The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-19 00:00:00

RAILWAY RETURNS.

We extract from the Railway Magazine the sums re-
ceived on the principal Railways of Great Britain
for the week ending on the day of the month prefixed
to each. The return includes the money received for
passengers, parcels, carriages, horses, mails, and mer-
c h an dize

Week
ended Name of Railway. Miles Tota
Opened. .t. Tots..
s. d.
Sept. 10Birmingham & Derby Junct. 48 1,503 15 11
9 Birmingham and Gloucester... 55 1,880 14 2
3 Brandling Junction
9 (;heater and Birkenhead ..
11 Dundee and Arbroath ...
10 Edinburgh and Glasgow
. Eastern Counties . l7l
10 Glasgow and Ayr 40 1,283 7 9
10 Glasgow, Paisley, & Greenock 221 970 4 11
10 Grail Junet., Chester &Crewe 113 7,663 5 0
10 Great North of England 45 1,291 11 1
11 Great Western
Hayle
__. .. .. . 16

10 Hull and:Selby .... ...... .....: if 1,066 12 6
Lancaster & Preston Junction 21:4
9 Liverpool and Manchester 3l 4,548 10 10
JO London and Birmingham ll2l 16,252 17 10
15 London and Blackvrall ......
10 London and Brighton
Ditto Shoreham Branch
13 London and Croydon l4 • 385 12 9i
15 London and Greenwich 34 767 10 0
11 London and South Western
8 Manchester, Bolton, and Bury 10 610 10 Oi
3 Manchester & Birmingham
10 Al ancnester and Leeds
10 Midlan:i Counties 574 2,722 5 li
10 Newcastle and Carlisle ......
8 Newcastle and North Shields 7 417 11 6
11 Northern and Eastern ...
10 North Midland
9 North Union
10 Preston and Wyre
10 Sheffield and Manchester.-- 7 183 5 5
15 South Eastern
10 Taff Vale
11 Ulster
10 York and North Midland 2B 1,903 15 3

MORTALITY in the METROPOLIS

The following are the results of " A Table of Mortality in
the Metropolis, showing the Number of Deaths from all Causes
Registered in the week ending Sept. 10, 1842." tThe Table is
issued from the Office of the Registrar-General:—

Weekly
Average
1838-9-40-1
CAUSES OF DEATH. Total.
Four Four
Summers I Years
Epidemic, Endemic, & Contagious Diseases 182 191 190
Diseases of the Brain, Nerves, and Senses 150 150 149
Diseases of the Lungs, and other Organs of
Respiration ...
El;seases of the Flea-t and Blood-vessels
Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other

Organs of Digestion
Diseases of the Kidcpys, &c. 4 4 4
Chilcibed, Diseases of the Uterus, Ste ll 8 10
Diseases of the Joints, Bones, awl Muscles 5 5 6
Diseases of the Skin, &c
Diseases of Uncertain
.Seat llB 95 104

O'sl Age, or Natural tiecay 47 54 69
Deaths by Violence, Privation, or Intern-

perance
Causes not specified..„,.. I I 6 7
Deaths from all causes . 864 --
Average Weekly-Deaths B4B 912
Population: Average Death
am- Weekly in
'lterated Deaths the
, lbil. , 183:4-Y-4,'-l. Week
West—Kensington, St. George', - _A_____
. . ,--
ster, St. Martin in the Fields, . i, Ye rs. I summers.
( Hanover-square), Westmiu- Four I Fou—, r
. '

DISTRICTS.

•
St. James 300,105 135 124 136
North—St. Mary-le -bone, St
Pancras, Islington, Hackney'36s,66o 162 149 167
Central—Saint Giles mid Saint
George, Strand, Clerkenwell,
Holborn, St. Luke, East Lon-
don, West London, City of
London ...373,806 188 174 170
East—Shoreditch,Whitechape ,
Bethnal Green, St. George
in the East, Stepney, Poplar 392;495 206 193 194
South—St Saviour, St.. Olave,
St. George( Southwark ),13er-
mombey, Newington. Lam-
beth, Camberwell, Bother-

hitke, Greenwich :.. .. ;:::..433,060 221 203 197

Total 1,870,727 912 843 864
It is stated that under the term Metropolis are comprised the
32 districts herein mentioned, which include the City of Lon-
don with and without the walls, the City and Liberties of
Westminster, the out-parishes within the Bills of Mortality—.
and the parishes of St. !Ltryiebone, St. Pancras, Kensington,
Fulham, Hammersmith Clipelry), St. Luke (Chelsea), Pad-
dington, St. Mary (Stoke Newington), St. Leonard (Brom_
icy), St. Mary-le-bow, Camberwell, Greenwich, St. Nicholas
and St. Paul (Deptford), and Woolwich. The population, as
enumerated in 1831, was 1,594,890, and in June 1841, was
1,870,727. The weekly average for 1838, 1839, 1840, and
1841, was obtained by dividing the deaths in the four years by
208, and the deaths in the four winters by 52.

TEMPERATURE IN THE WEEKS ENDING
Sept. 3. Sept. 10.
76° 71°
50 53
64 63
15, 1842.

