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London, England, 1818-11-02 00:00:00

MR. WES'I"3

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in point of geographical's d nautical science, but
which, if ultiina,ely prosperous, may be highly
beneficial to mankind
" The failure of so inany Expeditions, of
an iahsivact has netti given in Ole pi eceiiing pages,
is Certainly rather of a discouraging fiat tit e ; and
after so many unsuccessful tor the disc ovary

a passage between the Atlantic and,the Pacific

Oceans,. by the north-east, the north;_auil the
north-west, it would seem ohtettaohable
inter that no such passage exists, and that 'here-
tore 'the molest Expeditions . might have been
spared-.--but the same interencemight with equal
!airitess haVe been drawn atter the first three or

tour attempts. The progressive geograp. y of
the northern regions was very slow" but it hat)
been progressive : yet much wi►hin the l►mits of
practical navigation still remains unexplored.
" Of the three directions ii► which- a p ssage
has been sought for, from the Atlantic to the Pa-
Cifie, that by the north-east hulas out the least en-
couraging hope Ondeed the various unsuccessful

. •
attem►►pts by the English and the Dutch on the one
,side, and by the Russians on the other, go tar to
prove the utter impracticability of a navigable
passage round the northern extremity of Asia ;
though the whole of this coast, with the excep-
tion, perhaps, of a single point, has been navi-
gated in several detached- puts and at dilicreut
times.

" But the question of a north-west passage,
which would be !noel) shorter, and,o(a polar one,
which would be the shortest of all, rests on very
different grounds. That of the north pole may be
approached by sea, Jias been an opinion enter-
tained both by experienced navigators and 'by men
eminent for their learning and science ; that se-
Neralships have at different times been carried three
or four degrees beyond Spitibergen and the usual
limits of the whale fishery, is not merely a mat•
ter of opinion; and if the polar sea be navigable
'to the height of 84 degrees, there seems to be no
othei physical obstruction, than the intervention
of land, to the practical navigation of that sea to
the north pole itself ; as there is no reason to sop,
pose that the, temperature of that point is lower
in winter, while it is probably much higher
in the summer, than on the parallel of 80 de-
grees ; as it is well known that the latitude of 80
degrees is generally not colder on the sane meri-
dian, and in many places much less severe, than
that of 70 degrees is in others. The Russians
'pass the' winter very well on Spitzbergen, but
they have not ventured to winter on Nova Zem-
bla, many degrees to the southward of it. Deer
.live and thrive in 80 degrees latitude on Spitzber-
gen, but cannot live in 75 degrees on Nova Zem•
bla. Neither does the quantity of ice, whether
formed on the surface of the main ocean, or float.
ed out of the bays and rivers' and front the coasts
depend on the degree of latitude where it is
found. Ships, for instance, navigate freely every
.year round the North Cape in the parallel of 72 or
73 degrees, and proceed along the coast of Spitz-
bergen, without impediment trout ice, as high up
as 80 degrees, while,on the opposite coast of Ame-
rica the sea is not navigable at all, fora great
part of the year, from 45 degrees upwards; and

1-am/wallet of 66 degrees forms at present the ot-
most limits Of northern navigation on'tlrst
." It is a well-established fact that the cold is
'much more intense on the eastern'than on'the
Western coasts of continents and islands. ciceland
furnishes a .corions instance ,of -this 'fact-; the
.whole eastern coast being a series of mountains
covered with ice and -snow, and immense glaciers,
moving downwards 'to the very se3 ; while the
tooontai DS and the fiorAk or ,firths on the west-

