the decline of the Roman empire, the
construction of good roads were generally ne-
• glected, and, in times, canals have been
employed as the chief artificial means of convey-
ance, as affording much greater facilities for the
transmission of heavy burthens than any other
mode especially where great celerity is not re-
quired. Canals have, however, these disadvan-
tages ; a competent supply of water is neces-
sary, which is not always obtained without in-
curring great expense ; a canal is limited to com-
paratively small changes of level ; otherwise the
delay and expenses of locks become too great.
Canals are likewise liable to frequent stoppages
from frosts, floods, repairs ; they interefere with
the right of streams and drainage, and are gene-
rally injurious to the property through which
they are made. The first cost of canals, as well
as the keeping of them in repair, are greater than
those of railways; and the former are only pre-
, ferable to the latter on a level surface, and where
a greater speed than three miles per hour is not
desirable, as a much greater weight can be
moved at that velocity on a canal than on a rail-
way with a given power.
The following Table, which shows the work
that may lie performed by the same mechanical
power on canals, railways, and turnpike roads,
places the subject in a very clear point of view :-
Velocity of On a level On a level Turn-
Motion in Mies On a Canal. Railway. pike Road.
per Hour. .
2 1-third
:3 ........ 38,542 14,400 1,800
3 1-third , 28,316 14,400 1,800
4 . 21,680 14,400 1,800
5
6
7
8
9
10
13 5. 1,900 14,400 1,800
At the several velocities less than five miles
per hour, it will be perceived that the effect of
the same power is greater upon canals than upon
railways ; but at the higher velocities, the effect
is greater on a railway than on a canal ; and when
the speed reaches to 13 miles per hour, the
effect of the power on a canal is about the same
as on a turnpike road, the resistances to the mo-
tion of the load being nearly equal ; but the ef-
fect of the same power, at the same velocity,
upon a railway, is eight times greater than either
on canals or turnpike-roads ; therefore, the im-
mense advantages of railways, where rapidity of
transmission is required, is sufficiently conspi-
cuous. The lowest velocity stated in the table,
Tamely, two miles and a half per hour, at that
at which a horse can produce the greatest effect
in drawing a burthen ; if the velocity be increased
beyond three miles per hour, the useful effect is
rapidly dirninished ; that is, a horse will move a
greater weight through a given space, during a
day's labour, by the lower velocities than by the
higher. On canals an advantage is found in
travelling at about the velocity corresponding to
the maximum of useful effect to a day of ten
hours long, and they continue their labour with
little intermission throughout this long day, ex-
cept while the boat is passing through the locks.
If they attempt to go at a quicker rate, the in-
crease of resistance becomes very considerable,
as the resistance to the motion of a body in
fluids increases nearly am the square of the ve-
locity. On the contrary, in rail-roads, the re-
sistance remains nearly the same at all veloci-
ties. The effect of a given force on a level rail-
way, being eight times that on a level turnpike-
road, one horse will draw upon the former eight
times as much weight as on the latter ; but as
horses cannot increase their speed materially,
without reducing their power of traction-and,
as the resistance upon a railway does not in-
crease, however great the velocity of a bcdy
moving thereon, horse power cannot be so ad-
vantageously employed as the means of propul-
sion, as steam power, in which the force upon
the piston may be rendered newly uniform at all
velocities ; indeed it is difficult to assign any
limit to the velocity of a steam-carriage properly
L7onstructed, and duly supplied with fuel and
water,
as the heat of the furnace may be aug-
mented in proportion to the velocity of the mo-
tion. Loconotive steam-carriages have accord-
ht Into use on most of the prin-
ingly been brought lflt? use on most of tile prin-
cipal railways in the kingdom.
The first railways appear to have been used
in the neighbourhood of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
about 1680. The rails were of wood, resting
upon woodesi sleepers ; and in some place near
tile Tyne, the same species are still in use.
The wooden ones are, however, nearly aban-
cloned for the iron ones, and, of the latter, there
are an immense number of them branching in
various directions, from both sides of the Tyn
to the various coal works ; and also, several in-
e
clined-planes on which the waggons are moved
by stationary engines. The rails employed are
all of the kind called edge-rails ; and it appears
from experiments, that on the level rails, when
they are in good Condition, Jib. willdrawl7olbs.
or one horse will draw 25,5001 he, Including the
weight of the waggon, at the rate of two miles
and a half per hour. The same kind of rail-
ways and waggons are employed in various parts
of the kingdom.

