The Sun.
London, England, 1845-01-21 00:00:00

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_ _
_74. POLYTECHNIC
TM. POLYCHNIC IA bTiTuTio.N.
CHILD'S CHROMATROPE, exhibiting the most extraor-
dinary and beautiful effects, is shown Daily- and in the Evenings.
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FOURTEENTH EDITION of the SILENT FRIEND on Human
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are, no doubt, most of you aware, which, though of good
apparent texture, are yet sterile and unproductive in a
high degree ; and commou observation. and common
practice effete! no means of ascertaining the cause, or of
removing the effect. The application of chemical tests
in such cases, therefore, must be obvious ; for it is evi-
dent the soil must contain some noxious principle, which
may be easily discovered, and in all probability as easily
destroyed. For example : are any of the salts of iron
present?—they may be decomposed by lime. Is there an
excess'ofsilicious sand ?—the system of improvement must
depend upon the application of clay and calcareous mat-
ter. Is there a defect of calcareous matter?—the remedy
is obvious. Is there an excess of vegetable matter in-
dicated ?—it may be removed by liming, paring, and
burning. Is there, on the other hand, a deficiency of
vegetable matter ?—it is t.) be supplied by • manure.—
(hlear, hoar.) Again--a question often arises concern-
ing the qualities of different kinds of limestone employed
in cultivation. To determine this question fully and
accurately, in the common way of experience, would
demand a considerable time, perhaps some years, and
trials which might be injurious to crops ; but, by the
simple chemical tests, the nature of a limestone is dis-
covered in a few moments, and the fitness of its appli-
cation, whether as a manure for different soils, or as a
cement, determined.—(Hear, hear.) Another example—
peat earth, of a certain consistence and composition, is
an excellent manure ; but there are some verities of
peats which contain so large a quantity of ferruginous
matter, as to be absolutely poisonous to plants. Nothing
can he more simple, we are told, than the chemical
operation for determining the nature and probable uses
of these and other substances of their kind. Now,
gentlemen,' these, and numberless other instances—as
cited by Sir Humphrey Davy, Liebig, Johnston, and
other great chemists—might be adduced to prove the
desirability of combining science with the practice of
agriculture ; but I am sure you are too fully convinced
of the truth of the proposition, to render any further
details on this head necessary.—(Hear,! hear.) But,
gentlemen, great as the advantages to be derived from
the application of science to the art of farming may be,
high and important as the principles which it devo-
lopes undoubtedly are, unless !preceded by other con-
siderations, which, in my opinion, are of paramount
importance, they must, to you, as tenant farmers,
he comparatively useless. And here, gentlemen, I ap-
proach a branch of my subject, upon which I am anxious
to offer a few observations, and to which I respectfully
solicit your indulgent attention. But, first of all, allow
me to state what I conceive to be the object and design
of farmers' clubs. I look upon farmers' clubs as esta-
blished, not only to discuss and promote the improve-
ments which are more immediately connected with
the pr,ctical cultivation of the soil, but also as afford-
ing to the tenant-farmers an opportunity to discuss, and
so lay the foundation for removing, the obstacles which
cripple their energies and prevent them from deriving
that flit- proportion of advantage from the prosecution
of their trade, which they have a full and perfect right
to expect.—(Cheers). I am aware that in most of the
farmers' clubs which have been established is different
parts of the country, great anxiety has been evinced
by certain parties to exclude the discussion of what they
call (and I believe them), " obnoxious subjects"--such
as rents, leases, and game.—(Loud cheers.) But some
how or other, in almost every club of whose proceedings
I hese seen any account, these " obnoxious subjects"
have crept in, in spite of all the shifts and manoeuvres
which have been resorted to to keep them out.—(Con-
tineed eh esrs and laughter). And, gentlemen, I think
net'er- ly r ohr 'bit these things should be discussed.—
(Renewed cheers). There are times when farmers
must speek out, not only about guano and drilling, but
about land agents, land valuers, and game preservers—
(Loud cheers)—and indeed it would be no compliment to
a landlerd to suppose that he would wish you to keep
silence upon those topics which affect the privileges
and just rights.ot your occupation, acd more especially
upon those grievances which it may be in his power to
alleviate or retetove.—(Vociferous cheering.) For if it
be desirable tp diectiss the expediency of the introduction
of a new " drag 's'-up'en the land, surely it is equally
desirable to discuss the propriety of taking an old one off
it—(Cheers and laughter)—and one too which is much
more obnoxious than even the new one is beneficial.—

enteetal into e ,4, see. a quarter, as long as
th=e prier ~ • • !, parties, both Scotch and
