The Sun.
London, England, 1827-10-06 00:00:00

LONDON ASSURANCE HOUSE.

No. 10,9412.

LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 6, 1827.

On Thursday, Ist November, will be published, in twi,
vols. post Svo, price 14 ls, boards,

FROM LAST NIGHT'S GAZETTE.

OHRONICLES of the CANONGATE,
by the " AUTHOR of WAVERLEY, Scc."
CONTENTS.
Taledst, THE HIGLAND WIDOW.
Tale'ed, THE TWO DROVERS.
• Tale 3d, THE .'SURGEON'S DAUGHTER.
• Printed for Cadell :and Co. 41, St. Andrew-square;
•
Edinburgh ; and Simpkin-and Marshall, London.
'Of n:hom may be had,
All the other WORKS of the same Author, from Waver-
ley to Woodstock, separately, and in sets.

Cominission in the *tssex Militia, signed by the Lofd
Lieutenant of the County of Sussex.
Thomas White, Scott, Gcut. to be Ensign, vice Arthot
Chichester, resigned. September 29.

Cikuiinissions signed-by the-Lord Lieutenant of the Count!,

of Dumbarton.

John Lang, Esq. to be Deputy Lieutenant. August P.S.

John Lennox•Kineaid, Esq. to be ditto. Sept. 1.

Lorne Campbell, Esq. to be ditto. Sept. 20.
Commissions signed by the Lord Lieutenant of the County
Of Brecon.
The Rev. Thoinas Watkins to be Deputy• Lieutenant.
September 21.
John Lloyd Vaughan Watkins, Esq. to he ditto. Sept.
21.

Commision in. the K!ng's. Cheshire Regiment of 'Yeomanry
Cavalry, signed by the Loud• Lieotenant of the Cotinty
Palatine of Cbcster.
Durham Massey Troop.

Thomas Worthington; junior Gent. to he Corn*" 'vii:
Davenport, Tesigned. Sept. 24.

DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY.

EMIGRATION.

THIRD REPORT.

(CONCLUDEb FROM YESTE'RDAY.)

VI.--.BOARn OE EMIGRATIOZ.

Thomas Potts, Rotherhithe-wall, Surrey, baker.
Samuel Hayes, jun., Henrietta-street, Covent-garden,
bookseller. • •
• •• BANKRUPTCY SUPERSEDED.
Thomas Willmott, Manchester, spi►it-merchant.
BANKRUPTS.

Thomas Pritchard, Footi-Cray, Kent, Surgeon, to Bur:
render Oct. 12, at ten, 19, at eleven,. and Nov. 16, at
ten, at the Court of Commissioners. Thompson, Walbrook.
George Dorvell,'worth, auctioneer, .Aug. 19, Oct.
26, and Nov. 16, at eleven, at the Court of Commis-
sioners. Donne, Austin-friars.
James Turner, Manchester, corn-broker, Oct. 19, 20,
and' Nov. 16, at two, at the Clarendon-buildings, Livei-'
pool. Blackatock and Bounce, Temple, London ; Bards-
well and Son,'Liverpool.
John ThOrnas Ilumpleby, Abchurch-lane, drysaltering-
broker, Oct. 12, 19; and Nov. 16, at eleven; at the Court
of Com Missioners. Tilleard and Miller, Old Jewry.
Piece Egan, Strand, bookseller, .Oct. 12, 19,' and Nov.
16; at ele'ven, at the Court: of Commissioners. Jay and
Ashton, Gray's: inn. • .
Henry, Rickets Carthusian-street, Charter-house-square,
victualler, October 19, 26, and.Novernber.l6, at eleven,
at the Court of Commissioners. Rushbury, Carthusian-
street, Charter-house-square.
Richard-Wilson, Friar-street, Blackfriaqp-road, hard-
ware-manufacturer, Oct. 23, and Nov. 16, at ten, at the
'Court of CommisSioners. 'Paterson and Peile, Old Broad-
street.

Birchin-lane, Cornhill, October 3, /827.
rirliE COURT of DIRECTORS of the
COIIPORATION of the LONDON ,ASSUR-
A
CE ha reby give Notice, that the DIVIDEND-
-11,7 A
ia'RRAN'I'S for the Half-year ending at Michaelmas
11., will lu ready to be delivered and paid to the Pro,
vrietors in bath Charters, on FRIDAY, the 12th instant,
4041'61 continue to be delivered and paid every Day, from
Eleven V,ill TI iree o'clock, Saturdays and Holidays excepted.
JOHN LAURENCE, Secretary.

ASYLUM FOREIGN AND DOMES-
TICe LIFEASSURANCE COMPANY; 70,
uRNHILL, LONDON.

- ,
DIRECTORS.
Sir James Mackintosh, M.P. President.
p The Honourable William Fraser, Vice President.
14k ter Reynolds, Esq. C. W. Hallett, Esq.
",°,nas Mein; Esq. Sir James Gambier
Kymer, l ",sq. Thomas Fenn, Esq.
Francis Kemble Esq. Steph. N. Barber, Esq.
Vt. G. Harris,, R.N., C.B.
George Farren, Esq. Resident Director.
AI.~AIcAL.
OFFII _ERS—R. Gooch, M.D., H. Mayo, Esq.

