The Sun.
London, England, 1845-03-07 00:00:00

MUSEUMS OF ART.

Mr. EWART said that he rose for the purpose of
moving for leave to bring in a Bill to enable town
councils to establish museums of art in corporate towns.
The merit of the measure was almost entirely due to the
Hon. Member for Taunton, who had acted with him on
the Committee which sat upon the subject. That Com-
mittee recommended the c stet blishment of schools of de-
sign, and, first of all, it recommended the establishment of
a central school in the metropolis. It also recommended
the establishment of schools in the various manufacturing
towns in connexion with the central school. Only one
thing was wanted now, and that was, that the central
school should be devoted rather to the purposes
of a normal school for making masters, than
for the purpose of elementary education in art.
That was the original design of the school, as his Right
Hon. Friend the Member for Oxford, to whom the
country was greatly indebted for his exertions with
regard to this subject, would well remember. But
that design had not been fully carried out. As
yet, the central school in London was not
a normal school of art, but he trusted that
they were making advances towards that more
perfect system which existed in foreign coun-
tries. Another recommendation of the Committee was,
that exhibitions or galleries of art should be established
in the various manufacturing and other large towns
of the country. It was not intended that those
exhibitions should be limited to the temporary
purposes of mere ephemeral exhibitions.—(Hear, hear.)
The Committee were anxious that those mu-
seums should contain specimens of antique art, of me-
dieval art, and of modern art. That recommendation
had not been carried into effect ; and it was
to remedy this omission that the present Bill
was proposed. The Committee had hoped that the Go-
vernment would have assisted, if not by the formation,
at least by its co-or eration with those who were
willing to form these provincial museums, by
obtaining perfect casts of the best specimens
of antique and modern works, and distributing
them to the various manufacturing towns, to be deposited
in their museums. In London such a gallery had been
established, but it was by no means perfect. He under-
stood it would be necessary to procure for that gallery
now casts of the various works of antiquity. But
the object of the present measure was to diffuse
these various specimens of art throughout the country ;
to send them to the museums of Manchester, of Glasgow,
of Birmingham, of Coventry, and of all the large manu-
facturing towns. He asked them to pass this Bill in
order to enable the town councils to defray the
expenses necessary for these museums by the im-
pes►tion of a small borough rate, so as to admit the po-
pulation upon the easiest possible terms. Many per-
sons were ready to aid in the formation of
these museums, either by the subscription of
money, or by presenting them with works of art.
It was to encourage these exertions that he ventured to
propose the present measure to Parliament. There were
peculiar circumstances at the present time which allowed
a facility for the diffusion of works of art throughout the
country which had never been enjoyed in times past.
By means of their railways they could send casts
of improved specimens of works of art to the
different manufacturing towns, and it would be
the fault of the Government if there was a single
manufacturing or large town in the country deficient
of a museum of such a character, as might give
a sound taste in art to the population of that town, and
thus enable them to apply the skill they would obtain in
the arts to manufactures. He trusted, therefore, that
they should see before long the system of schools of
design perfected throughout the country, and that the
central school in the metropolis would become what the
Committee recommended it should be. It was well
known that, till the Romans had such an abundance
of statues in Rome that the mind of the people was

improved through the eye, they never became aware of
the value of the arts ; and it was the same with the
people of this country. It had been said that England
would not make any great advances in the arts,
because it was a commercial nation ; but he
believed, if they adopted the recommendation
of the Committee, that, like Venice, the large nytnufac-
turing towns of this country would be quite capable of
appreciating the value of the fine arts. With this view he
called on the Government to assist in prorr wing this
object, and to wipe away the stain that hung upon
the artistic reputation of the country.—(Hear, hear )
He had now shortly stated the principle of the subject
he intended to bring before the House. He dig rut
think it necessary further to dilate upon it, but would
conclude by moving for leave to bring in a Bill to enable
town councils to establish museums of art in corporate
towns.

Mr. WYSE secondod the motion. Every day's expe-
rience showed the necessity for diffusing education not
only in great towns but in the provinces. Establish
ments had been formed in many principal towns, and
the best effects had been produced. Taste hos ever,
for art, was not sufficiently diffused in the country.