Richest

Daily Mean .
General Register Office, Sept.

NORWICH, SEPT. 15. file excitement exhibited
this morning in this quiet aad peaceful town was quite
extraordinary. Every street was thronged with equi-
pages, and parties hastening towards St. Andrew's-
hall, and with crowds of people assembled to gaze on
the brilliant scene. Within ten minutes of the opening
of the doors, every part of the spacious hall was com-
pletely fiiled, and those who came afterwards found
Admission out of the question. Before the performance
began, Professor Taylor addressed the audience, and
said, in the name of the committee, that they had oc-
casion, for the first time, to regret that the size of the
hall was insufficient for the company who wished to
bs present, aid that those who found themselves un-
plossa stly crowded, if they chose to leave the hall,
should receive tickets of adinission to either of the
subsequent performances they might prefer. Besides
the two thousand persons who filled the hall, five
hundred at least could not obtain admission. '
The first part of this day's performances consisted
of several tine specimens of ecclesiastis;al music. First
of all, there was the chorus from Joshua, "Ye
Sons of Israel," one of Handel's most sublime efforts.
Nothing can be more magnificent than the musical
phrase given to the above Words, which is rever-
berated, and " tossed about`-Inonr side to side,"
in the true antiphonal style ofharinsmy. The fugal
subject at the words, ‘• In Gilgal and on Jordan's
banks," was taken up by the different parts in a man-
ner which should send the Exeter-hall choristers to
school again. Miss Hawes then sang, in a beautiful
manner,. the air "On the dwellings of thy children,"
from Schneiders Oratorio, the Deluge. It is accom-
panied throughout by the violoncello obligato, and
nothing could be more charming than the union of
Miss Hawes's deep contralto tones, with those of
Lindley's instrument. There was then a trio from
Battishell's anthem, "Behold how good a thing it is,"
admirably sung by Young, Hobbs, and Bradbury.
No person who had ever heard the inimitable round,
" I lov'd thee, beautiful and kind," could fail to recog-
nise the composer of this exquisite trio. The organ
accompaniment was played by Mr. Turle, with the
utmost delicacy; and this beautifuly anthem is one of
those "gems of purest ray serene, which " the dark
unfathom'd caves of ocean" would soon bear, were it
not for the taste and judgment of the conductor of the
Norwich Festival. Handel's air, "O magnify the
Lord," was very beautifully sung by Miss Bassano, a
young lady of great promise, but she must strive to
accomplish a better shake. Lastly came Dr. Croft's
anthem, " Sing unto God."
Now came the great object of expectation,, The Fall
of Babylon, an oratorio, by Louis Spohr, Ma3stro di
Capello to his Serene Highness the Elector of H ,sse
Cassel, which same Elector, exercising his sovereign
will and pleasure, has been graciously pleased to re-
fuse permission to the illustrious composer to super-
intend the performance of his work. It has fortu-
nately happened that this superintendence has been
committed to able hands; and Spohr's confidence in
his friend and coadjutor, Professor Taylor, has been
amply justified by the result, for a more perfect per-
formance, and a more enthusiastic reception, could
not have:been witnesssed. Both as a dramatic poem
and as a musical composition, this oratorio is entitled
to high consideration. The poem is, in the strictest
acceptation of the word, an oratorio, or second musical
drama. Its subject -is of the grandest description—
the destruction of the Assyrian power, and the resto-
ration of the Hebrew people from their long and
seemingly hopeless captivity. Its incidents are few,
simple, and striking, such as can be rendered intelli-
gible without the aid of theatrical exhibition and
action ; and its poetry is of a much higher class than
is generally to be met with in the libretti of musical
compositions.
At present a short account of the subject of the
poem must suffice. At its commencement the scene
lies on the banks of the Euphrates, near Babylon. A
chorus of Jews are bewailing their captivity,
iet
and
r
crying to Jehovah for deliverance. Th
Daniel joins in their prayers, and predictse isop
their
ap-
proaching -
proaching restoration. The scene changes to tas
Persian camp; and, amid the most animated strains
of martial music, the soldiers of Cyrus invoke the
vengeance of Heaven on the criminal and devoted
is city. 'Within the city, a Jewish
motherrepre-
sented watching her sleeping child, and weeping
life of bondage over
the unconscious innocent, doomed to a •
ins strange land. Herhusband enters, bringing joyful
tidings. Their inspired prophet has seen, in a vision,
the long-delayed redemption of the Hebrew
race. In the second act,the laid .in
the banquet-hall, in the palace
eof sceneß ei
s
izzars. The
Assyrian monarch is feasting amid the magnificence of
Belshazzar.
his voluptous court, when the joyous strains of the
festive-groups are interrupted by the dark and boding
murmurs of the Jewish captives, assembled, we may
suppose, round the doors of the hall. The King ad-
dresses them in terms of anger and contempt ; and,
by way of insult, commands the rich and sacred
vessels, which once adorned the Temple, to be brought
before him and employed in their unholy festivities.
While he is exulting in fancied poWer and security,
the terrible hand-writing appears on the wall. The
revellers fly in terror and dismay. The King calls
for his soothsayers to explain the portentous prodigy,
and, on confessing their inability, Daniel, the Jewish
captive, is called for. -While be is speaking, the dis-
tant march of the Persians is heard, and a soldier,
with breathless haste, announces to Belshazzar that
the foe is upon him. Cyrus, by turning the course
of the Euphrates, has been enabled to enter the city ;
the Babylonian empire is destroyed ; and the deli-
verance of the chosen people
is celebrated in songs of
devout and pious rejoicing.
Such, in few words, is the subject of this sublime
work. Its music is characterised by all the greatness
of Spohr's genius, and by his-peculiarities of manner.
But the traits of genius, as well as the peculiarities of
manner, must be reserved till another opportunity ;
in the meantime it must be allowed that The Fall of
Babylon is the greatest work of its class that has ap-
peared since the days of Handel. „
Its performance was admirable.. The dramatis per-
sons were cast thus :—Daniel, Mr. Hobbs ; Cyrus,
Mr. Phillips; Belshazzar, Ur. Balfe ; Israelitish
Man, Mr. Young ; Soothsayer, Ur. Walton ; Persian
Soldiers, Messrs. Perring and Bradbury; Israelitish
Women, Mad. Caradori and
Miss Rainforth ; Nico-
tris (Mother of Belshazzar), Miss Hawes. The
chorus consisted of Israelites, Persian, and Babylo-
nian soldiers, and priests of 13,1..
The performance was wonderful. Listening to it
with the score in your hands, not a single error could
be detected. By the regulations, no applause was
permitted, but everybody accustomed to observe the
demeanour of large audiences knows that besides the
vulgar demonstration of clapping of hands,.there are
many signs by which the general feeling can be dis-
covered. The universal impression is, that The Fall
of Babylon is the greatest work which its illustrious
author has yet produced, and the tidings of its
triumphant success will console Limn for having been
deprived of the gratification of witnessing. it.

