Star.
London, England, 1830-12-09 00:00:00

CRITICAL SKETCH OF NAPOLEON'S EIGHTEEN
MARSHALLS OF THE FIRST CREATION.

By an Imperial Decree, 19th May, 1801, Napoleon confers the dig.
pity of marshall of the empire on the generals Alexander !lathier,
Blunt, Meacey, Jourdan, Miasma, Augerean, Bernadotte, Sou ,
Brune, Lannes, Mohler, Ney, Davoust, Bessieres, Kellerman, Lefebvre,
Perigneo, Serrurier.
It is of historical importance to give some details concerning 18 mar-
shells, on their origin and the military services by which they merited
this dignity.
Berthier was the son of a poster at the war office; his father having
experienced a disgraceful outrage from a great nobleman, the protection
of mesdames procured young Berthier an education and assistance for
which he always proved himself grateful towards his auguat benefac-
tresses ;be was placed, the plebeian, in the regiment de Soiseennah,
made a campaign in America, and was named commander of the na-
tional guard of Versailles in the course of the revolution ; be afterwards
attached himself to Bonaparte, wbo loaded him with riches and honours.
Berthler was a bad general, but an excellent staff officer ; intoxicated
with &rout and fortune, he displayed the most stupid and excessive
pride, and favoured with all his might every species of despoils m.
Murat sprung from the lowest class of the people, was an intrepid
soldier, signalised himself on every field of battle, and owed entirely to
himself his military promotion ; his marriage to a sister of Bonaparte
procured him the titles of prince and king. He was endowed with chi.
valresque bravery, and possessed the most magnanimous sentiments.
Without political talents be became the victim of his ambition, be-
trayed his benefactor, did not know bow to preserve the throne he had
ascended, was made prisoner in his attempt to recover it, was condemned
to death and shot.

