The Sun.
London, England, 1827-10-01 00:00:00

SPIRIT OF TILE -PUBLIC JOIAINALS.

The reception experienced bythe Duke of Wel-
a:uagton on his Grace's tour through the northern
counties, is equally gratifying and instructive.
Every where the most splendid and costly efforts
have been made to greet the presence of this
celebrated soldier ; every where his arrival pro-
duces the most flattering popular excitement ; the
most respectful forms of preparation' give way,
when he appears, to the utmost 'eagerness of
assiduous attention; and had the greatest of his
military triumphs been achieved within the last
fortnight, the curiosity to see and the readiness to
admire the warrior whose skill had gained it,
could not have exhibited a more vivid and ani-;
mating freshness. Men of all parties who feel
for their country's character, will rejoice at this,
because it proves that unquestionable and distin-
guished.public services do not fail to meet.their
just reward in the grateful applauses of the people
of England; and because, as the Duke of Wel-
lington
himself very truly stated in his speech
acknowledging one of the late honours bestowed
upon him, 'such a national return must of neces-
sity stimulate to future exertion, both the intli-
vidual who is immediately affected 'by it, and
others who-may follow after bins. If, however, j
all parties are unanimous in assuming to the jus-
tice of a public homage like that which has been
rendered to the Commander-in-Chief during his
excursion; there are some whis do not seem quite
satisfied unless they can turn it to a malignant
account.. The world will hear without surprise,
because it furnishes but another instance of qte.
extravagancies which may be looked for, whn
folly -is acted on by despair, that the newspapers
of the expelled and spurned faction have ventured
to describe the honours paid to the Duke of
Wellington as a tribute offered to the* the
Tories ! and an index" that this is really not an
English, but an Apostolical current which floats
his Grace along so gallantly. Nevertheless, these
men might have recollected their own eOnsternas
tion, and that of their employers, a few weeks ago,
when they learnt that the illustrious Duke had re-
accepted the command ,of the army. They
might have remembered, for others have not for-
gotten, the gross abuse which was lavished on
his Grace by near confidants and connexions of
Mr. Peel, for having finally deserted the Tory
junta, and, left the ' whole gang to their fate.
When they talk of the festivities prepared for the
Duke of Wellington, at York especially, and its
neighbourhood, as• triumphs to the Tory inte-
rest, and symptonts of an adverse nature to the
King's Government, lot us' ask them, do they
know any thing about the politics of York ?
Did they never hear that York, unhappily fOr
them, is a Whig city, with an eminently Whig
Corporation? And, from such a quarter have
they the modesty to talk of compliments to a
great conquering , warrior being .rendered to him
because he is a Tory i's We certainly have never
thought of contending that the 'well-merited
honours which the Duke has reaped, from his
countrymen were a triumph on behalf Of liberal
feelings—or of 'Whig Politics—or Of the Mini-
sters—or of the King himself—or any triumph
but that of English - e!'s illustrating its- min
i
sense of national
.ai oral ligation, by repay-
ing, so farsas it hadl be in s, a debt long due
to a valiant and diStingstished fellow-citizen.
We find, in consequence, loud praise employed
.by those who delivered the several addresses, in
paintin and acknowleding the military services
of the Duke of Wellington—his prudence, firin-
ness, activity, dexterity, and resolution, on which
all mankind are agreed ; but not a single word
of panegyric can we find upon 'his Grace's sup-
posed hostility to Catholic Emancipation—upon
his sentiinents in regarcl' to', the Corn Bill—on
his once-taken-for-granted connexion with the
politics of Eldon and' Teel, and those other
mighty- personages, the Lords Melville, West-
morland, and Bathurst. Ira boon to the Tories,
in his Grace's person, had been intended by
the acute arid consistent 'people 'of the North,
it is probable that they wouldirave taken
care to specify' those principles - and merits
ichich they really - deSigned to honour ; they
,
would hive said " Accept the freedom of our.
, ..
cities, and the homage of our aomirati
on, not
only for being a great and gallant soldier, but for
being a persecutor of the. Catholics like Lord
Eldon, and a profound political economist like the
Lord of Westmoreland, and a hater of Mr. Can-
ning's reputation like Mr. Peel,"—for qualities
like ' these it' is - which embiace the wholeeatA.•
logue of modern Tory virtue's. 'There is, alas
for the faction; none of all that we have stated.
