The Sun.
London, England, 1845-03-14 00:00:00

LAMP.

The great fault which has proved fatal to the success of the Vesta
Lamp, viz., the em'ssion of black smuts and smoke. is entirely ob-
viated in the Paragon—the brilliancy and purity of its light surpasses
any other yet seen, and burns for one half-penny per hour.
C. Watson's Warehouses, 41 and 42, Barbican, and 16, Nortox Fol-
gate, are replete with every variety. The Spirit, analysed by Dr.
Ure, is sold by C. Watson, at 4s. per gallon.
Contracts given for Chapels and Public Buildings.

AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, NAVIGATION. THE CHURCH.
AB. SAVORY and SONS, Goldsmiths, 14,
Cornhill, London, opposite the Bank, have finished a few
splendid Pieces of PLATE, suitable for presentation to Gentlemen
connected with either of the above pursuits or professions, to which
they invite the attention of Committees who are in search of valuable
testimonials for such occasions.

FOR STOPPING DECAYED TEETH, Price 4s. 6d.
Patronised by HER MAJESTY, his Royal Highness PRINCE
ALBERT, and her Royal Highness the DUCHESS of KENT.
MR. THOMAS'S SUCCEDANEUM, for
STOPPING DECAYED TEETH, however large the cavity.
It is placed in the tooth in a soft state, without any pressure or pain,
and will remain firm in the tooth for many years, rendering extrac-
tion unnecessary, arresting the further progress of decay. All per-
sons can use Mr. Thomas's Saceedaneum themselves with ease, as
full directions are enclosed. ' • -
Prepared by Mr. Thomas, Surgeon Dentist, price 4s. 6d. Sold by
Savory and Moore, 220, Regent-street, and 143, Bond-street ; Sanger,
Ih(), Oxford-street ; Butler, 4, Cheapside ; Prout, 229, Strand .- John-
ston, 68, Cornhill, and all Medicine venders.
Mr. Thomas continues to supply the loss of Teeth on his new system
of self-adhesion, without springs or wires. This method does not
require the extraction of any teeth or roots, or any painful opera-
tion whatever. At home from Eleven till Four. 64, Berners-street,
Oxford-street.

ANSWER of the GREAT BRITAIN to
E. MOSES and SON'S ADVERTISEMENT.
Messrs. MOSES and SON, I perceive you have written
A poem concerning myself—the " Great Britain;"
And I feel myself flatter'd (believe me I do)
To be noticed at all by such persons as you.
You say you admire my wonderful bulk,
The height and the length, and the breadth of my hulk.
But what is my structure, which multitudes mark,
When compar'd with the house which you term a " huge barque."
The mighty Great Britain is surely outdone
By the giant-like warehouse of MOSES and SON.
When• I look at your mighty Columbus of trade,
On the wide sea of commerce in triumph display'd,
My vessel appears a contemptible boat;
And, to tell you the truth, I'm asham'd while I float.
But, Sirs, I am qualified, nevertheless,
To convey o'er the ocean vast cargoes of dress.
And here let ins hope that my trips may be run
In conveying the outfits of MOSES and SON."
Your vast foreign orders across the wide sea,
Require a wonderful vessel like me ;
And I certainly wish, from the ground of my heart,
That my pow'rs coul•i thus be employ'd for your Mart ; •
And now, begging pardon for what I have written,
I remain, your well-wisher and friend,
THE GREAT BRITAIN.
A new work, entitled " THE LEVIATHAN OF TRADE," with
full directions for Self-Measurement, may be had on applleatisn,
or forwarded pos-tfree.

X a. d.
Beaver Taglionis •••••••• • • • • • • • ..... ••••••• • • • • ' " • 'from • 8 6
Ditto Chesterfields ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • .. ... • 0 10 6
Ditto Codringtons •
Ditto Pettbrokes, Atbols, Feltoes, and every description of
Winter Coat, handsomely trimmed. • • •
Boys' Winter Coats, in every style ... • • •
Warm Winter Trousers, lined • • • • • • • • • •
Ditto Doeskin • • •
Dress Coats, edged, &c • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Frock ditto, ditto... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Rolling Collar Vest • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Double-breasted Ditto
Boys' Hussar Snits
Ditto Tunic, neatly braided