CORONER'S INQUEST.
An inquest was held on Friday by. Mr. wakiey
M.P., at the Middlesex Hospital, on the body of
George Robertson, aged 22, a carman, who was em-
ployed by his uncle, Mr. Martin, a pork butcher and
carman, residing in Aldgate.
George Ball, a cab-driver, residing
in Shouldham-
street, Marylebone, stated that on Thursday, the Ist
of Sept., about half past seven o'clock in
the morning,
he was driving down Oxford-street, near the Pan-
theon, when he heard a loud rattling noise
behind him.
On looking round he saw a cart laden with timber, and
the horse galloping at a furious rate.
The deceased
was entangled in the harness, and was
endeavouring
to 'seize hold of the pummel of the
saddle. In the
course of his efforts he fell over, and the horse kicked
him on his left side. Deceased then
his face, and the near-wheel went over his neck and
back. The horse, a high-spirited animal, was stopped
at the corner of Market-street. The 'deceased, when
picked up, was 'quite insensible, and he was removed
on a shutter to the above hospital.
Ann Hemmings, a nurse in the hospital, stated that
the deceased told her that he was going to Oxford-
street with a load of deals, and that he was riding on
he shafts at the time the horse toOKI fright as he sup-
posed, in consequence of the rattling of the deals.
The sudden start of the horse jerked him off.
Mr. E. B. Tuson, the house-surgeon, proved that
the deceased died of the injurieS'he had sustained on
Tuesday last.
The CORONER commented Up )n the dangerous
practice of carmen riding ups* the shafts of vehicles
entrusted to their care, and expressed his astonishment
that the police suffered them to do so,
When there was
an Act of Parliament that imposed a penalty for the
commission of such offences. It was a common thing
to see brewers' dray men riding on shafts, and the
practice not only
involved the safety of their own
' lives but placed the lives of the public in imminent
peril.
The Jury o:mum-I in the °Flub -, expreated by
the Coroner, and a verdict of " Accidental death" was
returned,

