The Sun.
London, England, 1842-09-19 00:00:00

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LONDON,
"."
No. 15,621 MONDAY /I , •
mit yr. it SI
41.
2 N.
kut 114
w ^tud •,z SEPTEMBER 19, 1849

PRICE 5(1.

THE SUN is Published EVERY MORNING at FIVE O'CLOCK, in Time for the EARLY TRAINS and TOWN DELIVERY ; a SECOND EDITION (Evening Sun) is Published in Time for the AFTERNOON TRAINS
and a -THIRD EDITION at SEVEN O'CLOCK, for POST, containing PARLIAMENTARY and all other NEWS in LONDON up to that Hour.
ADVERTISEMENTS INSERTED in ALL THE THREE PAPERS, Morning, Noon; and Night, thereby insuring a TOWN and COUNTRY CIRCULATION, at ONE CHARGE.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
extended into Cavendish-square. The much-admired
Interior of the CHAPEL of ST. HELENA in JERUSA-
LEM, after D. Roberts, R.A. (published by Mr. Moon),
and a fine Exterior View of ST. PhTER'S at ROME, are
now added to the ENLARGED DISSOLVING VIEWS.
NAPIER'S PATENT PRINTING MACHINE and AIN-
SLIK'S PATENT BRICK and TILE MAgING MA-
CHINE, both at work by Steam Powe . Fine specimens
of ANCIENT and MODERN FRESCO. Mr. COLLEN
takes PORTRAITS daily by Mr. Fox Talbot's CALO-
TYPE PROCESS. The Lectures on this Art will not be
continued after next week. PHOTOGRAPHIC POR-
TRAITS taken as usual by Mr. Beard. Varied Lectures by
Dr. Ryan, Professor Bachhoffner, and the other Lecturers.
The ORRERY, DIVING BELL. DIVER, &c. Beautiful
additions to the COSMORAMIC VIEWS, which arc shown
in the Evenings.—Conductor of the Band, Mr. Wallis.
. .

NATIONAL LOAN FUND LIFE ASSUR
ANCE SOCIETY,

FOR GRANTING
LIFE ASSURANCES, DEFERRED ANNUITIES, &c.
No. 26, CORNHILL.
Capital £500,000.
Empowered by Special Act of Parliament.
DIRECTORS.
T. LANIIE MURRAY,_Esq., Chairman.

J. Elliotson, M. D., F. E. S. John Rawson, Esq.
John Griffith Frith, Esq. I John Stodart, Esq.
Hunter Gordon, Esq. Clement Tabor, Esq.
Gorge Lungley, Esq. I Joseph Thompson, Esq.
AUDITORS.
Professor Wheatstone, F.R. S. I Professor Graves, A.M. F. R. S.
ACTUARY—W. S. B. Woolhouse, Esq., F. R.A.S.
PHYSICIAN—J. Elliotson, M.D., F.R. S.
Su RC EON—E. S. Symes, Esq.
SOLICITORS—Messrs. Sweet, Sutton, F.wens, and Ommanney.
BANKERS—Messrs. Glyr., Halifax, Mills, and Co.
The most rational motives to Ltfe Assurance are found in
the plan adopted by this Society; viz. joined to a secure
provision at death for inheritors of tho Asr:red, the Society
affords succour to the Assured himself (proportioned to pre-
vious payments) ii the event of unforeseen reverses.
Annual Division of Profits.
F. FERGUSON CAMP. 3UX, Secretary.

DUTCH AND FLANDERS MAIL.
THE HAGUE, SEPT. 13.—Ilia Royal Highnea
Prince Henry set out on Sunday for Flushing.
'We understand that the marriage of her Royal
Flighness Princess Sophia of the Netherlands to his
[loyal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe
Weimar, is to take place at the beginning of next
month. The august bridegroom is expected here on
the 24th of this month.
THE HAGUE, SEPT. 15.—His Majesty the King is
expected to return from Cologne to-morrow evening.
Prince Henry has already returned from Flushing.
The Prince and Princess of Orange are expected
here the day after to-morrow, and Prince and Prin.
cess Frederick on the 20th of this month.
Antonio Baviano, who was advertised for having
passed off forged coupons of the Act Debt, was
arrested this morning early, on his arrival at Leyden.
AMSTERDAM, SEPT. 16. Yesterday afternoon
another corn mill was destroyed by fire, not far from
this city. Though several fire engines were soon on
the spot, they could not save the mill or the miller's
house, which were almost wholly destroyed. No
lives were lost.
Bois-EE-Duc, SEPT. M.—Yesterday evening, at
half-past seven o'clock, we had the pleasure of seeing
the King in an open carriage with four horses pass
through this town, on his way to Tilburg. As soon
as it was known that his Majesty was expected, a
great crowd assembled, who received him with re-
peated acclamations. His Majesty proceeded without
stopping to Tilburg, where he was received with
every demonstration of loyalty and attachment.
Ills Majesty was to leave Tilburg on the 16th for
the Hague.
BRUSSELS, SEPT. 15.—We do not know whether
the King and Queen of the Belgians are really going
to Paris, as the letters from that city announce, but
we have just learned that King Leopold intends to
make another visit to his estate at Ardenne, after
having bee:i to the Camp at Beverloo.
We learn that the citadel of Bonillon is now ready
to receive the prisoners as soon as the health of Ge-
neral Vandeneen will permit. The four persons con-
demned for the conspiracy of 20th October will be
immediately conveyed to Bouillon. Much surprise is
caused by, the delay of the Government and the Ma
gistrates in publishing the programme of the fetes a
September.