Enehsh. eie —ie. seine footing, paying 255. an
acre rent. But let us suppose that wheat falls to 405.,
how will matters be then ? Why, the English farmer
will continue to pay 255. an acre, whilst the Scotch
farmer pays 205.—a difference, be it observed, of 50L
upon the 200 acres, or of 255. an acre on the 40 acres
growing wheat !—(Loud cries of " Hear, hear.") Ten
shilling a quarter is, however, by no means the limit of
the fluctuation to which the farmer is liable. In 1835
the average price of wheat for the whole year was under
40s. a quarter. At that time the tenantry of England
hell their farms at a rent calculated upon the under-
standing that wheat was to sell for 60s. at least, which
price it was believed the Act of 1828 would secure. We
all know the distress which then overtook the English
farmers, as proved before the Committee of 1836. But
we also know that the Scotch farmers, paying corn rents,
who were examined before that Committee, gave a very
different aecount of their condition ; and one of the
most intelligent farmers in the county of Haddington-
shire has since stated that he cleared more money from
his farm in 1835 than in any year since.—(Hear, hear.)
And the difference in the state of things in England and
Scotland was caused by the difference in the terms of
renting, for whilst the Scotch farmer paid 4001. to his
landlord, the Englishman paid 6001. In fact the English
farmer is now paying three times as much rent for his
land as his grandfather paid about seventy years ago,
whilst his wheat is actually selling under the price of
that period.—(Cheers.) Now, gentlemen, these are facts
which demand very serious reflection at your hands,
and I think these farmers' clubs may be made very useful
instruments in leading to a right understanding both
upon these and various other topics in which your in-
terests are concerned. You begin to talk them over
amongst yourselves, and having talked together, you will
soon learn to act together. For, depend upon it, the
want of unity of purpose and of action has been one
great cause why the present vicious system under which
you are suffering has continued so long.—(Loud cheers.)
I had intended to say a word or two about game—(Hear,
hear)—but I have already trespassed so long on your
indulgence upon other topics that I must pass on.—
(Cries of "Go on !") I have now done with agricul-
ture; my toast, however, goes somewhat farther, and
embraces " Manufactures and Commerce." And, gen-
tlemen, I think I can by way of conclusion very briefly
chow cause why these two branches of our national in-
dustry are as much entitled to your good wishes as your
own occupation of agriculture. For, gentlemen, great
as your predilections and respect for the pursuits of agri-
culture may be—honourable, invigorating, and benevo-
lent as its principles are, dating from the very birth of
time, growing with every growth of civilisation, and ad-
vancing with the advance of light and knowledge—in-
dispensable as are its aids to the public welfat e and the
national greatness, I very much question whether you
could conveniently dispense with the other ingredients
of my toast.—(Hear, hear.) We are no longer able
to become a nation of shepherds if we would. Manu-
factures and commerce have materially assisted in
fixing our high position with' the nations of the world,
and so much so, that although, as was observed by
an eloquent statesman, " the pipe has always been
recognised as the pastoral instrument, we must rely
on manufactures and commerce to help us to
pay the piper."—(Cheers, and laughter.) Agriculture
furnishes able and vigorous hands, but we must also rely
upon commerce and manufaettires for some of the open
and capacious mouths.--((heers and laughter.) And,
gentlemen, the more we look into every employment and
every interest that eagaeres the various classes of man-
tile more we 'shall find that we stand in need of
earl: ocher.—(Hear, hear.) Moreover, although I may
be es ready as any man to cry " Speed the plough," I
must recollect that ploughs to be used must be manufac-
tured, and though we read in ancient story books of the
dragon's teeth growing up into a crop of armed men, I
doubt whether any of the most sanguine competitors in
drill or broadcast, could succeed in turning up a plough
ready made.—(Cheers and laughter.) Gentlemen, I
might pursue this subject, but I think that the few ob-
servations I have already made on this branch of my
toast will be sufficient to establish the claims of com-
merce and manufactures to be allied with agriculture.—
(Hear, hear.) They are the leading branches of in-
dustry, and when you reflect besides all else what com-
merce does to develope the resources and augment the
welfare of the country—how much it does to unite the
scattered branches of the human family—to unite nation
and nation—clime and clime—man and man in one
cemented bond— to soften the asperities of international
jealousies—and to calm the savage tendencies to strife
and to murderous war—l think you will agree with me
that commerce ought to be associated in the same goodly
fellowship—and therefore it is with confidence and plea-
sure that I now call upon you to drink—" Agriculture,
Manufactures, and Commerce."—(Mr. Brotherton re-
sumed his seat amidst reiterated plaudits.)