The military exploits are dwelt upon as they
ought to be; the political errors of the Duke's.
assumed Toryism are courteously and consi-
derately suppressed ; and, if a political compli-
ment was meditated on either side of the queS-
tion, it must assuredly have been to the Duke
as an 'actual member of his Majesty's existing
Government in one 'of its very highest and most
important branches, and as a repudiator, not la
colleague, of the Tories.' If the factious jour-
nalists want to ascertain how much of the late
northern attentions to the Duke have been ten-
dered to [inn for the sake of his assumed politi4,
let them prevail on Lord Bathurst or. Mr. Pee!,
or the ex-Chancellor, to make the same tour as
the Duke of Wellington, and 'see what addressee
they will receive, "and 'from what description of
people; and on what public . grounds. The
Toryism of these ex-functionaries is, we believe, ,
quite,asStanch as the Duke's, 'and,' of course, is
well worthy of cclebratiOn. But the fact We
take, to be,. that had his Grace remained till now
on his former imputed terms of political fami-
liarity with the ousted faction, the enthusiastic
shouts and cordial festivities which awaited him
might not' so frequently have caught his ear, or
retarded the celerity of his progress.—Times.

The state of the Metropolitan prisons is such,
that it would seem the Middlesex Justices, un-
der whose especial and wise surveillance some
of them are, are exceedingly desiroui to conceal,
as far as possible, the evils which they themselves
ought to cure;from common gaze. An attempt
was made a few years since to prevent Grand
Juries from exercising their undoubted right of
visiting these receptacles of crime and misery.
We say their " undoubted right," for the law
having recognized their presentment as the only
constitutional ground upon which prisons can
be altered or enlarged, it follows, that to enable
them to make such presentments they should
have free ingress and egress to and from the
-places they are thus called to pronounce upon.
"those
whose
object it was to keep them out of
'
the prisons
little themisgOvernment of which reflect-
ed so credit upon those who had the charge
of them, ha
have since useid ng been , driven from that point,
their endeavours to render their
visits unavailing,Juries have and
by a mockery of this right,
been
graciously permitted, after their
other duties have
ended, not in fact, ded and they were in effect,
places which it discharged,w to see.as a favour those
as both their right and their-
intinutery, in
duty to view, and to view
hose spitewhoclaio
claim the
and in fact as viceroy over

sole and exclusive management of them. As
long as those visits were confined to mere curio-
sity, and Grand juries would . condescend to
record some common-place encomiums in the
visiters' book, the thing
,went on very pleasantly,
and the worthy Chairman, who, like other su-
perannuated people, hates trouble, bowed an ac-
quiescence to any request made to him by
successive Grand Juries for that .purpose. But.
Mr. Peel's Jury Act, it seems, has broke
through the hackneyed routine of the Jury
lists, and having brought to that iMportant
office persons, hitherto 'unaccustomed to its duties,
some of them forsooth, have been so indiscreet
as to demand, not only permission to view the
prisons, but' have actually ventured to offer their
opinion, in the shape of a presentment to the
Court, upon the subject. The worthy Chair-
man seems to have been quite horrified at the
idea; and, though he has doubtless heard of
" wretches being hanged that jurymen may
dine," has no idea "of Justices' dinners being
broken in. upon by these new freaks of Jurymen;
and therefore, the other day, when the Jury came
in a body-to make their presentment, they were
gravely told by his Worship that they could not.
be permitted to do any such thing. " Gentle,
men," says the .worthy Chairman, " you are no
longer a Jury ; you were discharged from your
duties before you went to see the prisons, and
Therefert we can hear nothing you have to say ;
but if you wish to record your opinions, you
may do so in a book you will find there." Thus
is one of the most ancient and whole Some provi-
sions of our old laws frittered away, and gaols
become receptacles of • abuse, for want of that
degree and kind of superintendence which our
ancestors wisely looked upon as most essential
to, preserve them frosn abuse. These facts,
added to those recently brought to light by the
Reports of the Prison Discipline Society, must
convince Parliament and the country that, as far
as the Metropolis is concerned, the superin-
tendence of prisons ought to be in better hands
than they are. The Visiting Justices, as they
are called, are of very little use, and the preven-
tion of Grand Jurors from reporting the conse-
quences of their neglect makes the matter ten
times worse. The very quibbling and conceal-
ment resorted to upon the occasion show that
there is " something rotten" in the affair. If.
we are wrong, let the Chairman of the Sessions
ifttfure invite the Grand Jury, as it is his duty
to do, to visit the gaols, and court, on their
parts, the fullest investigation of them.—Morn-
ing Herald.

Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, in his Notes and
Recollections on a Visit to Paris, observes, that

" The attempts of Government to trammel :the educa-
tion of the rising generation is the more inexcusable and
unaccountable, as it has been clearly ascertained, that the
quantity of crime is invariably less where knowledge is
most-universal ; and what one would suppose no Govern-
ment would be likely to overlook for their own sakes—the
taxes are much more cheerfully paid. As a remarkable
instance the department of the Correze exhibits a greater
amount of foul crimes than either the Creuze or the Haute
Vienne ; and it is well known that, since the Revolution,
Omitting the fatal crisis of 1790 and 1794, crimes have
not only been much less frequent, but that comfort and
security have prevailed every where, just in proportion as
education ha en more diffused. An English Gentleman,
sometime r and well acquainted with the
existing asantry, assures me their in-
dustry an y exemplary, and that they are,
upon th 4 er off than the correspondent
classes in .n rd;- and, as to morals, with wine almost
for nothing, there is hardly an instance of intoxication or
intemperance to be met with; but, on the contrary, they
are, almost without exception, orderly, kind, cheerful, in-
dnatrious' and contented."—pp. 81, 82.
A Monsieur Marie, a friend of Sir Arthur's,
gives his testimony_ to_ the_ great moral i _mprove-
ment which has taken place in France of late
years, but concludes with observing, « Yet the
Priests, and particularly the Jesuits, are anxious
to spread the opinion that, the education of the
lower classes, so far from a benefit, has been sub-
versive of morality ; but this anxiety is fully ex-
plained,
when it is considered how much less
easy, in consequence of education, the people
are to be duped by their:. superstitithis awe of
these unprineipled beggars, than they were in
times. past."—pp. 54, 55., It is. gratifying to
hear such flattering accounts of the improvement
of our neighbours, more 'especially as the cause
which has produced such beneficial results among
them may also be expected to produce the same
results elsewhere. That the Priests should view
the education of the lower orders with an evil
eye, is quite natural ; for whoever lives by
imposition would rather have to do with
ignorant than with well-informed people. Hol-
berg, in his delightful Autobiography, mentions
that while he was on board a vessel in the
Mediterranean (the period is abont a century
back), : a storm arose, when several monks pro-
posed a collection for the benefit of our Lady of
some religious place in sight. The Spaniards
and Italian passengers at once agreed, but the
French added a condition, that if a calm did not
take place immediately, the money should be re-
turned ; on which the Priest, who saw that the
French were not to be duped, observed, that that
nation had lost all religion. Religion, with them,
was what they could draw from the people in its
name. If the Priests draw less from the people
in consequence of any. change, they very natu-
rally complain of the decay of religion ; for what
is it to them if the people are improved in their
.„
it
circumstances, their own circumstances are de.
teriorated by that improvement ? It is stated in
these accounts of France, that crime is always
greatest
where there is most poverty and igno-
rance. This leads us to advert to a proposi-
tion which the lawyers in England have always
laboured hard to produce a belief in, that the
abundance of crime is. the tribute which superior
wealth must be contented to pay. In vain our
French neighbours told us things were differently.
ordered ,with them,,—in their wealthy depart-
ments crime is least frequent ; in the flourishing
department du Nord, for instance, there is less
crime than in the departments of ci-devant
Dauphine. The theory of our Lawyers has,
however, received a shock from the astonishing
increase of crime 'in our. agricultural districts,
confessedly the consequence of poverty. We
suspect the key to the Theory of our Lawyers,
like the key to the hatred of the Priests to educa-
tion, will be found in the interests of their trade.