ern side are generally, if not always. free from
ice-;---,but- what is still more extraordinary, the
opposite coati Of Greenland in the -tame parallel
of latitude and tour (tepees to the southward of
It, and at the short distance of one 'hundred and
fifty miles, is guarded from all approach by a per-
petual and interminable barrier of ice.
In fact the ice-bergs and those vast fields of ice
which float about on time sea, and are wafted down
by currents into the Alan ie, are chiefly formed
on coasts and in bay., in narraw straits and at the
mouths of great livers. The whole coast of Sibe-
la is a fertile source of this supply. The multi-
tude of large rivers which fall into the polar sea,
lmy carrying down ailuvial earth, have formed
PuMtrOus expansive and shallow bays of fresh
water, hich ,in the course of the winter, become
so many solid masses of ice. As the sources
,61
these livers amid a great part. of their course ate in
more southern latitudes, where they never freeze,
the water they supply is, in the winter, dammed up
near the mouth, and ice-bergs are formed, which,
when broken loose, are dm ifta d out to sea. In the
same intoner the field ice is formed in the straits
and bays, anti on shallow coast's, which, when set
*float in the sin log, is cat ried out into the sea.; in
ibis meittra:ion it is drifted a'eaui till heaped piece
on piece. :end driven about,' it again .fixes itself
among archipelagos of islands, on shallow, coasts,
and in straits, bays and inlets.r.where each field-
.becomes a nucleus for an increased accumulation
as in the straits of Bellisle and Bellying, for
stance, and in every part of Hudson's Bay, down
to time latitude of 50 degrees. One vast chain of
field ice is usually found wedged in between the
eastern coast of Greenland and Spitzbergen, in
therlirection of north-east and south- ti est,tehieb,
Os tike Summer advances, and particularly when
the wind blows from-the inirthwke,d, opens in va-
lions places ; and when.shipshave passed through
these openings to the northward, they have gene-
rally found the sea clear of ice.
" If, therefore, the great polar basin should he
free of laud, the probability is., that it will also be
Thee of ice. It was the opinion of Frobisher,
Davis, and most of the old and experienced navi-
gators, ti ,t the deep blue sea does not freeze.
'This isould be to assume too much, as its suit face
has freqnsutly been observed to freeze when not
agitated by the wind; but it' may he doubted
whether a deep and extensive sea can be pernta-
ustoly shut np with ice. The almost perpetual
agitation of the surface, and the increased tem-
perature of the water at great depths, and conse-
quently its diminished specific gravity, which
will cause it to ascend, will probably prevent
those immense fields and masses of ice from form-
ing, which are met with near -the land even in
very low latitudes. It wits, at any rate, desirable
fo ascertain how time fact stood in this respect,
end whether it was practicable to reach the No..tb
Pole ; its which case, there was no reason to doubt
that it would also be practicable to proceed by
that neatest route to Beimring's Straits The only
expedition which had hitherto been sent out for
the express purpose of advancing towards time
North Pole, was that under the command of Cap-
tain Phipps; but the two vessels employed on this
service having unfortunately got hampered and
entangled in the shallow sea and among the islands
on the northern and north-eastern side of Spitz-
bergen, at an advanced period of the season, it
returned without making any discovery.
" The case is different widi regard to the north-
west passage. From the very freqoeut attempts
which have been made for its discovery, it is now
known pretty nearly whereabouts such a passage,
if it exists at all, must be looked for. It has, for
iustance, been ascertained that there is no passage
on the coast of America below the arctic circle ;
but beyond this it bas not been ascertained whe-
ther this coast 'minds off to the eastward in a
oont•innons line into Old Greenland, forming what
is named MlE:a's Bay on the charts, or whether it
does not turn in a cont tat conttaty direction to the west-
vtard, and tall in with the general trending of the
mothern coast of America; which, from three
• nearly erptidistant points, seen by Cook, Macken-
zie, and Hearne, maybe considered to rust within
u degree either way of the 70th parallel of lati-
tude.
" Many reasons have been assigned for the latter
supposition. Time constant current that descends
down the Welctime on the one side, and towards
the coast of Greenland on the other; the logs of
mahogany anti the remaius of the North Ame-
rican ox brought front time north-west by that
current; the ice-bergs mhat come floating down
ft OM the Itoll ; and the whale struck in the
sea of Spitzbereen and taken the same year in
Davis's Strait ;* these and time littler:harts painted
on skins by the Indians, which, though without
scale or compass, mark the inlets from Hudson's
Bay with tolerable accuracy, and carry the coast
without interruption to the Coppermine River,t
are strong arguments in favour of a north-western
corn politica t ion between the Atlantic and the
-Pacific. _ _