EARLY SANITARY REGULA-.
TIONS FOR LONDON.
(Ferns Cie " Report on the Sanitary Condition of the
Labouring Population of Great Britain.)
The following illustrations are from a collection of
records upon the subject made by Mr. T. 1). Hardy.
of the Record-office, in the Tower :—'
The first extract shows that sea-coal was in use in
London much earlier than is commonly supposed :
" Patent Roll, 16 Edw. I.—The King to his be-
loved and faithful Thomas de IVeylaund, John de
• Lavetot, John de Cobeham, and Ralph de Sandwico.
Castos of his city of London, greeting : From the
complaint of many persons, we understand that mans.
people are dangerously aggrieved by the furnaces ss
lime which are built in the said city and its suburbs,
and in Southwark ; because the lime which forsaerly
used to be burnt, with wood, is now burnt with sea
coal, by which the air there is affected and corrupted,
to the great danger of persons frequenting those parts
and dwelling around them : we, therefore, being wil-
ling to afford a fitting remedy for this, have appointed
you to see those furnaces, and remove the danger and
nuisances which threaten from them in these days,
and to order further concerning them according to
your discretion, as you shall see most expedient for
the common use and safety ; and therefore we com-
mand you, that taking with you our sheriffs of Lon-
don and ottrimilitis of Southwark, you perform the pre-
mises with diligence. We have also commanded the
same sheriffs and bailiffs that at a certain day, which
you shall make known to them, they attend to this
with you, in form aforesaid.—Witness, Edmund Earl
of Cornwall, at Westminster, on the 26th day of May."
" A.D. 1290, 18 Edw. I.—The Carmelite Friars of
London, the Friars-preachers, the Bishop of Salis-
bury, and others, petition Parliament to abate a nui-
sance (viz., a great stench) near them which they
cannot endure, and which prevents them from per-
forming their religious duties, and from which seve-
ral of the monks had died.—(Petit. in Parl.lB Edw. I.)
" 35 Edw. I.—The Mayor of London is com-
manded to prevent persons from lighting furnaces near
the Tower of London during the stay of the Queen
and the nobles at the Tower, because the air is cor-
rupted and infection generated by the insalubrity of
the air on account of the said furnaces.—(Rot. clans.
35 Edw. I.)
" A.D. 1320, 14 Edw. ll.—The inhabitants of the
neighbourhood of Smithfield complain to Parliament
that wells and ditches are dug there without the
King's license, to the annoyance of the inhabitants
and passengers. The Mayor and Corporation of Lon-
don are thereupon ordered to see that such nuisances
are abated.—(Petit. in Parl. 14 Edw. II.)
" A.D. 1330, 4 Edw. lll.—The Chancellor and
University of Cambridge petition Parliament that the
Mayor and Corporation of Cambridge may be con-
strained to scour the ditch of the town, which is in-
jurious to the health of the inhabitants of the town.—
(Petit. in Parl. 4 Edw. III.)
" 44 Edw. lll.—The butchers of London are for-
bidden to slaughter cattle within that city, or throw
entrails into the river Thames, on forfeiture of the
carcase and imprisonment.—(Rot. clans. 44 Edw. III.)
" A.D. 1370, 3 Rich. ll.—The inhabitants of Smith-
field and Holborn complain of the infection of the air
from butchers slaughtering cattle, &c., and casting en-
trails into the ditches.—(Petit. in Purl. 3 Rich. II.)
" By stat. 12th Rich. 11., c. 13.—None, shall cast
any garbage or dung or filth into ditches, waters, or
other places within or near any city or town, on pain
of punishment by the Lord Chancellor at his discretion.
" Butchers of London shall erect a slaughter-house
on the banks of the Thames, and thither carry off
their offals, which, when cut into pieces, shall be car-
ried in boats, and at the commencement of the ebb cast
into the river.—(Rot. Parl. 16 Rich. II.)
" A.D. 1392, 16 Rich. is enacted that the
butchers of London shall not slaughter therein any
swine or other beasts for sale. (Rot. Parl. 16
Rich. II.)
" Same date.—All filth, &c., ordered by Parliament
to be removed from both banks of the Thames be-
tween the Palace of
.Westininster and the Tower of
London ; and butchers or others are prohibited from
casting entrails, &e., into the river on penalty of 40/.
—(lbid.)
" Parliament forbids all persons from throwing
dung, garbage, or entrails of slaughtered beasts into
rivers or waters near cities or towns to corrupt the
air and cause infection.—(Rot. Claus. 4 Hen. IV.)