Jeanot-Moncey, sprung from a plebeian family, gave early proofs
military talent, and distinguished himself in 1793 by the exaltation of
his republicanism; after the restoration evinced an enlightened patrio-
tism and merited, and obtained the esteem of the nation.
Jourdan, born of humble parents, collated as private soldier, and was
promoted to the poet of sageent in the regiment d'Auxerrois ; he em-
braced with ardour the cause of the revolution, distinguished himself on
the &Id of battle, and gained the celebrated victory of Pleuras; he pre-
served, under the consuleklp and empire, his republican principles, and
yes always out of favour with Napoleon; he proved himself a brave
soldier, an able general, and a good citizen.
Mamma, bons in the county of Nice, sprung from a plebeian family,
entered very young the regiment of Royal Italian Chasseurs ; be quitted
that regiment on account of injustice shown in his promotion, and mar-
ried, at Andbes,where he established himself, the daughter ad a burgess.
He was appointed adjutant major of the second battalion of the Var at
the time of the aeation of voluntary battalions; he organized several of
these banalions,and obtainedat the opening of the war on the lieldefbatde
the ranks of adjutant and brig. gen. Summoned to Toulon, he mai-
buted powerfully, by his counsels and bravery, to the taking of the
town, which obtained foe him the rank of general of division. An ex.
Wiest Frenchman, a patriot in every sense of the word, and one of the
best damns Fiance has possessed, Mamma became illustrious by the
greatest and most brilliant actions of war—his name is immortal.
Augereau, born of a low familyjenlisted in the carabiniers of France,
passed over to the Neapolitan service, in which he was a simple soldier
in 1787; he was expelled in 1789, from the states of Naples, when he
returned to France, and became an ardent partisan of the revolution ;
he plied himself to every party, proved himself constantly to be a bad
citizen, was a traitor to his country, enacting and cruel to his enemies,
rude and insolent to his fellow-citizens. He showed the most intrepid
courage in the field of battle, without evincing the smallest military
talent; he was a brave swordsman, and nothing more.
Bernadotte, whose family were distinguished as lawyers at Pau, en.
listed very young, and was. in 1789, adjutant sous-officier in the regi.
ment of royal matinee; he saved the life of his colonel. Merle d'Am.
ben. in an insurrection which took place at Marseilles he remained
obedient to the laws of discipline, and to the royal cause, tiU Louis
XVI. swore to observe the constitution decreed by the national lissom.
bly. He proved himeeN, during the whole course of the revolution, to
be a sincere republican, and signalized himself in every Said of battle
by grand military talent, as well as by the most brilliant courage; he
afterwards gave proofs of rare administration and political talent, and
deserved to be chosen by the Swedish nation, and adopted by Charles
XII I. to hold the sceptre of the Oustannes.
Sault is the son of &peasant of St. Amend, near Cuts; his father,
after having enlisted and obtained the post of serjeant, left the army
and became steward to the Marquis Dulae, which enabled him to give
a certain education to his son, Soult enlisted at a very early age, and
showed great intrepidity in every action: he displayed great military
talents, and acquired an immense fortune in Spain. It was once main.'
tained that he endeavoured to make himself King of Portugal, and it is
difficult to say how far the imputation is founded,
Brune, corrector of the press, was born of a low family, and supported
zealously the revolutionary cause; gave distinguished proof of intre-
pidity and military talents, signalized himself by brilliant victories, and
by a noble disinterestedness when be commanded in Swiseerland and
Holland, he proved himself a good citizen and ardent Frenchman. He
perished at Avignon, the victim of the most atrocious essassination,
conducted by the reactionary royalists of the epoch, and directed by al
well-known personage.
Lannes, the zoo of a dyer, enlisted as a private soldier. and served in
the army of the Pyrenees till the treaty of peace with Spain; be then
joined the army of Italy with the rank of major, where be signalised
himself by the most heroic intrepidity : be was a tolerably good general,)
but undoubtedly the bravest grenadier in &rope. He possessed a
frankness that even the despotism of Napoleon could not restrain, and
cared as little as most of his colleagues about national liberty.
Monier sprung from the people, carolled himself in a battalion of
volunteers in 1791, distinguished himself in the Bret campaigns of the
revolution, but was not promoted until 1799 to the rank of general of
brigade. Without having attached his name to any stand victory, he
took an active and very often a glorious pert in different campaigns of
the empire. Though an ordinary general, he never failed in bravery on
every Bald of battle.
Ney, sprung from a plebeian family, signalized himself, on em-
bracing the military career, by an Intrepidity which obtained for him
every post to which be was afterwards promoted. Few generals have
so valiantly combated, or so powerfully contributed, to the glory of the
French arms ; he saved, in the retreat of Rosh, the wrecks of that
anny, of 400,000 men, whom Napoleon so madly coodneted, into the
Moscovite,:desetts, and exposed, still more madly, to tile eld of the
north. Ney was an excellant general of the avant-garde, an heroic coo.
ducter of partisan warfare, hut be was not a oreat equities en-
dowed with the getups of war. He embraced with ardour the Bourbon
cause, and almost used eiolenee to force Napoleon to abdicate. He was
unfaithful M his "the In 1115, loot all palm of mind at Waterloo,
sad after that itattla.eame sad speend 'mat dwoagimat !aria. 4011010
comprised in the rapitigation gt dunsepital, he was tried.. ccilastra,
and shot. nip *mit sully,the girl, 41.2.0fif 104
ash who did. set.litat! Sifitaint .0a ins! eltraSh to enuatt the
Puictis a • olrobleorhe reitadan.tha 444,10•1 Tads nith.tha Egg'
limit soap* ItlinselE
_ _

_ .
Div°list, WWII filiVi.thc.komf,lo4lll7, 14111.1. epsie 111.
.th•
Ent RaYal-thiampsine, wade It wok spinet the royal eminency. He
did not emigrate, and awed Ammo of the revalition•

PRICE 7D.

He gave proofs of military talent as cavalry general, and showed great
bravery in the field of battle. Ilia marriage with a sister of Napoleon"
brother-In-law, and the most absolute devotedness to tho emperor
acquired him the highest favour, and an immense fortune. He had
1.800.000 franks a year by his marriage portion alone ; the salt mines
of Bruchal, in Germany, he let at 000,000 francs a-}•eat, and refused
eight millions for them. His conduct in IBIS was very equivocal. He
was an ordinary general, despotic by character and ambition, hard.
hearted, and was cruel to those who Imbued him.

Dessieres, sprung from the people, a brave soldier and good general,
embraced with enthusiasm the cause of liberty and equality, and dis-
tinguished himself by the most brilliant warlike deeds ; intoxicated
with hie dignities, he devoted himself entirely to the service of Na-
poleon, and seconded, with all his power, the man who destroyed
national liberty, and re-established the privileges and abuses of the old
government.

