The Sun.
London, England, 1844-08-27 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, 117.0SDAY EVENING, AUGUST 27,

Caramanlies in times past. If the rule of the present
Pacha is hard and oppressive, on the other hand it
cannot he denied that he had established a perfect
tranquillity and safety throughout the Regency. The
roads are now cleared of the robbers and highwaymen.
Communications by land with Marzuck, Gadanes,
and Bengazy are regular, and every week a courier
departs on dromedaries. The spirit of independence
and rebellion is suppressed, and the troublesome
Arabs are forced to keep peace. The skill of the
Pacha in all the branches of the administration is
very remarkab'e ; he is a particular ruler, and keeps
the finances in admirable order. The fear of his
sagacity is so great, that none of the employes attempt
to defraud public money. In fine, the Pacha has
established a firm Government, th it is unpleasant for
swindlers and for riotous people accustomed to per-
petual rebellion.
To organise a regular administration in this lawless
country is very difficult, and impossible to be done
without force. Single individuals may suffer, but
the whole benefit from it. The Smyrna papers
praise the Pacha, and we praise him too, if imposi-
tions, taxes, and duties would be more moderate, and
taken in proportion to the annual production, and not
according to the currency in circulation.
The French Chancellor Ledeaux left on the 20th
instant for Tunis.

The news from the interior is important. The re-
maining son of Abd-el-Gelil, who fled to Toba, a town
in the interior, half•way from Marzuk to Boman, had
a struggle with the people of the large country called
Wadey, on the occasion of the spoliation of a kaiifa or
caravan ; in consequence a battle was fought, and the
son of Abd-el-Gelil was killed. Rumour is also in
circulation that his relation, the last of the great Saf-
fanasser, had been likewise killed in this battle ; how-
ever, the Arabs are incredulous as to the particulars of
Saffanasser's death, looking upon this as an inven-
tion of the Government. Surely the death of both
must be agreeable to the Turkish rulers, and is neces-
sary to give greater quiet to the country.
The French have taken possession of Tuggurt, and
have sent a message to the large country called Sauf,
at present an independent place, to submit or to suffer
the fate of those who rebel against French rule.
The people of Sauf, who have 10,000 men fit for
war, are little disposed to submit, and have written
to the Pacha of Tripoli, claiming his protection, and
offering to take the Sultan for Sovereign. The
Pacha has answered that he is willing to send the
Turkish Government and Administration to Sauf, de-
claring this country to be a dependency. upon Tripoli.
This proposition is much more than the people of Sauf
wish for. This fact is of high importance, the boun-
daries of the French conquest now touch upon the
Turkish empire, and quarrels will not fail to happen,
like those with Morocco, and provoke new conquests
based on the right of strength.

EXPENDITURE.
Salaries and allowances of the principal A a. d.
officers of tke Duchy, and their esta-
blishment of officers and clerks .. 4,866 11 10
Salaries, allowances, and other expenses
connected with the new Stannary
Court...
Salaries and allowances of all other
officers, receivers, and agents, em-
ployed in the collection of the revenue 837 15 4
Superannuation allowances and annuities 1,656 5 5
Donations and charities 381 5 0
Law charges 544 12 10
Tithes, and expenses of tithe apportion-
ments 69 15 9
Surveys and maps . 421 2 7
Audit expenses . 195 19 8
Disbursements and incidental expenses.. 901 4 2
Rents respited and exonerated 95 10 6i
Investments in the purchase of the sur-
render)rrent
s madeof
to beneficialhis leases 2,000 0 0
Payments
Royal Highness's
use'..
Balance due to the Receiver-General the
_ _

31st December,lB42,ineluding arrears 2,585 16 14
Outstanding arrears due to his Royal
Highness on the 31st December, 1843 1,904 10 3i
Balance remaining in the hands of the
Receiver-General 3,996 1 11+

£40,100 18 11i
DUCHY OF LANCASTER.