" The Chancellor is authorised to treat touching
the non-rebuilding of two forges in Fleet-street, Lon-
don, demolished in a riot, as straitening the said street."
—(Rot.. Parl. 18 Hen. VI)"
The Courts, however, have always had regard to
the convenience of trade : thus it was held—
" Si homme fait candells deins un vill, per qui it
cause un noysom sent al inhabitants, uncore ceo nest
ascun nusans car le needfulness de eux dispensera ove
le noisomness del smell."—(2 Roll's Abr. 139.)
But this decision has been doubted, " Because,"
says Sergeant Hawkins, Pl. Cor. 190, c. 75, " what-
ever necessity there may be that candles be made, it
cannot be pretended to be necessary to make them in
a town, and that the trade of a brewer is as necessary
as that of a chandler; and yet it seems to be agreed
that a brewhouse erected in such an inconvenient
place where the business cannot be carried on with-
out incommoding greatly the neighbourhood may be
indicted as a common nuisance. A presentment was
made to a Leet for erecting a glass-house; and Twis-
den, J.., said he had known an information adjudged
against one for erecting a brewhouse .near Sergeants'
Inn ; but it was insisied that a man ought not to be
punished for erecting anything necessary for the exer-
cise of his lawful trade; and it being answered that it
ought to be in convenient places where it may not be
a nuisance, the other Justices doubted, and 'aped that it
was unlawful only to erect such things near the King's
Palace." Vent. 26, Pasch. 21, Car. 2. Recently,
however, when some architects and medical gentle-
men went to the top of Buckingham Palace to exa-
mine it preparatory to its occupation by her Majesty,
they were assailed by a cloud of smoke from the
chimney of the furnace of a neighbouring brewery ;
and the nuisance remains to the present time in full
force, notwithstanding the statutoryprovisions against it.
Where the defendant in his business as a printer
employed a steam-engine, which produced a continued
noise and vibration in the plaintiff's apartment which
adjoined the premises of the defendant, this was held
to be a nuisance. The Duke of Northumberland v.
Clowes, C. P., at Westminster, A.D., 1824.
The earlier sanitary regulations were frequently
set forth in the provisions' of the Local Acts for the re-
gulation of the streets. From the early street regula-
tions of the city of London, we find that the purity of
the river and of the contributory streams was zealously
regarded : the ward inquests were specially charged to
inquire—
" If any manner of person cast or lay dung, ordure,
rubbish, sea-coal dust, rushes, or any other noiant, in
the river of Thames, Walbrook, Fleet, or other
ditches of this city, or in the open streets, ways, or
lanes within this city.
Also, if any person in or after a great rain falletb,
or at any other time, sweep any dung, ordure, rub-
bish, rushes, sea-coal dust, or any other thing noiant
down into the channel of any street or lane, whereby
tile common course there is let, and the same things
noiant driven down into the said water of Thames."
But when it is considered how few of the streets
were paved, or sewered, or drained, the following re-
gulation indicates what must have been their condi-
tion and the habits of the inhabitants :
" No man shall cast any urine-boles or ordure-
boles into the street by day or night, afore the hour
of nine in the night : mid also he shall not cast it out,
but bring it down, and lay it in the channel, under
the pain of three shillings and fourpence ; and if he do
cast it upon any person's head, the party to have a
lawful recompense, if he have hurt thereby. '
The state in which the streets were under such re-
gulations is indicated in the proclamations issued at
the time of the plague, 1569, to " warne all inhabi-
tants against their houses to keep channels clear from
filth (by onlie turning yt) aside, that the water may
have psssage."
The prominent provisions of the modern Sewers'
and Street Acts are those which contain penalties
against the most effectual means of street-cleansing—
that by discharging the street refuse through the
sewers ; but whilst the local legislation was deficient
in principle in the main provisions, it is distinguished
by a multitude of particular provisions against nui-
sances and obstructions, which would argue the most
extensive foresight. The nature of the provisions ha-
bitually resorted to are illustrated in the statute of
4th Geo. IV., c. 50, s. 1, for building the new London-
bridge.