Kellerman, whose family was of the burgess class, and France at
Filmy. He commanded the army of Italy at Nice. where Bonaparte
was appointed general in chief. He signalised himself in every action,'
and his debt virtues rendered him worthy of commendation. An ex-
cellent moral, he acquired much glory and the esteem of the oaths.
Lefebvre, sprung from the people, was a private in the French
guards. He distinguished himself by his courage mad military talents
in the first campaigns of the revolution; every field of battle was the
theatre of his glory and services ; the siege of Dantslc immortalised
him. He was a great general, though not equal to Maesens, Baas-
date, Moreau, Brune, Ac.
Perignon, born in the middle classes of life, was on ardent repub.
Ilan in 1795, caused the French army to triumph in the first Spanish
war, displayed great military talents, and enjoyed modestly the honours
that were accorded to him, and which he deserved as general and as
chimp.

&nudes, the Issue of a noble stock, was an oaks before the Tao-
ludas. In 1793 he was named colonel of the regiment of Medoc, and
commanded the left division in the mountains of Nies, though his rank
was not more elevated; he gave proof areal military Watts, and wm
promoted successively in the apace of three months to the rank of bri-
gadier-genaal, and general of division. A more useful than brilliant
commander, he rendered eminent services to his country, acquired justly
much military glory, and deserved the public esteem.
imennmaimmsommimi

THE LABOURING CLASSES.
..-.........-.
MEMORANDUM

Relative to Agricultural and other Labourers, with some Observations
on the present Disturbances, supposed to arise hens the Deficiency of
Food, Clothing, Firing, and other Privations of the Labouring
amen.
It will be admitted by most, if not by all intelligent men, that every
labourer employed in constant labour should be supied with a quan
thy and quality of food sulkiest to support his health and strength, so
far as to enable him to continue for mouths or years to perform the la-
hour malted of him. It is however submitted, that every labourer
employed in labour requiring strong bodily exertions, wW require a
quantity and quality of food proportsoood to such exertions. It is also
submitted that much difference exists as to the quantity .f food required
by different individuals employed at the same kind of labour. And it
is further submitted that persons employed at light sedentary work un-
der cover or within buildings, whether clerks, artisans, or manufacturers,
require less food than the same persons would require, if actively and
laboriously employed In the open air. From the above it will appear
evidrot that different classes of labourers, and also different individuals
of the same class, will require different quantities of food it might,
therefore, be considered, by some persons, that it would be very Mel-
nik, if not impossible, to fix on any scale as to the quandty and qua-
lity of food necessary to maintain men in health and strength sueclent
to enable them to perform their work as able-bodied Individuals should
do. But fortunately this is not the use, particularly as applied to agri-
cultural labourers; on the contrary, the quantity and quality of food
requisite for the purpose is fully understood by practical agriculturists
and others who have turned their attention to that subject, and the ex-
perience of ages may be referred to on this point in various parts of
this island.

It may be worth observing, that the food of the agricultural la-
bourers in this kingdom varies much in different pans of it. In the
south and west of England it is composed principally of wheat in va-
rious preparations, bacon, pork, butter, cheese, meat of various kinds,
beer, milk, ke. but ehie3y of wheat, in the shape of bread or pud.,
dings, bacon, with some small quantity of cheese, butter, and hog's
lard. It is therefore necessary to amatain the eassatlty and quality of
each of the above ankles requisite to Nippon theft tltural labourer
in health and strength ; and doe following is osael the minimum
quantity and quellq of food necessary for the Nippon of sae able.
bodied agricultural laboum in health and strength, to enable such la-
bourer to perform the work usually required:pi farm-labourers :
One peck of Sour in bread, puddhogs, or some ether pre- 4 s. d.
panda), but say bread, at 10d. the quarters loaf ... 0 3 4
34b. of bacon, at 94. per lb. 0 2 76
lib. of buster, at Is. per lb. 0 I 0
Ilb. of cheese, at 841. per lb. ... 0 0
7 pots of beer, at 3d. per pot, or an adequate quantity of
milk ... 0 I a

£0 9 be
Lodgings, cooking, and filing, if a single Z a. d.