An Account of the Gross and Net Revenue of the Duchy
of Lancaster, for the year ending Michaelmas, 1843,
showing the amount of revenue which became due, the
moneys received and paid within the year, and the ar-
rears and balance at the end of the preceding and cur-
rent years.
INCOME. £ a. d.
Rent and arrears received during theyear
ending Michaelmas, 1843, deducting
5,4901. outstanding arrears 23,031 16 1
Fines on renewals of leases
Sales, grants in fee, grants of rents and
enfranchisement of copyholds, under

TUNIS, JULY 18.
It seems that fate will not desist from oppressing
the poor Maltese, who have chosen Tunis for their
asylum; since their Consul, on one hand, permits their
dwellings to be searched so as to ascertain whether
any smuggled tobacco is there concealed; and, on
the other, the people and the Bey's public force avail
of such permission to profit by the detection of such
smuggling. Such, therefore, is the sad condition of
the poor Maltese, who speculate in that article. Now
for facts :

A few days ago, the tobacco contractor took eight
quintals of tobacco from a Maltese resident at Tunis,
besides many more quintals of that same article, from
various other places in the same city. Moreover, on
the night of the 22d of June a Mussulman of Nabel
thought proper to surprise some Maltese, who were
introducing into the city some tobacco from the shore.
When the Maltese had nearly saved their tobacco, the
impudent assailant advanced abreast of the leading
escort, and ordered them to lay down their tobacco.
The Maltese offered to transact in some way or other
with the Mussulman, but the latter, instead of coming
to the proposed terms (though he was not one of the
contractor's emproTrs), more wantonly persisted in
annoying the Maltese, who, having lost all hopes of
carrying on his contraband, discharged a pistol at
the Mussulman and killed him on the spot.
Next day a report was circulated, that the killed
Turk had, before his death, declared that his mur-
derers were persons lodged at an inn kept by a certain
Shellughi, whose real name is Giuseppe Muscat.
The British consular agent of Nabel (Salvatore Borg),
in consequence of Sheih Abdilla's report, arrested all
the persons found in the said inn indiscriminately,
without inquiring whether the innkeeper, or the other
inmates, had any. hand-in -the business, whilst -Vin-
cenzo uereb, who had murdered the Turks, had
already embarked for Suva, and thence, God knows
where. Sir Thomas Reade, on hearing the agent's
report, detained in gaol for some time the pretended
murderers, and afterwards sent them to Malta.

Acts of Parliament - 418 311
Dividends on stock, beim., the produce of
sales of lands under the Land-tax Re-
demption Act, and of grants in fee,
sales of rents, and enfranchisement of
copyholds, under Acts of Parliament 927 9 2
Casual revenue, and all receipts not in-
cluded as above
Balance (including balance to Michael-
mas, 1842, on the account of the Re-
ceiver-General)

£33,037 18 Oi

Queen Victoria has sent to this Bey a present con-
sisting of jewels, worth nearly 8,0001. sterling.
The Sardinian steamer is preparing to depart for
Genoa, and the cause of so much disturbance has not
yet come to light, it being still unknown how the
Sardo-Tunisian difference was settled. The general
opinion is, that all the manoeuvres of the Sardinian
navy, in the seas of this regency, will only tend to-
wards weakening the respect formerly shown by the
Tunisians towards Europeans.
The corn crop is plentiful. The olive trees and the
vineyards are wonderfully loaded with fruit.

[ADVERTISEMENT.]—THE TURN OF LIFE.--
CURE EXTRAORDINARY BY HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.—A
respectable woman, aged forty-seven, named Graham,
residing in Scotland-road, Liverpool, was in the most
critical and dangerous state for nine months, being
sometimes almost choked with phlegm, with shortness of
breath, palpitation of the heart, together with a general
derangement and debility of the whole system. Her
life was in the greatest danger when she commenced
the use of these miraculous Pills, which restored her to
the highest state of health in five weeks. They are the
finest medicine in the world'for females of all ages. Sold
(also Holloway's Ointment) at Professor Holloway's
establishment, 224, Strand (where advice may be had
gratis), and by almost all respectable vendors of medi-
cine throughout the civilised world.