OR DINARY INSURANCES.
lowest ristes of Premium in England, combined
'til the right to go abad, on trms aree at the m-
ment of tihe, insurroanee, we g
thout further -trouble
or tieliy.
FOREIGN CLIMATES and ACTIVE SERVICE.—
nstlraucea at tin! most reasonable rates, founded on an
aetual data.
PREGNANCY.—FemaIes need not appear before Di-.
a ec
t0r8) nor a Medical Officer.
CIIRONIC DISEASE and IRREGULAR FORM.—
' slight cases the 'premiums are lower than those of the
generality of Offices to Persons in robust health.
ea UNIIEAL
THY OCCUPATIONS.—Parties who are
from Benefit Societies and Insurance generally,
ale aurnitted at reasonable rates.
Further particola rs may be had at the Company); house,
or letterby Ito the
______Resident Director.

CLERICAL, MEDICAL AND GENE-
RAL LIFE ASSURANCE, SOCIETY.
HIS GRACE THE D raUies inuisT.
KE OF GORDON, G.C.B.
Viva PRICSITJEN
The Bishop of Salisbury TS.e
Wean of Salisbury
The Bishop of Bath & Well !Int
IL Raiford Bart. F. R.S.
The Earl of Fife
Lord Viscount Gadies Lit'„:‘,.....C6Zer,'.Barrrt. F. S.
Sir T. Isiop,
E.lll3la.rWL P
Lord Viscount Stopford
Lord Viscount Clive
iha
Thomas Wilson,
~f 1:• • *
Lord Crofton
The Dean of Windsor
HONORARY Dißm.olll; OR VISITORs.
The Ven. Joseph Ilolden Pott, M. A. Archdeacon of Ludo*.
The Rev. Christopher Benson, M.A. Master of the Temple.
numerous.
GEORGE PINCKARD, M.D. Chairman.
Rev. C. Crane,D.b..F.A.S. H. J. Cholmondeley,
Rev. Jas. Macdonald, M.A. James Kibblewhite, Esq.
G. G. Babington, Esq. Samuel Merriman, M.D.
George Birkbeck, M.D. Samuel Mills, Esq.
Robert Bree, M.D. F.R,S. F. J.. Perceval, Esq.
B. C Brodie, Esq. F.R.S. Sir George Pocock
James Carden, Esq. Ashby Smith, M.D.
A. Chichester, Esq. M. P. George Vance, Esq.
TAUS'
Sir E. Home, Bt. V. P. R. S.
Rev. G. Shepherd, D.D.
Rev. R6.laYdalesi,ieD; EDs.ti. •k• A. s.
John

A. R. Sutherland, M.D.
Henry Earle, Esq. F.R.S.
BANICERS.
Messrs. Dixon, Langdale, Dixon, and Brooks.
SOLICITORS.
John Burder, Esq. and W. Gilmore Bolton, Esq.
ADVANTAGESTELONGING TO THIS SOCIETY.
I. A diminished Rate of Assurance, especially on tie
younger lives, calculated on the improved state of public
health, and the increased duration of human life.
2. In addition to the general Business of granting As-
%urance on healthy lives, extending the benefit of Life As-
surance to all classes, of persons, instead of excluding those
afflicted with " Gout, Asthma, Ruptures, Fits, Com-
plaints of the Liver, Spitting of Blood," and the other
diseases usually specified.
S. Giving to the assured the .advantage of sharing the
profits, withoutibeing exposed to any risk.of loss. !
'4. ealtulating the profits every five years, and giving
the assured,
the , option of baying them added to their
policies for the benefit of their survivori, or of taking tlfein
in diminution of their annualpayments, of
,premiums {for
their own benefit during life.
of,
5. No increase f p- • •
rum= is required Military
Naval Officers, except when called into actual service.
J. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary.
Offiecremored to No. 4, Southampton-street, Blooms-
"'ltry-iquare,. London.

AUD;

;TEES.
Joseph Marryat, Esq. M.P,
Andrew A. neville, Esq.
James Kibblewhite, Esq.