Many of the schools of design had not the means of
availing themselves of the contributions in books or in
works of art which might be given them, by reason of
their having no place sufficiently extensive to receive
them. Without granting the power to town councils to
raise such a fund, how could they expect to create
a taste for the arts in this country, for
they knew how little guarantee to the success
of an institution arose from the exertions of private in-
dividuals. They were aware that there were institu-
tions to which individuals were willing to contribute
works of art, valuable books or specimens of natural
history, but from the circumstance of there being no
building in the locality caps.ble of holding them,
those who would have so contributed were obliged to
retain, on their own premises, those articles which they
would otherwise have given to the public, and thus an
impediment was created to the advance of the fine arts in
this country. He was anxious with his lion. Friend to
provide a remedy for this evil, and he had some
years ago introduced a Bill for a similar purpose. He
did not expect any opposition to the introduction of
this Bill, and he would defer any remarks of his to a
future stage. He would second, with great pleasure,
the motion of his Hon. Friend.

Sir W. JAMES thought the motion was highly
worthy the attention of the House. He was gratified
to state that an Honourable Friend behind him had
given to an institution at Hull a large collection of
classical casts, and that their value was appre-
ciated. With respect to corporations, as re-
modelled by the Municipal Reform Bill, he was
glad to see that they were becoming anxious to pos-
sess collections of works of art. But he remembered
that when they were first reformed, most valuable works
of art, some of them the pictures of Sir Joshua Reynolds,
and others of high eminence, which had been presented
to the old corporations, and also antique plate,
which had been, in some instances, in possession
of the old corporations since the time of Elizabeth,
were disgracefully brought to the hammer, and
sold by auction. He was happy to see symptoms of a
better taste, and, if the improvement went on, perhaps
the reformed corporations would send their children to
classical schools, where they would become acquainted
with the old verse—
" Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes
Emollit mores, nee sinitesse feros."
—(A laugh.) Atd perhaps in course of time they would
recover the reputation for hospitality of which the old
corporations used to be proud.—(Hear, and a laugh.)
He could only say that he thought the country was much
indebted to the Hon. Member for Dumfries for the trouble
he had taken on this subject.
Mr. MARK PHILIPS thought it was of the utmost
importance that a taste for literature and the arts should
be encouraged in the rising generation ; and he thought
some such proposition as that which had been made by his
Hon. Friend should be adopted by the House. He
(Mr. M. Philips) hoped that his Hon. Friend would
give sufficient time for discussion of the merits of this
Bill in the country, to prevent any hasty expression of
opinion upon that which was intrinsically good in itself.
He had great pleasure in supporting the introduction of
this Bill. He hoped that, when the Bill would be carried
into operation in large towns, the museums would be
opened at such hours and under such regulations as
would be advantageous to the working classes.
Mr. lIUMF, said he had no doubt of the justice of
the motion of his Hon. Friend, and only wished that it
would be enlarged, in order to give power to the councils
not only to provide museums, but places of recreation for
the people —play-grounds and public walks. The
greatest desire existed among the lower classes to take
advantage of the exhibition of works of art, and he believed
that every Hon. Member would bear testimony to the
propriety with which the humbler classes conducted
themselves in these exhibitions.—(Hear, hear.)
Some years ago Mr. Buckingham had introduced
a Bill which comprehended the provisions of that
which the Hon. Member was about to introduce, and a
great deal more. Ministers should lend all the in-
fluence they possessed for the establishment of
such institutions. They occupied the minds of the
people, refined their taste, and prevented
them from being engaged in bad projects.
He submitted it was a subject well worthy of the atten-
tion of the Government, and he was sure, if they would
only consent to adopt it, the step would do them
mere honour than any other measure they could bring
forward.

Mr. BERNAL said the manner in which the Hon,
Member for Dumfries had brought forward the subject
did him great credit; but he trusted the Honourable
Member would not dovetail his plan, but con-
fine himself to one proposition. He thought it
was highly gratifying that, so far as they could
learn the outrages which had been committed in public
museums were not perpetrated by any of the labouring
classes of the country. No operative that he was aware of
had been convicted of an offence of this nature, but he be-
lieved the outrages which had been committed were per-
petrated by persons moving in a superior walk of life.