Religion with the Priests means,- what enables
them to extract the.most money from the people ;
.Law with the Lawyers means the subjecting
property to the heaviest possible taxes for their
benefit, and as.the means, judicial proceedings,
are adopted not for the repression, but the en-
couragement of crime, it is natural that where
there- is most property there should be most
crime. The following account of the object of
the. judicial procedure of England, from . The
London Magazine for October, is from the hand
of a master
" There is this broad difference between the French and
the English law ; that the French law has been made for
the people !Ind the English for the lawyers. The French
look to the protection of society as the end ; the English
have allowed. the protection of society to become only a
pretence, and the profit of the lawyers to become the sub-.
stantial object. We see men pursuing foxes in England at
a vast expellee. Is any one stupid enough to suppose that

the destruction of Foxes is their phrpoSe Do they ride
over the farmer's land, and damage his fences, to rid him
of a noxious animal ? No; , they breed foxes for the amuse-
ment of chasing them; just as lawyers increase and multiply
thieves for the profit of the prosecution. The conviction
of the thief is as little...the. object of the lawyer as the destruc-
tion of the fox is that of the spike. The squire has him
in a hag, and might kill him on the spot; but then there
would be no sport. He, therefore, gives the crafty rogue
an opportunity of escape in a start appropriately called larb.
The lawyers have done the same by the foxes of society.
Their end not being the detection Of the criminal, bit the
Profit of puhiiing Win; they have contrived to favour him
with manifold advantages. The squire calls it unsports-
manlike and ungentlemanly to refuse the chances of escape
to game; to kill a hare squatting in her form, or a bird
sitting : the lawyer, less ingenious in hit language, calls it
inhuman to deny the thief his shifts. The reason
is evident : the lawyer wants the chase, society
needs the detection. To the lawyer the result is
indifferent, provided briefs ate delivered and fees paid.
The escape of the thief is the escape of his customer;
it is consequently perfectly natural that he should favour
it under every decent pretence. It is, therefore, by no
means surprising or absurd in him to call the detection of
a thief by certain means ft:Au/ruin; but it is strange that
society, which has an opposite interest, should have sub-
scribed to his dogma. What does society desire but the
detection of the criminal ? What other end is proposed
by it, whatever other end may be proposed by the lawyer?
and why not attain the end by the simplest, the readiest,
and the directest Mean ? If we can make a rogue convict
himself, in the name of justice let us do so. What de
we want but his detection? and as be is a rogue, what is
his due but the merited punishment? All the humanity
Which he has a right to appeal to, is to be found in a just.
sentence. We have a senseless habit of accounting mercy
superior to justice—it is superior to injustice ; but the
idea of justice contains every conceivable perfection ; and
the mercy which sets aside real justice is treason to society;
the worst injury to the common safety. Had justice al-
ways ruled the world, the name of mercy would have been
unknown among men. Had justice always appeared in
the history of the heavens themselves, the name of mercy
would not have filled our prayers. The plausible clap-
trap of -‘ tempering.justice with. mercy' is stark nonsense
—nonsense in its very terms. Consider the grand force
of the word just, and the absurdity appears at once. But
justice is not always just--true ; formal justice, or Eng-
lish justice, is a justice made with the caprice of woman's
caps, as the fit takes the legislator or the judge, or as the
fashion of banging or sparing chances to prevail."
If this be a correct account of the object
which the English Lawyers have had in view in
framing their procedure—and obtuse must that
understanding be which does not perceive that
they could have"bad no other—we can easily see
why the increase of crime should be commensurate
with the increase of wealth. By multiplying the
facilities for escape, the Lawyers can always keep
the number of conveyancers at the highest amount
the property will bear. As the property increases,
so, therefore, under their careful cultivation, will
the number of thieves increase. If in a fine
wheat district'the-destruction of the hares were
to be left to the farmers, we may be sure that the
more valuable the crop, the harder would it go
with the poor hares. But if the power of life
and death in the case of the hares were to be
taken from the farmers, who have an interest in
the preservation of them, and committed to a set
of men, who derived all their profits from the
hares, then we should see the hares carefully
increased as the
,wheat was increased. The
people of England begin to see through several
things, which used to be mysterious to them.
How long they will sußt.6 diemselves to be fleeced
and laughed at by the Lawyers; after their eyes
are ' opened, it is not for us to
,say.--Morning
Chronicle.