---
TEE HOUSE OP COMMONS' LIBRART.—The pre-
sent library is wholly unworthy of the first assembly in
the empire. It consists of little more than 4,000 volumes,
and is in many respects imperfect for the purposes of ge-
neral reference. It contains no collection of cases heard
by the Lords or Privy Council ; nor is there a complete
series of private Acts of Parliament, nor yet of the mul-
tifarious official papers printed by order of the House.
But it is in other particulars defective. Small as the col-
lection is, the arrangement, or rather the want of ar-
rangement, has been found to create much inconve-
nience, whenever it has been necessary to search for
precedents. This difficulty was remarked particularly
during the discussion of the memorable question of
" privilege" raised by the arrest of the Sheriffs, when
the librarian and three assistants were occupied nearly a
whole week in searching for a particular case supposed
to bear upon the subject. The contents of some of the
presses are not known to the oldest officers of the House ;
in one is deposited a very mysterious green bag, which
again encloses a Post-office bag of letters, unopened, of
the year 1690. During the session there are generally
from sixty to eighty Members consulting the musty
archives. Strangers are admitted to the library on the
Speaker's warrant, but the privilege does not appear to be
held of much value, for it is very rarely solicited. It was
admitted, when the state of the library was referred to a
Select Committee, that a complete set of the printed
papers of the House of Commons is not in existence ;
though it is believed that detached portions are preserved
by private individuals, the possession of which by the
House is an object of much anxiety: It is understood
that the collection will be greatly increased before the
opening of the new Houses of Parliament, several impor-
tant addttions having been recently made by the pur-
chase of private libraries.
INGENIOUS EXPEDIENT.—On Saturday one of the
most ingenious expedients which the endeavours of cab-
men and omnibus drivers devise to elude the vigilance
of the police was discovered by the merest accident at
the Bow-street Police-court. It is the custom, on the
conviction of a cabman or any offence, for the clerk of
the Court to write on the back of his license the descrip-
tion of offence he is convicted of, the :late of the convic-

tion, and the penalty inflicted, which is signed by the
convicting magistrate, and the number .of convictions
guides the registrar of licenses as to the propriety of
issuing fresh licenses_ to the same drivers, three convic-
tions in one year incapacitating a driver from holding a
license for the next year. On Saturday a well-known
cabman having been convicted by Mr. Twyford, handed
in his license to have it marked. Some 'surprise was
evinced by the magistrate and clerk, who knew him well,
that he had been allowed his license again this year, as
he was a well-known offender, but still greater surprise
was caused by Mr."Rowstead, the second clerk, declaring
that as fast as he wrote on the license, his writing be-
came dim, and when dry he could rub it. out with ease.
Mr. Twyford expressed Ms surprise, when, in holding
the license between the light and the eye, the signature
of the same magistrate was dimly traced to a previous
conviction six weeks before, but so very .dimly as for the
signature alone to be visible. The driver was questioned
about it, but he, of course, knew nothing, and it was not
until one of the summoning officers proved that he had
been convicted in the same Court six weeks before, that
he gave in. The fact was, that a chemical process had
been used so as to eradicate, except to the most prying
eye, the fact that the defendant had been convicted, so
that for several years one of the most refractory of
drivers had been bearing with the registrar the most
unexceptionable character, besides incurring only small
fines from magistrates on account of first offences. Mr.
Twyford detained the license, and declared he should
make a representation in the proper quarter, so as to
put a stop to such underhand proceedings.

SINGULAR CAB ACClDENT.—Yesterday afternoon,
a singular accident occurred on the cab-stand in St.
Clement's-churchyard. The driver of a cab was quietly
sitting on his box waiting for a fare, when the horse
suddenly took fright, and by its plunging overturned
the cab, throwing the man with some force into the
road. Attempts were made to quiet the animal, but
without success, until at length the cab was so much
knocked about that the body fell off. The horse then
galloped off towards Temple-bar, and was not stopped
until it came in contact with the shaft of a large waggon,
and suffered such injury that it was soon after killed.
Though the streets were much crowded no one was hurt.