" Indeed !behest geographers are now of opinion
that Greenland is either all island or an 4rchipe-
lago of islands; and this is no new idea. Among
the Burleigh Papers, in ti►e British Museum, is
one on the subject of a north-west passage to
cathaia in his Lot dship's own hand-writing, which
begins thus;----' Considering Groynelande is well
known to be an island, and that it is not con-
ji,ined to America in any part ; that there is no
cause of doubte but that upon the North of Bac-
calans the seas are open,' &c.
"'Phis supposed insularity of Greenland will most
probably be determined by one or other of the ex-
peditions. It in the affirmative, the next question
that presents itself is, whether an uninterrupted
communication exists between the Pacific and the
Atlantic. The simple fact of -a perpetual current

• Quarterly Review, No. XXXVI. Art. VIII.
-.one of these charts is in the Hudson's Bay House.
In 'the Lansdowne Collection, Vol. c. Paper No. 4, en,
kivrsyd, Mr. Greynfeld's Voiadgc, &c,

Wang 'from the Pacific into Tlebring's Strait, and
a perpetual current down the coasts of Greenland
and Labrador into the Atlantic, tenders such a:
communication 'extremely .probable; and it be-
comes almost certain, when we find the produc-
tions of the .shores Of the Pactfic.carried to the.
northward by the first 'current and brought down
into the Atlantic by the secontiN The join nail of
Cook, Clerke, Glottof, and Kotzebue, establish
this fact. And as we know, from. the Russian,
the English and the Dutch navigators, Chat a
westerly current sets along the coast' of Siberia
and •Europe;frotn the Kovyina to the White Sea,
it is probable that the water, in passing.throngh
Behring's Strait into the Polar Sea, - diverges on
each side, and that the other part of it,.following
the trending of the American coast, gives rise to
the current down the Welcome, as observed by
Button, Fox, Middleton, and others.
It must be admitted, at the same time, that
although' a conionunicatiOnmay, and in all proba-
bility,does, exist between the two oceans, it by
no means follows that there must also he found a
navigable passage for large vessels ;• though it is
not unfair to infer that, where large Mountains of
ice can float and find their way, a 'ship may do the
Saute. This, however, isthe..point to be ascer-
tain,d by the expedition) wider Captain Ross.
While this Officer, with two vessels wider his
orders, is employed in examining the -unexplored
part of the east coast of America, to the north-
ward of 'the ar,ic circle, and in endeavouring to
•pass along the northern s:,ore of that Colifineut to
Behring's Strait, to Captain Buchan is assigned
the task "of inquiring into the state of the Polar
Sea to the northward of Spit zliergen. Should
barb fail of success in the main objects of the ex-

pedition, iron; both may at least be confidently
expected ranch valuable information, and iin-
pro‘ement in the hydrography anti the. geography
of the arctic regions ; as well as many important
and itncresting observations on the atmospherical,
magnet teal, aud electrical phenomena, which can-
not fail to. advance the science of meteorology ;
and lastly, many valuable collections of objects in
natural history, which inhabit a part of tie globe
where few researches have yet been made in this
branch of science. In short, trom the zeal and
abilities of the persons employed in the arduous
enterprize, every thing may be expected to- be
done within the scope of possibility. Of the
enter prize. itself., it may be It oily characterized as
one of the mcist liberal and disinterested that
was ever undertaken, and every way worthy of a
great, a prosperous, and an enlightened nation
having. for its primary object that of the advance-
ment of science, for its own sake, without itny
selti.h or interested views. On this account it has

. _
justly excited the attention, and called forth the
approbation, of maritime Em ope ; for it is well
known that whatever new discoveries may be
made, will be tor the general benefit td: twinkind ;
and that if a practicable passage should be found
to exist from the Northern Atlantic into the
Northern Pacific, the maritime nations of Europe
will equally partake of the advantages, I.vithout
having incurred either the expellee or the risk of
exploring it."