Etre

of town

On Saturday night a fire broke out in a pig_
stye in Barraelfrstreet, and the water-engines were on th
spat with their usual activity awl speed ; but they cam
t.Jo late to save the lives of the inmates, four pigs Navin ,
b •en literally roasted to death ! The screams of the littlbe
sufferers were agonizing in the extreme.— Glasgow Cour
SUPERABUNDANT FECUNDITY.NOt long
--
since a small farmer, in the neighbourhood of Armagh,
hail the pleasure of being introduced to the presence of his
wife after she had given birth to twins. Before leaving
the apartment he was agreeably surprised by a person in
the family informing him that his goat bad just brought
forth four beautiful kids, and before the family Lreak-
fast had been prepared his sow bad farrowed fifteen
young pigs. The children, the kids, and the young
brood of pigs, continue to thrive, and to give every reason
to hope that they may all arrive at the perfe.etion of their
astute.

PRICES OF STOCKS THIS DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK.
Bank Stock
3 per Cent. Red. 90% 1 Old Annuities... ........... ....r
3 per Cent. Cons. .91%N New Ditto
31. i per Cent. 99 Ex. Bills, £l,OOO 2d. 77 76 pm.
thttq Red. 9.9%L9 Ditto lfd. 77 76 pm.
3 per Cent. 1726 • Ditto.. .......... 500 2d. 77 76 pm.
t per Cent. Ann '0314%14 Ditto... l:d. 77 '76 pm
Ditto, 11+26
Ditto Scrip — Ditto ltd. 77 '76 pm.
Bank L. Ann. 19% 12-16 Bank for Acc0unt..........
India Stock - India for Account ........ .
%it° Bonds 66 67 pm. Cons. for Account 91%%

PRICES OF FOREIGN FUNDS THIS DAT AT ONE O'CLOCK.
Austrian Bonds — Neapolitan
Brazilian Bonds 66% Peruvian Bonds
Buenos Ayres Bond, — Portuguese Bonds
Chilian Bonds 22Y2 Prussian, Old —
Colombian Bonds ... — Ditto, New lO6
Ditto, 1824 2Ol/, 20 Russian . 1,4
Danish
Greek Bonds — --- 1823
Ditto, 1825 25 Y 6 5 French Rentes, sp. c. —f. —c.
Guatimala — ,---- Exchange —f. —c.
Mexican Bonds — '--- 3 per cent. —f. —c.
Ditto, 1825 - Exchange —t. —c.

PRICES OF SHARES THIS DAY AY ONE O'CLOCK.
Paid. Per Share.
Anglo Mex. Min. Co. (iss. at 51. pm.) £lOO 26 25
Brazilian Imp. Min. Co. (iss. at 51. pm.) £2O 80
%Ditto National lO 14r. 15
United Mex. Min. Co. (iss. at 21. pm.) Z:ISN 15
Alliance Fire and Life Insurance Co. 10 9IA

PRICES OF IRISH STOCKS, DUBLIN, NOV. 19.
Bank Stock
Consols, 3 per cent.
Gov. Stock, 35% per cent. 98 ,National Ditto
Ditto, New -Patriotic Ditto —
4 per Cent lOl% I Hibernian Bank l9},,
Gov. I)eb. 316 percent.... 98,E Provincial Ditto 234
Royal Canal Stock 43 i Royal Irish Mine —
Grand Canal Stock —llmperial Mine —
City Deb. 4 per cent — i Mining Co, of Ireland l5
Ballast Office Deb. 4p. c. . Commercial Buildings —

FOREIGN EXCHANGES ON LONDON.,
AMSTERDAM, Nov. 10.-12. 22 5-10. to 12. 20.
Two months-12. 17 5-10. to 12. 15.
HAMBURG, Nov. 6.-13. 1134.—Tw0 months, 13. 1114.
VIENNA, OCT. 28.—Three months, 9. 59.
STocictioLm, Our. 30.—Ninety days, 12.
BREMEN, Nov. 3.—Two months, 617.
BERLIN, Nov. 3.—Three months, 6. 28%.
ST. PEIERSBURGH, OCT. 23.—Three months, 10%.

MAILS.
Arrived. Due. Arrived. Due.
0 America O. 0 Hamburg 2
0 Brazil
1 Buenos Ayres 0 0 Jamaica 0
0 Carthagena (1 OLa Guayra 1
1 Dublin 0 0 Lisbon 0
1 Flanders 0 1 Mexico
1 France 0 0 Sweden
1 Guernsey &Jer,,ey.. 0 1 Waterford 0

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE TO-MORROW.
Morning... 23 minutes after 3 I Evening ...35 minutes after 4.

,ellll

LONDON,
FRIDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 13, 1829.