1 lb 0
▪0 8 6
•• 4 6
0 10 0
1 0 0
1 3 9
• 17 6

•
MADE TO MEASURE.
Saxe Gotha Coats, velvet collar and cuffs.. ••••• • • • • • from 1 18 0
Winter Coats, in every style and shape, handsomely trimmed 1 5 0
Milled Tweed Wrappers •• ..
Ditto ditto Trousers ••••• • • • • ••• • • ••• • • • •••••• . • • • • • 0 8 6
Buckskin Ditto .. ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •
Doeskin Ditto, any pattern •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • •• ••• • •• 0 12 0
Best, or Dress Trousers •• •
Cashmere Vest
Winter Ditto, is en ileac pattern.. •••••••.• • • • • • • ..
Dress Coat
Ditto, ditto, best manufactured .••• • • • ....... ... ••• • • 2 15 0
Frock Coat ........ • .... ...
Ditto, the beat manufactured ••••• • • • • ....• •••• .. • ••• • 3 3 0
Boy's Hussar Suit • .• •
Ditto Tunic . .
Mourning to any extent can be had at five minutes' notice, at the
following prices :
Men's Suits, dress coat; vest, and trousers •• • • • • —from 1 16 0
Ditto, jacket, vest and trousers.. •••• • • • —.from 0 18 0
IMPORTANT.—Any article purchased or ordered, if not approved of,
exchanged, or the money returned.
Observe--E. MOSES and SON, Tailors, Wholesale and Retail
Woollen Drapers, Outfitters, and General Warehousemen, 154, Mino-
ries, and 86, Aldgate, City, opposite the Church.
C UTION.—E. Atoses and Son are obliged to guard the public
against imposition, having learned that the untradesmanlike false-
hood of being connected with them, or it's the same concern, has
been resorted to in many instances, and for obvious reasons. They
♦ve no connexion whatever with any other establishment, in or out
of London, and those who desire genuine Cheap Clothing should (to
p(drt!nt disappoittment, &c.) call or send to 154, Minories. or 80,
Aldgate, opposite the Church.
N.B. No business transacted at this Establishment from sunset on
sunset on Saturday when business is resumed till twelve

N.

16,404. LONDON,

GRAVESEND STAR PACKETS leave thg
Brunswick Pier, rilackwall, at 11, 3, and 5 ; on Suidays at

11 and 3.

from Terrace Pier, Gravesend, at 9j, 1, and 5 ; on Sundays at
91 and 5.
Fares to or from London.
Fore Cabin and Second Class Carriage, Ninepence,
Saloon and First Class Carriage, One Shilling.
To or frola Blackwall.
Fore Cabin, Sixpence—Saloon, Ntneponce.
Star Office, Graveeend, March 11, 1845.

Fill DAY

WILSO N'S SCOTTISH -ENTERTAIN-
MENTS.
At the MUSIC-HALL, STORE-STREET, REDFORD-SQUARE,
On MONDAY EVENING, March 17, at Eight o'clock,
Mr. WILSON will repeat for the Fourth time his Entertainment of.

WANDERING WILLIE'S WALLET.
'

PART I.—The Minstrel—Hey the—bonny breast-knots—The Core-
nanter's Lament—Hama came our gudeman at e'en—Bessle Bell and
Mary Gray—The Bonny House o' Airlie-0 Bothwell Bank thou
bloontest fair—John Grumlie.

SIR JAMES GRAHAM'S NEW MEDICAL
BILL. . _

A PUBLIC MEETING of the ASSOCIATION of GENERAL
PRACTITIONERS is MEDICINE, SURGERY, sad MIDWIFERY;
will he held at the Ilanover-square Rooms, on Fainsir NEXT, the 14111
Instan , to which every General Practitioner is specially invited, Sro
the purpose of receiving the REPORT of the PROVISIONAL COM-
M ITT EE, and of adopting such resolutions thereon as may be deemed

R. R. PENNING f ON, Esq., in the Chair.
The Chair will be taken at Six o'clock precisely.
By order of the Provisional Committee,
JAMES BIRD, . Honorary
HENRY ANCELL, 5 Secretaries,
4, Hanover-square, March 11, 1845.

PARTS AND LYONS RAILWAY,
(C. LAFFITTE'S ORIGINAL COMPANY.)

DIRECTORS,
Monsieur Charles Laflitte, Paris.

James H. Attwood, Esq., 13, Upper Seymour-street, Portman-
square, London.
Comte d'Alton Shoe Pair de France, Paris.
John Moss, Esq., Liverpool.
The Right Mon. G It. Dawson, 15, Upper Grosvenor-street, London.
Wm. J. Chaplin, Esq., Adelphi-terrace, London.
Monsieur E. Simons, Administrateur des Missageries Royales, Paris.
Monsieur Alexandre Berignieres, Administrateur des Messageries
Generale!•, Paris.
Charles Devaux. Esq., 62, King William-street, London.
Hardman Earle, Esq., Liverpool.
Monsieur Ed. Blount, Paris.

Ross D. Mangles, Esq., M.P., Loudon

John 3fasterm- an, jun., Esq., Nicholas-lane, Loudon.

Aionsieur Morena Chalons, i'aris.