Joseph Seely, Esq.
Henry B 1 unt,.Esq.

l_ VI
••,. fl .
• ~
, • dlit,c 41
,-- l' // b'./,1--- A, e;j . , S
S
4§;-‹ ‘`
1 :t
k 1 '4...
:-b..- . :.. ;<,
tion had been afror.r7; re . 4? Ire-
. , .
land and Scotland upon dr tstro.go
.t I expense a
• , ,
u,t•,, ; : -', - .- ~tip If 512 ! ‘4.-I'''-',77::,.-7-:-.. ''''"' ' , N , ' 4,.. ‘-ji ' :•-0 / J., '.
I iCI Fis ....; 0,, • ....._•,. . ' t-Tr ..•
"I'="-*.. , ' - .....'
• 'll 4 ,4: ' • ,c.-• ,- a (-1-) • - ''''.. passage, an injustice would have been elt in thr?w•
ing upon an. English parish the additional expense
(' ~ ..,,;..1,7c.,,,..-" ‘''. I 1 ',Ad ',., Fed - . 'll-----1-CN: -_
---.
—.
- i ': - • . , . . ,
of the location of the emigrant in the colony.
. ~.: oxi.R.7;\ ~.:' "" / /
i . it
_ .. .
• tr, \ A \ * Ilk
.; _ ,l ^. , .
~,.1 .-. . , ...
V11.,--THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN' EMIGRATION',AND CO.
• 1. \\ \-4,1, ,-^ N • % Se.-. r..., .-..-.._.___ 1 1 I*-. .
t,V 1 ,Z, , j ;`'.. , -- - ..... , ( IN., , Tst- .s. „ - 4 -... . . . -- - .P 1 .....Th ': :
, LONIZATION AND A REGULATED AND AN UNRILaPLATEI
:i I '
-,,,,,, .
~,,,,,
~. i', ' 1 c' c_
.- ":, . '
~ ,
ip)
.1. . - -c Vi . w 4,,,,,
..- ;3 7 r ”j • i_ ', 'i , 7,-; ;). ........... . . . . „ . . . . . .
..„
~
EMIORATION.
,
\---<rj ''
14,. il --IV' ili! _ ~ '''
.-... t 04' '-0
N. 4t 0 - -
4631 ' - Ijir ~ ' X rll ita
•

13R J CE 7n.

The Select Committee appointed to,consider the Subject of
Emigration from the United' Kingdom, and to whom the
Report of the last SessiOn, and the several Petitions
which have been presented to the House, in the present
Session of Parliament, on the same subject, were re-
ferred ; and
.who were empowered to report their Oh-
servations and .Opinion thereupon, , together with the
Minutes of, Evidence taken before the►u, from time to
time, to the House; have further considered the Alatters
to them referred, and have agreed upon the following
Report.

With respect to the formation of a Board of Emi-
gration in London, hating agents in Ireland, Great
Britain, and the Colonies, acting under its directions,
your Committee are prepared, under any circum-
stances, to express their entire conviction of the ex-
pediency of forming such a Board, although its
'duties may be limited or extended, according to• the
'decision that may ultimately be,..talten on this subject
of emigration,