Mr. BINNS (of Tupton Hall) was called upon to re-
spond to the toast. He regretted that it was not in his
power to give expression to his thoughts with the same
fluency and eloquence Mr. Brotherton had displayed in
proposing the toast, to which he had been unexpectedly
called upon to respond. If he bad the power of expressing,
with equal felicity, his own thoughts upon the subjects
of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, they would
be a complete reiteration of Mr. Brotherton's speech.—
(Cheers.) Though a small farmer himself, his principal
pursuit was commerce, and his experience had taught
him how intimately connected were the real interests of
agriculture and commerce.—(Hear, hear.) See how
they mutually assisted each other. If the firm with
which he was connected were deprived of the support
which the operations of agriculture afforded them, they
must cease to produce. The firm were indebted to the
agriculturists for the consumption of something like
40,030 tons of lime per year; and on the other hand,
the farmers of the district were equally indebted to
them, for the firm paid in wages alone about 40,0001.
annually, a great proportion of which was expended
in the agricultural produce of this district.--(Cheers.)
It was impossible, with any degree of common sense
or notion of right, to separate the two interests.
Mr Brotherton had alluded to the land agents, against
whom a heavy score was laid. Now he thought that
class of people were rather too roundly rated, and that
more was fathered upon them than they were justly en-
titled to bear.—(Laughter.) Let them look at the
matter fairly. A land agent goes to the landlord, and
says " My Lord," or " Sir"—as the case may be—" the
times are bad, and it is impossible that I can collect the
full amount of rent ; you must make some allowance."
" Oh," says the landlord, " I can't hear of such a thing;
I have been giving fetes and balls in London—(Loud
laughter and cheers)—•l have spent 100,0001., and must
have money to pay my debts."—(Hear, hear.) In such
a case what was the poor agent to do ? How could he
help himself; when he received imperial commands like
these ? Let them not be too hard upon the agents.
Believe him, they had plenty to bear, and more than was
at all times either convenient or comfortable.—(Hear,
hear.) He perfectly agreed with Mr. Brotherton's re-
marks upon the subject of tenure. In his opinion it was
impossible for the farmer, however industrious he may
be, to ertrry on his operations either satisfactorily or
prof-411)1y. without a fair and reasonable assistance from
11:; lanellerd.—(Much cheering.) A man takes a farm ;
his !andl,nrd for the time being may be a reasonable one,
and the tenant has an inward conviction that he will not
be displaced, so leng as he pays the rent ; but then, pro-
bably, he has to look forward to the coming of a future
heir to the estate, who may, from caprice, or a variety of
motives, blight the prospects of the tenant at a breath,
and drive him at a short notice from the farm.—(Cries
of" Hear, hear.") The industry of years is, as it were,
lost to him; he receives no compensation worth the name
for the hardship he endures ; and can obtain no sufficient
reason for the visitation brought upon him.—(Hear,
hear.) Was that state of things desirable, or conducive
to the promotion of the best interests of agriculture ?
(" Not") He had no hesitation in saying that 9-10ths
of the landlords in this country were not aware of the
state of their tenantry. He (Mr. Binns) had been en-
gaged all his life with landowners; he was, however,
free from them now, and right glad he was to be so.
