The Sun.
London, England, 1842-01-31 00:00:00

THE NEW ROMANCE.

been made in all the ye
the very slow addition to thaatrsprothgaretsshwavheichsinhcaes
If
elapsed." tßrunet,
ititisisnointdternede
elapdseedr.f'n'l,
won
that the progress has not been much accelerated
since the reign of ELIZABETH. The writer ap-
pears not to discriminate between the commu-
nity and individuals. The progress ofknowledge
is in the community, and is latterly very rapid;
the slow addition subsequently is confined to the
improvement of the education of individuals. This
comparison does not apply to the same class of
phencmena. If the proposition were confined to
the " education exclusively of the upper and
middle classes,"as he seems in his mind to con-
fine it, by immediately after asking whether
those classes are more educated than they were
in the days of ELIZABETH, we should not dissent
from it. In those days, " though a new direc-
tion has since been given to education," indivi-
duals were as much trained, and their faculties,
bodily and mental, as much developed, consist-
ently with the knowledge of the community, as
they are at present. In our time compendious
processes have been found out for more easily ac-
quiring certain branches of knowledge, but indi-
viduals are not now more nor better disciplined,
consistently with the knowledge of the age, than
they were then.
Another correction of this writer's view is
to be found in the sort of knowledge and dis-
cipline which were then and now extant. Com-
paring the haughty Baron shut up in his castle,
ignorant of letters, the prey of furious passions,
indulging chiefly in the chase, in gaming, or in
war (such was the whole genus at the beginning
of the war of the Roses), with the polished
courtier, addicted to literature and the cultiva-
tion of the gentle arts of the reign of ELIZA-
BETH, the change is undoubtedly one of the
greatest which can be traced in the character of
man in the course of such a short period. Since
the reign of ELIZABETH there has been nothing
like a similar change in the pursuits of the upper
and middle classes. They have undoubtedly
gone on cultivating letters, and eloquence, and
the fine arts ever since, as they cultivated them
in the days of ELIZABETH.
At about that period, too, was fixed the
scheme of moral discipline and education,
through the instrumentality of the Church with
the Universities, which has since undergone
comparatively little change, except in details.
Now, it is clear that there can be no extension
of the cultivation of letters corresponding in im-
portance to the change from non-cultivation to
the cultivation by models previously established
in other nations ; and no extension of a species
of moral discipline equal in importance to an
entire change in the scheme. It has been clearly
impossible, therefore, that any such vast change
in the education of individuals could take place
between the days of ELIZABETH and our times
as took place between those days and a period
150 years before.
The Reviewer seems to us unconsciously to
have given himself a very satisfactory explana-
tion of the comparatively stationary condition of
the upper and middle classes, which is of no in-
considerable importance at the present time ;
and to bring which before our readers is our mo-
tive for adverting to this subject. In speaking
of the system which the Reformation displaced,
it is said " the learning of the monks was worse
than no learning at all." " The first step towards
the improvement of mankind was the entire re-
moval of that miserable mass of superstition,
jargon, and absurdity, which passed by the name
of education in the middle ages ; a system under
I which advance was hopeless, learning unlovely
and unloved, and mind transmitted nothing but
the laborious barbarism which it had inhe-
rited." "It was," he adds, " through
the temporary decline of the schools, uni-
versities, and professions, such as they had
been, that the sixteenth century was enabled
to become a learned age." He calls the previous
system a miserably wrong system. "It sub-
stituted conformity for truth." " The Church
enforced, instead of teaching obedience, com-
pelling men to abnegate their judgment and
their will, instead of directing where to distrust
and control them—a system under which Con-
stitutions lived on while man was dwarfed into
moral insignificance." Such remarks are nearly
as applicable to the system which was esta-
blished at the Reformation, and has been fol-
lowed till within a few years, and is now fol-
lowed, as far as possible, in the English Church
and Universities, in whose hands the education
and discipline of the upper classes are exclusively
placed, as to the system which it superseded.
The Protestant Church has carefully imitated
the Romish Church of the middle ages, and has
substituted conformity for truth. It has en-
forced that conformity by bribes on the one
hand, in the shape of rich preferments, and pe-
nalties, in the shape of exclusion from political
rights, on the other. It has enforced, even with-
out teaching obedience. It has, as far as it could,
compelled men to abnegate their judgment
and their will, and has dwarfed them into
moral insignificance, in order that the in-
stitutions of the Church might live on. The
error which had rendered the education of the
middle ages an abortion, was repeated at the
Reformation, and a miserable mass of supersti-
tion, jargon, and absurdity, was subsequently, as
before, taught and enforced at our Universities.
There useful learning continues unlovely and
unloved, and mind transmits to mind little more
than the laborious barbarism which it has inhe-
rited. Conformity is still the main principle,
but whether it be conformity to reason or su-
perstition, is a question of very doubtful nature.
Individual man does not fashion society; it is
mainly determined by the progress of popula-
tion. The same portion of the surface of the
earth, for example, cannot subsist an equal
number of hunters as of agriculturists; thus
the number of mankind in relation to the sur-
face of the earth, determines at all times the
pursuits and occupations of the majority of every
society. A proper education for individuals in
every age, subsiduary to the inculcation of the
principles of justice, which are as old and more
indestructible than the hills, must accordingly
consist in training them, and developing their
faculties consistently with the mass of the occu-
pations of society.
In our country the great number of the people,
compared to the surface of our island, has com-
pelled the mass of the community to engage in
careful and minute agricultural occupations, and
in minute manufactures, of which the great and
striking feature is, that man enlists in his service
a prodigious amount of mechanical power. When
we look at the many sources from which the use
of that power enables us to draw our subsistence,
we cannot fail to adopt the conclusion, that the
great progress of knowledge, in modern times,
has been to enable man to overcome nature by
studying her laws.
If, about the sixteenth century, the importa-
tion into England of the fine arts and literature
from a more advanced nation, the extraordinary
discovery of America, the influx of the precious
metals, and the improvement of agriculture,
rendered it then fit and proper for the educa-
tion of the upper classes to be chiefly directed
towards literature as a means of improvement,
the different circumstances of society since have
required a different education for those classes.
But the system then established has been, with
trifling alteration of detail, dogmatically adhered
to; and the Universities have, to the utmost of
their power, resisted all attempts to effect changes
and improvements in education. They stand in the
same relation to society now as the monasteries
stood to society in the sixteenth century. While the
circumstances of society have required a different
education for the upper classes, our rulers have
been only anxious to hold fast by ancient insti-
tutions, the form of which, at least, has been pre-
served, but man has been dwarfed into moral
insignificance.
The simple, but noble, and correct system of
BACON and LOCKE, though it be vilified by
mystics, teaches us that the mind is framed,
corrected, and informed, by external objects. We
refer to that as the ultimate standard of 411 truth.