The wife of a workman residing in the Rue St.
Victor was a few days ago delivered of her 22d child, at
the age of 58. years!—Paris paper.
The "truck system" is carried on to such an ex-
tent at Mountsorrel, that one workman has received no
cash for fourteen weeks.—Nottinghani Mercury.
The Directors of the Blackwall Railway Company
came to a res9lution, a few evenings since, to increase the
fares to passengers in the first class from 6d. to Bd., and
in the second class from 4d. to 6d., and the advanced
fares have already been exacted.

SCOTCH FARMING IN THE,
LOTHIANS.

TO TIIE EDITOR OF THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN
1842.
Northcliffe, Sept. 9,

Dear Sir,—Now that Parliamentary warfare

over, and the din of arms and of special constible,
is subsiding, it may perhaps not be uninteresting ti.
you: readers, more especially the agricultural portico'
of them, to peruse the notes I have made during nsl
late visit to the Lothians, a visit which I made solely
f.or fanning purposes.
Ths Lothians comprise, I believe, the counties of
Edinburgh, Iladdifigton' and Linlithgow, and have
latterly become celebrated for the superior system .of
cultivation carried on, the flourishing condition of ttis
far.ners, and the high rates at which the land is leased,
I may perhaps just mention, that my farm is in
the county of Hertford, and consists of 500 acres. It
is :conducted on the best system current twenty 01
twenty-five years ago, very superior to anything if,
these parts, and my kbailiff was brought up in the
Lothians; but aware that we have been stationary.
whilst elsewhere, as in. Scotland, a rapid progress has
been going on, I determined to ascertain the actual
Mite of farming where it had made the greatest ad-
vance, and with this view desired him to give me t.ht
meeting at Edin!surgh on the Ist of July last. Owing
to the kindness of a friend who understood farmirss
well himself, and had an extensive personal acquaint-
ance with the farmers, I was enabled to visit a number
of farms of various descriptions, and to communicate
with the farmers themselves in freedom and confidence.
The general conviction which remains upon my.
mind is this, that with a system equal to that of the
Lothians, established throughout England, landlords
might receive double rents, farmers be rich and pros.
perous, and the country be rendered, for two genera-
ti sns, independent of foreign supplies, notwithstanding
an abolition of all protective duties. I am confident
the agricultural produce of England, Wales, and the
West of Scotland, might be doubled ; and that of Lan-
cashire and Cheshire be tripled, and this without any
material addition to the agricultural population.
The Lothian farms consist each of from 200 to 500
Scotch acres, the Scotch acre being one-fourth larger
than the English statute acre ; and I shall limit my I
remarks to the current acre of the Lothians, not
knowing whether it is, or is not, the common measure
of Scotland. Some few farms are rather smaller,
chiefly those a few miles from Edinburgh, upon which
it is not necessary to keep stock for the purpose of
manure, and some few are larger, where stock is fat-
tened for market; but a farm of 300 to 500 acres is,
by common consent, the utmost which one farmer is
thought capable of managing himself, just as a con-
cern of 500 looms is considered, in this country,
enough for the personal superintendence of one man.
The farm buildings are small, compact, and situated
near the centre of the farm, and have always a steam-
engine of six to eight horse power for thrashing and
other purposes. The corn is put up in stacks in a stack
yard, near the thrashing machine ; the stacks being of
such a size as that one may furnish a day's work for
the thrashing machine. At the entrance of the farm
yard is the dwelling of the greeve or bailiff; for every
farmer keeps a bailiff, who superintends everything
on the farm, and is cognizant of everything that goes
in or out of the farm buildings.
A fact that struck me much was, that the greeve
received only one shilling a week more than the
ploughman. The explanation given me is equallyre-
markable, that every man on the farm has knowledge
enough for the situation of greeve ; but that every
man has not the qualifications which fit him for the
management of other men, or perhaps is not suffis
cientry trustworthy for so responsible a situation.
That the requisite knowledge for conducting a farm
of 500 acres may be had for 12s. a week (the wages of
a ploughman), and that ls. extra will command the
extra qualifications for a bailiff,speak eloquently what
education has done for the peasantry of this part of
Scotland. I found the greeves universally clever,
acute, and sensible; and their minds open to what was
missing. in the world, beyond the limits of their own
farm or immediate neighbourhood.
The farmer's dwelling house is generally a little in
front. of the farm buildings, a neat, comfortable house,
with kitchen and flower garden attached.
The farmers themselves are men of much superior
education, manners, and style of living, to the pos-
sibly equally wealthy ones of the farming counties of
England, even Lincolnshire and Norfolk, where the
firms are of about equal extent with those of the
Lothians. As a class, they would compare snore
with master manufacturers of Lancashire, so keen and
pushing. Few of them are without a handsome
phaeton for the use of the female members:of their
family; they are all of most hospitable habits ; and I
was informed, excepting for a month at seed time, and
the same at harvest, they have company at home, or
dine out, at least three times a week. One feature
throughout the Lothian farms may be remarked—a
great uniformity in the quality of the crops. Not as
elsewhere here a good farmer,:and there a bad one;
here a failing crop, there a middling one ; and here
again a finer one; but nearly all the same, showing
that farming is there reduced to a science, leaving
nothing uncertain but the seasons, and which, affecting
all nearly alike, do not materially affect the uniformity
I speak of.

'the present season has been remarkably favour-
able in the Lothians, as a whole, though somewhat
too dry. The wheat would average about five quar-
ters to the acre ; and, in the 70 or 80 acres on the
same farm, it would sometimes be difficult to point
out a square yard which carried more, or fewer, ears
than the rest of the field.

The farms are divided into fields of from 20 to 50
acres each; the hedges are clipt low and thin, and
the ditches covered in, so as to occupy as little space
as possible. There are no trees in the hedge-rows,
and few furrows in the land, all being laid down flat;
and thus, between one thing and another, the entire
area of the farm is made productive, and the expense
of fences and gates is reduced to a minimum.
Another thing worth noting is, that permanent
grass, either as meadow or pasture, is unknown, or
nearly so; the only hay, or pasture, is derived rom
artificial grass, sown in the regular rotation of crop,
and which remains two years down, and is then
ploughed up and followed by oats. The crops of ar-
tificial grass were extremely heavy. I counted, in
one field of 16 acres, no less than 234 sheep, from
150 to 200 of which had been on the land since the
Ist April. On another farm, a field of the same size
had on it 20 cows ; and in both the feed, chiefly white
clover, was abundant, and of the finest quality.
The rent of the Lothian farms is from 3/. 10s. to
71. per acre; and these high rents the farmers not
only pay, but thrive upon ; indeed, a more thriving
set of men I never met with. They are enabled to
pay these rents, and thrive, partly by the heavy crops
arising from skilful cultivation, and partly by eco-
nomy of management in every department. Actual
wages, however, are as high as in England, namely--
10s. to 11s. a week for a common labourer ; 12s. for
a ploughman, and 9d. a day for women, 10 hours to
the day. As to the great amount of produce, it must
be remembered, that all the land is under the plough.
Five quarters of wheat are reckoned a good average ;
but some fields turn out six to the acre. Ten or
eleven quarters of oats, eight to ten tons of potatoes,
and 26 to 30 tons of turnips, are reckoned good fair
crops. Economy of management is shown in many

ways :

1. In the position and quality of farm buildings, in
having no land lying idle or unproductive, and in the
use of machines and horses, instead of manual labour,
wherever circumstances admit of it.