Your Committee wish also to impress upon the
House, that they consider it of -primary importance
to distinguish most accurately between colonization
and emigration ; that is, between the planting of
Colonists in a soil prepared to receive them, aided
by a small portion of capital, to enable them imme-
diately to take root and Berm-isle and the-mere pour-
' ing of an indefinite quantity of labourers, as emi-
grants without capital, into a country where there is
a very small proportion of capital previously existing
to' employ them, and where, although after much
misery and privation they may finally succeed, they
are nevertheless subject to chances of failure and
vicissitudes not experienced by the former class of
persons. For it is admitted by all persons who have
investigated these eubjeets, that, in the order of
nature, food must precede population. Colonization,
that is, an emigration where the labourers are aided
by capital, provides that food. The power of a fer-
tile virgin soil, Combined with labour, ls sufficient to
produce infinitely mare food than. is • consumed by
the parties cultivating it. Consequently each suc-
ceeding emigration is.fed by the surplus food pro-
duced from the earth by preceding emigrants. In
an unrestricted and disproportioned emigration of
labourers, no such .provision being made, population,
contrary to the order of nature, would precede food.
A high price of labour in any country may show
that there iz a real demand for it, and an introduc
tinn of a certain number of labourers, by lowering
wages, may increase the fair rate of profit to the ca-
pitalist, without reducing wages below that level
which the prosperous existence of the labourer re-
quires. Such an importation of labour, however,
must necessarily have a limit, and if that limit be
exceeded, the effect will be to reduce the wages- of
labour below that level which is compatible with
the prosperity of the labourer, and thereby to induce
the same character of evils {though perhaps under a
mitigated form) from Which the labourer had escaped
on leaving the mother country.
numberlabourers,
o f
atilb(eil.
FOoe
elleri%n txB;
ciefhe reht;tchfeei
ipal,tuv;tl
coil
xi
unoccupied
pie) colonization
be-demonstrated
temer:aaieitt itoon theof
such labourers, as Colonists, will be the extent and
or
thatcid thre4el:3,
chit
en,
r
have been planted 'in Canada at the expence of 601.
or 1001. per family, and if it be demonstrated. that
they can and will repay the capital lent to them for
their location, it can then be undeniably maintained
that there is no assignable reason why that which is
verified in the case of 415 emigrant settlers, may not
be equally verified in the case of 4,150, or 41,500,
or 415,000, admitting, as a necessary element in the
.argument, that such number would in no degree
exhaust the unoccupied soil of the higher class of fer-
tility in the Colony.
But if it were shown that 415 labourers, thrown
on the shores of our North American provinces,
without 'any capital belonging to them, or lent to
them, had prospered, or that 4,150 such labourers
had prospered, as mere labourers, the prbbability of
the success of greater numbers could not be neces-
sarily inferred. An early limitation of the demand
for such labour must be interposed, after which no
additional importation of labourers could be attended
with any advantage to themselves or to the Colory.
The consideration of this contrast of circumstances
points out the correct distinction between Coloniza-
tion and Emigretion.
Until very lately, the system of Colonization by
paupers, upon the principle of advancing capital to
them, has never been fairly acted upon by any coun-
try. Colonies have been established, either by the
emigration of persons with a small capital of their
own, or by the emigration of labourers who have, by
a comparatively painful and eircuitous process suc-
ceeded in ultimately transforming- theicselves into
capitalists and colonists; but in thisiatter 'case, the
process has been slow, and the nurnbers few.
Your Committee are well aware that there are
many persons who believe that the only practical
and desirable mode of dealing with emigration is
to allow it to take its own course, to remove all the
impediments limiting its extent, and not to interfere
with or assist it'in any shape; and in furtherance of
this principle, which, under modification, your Com-
mittee consider to be entirely sound, they have di-
rected their Chairman to bring in a Bill, which has
passed both houses of Parliament;for the repeal of
all regulations affecting the transport of passengers ;
but they conceive that it is utterly erroneous to sup-
pose that a redundant population of absolute paupers
can be removed by casual and unassisted emigration.
Your Committee conceive that although it may
be highly desirable to remove all impediments to the
free circulatiou of lableurers, which is involve& in the
removal of all restrictions which may enhance the
price of the passage, yet that it is by no meatus to
the interest of the mother country that her small
capitalists should emigrate, and that her unemployed,
able-bodied. agricultural paupers should be left at
home. Those small proprietors are driven from
their own country by the pauperism which is below
remain Ifat
hthoamt
epaaunpetism
dempl
employ
yetrhe
their capital
d,
iitai they
wtiNo
the ad-
vantage of themselves and their country ; but, if they
breesubletuteo-
are themselves removed,'and7the extent of pauperism
unable
should remain the same,` the'
to procure empioyment,dhowever able to work, is a
fi
thet t e
motherd
hurt no
country.practical
Trhelei erfervuhanklaneil*vteti.pinawsulipYller,
tax upon the community'
Your Committee are decidedly of opinion that if
the principlewillht
t be
for
• of casual and independent emigration
were to be preferred to that of a regulated and lo-
cated emigration—if it were to be laid down as
principle that 'there could be no limitation to the
absorption of labourers either in the United States,
or in our own Colonies, and that we have only to
build a bridge as it were over the Atlantic, to carry
al
over the starving poor of the mother country, to
securelvere
made
their
to
pouradvantageth e andm i n
dpri
socsrpi
me prosperity--it
found that. the evils which would be thereby inflicted
upon our pauper population will be hardly less than
those from which they had escaped. , If an attempt
United States, without reference to-the demandyo
labour that may exist there, the laws,of that
country,
already already hostile to such an introduction
pro-
bably be made still more' effectual to prevent'would
it;o
if it be proposed that our Colonies should receive
them in unlimited nuMbers, when transmitted, with-
out selection, without reference. truths real demand
for their services as labourers,iand unaided by capital,
upon the principle of repayment, abere. will be no
bounds to the complaints which the Colonists will
raise against the injustice and (.shortsightedness of
our policy.
In the Albany Advertiser, published in Septem-
ber, 1826, is -the folleiting article Innumerable
complaints are made by our citizens, on the subject
of the wretched state in which most of the foreign
emigrants-who daily arrive here are found, in regard
of food, clothing, and the means of subsistence; and
reprehending the. conduct of our municipal euthori-
ties who have the disposal of the affairs of pauperism,
for the neglect manifested towards these miserable
beings. The picture of distress which these.emi-
-grants present on their arrival here is almost inde-
scribable; and by many of our citizens great blame
is attached to the commanders of our river craft for
bringing them from New York and •landi
ng them
upon our wharfs, knowing them to be destitute
of a
"single cent to secure themselves, a mouthful
to eat ' •
the consequence of which is, they are next seen
begging through our streets in , the most loathsome
and abject state of filth And misery. It app ears
that they beg iu the city, of New York till they
get a few shillings; 1) - or Sufficient to induce a Ca
tain of a tow-boat, or
-somecraft, bring
them to bring
them to Albany, where they are left to depend upon
Providence audrtheir ingemfity in the art of begging,
in which, by the
way, ,most 'of them • are pidepts.

Upon this subject, your Committee would-refer
the House, and his Majesty's Government, to a ,let-
ter inserted after, question 4277 in the Evidence,
and addressed by Mr. Buchanan to the Chairman
of the Committee. This letter furnishes much va-
luable information, as well as important practical sug-
gestions.