ever necessity there may be that candles he made, i•
cannot be pretended to be necessary to make them it:
a town, and that the trade of a brewer is as necessary
• as that of a chandler ; and vet it seems to be agreed
that a brewhouse erected in such an inconvenient
plac9 where the business cannot be carried, on with-
out incommoding greatly the neighbourhood may be
indicted as a common nuisance. A presentment was
made to a Leet for erecting a glass-house; and Twis• den, J., said he had known an information adjudged
against one for erecting a brewhouse near Sergeants'
Inn ; but it was insisied that a man ought not to he
punished for erecting anything necessary for the exer-
cise of his lawful trade ; and it being answered that it
ought to be in convenient places where it may not be
a nuisance, the other Justices doubted, and ogee(' that it
was unlawful only to erect such things near the King's
Pah ce." Vent. 26, Pascal. 21, Car. 2. Recently,
however, when some architects and medical gentle-
men went to.. the top of 13nekingham Palace to exa-
mine it preparatory to its occupation by her Majesty,
they were assailed by a cloud of smoke from the
chimney, of the ,furnace of a neighbouring brewery ;
and the nuisance remains to the present time in full
force„notwithstancling the statutorvprovisions against it.
Where the defendant in his business as a printer
employed a steam-engine,
which produced a continued
noise and vibration in the plaintiff's apartment which
adjoined the premises of the defendant, this was-held
to be a nuisance. The Duke of Northumberland v.
Clowes, C. P., at Westnihviter, A.D. 1824.
The earlier sanitary regi4ions were frequently
set forth in the provisions of the Local Acts for the re-
gulation of the streets. From the early street regula-
tions of the city of London, we find that the purity of
the river and of the contributory streams was zealously
regarded : the ward inquests were specially charged to
inquire—
. "If any manner of person cast or lay dung, ordure,
rubbish, sea-coal dust, rushes, or any other noiant, in
the river of Thames, Walbrook, Fleet, or other
ditches of this city, or in the open streets, ways, or
lanes within this city.
" Also, if any person in or after a great rain falleth,
or at any other time, sweep any dung, ordure, rub-
street or lane, whereby
other thing noiant
downtbhi se 1 i
common
ruches,
no
t h sea-coalcourse
channelthere
dust,of
as on
lrye t
any
ynd the same things
noiant driven down into the said water of Thames.*
But when it is considered how few of the streets
were paved, or sewered, or drained, the following re-
gulation indicates what
,ust have been their condi
tion and the habits of them inhabitants :

" No man shall cast any urine-boles or ordure-
boles into the street by day or ,night, afore the hour
of nine in the night : and also he shall not cast it out,
hut bring it down, and lay it in the channel, under
the pain of three shillings and fourpence ; and if he do
cast it upon any person's head, the party to have a
lawful recompense, if he have hurt thereby."
The state in which the streets were under such re-
gulations is indicated in the proclamations issued at
the time of the plague, 1569, to " warne all inhabi-
tants against their houses to keep channels clear from
filth (by onlie turning yt) aside, that the water may
Lave passage."
The prominent provisions of the modern Sewers'
and Street Acts are those which contain penalties
against the most effectual means of street-cleansing—
that by discharging the street refuse through the
sewers ; but whilst the local legislation was deficient
in principle in the main provisions, it is distinguished
by a multitude of particular provisions against nui-
sances and obstructions, which would argue the most
extensive foresight. The nature 9f the provisions ha-
bitually resorted to are illustrated in the statute of
4th Geo. IV c. 50, s• 1/
for building the new London
bridge,