Matthew Elxielll, Esq., 62, King WiMain-street, Loudon.
The Provisional Committee of the Paris and Lyons Railway Com-
pany having ascertained that,it is the intention of the French Govern-
ment to lease the line to a company able and willing to reimburse the
State for all expenditure hitherto incurred, and to undertake all fur-
ther outlay which may be required for the entire construction of the
line, have determined upon increasing the capital to the full amount
necessary fir this purpose. In conformity with the terms of sub-
scription contained in the circular of the 10th August last., which con-
templated such a contingency, they have resolved upon offering
to the Shareholders Two New Shares for every Old Share, sub-
ject to all the liabilities ofincrease or diminution hereafter, as in the
fernier case, and subject also to any further sail which may be found
necessary. All Shareholders who may wish to avail themselves of
this option are requested to apply at the office, and to produce the
original receipts, between Tuesday, 11th, and Saturday, 22d inst.
Notice is hereby given, that all parties not applying within the pre-
scribed thee will be considered to have waived their claim to the ad-
ditional shares, which will be otherwise appropriated.

By order,

ID. AIMS, secretary.

6!, King Wllllam-street, March 6, 1845,

THE LONDON MARBLE AND STONE
WORRIN6, COMPANY, Esher-street, Holywell-street, Milbank,
Westminster (established 1821), are enabled, with their PATENT
MACHINERY, to execute Chimney Pieces, Moauments, Tablets,
Slabs for Furniture, and every description of such Work, with an
accuracy, rapidity of execution, beauty and durability of Polish, and
reduction of eost, which cannot be obtained elsewhere.
The Public are invited to inspect their extensive SHOW-ROOMS,
containing the largest stock in this country.
The Trade supplied with every description of Rough Slab Blocks,
or Scantlings; or Blocks sent to the Works cut to order.
Please to be accurate in copying the Address, to prevent imposi-
tion, the Company having no connexion with any other Establish-
ment but that in Esher-street.

LIFE ASSURANCE

MER CHANT' S, TRADESMAN'S, and
GENERAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE &NATIONAL
BENEFIT SOCIETY.

PART IL—Hail to the chief who in triumph advances—Why left I
my hame?—M'Leod of Dutivegan, a curse lies upon thee—l gted a
waefu' gate yeatreen—Hersel he highland Shentleman—Watty cam'
out on a moonihiny night—Cudo night and joy be with you a'.

Tickets, 2s. Reserved Seats, 2s. 6d. l'rivate Boxes for Six, 150
for Eight persons, 11.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
In daily operation, a Curious MECHANICAL HAND, on a
person who has lost his natural hand. PRILLIPS'S PATENT
FIRE ANNIHILATOR, Illustrated by Dr. Ryan in his daily Che-
mical Lecture on the Morning and Evening of MONDAYS: --A iiOYles
of LECTURES en ASTRONOMY by Professor Bachhoffner, on the
Mornings and Evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday,
daring Lost, accompanied by Dr. Wallis en BRA/11"3 CALOTONB.
Working Models of New Inventions are daily explained. NEW
DISSOLVING VIEWS, including the SHRINE of the NATIVITY.
CHILDE'S CHROMATROPE. THE FHYSIOSCOFE. • 311-
CROSCOPE. DIVING BELL and DIVER, Sec. Sec.
Adnilsaloa, Is. ; Schools, Half-price.

VAUXHALL COMPOSITE CANDLES,
ss. 6d. por doe.
PRICE'S PATENT CANDLES, 100. Bd. per dog,
GENUINE WAX CANDLES, 28s. per doz.

These three sorts of Candles are all precisely alike in their burn-
ing qualities, hut the Vauxhall Composites are rather softer than
the Price's atent, and thence -the difference in price. liven those
who are compelled to study economy alone, should. burn them in pre-
ttrence to Tallow Dips. .

. .
Patent Cocoa Nut Lamp Oil, warranted meal in every respect to
the finest Sperm, 4a. par gallon.
Wlkl. MARCHANT, 263, Regent-circus, Oxford-street.

saw the priemer on the following day, between the hours of
ten and twelve, and he asked for two drachms more. He
said he had had a misf.n.tune, he had broke the bottle. He had
the same quantity as formerly in the bottle he had originally
bought. He bad been frequently to the shop before that
time.