—(Much cheering and laughter.) He wanted the saddle
to be placed on the right horse. He knew that the land
agent had an onerous duty to perform, and it was quite
impossible that the agent could at all times conduct mat-
ters to the satisfaction of both holder and occupier, un-
less the former condescended to mix more with, and to
understand the position and requirements of, the latter.—
(Cheers.) Unless a tenant has a certain fixed tenure on
the land, he is a fool to expend his money upon it.—
(Loud cheers.) By proper cultivation, and a mutual
good understanding between landlord and tenants, Eng-
land ought to become an exporting instead of an import-
ing country,—(Hear, hear.) There was plenty of land—
all that was wanted was cultivation, and a judicious ap-
plication of capital. It was an old axiom that the coal
measures would not grow good corn. So far from this
being correct, the coal measures were better adapted for
growing corn than any other geological strata in this
country except the igneous rocks of the Lothians of
Scotland, against which the coal measures could not
compete, though they ranked second. After dwelling
upon these and other points some little time longer, Mr.
Binns concluded by thanking the meeting for the patient
attention they bad given him, and sat down amidst loud
applause.
The SECRETARY (Mr. F. Brown) here read the report
of the Committee for the past year, which gave a favour-
able account of the proceedings of the club.
The Rev. S. REVEL moved the adoption of the report,
and made a few appropriate observations on the subject.
Mr. LINCARD proposed " The Committee,
and thanks
to them for their valuable services."—(Applause.)
ehalf of
Mr. HOLLAND (of Grassmore) respondeided attention
o?
b
1
himself and colleagues, and, in doing so, a
to experiments made by the Committee as to the relative
value of different manures. The results (as far as the
season would allow) were satisfactory. The farmers
ought to use every effort to:ern
improve their condition,
corn and cattle.—
considering the diminished pre f
(Hear, hear.) If landlords would come forward when
tenants were in difficulties, and say " We will meet your
case by reducing the rent "—(Loud cheers)—their strug-
gles would meet with some alleviation. But such was
not the oilse. instead of meeting them With sympathy,

(Renewed cheers.) If it be desirable to introduce a new
presser on the land, is it not equally so to remove those
older pressers which operate upon the farmers' pockets
rather than on his land ?—(Cheers renewed.) Well
then, gentlemen, the first of those obstacles to improve-
ment upon which I shall offer an observation, is the te-
nure of land—(Hear, hear)—and upon this subject, viz.,
the relation between landlord and tenant, I will quote
the opinion of one who is much better entitled to your
consideration than any unsupported opinion of mine on
such a subject could possibly be—l mean Mr. Low, the
Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh,
who, in a work just published, " On Landed Property
and the Economy of Estates," (a work I would strongly
recommend to the notice of the club), says—
" Not even the accumulation of capital, to the degree
of stocking the farms of the country, will avail for giving
to agriculture the means of successful cultivation and
improvement. The owner of this capital must have the
means of employing it with advantage, by security of
possession, by the privileges required for the proper
management of his business, and by that fair and lenient
exaction upon his industry, which will enable him to
seeme thinkAn dyet
that there
if
tenant-farmers are n ot a
employ his capital with a profit."
Now, gentlemen, is not this perfectly true ?—(Hear,
harndyo wt
heir n
ner we s r hto
)ts
can
and just rub along, they have no right to expect more.—
(lkar, hear.) Tell a landlord—of course there are ex-
ceptions, but the exceptions prove the rule—that any
particular tenant is making a profit, and he will imme-
diately think, and not unfrequently act upon the thought,
that the farm has been let for too little rent.—(Hear,
hear.) Now let us see what has been the effect of these
notions amongst the landowners of England. Upon this
point Mr. Low says :
"In the finest parts of England funds have been pro-
gressively accumulating for stocking the farms to a
degree unknown in any other country in Europe ; but
the essential conditions having been too often wanting,
of security of possession, and a beneficial connexion be-
tween the landlord and the tenants, agriculture has re-
mained
comparatively fixed, while every other branch of
industry has been advancing."