per week ... ... ... ... 02 0
Washing, per week ... ... ... ... 0 0 1

Shoes, per week
Clothing,

.. ... .. U 0 •

0 1 8

£0 14 li
If a married man, instead of la. 7d. per week for lodging,
cooking, and ging it will stand thus.—
House rent ... ... ... ... ZS 12 0
Firing ... .. ... . 2 12 0
Or 2a. per week, which will be Gel. more than the single
MIL
Add &I. to the above .. . .. .. 0 0 6

0 14 74
AU the articles of food named above are to be of the best quality,
such being considered the ; should a different quality be taken,
the quantity must be iserwwL It is possible some individual labourer
may require less than the above-named quantities, but many will rn
quire more. The peck of lour weighs 141 b. the quarters loaf
41b. bon. Bdr. The peck of Sour will make four quartern leaves,
extra weight being made up of water, yeast, and salt.
And deduction from the above quantities and quality of feed will be
made at the expense of the labourer's health and strength. Is WI
therefore appear that the present wages paid to the agricultural kaboomein
in the south of England, via. Is. Is. 9s. or 10s. per week, ere Arr.
ther inadequate to their support It will abbe appear that eves with Ile.
per week the labourers must depend entirely for clothes and shoes on the
extra sums which they may earn in summer or harvest, or by Sew
work, when they can obtain it.
There are, however, other and thaw means of supporting labium.
is health and strength, adopted and followed in other parts of the
dom. In some parts of England and Scotian% ammo* is
for wheat-flour, in others rye-meal, and is some peas, nAter
ley-meal; but oatmeal most frequently 1* the meth of SiOrel alli
Scotland. •
faush4ll and quality of food necessary for the support of an able.
bodied agricultural labourer, supposing oatmeal to be substituted
for wheanflour, as hi Scotland.

Two peeks if asemeel: per maks at la. IllaZ
Peeks 21. ; ellowswee fee what is
41tehes•swery, Is. pi welsh ; Wag, par mak A S. 1.
awn. opal to . 13 4
In Is the above, doe qrimlewal labour-
Issiod, when emarsiM asset have au
imps tad prisms, sad? gonna/ I" keg °I
saw eraweee wed wisest with their osewers'
esetlitthislide welch hew MIL to II 41
Yearly "gas hoe? IL to 121.—say .. • • 10 0 0
£3l 3 4
Ia •
110010 instances the isitebee-numey is set gives when the Meow-
le allowed the keep of a tow.