A Cabinet Council was held at the Foreign
Office this day, which was attended by all the
Ministers except Lord MELVILLE, who is out

The following is from the Paris Papers of
Wednesday :
(From the Messager des Chambres of Wednesday.)
(SECOND EDITION.)
ORSONVA, OCT. 25.
It is reported that a Russian corps of 200 men, which
was quietly"cantoned at Vrazza confiding in the treaty, has
bee❑ surprised and surrounded by a horde of Turks,
probably belonging to the corps of the Pacha of Scutari.
The Russians, who were too few in number to make any
resistance, proposed to capitulate, which the Turks pre-
tended to accept, but the Russians had scarcely laid down
their arms, when the Turks fell upon them, and mas-
sacred them to a man.

CERES, OCT. 17.
For some days past a report, which seems improbable,
has been spread here, that by order of the Sultan, Athens
has been evacuated by the Turks, and given up to the
Greeks.
(From the Journal des Debuts of Wednesday.)
BELGRADE, OCT. 22.
The troops of the Pacha of Scutari, on their march to
return to their homes, commit all kinds of excesses, and
there ate general complaints of pillaging, burning, and all
kinds of violence of which they are accused. It was even
reported that Turkish subjects in the environs of Kosten-
dil have requested General Geismar to protect them against
this licentious soldiery.
PARIS STOCK EXCHANGE, NOV. 11.-Five per Cents.,
108 f. SOc. 90c. 85c. ; Three per Cents., 83f. 75c. 70c.
65c. 70c. ; Bank Stock, 1,915 f. ; Rentes de Naples,
92f. 50c. 45c. 50c. 55c. 50c. 92f. 35c. 45c. ;
Sicilian Bonds, 96f. 50c. ; Rente d'Espagne, '7l 7; Royal
Spanish Loan, SO 791 ; Rente Perp. d'Esp., 57
564 56 ; Haytian Loan, 347 f. 50c.—Exchange
on London, oue month, 25f. 70c.; three months, 25f. 50c,

(From the Allgemeine Zeitung of Nov. 7.)
VIENNA, Nov. 2.—Metalliques, 1021; Bank Shares,

an English Vieo-Adniiral is 36,000 franca per annum, Dutch
38,700, French 18,000. An English Rear-Admiral 27,000
francs, Dutch 24,250, French 12,000. An English Post
Captain 12,900 francs, Dutch 17,200, Russian 10,920,
United States of America 7,120, French 6,000. An
English Commander 7,475 francs, Dutch 6,450, Russian
4,740, United States 4,212, French 4,200.
" M. Blangin, the Prefect of Police, continues to dis-
tinguish himself by the zeal and activity of his proceed-
ings. Some alarming statements having lately appeared
in the newspapers of murders and assassinations in private
houses as well as in the public streets, he has written let-
ters to the editors, contradicting these statements, and has
at the same time caused a general seizure to be made in
the shops of all the gunmakers and dealers in arms in
Paris, of such arms as had been prohibited by a Royal
Ordonnance of 1820, particularly pistols and poignards,
sword-sticks and sword-umbrellas. Some of the dealers,
it is said, who had large stocks, have suffered materially on
the occasion, as the Ordonnance which had been issued
during a period of temporary alarm had never till now
been acted upon ; and as they had relied with confidence
upon the fact that a great proportion of the articles had
been made at Liege, and had in some degree been au-
thorised by the Gov,rnment, from their having paid a
custom-house duty on the transit to Paris.
" Another proceeding of the Police is at present the sub-
ject of general conversation. Mr. Charles Rouy, an ex-
tesive dealer in bronzes and curiosities in the Gallery
Vivienne, was brought before the Correctional Tribunal
yesterday, accused of haring exposed to sale on his pre-
mises two small figures of the Duke of Reichstadt, calcu-
lated to propagate a spirit of rebellion, and to disturb the
public peace. In answer to the interrogatory of the Pre-
sident of the Court, whether the Commissary of Police had
seized some small figures in the defendant's show-rooms
representing the Duke of Reichstadt, the 'prisoner ex-
plained that there was an error in the proces-verbal, as
the figures were not seized in the outer but in the inner
part of his warehouse, where they were found in the
midst of two thousand pieces of bronze. After having
been repeatedly robbed, he said, I would not certainly have
exposed these small figures on the outside in a gallery
through which twenty or thirty thousand persons .pass
every day. With the permission of the Court I shall state
what passed—The Commissary of Police came into my
warehouse and said to use, ' I have the honour to salute
you, M. Reuv.' Not knowing the quality of my visiter I
answered with a similar salutation, and asked what I could
do to serve him. He then said that he had come to seize
the bust of the Duke of Reichstadt ! The Duke of Reich-
stadt!' I answered, I am not aware that I have any such
bust.' The Commissary then laid his hand on one of these
bronzes, and said, ' Look here.' •' But that,' I answered,
is the Duke de Bordeaux!' In fart, I thought it was so ;
for I have likenesses for sale of Louis the Eighteenth,
Charles. the Tenth, the Duke de Beni, and all the Royal
Family ; I said therefore to the Commissary that it was on
the Duke de Bourdeaux he had laid his hand. ' That is
rather too much,' he answered, ' for the Duke de
Bordeaux has no eagle on his armorial bearings, and
here is a crowned eagle on the pedestal.' Then it
must, I said, be some Imperial Prince, the son perhaps of
the Emperor Nicholas, or of the Emperor of Austria, or
perhaps it is the Prince Royal of Prussia, or the son of
the President of the United States ; for all these Powers
bear an eagle on their arms, which besides has nothing se-
ditious about it, and the crown only indicates that the
eagle is the king of birds. After searching every where,
the Commissary of Police found a second bust, which he
persisted in declaring to be the Duke of Reichstadt. I
made him observe that this bust was that of a child four
or five years of age, whereas the son of Napoleon is cer-
tainly eighteen or twenty. The President—Here are the
busts—they are two inches in height, and bear on the
pedestal a crowned eagle. Defendant—l have al-
ready observed that the eagle is the king of birds ;
it is not a prohibited symbol—for it is to be
seen on multitudes of ancient medals. President—
How long have you bad these busts ? Defendant— For
several years; I bought them with other curiosities. Pre-
sident—Did not the Commissary tell you that another
dealer had been more candid, and had acknowledged that
they represented the Duke de Reichstadt ? Defendant—
It is possible ; they are so easily intimidated, and many
dealers are in such dread of the Commissaries, and still
more of the Prefet of Police. The King's Advocate then
entered on a learned argument in support of the various
points of the case, and particularly on the danger to be
apprehended if such articles were thus allowed to be
openly exposed to sale ; and after an ingenious defence by
the elder Dupin, the accused was condemned to fifteen
days' imprisonment, a fine of 100 francs, and the ex-
penses of the proceedings ; and the obnoxious busts were
ordered to be destroyed."