Your Committee are decidedly of opinion that it
would be impossible to accomplish that uniformity
of operation which would be so necessary in a sys-
tem of Emigration on an extended scale, unless
by the establishment of agents duly qualified, and
whose duty it would be to act under the orders
of the Emigration Board, and the local Govern-
ments.

Your Committee also would propose that such •
Emigration Board should be placed under the direct
controul of an, Executive Department of the State,
'which would be responsible, for . the exercise of the,
important functions which such a Board would be,
called upon to discharge.
Your Committee are of opinion that agents, duly
authorized under an Emigration Board established
in this country, should inspect, and accept or reject,
under strict rules and impartial regulations, to which.
they should be subjected, and respecting which ap-
peal-011901d be allowed to the Emigration Board, all
emigrantlamilies who may be candidates for emi
.gration, and for whose removal to the Colonies'
means may be forthcoming from general or private
contributions. They also propose, that for every
ticket which should qualify an emigrant family for
Government assistance, when landed in a colonial
port,.the sum of • 11. should be paid, which sum
should be applied in liquidation of any expences
at hoine, which might. be incurred.. by the appoint-
ment of an Emigration Board, and of inferior agents.
No person above the age of fifty years should be
accepted as a Government emigrant, except under
very special circumstances. Each heed:of a family
should be in a sound state of health, of good charity-
ter, desirous of emigrating, and. in want of that ef-
fective demand for his labour by which he can ob-
tain the means of independent subsistence. Above
all, he should be a person, in consequence of whose
removal no diminution of production would take
place, although by such removal the .expence of his
maintenance would be saved to the community.
The proportion of a man, woman, and three children,
must be maintained, in order to give facilities for the
regulation of the expence ; but if a man, his wife,
and six children, were accepted as emigrants, a. men
and woman without any child might also be accepted,
as preServing the proportion, and so on. Every head
of a.family arriving in the Colony, should have
choice as to whether lie would accept the accommti-
dation offered to him in the way of a loan in kind.
He should be distinctly informed, upon his arrival in
the Colony, that if a demand should exist for his la,
hour among the population there, and if he preferred
engaging himself as a labourer to being located as a
colonist, he should have facility of _placing himself'
in that capacity, • so that no expence on the part of
the public should be incurred on his account, or that
of his family after their arrival, nor in that case any,
termsii of repayment be expected from him, as no ac-
commodation in kind had been afforded. On the
other hand, such emigrants as are mot able to find
employinent'as labourers, or who may prefer being
located upon Government lands upon the terms in-
volved in the queries, would have the nature of the
etigagement-into'li,hich they entered distinctly point-
ed out to them. They would be furnished with a
printed statement, explaining each particular item of
the expence ineurred,on their account, coupled with
any other atrangementa whiCh may be suggested in
the Colonies, for the more effectual furtherance of
this purpose.
The classes of emigrants. which your Committee
contemplate as those 'which should have a prior claim
to the Government assistanceere,—lst, Irish te-
nants who have been.ejected from small farms under
the operation of clearing the property, which is now
taking place as part of the national system in Ire-
land ; 2dly, Those tenants who are upon the point
of being ejected, but whose ejectment has not ac-
tually taken place; 3dly,' A class which perhaps can
hardly be included under the name of tenant, the
cottiers, who occupy a cabin with an extremelv
small portion of land, and who, unless they call ob-
tain employment, have no means of paying theit
rent ; and, lthly, Cases in England and Scotland,
which must be • made matter of special reference
to whatever authorities way direct the course of
emigration.
In the special case of ejected tenants from Irish
nt
thadwith
redistinctlyspe,to
made involving no great complexity of detail, unilc,
tiatiiie6pirrroeyrgeneralteide s of ' hpeal.er t
tiehse
qualifications,eamsigenraa) emigrants
oraanriLat arrangement ent might ,bc
which, in the case of such parties possessing a small
sum of money, they Might be allowed to pUrchre
Government assistance at the rate laid down in the
Schedule, and 'only make themselves debtors
such excess of assistance as might be .afforded to
them beyond the extent of their own fund to pro
cure. The located emigrants in each district shotilt;
be placed as near together as circumstances' will per
mit. They should be placed, in all possible instances,
on the immediate confines of the settled country,
with reference to the facilities of communication
by land as well as by water, and consequently,: Vi
markets.

The House will perceive that your Committe,
proposes to limit the local contributions for emigra.
tion, to the removal of the emigrant to the sea coast
and to the expense of the passage to the Colonies.
When arrived there, if, as already explained, then
be no demand for his labour, it is proposed that a
loan should be offered to him, upon the principle,
laid down in this Report. After a very mature con.
sideration of the whole subject, your Committee
have come to the decided conclusion, that a m'or,
conipliCated system, involving any other circumstaOcc-
of contribution, would have tended to check the
•measnre, and to prevent the accomplishment 1.1.
great national advantage.' 111 England, undoubtel ly
the economy to the :parishes would he such as t,
have induced them to contribute, in many instances
the 'whole expense; but in that case they woul,.
have expected to have the same individual lien to
the property of the emigrant in the colony, whie
contemplated on the part of the Government i
every individual case; and, secondly, if accommOv