SPORTING IN TELL IGE NCE.
DONCASTER RACES. —F RIDAY.
The racing couninenvd at an early hour, and was
brought to a conclusion in time to permit the visitors to
asbrough.
reach the trains at Swinton al
attendance was unusually large for the last day, The
and the
sport, made the more interesting' by the defeat of Blue
Bonnet, was excellent.
The Scarborough Stakes of 30 sous. each, 20 ft. One mile
Sir C. Monck's bro. to Garland, 3 yrs (Lye) 1
Mr. Clark's Master Thomas, 3 yrs 2
Mr. Rainshay's Moss Trooper,
3 yrs 3
5 to 4 agst Brother to Garland, 6 to 4 agst Master
Thomas, and sto 1 agst Moss Trooper. The favourite
length ; the lene
made all the running, and won easy by a '
third was beaten nearly two lengths.
fur 3 yrs
.2
The Park Hill Stakes of 50 sons. each, h ft,
old fillies ; second to receive 100/. St. Leger Course.
Col. Cradock's Sully, by Sheet Anchor (Temp, C
eman) 1
Lord Eglinton's Blue Bonnet 2
, by Touchstone 3
Lord Chesterfield's Dilbar
Lord G. Bentinck's Firebrand 4
Mr. Foljambe's b h 'Bay Middleton, out of Adriane 5
Betting.—The betting opened at 2 to 1
on Blue
Bonnet, but on taking her
canter before starting, it was
obvious that she was not " fit," that the field immediately
obtained the call at 5 to 4 ; Sally, who was very much
fancied, rising to 6 and 7 to 4. Blue Bonnet, however,
came again, and at the close
it was 5 to 4
her, 9 to 4 agst Ri
Sally, 5 to 1
ond
agst Dilbar, and
10 to 1 agst each of the others. Sir R. Bulkeley s
mare was restive at the post, and caused three
'also starts ; at the fourth attempt she
Cloy got off well. Firebrand made play at
was led up, and
a moderate
pace to the Red House, where she gave up: and Blue
Bonne.: went on with the running, Sally waiting on her;
at the d'stance the latter challenged, got her head in
front at it stand, and after a long set to, won by a
neck. Dilbar was a bad third.
The Innkeepers' Plate of 100 sous., added to a Sweep-
stakes of 15 sovs. each, 10 ft.
Mr. H. Stebbings' Edmond, 3 • ...... .(Francis) 1
Mr. F. Walker's Billinghara a•rs ....
Red House in.
2
The following also started but were not placed :—Mr.
Lass, 4 yrs
Dawson's Our Nell, 3 yes—sie R. Bulkeley's Cerito,
L'Ucello,
4 yrs—Lord Miltown's
William-le-Gros, 3 yr5......1. 3 yrs—Mr. Clark's
.aie, Peck's Paragon, 3 yrs—
Mr. Price's Marion,
shire La_dy, 3 yrs ...and Itr,
3 yrs—Lord G. Bentinck's York-
3,Thompson's Pharmacopceia,
yrs. Won by a lengtn, after a fine race between two.
The Town Plate of I,OTOI. ; the second to receive 48 gs.,
Ileats, 2 tulles. Me Goodman's Shadow, yrss (Rogers) 1 1
General Sharpe's Lara, 4 2 2
Captain Hareourt's Arn n
agi.i. 4 yrs „.... 3 dr
W eas y.
If the meeting, of which we have now completed our
returns, were to be e ti
"atOd by the mere number of
events decided, it would he considerably below par, but
this would be an unfair way of judging its merits.
Taking kin
at the interest
RS tne commencement of a new era, and
loex:eited by' the St. Leger and
Yorkshire Handicap, we feel justied in stating that its
success has been oomplete.The weather was favourable from
first to last, the St. Leger settling good, the arrangements
admirable, and the attention of the Steward (the Earl of
Chesterfield) unremitting, Mr.
Clark's decisions were
just what might have been eNpeeted from his character
and experienee, And the Lila a
L-ien efforts of Mr. Martin,
Clerk of the Course, were perfectly efficient. We may
therefore safely congratulate the Town Council upon
their liberal co-operation with
.the noblemen and gentle-
men to whoso pod offlees they nave entrusted their races,
and assure them that if they "go on in the same course
they cannot fail to prosper
LATEST DERBY
.13E,',
10 to 1 agst Mr. Blakelock's 4 British Yeoman
.N 1 to I agst Mr. (1, Clark's al
a-hilip--taken
140 to 1 ngst Lord Chesterfield's Napier
25 to 1 agst Mr. Bovves's Cotlierstone
25 to 1 agst Mr. Bell's Wmesour
25 to 1 agst Colonel Peel's Cn4ton
The others as.before,
Mr, Walteloak has rehlSed 2,500 guineas for A British
YOOLDRIL