HENRY DE POMEROY.
By MRS. BRAY.
Author of " Whitehoods," " Trelawney," &c.
in 3 vols. post Bvo,
IS NOW READY AT ALL THE LIBRARIES.
Richard Bentley, New Burlington-street.

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THIS EVENING, JAN. 31,
Her Majesty's Servants will perform the Play of THE
MERCHANT OF VENICE, from the Text of Shakspeare.
Duke, Mr. G. Bennett ; Antonio, Mr. Phelps ; Bassanio,
Mr. Anderson; Lorenzo, Mr. Elton; Shylock, Mr. Macready;
Portia, Mrs. Warner ; Nerisia, Mrs. Keeley ; Jessica, Miss
E. Phillips.
To conclude with the Grand Comic Christmas Pantomime,
ca'led HARLEQUIN AND DUKE HUMPHREY'S DIN-
NER ; OR, JACK CADE, THE LORD OF LONDON
STONE.

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UNDER the MANAGEMENT of MADAME VESTRIS,
THIS EVENING, JAN. 31,
Will be performed Ehakspere's MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S
DREAM.—Theseus, Mr. Cooper ; Quince, Mr. Bartley;
Bottom, Mr. Harley ; Flute, Mr. Oxberry ; Snout, Mr. Mea-
dows ; Snug, Mr. F. Matthews ; Hermia, Mrs. Nisbett ;
Oberon, Madame Vestris ; Titania, Mrs. Walter Lacy ; Puck,
Miss Marshall; First Fairy, Miss Rainforth.
After which will be repeated the New Grand Christmas
Pantomime, entitled GUY EARL OF WARWICK ; OR,
.3ARLEQUIN AND THE DUN COW.
Doors to be opened at half-past Six—the performances to
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rlt corrects, as a model, all our thoughts, when
the mind is most developed and most accurate,
I therefore it is but a reflection of external nature.
To make it that as much as possible is the great
object of communicating knowledge by the old
and the instructed to the young and the igno-
rant. What, then, can be thought of a system of
education for the upper classes, intended chiefly
to preserve a conformity to ancient errors, and
prevent the conformity of the mind.to existing
changes in society? Is not that a miserable
mass of superstitous jargon and absurdity ? and
does not such a circumstance account for the
slow improvement in the education of indivi-
duals, particularly the upper classes, while the
progress of knowledge, far from being less than
in the sixteenth century, has been, since then,
rapid beyond example. There could not, of
course, be much improvement in Latin, Greek,
and logic; but in chemistry, in mechanics,
in astronomy, geography, in all the useful arts and
social sciences, the progress of the community in
knowledge has been greater in the last than in
any previous hundred years. In these ought
the upper classes to be instructed, and of many
of them they are kept in ignorance.
These observations may enable the reader to
form a tolerably correct notion of the value to
the public of that Puseyite theology which is
now causing a schism in the Church; of its value
to the authors themselves that can onlybe estimated
by their vanity and self-esteem. They are no
doubt delighted with it on account of the pains
it has cost, and the notoriety it has gained them.

in the Threes, for 6,200,000 reals,. were done
at 211 for cash, 22 9-16 for sixty days, and forty-
two bargains in the Fives for 25,640,000 reals, at
321 for cash, 332, 321, 34, 331, 34, at various
dates, with the 10 coupons, and 201 for cash; 212
for sixty days, with the two coupons.