By Baron PARKE—He might have sold him prussic acid
before, but (lid not recollect perfectly. The prisoner said lie
had been an apothecary and chemist. lie was in the habit
of covering these phials with leather. Witness first gave
information that the prisoner had bought prussic acid on the
Tuesday following. lie afterwards came down to Aylesbury
on the 13th, and he was told on the day following that the
prisoner was in the gaol. Ile there saw the prisoner, and at
once recognised him.
Cross-examined by Mr. Krta.v—lf lie covered the phial
at all, it was with leather and not with paper. • He had no
doubt that the prisoner was at that time affected as he stated
with varicose veins, lle did not believe that Scheele's
prussic acid could be taken into the stomach and yet sot
ascertained by the smell. He had mixed thirty drops of
Scheele's with eleven ounces, or nearly a tumbler full, of
porter, and the smell was slightly percepti-
ble. The bottle does not contain the quantity of
eleven ounces. It is the property of this acid while
it is volatilizing to give out a smell. He was aware that
apple-pips contained prussic acid. He -saw fifteen small
apples tested by distillation, and then with sulphuric acid
and sulphate of iron. The quantity of prussic acid that re-
sulted was ono grain and one-fifth.
Mr. Smythe, clerk to Barnett, Hoare, and Co., examined
—The prisoner had been in the habit of banking with them.
On Wednesday, the 'tit January, he came between two and
three o'clock,, „an.d. dxcw....a.gheque for 141. .Paiel „him in gold._
Hiiaccount was overdrawn at. that date. Ile believed-the-
, paper shown him to be his handwriting. (The paper re-
ferred to was a prescription for varicose veins.)
Cross-examined—There was not the slightest objection to
his overdrawing his account.
A letter was handed to the witness, which he thought was
in the handwriting of the prisoner. The letter was addresses'
to Mrs. Hart, 93, Crawford-street, Portman-square, and was
as follows .
" Dear Friend,—l wish to inform you that I expect to be
at home in a fortnight and therefore you had better not
write to me.—Your friend, " A. HART."
Mary Ann Moss—Witness lived with Sarah Hart, 'at 93,
Crawford-street, Bryanston-square, about four years
since. She was pregnant when she went there, and a
child was born in March, 1841. The only person
who used t) visit her was the prisoner. He came about
once in six weeks, or perhaps oftener. The deceased
lived in Crawford-street about twelve months,' and then
went to Farringdon-green, where she lived twelve months.
She then went to Bath-place, at Slough, and witness called
on her about eight or nine months before her death. When
the prisoner first mine to Crawford street, hi asked if there
was a person living there the name of Hart. She heard him,
and said " Here lam ; it's all right." She had, at first, a back
room furnished, but she aftewards bought furniture
herself for the front- room. She saw a parcel once come to the
deceased, and the prisoner called afterwards, and asked it
it was all right." Witness observed that she had got some
blankets. When Mrs. Hart was confined, the prisoner called
upon her, and went into her room alone. The last time she
saw the deceased was in October last. She had not seen the
prisoner for a long time before.
Mrs. Bacon, the wife of a carpenter in Gray's Inn-lane.
She knew Sarah Hart before she went into the prisoner's
service, about six years. She was taken upon witness's re-
commendation to nurse the first Mrs. Tawell. She then
went by the name of Hadler. Witness noticed that when
she lived with prisoner after his wife's death, she was in the
family-way. That was in April, 1839. Witness recollected
that once at tea, in Mr. Tawehl's house, the deceased sat down
by the side of her. Witness said, " I know what you are
going to say, and you had better begin." The prisoner said
he was about to be married to Sarah Cutmore (his present
wife), and it would be greatly against him-to have the affair
of Sarah's being in the family-way spoken of. He bid Sarah
not to excite herself, and she said that from that day she
would be dead to the world—no one should know anything
about her—not even her own mother.
Grace Hadler sworn—The deceased was her daughter, and
was, when she last Saw her, living with Mr. Tawell. She
never heard of her after leaving Bridge-street till this
occurred.

MAXWELL'S HISTORY of the REBEL-
LION in IREL :IND In 1798-1603, with numerous Illustra-
tions by George Cruikshank, and highly-flnished Portraits of the
Leading Characters, price 16s. bound.

farts XIV. and XV., completing the work, will be ready in a few
days. -

Bailey Brothers, Cornhill, London,

TUBE TURF REMEMBRANCER, for 1845,
the Twenty-fifth Year of its Publication, is now ready, price
25., or 2s. 6d. by post, containing the Whole of the NOMINATIONS,
and other Particulars, for the approaching Racing Season, arranged
alphabetically, with the Pedigrees as full as the space admits ; also, a
complete RACING CALENDAR for 1844, with copious Indexes to
both, and a variety of other Articles, presenting a full Record of last
Year's Sport, as well as a complete Register of Races to come, and
comprising a greater extent of practically mend Turf Intelligence, in
a compacter Form, arranged more conveniently for Reference, and at
a Lower Price than any similar work ever published.

Newcastle : Published at the Chronicle Office, by T. and J. IIodg•
son ; and sold by Simpkln, Marshall, and Co., London.

Just published,

lIERTSLET'S COMMERCIAL TREATIES.
Vol. VI.
Treaties subsisting between GREAT BRITAIN and FOREIGN
POWERS, including CHINA ; and Laws, Orders in Council, &c., re-
lative to Commerce and Navigation, the Slave Trade, and the privi-
leges and interests of British subjects.
London: Henry Butterworth, 7, Fleet-street; and James Bigg,
Parliament-street, where the previous volumes may be had, together
or separately.