Some provision linnet be made for these wretebed
beings, though it is hard that the burden should
come upon this city (Albany), as it seems to be at
present, for it has lately become their chosen thorough-
fare, as they are pouring upon us from the North as
well as from the South. Hundreds are drifted down
the Northern Canal to meet hundreds more floating up
the Hudson, and all of them are found-in the same des-
titute condition.”. Your Committee do not doubt that
the House will be of opinion that if many thousands
of emigrants were to be added to the numbers here
complained of,*the nuisance would be so intolerable
in the United States, as to induce them to increase
the severity of their aws against the introduction 'pf
pauper emigrants.; and if in consequence of their
being driven from the United States, all those
wretched beings are to be poured into the Canadas,
the same circumstances of distress and misery must
ensue, and the burden will be intolerable to the
Colonies. _

• On the subject of an Emigration solely intended to
supply the demands of labour, your Committee would
particularly call the attention of the House, and of
his Majesty's Government, to the .evidence
has been given with respect to the d.emiu .:al for
labour in the Colonies of New South ‘,T,, tau, vith
Diemen's Land, and the Cape of ,Good nopo
more especially to that proposition N,vilich has been
suggested, of the Colonists 'ant4.lertaking to repay, in
a prescribed manner, atv Pnycore which may be in-
curred in the tran:dport of, Emigrants, for wh6se
labour there is. a special demand in those Colonies.
The? do trot entertain any doubt that if the subject
be duly examined, if the evidence be transmitted to
the Colonies, and information be invited respecting
tht practical execution of the measure, a principle of
supply may be adjusted, at an early period, under
which the Colonists of the Cape, and of New South
Wales and Van Diemen's Land may receive
,lisely that proportion of labour which is suited to
their wants ; while at the same time the ixdePend-
ence which an indefinite supply of fertil land pre-
vides for the labourer after a few years of exertion,
will tend progressively to transmute all such
labourers into Colonists, and to create fresh de-
mands for labour from the population of the mother
country. The advantages that may be expected to
accrue to those Colonies from the supply of a com-
modity, that is, labour, for which the most intense
demand exists, dill, your Committee doubt not, be
fully apprecifited by the House: An examination 'of
the valuable evidence taken 'before -your Coramittie
upon this subject, will show that; there is no catike
which so much retards the progiess and improve-
tatnt of those Colonies as the want of labour to
'bring their resources into full developement, and
will also establish the fact, tbat if a supply of labour
be afforded to them, carefully adjusted to the real
demand, the claims which their necessities now
enforce upon the Mother Country will be progres-
sively diminished ; and that in the satisfactory appli-
cation of th,at simple principle will be involved ,a
degree of "improvement in We Colonial system of
this country, which can scarcely be anticipated by
the most sanguine person.

VIIL_CQNCLUDING OBSERVATIbNS 1.71.017 THE ADVAI.7.-

'EAGES OF A REGULATED EMIGRATION, BOTH .TO THE

COLONIES AND TO THE MOTHER COUNTRY.
Your Committee would shortly call the attention
of the House to those natural and artificial checks
which, if emigration be expedient as a national mea•
sure, will prevent its ever being carried on to a di-
gree prejudicial in any sense to the interest of the
Mother. Country. First, as the emigration is to be
strictly voluntary, very teW labourers will be dis-

posed to leave their own country, who find that their
labour can produce a return sufficient to maintain
themselves and their fa;alilies at home. Secondly,
as the expences of t'ae passage of the emigrants to
the Colonies, if the suggestion of your Committee
be adopted, fall exclusively upon the district,
parish, of individual, who may consider such call-

wants redundant, either as tenantry, or as labourers,
no contribution will ever take place to aid emigra-
tion, except in cases where such conviction dis-
tinctly exists, as to its necessity. Thirdly, if any at-
tempts should be made by districts, parishes, or in-
dividuals to get rid :of parties, being infirm persons
or of bad character,.it will be the duty of the Erni-
. gration gnt, provided that a Beard be formed on
the principles recommended by your Committee, to
reject all such applications as inadmissible under the
proposal offered by the Government : the assistance
of Government being strictly extended to such dais
of emigrants only U 3 are specified in the tANo first pro-
positions.

