The Sun.
London, England, 1844-07-12 00:00:00

DISEASED AND HEALTHY LIVE,

ASSURED.
MEDICAL, INVALID, and GENERAL LIFE
OFFICE, 25, PALL-MALL, LONDON.

TRUSTEES.
Charles Hopkinson, Esq., Regent-street.
Sir Thomas Phillips, Temple.
Alfred Waddilove, D.C.L., Doctors' Commons.
DIRECTORS.

Edward Doubleday, Esq., 249, C. Richardson, Esq., 19, Ens.
Great Surrey.street. ton-street, Berkeley.square.
George Gun Hay, Esq., 127, Thomas Stevenson,Esq., F.S. A.,
Sloane street. 37, Upper Grosvenor-street.

J. Parkinson, Esq., F.R.S., 80, Robert Bentley Todd, M.D.,
Cambridge-terrace, Hyde.park. F.R.S., 26,Parliament-street.
Benjamin Phillips, Esq., F.R.S., Alfred Waddilove, D.C. L.,
17, Wimpoleatreet. I Doctors' Commons.
AUDITORS.

John Pursord, Esq., 7, York- IJ. Stirling Taylor, Esq ,
terrace, Regent's-Park. 14, Upper Gloucester-place,
Joseph Radford, Esq., 27, Dorset-square.
I Cambridge-terrace, Hyde- Martial L. Welch, Esq.. Wynd-
park. I ham.place Bryanston.square.
STANDING Com/am—John Shapter, Esq., Lincoln's Inn.
B sNKEas--Messrs. C.Hopkinson and Co., Regent-street.

SOLICITORS—Messrs. Richardson and Smith, 28, Golden.square.
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL STATISTICS—WiIIiaID Farr, Esq.,
General Register Office.
ACTUARY—F. G. P. Nelson, Esq. -

This Office is provided with very accurately constructed tables,
by which it can assure unsound lives on equitable terms.
Similar tables enable the Society to grant increased annuities on
unsound lives, the amount varying with the particular disease.
Members of consumptive families assured at equitable rates.
Healthy lives are assured on lower terms than at most ether
offices.
The first Life Assurance Society commenced business in 1105,
and the principles of life contingencies, understood at that time to
a very limited extent only, have repeatedly undergone important
changes and improvements; but till the establishment of this So-
ciety in 1841 no attempt had ever been made to assure the lives of
persons who suffer from disease.
The science of statistics has only within a recent period been
successfully applied to the duration and mortality of disease, and
hence tables on the probability of these results could not have been
formed ; and it would evidently have been unsafe and hazardous
for any society to have undertaken the risk of assuring the lives of
persons afflicted with any particular malady. The statistical in-
formation, however, now collected, and in possession of this office,
is of so great an extent as fully to warrant the extension of life
assurance to such cases, and, in fact, to place the application of life
assurance on diseased lives on a more secure basis than even that
on healthy lives.
It is hoped that while kept clearly in view that this Society, in
common with other offices, will assure the lives of healthy persons,
it is as yet the only one established to assure the lives of persons
labouring under disease ; and to this latter feature particular atten-
tion is directed.

In the first place, because it opens a larger field for business than
all other offices can have unitedly ; and in the

Second place, because that branch of assurance must, from its
own nature, be less hazardous, and its principles rest on a' more
permanent foundation.
These are two highly important facts, and we shall enter into an
explanation of each ; and first, as to the prevalence of disease.
The period of life most important to an assurance office is that be-
tween 15-60 years of age, and in the following remarks we refer
exclusively to this period of life.
It will be found that the deaths in the metropolis for the two
years preceding 1842 were, from all causes, 30,518 ; and. from
consumption alone. 10,688 ; showing that mere than one-third of
the total deaths in that period of life takes place from the preva-
lence of a single disease ; and if the same inquiry were instituted
with respect to other diseases, such as asthma, dropsy, diseases of
the head, heart, &c., it would be found that more than one-half
of the whole population would, on medical examination, be refused
admission into an assurance office. If the inquiry be carried to
the principal towns in England, like facts are elicited—in Bir-
mingham, Liverpool and Manchester, the deaths from all causes,
per annum, are about 5,023, while these from consumption are
1,988, forming considerably more than one-third of the whole. The
same thing will be found to hold good in the large towns In Scot-
land, in six of which the deaths in a given period, from all causes,
amounted to 23,078, those from consumption alone to 6,359, and
from six important diseases, 9,754 ; in the latter case forming more
than 42 per cent, of the deaths from all causes. On reference to
the returns from the city of Glasgow for 1836-1840 It will be
found that the deaths in that period, from all causes, were 14,107,
from consumption 4,987, and a list of five diseases, 6,423, being
more than 45 per cent. of the deaths firom all causes.