We give in this day's New Times one of the
most important documents which has been pub-
lished
by Parliament for many years—the Re-
port of the Emigration Committee. Our readers
will recollect that although three Reports from
this Committee have already made their. appear-
ance, the first was limited to the exposition of
the principles. which, _ from, a general review-Cl'
the objects of its labours, the Committee had.
been able to arrive at, and that the second and
third were directed to. specific cases, so that the
one 'which we give to-day is truly and prOperly
the first general Report which the Committee
has made. It is almost unnecessary to.olsserve,
that though nominally the work of a Committee,
and though published with their sanction and
approbation, this, like all similar documents,
must be considered as substantially proceeding
from one hand. Mr. Wilmot Horton; the
Chairnian of the Committee, is, therefore, fully
entitled, if not to all, at least to the largest share
of the praise which, on a careful perusal, we do
not doubt that it will receive from every candid
and unprejudiced mind. It is drawn up in a
plain, perspicuous, and strictly methodical style ;
its arguments are simple and conclusive, and it is
distinguished throughout by a rigid abstinence
from all views,that are in their nature theoretical,
and by a sound and common sense attachment
to fact and practice. This is, we conceive, the
highest merit that can attach to such a production.
Of its Right Hon. Author it is only Common jus-
tice to say, that by his lab Ours on the subject of
Emiration, " he has deserved well of his coun-
try ;' and, should Government enter into the
plans which, are laid down in the Report, and
should such a measure of success as is fairly and
legitimately anticipated, follow their adoption, Mr.
Wilmot Horton's name bids fair to occupy as
high and honourable a station in the historical
record of those, who, by works of permanent
utility, hazy benefitted their fellow-citizens, as
any name of modern times. The points to which
the Committee had to direct their attention were
three in number ; namely, to ascertain in the
first place the actual condition of the labouring
poor of the United Kingdom, and how far their
distress admitted of required extraordinary means
of cure ; in the second place to consider whether,
in a judicious plan of Emigration, such means
were to be found ; and lastly, to lay down rules
for the practical application of the remedy to the
,The political divisions of the United
naturally distributed the first object of
disease.
Empire
the Committees inquiry into three parts ; Ist;
'the state 'of the poor in Ireland ; 2d, the state of
'
propriety of
the poor in England ; 3d, the stateof the
poor.
in Scotland. Under the :third' head of inquiry
pecuniarythe Committeea d:anhcaeds tfo(in.discusspurposesthe
of
facili-
tating Emigration, and: the method in which
such advances ought to be made—namely, by
a Government Board. The Report concludes,
very properly, by drawing the line of distinction be-
tween Emigration and Colonization, and, what is
yet more essential, between regulated and 'unre-
gulated emigration, and by pointing'out the de-
cided advantages to be derived to the Colonies
and to the Mother Country from regulated emi-
gration. In the notice which our limited space
allows us to take of each of these particulars, we
must confine ourselves to a very brief analysis.-
It is to the condition of Ireland that the inquiry
concerning the poor has been mainly directed;
and very naturally ; for not only is their condi-
tion immeasurably worse-than that of their
brethren in 'Great Britain ; but it threatens, at no
distant period, to bring down the latter to its
Own miserable level. In. fact, emigration, so far
as respects Ireland, no longer admits.of discus-
sion ; it has happily
begun, anal is rapidly
gressipg. One of the witnesses, who had pro,
d had
every opportunity of indging; 'stated 'to the Com-
mittee, that subscriptions had actually been
entered into for renio'ciing jaan'pati Ciotti Ireland

to England,
.in small bands of about forty each,
to avoid exciting jealousy. The point to which
these pauper emigrants are chiefly directed is
Mariehester. • The influx of similar bands into
the West of 800tlatia has long been a matter of
commcfn notoriety, and our readers cannot have
forgotten the lamentable and ludicrous strain in
which the arrival of those famished legions was
described by '.stnne of the Northern Journalists.