MC
DUCHIES OF CORNWALL AND PAST AND PRESENT STATE OF
LANCASTER.
The two following tables show the gross and net re- The following
walObeßreOadC with interest at the pre-
venues and expenditure of the two Duchies:— sent juncture :
DUCHY OF CORNWALL. The empire of Morocco, l
vernacu arly designed
An
Coo Accrnwall,ount of
from th the Groe
Ist ss and Net
Ja Revenue of the DuchY Mogh'rib
-a -azza, the farthest west, is a remnant of
f of nuary, 1843, to the
31st of December, 1843, allowing the amount of re- the great African monarchies formed by the Saracens
• venue which became due, the moneys received and paid Mauritania ; and it was the dynasty of the Eiri-
within the time, and the arrears and balances at the sites, whose capital was Fez. It was dubbed empire
end of the preceding and current year. from ',being formed by the union of several small
INCOME. kingdoms, or rather large provinces, perpetually at
Rents and arrears of rent received from s. d. variance among themselves, till at length they were
the Ist of January, 1843, to the 31st subdued and united under one sovereign by the Sche-
of December, 1843
Fines on new grants of leases
Dividends of stock, being the produce of Mesquinez, Sugulrnesse and Tremezen ; but they
the sale of lands undr the land-tax have all latterly merged' into those of Morocco and
Redemption Acts, sales, grants in fee,
Fez. Anarchy and intense discords have reduced
and enfranchisernents of copyholds
under Acts of Parliament 667 16 2 their boundaries; but the empire is still possessed of
Compensation in lieu of the tin coinage a surface at least equal to that of Spain ; and the pre-
duties
Produce of Royalties of the coal mines in ous revolutions, maintained itself in the musnud for
the county of Somerset ... 9,690 12 10 about three hundred years.
Produce of Royalties and reservation of The empire of Morocco is on the extreme west of
dues of mines in Cornwall and Devon 2,842 1 101 North Africa, bounded on that side by the
Stannary Court fees, and all other casual Ocean ; on the east by the river Mubria, which parts
revenue 206 14 4 it from Algiers ;on the north by the Mediterranean
Sea; and on the send) by the river Sus, beyond
£40,100 18 111 which is
the Sahara, or Great Desert. This extensive
space is finally diversified with hills and valleys, a
great part of which has never yet been visited by
Europeans, and there are various rivers flowing from
the great Atlas range of' mountains, which traverses
the empire in its greatest length, at some distance
from its southern and eastern boundary, and attains
the height of nearly 12,000 feet. These rivers dis-
emabogue into the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic
Ocean, the large ones forming bar harbours, which,
though now so neglected as to admit of small vessels
only entering them, might readily be converted to
good stations for steamers. A ramification of the
great mountain range turns to the north, and is there
known as the Lesser Atlas, of which Mount Abyla,
or Ape's Hill, opposite Gibraltar, may be deemed the
northern scarp. The country generally rises from
the sea shore, which in many places is rocky and in-
accessible, and extends in wide plains ascending like
terraces one above the other, the eastern being always
some hundred feet higher than that immediately west
of it, until at the range of the Lesser Atlas they pro-
bably attain an elevation of 4,000 feet.
Morocco is necssarily warm, but not so much so
as might be expected from its geographical situation;
the interior is cooled by the mountain winds, and the
margin experiences the alternations of land and sea
breezes, while the climate is at once mild and salt'.
brious. The seasons are divided into the dry and the
wet, the latter generally being from November till
March. The soil, where cultivated, is in the highest
degree fertile ; but there are everywhere large tracts
entirely uncultivated. Corn, dhurra, fruits, rice,
maize, and pulse, are extensively reared in most of the
plain districts ; and there are raised and collected,
oil, cotton, tobacco, indigo, sesamum, gum, honey,
wax, salt, saltpetre, hemp, saffron, and madder-roots ;
they have also manufactories of linen, scull caps,
morocco leather, barracans, shawls, carpets, soap, and
hides. The declivities of the mountains are sprinkled
with forests, in which the cedar, cork, ilex, carubba,
walnut, accacia, and olive trees are prominent ; and
though iron, copper, lead, and antimony, as well as
gold and silver, have been produced to a certain
extent, the mineral wealth of these mountains may be
said to be as yet unknown. It is truly a luxuriant
yet indigent country, favoured by nature, but ne-
glected by man.
With soil and climate so excellent, if cultivated
with tolerable skill and industry, Morocco would
yield in quantities the products of most other parts of
the globe : but this cannot be hoped for in a country
groaning under the galling yoke of oppression. Still
their agriculture, it seems, is equal to the wants of
the people, these wants being most blindly curbed
down to mere animal desires. The great dogma of
the politico-economical school, that " cheap corn is a
blessing," meets its full refutation in this country ;
where the cheaper the corn the more are the people
proportionably poor and wretched. Domestic
animals are numerous, amongst the foremost of which
must be named their horses, since they have ever been
famed for rearing those animals, which, though
inferior in size, have for ages excelled in elegance
of symmetry, fleetness, hardihood, and peculiar
docility. The sheep, which are considered as indige-
nous, produce a wool of eminent staple and softness ;
and the oxen, cows, asses, mules, camels, and goats,
are esteemed in their several kinds. Poultry,