The.carrying on of any regulated system of emi-
gration.upon an extended scale can only be justified
by the blended consideration of two main and prin-
cipal points : first, the real saving effected at home
by the removal of pauper labourers, executing no
real functions as labourers, and not contributing to
the annual production ; secondly, the probability of
direct though progressive repayment from those la-
bourers, when placed as emigrants in the Colonies,
and the indirect consequence of theincreased de-
mands for British manufactures, involved in the cir-
cumstance of an increasing Co;onial population.
It will be seen, by rekrence to the evidence of
Mr. Malthus, that he admits, that if there are la-
bourers in the cour:ay for whose labour there is no
real demand, art who have no means of subsistence,
those - labourers are of no advantage, as far as the
wealth c,fr the country is concerned; and conse-
quently, that if they were to die, or to be removed,
the wealth of the country would in no degree • be
diminished by their decease or removal. He con-
siders labourers in this state of redundancy, as ope-
rating as a tax upon the community. Your Com-
mittee have referred to this opinion, because there is
much prejudice in the country upon this particular
part of the subject, among persons who imagine that
any abstraction of the population must be attended
with prejudicial consequences to the general wealth
and prosperity of the country ; a proposition pre-
cisely the converse of what your Committee belie've
to be true in the case of labourers, for whose labour
no reel demand exists. Mr. Malthus admits that if
it can be shown that the expence of removing such
labourers by emigration is less than that of main-
taining them at home, no doubt can exist of the ex-
pediency of so removing them; and this, indepen-
dent of any question of repayment. A question was
put to him, " You have referred more than once to
the expence supposed to be sustained by the Govern-
ment for emigration ; would you continue to use
that phrase, if it could be demonstrated that the ex-
pence would be repaid bythe production of the emi-
grant in the new country to which he is taken ?"
He answered, " That if it could be, he should not
continue it." He was of opinion that the general
wealth of the empire would be increased by an ac-
cession of population in the Colonies, independently
of the advantageous consequences resulting to this
country from the abstraction of that population which
is here in redundancy; and that the introduction of
English population into those colonies would tend
to furnish a very valuable market for the labourers
of this country, even if they were not to continue to
belong to the British empire.
William Penn, in his " Benefit of Plantations or
Colonies," after adverting to the various emigrations
recorded in history, says :
" I deny the vulgar opinion against plantations,
that they weaken England-; they have manifestly
enriched, and so strengthened her, which I briefly
evidence thus: those that go into a foreign planta-
tion, their industry there is worth more than if they
'staid at home." Again : " They are not lost to
England, since England furnishes them with much
clothes, household stuff, tools, and the like neces-
saries, and that in greater quantities than here their
,e7dition Could have needed, or they could have
here, being there well to pass that were but low
. ' not poor, and now masters of families too,
when here • they
had none, and could hardly keep
themselves;
and very often it happens that some
of them, after
their industry and sticcess have made
them wealthy, return
England, one this capacity
empty their riches into
twenty of what he _ wac.ity- being able to buy out
inpttiry into whieh, rear as whenh? went out." The
Committee . have entered,
votablishes a ptopo 't*
5.1 ion precisely similar, and `fur-

nishes the principal justification of suggestinc, an
appropriation of the public funds, by way of loan,
for the purposes of emigration.
It is advanced, as an argument against emigration,
that if redundancy. of population arises from an
excess of labour as compared with demand, that is,
with capital=if both labour and capital be nbstract-,
ed in proportionate quantities, the ratio of redun-
dancy will still exist precisely the. same, that is,
supposing that the capital withdrawn bears the same
proportion to the capital remaining, which the popula-
tion withdrawn bears to the poptilatien remaining; and
consequently, that although -the nurnberiof the popu-
lation may be actually diminished by emigration, the
ratio of their_ redundancy to the capital of the
country may still remain the same. Undoubtedly.
if the 95,000 persons proposed to be remov-„;
now sustained at home by a prod- c•-••
tive capita wereo
f.
leave the real con _
the amount of 1,140,000/ •-
cpe.removal of both would
t• ton of Inc country very much
d;
the same. t the capital that May be supposed
to
.typoit those labonrirs borne, is strictly an
1,-
,sproeuctive capital, In other words, it 'is mortga-
ged to the compulsory maintenance of parties wh•
are themselves allowed to be unproductive labourers.
If, therefore, which your Committee would not be.
in any degree prepared to admit, the capital neces-
sary for the locating of them as emigrants were pre-
cisely of an equal amount to the capital now em-
ployed in the maintaining of them' at home, still
the transfer of the same amount of capital froM the
one appropriation to the other, would be a transfer
from an employment both compulsory and unpro-
ductive, to one strictly prodective, if the evidence
taken before your Committee can be relied upon.
Your Committee are fully aware that if it could
be demonstrated, 'or even ; shown to be. probable,
that 1,140,0001. or any greater or less sum, could
be employed in any part of the mother country, with
the presumption of an equal amount of wealth being
produced, and consequently with equal security of
return, as in the case of emigration; and, above all,
if the comfort and independence of the 95,000
persons proposed to be removed as emigrants, could
be equally secured by employment at home, a very
strong argument might Ise raised against the expe7
diency of emigration. But the opinions to be'de-
rived from the very extensive evidence taken before
your Committee, in which the subject of cultivating
the waste lands of the mother country has been fully
considered, are conclusively in favour of the profit
to be. derived from the employment of capital in the
cultivation of the fertile lands of the Colonies, asj
compared with the unproductive appropriation of
capital At home in the employment of these paupers;
and the House will understand that it is upon these
opinions that the recommendation of your Commit-
tee is formed. Even if the consideration of the
double returns for the' capital advanced for emigra-
tion were put wholly out of sight, namely, the
direct return by the repayment of the' loan advanced
to the emigrant, and the indirect return arising from
the additional 'markets furnished for the commodi-
ties of the mother country, as well as by the gene-
ral increase of the wealth of the empire, your Com-
mittee are nevertheless satisfied . that itit could be
. proved that the 95,000 persons were strictly redun-
Aant (in the sense employed by 'your Conamittee),
and 'that the vacuum would not be filled up, the ex-
• penditure of 1,140,0001. for their removal would,
in a national point ofview, be an advantageous and
judicious outlay. But as the precise extent of the
redundancy of those persons could never be abso-
lutely proved; and as no conclusive seeurity could
be obtained for entire•prevention of the filling up of
such vacuum, they are prepared to allow that a na-
tional outlay for the purpose of emigration, unless
attended with return, direct or indirect, 'could not
be justified.
In illustration of this opinion, if the two results
considered in 'the two preceding paragraphs could lie
warranted, namely, that the vacuum could be pre-
-vented from being filled up, and that the labourers
are strictly redundant, the proposition would stand
thus :—The 95,000 persons, being destitute of all
prOperty, and not receiving wages, must necessarily
subsist on pecuniary relief in some shape or other.
The evidence before your Conmittee shows that 31.
per annum is the estimated minimum of the average
cost of sustenance of each of those 95,000 persons
taken collectively. The lowest annual charge,
therefore, for the maintenance of those 95,000 per-
sons amounts to 285,000/., and a charge to that ex-
tent is a tax upon the prbductive industry of the
community. The difference, therefore, between the
interest upon the loan proposed to be advanced for
a regulated system of emigration, 'namely, 57,0091.
a year, and the computed annual charge of 285,0001.
being 228,0004 must be'considered 'as clear and
entire gain to the community. In other words, the
ratio of capital to population at home would be aug-
mented, instead of being lessened, or even remaining
the same, after the emigration of those 95,000
persons. ' ; _