SCOTCH FARMING IN THE
LOTHIANS.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.
Northcliffe, Sept. 9, 1842.
Dear Sir,—Now that Parliamentary warfare is
over, and the din of arms and of special constables
is subsiding, it may perhaps not be uninteresting to
your metiers, more especially the agricultural portion
of them, to peruse the notes I have made during my
late visit to the Lothians, a visit which I made solely
for farming purposes.
The Lothians comprise, I believe, the counties of
E linburgh, Haddington, and Linlithgow, and have
latterly become celebrated for the superior system of
cultivation carried on, the flourishing condition of the
farmers, and the high rates at which the land is leased.
I may perhaps Just mention, that my farm is iu
the county of Hertford, and consists of 500 acres. It
is conducted on the best system current twenty or
twenty-five years ago, very superior to anything in
these parts, and my bailiff was brought up in tho
Lothians ; but aware that we have been stationary,
whilst elsewhere, as in Scotland, a rapid progress has
been going on, I determined to ascertain the actual
state of farming where it had made the greatest ad-
vance, and with this 'view desired him to give me the
meeting at Edin'rurgh on the Ist of July last. Owing
to the kindness of a friend who understood farming
well himself, and had an extensive personal acquaint..
ance with the farmers, I was enabled to visit a number
of farms of various descriptions, and to communicatQ
with the farmers themselves in freedom and confidence.
The general conviction which remains upon my
mind is this, that with a system equal to that of the
Lothians, established throughout England, landlords
might receive double rents, farmers be rich and pros-
perous, and the country be rendered, for two genera-
tions, independent of fbreign supplies, notwithstanding
an abolition of all protective duties. I am confident
the agricultural produce of England, Wales, and the
West of Scotland, might be doubled ; and that of Lan-
cashire and Cheshire be tripled, and this without any
material addition to the agricultural population.
The Lothian farms consist each of from 200 to 500
Scotch acres, the Scotch acre being one-fourth larger
than the English statute acre ; and I shall limit my
remarks to the current acre of the Lothians, not
knowing whether it is, or is not, the common measure
of Scotland. Some few farms are rather smaller,
chiefly those a few miles from Edinburgh, upon which
it is not necessary to keep stock for the purpose of
manure, and some few are larger, where stock is fat-
tened for market ; but it farm of 300 to 500 acres is,
by common consent, the utmost which one farmer is
thought capable of managing, himself, just as a con-
cern of 500 looms is considered, in this country,
enough for the personal superintendence of one man.
The farm buildings are small, compact, and situated
near the centre of the farm, and have always a steam-
engine of six to eight horse power for thrashing and
other purposes. The corn is put up in.stacks in a stack
yard, near the thrashing machine; the stacks being of
such a size as that one may furnish a day's work for
the thrashing machine. At the entrance of the farm
yard is the dwelling of the greeve or bailiff; for every
farmer keeps, a bailiff, who superintends everything
on the farm, and is cognizant of everything that goes
in or out of the farm buildings.
A fact that struck me much was, that the greeve
received only one shilling a week more than the
ploughman. The explanation given me is equallyre•
markable, that every man on the farm has knowledge
enough for the situation of greeve ; but that every
man has not the qualifications which fit him for the
management of other men, or perhaps is not suffi-
ciently trustworthy for so responsible a situation.
That the requisite knowledge for conducting a farm
of 500 acres may be had for 12s. a week (the wages of
a ploughman), and that Is. extra will command the
extra qualifications for a bailiff, speak eloquently what
education has done for the peasantry of this part of
Scotland. I found the greeves universally clever,
acute, and sensible; and their minds open to what was
passing in the world, beyond the limits of their own
farm or immediate neighbourhood.
The farmer's dwelling house is generally a little in
front of the farm buildings, a neat, comfortable house,
with kitchen and flower garden attached.
The farmers themselves are men of much superior
education, manners, and style of living, to the pos-
sibly equally wealthy ones of the farming counties of
England, even Lincolnshire and Norfolk, where the
farms are of about equal extent with those of the
Lothians. As a class, they would compare more
with master manufacturers of Lancashire, so keen and
pushing. Few of them are without a handsome
phaeton for the use of the female members of their
family • they are all of most hospitable habits ; and I
was informed, excepting for a month at seed time, and
the same at harvest, they have company at home, or
dine out, at least three times a week. One feature
throughout the Lothian farms may be remarked—a
great uniformity in the quality of the crops. Not as
elsewhere here a good farmer, and there a bad one ;
here a failing crop, there a middling one ; and here
again a firer one; but nearly all the same, showing
that farming is there reduced to a science, leaving
nothing uncertain but the seasons, and which, affecting
all nearly alike, do not materially
affect the uniformity
I speak of.
The present season has been remarkably favour-
able in the Lothians, as a whole, though somewhat
too dry. The wheat would average about five quar-
ters to the acre; and, in the 70 or 80 acres on the
same farm, it would sometimes *be difficult to point
out a square yard which carried more, or fewer, ears
than the rest of the field.
The farms are divided into fields of from 20 to 50
acres each ; the hedges are clipt low and thin, and
the ditches covered in, so as to occupy as little space
as possible. There are no trees in the hedge-rows,
and few furrows in the land, all being laid down flat;
and thus, between one thing and another, the entire
area of the farm is made productive, and the expense
of fences and gates is reduced to a minimum.
Another thing worth noting is, that permanent
grass, either as meadow or pasture, is unknown, or
nearly so; the only hay, or pasture, is derived from'
artificial grass, sown in the regular rotation of crop,
and which remains two years down, and is then
ploughed up and followed by oats. The crops of ar-
tificial grass were extremely heavy. I counted in
one field of 16 acres, no less than 234 sheep from
150 to 200 of which had been on the land since the
Ist April. On another farm, a field of the same size
had on it 20 cows ; and in both the feed, chiefly white
clover, was abundant, and of the finest quality.
The rent of the Lothian farms is from 3/. 10s. to
71. per acre; and these high rents the farmers not
only pay, but thrive upon ; indeed, a more thriving
set of men I never met with. They are enabled to
pay these rents, and thrive, partly by the heavy crops
arising from skilful cultivation, and partly by eco-
nomy of management in every department. Actual
wages, however, are as high as in England, namely-
10s. to 11 s. a week for a common labourer ; 12s. for
a ploughman, and 9d. a day for women, 10 hours to
the day. As to the great amount of produce, it must
be remembered, that all the land is under the plough.
Five quarters of wheat are reckoned a good average ;
but some fields turn out six to the acre. Ten or
eleven quarters of oats, eight to ten tons of potatoes,
and 26 to 30 tons of turnips, are reckoned good fair
crops. Economy of management is shown in many
ways :