LAKERT ON DEBILITT, NERVOUSNESS, AND ALL
DISORDERS ARISING FROII EXCESS, Scs.
" He, wh• In pleasure's downy arms
Ne'er lost his health or youthfhl charms,
A hero lives, and justly can
Exclaim, in me behold a man !"
Just published (in a sealed envelope), Tenth Edition, price 2i. 6d., or

sent by post, free, to any address, 3s. 6d.,
SELF-PRESERVATION • a Popular Essay on
those eoncealed disorders, originating in youthrtil excesses,
and terminating in Nervous Debility, Local and Constitutional
Weakness, and all those Sinkings, Anxieties, and Tremors, which
afflict the Weak, the Sedentary, and the Delicate. With Practical
•Observations on Marriage, and on the Anatomy, Physiology, and
Diseases of the Reproductive Organs, with plain Directions for their
perfect Restoration.
BY SAMUEL LAMERT, Consulting Surgeon,
5, BEDFORD-STREET, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON,
Matriculated Member of the University of Edinburgh, Honorary
Member of the London Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate of
Apothecaries' Hall, London, &e.
" The various positions of Lover, Husband, and Parent, the in-
herent privileges of mankind, are frequently marred and prevented
through the follies and frailties of early indiscretions. To such, among
ethers, this Essay addresses itself; and by its perusal many questions
may be satisfactorily adjusted that admit of no appeal even to the
most confidential friend."—Stafford Gazette.
"Long experience in the treatment of a class of diseases hitherto
neglected and most imperfectly understood by the great bulk of the
medical profession, has enabled the writer to prove that there are
concealed causes of Nervous Debility in existence, where the mere
routine practitioner would never dream of finding them; traceable
to certain habits, forming the most secret, yet deadly, and fatal
springs of domestic misery, and premature mortality."—Wakeflold
Journal.
Published by the Author, and sold in London by S. Gilbert, 51 and
52, Paternoster-row; Starle, 23, Tichborne-street, Quadrant, Regent-
street; Hannay and Co., 63, Oxford-street; Noble, 114, Chancery-
lane ; Gordon, 14G, Leadenhall-street ; and by all Booksellers.
At home every day till Three, and from Five till Eight.

That was the case for the prosecution.
The iurymen were allowed some short time for refreshment.
On their re-assembling, and their names being called over,
Mr. F. KELLY commenced his speech in defence of the
prisoner, appearing to be much affected, for tears stood in his
eyes as in a low tone he declared that he rose to address them
under a pressure of responsibility which he was scarcely able
to bear, and he hoped that they would pardon him, if, feeling
that deeply, he betrayed anything like a momentary weak-
ness. He trusted they would pardon him, also, if he ven-
tured to say that they themselves had to discharge the most
important duty which, perhaps, had ever devolved upon
them, and that they must proceed to the discharge of that
duty under a weight of responsibility more awful and terrible
•