The House will not fail to observe, that if emigra-
tion could be carried on as a national system, the
colonies would increase rapidly in wealth, and have
the means furnished them of taking upon themselves
the various expenses, military as well as civil, now
incurred for them by the mother country; and this
without any addition to their burdens, but on the
contrary accompanied with an increase of wealth
more than proportionate to the expense which they
would have to take upon themselves.

With a rapidly increasing and thriving population,
and under a liberal system of colonial policy, the
North American-colonies cannot fail to attain, at a
comparatively early period, the means of relieving
the mother country from the annual expence incur-
red in their maintenance ; whibit by the general
establishment of our colonial relations upon the prin-
ciple of, reciprocity of benefits arising from commer-
cial intercourse and the operation of common inte-
rests, the question will be solved, of the advantages
which a parent State is capable of deriving from a
well-organized colonial system. The population
being thereby materially increased in our colonies,
perpetually increasing demand would exist for the
manufactures of the mother country ; and this not
in the slightest degree arising from the relation be-
tween colonies and a mother country, but on the
mutual interests of the two countries, as it would be
more to the interest of the British colonies to pur-
chase manufactures from the mother country, than
to become manufacturers themselves. On the other
hand, it, would be mere to the interest of the mother
country to employ her capital in the fabrication of
manufactures so wanted, than to employ it in the
cultivation of her own waste lands of inferior fertility.
Wherever there is an indefinite quantity of unoc-
cupied fertile land, wages will of necessity be high,
and manufacturing capital will not naturally establish
itself under the circumstances of population incident
to such a country. Manufactures can only be ex-
tensively produced in a country where a great num-
ber of hands are withdrawn from the cultivation of
the ground, in consequence of the la;►d producing no
adequate return of profit from increased cultivation.
Your Committee beg to refer the House to a
paper given in by Mr. Buchanan, in page 455 of the
evidence, which shews that the ordinary tonnage in
the trade between the mother cou►►try and the colo-
nies furnishes, as far as stowage is involved, the
means of emigration to the extent of 400,000 per-
sons per annum. Your Committee cannot omit to
call the particular attention of the House to this eh,:
cumstance, as furnishing an extraordinary means of
carrying any system of extended emigration into
effect; and a collateral advantage arising from this
circumstance is the increased 'cheapness of the re-
turned freight in timber, supposing the shipowner to
have part of his profit realized by the payment of
the passage of the emigrants, as contrasted with the
necessity of effecting, as hitherto, his voyage out in
ballast.

Your Committee finally beg, in the strongest
manner to confirm the opinion expressed in their
Second Report, at the earlier part of the present
Session, which states " their deep conviction, that
whatever m►►y be the immediate and urgent demands
from other quarters, it is in vain► to hope for any
permanent and extensive advantage from any system
of emigration which does not primarily apply to Ire-

land, whose population, unless some other outlet be
opened to' them, must shOrtly fill up every vacuum
created in England, or, in Scotland, and reduce the
labouring classes to a uniform state of degradation
and misery." June 29, 1827.