2. By confining attention to as few points as possi-
ble. Thus, instead of buying stock to feed off the
grass during the two years the land is seeded down,
it is let off to stock-feeders or butchers, at generally
about 61. per annum the acre, and the farmer's atten-
tion and capital is thereby.saved from distraction and
division. They contract in like manner to supply
turnips, or both stalls and turnips, &c., for the winter,
at so much the ton for turnips, or so much the bead,
to the stock-feeder; and so the stock-feeder, in his
turn, becomes limited to his own peculiar branch of
business. The dairyman, in the same way, hires the
fields in grass by the year, or for the summer, and
contracts for his turnips during winter • thus attend-
ingb to nothing but his cows, which, by the by
scrupulously milks three times a day for at leait' he
half
the year. In a similar spirit, also, instead of getting
up his potatoes himself, and with a fork as is done
with us, the Lothian farmer sells his crop of potatoes
at 141. to 201. per acre, according to the crop and state
The
of markets, to a dealer.
armer then turns up
the potatoes with the plough; thedealer appears with
a hundred women and children, and sacks and scales,
and the whole crop is transferred from the field to the
market, or shipped for London, in
one-tenth the time,
and at one-tenth the expense, which would be re-
quired in England.

3. Economy in the use and keep of horses : such
an abuse, as three horses to a plough, except
to the
subsoil plough, is unknown. The universal comple-
ment for 100 acres, I found to be two pair of horses,
two ploughmen, and one labourer ; the number of

women and children varying with the particular crop,
perhaps six or eight during the season.
In this small allowance of horses, it must be re-:
membered that the whole 100 acres is arable, there
being no permanent pasture.
The winter keep of the horses is a mixture of half-
chopped straw, or chopped anything, and half-steamed
turnips or potatoes ; and this feed is found not only
much cheaper than hay or oats, but the horses are
kept in better condition, and enjoy better health. No
horses could look in finer condition than they did,
without exception. •
All the Lothian farms are held on, nineteen years'
leases, and the rents wholly, or partly, corn
rising and falling with the yearly flnctuations• of the
price of corn. The tendency of a corn rent I con-
ceive to be to throw fluctuations •in the value .of. a
farm—that arising from an alteration of Corn-laws,
for exampleupon the landlord, instead of the tenant.
Without a long lease, the farmers would not lay
out their capital in the free manner they now do ; and
wit!, a long lease they feel independent of their land-
lands, more as if they were the actual proprietors,
and altogether hold themselves higher, and with good
reason, than the most wealthy of our English farmers.
In consequence of this independence, and part
ownership, as it were, of their films, men of much
superior rank, education, and capital, engage- in the
'.rosiness of fhrming, than is the case in England, or
indeed, than ever will be the case in England, under
sxisting circumstances.
The fimndation of all improvements in the Scotch
limning is the system of thorough draining ; and so
essential is this considered, that most of the land is
deemed unworthy of being farmed at all .until it has
undergone this oporation.
Thorough draining is a series of drains, of tiles or
broken .stones, made at regular distances, from fifteen
to thirty feet or more apart, according to the nature
of the soil, over the whole field. This may be called
the new system of draining, as opposed to the old one
of cutting a few deep drains where spring"; actually
show themselves, and which mode of draining is now,
I believe, entirely abandoned by the best farmers. I
will merely remark, that it is advisable, in every case,
to lay the drains in the old furrows, not across them ;
and the drains themselves should be from sixteen to
eighteen inches deep. When made with stones, the
top of the drain may be • brought nearer the surface
than is safe with tiles, and also when the land is for
permanent grass, than when intended for arable; but
I believe the tops, even of stone drains on grass lands,
should be at least twelve inches below the surface of
the ground, and that tile drains, in arable land, should
not approach the surface nearer than eighteen or
twenty inches.
The sums spending at present in Scotland upon
thorough draining are immense. It will be seen, m
the followinc, notes of the farms I visited, that one
itrtner had laid out 1,800/. in thorough draining alone,
during the two first years of' his lease. I will now putt
down a few extracts from my notes of the farms I
visited, and shall call them by different numbers, that
the actual farms may not be'recoguised :
No. 1. Meadow land in small holdings, where the
common sewers of the town discharge, one to two
miles from Edinburgh, the grass constantly cut and
taken into town for cows and horses : rent 151. per acre.
No. 2. At two miles from town, with ample supply
of town manure—potatoes and turnips carried daily
into Edinburgh for sale : rent 71. per acre.
No. 3. Farm 340 acres: old lease of 19 years lately
expired: old rent 1,7001. or 51. per acre. The farmer
took off 18,0001. to 20,0001., and has just bought a
handsome estate in the neighbourhood, which he is
improving. This farm is re-let on a new lease for 19

years, at a rent of 2,0001. or 64 per acre.
No. 4. 250 acres, at three miles from Edinburgh :
rent 1,0001. to I,2ool.—Thrashing machine, with
dressers and finishers, on most approved principle,
made by Carlow, of Lenny Port, Costorphine, Edin-
burgh, cost 851., exclusive of geering; steam-engine,
six horses' power, complete, for 1201. of Edinburgh
manufacture. Last year the crop of wheat on this
farm reached six quarters to the acre, and the whole
was sold at 80s. per quarter. Contracts with black-
smith at 3/. per annum, for each pair of horses, in-
chiding shoeing, geer, plough and cart repairs, hut
no renewal. Laid by last year, 700/., besides living.
No. 5. and 6. In one hand, or at least under one
management.—Last year and this together, has spent
1,800/. in draining alone : this done with broken
stones, which seems generally preferred, is not only
cheaper, but more durable than tiles. When tiles are
used, always put flats or pans for them to rest on.—
Draining here varies from 18 to 60 feet between drains.
For seeding down 1 bushel of rye grass,
4 lb. red clover,
- . 4 lb. white,
4 lb. yellow, or trefoil, per acre.
If intended -
to lie down three years, or indeed two,
reverse the quantities of_red and white clover.—Lets