This was the only capital in Europe, he believed, that
was without a museum of art, and when they saw what
was done in a neighbouring country, and the impulse
that had been given to a love of the fine arts by the
King of the French, he thought that they should stir
themselves to form a museum of art in this
metropolis which would be worthy of the
English nation.—(Hear.) Many of the works of art
of the middle ages were going to decay, and he would
implore the Right Hon. Baronet to dirmet his attention to it,
for the purpose of finding some means to preserve them.
Sir R. PEEL said that the subject of which the Hon.
Gentleman had alluded, ha I not altogether escaped his
attention. But many suggestions of a similar kind
were made, such of which, individually considered, was
worthy of public favour, and of those suggestions he
could only select such as appeared to be most im-
portant. They had turned their attention to the im-
provement of the geological museum, and he hoped
that they would be enabled, in the course of the present
session, to make some proposal for the purpose
of promoting greater access to this improved geological
museum. He concurred with the Hon. Gentleman in
the great advantage which would result from the encou-
raging and promoting a love of art ; but he advised the
[louse to be cautious in giving extensive power of taxa-
tion to municipal bodies.—(Hear, hear.) The Hun.
Gentleman was anxious to see a museum of art. An
other Hon. Member wished to give municipal bodies
powers of taxation, fur the purpose of purchasing places
of recreation; and there was another object, perhaps of
more importance than either, for which local taxes
should be levied—namely, the ventilation and the im-
proving of the salubrity of towns. But they ought to be
cautious, lest they should make the taxes for those pur-
poses too expensive ;sand thereby create a prejudice
against those objects, which they thought so necessary.
—([fear, hear.) He would advise the Hon. Gentleman,
therefore, to limit himself to his own particular plan,
and not to incorporate other purposes with it. There
was a great disposition amongst those who prospered by
manufacturers to remember the obligations which they
owed to those through whom they derived their wealth,
and to contribute largely to the purposes of art.—(Hear.)
He hoped they would take care not to check this disp-
sition to contribute, by making it a subject of local
taxation. At any rate, he hoped that these town
councils would think it preferable to try to raise as large
a sum as possible by voluntary contribution. He believed
if town councils should vote large sums for the purpose
of establishing museums of this kind, providing the
buildings and purchasing the objects for exhibition, they
would in many cases throw the public money away.
But, if the town councils would call on the affluent con-
nected with the place to contribute a certain specific sum
for the purpose of establishing these museums, stating
that, when established, they would undertake, by an
annual rate, to provide for the permanent charges of
the superintendence, they would by that means induce
many to contribute for this purpose. In the case of
building churches, it had been found that many
persons would advance a certain sum of money
over which they would have some control, who
would not consent to burden their property for
that purpose. Where the authorities had said,
" If you will provide the edifice, we will guarantee
a permanent endowment for it," it was gratifying to
observe how willingly assistance was given. He be-
lieved town councils would find many persons, in places
where manufactures were prosperous, who would be
willing to make presents of objects of art, or of large
sums of money to be paid at once, if they were assured
that a museum would be permanently provided. He hoped
the Hon. Gentleman would consider this suggestion,
and that if he gave town councils any power to raise
money at all, it would be made subservier.t to private
contributions.

Lord J. MANNERS said he should be happy to see
the proposition of the lion. Member carried into effect.
If the lion. Member for Montrose would renew his Bill
he should be happy to support it. There was a growing
desire- on the part of the people to provide means of
public recreation. \ He had the pleasure and gratification
of living in a large house where there were many works
of art ; he had witnessed persons going there who were
delighted with what they saw, but he had never heard of
a single instance of any of those works being injured by
the visitors there. lie could not sit down without offer-
ing his praises to her Majesty's Government for the care
they had taken of works of art, and for their restoration,
particularly in GlaSgow and
Mr. BROTHERTON thought it most important- in.
large communities that something should be done, not
only to improve the public taste, but the morals of the
people. Schools of design were sot sufficient, museums
were necessary, and if established he would venture
to say they would act as a sort of moral
police. In the great town of Manchester a tax
of a halfpenny in the pound would enable parties
to erect a building that would cost 50,0001., and in that
building might be placed works that would greatly con-
tribute to the delight, the improvement, and the educa-
tiqn of the people. In the town of Manchester alone, so
well did the people appreciate the value of such institu-
tions, that they had collected about 30,0001 towards

mi.king a public park, and he was happy to saY °ld thi
Right Honourable Baronet opposite bad contribut,ro
munificent sum of 1,0001. towards this park.--(Y,el
cheering.) But public parks could not be enri(ei,
the people at all seasons of the year, rasher
lady in an uncertain climate like this, and t.fJ
fere the greater necessity for public nneasure,,A
they would not only have the effect of derv'.