The Editor of the MPssa&er de Gaud has just re-
ceived notice from M. Conte, the French P)stmaster-
General, that his journal i 3 definitively excluded from
the French territory.
The Echo do Monde Savant states that a person
possessing a large flock of sheep has cured the whole
of them, which had the pleurisy, by giving to each
animal an ounce o: arsenic mixed with salt; and that
he has tried the same remedy on a cow without the
least indication of poison.
BRUSSELS, SEPT. 16.—The King set out for Ar-
denne yesterday.
The working population of Flanders will soon ex-
perience a great relief. More than 10,000 workmen
are sure of employment for some years on the iron
railroad from Ghent to Antwerp, for which all the
preliminary preparations are made.
HallovEß, SEPT. B.—The statement given in those
papers as communicated from Magdeburg, that the
King has contracted a marriage with the widow of
the Chief President, Von Beulurtz, is unfounded.
The King has lately several times honoured with a
visit this lady, who, notwithstanding her advanced
age, retains her beauty and graceful manners. The
journals, too, have spoken of the elevation of a lady
to ,the rank of Countess of Dieplitz ; and there was a
general report here, too, of an intended marriage of
the King with this lady, but up to this time, at least,
no such marriage has taken place.

DUTCH FUNDS,—AMSTERDAM, Sm.. 16.
None!. Nip's.
Deb ,2% per Cent 52% 52/2
Jitto, ditto S per cent.
Amart Syndic,4 Y.; le:cent ..... .... ........
Ditto, ditto, a% per coat 77 77%
Commercial Company, 4% per cent 139 14014
Ditto (1835 and 1837) 5 per cent. .......
Loan 1837, 5 per cent.pg 10.1
Exchange on Lontlem, One month l2 22%
Two months .....
Hamburgh, One month 35 87%
Two month: 35 6:2,1,
Dutch Papers, Sept. 17 .
BELGIAN FUNDS.—Bansiscis, Seer. 17:
Actual Debt, 2% per Cent ,
Rothschild's Loan, Five per Cent. lOl%
Loan of Thirty Millions, Four per Cent ...
...------------ Three per Cent.,.„ —
---.-Thlrty.seven Milli ns, ditto
Loan of City, 1832, Four per Cent 92
Society of Commerce, Four and a Half per Cent B6
Bank of Belgium, Five per Cent 75
National Society .
pichangc on London (short) - ...... ........ —
—Brussels Papers, Sept 17.
C

OURT. CIRCULAR.
WINDSOR, SUNDAY.—Yesterday, at half-past twelve
o'clock, the Queen and Prince Albert arrived at the
Castle, escorted by party of the 2d Life Guards, her
Majesty and h!s Royal Highness having travelled
from town to Slough by a special train of the Great
IVestern Railway. The following ladies and gentle-
men composed the Royal suite—the Duchess of Nor-
folk, the Hon. Matilda Paget, the Earl of Hardwicke,
Mr. George Edward and the Hon. Mrs. Anson,
Major-General Wemyss, and Col. Bouverie.
Soon after the Queen's arrival, her Royal Highness
the Duchess. of Kent arrived at the Castle, from her
residence, Frogmore Lodge, to congratulate her Ma-
jesty and the Prince.
Their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales and
the Princess Royal were taken their accustomed air-
ings yesterday.
The Countess of Mount Edgecumbe, and the Ho-
nourable Miss Stanley arrived at the Castle on a visit
to her Majesty, yesterday. In the evening, her Royal
Highness the Duchess of Kent and Lady Charlotte
Dundas joined the Royal circle at dinner.
Her Majesty and Prince Albert have not left the
Castle to-day.
Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent attended
Divine service in the parish church both in the morn-
ing and also in the afternoon.
Mr. G. E. and the Hon. Mrs. Anson will take their
departure to-morrow. The Earl of Liverpool will
arrrve.

Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, Lad
Charlotte Dundas, and Sir George Couper, Bart.,
dine with her Majesty at the Castle this evening.

His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge,
accompanied by the Hereditary Prince of Mecklen-
burgh Strelitz, landed from the Antwerp steam-
packet yesterday, and immediately- proceeded to the
residence of Prince George, in St. James's Palaoe.
Their Royal and Serene Highnesses left Dusseldorf
(where they had been present at the grand reviews)
on the 11th instant.

Yesterday afternoon Prince George of Cambridge
left town for Kew.

His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex arrived at
Chatsworth, Derbyshire, on Saturday, on a visit to
the Duke of Devonshire, from Alton Towers.
Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge,
accompanied by the Princesses Augusta and Mary of
Cambridge, and attended by Baroness Ahlefeldt,
visited and inspected Westminster Abbey on Friday
afternoon.
His Excellency M. Dedel, the Netherlands Minister,
transacted business on Friday at the Foreign-office.
The Earl of Haddington returned to town on
Saturday after receiving her Majesty on her landing
at Woolwich. His Lordship visited the Chancellor
of the Exchequer at his official residence in Downing-
street.
Sir Robert Peel has returned to his seat, Drayton
Manor, Staffordshire, from Scotland.
Dispatches were received yesterday at the Colonial-
office, from the Governor of Newfoundland. Dis-
patches were also received from the Governor of
Gibraltar.

1. In the position and quality of farm buildings, In
having no land lying idle or unproductive, and in the
use of machines and horses, instead of manual labour,
wherever circumstances admit of it.
2. By confining attention to as few points as possi-
ble. Thus, ' instead of buying stock to feed off the
grass during the two years the land .is seeded down,
it is let off to stock-feeders or butchers, at generally
about 61. per annum the acre, and the farmer's atten-
tion and capital is thereby.saved from distraction and
division. They contract in like manner to supply
turnips, or both stalls and turnips, &c., for the winter,
at so much the ton for turnips, or so much the head,
to the stock-feeder; and so the stock-feeder, irk his
turn, becomes limited to his own peculiar branch of
, an
business. The dairyman, in the same way, hires the
fields in grass by the year, or for the summer
be
contracts for his turnips during winter; thus attend,
ing to nothing but his cows, which, by the bv,
scrupulously milks three times a day for at least half
instead of getting
,
the year. In a similar spirit, oleo
la. with a fork as is done
up his potatoes himself, al
nner sells his
with us, the Lothian fa
at 141. to 201. per a're, according to
thecrop of potatoes
crop and state
of markets,then . to. a dealer. The farmer
turns up
the potato':ls with the plough ; the dealer appears with ,
a hur.ared women and children, and sacks and scales,
?Ind the whole crop is transferred from the field to the
market, or shipped for London, in one-tenth the time,
and at one-tenth the expense, which would be re-
quired in England.
3. Economy in the use and keep of
an abuse, as three horses to a plough, except to the
subsoil plough, is unknown. The universal comple-
ment for 100 acres, I found to be two pair of horses, ,
two ploughmen, and one labourer ; the number of 1

After the landing of her Majesty on Saturday, the
General Steam Navigation Company's splendid steam-
ship Trident. was placed in a convenient position off the
Dockyard, Woolwich, that the arrangements made on,
board for the. reception of her Majesty might be in-
spected by the officers and authorities. It was stated to
be the intention of the Directors that the fittings and
furniture used on the occasion by her Majesty should be
;mmediately taken down and carefully preserved, that
they may not be employed for any less dignified service.
In the report of the trials at the London Sessions,
on Saturday, it was stated that the Jury could net agree
in their verdict in the case of three young men indicted
for an assault on a policeman, and that the Jury retired
in the " keeping" of a constable. On their return into
Court, after a very long consultation, the Foreman said
they found it impossible to agree upon their verdict,
since one of their number refused to find the prisoners
The Recorder said if the Jury had drawn in-
ferences from facts which had been proved, they would
certainly return a verdict of guilty. The case must be
tried again, and he should discharge Mr. Jones, the
Juror who had disagreed. At this remark the Jur:;
clapped their hands, and cried "Hear, Hear." The
prisoners were then, each of them, ordered to find
bail, themselves in 801., and two sureties in 401.