—(Hear, hear.) Compare this stationary state of agri-
culture with the onward progress of other branches of
British industry. Mr. Low says :
" The manufacturer of cotton, of wool, of iron, has the
assurance that the machine which he constructs and
improves for the purposes of his trade is his own, and
that the more perfect he can render it the more profit-
able will the use of it become to him. The farmer who
lays out capital on the great machine on which his all
depends—the earth which he tills—has often no such as-
surance. It is the property of another, who in the end will
profit by all the improvements which the skill of a tempo-
rary possessor can make upon it. The uytnufacturer re-
ceive directly, the profit of his stock in trade; the farmer
must share those profits with another, who undergoes no
parr the labour and risk ; his industry is fettered by
eteidi• ions imposed upon no other elses of traders ; and
the i con.'enr,tices of oh, aining returns for a present
expliditure more slowly than in any other profession
are frequently aggravated by the uncertainty whether
he will ever have the power of recovering the capital
advanced."
—(Hear.) Now, gentlemen, we hear a great deal about
" mutual confidence," " tenures," " tenant rights," and
so forth. Listen again to Mr. Low :
" The only fitting security for a man who has capital
to employ in the cultivation and improvement of land is
a written covenant, subsisting for a definite and adequate
period. Tenancy at will, it must be apparent, so much
extended over the richest parts of England, is in no de-
gree an adequate substitute for the lease, ensuring to the
tenant his right of possession for a determined period.
Habit, indeed, may reconcile the tenantry of a country
to such a species of tenure, and a kind of confidence
may arise that a tenant will not be capriciously dispos-
sessed, nor an unfair advantage taken of his expendi-
ture ; but this confidence, however great, is not to be
compared, as the means of inducing men to spend capi-
tal on land, with that sense of security and indepen-
dence which is the soul of industry and exertion. It is
impossible to divest the tenant-at-will of the knowledge
that every improvement which he makes upon his farm
gives it a higher value to another, and adds to the means
of raising the rent against himself."
—(Hear.) Now, gentlemen, who can doubt the truth or
the justice of these remarks ? And I beg of you to
give them your serious attention. We now come to the
subject of rents ; and upon this point the Professor ob-
serves : _ _

" The tenant who takes land, and the landlord who
lets it, should so adjust the rent, that the tenant shall be
pabrilneestoabreiasirngthferopmressfauvrenuroafbdinefincniennat; carndops, or of low
no prudent
man ought to contract for rent which will not allow him
to meet that contingency of his trade which arises from
a fluctuation in the amount and prices of his commodi-
ties. . . . The landlord who would secure a prospe-
rous tenantry, and improve his estate, must not trust
to his per centage or bounty on an audit day, but must
place his tenants in the condition which will enable them
to fulfil the obligations under which they engage in
virtue of a fair and well-considered covenant."
—(Loud cheers.) Now, gentlemen, these remarks have
evident reference to corn rents, and upon this subject
just allow me to state the relative positions in which
English and Scottish farmers are placed to each other;
the Englishman paying a fixed money rent, the Scotch-
man, a corn rent. 'We shall take a farmer at 200 acres
at 255. an acre, money price, which, farmed upon the
five course system, will, I suppose, have about 40 acres
of wheat in each year. Adopting the general notion
that wheat must pay the rent, then it will require at
least two-thirds of the wheat crop upon the forty acres
to satisfy the landlord for the rent of the whole farm.
Let us now sec how a corn rent will bear upon landlords
and tenants. The English landlord asks, as I have be-
fore supposed, 255. an acre for his 200 acres, and the
English tenant accepts the offer. The Scotch farmer,
on the ether hand, bargains with his landlord to
give hint four bushels of wheat, or half a quarter
of an acre. Now, supposing that these bargains are

171(414"fre i'd'AnTt gthtt NigA; Inuring a TOWN mul C'OTINTIiII CIRCULATION, fat ONE

AWFUL SHIPWRECK.
(From the Carnarvon Herald.)
LOSS OF THE WILLIAM TURNER, OF BEL-
FAST, AND LOSS OF LIFE.