the minds and improving the morals of the lowereiale
but they would also eventually withdraw them fl;°T,iiie
public house, where they now too often spent thetr;toi
ings in dissipation, and convert them at length lee./
sort of moral police for the prevent'on of !many cite 'OO
(Hear, hear.) Besides, when once these amuse
were established, they would he sure to receive cen`treo
beets from gentlemen who could not heretofore etbiodiet
their property to the old corporations, for those, ,
had no ebject but their own gratification in frast°'"erthe
(Hear, hear.) He had great plea-tire in suppiittlsof
prop.sitioti. He thought it would el. rate the annitio
the people, and raise science to a still higher P
than it at present enjoy. d a ofr
Mr. HUTT highly approved of the measure, se tie
served that nothing could be more successful tbsnedip
schools of design. Schools of design had been oPeTbees
Newcastle, Sheffield, and Birmingham, which hsvu6
, bid
attended with the greatest advantage, and w°l.4its'
been produced by them which were objects of to
Lion in every capital in Europe. Englishmen fors
he as renowned for works of taste as they were cold
cess in commerce and manufactures, and nothing „es
more effectually raise the minds of the people from 6-
and sensual pursuits than such pits.
Mr. LA BOUCHERE said thereursu was so little diverl,slti{
of sentiment on this subject., that lie did not tat of
would be nee, ssary fur him to trouble the House aotir
length. He would, however, express his hearty frieti,
rence in the views of the Hon Member for I)°,nl The
and his hope that his wishes would be realise"' c,i,of
country was indebted for the establishment of seheoto
design to his lamented friend, the late Lord Sittere
Those who live in the principal seats of want "-deb).
eught to have an opportunity of improving their nee
works
the exhibition of the best of art. Sir Frill of
Chantrey had assured him that it was from the fill
these classic models being continually before his eYeortis
he was induced to turn his mind seriously t°
the fine arts as a profession. In the large townsset:o
stranger, on visiting them, must be agrees.ch the
with the feelings of pride and pleasure with w 'me'
citizens regarded any work of art they hapPe°,,lfollj
sess. He did not share in the fears the Itig„l'',oll°
Baronet seemed to entertain that the counetis..
spend any of the money entrusted to them for theflilece
poses wantonly. Let them consider the benefits F.
de,
had derived from the establishment of schools
sign, and from the exhibition of works of Met" or
the superior skill and perfection she had the
rived at in some kinds of manufactures. The qu,t •oa
see e°
was of national importance, and he was glad t°
much unanimity in the House on the subject. be 1314
Mr. SHEIL hoped one of the provisions of t 00,
would be to enable the working classes to visit °Votes
on Sundays. That was the only day they cool° bor
such places. Surely it could not be said that ?
less a recreation was a desecration of the Sabhat„
'
Leave was then given to bring in the 13i;
Ewart and Mr. Wyse to prepare it.
PRISONER'S COUNSEL BILL 41111
Mr. EWART moved for leave to bring°
' tato Fri;
enabling the defendant's counsel in civil, elt;10111;,
soner's counsel in criminal cases, to address the„ dot,
the close of the evidence for the prisoner or de"/:erio'
The most eminent lawyers in Westminster gellc red:,
opinion that a change in the present system f they
nary, and it was with the concurrence of trianY, hcjip y,
that he brought it forward. The present hart's.; 7'
that the defendant or prisoner called witness-00r'
speeches would be made for the plaintiff or his, elle;
and only one for the defendant or prisoner. j'ilesl.;
cially in criminal cases, was a gross injustice, only 07,
counsel, sooner than subject themselves to a r.„ioee„
the prosecuting counsel, forbore to call any "re- ca.„"
Another hardship was, that if witnesses we ,call
"„If
for the defence, and their testimony did o°"coar
respect, confirm the statement of the defendant'socle::
an unfavourable and unjust impression might be at
the Court and jury, and the defendant's couns- tiod`be
opportunity of reconciling little inconsistencies,
plaining trifling misunderstandings, which ni;eetTiii
productive of the greatest disadvantage to ail 0 I'd,
Again, Jiff.-rent modes of practice prevaile"„;f:lielf
matter, and it would be desirable to estsblishu",„-itte°J.