The diseases here alluded to are such as exist in general in a
chronic form, frequently for many years prior to death, but which,
on a strict medical examination, would effectually exclude the
persons so affected from the benefits of life assurance ; and since
it thus appears that a majority of the population is included in this
class, the value and importance of the new feature of this society
cannot fail to be justly appreciated.
The second point to be explained is the fact that there is
much less risk in assuring diseased lives. This is a feature of
paramount and vital importance to the interests of this society, and
deserves to be carefully considered.
The real risk incurred in all assurance transactions consists in
the chance to which an office is liable of experiencing a different
degree of mortality from that expected by the tabjes on which its
caculations are founded. This difference is termed the fluctuation
of mortality, and will be found to be much less among diseased
lives than over the general population, and among selected lives.
The deaths from consumption in the metropolis per annum are
sufficiently near the annual number which takes place in Glasgow,
from all causes, to admit of a comparison, and by reducing the
matter to figures it is found that while the fluctuation per annum
in the latter case is as high as 45 per cent., in the former it is only
9 per cent., or, in other words, the fluctuation of mortality in
consumption was only one-fifth of the other; and in Manchester,
Liverpool, and Birmingham, even with the disadvantage of
smaller numbers, the fluctuation does not exceed 3 per cent.,
showing a remarkable uniformity in the law which determines the
mortality of this disease, and that it is more positive and absolute
in its results than that which regulates the general population.
Consumption has here been selected, not because it was consi-
dered more favourable in its results, but simply on account of the
larger numbers affording a more satisfactory proof of the question
under consideration; but the same test has been applied to a great
number of other disetises, and like results obtained. Among nine
diseases in the metropolis, including asthma, dropsy, rheumatism,
disease of the liver, of the heart, of the nervous system, &c., the
fluctuation was only 71 per cent., and in five diseases in a different
district the fluctuation was about 7 per cent., while among eleven
in another locality, and even with small numbers, the fluctuation
did not exceed 6.2 per cent.; and taking the principal towns in
England, including Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Leeds,
Sheffield, &c., the fluctuation over eleven of the more important
diseases was 6,1 per cent.
The remarkable uniformity in these results cannot fail to pro.
duce a conviction of the positive charartor nr £l.. mortality
in disease; indeed. thrr. ,eeras to be nothing within the whole
range of the doctrine of probabilities so well defined as the mor.
tality of diseased lives. The mortality of the general population
been referred to by writers as an example of the cer-
tainty of common events, DM thy preceding remarks must show with
how much greater certainty the mortality of diseased lives can be
depended on.
It is perhaps right to state, that, in applying the test of
fluctuation to disease, it has not been confined to one place or
class of lives, but has been extended to the principal towns in
England and Scotland, as well as to many rural districts in Eng-
land, and included the experience of one or two large societies of
select lives. This has afforded an opportunity of judging of the
effects of locality and its sanatory condition on the duraticn of
life, and a remarkable fact has thus been developed, viz.,
that the value of life generally is much greater is the coun-
try districts than in large cities; but that of those persons
who suffer from disease the value of life is nearly the same. As
an example of this—the expectation at the age of 30 in the country
districts is 36.7 years; in cities (viz., Glasgow) 27.6 years—diffe-
rence 33 per cent. nearly; but take the case of persons of that
age in whom the consumptive tendency is developed, and who w ill
ultimately die of consumption, and their expectation of life in the
counties of Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, will be found to be 14'5,
in cities (Glasgow) 14-4. and in the metropolis, Manchester, Bir-
mingham, 13'9 ; difference 'Ol7 per cent. (or 1.57 per cent.) It
therefore appears that while the difference between country and
town life in the former case is about 33 per cent., that in the latter
instance (consumption) the difference is almost nothing, and the
results nearly uniform. The same thing holds good with some
ether diseases, which have been investigated in this manner. This
fact, although not generally understood, is only what might have
been expected by a careful consideration of the conclusion formerly
arrived at—that the fluctuation of the law of mortality in disease
Is confined within a very narrow limit, and consequently little in.
fluenced by external circumstances.
Ithence appears that the fluctuation in the mortality of diseased
lives is much less than a:nong select lives and the population gene-
rally, and therefore the risk of assuring diseased lives must also be
less.