than even that which oppressed him. For, if he had not
misunderstood the solemn and important case before them, it
he should not be able to impress them with what be conscien-
tiously believed to be the true nature of that case, they would
feel that they were called upon for the first time to send to
his last account one who stood at the bar a living and breath-
ing man before them, not upon sworn evidence, nor upon the
truth of any facts whatsoever, but depending wholly upon
theory, or resting wholly and entirely upon what was to be
found loosely and inaccurately reported in books. Ile would
show them that if they acted upon-such evidence, they
might commit one of the most fatal mistakes, one from which
they would shrink with horror, when called upon to deal
with the life of a fellow-man. It was not for him to vindi-
cate the faults of the unfortunate man at thehar ; while on
the one hand he was deeply unfortunate in many respects, on
the other he was equally blameable, his conduct being such
as it was impossible to justify. But while he made that ad-
mission, he implored the jury, as they regarded their future
happiness, to beware, lest, that for want of a just distinction
between right and wrong, they should confound facts, how-
ever blameable, with one far exceeding them. in horror and
guilt, and from which he hoped, after he should have brought
the facts under their review, they would acquit • him. Al-
though the honourable care and caution of his Learned Friend
had led him to abstain from anything that 'night press unfairly
against the accused, the jury must have learned from the
public newspapers that he bad committed in early life an
offence against the laws; but since that he had atoned
for his offence by a life of indu Ary, kindness, and
bounty. That fact was the key to many of the subter-
fuges and evasions which had marked his conduct in con-
nexion with this charge. Having been banished from his
country for his early offence, he had recovered his standing
in society, and down to the present moment enjoyed the
respect and esteem of many friends, while he had acquired
Some amount of Worlilly-,,13:ea1th.. lie (Nr.sjielly) would
show that .the alleged motive tor"cfommitting.the crime of
murder, that of embatlassed .circumatauces.and inability to
continue a pecuniary payment, did, not exist. .Ile would
show, also, that witnesses for the prosecution came prepared
to support mere matters of theory, speculation, and opinion.
and that their evidence, although given under the sanction 01
an oath, was not of any weight. He would show, too, that
the indefensible language and conduct of the accused, in
connexion with this case may be accounted for on other
grouods than that of his having been guilty of murder.
Before the prosecution could call upon the jury to condemn
the prisoner to death, it must be proved that the deceased
died of poison, and that that poison was prussic acid taken
into the stomach. The evidence was not only defective, but
entirely so divested of that certainty which should
be infused into the mind, but which must become
part of the constitution of the mind itself in a case
of this kind, that the jury must pause before they thought of
convicting the prisoner of the crime of murder. He quite
agreed with his Learned Friend that direct evidence could not
always be expeettd to prove a charge of murder; but, upoi:
the question that the woman died of poison, the jury were
bound to demand positive and direct evidence. In the case
of murder by strangling or wounding, circumstantial evi-
dence might suffice, but not in a case of poison. Formerly
convictions and executions had taken place for the murder of
persons afterwards found to be alive. Now, that could not
be the case; the jury must. be madecertain of the fact ofdeath
by irrefragable evidence. It was the duty of the prosecution
not only to prove the death, but the cause of the death, in a
case of this kind ; and upon that principle he called upon
thejury to have, before they sent the prisoner to a horrid
and ignominious death, evidence that the woman died of
taking pruseic acid. What were the jury 'celled upon to be-
lieve? A woman in health, as it appeared, had died suddenly,
and the prosecutor asked the jury to take away the life of
the prisoner on the suppsition that she had died from prus-
sic acid, and not from any one of the numerous causes of
sudden death. If ever there was a ca.se in which the blessed
principle of our law should be repreled, that there should be
positive proof of guilt, this was the case. Suppose it was
stated that a person was poisoned by laudanum—would the
jury convict, or the judge suffer the case to go to the jury,
when they heard from the witness for the prosecution, "
never knew a case of a person dying from taking that
drug?" No, they would ask for some one who could speak
of the effects of laudanum upon the human system of
his own knowledge, and not from what he had read in
books. Those witnesses were irresponsible ; yet they called
upon'the jury to sacrifice that man upon the ground only
of what they had read in books, and not upon that of
actual experience. Unhappily this country was not without
experience on this subject. It appeared that of 39 cases,
in no great length of time, poisoned by prussic acid, only
two had been charged with murder, and of all the medical
men who had seen and examined all these cases the prosecu-
tion had brought one. There were many of such witnesses
who could have deposed, to whether there was a smell of
not a smell after death, or whether there was a scream or
no scream, or gorged lungs or not; instead of being left to
the uncertain opinions of Mr. Champneys, Mr. Norblad, and
Mr. Pickering, three very young and inexperienced men,
of little practice, whose opinions did not agree with each
other, and who never saw man, woman, or child 'who had
been poisoned by prussic acid. It appeared from their evi-
dence that there were doubts, only doubts, as to the quantity
of prussic acid necessary to cause death, and as to all the
effects and operation of the poison, the opinions of the wit-
nesses not being derived from experience, but being founded
on books, containing conflicting opinions and partially re
ported experiments. There was no positive evidence of the
' quantity of poison in the stomach of the deceased, nor of the
source whence it was derived. What was the quantity suffi-
cient to cause death? That was a question upon which the
jury hid to make up their minds at the very outset. Ac-
, cording to the published statistics the number of sudden
deaths was 1 in 99; so that there were about 3,000 sudden
deaths in the course of a year. Here was a roman died
suddenly, and it was said of prosaic acid. How much was
there in the stomach? Witnesses. could prove the quantity
-of arsenic or opium sufficient to cause death ; but science was
in the dark with regard to prussic acid. Would that jur?-
be the first to decide such a question in the absence of post
tive evidence, and resting only upon the opinions of persons
who had formed theta from reading books, and knew no