There is no important news in the Paris
Journals. ,A squabble which took place in
the Chamber of Deputies on Wednesday
relative to the Census, occupies a considerable
portion of their leading columns. M. LESTIBOU-
Do's having proposed an amendment upon the
Census paragraph in the Address, the Minister
DUCHATEL ascended the tribune for the purpose
of showing how comparatively popular the mea-
sure was. Of course so matter-of-fact a Minister
was expected to demonstrate his facts by COCKER
Or DILWORTH, and Al. DUCHATEL, whose notions
of correctness are always arithmetical, produced
his returns. M. DUSSOLIER, an Opposition Deputy,
thought such reasoning might be unsound, and
asked permission to quote an instance. The
Chamber readily, the President permissively,
and M. DUCHATEL from the tribune smilingly,
granted it. ' Thus encouraged, M. DUSSOLIER
made his way to the tribune, ascended the
steps, and only began to clear his throat fur an
oration, when he found himself cheek by jowl
with the Minister. He knew one municipality
he said, where the majority were opposed to the
census ; but where a contrary report had been
made to the Minister, he at once ordered five
hundred francs to be given to the hospital of the
town, to reconcile the inhabitants to the report
We learn from good authority that the ru- made to the Government. The bribe was not
mour in circulttion, of its being the intention great certainly, but then we suppose the muni-
of the Ministers to levy a property tax is well cipality was very small, and the hospital
founded. If that were to be the adjunct, or the funds exceedingly low. M. DUCHATEL pro-
forerunner of free trade—if it were intended as tested that he had no recollection of the
a substitute for some other taxes—if, while circumstance, possibly because he had been
rent and public annuities were made to pay a engaged in so many where larger bribes
fair quota of the public expense, proportionate were distributed. But M. DUSSOLIER saw that
to the vast protection they receive—and if in- he had created a diversion in favour of his party,
dustry were to be untaxed and set free, a pro- and proceeded t) follow it up. The Ministerial-
-perty-tax should have our hearty support. But ists, dreading fresh revelations, were furious.
if it is to be levied, as we understand, in addition They shouted " order," and commanded him to
to all other taxes, in order to raise the revenue withdraw from the tribune, that the Minister
up to the expenditure, and leave the might finish his speech. The President shouted
giant monopolies of food and sugar un- in chorus, rang his bell, and looked as nervous
touched, and the • increase of the revenue is not as if he was under the influence of a third
to be obtained from the augmented resources of
bottle of Burgundy. M. DUCHATEL looked
the people, then a property-tax will deserve, and
will no doubt receive, the most strenuous op-
daggers at his companion in the tribune; but
position.
M. DUSSOLIER being one of that class of legis-
lators who are fonder of exercising their lungs
The property-tax levied during the war was
thrown off by the landed gentlemen, in spite of than their sensibilities, only shouted the louder,
the Tory Administration, because it had been and appeared to enjoy the raging of the
originally levied as a war-tax, and they would tempest he had raised. At last the Pre-
not submit to it in peace. We presume that sident lost his temper, and in so doing
they will not have the hardihood now to sup- made a rush at his hat. Thumping it
pose that the community is to submit to this tax, down upon his head, he cast a wither-
in addition to all other taxes, in order to keep ing look upon the stentor in the tribune,
up their rents. On this subject it will not be for- and darted out of the Chamber. After him
gotten that the Government, and the landed scampered the Deputies, like so many
boys, so that the Minister and the orator were
school-
aristocracy are almost identical, the great bulk
of the public expenditure going into their. left alone in the Tribune. The whole scene
was richly fitrcical, beating, altogether, every-
Pockets and the pockets of their dependents
Though they may contribute, therefore, some
thing in the shape of pantomime at the
share of the proposed new taxation, it will bear
London theatres. In a quarter of an hour
the President's passion cooled, and the tribune
only a small proportion to the benefit which they
exclusively will derive from it. • They cannot, being empty, the discussion was resumed, and
we repeat, have the hardihood now to propose till
Thursday. It was then again resumed,. and eon-
and carry a property tax, which they threw off immediately afterwards adjourned over
tinued up to hour without a division,
in 1815, because it was a war-tax, in order to post Frenchcorvettes •
It appears that the two which sailed
promote their own advantage. a short time since from Toulon, and were said to be des.
It is a generally received theory that an in- tined for New Zealand, are carrying out the troops which
crease of taxation necessarily raises the price of
areto reinforceembarkedonthe garrisons. board them
These to the
ships were at Al. West Indies, where they
commodities. That is one of the grounds on gesiras on the 9th inst.
-which the landlords resist free competition as Extract of a letter from the Hague, dated 22d inst.:—
against themselves. Only a few days ago we
"The betrothal of the Princess Sophia of the Nether-
observed a very elaborate article in a Tory
lands has taken place. Her future husband is not the
reigning Duke of Nassau, but the Hereditary Grand
Journal based on that theory, and we can un- Duke of Saxe-Weimar, who was born on the 24th of
hesitatingly say that it is generally adopted by June, 1818, is a Colonel in the service of Prussia, and