To apply this conclusion to the affairs of an assurance effice, it
may be stated, that supposing the number of lives in a society,
taking only select lives, was such that the table of mortality would
indicate 100 deaths per annum, it would be necessary to have
always sufficient funds at immediate command to meet 145 deaths ;
on the other hand, an office assuring only diseased lives need not
provide for more than 109 deaths per annum; that is to say, the
risk of assuring diseased lives is to that of average lives as 9 to 45,
or only one.fifth. This fact is highly important to the interests of
this Society, and establishes beyond doubt the safety and correctness
of the principles on which it is founded.
For further information, reference is made to the prospectuses
and other published decumunts of the Society, which may be ob.
tamed ea application at the Society's offices.
r. G. A larsow, Actuary.

D AKIN and CO., No. 1, St. PAUL'S CAURCII-
YARD.
To the Inhabitants of the Metropolis, the Noblemen, Gentlemen,

and Families throughout the United Kingdom.
TEAS.

On the 22c1 of June, 1844, we OPENED the extensive PRE.
MISES, No. 1, St. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD, for the purpose
of SELLING TEAS, COFFEES, SPICES, &c.
On occasion of our doing so, we are anxious that the advantages
we hold out, and the system generally on which our business will
be conducted, will be clearly understood ; and we will convince you,
not by specious arguments, but by truth stamping our assertions,
and our assertions being borne out by our actions, that it is the
interest of all who want good and pure teas to purchase from us.
We will first establish the fact that we will sell none but good
teas; secondly, we will pledge ourselves to keep none but pure
teas; and thirdly, the prices of our teas shall be on a scale of libe.
rality hitherto unequalled.

Firstly, then, "we will sell none but good teas." We have
capital to purchase good teas—we.have been long celebrated for
our ability in discriminating good teas—we have an anxious de.
sire to select good teas—we have an inflexible determination to
supply good teas—and we have, beyond all these powerful motives,
our best interests to consult in selling good teas.
Secondly, " we will pledge ourselves to keep none but pure teas,"
and we would particularly desire attention to this fact, the vast im.
portance of which our subsequent remarks will show.
We would refer you to our opening circular, for a statistical
account of Three Millions Four Hundred and Seventeen Thousand
Nine Hundred and Fifty Pounds of trash, dignified by the name
of " Tea," that has been purchased at the Tea Auctions in
Mincing-lane, at the average rate of Threepence Halfpenny per
Pound (duty excluded), and after passing through various hands,
has at length reached the canisters of the retailer, and finally
the teapot of the consumer.
To stay this gigantic evil and to protect you from this long.
hidden grievance shall be our study, and with your co.operation,
will be our privilege.

Our position in the market enables us at once to possess our-
selves of the best teas imported; and we fearlessly assert that the
prices of our teas, coupled with the excellence of their quality,
shall be on a scale of liberality hitherto unequalled.
We bring to our undertaking proved experience, discriminating
judgment, and inflexibility of resolve. With integrity to uphold
us, we pledge ourselves, by well directed energy, untiring industry,
and unvarying courtesy, to merit the patronage we now solicit.
BLACK TEAS PER POUND.
_

No. 1, ss. 2d. A particularly ;;re;a;le Tea, ;ellete with goodness.
No. 2,4 s. 6d. This is an old-fashioned fine Tea, such as the East
India Company used to bring over.
No. 3,4 s. Od. A matured Tea, with plenty of strength and good
flavour.

No. 4,3 s. 6d. A n acceptable Tea to the Public in general.
GREEN TEAS PER POUND.
_

No. 1, 78. Od. This is in the highest perfection both for strength
and richness of flavour.
No. 2,6 s. Od. A very desirable Green Tea, and will be greatly
approved of.
No. 3, ss. Od. This is a good Hyson Tea.
No. 4,4 s. 6id. This Tea will give satisfaction.
We have lower priced Teas, but the above are what we can re-
commend.

Forty to Fifty Chests of different sorts of fine and rare Teas will
be always open for inspection in the Upper Rotunda, where ladies
and the heads of large establishments may make their selections,
and give their orders apart from the ordinary bustle attendant on
business.