!By the Awe ft appeem that the married laming Map* in Scot-
lent eesthee a teem equal to a little same thee Ili. per. The
single Wiliam, M that country are emmeally hoarded antl, en duo
! house thelr emeesra, and receive wages varying from to 101. a,
Tear, arc rang MA* abilities and the nature of theirisilenloyment.,
In some mesa, helmet the single men board themseVe. and the •
regular atheereues per week for their board is two pecks of meal and
Ilia WINIMIMIIasey, besides their lodging and firing ; they 5e,..,:r
in such awe, owe and above the meal and kitchen-money. varys:ttam .1"
81. to la pee eumem, according to their several abilities and the natitre
of their t. Day labourers in Scotland, when employed by
the day or week, receive in general from 10s. to 15e. per week ; and
maned, live chlefiy on oatmeal, prepared in various w..ys. nams.lv,
bread, porridge, brae, &c. and on broth or kite, made with barley,
grits shelled oats), vegetables, &c. with such bmth or kale there is
a small portion of beef or motion boiled, sometimes a
small portion of butter only, and sometimes nothing but the vegetables
with salt and onions, in which case it is called water-kale.
Near the sea coast in tkotland, fish is generally very cheap, and the
labourers consume considerable quantities with potatoes, which are in
much 'note general use in Scotland than in England.
Upon the whole, the agricultural classes in Scotland are at this time
better off than the same class of persons in England ; but the manufac,
iurers in cities and towns are nearly in the sante condition as the manu-
facturers in England.
From the preceding observations and statements, it seems cleat that
the system pursued at present, with respect to the agricultural labourers
in England, should not, and cannot, be continued, consistently with
justice to the labourers, or with safety to the state. Much has been said
and written relative to the allowance which should be made to single
:nen and to married labourers with one, two, three, four, or more ch.l.
drew, and in various counties scales have been made out, and published,
stating such allowances. In every such case that I have seen, the sums
named for single men have been too low.
IVhatever allowance may be considered necessary for married man
with one, two, or more children, it seems quite evident that the wages
allowed for an able-bodied single labourer, at constant work, should be
sufficient for the support of such labourer in health and strength. with.
out any assistance from the parish; nothing short of this will ever re.
store permanent peace to the agricultural labourers ; and at the present
prices of provisions, it is but too evident that 12s. per week for single
men Is the smallest wages that will be sufficient, eves in winter, leav ng
them to their chance of extra wages in summer and harvest to
purchase their those sad clothing.
It is therefore submitted, that tl wages of single men should at
once be advanced to that amount, where wheat is the chief food of the
labourers. It Is also submitted, that the above-named wages will
1 satisfy the single ageisultutal /Amuses.
NARRIZIO LABOURS**.
It is submitted, that all wearied labourers employed in agriculture
Should be provided with magna and gardens, upon or as near to the
wed hires es who they are employed as possible; and that such
genius duel& emiela set lees than one quarter of an sae, and as much
name as the natant et the eess mad require. By this means the wises
and alibis et ash cetteves at labourers would be employed in the
addvadat ottheir pans, and might, by proper attention and Oat!.
tit" with the mamma et the cottager at spare 'tours, be able to raise
the pine** pm of the food necessary for their own support ; at all
emet, a endisotble part at the food oldie family might be produced
r0z,... from the and allow a proportion of the labourers' wages to be
em is iljesieddethee, aloes, ttc. for the family.
t that the manufacturing system has nearly if
not alusgethar deprived the wives and children of country labourers of
rautuseradng anglemiesot within doors ; and it appears that the only
way hit to employ than beneficially for themselves and the puolic, is
to amble then te produce the whole or a part of their own food. It
atreesT be peepw to observe. that in every case the rent of such cottages
land should be very moderate ; the land should in no case be let at
a higher rent than the adjoining farms, and a moderate-sized cottage,
containing three or four small rooms, with a proper en, should be
let to agricultural labotuers at a rent varying, ing to the sire of
the garden, from 30s. to SOL per annum. lam well aware that the
landlord will not derive much profit from cottages and gardens let a
above, but still the labourers cannot afford to pay more under present
circumstances, considering lb. per week as the average wages in winter,
I and provisions at the rate stoat above. All landlords will, however,
gain by adopting this plan, because it will induce the labourers to ex-
ert themselves to the utmost, in order to enable them to abstain trona
seeking relief. It will also render the labourers more respect.
able, t, and austeut ; and is considered by much the most
likely, if net the only, means of restoring permanent pact and order
amongst the labouring classes In gesesal..— nem

REGISTER OP PUBLIC SALES, Dec. 8.

&VCTION KART.

31r. SHIITTLIWORTIII.ZVIoIicy for the sum of 10001. with the
aecumuladons thereon (tom the Slat of December, 1810, effected in the
unable Office on the lAfe of a gentleman aged be ; annual premium
251. (id. Knocked down at 7801.
The Absolute Reversion to $331.65. Bd. late Four perlCent Bank
Annuities, to which the purchaser will be entitled on the demise of a
Gentleman in the 87th year of his age .6081.
W. DAT and Son..—TheAbstAute Reversion to I.7th Share of 20001
Three per Cent. Reduced Annuities, receivable on the demise of a Lady
aged 87-66 guineas.
One.seventh Share of 2,000 L Three per Cent- Ar4reed Annuities,
receivable on the some life.-191 guineas.
A Ditto, Ditto-89 trainees.
Messrs. Bitosss.ri and Sow.—Four Leasehold Houses, Nos. 26 to
28, Upper Cornwell.street, St. George's In the East, let at 611. leis. a.
year, held for 60 years, at 131. 19s. grwand-rer, and 71. 18s. taste per
annum-180L