the Tories. It admits, we think, of some doubt, chief of one of the Russian regiments of Hussars. There
was a grand dinner at Court yesterday on the occasion.
particularly where competition is unfettered. We
The marriage, it is eved, ill
cannot see how increasing taxation raises the towards the end of nextbeli summerw k not ta e place till."
cost of production, which ultimately deter- Letters from Carthagena, received at Santa Martha,
annourlce. that the English Governme
ent had refused to
mines all price. It certainly takes a ,
portion of all the commodities taxed from gievingl;rotection to all Enyglish vessels endeavouring to those who produce them, and leaves less to re.. introduce provisions or merchandise into the port. The
ward them for their labours. It diminishes, steamer on the Madelaine, belonging to an English
therefore, rent, or profit, or wages. If the tax
Company, had been destroyed by her own Captain.
can be thrown on the consumer it diminishß,s the
IFederalists,
Being attacked by the and the capture of
the
steamer appearing to be inevitable, the Captain with
means of enjoyment, but it does not add to the 1 his own hand set fire to her, and blew her up. ' The
tails of this event were not known.
'
Be-
labour of producing commodities, nor in the Tong A letter from Tripoli, 30th instant, in the Malta Times,.
run raise prices. But those who maintain that it
says_._ " That there was at that moment .a Turkish
raises prices, now mean, it is said, to increase schooner in the port, destined for Smyrna, with a large
taxation, and, on their own theory, as well as cargo of slaves. '__e .
on the opposite theory, to enhance the difficui- We find theass
asserted
ll
ted"t'ihnigs peayseshaighecrin. a journa l
in several political:—
tiescir-
which already oppress and almost over- des that the ratifications of the' treaty on the right of
whelm the productive energiA of the nation. search were signed, anti that the calligraphers of the
Were the additional taxation to be wholly department of Foreign Affairs had transcribed them
confined to rent and property in the funds, ! with the elegance and splen dourusual in such documents.
M. Guizot, it was said, had declared that the exchange
it would be of little consequence, but it is would take place after the vote on the Address, notwith-
to be extended, it is said, to all property, and in- standing the adoption of the amendment of AI. Jacques
elude capital vested in machinery as well as in Lefebre, hecausehlalelels accomplis will protect_ the exe-
c that, in the approachingses-
land. The consequence, of course, will be, when-
csaotnio,nthoefthis
theory e f
measure.,,
ever the produce of that machinery conies into We are assured that on the 13th of January (the New
competition with the produce of foreigners, to drive Year's Day according to the Russian Calendar), the
still more than at present our manufacturers I Empress being
Palace.indisposel, there was no drawin-room
ortion of the
out of the market. On a capi- lat thearg
e imperial d
Afraires had received\v an official
o days bef
invitation,
oreth e
French
p (,barge as
talist's profits being taken from him by the tax, well as the other members of the diplomatic body. It is
he will be less able than now to compete 'with supposed that the drawing-room, which was to have
on the Ist of January, is only delayed.—
foreigners. Whatever explanation be adopts d— been , heldta 0 n
nal
whether taxation raise prices, or whether it 0,71 y A woman attempted the life of her husband, in the
diminishes rent, profit, or wages—to increase Hotel Dieu at Lyons, a few days ago. She came while
it now will add to the national embarrassments, he was asleep, and cut his throat with a razor, but not
Should this project be seriously entertained we 'lo:snteomplr,oduce immediate death, though her purp()se
accomplished....Both_ the persons were
__
mid-
presume it will be announced in the Speech, c'lvl'e.- n. d )'it .
ge , but is said that the woman was actuated by
from the Throne. In that, case we also presume a feei.ing, of jealousy. She has been arrested and com-
the Whigs would move an amendment to the mitted for trial.
Address, as the groundwork of their o ,BOURSE—PARIS, THURSDAY, JAN. 27.
pp ositionFirst Highest Lowest Last
through the Session, setting forth the superior Price Price. Price. Price.
French 5 per Cents' llB 39 ... ilB 35 ... 118 30 ... 118 35
advantages of their own principle of increasing 4 per Cents lO3 ... 1(6 ... 103 ... 103
79 30 70 35 ... 79 30 .. 79 30
the resources of the country by reducing taxa- gank ;313 r:Zentt
3375 21390 ...3975 :330
tion and altering the tariff, to the Tory principle Laffitte Sank .koOgio)::: trtl,3;rreses 1020
.....11g
......101
..:2:1
of refusing to amend the tariff and adding to the ',m.0.. Sank ... 790 ... 792 50 ... 79C ... 7A7
Belgian 5 per Cents.
burdens of the country. We have some reason 5 tier Cents., 1840 10534 ... 10514 ... 10534 ... 102%
23% ... 25% ... 2554 ... 25%
to believe, and to hope, that such will be the SP'n 1 1h
A, tsi ivvee 3% ... % ... 5% ... 5%
course. It is clear that the Whigs and the Li- Ne'Pcilttan. lO7 40 ... ,97 40 3O
. W4 104 ... 10334 ... 10374
berals can effect nothing, with or through the ":an It AILW A Y.811(A REs.
Parliament, by themselves. The majority of their tr.:=1,1.7--
opponents is too great. They must make way ,t„„„n L'l3 . 208 75 .... 20$ 75 ... 207 50 ... 207 50
493 ... 500 ... 495 ... 497 BD
by operating on the public mind, and by getting Orie-37,s
Strasburg to Bate 230 ... 230 290 ...
their own opinions backed by the people out of —_
doors. To conciliate them and win their sup-
port, a bold, a frank, and a clear line of policy,
made known to them so that they can under-
stand it, is indispensable; and that line of policy
should be indicated by an amendment to the
Address, should the Speech afford the opportunity
we have described.