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more than the jury might learn in half an hour by reading?
Those books were written by persons now living; why were
they, or some of them, not called to give positive evidence?
The witnesses bad said at least a grain of prussic acid existed
in the woman's stomach, but they had not proved upon their
own knowledge and experience that a grain was sufficient to
cause death. They mentioned one case in si Lich so small a
quantity had killed a person ; but that case they read in
Taylor, who copied it into his book from some other quar-
ter, and the statement of the case was full of errors. Ile
would call their particular attention to the part of the
book referred to by Mr. Champneys, who had no more prac-
tical knowledge of the quantity of prussic acid that would
cause death than ony one else in Court, and with whom, as
with the other medical witnesses, it was nothing but guess-
work. The part of this work on medical jurisprudence by
Mr. Taylor referred to stated that a person having taken
dilute prussic acid by mistake to the amount of one and a
half drachm of Scheele's acid, spasms and tetanus were pro-
duced, from which the patient did not wholly recover for
thirteen days. It also stated, that " admitting the strength
of the acid to be as represen:ed, this is the largest
dose known to have been taken without causing death."
Would it be just on the supposed validity of an opinion such
as that, found in a book respecting which he had not the
power of putting a single question, to ascertain whether or
not there was any error in it—would it be just on such
testimony—the book itself saying, "if the strength of the
acid be correctly represented"—to condemn a man to death ?
If the strength of the acid were not correctly represented,
the deduction was incorrect, and; that being incorrect,
the whole basis of the medical testimony tumbled down. The
same authority, after referring to some cases, stated that he
considered be.wmild be justified in believing that a dose of
.Setreeles acid of about 20 grains, which would contain about
one grain of the pure prussic acid, would commonly destroy
life. Well, in addition to Taylor, they had the authority of
Christison referred to. In page 770 of his work on poisons,
he stated that it was important to fix, if possible, the smallest
fatal dose of hydrocyanic (prussic) acid ; but that it must.
vary with particular circumstances, such as the strength of
the individual and the fulness or the emptiness of the sto-
mach. Then, quoting the case of a person who was killsd
from swallowing two-thirds of a grain of the acid, he_ went
on to say, that repeated instances of recovery occurred where
a larger quantity had been taken than two-thirds of a grain,
which he (Mr. Kelly) was prepared to show was more than
had been proved to have been found in this woman'sltomach.
They had, therefore, no sworn evidence whatever to clear up
the doubts which existed upon the question of what quantity
of prussic acid would cause death; they had nothing but a
reference to these books, which contained nothing but.specu-
lative opinions. If he had the authors of them on the table
to examine, he might, perhaps, be able to arrive at some
more definite conclusion ; but, without that, he maintained
that the whole basis of the medical evidence fell to the
ground. Then, with regard to the question of smell, the
Learned Counsel contrasted the evidence of the medical
men, showing in it great discrepancy. Mr. Champneys
fancied in one case and proved in another the existence of
the smell of prussic acid from the contents of the stomach,
while Mr. Norblad, notwithstanding his acute powers of
smell, could not discover it at any period. Mr. Champneys,
who was very candid, first. of all admitted as a gene-
ral principle, taken from Taylor, Christison, and other
authorities, that the odour of the acid was always to be
found, but that that principle was subject to exceptions,
and the exceptions given were three ; first, the case of the
seven Parisian epileptics, in which it turned out that is was
in no less than eight days after death examination had taken
place, and that even then, although six persons could not
discover the odour, yet that two did. The second and third
cases turned out to be but one, and in that Mr. Champneys
thought that as there was no odour found in the blood there
was none in the stomach. This was shown to have been
an error—one, however, which Taylor's language warranted,
for he said in speaking of it that "the body was examined,"
leading Mr. Champneys to suppose that the stomach was
included. This was an error which, if not detected, might
have proved fatal to the prisoner, but one which showed how
awful was the degree of danger, however learned the wit-
nesses, and however diligent their search into books of au-
thority, of relying upon such evidence as they had received
from the chief witness here, Mr. Champneys, which he him-
self believed to be true. It might be undissolved apples,
bitter almonds, or anything else containing prussic acid,
which was present, and yet no sufficient smell arise to attract
the attention of Mr. Cooper or the other malicel witnesses;
but how, upon the whole of the evidence of those witnesses,
deduced from books, it could be concluded that an entire
grain of prussic acid, the amount stated by Mr. Cooper, could
have been present in a free state or in a liquid, such as porter,
and yet not be discovered by persons of acute smell, like Mr.
Norblad, or after the liquor had been subjected to a boiling
heat, and then smelt to by the chemist, he (Mr. Kelly) was
at a total loss to understand. When combined with bitter
almonds, it was reasonable enough to believe that it could
not be smelt ; but in a free state, such as it is in Scheele's
acid, where it was continually volatalizing and flying off—
how was it possible that it could be subjected day after day to
these experiments, and particularly to a boiling heat, and yet
not be discovered by its odour, by that proof of the presence
of the acid which was acknowledged to be a matter of
common occurrence, and which, as in the case of the seven
epileptics, was discoverable by some persons so long as eight
days after death ? The Learned Gentleman then applied
himself to the evidence of Mr. Cooper, respecting his exa-
mination of the contents of the stomach, which examination
he had admitted to have been incomplete, and also to his ana-
lysis of apple pips, which he also admitted to have been in-
complete, as he was not able to say how much prussic acid
he had obtained from the pips of 15 apples. He wished to
impress upon the jury this, that, next to bitter almonds.
there was no substance which contained more prussic acid
than the pips of apples, the quantity differing according to
the nature of the apple ; some descriptions of apples con--