Two Cottages, with chaise-house, stabling and gardens, the corner of
Hanger's-lane' on the north side of Stamford-hill ; let at 741. held fur
38 years, at 251. ground rent--6701.
A Illessuage, all, Clark-street, Jubilee-place, Mile end Old Tows ;
let:ut 201.; held for 70 years, at 41. ground-lent-1251.
A Ditto, 40, adjoining-1201.
A Ditto, 41, ditto-1251.
A Ditto, 43, ditto-741.
A House, I, Kires.place, Coon
years, at 211. a-year —lBO guineas.
Two Illessuages, 12, King-street, ad 17, Little Queen-street; let at
281. copyhold--1751.
Six Copyhold Houses, in Queen-street and Hillier's-court, including
a public bouts knows as distillip Royal Oak, let at 78L 18s ; taxes of
Hillier's court bowies 31. 14s. a a year-8401.
Two Houses in Locas.street, and four hi Joseph.street, let at 1181. a
year, held for 72 years, at 18 pima a year--111101.
A Leasehold House, in Beifiselkfilrest, Commercial-road, let at 331,
and a cottage and large yard=alet at 301, held for 70 years,
at 241. grouod-rent and 7L .
Three Freehold biensuages, is Osituirvaereet, Cominacial•road, let
at 331. 11s. a year-3901.
A Freehold Tenumnit, is New-stmt, 11.ratford, Ems, let at 141.
per annum-1001.
nillorminnsommision
MEETINGS OF
.CREDITORS, BAISINGNALL-STILEZT.

let at 451.; held for 70

TO-MOIIIOW.
U. Rudd and Co. Ratcliffe Highway, cosies, =kin ... ... 3 2
R. S. Roach, Cateatorsatrest,wczeraud silk Mt reasulaccarer ... 3 2
F. S. Wheeler, blemorda, ... ... ... 3 2
& Longdeo, Fiacli-laae, sorrokost
G. Garrett, High-street, _lllsgrArrbwrita, victual? .. 3 10
T. Wake; Seabrook., l'eorewriiiiro, victualler 3 10
3. lArip Great
oettrac Idocola's.iaa.llelds, coachroaker 3 2
J. W y, batter • • .. ... 3 11
H. llamas, 'us. RoolLiape, beam ... ... 3 12
J. 31 Mom, Name ramifies ... ... 3 1
C. Cloths, GravdJaae, coo dealer . .. 3 12
••
H. Hebert, Retreat, South losisork. wise dierclisat ~. 2 2
W. Hodsoll, jaa. Br. Iderro Covey, lest, papa nobs .. 2 10
J. Taylor, Green Arbour•coort, Old Halley, me bonder .. 2 . 1
G. Bpitk, Frands•street, fir- ruet.taa bons dealer 2 1
S. Muurford, Stsastead.eirost, Noma, as dealer ... ... 2 11

IS. H.

INSOLVENT DRBTORS' COURT.

The Mitten of the Petitions meliebsdides of die Prisoesn herein

after named (the same having hen Ned Is the Coon) are aggoioted
to be be at the Ceort-hoose, la Portegel.street, Lbs.*la's Ins-
Aside, as Toseday, Dee. 11, at Nine is Me formes&
James Bert, Ism at Bbsprortemplam, New Nordt-rood, Islington,
out of badmen.
Join Bezmod, late of Little Barl.suort, Swan Dials, egg dealer,
and somedermily des/or to cheese and hams.
Edward Bashaville,late of Wealy, mar Hashed, botcher and
Imam

John Wonsan, late of iloadusereet, Ent-Ire, Wa'worth, out of
bolas's.
John Smith, law of ilsdforslatreet, liko/forrktsw, sod Fleet-lane, Lon.
don, out of business.
Jonsthas Hurls, lase of Toeiso.stesst, Sispney, out of sosploy.
Jobs Amman. Ws at filaravatoomith, seep maok
Charles Haim Jenkins, lase of wan
se Queen square,
suneyer.
Passe P We of Chords Tenses, WatMiso.aosi, out of business.
Rams% We Sr Would Omen, Dais's, war Huddersfield,
Yorkshire, use dlsmksass.
Joh, Gay, lase it Winewallotti Nurerscion• "gabs.
Michaud turstonmsby, lass of Wsillagronithies, Wandsworth-road,
plumber, plot, sod girsisr, and paperAsossr.
Jowl Tbabn!aks, laM if Upper Ilerksley-serses, Panama.
snolltisetilarVmsateisal4eaill sf Woussosilmir, elentooble&hhos Out a
bulbuls.
Olatetidi
is.`olllPl Se; LM of OssosisillAmeer lAndisooN out
of

I 1

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