In regard to ireland, therefore, the inquiry is not
so much shall emigration be applied to her die-
tresses,but shall emigration,so applied,bepermitted
in its operation to aggravate those ofherneighbours
in Scotland and England. We are no longer
called on to deliberate oh the propriety of drawing
off the superfluity of her poor, but on the direc-
tion of the channel by which the drain is to be
made. The present cottier system, so unhappily
prevalent in-Ireland, is one, without. a gradual
abandonment of which, it is evident no plan for
her welfare can permanently succeed. But pre-
cisely because it has generated, and is calculated
to generate; a redundant population, is the return
to a sounder -policy difficult. If the smaller I
tenantry. be . driven from' their mud cabina and
potatee patches, they 'have no resource but to
starve or steal, _ or come to England; and it
would not be easy to choose which of . the three
was most to 'be deprecated. Before, therefore,
large fauns can be re-introduced, without leading
to misery infinitely greater, though shorter lived,
than that which they are intended to cure, we
must provide an issue for the laboOr which the
coalescing of a dozen of farins into One would
disengage, and whiCh Great Britain, in' its present
state, is nearly as incapable of absorbing as Ire-
land. Indeed, by promoting the cottier system,
the landed gentlemen of Ireland have thrown up
'a nlound, within which the misery andpoverty of
their countrymen have *so accumulated, that any
attempt to pull it down before channels for their
direction,and reservoirs to receive them, have been
dug, would terminate in the destruction of the
whole of the surrounding country. We have said
that Ireland formed the leading subject of the Com-
mittee'senquiry ; but it must be allowed, at the same
time, that the distress in many of the. districts of
England and Scotland is not much inferior to what
is 'felt in the Sister Island. And, accordingly,
it is the opinion of some of the witnesses, that
emigration should begin rather from Scotland
than Ireland, because by the application of such
a remedy to the former country, its pristine sta-
tion, from which it has not fallen long nor far,
might be easily recovered, whereas in the latter
the deterioration of the people is confirmed, and
thOugh their condition is not likely to grow
better, neither is it likely to be worse from delay.
Among the witnesses examined by the Commit-
tee was the learned and excellent author of the
Essay on Population, one of. the, few sterling
. works .of its age. He was. particularly ques-
tioned- in respect to the injurious effects which
Would flow from the continued emigration of la-
bourers frorri Ireland to Britain, and he,stated
decidedly that this-emigrationwould tend mate-
rially to alter and to lower the habits of the ErigL
glish and Seottish labotirers, and by leading them
gradually to the use of food of an inferior qua-
lity, would at length reduce them and the.coun-
try to the same state- .of beggary, wretchedness,
and insecurity, that has so long existed, in Ire-
land.
The ComMittee, with the most perfect
prOpriety; dwell on this testimony, on which the
high character of the witness stamps peculiar im-
portance. The opinion of Mr. Malthug,
another important point, was sought, and it is
equally decisive. It has been said, why expend
money in liroviclin a pasiage for,yOur superiln-
ous labourers,ivhile there are waste lands enough,
and to spare, on which to locatelhem at home, and
'Since, by such location, the cost- of transport- may
Tae saved ? We shall not enter into a discussion
on the principles of the economist's plan, which
tends, in fact, directly to aggravate the sufferings
of the community, instead of relieving them, but
content ourselves, as the Committee does, by an
appeal to testimony,, which carries with it Infi-
nitely greater weight than ours. Mr. Malthus is
of opinion that the cultivation of poor lands at
home, undertaken merely for the purpose of em-
ploying the poor, would end necessarily in failure.
There is another truth connected with this sub-
ject, of which the public are
_not fully. aware—it
was admitted in the Committee that the expence
of locating the . poor on waste lands would be
greater than the expence of 'transporting them to
a foreign country. With respect to the funds
`for emigration, the prevailing opinion of all the
witnesses examined seems . to hare been, that
they ought to be raised by mortgage of the poors'
rates, under Mr. Sturges Bourne's Act ; and
Mr. Malthus was inclined to think that were
there any vacuum in that way, it ought to be
filled up from the taxes of the country., :The
particular examination of, the question of Emi-
gration is introduced by afew general remarks on
the nature of labour and of the -laws by which
the.price of labour is regulated, which, although
on such a topic any thing like novelty was not to
be expected, have the merit of showing, in a
very concise and forcible manner, the absurdity
of a doctrine, by which the weavers of Bethnal-
green particularly have been led astray ; we allude
to their opinions in respect to the. ixing of a mi-.
nimion of wages for labour. The report
very • justly observes, that Ibr the workman
to demand from his master a higher rate of wages
than the. market rate is not less unreasonable
than it would be for the master to demand le-
bour from the workman at a, lower rate than that
of the market. And since the market for labour,
like that of all other things, may he at one time
over abundantly, and at another not sufficiently
supplied, it follows of course, according to- every
-..1 principle of common sense, that the price of 10
bour, like the price of other things, must vary..)