In the Sessions Court in Scotland, in the Coln"' 09
that House, and other places, the defendadsbetlo
had the right of reply, which he thought wasieso,,i
and reasonable. He did not move to ask ft' ro'
bring in a Bill, but only requested that the 0 fand
the Government would devote its attention W ht
Mr. HUME seconded the motion.
The ATTORNEY-GENERAL could aetlibil
proved of such a measure as that conterepla,lo
Hon. Member, although at the same time lt,eActillilad
many of his observations. He felt the a'7,2ollAi
which the prisoner often stood, but at the same prjeo
not think that any serious evil accrued from tio
system. The Hon. Gentleman had alluded to t be?
in Parliamentary Committees and elsewhere, %toi/
the speeches of defendant's counsel, but that mslot Ito ill
felt to be so inconvenient that they were al—pgistsre
doning it, and adopting the same plan a6.ri pita
Westminster Hall.—(Hear, hear.) The ,10°
Gentleman had not brought in a te?."3tlP.lo
Bill, but had moved for an inquiry. He (tuicbe for
General) thought the better course would I°4l
Hon. and Learned Friend to refer this inViee,
Commissioners who were already appointed f°l their ,0" e 0
into the working of the criminal law. °lirceetliiea
that Commission he would find the names ,°„';'
who were men of great experience, and w..-,Teeri.,,'7o4
was, in his (the Attorney-General's) opini°l3,', i09.20`
to be satisfactory to the country. They "'e, clevrefir
not only into the principles, but also into tvf the °ace
the effect of this alteration in the practices °f big :Of
rior courts at Westminster. The inquiry ° f the 00
and Learned Friend was, in fact, a portion ?,os, be of
of that Commission ; but if, after their dee,_'slo°,'" tel
still anxious for further elucidation, he (tt,ia ha"
Genet al) was sure that the Government '4O"
..$lll
objection to the inquiry. ,ipo fr°P.
Mr. HUME, said that after what had faii;'; 011160 r
Hon. and Learned Gentleman opposite,
moohe© tdroi
that nothing could be more proper, or ofivr
better, and he would advise his Hon. Friend to rot
his motion, and leave the matter in the WI 10
Government. tafice9'elii
Mr. EWART said that, under the orclins ils#cotll4„
fully saw the propriety of acceding to L'i" der de
oe
Learned Friend. He was satisfied that
ttherefore, ,d)
not be in better hands ; and he should, tbdil
the advice of his Hon. Friend, beg leave to 01

motion.
The motion was then withdrawn. IV.
SALE OF HAFOD ESTATF'• f hi! , to
Mr. HUME said, that in the absence old Der
Friend the Member for Coventry, he "Tiu isfi. gla
make the motion of which he had given 11°'-'o'es.yil-fgio7
big so, however, he did not feel it his dutY t 4) dler,,t`iestg
word, and he should simply put the motion in (i'd P°„ to
the Noble Lord at the head of the Woo s ,a 0 fscwoer
anv, opportunity of making a statement of
thethe
,sloe'rjea
,hich the motion referred. He then, f 11( ad till
of Coventry, moved for copies of all sureels .00 0./ le,
tiuns of 7,438 acres 36 rood.; of land belocs ~,P°lo
Crown, adjoining to the Duke of Newea'Yold :01icAr
estate, in Cardiganshire, which has been 6c1., ,11,5'",,
Grace by private contract for 1,0491 15''' ou oti,,'
cltce)vneianiui;
Majesty's Commissioners of Woods. Fact' ft the 10'
rsst,arteedpoirnt
fiiAppendix,rlB44 Nitroilacfanolpieg:rifjk,
'oane'
correspondence relating thereto. ~A 0 Lf Oh
The Earl of LINCOLN said that he u"'Nfern,lckali
from meeting the motion of which the non. „tit Pcc'
Coventry had given notice ; and he only t 11; Otto t°
unfair and improper not personally to Put, pig ° eii"
this nature before the House, and be °l'll it Ifit:so4:
support it. The House mu t be aware thatbrot".„o6lt.