pigeons, partridges, and indeed game of all kinds,
are everywhere plentiful ; and the coasts have many
varieties of fish. The woody and uncultivated tracts
abound with deer, antelopes, and wild boars; and the
southern district with bears, panthers, hyaenas, lions,
wolves, monkeys, snakes, cranes, and ostriches. As
might be expected in such a climate, they are abun-
dantly provided with musquitoes, and all "the light
militia of the lower sky." But the most dreaded of
all animated evils is a visit from the locusts, which
takes place ever and anon to the waste of whole pro-
vinces. The creatures are considered to come from
the Great Desert, where their myriads are mar-
shalled, and start on their northern incursions in a
dense body, devastating as they go, for after deirours,
ing all other vegetation, they even attack the trees, and
strip them of their leaves and bark. In retaliation,
they are brought to the markets pickled, and eaten by
the Moors.
There are many difficulties, and some almost insu-
perable, in the way of the inquirer into Moroquin
statistics. From all we could gather a few years
ago, the population of the whole empire might amount
to about 7,ooo,ooo—plus or minus—it having under-
gone a serious diminution in the course of the pre-
ceding century. Of the number above stated, about
half consists of Moors and Arabs ; one-quarter con-
sists of the Berbers or aboriginal inhabitants ; with
nearly half a million of Jews; and the remainder
will be found negroes, with a very few Christians,
and still fewer rencgadoes, which last are deemed
" pariahs" by all, only intermarrying among each
other.
The Moors are the principal inhabitants of the
towns, where they fill the higher offices of Govern-
ment, and form the military class ; hereditary dis-
tinctions, however, are unknown among them • by
'
birth they are all equal • and they admit no diffe-
rence of rank, except such as is derived from official
employments, on the resignation of which the occu-
pant mixes again with the common citizens. They
are the only nation of Morocco with which the Euro-
peans have had an immediate intercourse. Their lan-
guage is the Moghreb, a dialect of the Arabic, inter-
mixed with many Amazirk (the original tongue) and
Spanish words. They are tall, handsome, and of
every shade of complexion.
The Arabs are the next important branch of the
Moroquin population, although evidently not an
indigenous portion. Their language is a tolerably
pure Arabic, and they are supposed to be the de-
scendants of those who fled from Yemen, when the
Mahometan tenets were first promulgated. They are
widely dispersed over the plain, where they still
adhere to their no-made wanderings and pastoral
avocations, and are at once active and intelligent.
They live in dusky encampments called douars, each
consisting of numerous tents, and having large flocks
and herds, from which, with a slight attention to
agriculture, they entirely subsist themselves with
food, home-made raiment, and surplus for markets ;
but they are expected to pay the garahm, or pro-
perty tribute, and are obliged to provide passing
troops with corn, butter, honey, and meat.
The Berbers, Berebbers, or Brebes, are known -as
the Amazirghif, who, if not the aborignals, are the
most ancient inhabitants of North Africa. They are
divided into two great families—the Ereefins, or
dwellers on the Ereefe mountain range, and the
Schelluhs, who occupy the branches of the Greater
Atlas—the first being herdsmen and hunters, the
latter working principally in agriculture and handi-
craft—while both classes are temperate, agile, war-
like, and hardy. Armed with a long gun, sword, and
dagger, in the use of which they are very expert, the
Ereefin is an object of alarm to the enemy. The
Berbers only intermarry with each other, and are
somewhat irregular Mahometans, as they eat wild-
boar's flesh, and drink wine of their own making.
The Jews are a mystery, both here and throughout
Barbary, being very numerous, and intermixed among
all the people whom we have spoken of. Their condi-
tion is best among the Ereefins, but among the
Schelluhs and Moors they are exposed to the most
ignominious treatment. Yet, under all their oppres-
sion, the Jews contrive to have substantial advan-
tages over the Moors; better understanding the na-
ture of trade, especially that carried on by the incom-
petent medium of exchange of commodities, they are
the active agents and brokers in all large bargains.
The negroes are the last in number of the people of
Morocco, yet constitute an important branch of its
population. They are usually imported es slaves,
though, on good behaviour, frequently obtain their
liberty; and the kind liberality with which they are.
generally treated ensures the propriety of their con-
duct. From among them is formed the body-guard of
the Emperor—a force once very formidable, hut, at
present, not above 5,000 or 6,000 strong.
The Government is absolutely more arbitrary than
the Turkish ; and that their Emperor, or rather Sul-
tan, is the most despotic of all despots, uniting in his
own hands the various ramifications of power, without
the shackles of council, divan, or laws. His authority
extends not only over the lives and property of his
subjects, but their consciences too, of which, as the
representative of Mehemet, he is the spiritual guide.
He is the farmer, judge, interpreter, and,
when he
pleases, sole executor of his own decrees; and the
duties, coins, weight, and measures, are consequently
as variable as his own opinions. The capricious tys
inconceivable as the abject
ranny of the monarch is as
•
pa siveness of 'the subject, who, with arms in hi •
handss and means at command, thinks of nothing but
unconditional submission, nue a bad Government,