THE ENEMIES OF IIdPROVEMENT.—" It;" said
Mr. Christopher, " at the Meeting held at Bos-
ton, on Wednesday, of the _Boston Agricultural
Association, " it were true that foreign corn
could be bought for 265., the lowest maximum
duty compatible with safety to agriculture ought
to be, as he had before said, 30s. the quarter."
Just in proportion, therefore, as the 'Americans,
or any other people, by skill and care, may grow- ,
corn at a less and less cost, just so must the
landed aristocracy insist on raising the duty and
preventing the result of their exertions from
reaching the people. Suppose the Americans
were to pass a law, that, just in proportion as our
manufacturers invented and improved machinery
and produced cotton-cloth cheap, just in that
proportion should the import duty on cotton-
cloth be raised in America. Should we not,
would not all mankind say, such a system was a
relic of the grossest ignorance and barbarity?
Now, our Corn-law, as described by Mr. Chris-
topher, is still more foolish and mischievous than
such a supposed law in the United States, inas-
much as food is more essential to existence and
well-being than cotton-cloth.
Mr. Christopher, at Boston, spoke of a clamour
against the growers of corn. No such clamour
has been got up or has existed. The clamour has
been against the owners of rent, who have no
more to do with growing corn than with preserv-
ing the sweetness of the atmosphere.
GOOD AND BAD LA WS.—A writer in a Tory
journal, one of your would-be sagacious philoso-
phers, observes, " that almost all, our good laws are
older than the Revolution of 1688. Almost all
our bad laws have been enacted since that period."
This philosopher forgets to mention how many
very bad laws, enacted prior to 1688, have been
abolished since that period. what laws we now
have, of a prior period, have been carefully pre.
served from amongst many bad laws, and pre-
served because they are supposed to be good.
That a prodigious number of bad laws have been
passed sincel6BB we do not deny; many of the
good laws, passed in the same period, are those
which repealed the bad laws of a former period,
and they are quite forgotten. The case may be il-
lustrated by a comparison with literature. A few
books, of great worth, are selected and preserved
from amongst the mass which the stream of time
washes away. If a man were, therefore, to say
that all the good books of the world were written
before 1700, and that all the bad books have been
written since, he would make a similar assertion