COFFEES.
The article of coffee has for some years past attracted the atten-
tion both of the late and present Governments, their object being
to benefit the public by introducing it at a cheaper rate.
Mr. Labouchere, the President of the Board of Trade in the late
Government, devoted considerable time in endeavouring to alter
the anomalous laws which existed in regard to coffee, but strong
opposing interests at that period prevented him from carrying his
good intentions into effect.
Sir Robert Peel, with great determination, notwithstanding the
powerful interests arrayed against him, at once reduced (in his
celebrated Tariff) the duty on foreign coffees from Is. 3d. to Bd.
per lb., and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his financial state.
ment during the present session, announced a further reduction to
6d.perl
wb"hsiacyh is ing—a‘g It is most important to extend the use of a
beverage great luxury to all classes, and which, in ad.
dition, is found to supersede other beverages detrimental to health.
As the honour of being the first to afford the public the full be-
nefit of these philanthropic measures has fallen upon ourselves, we
fid ycall Ministers, Noblemen, States-
moaernnri, and allt
who
and
who e
s'liberal intentions of Government
ed otul
enjoy, in its greatest purity, so nutri-
tious a beverage as coffee, to confer on us their valuable support.
COFFEES PER POUND.
No 1, ls. 10d. This Mocha is in the highest state of perfection.
confidently upon i herewris to
h 11st I
o eaejet sht
ey
No. 2, ls. Sd. This is a rich, mellow Coffee, generally preferred,
and very desirable.
No. 3, Is. 4d. This is a very good Coffee.
a.emusientlCl
Intermediate qualities Is. 61d., and lower priced if required.
We have dwelt thus particularly on teas and coffees, not because
Tdeisetinguished for their goodness
&c., but as a mirror to show forth our
Nthoes.e4a,rltsic.
lOeds.wilTi
bheispirse
system of business.
We have taken our premises in the centre of the world's great
metropolis; we have endeavoured
in every way to render them
commodious, convenient, and comfortable; but we shall at all
and cheapness beyond spices,
times be obliged to any friend who will enable us to amend what-
ever may be amiss—to right whatever may be wrong—to rectify,
alter, and improve as may be thought desirable.
Our site, as before.mentioned, is No, 1, St. Paul's Churchyard,
corner of Ludgate-street, a position with which all the inhabitants
of this great city must be familiar, being also well known to the in.
numerable concourse of strangers who daily visit St. Paul's, and
whose patronage, one and all, we earnestly invite.
We anxiously solicit Gentlemen, Hotel-keepers, Inn-holders,
and the public at large, in the country as well as London, to profi;
by our undertaking, and we pledge ourselves that all orders,
accompanied by a respectable reference, or a money order, shall
receive our prompt and careful attention.
It now only remains for us to invite you, in return for having
consulted your comfort, convenience, and advantage, to do us the
favour of testing our assertions. Your obedient servants,
DAKIN and CO.. Tea Merchants,
No. 1, St. Paul's Church.yard.
•
•
es Our via will deliver teas, coffee!, &c., within eight miles
of Sc. Paul's in all directions.—July 6,1644.

REMOVED FROM BIRMINGHAM TO LONDON,
Just published, price 2s. W., and free by post (in a sealed envelope)
Price 3s. 6d.,
THE SILENT FRIEND ; a Medical Work on
Physical Decay, its causes, and the baneful effbcts of exces-
sive indulgence and Infection, illustrated by engravings, with ob-
servations on Marriage, and directions for the removal of certain
disqualifications. By R. and L. PERRY and CO.
Published by the Authors, and sold at their Residence, 19, Berners.
street, Oxford-street t • also by Strange, 21, Paternoster-row; Purkis.
Compton-street, Saio ; Noble, 109, Chancery-lane ; Cracker, I,
Milford-lane, Strand; Ward, Strand (opposite Exeter-hall) ; Wil.
son, 355, Oxford-street (two doors from Argyle-street); J. Gordon,
140, Leadenhall-street, London; Guest, 51, Bull-street, Binning.
ham ; and by all Booksellers in Town and Country.
The CORDIAL BALM of SY RI ACUM is exclusively directed
for the cure of nervous and muscular debility, impuissance, &e.
Price I Is. • and 235. per bottle. Sold by all Medicine Vendors, of
whom may be had the " Silent Friend." The Five Pound Cases
may be had as usual.
PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS are the retest effectua
cure for syphilis and secondary symptoms inboth sexes, price 2s, 9d.
4s. 6d., and I Is. per box.
Consultation fee, if by letter, 14 A minute detail of cases is ne-
cessary. Messrs. Perry are In daily attendance, for Consultation, at
their residence, 19, Berners-street Oxford-street, London from
Eleven till Two, and Five till Eight, and on Sundays from Ten til
Twelve. One personal visit only is necessary to effect apermanent ewe