This among '
This is a fact of which the most ignorant
the poor are fully aware in certain descriptions
of labour. No man above idiotism talks'of a
)ninimunt of wages in reaping or in any kind of
casual labour,-, end why a distinction should be
attempted in respect of others of a more perma-
nent
kind
.it is impossible to see. There is a
general argument against Emigration, which is
incidentally discussed. by the Committee, and
which may as well be noticed • here. It' is .said
that cheapness of labour is the only thing which ,
enables the merchant of England to compete
with the merchant on the Continent, and that to
tax the English merchant in order to send a part
of his labourers abroad, is, in reality, to tax him
in order tolh,:idGiaboetottiuvbiervyererwsbhheimmo. of the tools by which he
)cipi
.80(0.0
vesu.n.
rda thebri
veclys to pay taxes. But there is a fallacy
here which' requires very little attention to dis-
sTtitntes . a real tax must
ha. et
'this nb oe m. pricec
is lothed
of;anitd cfo.elnadz.
must ultimately fall onasthem.''u
consumer.h as INbooswe im-
othreenunent, and, like the latter,
one labourer in five WithdraWn, for whom
a sup-
Pc°csoinrdging to
and who was, hypothesis, there was no Work,
therefore, paid for nothing, the
wages of the four remaining labourers would be
augmented 25
per cent. ; yet the merchant, or

manufacturer, -or-farmer;" as. the case might be, ,
would not pay a farthing more than he did
before the superfluous labour was removed. We
are ,not speaking here of the immense benefit to
accrue to society generally from possessing a
ddcent, educated, well paid set of labourers, be-
cause that is a point which it is impossible to
dispute. We have dwelt so long on the preli-
minary matter of this interesting Report, that we
can advert but sparinglyto the other topics which
it discusses. The expence of locating a family,
consisting of five persons, in Canada, has been
calculated at 601. and consequently the locating
of 19,000 families, or about 100,000 indivi-
duals, would require 1,140,000/., which sum, at
five per cent., that is, allowing 1 per cent for a
sinking fund; would cause a charge on the con-
solidated • fund of 57,0001. per annum. A
scheme is given in the report, from which it
appears very clearly that this would not lie a
permanent charge, and that the repayment of
every farthing so expended might be confidently
calculated on ; but even were a portion of the
expense only to be recovered, or if none were
recovered at all, we do not think that, in that
extreme case, the great good which must neces-
sarily ensue from adopting the plan of the coin-
mittee could be deemed too clearly purchased.
It is necessary to notice that the sum" of 60/.
was proved to be amply sufficient for locatinc,
family, by the evidence of no less than ten iit'idi-
viduals, all of them capable, from local informa-
tion, of speaking with the utmost certainty on
that point, and that the calculated repayment is
made to depend on conditions which it is
hardly possible that any emigrant should feel it
a burden to, fulfil. The same witnesses were
examined on this as on the former point, and they
were equally unanimous, and on the .whole of the
questionsrespecting the repayment of the advances
for location, which were put by the Committee
with much minuteness of detail, the answers were
equally satisfactory. But we must conclude thiS
long though imperfect notice. The appointment
of a small Board is what reason as well as the
recommendation of the Committee7calls for.
Whether the plan proposed for paying the ex:::
pence's attendant on it be the best possible, may;
we think, be doubted. We can, indeed, see no
possible difference between allowing the emigrant
601. and charging him 1/. for.a ticket, and allow=
ing him 591. and giving him the ticket for no-
thing. If it require 60/. to locate a family, that
sum must be given clear of any deduction. This,
however, is a matter of detail, which :admits ,of
very easy
mittee the
a,arrmanegoefmtehteit.ReWv. exh.l.ialealtmheutsit.iownede.
am
" dindwiietttireoin examinedrteoe by the Corn=
quayclo nesig,acyet,thhtoilstee,
received
mostvery viamluspaobilteevi..
ant information from various other gentlemen,
among whom we notice the Lord Bishop of
Chester, Lieutenant-General Robert Browne,
Dr. WilliaM Murphy, Dr. John Strachan, Mr.
Spring Rice, Sir H. Parnell, the Hon. E. G.
Stanley, Mr. S. M'Gillivray, and Mr. Powles.
We make no apology to our readers for the ex-
clusion of a few of the common topics of the
day in order to obtain.' space for laying before
them, in one continuous narrative, the whole of
this valuable document. We are persuaded that
they. will understand it more clearly in all its
bearings, and be-- more gratified as well as in-
structed by the perusal, when presented in that
shape, than if we had spread it over three or four
successive numbers of our Journal.--New Times.