The case of SANDERS V. MILLS, in which
the Court of Common Pleas the other day re-
fused a new trial, is another instance of the very
unsettled state of our Law of Libel. The al-
leged unfair report of a trial had been copied
from the Observer and Morning Herald into
a country newspaper, and it was urged on the
application for a new trial that the publication in
the Morning Herald ought to have been ad-
mitted in mitigation of damages. Now, although
we well recollect the case of MA LLETT V. HUL-
TON, in which Lord ELLENBOROUGH ruled,

that where a libellous letter refers to a newspaper
as containing the slanderous matters imputed
to the plaintiff, the defendant might give the
newspaper in evidence in mitigation of damages
—yet we do not, of course, presume to impugn
the apparently inconsistent doctrine now held
by the Court of Common Pleas, who moreover
laid it down that it is doubtful whether the bad
character of a plaintiff is at any time receivable
in evidence in mitigation of damages.
Common sense still tells us that if civil ac-
tions for libels are allowed, for the purpose of
awarding compensation to the libelled in pro.
portion to the injury inflicted on them, every
circumstance ought to be received in evidence
that might assist the Jury in measuring the
amount of that injury. Can it be contended,
that if an offensive paragraph is copied into
every London Newspaper, damages ought to
follow every Journal in which it is inserted,
without regard to the matter having been taken
from another publication ? A country Journal
copies into its pages the news that has first cir-
culated in London, and if that news should
turn out to be a libel (for a Jury can pronounce
any thing to be so), can the degree of guilt of
the retailer be properly visited, without reference
to the degree of credence which was naturally to
be supposed to be attached to the news in
question ? We do not say that the repeti-
tion of slander is harmless, but if we hear a
piece of intelligence unfavourable to an indivi-
dual, upon what we consider good authority, it
is impossible to contend the moral offence of
propagating it is equal to that of spreading a
defamatory story of our own invention.
The refusal to hear evidence of the general
bad character of the person libelled, is an ano-
maly of a piece with the rejection of the truth
as a defence in criminal cases. Is it not a moral
justification for relating a tale imputing a theft to
an individual, if that individual has already been
four times convicted of stealing ? We have the
quo aninto of an offender often talked of in our
Courts, but we, see the utmost pains taken to