On the morning of Saturday last intelligence
reached Carnarvon, that a large ship had, on the pre-
vious night, during the awful gale that was then
raging, gone to pieces in the bay. Immediately upon
receiving the information, J. Hughes, Esq., Comp-
troller of Customs, and the officers under him, manned
the Queen's boat and proceeded to the spot, when, we
regret to say, they found the report to be too true.
Pieces of the wreck were strewn along the beach for
miles, the entire shore between Abermenai and Lland-
dwyn exhibiting tokens of the disaster, amongst which
were spars, stores,seamen's chests, and numblerless frag-
ments of furniture and materials. There was also seen a
large long-boat, keel up, which when turned over was
found to have in it another boat or pinnace, but there
was no name on either. There were also on the
shore the larboard and starboard quarters of the ship,
with quarter galleries, chains, and lanyards, appa-
rently cut with an axe. Nothing else material has
been picked up, except a cat-head and thefigure-
head ; but every exertion, we learn, is being made by
Mr. Edwards, postmaster, to save everything be-
longing to the ill-fated vessel as it reaches the shore.
It is scarcely possible for a wreck to be more fatally
complete. From the name on the medicine chest and
other sources we learn that the vessel was called the
William Turner, belonging to Belfast, 488 tons register,
Geo. Evans, master, and that she was homeward bound
from Ichaboe to Liverpool, with a cargo of guano,which
is entirely lost, not a vestige of it remaining. It is our
painful duty to add that not one creature escaped alive.
What may have been the number of human beings
who perished on this occasion we have no means of
knowing, and it will probably be some time before the
truth will be accurately ascertained. The crew would
most probably amount to from sixteen to twenty in-
dividuals, including the master ; and there might have
been passengers, as well as the complement of hands
belonging to the ship. One of the bodies, a lad about
fifteen years of age, dressed in sailors' clothes, and
deeply pitted with the small-pox, was washed ashore
on Monday, near Llanddwyn, and we shall, most
likely, hear of the remainder in a few days. The
keel, and part of the hull of the ship (visible from Lland-
dwyn) are on the spit of the South Bank, in about
four to five feet of water, at the lowest ebb, which
warrants the assumption that the vessel must have
struck sometime about five or six o'clock on
Friday evening. The wind at that time was from
the south-west blowing a hard gale. The pilots
at Llanddwyn, and the people at Lord Newborough's
Fort, and at Abermenai, neither heard nor saw any-
thing until the following morning, which is remark-
able, for the weather was not very thick, neither was
it dark at five o'clock on Friday, so that the ship
might have been seen for miles, ere she struck on the
bank. It is useless to form conjectures as to the
cause of this disaster, and the course of the ship into
the Bay. Whether the captain mistook Bardsey
Light for the South Stack or the Skerries, and, there-
fore, steered accordingly, or whether the ship had
previously become unmanageable, or had been swept
down at anchors, is a matter which can never be
ascertained. One thing is certain, that the gale on
Friday night was not from a quarter which would
Bay
under disasters, and drive vessels into Carnarvon
under ordinary circumstances, therefore some other
reason must be assigned for the unfortunate and
melancholy catastrophe.
which vessel
Scotland,uLAas.
sailed from Ichaboe before the William Turner, and
One of the crrijewitTOßfEtahePEAßliTzaw
arrived at Limerick on the 4th, came here on Wed-
nesday, by the Dolphin steamer, and states that the
William Turner must have had about 30 people on
board.
A bible has been cast ashore, in a very mutilated
condition, in which is the following address :—" John
Nicholls's book, given him by the Rev. C. Grinfell
Nicklay, April the 29th, 1842."
The following communication relative to this wreck
has been forwarded to the Rev. T. Thomas, vicar of
this parish, and by him kindly forwarded to us, in
order that public attention may be drawn to the de-
scription :

" Rev. Sir," Liverpool, Jan. 13, 1845.
--I have been informed that a vessel
called the William Turner, bound for Liverpool, from
Ichaboe, wal lost in Carnarvon Bay, either on Friday
night or early on Saturday morning last, and all
hands on board perished ; the person we are writing
al nut was steward on board the said ship, named
Richard Gillman. He was a man about five feet six
inches high, dark hair, a wart on the first finger on