his grass, and contracts for sale of his turnips with W..
dairyman.
No. 7. 500 acres : rent 1,750/. : seven miles from
Edinburgh.—Too far from town to benefit, like the
other farms, and a stiffer quality of land ; grows less
potatoes and turnips, but very fine beans, and obliged
to keep stock.—General stock for fatting, threc-vear
old, Angers breed, but some cross of the Caithness
cow and short-horn bull, quite fat at two years old.—
Best manure, half rape, half dung; only good when
uses! with dung; buys whole cargoes of rape. The
gentleman who farms this, and' his two brothers, paN
together 4,500/. rent.

o. 8. 300 acres ; twenty miles from Edinburgh.
—Much draining going on. The first crop of turnips
this farm had ever borne, being stiff land, they looked
promising.
Price of large tiles, .50s. per 1,000, 14 inches long.
Ditto small, 3f2s. do. do.
Manure rape, 10 cwt. }
per acre.
Dung, 8 tons
Fattens 40 oxen. The three-year-old Highland oxen
fatten in four months.

No. 9. 300 to 350 acres: twenty-five miles from
Edinburgh; rent about 1,200/.—Farmer absent; and
being the last year of the lease, the greeve was not
communicative, thinking we were looking at the farm
for ourselves. 70 acres in wheat, about 51- quarters
to the acre, and exactly equal over every inch of the
field. The farm nearly without a fence, and almost
every yard in the highest state of cultivation. Pro-
cures a good deal of manure from sea-weed, being not
far from the shore.

No. 10. A farm, as we should call it an estate of
600 acres, lately purchased for 70,000/., without a
single attraction of any kind but to a farmer. The pro-
prietor has just laid out about 5,0001. in a new steading,
or farm buildings, compact and complete, containing
stalls for 25 horses, 8-horse steam-engine, and every
possible convenience for carrying on so large a con-
cern. It contains numerous pens for stock-feeders,
the farm to supply them with turnips for winter, and
grass for summer ; but it is not intended, I was given
to understand, to meddle with stock themselves, with-
out necessity, following out the plan of attending only
to one branch of business.
The general course of cropping in the Lothians
seems to be—Wheat, after summer fallow, or not ;
turnips, or potatoes ; barley; seeds down for one, two,
or three years, as circumstances vary; oats. When
farther from town manure, and land stiffer, a crop of
beans and peas is taken. In the East Lothians we
saw comparatively few potatoes, whilst in the West
Lothians it appears to be the grand crop.
The best approximation I could come to, as to the
division of the gross proceeds of a farm, gives—
Rent 33 per cent.
Expenses
47 do.
...
20 do.
Profit and interest .. .

100

I have thus endeavoured to give, in a somewhat
unconnected way, the result of my observations on
the Lothian fanning, where high rents, high profits
are
'
and a well-paid and contented peasantry, all- seen
combined in a pleasing union •
There is as wide a difference between th
existing there, and in these parts ()f• e system
England as be-
tween that pursued in the small detached 9
:pinning
in
millthse ti of
rst-rate thirt
factories.y years ago,and wh t a is now practised
It is an interesting p question, but one I am not
going to enter upon, how this •
improved system of
cultivation can be introduced into England, particu-
larly into our own and ~. the neighbouring counties ?
Where are the landlords ready to grant a 19 years
lease? Where the farmers of sufficient intelligence
and capital to
tomanagelad,
successfully 500 acres, and
willing and able
ay out 1,0001. to 1,800/. in drain-
ing alone,
Where the
lease ?
.. g the two first years of their
the ploughmen educatedenough to
bailiffs, convert into on such farms, for an extra shil-
ling a week ?

I
am inclined to think the superior and more prac-
tical education of the Scotch has been at the bottom
of the Unproved state of things. Education has given
the knowledge which has enabled them to apply their
capital with success, and to extract from the litad-
owner the long lease which enables them to invest
their capital with safety, as well as success.
I may, in concluding, mention a suggestion re-
peatedly made to me, that, instead of sending far
Scotch bailiffs, who have many difficulties and preju-
dices to contend with amongst strangers, the English
landowner should send intelligent young men to Scot-
land, to spend a year or two upon the farms there,
and so acquire the necessary knowledge, and who
would, on their return to their own neighbourhoods,;
be better received than a stranger, and have greater
facilities for introducing another system. Apologising
forot the e
remarks, which may, perhaps,
n
length
iethoef rnrmyithout value, I remain vour
obedient servant, ROBERT HYDE GREG.

The Wesleyan Conference, whose sittings have
just terminated, have decided upon allowing their mi-
nisters stationed in Scotland to wear "the gown " in
their public services. There is a growing desire among
the congregations in England that a similar resolution
may be adopted for this country.-4underland