taining it in a great quantity, and in such a form as, in the
human stomach particularly, if swallowed whole, or but
slightly masticated, would render its smell imperceptible.
Then NIT.. Cooper had not told them what quantity of apple
he had found in the stomach, not having attempted to as-
certain that fact. The jury were also in utter ignorance of
how much of the acid Mr. Cooper extracted from his first and
second experiments. He was unable to tell them. Accord-
ing to his recollection, fur he spoke only from recollection,
he hail used about two-thirds of the contents of the liquid
brought to him within his first, second, and third experi-
ments, and that from the remaining one-third he extracted
28-100ths of a grain of the acid, or a fraction more than
one-fourth of a grain. lle attempted to deduce from that,
that the entire contents contained a grain of the acid, but
they had no sworn evidence of that fact. The opinion of the
witness upon the point was purely conjectural. Now, even
admitting that conjectures upon the point should go to the
jury, he (Mr. Kelly) maintained that in this case the conjecture
should not weigh with the jury the 100th part. of a grain. Mr.
Cooper concluded that, because he extracted one-fourth
of a grain from a portion of the contents, the rest of the con-
tents contained it in the same ratio, that the acid was
equally diffused through the whole, and that if he was right
in his recollectieu of the quantity he had used in the former
experiments, that a fourth of a grain would prove the exis •
tence of an entire grain in the entire contents. Now, seeing
that he only spoke from recollection of the quantity, and
seeing also that he had admitted in his evidence that he
found very little of the acid the first time, more the next,
and still more the third, thus showing that as he got nearer
to the bottom of the contents lie got more of the solids, and
of these portions of the contents that. would produce prussic
acid,--observing these things, ~which he
.(dl,r. K„elly);begged
of the jury calmly to do, lie did think it was not evidence
upon which they could agree to take away the life of a fel-
low-creature. In opposition to this evidence, the Learned
Gentleman replied on that given by Mr. Thomas, in which
that witness admitted that he had extracted half a grain of
prussic acid from the pips of fifteen apples, and on the pos-
sibility of accounting for the presence of prussic acid in the
contents of deceased's stomach by the fact of apple and
other substances containing prussic acid having been found
in those contents. Supposing that the pips of the apples
produced a fourth of a grain, —suppose there was some little
in the cake which she had eaten,—suppose there was some
in the saliva which she must have swallowed in a large
quantity when masticating the apples, and which was known
to contain much prussic acid,—suppose there was some in the
animal substances, arid, although it was stated that they
would not yield prussic acid without being subjected to a
greater heat than they had been subjected to, yet it was
known that, when undergoing decomposition, prussic acid
was constantly being evolved,—suppose these things, put
together all these probabilities, keeping in mind that they
have had positive evidence that the pips of fifteen apples
produced half a grain of prussic acid, and he asked them
Ilow they could, if they did not wish to commit murder
themselves, convict the prisoner of that crimp ? If there
was not enough of prussic acid in the stomach to account
for death, there was an end of the case. But of what did
she die ? It was not for him to show. But it was said her
screams indicated death by prussic acid. Vi here was there
ever any evidence to prove that such a death was attended
by a succession of screams, instead of a single one, called
trie "death scream," after a convulsion or two ? Had the
heart been paralyzed by prussic acid, or otherwise, the blood
could not be received back from the lungs into the heart
it must remainin the. lungs, and gorge them. But the
witnesses had declared that there was no congestion of
the lungs. Mr. Champneys, however, after a reference to
the books, admitted-that the lungs were slightly congested.
Was that evidence upon which to decide a case of life and
death ? It was far too doubtful to justify the adverse ver-
dict for which the jury were asked by the Crown. Again,
there was the fact that the woman was in a state of syncope,
and that she was choked by her neighbour pouring water
down her throat. Again, how many causes of sudden death
were there? The late Sergeant Andrews, in a moment of
aberration of mind, cut his throat. The wound was sewn up,
but a few days afterwards the wound burst out afresh, and
he died. Who could doubt that the cause of kis death was
the cutting of his throat? But, on investigation, it turned
out that the cause of death was the rupture of a bloodvessel.
Suppose a person had been tried for inflicting that wound,
and the coincident fact had not been revealed, would not the
person have been in danger of being convicted of murder?
Therefore, the jury should be cautious, and take it into con-
sideration all the coincidences of this case. He now ap•
proached some other points with pain. Enough was known
of the former life of the prisoner which imglit create a pre-
judice against him; but he implored the jury not to be led
?way by that to suppose that the prisoner had ever been
guilty Of any unkind or cruel act towards any individual.
'His Learned Friend had imputed to the prisoner a motive
for committing murder. Now, lie would not, deny that by
the deceased woman he had two children. 'that was an act
of immorality, and if the prisoner had not bitterly repented
it, he had at least bitterly suftered for it already. 'He al-
lowed that woiran abort 1/. a week. Would the saving of
that sum be a sufficient reason with a person in his circum-
stances to commit murder? And would it be politic in him
to destroy her, and bring upon himself the care of bringing
up his children, and of introducing them perhaps into the
family of his present wife? Theo, as to his circumstances,
the evidence of the banker's clerk had shown that they were
not embarrassed. That he was still a man of kindly dis-
position, his present wife could prove, but she could not be
called as a witness. However, a letter was put in on the
previous day; which was a witness in his favour, and which
he would read to the jury. It was written on the: Ist of
January, the very day on which it was supposed lie was
actually about to commit murder:—" My only loved one,—
My thoughts have been with thee throughout the day, and I
can't but hope thou art feeling better than when thou left
us. Do, my endeared one, endeavour to keep tip thy spirits
for nay sake," Nis woman could ever write in tioee terms to