' LONDON JOURNALS.
tErtom THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.]

[Morning Herald.)
THE QUEEN.

" hero, Light o Cinch,

" The Queen still Colitiiitle3 to decline. Nei-
ther medicine nor repose have any longer tl►e
•le:ast effect ; but the malady of the Royal sufferer
holds on its course with obstinate and unabated
virulence. The physicians have scarcely quitted
the ante-chamlier since, Friday atternoon, and
they have found it necessary to make almost
hourly visits to their august patient.
" This morn:ng, soon after the issuing of the
bulletin, Sir H. Haltord left the Palace.for Carl-
ton House, to make a minute report of the state
of her Majesty to the Prince Regent. lie re-
turned to the Palrrce at two o'clock.

-• •
" Prince Regent arrived this evening, at
half-past six, and remains to dinner with the
Princesses. Immediately on his arrival, H. IL 11.
gave audiences to the Physicians, when they mule
their evening report ; at which no amendment
had taken place in the state of her Majesty.''

[Morning Post.]
THE WAR IN INDIA.
Nothing can inure strongly mark the determi-
nation, zeal, and foresight of the General Officer,
than the following Letter from the Marquis
Hastings to Lit ut•-General Sir Thomas Hislop :
No. 41.] " Campnear the Goguer, Mareh.29, 1818.
" have.the honour to acknowledge your
Excellency's annunciation of your having taken
the fortress of Ttieelmic.
" The vigour and policy of yn►tr determination
to reduce that place must necessarily meet my
praise. It is an additional proof of the
•judicious
energy which has marked your• Excellency's- con-
duct throughout this service.
" That such valuable men as those who fell on
tin; occasion should have perished through an act
of atrocious pe►fi:ly, augments my sorrow at their
loss. Painful as it was to your Excellency to ex-
ercise severity in such a case, you have the conso-
lation of being satisfied that you have, by such an
example, diminished the probability of much
wanton waste of blood in future.

" 1 hare the hollow. to he, with great esteem,
" Sir, your Excellency's
" Very obedient an( humble serv9nt,
(Signet!) " HASTINGS."
His Excellency Lieut• Gen. Sir T. Hislop, Bart.

[CIRCULAR.]
NEW CEO MNS.— We are authorized to contradict
the statement that has been n.ade in several of the
Papers, that by order of Government, the further
issue of the new Crown Pieces to the public has
been restrained, on account of the introduction
into the die of the name of the Italian artist who
executed it. There is no intention to restrain
the issue, not• to make the slightest alteration in
the die, which has received the sanction of the
PRINCE REGENT'S Order in Council, to be used
at the Mint for striking the Crown Pieces. A
coinage of ITtlf Crowns, Shillings, and Six-
pences, is now carrying on, together with the
Crowns, at the Mint, and the issues will be made
to the Bank for the t4e. of the

FOR. TIM SUN.

'UNITED STATES AND BRITISH COLONIES.

MR. EDITOR.-1 know not whether to be niosi

tsurptiird at the impudence or absurdity of the
claims of the UNITED STATES ttlia Free Trade with,
. . - . .• ,
the BRITISH WEST INDIES ; but tlo.'CollfeSi that
.1 am thuelt surprized at the inattention of the

London Journalists to rhis very itnpartant, and, at
the same time, eimple matter -of fact qttestt9n—
in shot t, as simple a question of Meunz and Tuu'n,
between nations, as any case of trespass or pick-

pocketing that ever came before a Jury ; at least
as far as a rin-etion of national tights and pro-
perty can he supposed to assimilate with indivi-