Among the important intelligence brought by
the Levant Mail, is the following text of a treaty,
concluded between Sir JOHN M'NEIL, the Eng-
lish Ambassador, and the SHAH of Persia :
Art. 1. The merchants of the two mighty States
are reciprocally permitted and allowed to carry into
each other's territories their goods and manufac-
tures of every description, and to sell and exchange
them in any town of the respective countries.
And on the goods which they bring into, or carry
out of the country, the same amount of customs du-
tiesptthrie3ea,
peen
which
ihrob
ynei
nations
demanded
andxe,li kedoenpefctrmeo
these,
honrenst
manner
the
, onmononogsedotnoe tmdfeasr iavtnonadugksretenhds
heoEauc
lotul t
be
made on the merchants of the high contracting parties
on any pretext, or under any denomination ; and the
merchants, or other persons, dependant on or connected
with the high contracting parties, in each other's do-
minions, mutually shall enjoy the same aid and support,
and the respect (or honour) which are enjoyed by the
subjects of the most favoured nation.

Art. 2. As it is necessary for attending to the affairs
of the merchants of the two parties, respectively, that
from both Governments commercial agents shotrad
be appointed to reside in stated places, it is there-
fore arranged that two commercial agents on the
part of the British Government shall reside, one in
the capital and one in Tabreez, and in those places
only, and on this condition, that he who should re-
side at Tabreez, and he alone, shall he honoured
with the rank and privileges of Consul. But, as for a
series of years a resident of the British Government
has resided at the port of Busheer, the Persian Go-
vernment grants permission that the said resident shall
reside there as heretofore, and in like manner two
agents of the Persian Government shall reside, one in
the capital of London, and one in the port of Bombay,
and shall enjoy the same rank and privileges that the
commercial agents of the British Government shall enjoy
in Persia.

" This commercial treaty we, the Plenipotentiaries of
the two high contracting parties have agreed to, and in
witness thereof, thereunto set our seals."

The Madrid Journals received are of the 20th
instant, but they bring no news of interest. On
the Madrid Exchange, on the 19th, six bargains