Lord Clements, the Count de Festeticei% of nun.
gary, Mr. Williams, M.P., and many Athfir,passen,gers,
arrived on Saturday morning at the St. lUthertne's Wharf,
Tower, by the Antwerp CompuiArs Slefiru ship Princess
Victoria, Captain Miter

.~-t~~

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- •
women and children varying with the particular crop,
perl'aps six or eight during the season. •
In this small allowance of horse, it roust be „.
membered that the whole 100 acres is arable, there.
beng no permanent pasture.
The winter keep of the horses isla mixture of half-
chopped straw, or chopped anything, andhalf-steamed
turnips or potatoes ; and this feed as found not only
.>
much cheaper than hay or oats, but the-horses are
kept in better condition, and enjoy bettiii,-he;alth. No
horses could look in finer condition than they did, •
without exception.
All the Lothian farms are .held on nineteen years'
leas' s, and the rents wholly, or partly, corn rents,
rising and falling with the yearly fluctuations of the
price of corn. The tendency of a corn rent I con-
ceive to be to throw fluctuations in the value of a
farm—that arising from an alteration of corn-laws,
for example—upon the landlord, instead of the tenant.
Without a long lease, the farmers would riot lay
out their capital in the free manner they now do ; and
with a long lease they feel independent of their land-
lands, more as if they were the actual proprietors,
and altogether hold themselves higher, and with good.,
reason, than the most wealthy of our English farmers;
In consequence of this independence, and part
ownership, as it were, of their farms, men of much
superior rank, education, and capital, engage in the
business of farming, than is the case in .u
gn Or
indeed, than ever will be the case in England, under
existing circumstances.
The foundation of all improvements in the Scotch
farming is this system of thorough draining; and so
essential is this considered, that most of the land is
deemed unworthy of being farmed at all until it has
undergone this oporation.
Thorough draining is a series of drains, of tiles or
broken stones, made at regular distances, from fifteen
to thirty feet or more apart, according to the nature
of the soil, over the whole field. the new s stem of drainin This may be called
y
g, as opposed to the old one
of cutting a few deep drains where springs actually
show I
believe, theselves, and which mode of draining is now,
m entirely abandoned by the best farmers. I
will merely remark, that it is advisable, in every case,
to lay the drains in the old furrows, not across them ;
and the drains themselves should be from sixteen to
eighteen inches deep. When made with' stones, the
top of the drain may be brought nearer the surface
than is safe with tiles, and also when the land is for
.parmanent grass, than when intended for amble ; but
I believe the tops, even of stone drains on grass lands,
should be at least twelve inches below the surface of
the ground, and that tile drains, in arable land, should
not approach the surface nutter than eighteen or
twenty inches.
The sums spending at present in Scotland upon
the follthorougow raining
h draining are immense. It will be seen, in
notes of the farms I visited, that one
farmer had raid out 1,8001. in thorough draining alone,
during the two first years of his lease. I will now put
down a few extracts from my notes of the farms I
visited, and shall call them by different numbers, that
the actual farms may not be recognised : No. 1. Meadow land in small holdings, where the
common sewers of the town discharge, one to two
miles from Edinburgh, the grass constantly cut and
taken into town for cows and horses : rent 151. per acre.
No. 2. At two miles from town, with ample supply
of town manure—potatoes and turnips carried daily
into Edinburgh for sale : rent 71. per acre.
No. 3. Farm 340 acres: old lease of 19 years late
expired: old rent 1,7001. or Si. per acre. The farmlyer took off 18,0001. to 20,000/., and has just bought a
handsome estate in the neighbourhood, which
he k
improving. This farm is re-let on a new lease for 19
years, at a rent of 2,0001. or 6/., per acre.
No. 4. 250 acres, at three miles from Edinburgh :
rent I,OOW. to I,2ool,—Thrashing machine, with
dressers and finishers, on most approved principle,
made by Carlow, of Lenny Port, Costorphine, Edin-
burgh, cost 8.51., exclusive of peering; steam-engine,
six horses' power, complete, for 120/. of Edinburgh
manufacture. Last year the crop of wheat on this
farm reached six quarters to the acre, and the whole
was sold at 80s. per quarter. Contracts with black-
smith at 31. per annum, for each pair of horses, in-
cluding shoeing, goer, plough and cart repairs, but
no renewal. Laid by last year, 7001., besides living.
No.-5. and 6. In one hand, or at least under one
management. —Last year and this together, has spent
1,800/. in draining alone : this done with broken
stones, which seems generally preferred, is not only
cheaper, but more durable than tiles. When tiles are
used, always put flats or pans for them to rest on.—
Draininghere varies from 18 to 60 feet between drains.
For seeding down 1 bushel of rye grass,
4 lb. red clover,
4 lb. white,
4 lb. yellow, or trefoil, per acre.
If intended to lie down three years, or indeed two,
reverse the quantities of red and white clover.—Leta
his grass, and contracts for sale of his turnips with ti
dairyman.