dently intended to cast a slur upon hitn-4° d tho'obe
picion around his proce,din s—and eXte° it reel be'
cion to the Government of Which he was,,,stioaDlit,
He should just make these preliminary ebse-bste -; );'
cause he felt that, as a public servant;.t All e
to be no suspicion resting upon lla feelkiji3O"e
said this, not only in justification of his ea:t to tl",iillra
such üblic servant, but also out of reslllad bee"( th"
verninent of which he formed a part. It ",00 Off
posed that the transaction to which the ra-tivecti 0 (/'
Hon. Gentleman referred was a contract
theV vitalafoti
self (the Earl of Lincoln) and his father, ie of Pas it
Newcastle. That was not the case. The esti' and NO
had been in the possession of Colonel John% whicjoil.
certain claims had been made by the Cre`v 'd to ,tief“
Colonel, and subsequently his devisee, refused 00' ore
The estate had been put up for sale by both , estOte,
anti, in order to clear the title, and make thutieoeo,oo
marketable, it had been valise'd by tWo get% gr. cde
Morgan on the part of the Crown, an ";and big
Murray, on the part of Colonel Johns 10 voilif
gees. These circumstances occurred in the Ise o
Lord Duncannon was at the head ef secitletool
and Forests, and they were a ceinoloilei :1 if
the proceedings of the devisees of
_at 09 f 0.1:
with which the Duke of .Newcastle noed
..liehtise °hal;
nut had anything to do. The Dukes PP-, yot v ten,
he diu he ell 01
estate was a subsequent transaction u that t pie° ,
at the auction at all. Mr. 241. organ stated
the 0
estroe
of the property was 8,061 acres, and that fel oilllo
was I,o9BL—J.aughter ) This might s ebe
beitelici!,
ordinary to some Gentlemen opposite, bu!... Thew ri4
should be able very briefly to explain 1"• cool ,dl,,
was aware that no property of the Cro:fr',.ll oce::400;
posed of except under the valuation an siOcroa,
surveyor, upon oath.—(llcar, bear.) 1, '24r. rtt , ro;
had been made and stated upon oath, ti.,na ,Afarriloloo
valuation was 1,0981, Vk hilt) that of inra , to olis of
6321—(Hear, hear.) The fact was, in °,r_eosertahoo°,
sale of the estate at all, it was nceessarYmt.:_nei ,10,:r00':
extent of the rights of the Crown, and ii,
..luf the
,110 ;
his devisees, though they decried the ril.P °,l 00410
sidereu . ~ 0, .
to any portion of the estate, yet con _eue tu" 010:0
matter of prudence, it was better to p1.1_,,,. and olsr IP,,
they had taken, than contest these rignne oaebyeo6oo;
unclear sale. This valuation was
_ln_ 3. Steil/pip
authority of L,wil Duncannon and S,!,,r_reots. 'OO
as Commissioners of the Woods and vi'.... 000600/ tb,
ready to produce that authority.; and tn'extent e iy,
hat the 11005 rest
see, by the survey made under it, t ills
_,O 4
land was, as he had stated, 8,061 acres. .-`.... ell e,7,14P.
also probably aware that in order to conovejbei,
__P;(4:
which the Crown had any rate, there n?..' ,e this !,"31t, F,,,
of the Treasury. He was ready top
retTe`'by, an' beiko
signed by Lord Nugent. Sir John on*uthe titliaote,,o
Baring, Lords of the Treasury for „Tap jeer IP,.
In one of the conditions of sale of the I's psrt , veil
'.' ii'
was stated that the Crown laid claim t;,3rev,p halo° 0
waste lands, but that the right of the u b;ecti°llc,looo
purchased, and the venders stipulated DO 0 Jot tbe_ tjtefa
be taken by the purchaser in consequenc°oo ovicrirertOed
of the Crown to any rights of corn° be fit' PO
estates. It was not universal for sales to irbolt,l9o
and the warrants to be issued afterward Oef)
that the warrant, in this instance, Was a

to say
utied--
tht
contriD2(Greo,
snot par
k•
be enjoritr
ar, r • irtic
e herr
this, and t
measure., ,',
10'0"
t of I 04+
be lower cl
theca fr°lllo'
.pent their e
it length
ninny eliwro
:se niewe
~
•eceive rtro,
retcfore ea
for those bo:,`,
n in ftsti',',,bt
siii,P"rti!)§o(
ite the ffill:;tioti
higher