No. 7. 500 acres : rent 1,7501.: seven miles from
Edinburgh.—Too far from town to benefit, like the
other farms, and a stiffer quality of land ; grows less
potatoes and turnips, but very fine beans, and obliged.
to keep stock.—General stock for fatting, three-year
old, Angers breed, but some cross of the Caithness
cow and short-horn bull, quite fat at two years old.—
Best manure, half rape, half dung ; onll good when.
used with dung; buys whole cargoes of rape. The.
gentleman who farms this, and his two brothers, pay-
together 4,5001. rent.
No. 8. 300 acres ; twenty miles from Edinburgh.
—Much draining going on. The first crop of turnips
this farm had ever borne, being stiff land, they looked
promising.
Price of large tiles, 50s. per 1,000, 14 inches long.
Ditto small, 325. do. do.
Manure rape, 10 cwt.
Dung, 8 tons f Per acre.
Rittens 40 oxen. The three-year-old Highland oxen
fatten in four months.
No. 9. 300 to :350 acres : twenty-five miles from
Edinburgh; rent about 1,200/.—Farmer absent; and
being the last year of the lease, the greeve was not
communicative, thinking we were looking at the far
for ourselves. 70 acres in wheat, about 51 quarters
to the acre, and exactly equal over every inch of the
field. The farm nearly without a fence, and almost
every yard in the highest state of cultivation. Pro-
cures a good deal of manure from sea-weed, being not
far from the shore.
No. 10. A farm, as we should call it an estate of
600 acres, lately purchased for 70,0001., without a
single attraction of any kind but to a farmer. The pro-
prietor has just laid out about 5,0001. in a new steading,
or farm buildings, compact and complete, containing
stalls for 25 horses, 8-horse steam-engine, and every-
possible convenience for carrying, on so large a con-
cern. It contains numerous pens for stock-feeders,
the farm to supply them with turnips for winter, and
grass for summer ; but it is not intended, I was given
to understand, to meddle with stock themselves, with-
out necessity, following out the plan of attending only
to one branch of business.
The general course of cropping in the^ lothia.i
seems to be—Wheat, after summer fallow,' or not ;
turnips, or potatoes ; barley; seeds down for one; two,
or three years, as circumstances vary; oats. When
farther from town manure, and land stiffer, a crop of
beans and peas is taken. In the East Lothians we
saw comparatively few potatoes, whilst in the Welt
Lothians it appears to be the grand crop.
The best approximation I could come to, as to the,
division of the gross proceeds of a farm, gives—
Rent 33 per cent.
47 do. Expenses ...

Prat and interest 2O do.

100

I have thus endeavoured to give, in,,s: rvsaottnioer:
unconnected way, the result of my
the Lothian farming,
where high rents, high profits,
and_ a well-paid and contented peasantry, 01, somewhat
are all seen
cbmhined in a Oeasing union.
There is as ,wide a difference between the system
existing there, and in these parts
detached spinning-
of England,
tween that pursued in the small
mills of thirty yrs ago and what is now practised
[ in thefirk-rate factories.,
It
nt
question, but one I am not
ier esting
going to enter upon, how this
improved system of
cultivation can be introduced
Where the farmers into England, particu- laily into our own and
the neighbouring counties P
Where are the landlords
and capital to ready to grant a 19 years'
lease? '
successfully
f
sufficientioo
acres,
manage
willing and able to lay out 1,0001. to 1,8001. in drain-
ing alone, during the two first years of their
here
• the ploughmen educated enough to
convert bailiffs, into
a week ? ..
,;:
on such farms, for an extra shil-
ling

I am inclinedlo think the superior and mote prac-
tical education of the Scotch has been at the bottom
of the improved state of things. Education has given
I the knowledge which has enabled them to apply their
capital with success, and to extract from the land-
s owner the long lease which enables them to invest
their capital with safety, as well as success.
I may, in concluding, mentios a suggestion re-
peatedly made to me, that, instncl of sending.for
Scotch bailiffs, who have many di*ulties and preju-
dices to contend with amongst strangrrs, the English
landowner should send intelligent youhg pen to Scot-
land, to spend a year or two upon the farms there,
I• and so acquire the necessary knowledgf,,, and who
would, on their return to their own neighbourhoods,
be better received than a stranger, and have greater
facilities for introducing another system. Apologising
II for the length of my remarks, which may, perhaps,
not be altogether without value, I remain yoar
) obedient servant, ROBERT HYDE GREG.

The 'Wesleyan Conference, whose sittings have
just terminated, have decided upon allowing their.mi-
nisters stationed in Scotland to wear "the gown in
their public services. There is a growing desire among
the congregations in England that a similar resolution
may be adopted for this country.—Sunderland Times.