The Sun.
London, England, 1844-10-22 00:00:00

FOIG-A-BALIAGII THE GREAT 6T. LEGER WINNER

ry MOORE will have ready fur delivery in a few
R., • days a splendid likeness of this noble animal, and Bell, the
jockey, painted by G. SWANDALE, Esq., engravea by CHARLES
IIUNT, largest size, beautifully coloured.
ALICE HAWTHORN, same size, with an account of all her Win-
nings: Also,

EMPEROh, Ascot Cup Winner;' both by W. STRAYER, Esq.
Engraved by CHARLES HUNT. Price 18s. each.
ORLANDO, winner of the Derby ; and the PRINCESS, winner of
the Oaks. Just out.

POLLY, who galloped 21 miles and jumped 20 hur.
dles within the hour, at llateliam Park.
FARMER'S GLORY, a celebrated Stallion, the property of Mr. W.
Coleman, Cheam, Surrey. Painted by Mr. W. WOM BILL.
MOORE'S ECLIPSE SPORTING SHEET ALMANAC for 1845,
illustrated with the Goodwood Grand Stand, &c., &c.
Subscribers' names for any of the above, directed to J. Moore, Nos.
I and 2, Corner of West-street, St. Martin's-lane, will be duly at-
tended to.

WHY HAS TRADE IMPROVED,
AND WILL THE IMPROVEMENT BE
PERMANENT?
(From the League.)
There are periods when those in pursuit of truth,
ith the view of testing their principles, may pause
with advantage, to review the experience of the past,
to consider the present, and to reflect upon the pros-
pects of the future. Such a period has arrived with
free-traders. We are emerging from a season of
appalling distress, unparalleled in our commercial
annals for duration and intensity. When we look
back to " the report of the conference of ministers
of all denominations on the corn-laws, held in
Manchester in August, 1841," and read the heart-
rending details of suffering furnished by all parts of
the country, and compere it with the existing state
of things, we can scarcely realise the amount of
misery from which we have so recently escaped.
What are the causes of these changes ? Have they
been satisfactorily explained by the monopolists ?
Are they reconcileable with the principles of free
trade ? " The knowledge of a disease," says the
Father of Medicine, "is half its cure." What know-
ledge of the causes of the late distress have the mono-
polists exhibited? We cannot forget that for some
time after its commencement the monopolist Govern-
ment boldly denied the existence of the distress in
the manufacturing districts ; then they said it was
partial and exaggerated ; but the rapid increase of
pauperism and crime, the crowds of starving opera-
tives filling the streets instead of the manufactories,
became too notorious to be longer trifled with, and
the same Government, which a short time before
denied the sufferings of the people, ordered sermons
to be preached, and collections to be made in all the
churches to relieve it.
Being obliged at length thus to acknowledge the
existence of the distress, it is instructive to call to
mind the reasons they assigned for it. There was one
point in which the Government and its monopolist
supporters were all agreed, and that was that the
corn-laws had no share in it. No. They attributed
the wide spread distress to over-population, to over-
production, and to too great an increase of machinery.
Now, the causes they assigned are perfectly irre-
coneileable with any change for the better so long as
population, production, and machinery continued to
increase, and yet, happily, the distress has been
changed into prosperity, notwithstanding that a mil-
lion of souls have been added to the population since
the monopolists complained that the people were too
many. Distress is passing away, not from the pro-
duction of manufactures being diminished, but by
its increase to a greater extent than at any former
period. There is now more machinery than ever
was known, notwithstanding the monopolists said
that there was previously so much that it displaced
labour, and caused distress, by throwing the people
out of employment. Mr. Horner, the Factory Com-
missioner, in his last report, says—" I not only do not
hear of any persons being out of employment, but
that in some places hands are scarce."
It is clear that the arguments adduced by the mo-
nopolists will not bear the test of examination or ex-
perience. The existing state of things proves that
we have neither too many people nor do we produce
too 'many manufactures, nor have we too much ma-
chinery. 'What, then, were the real causes of the
late distress ? We have always attributed it to the
scarcity and high prices of provisions ; let us see how
far facts warrants this view of the question. The
years 1834, 1835, and 1836, were years of unparal-
leled prosperity, which was shared equally by the
working-classes and by the manufacturers. Mark,
they were years of low priced provisions; the aver-
age price of wheat in 1834 was 465. 2d. per quar-
ter ; in 1835, 395. 4d. ; and in 1836, 48s. Bd. per
quarter. In 1837 the change commenced ; the aver-
age price of wheat rose to 555. 10d. In 1838 it rose
again to 645. 4d. Here began the distress. In 1839
it rose still higher, to 70s. Gd. Distress increased.
Tri 1840 the price was 665. 6d.* Distress was sore
in the land. In 1841 the price was 645. 5d., when
the distress increased almost beyond endurance; and
why ? Because in the last four of these years the
people had paid upwards of 200,000,0001. more for
their food than in the four preceding years. During
this distressing period of dear provisions the earnings
of the labouring classes were nearly all absorbed in
obtaining necessary food ; they had little left to spend
in clothing; hence those who were engaged in manu-
factures for supplying the working classes were
thrown out of employment and their distress was
aggravated by the like falling off in the foreign de-
mand for manufactures, because our inability to con-
sume foreign as well as home productions disabled
foreigners from consuming our manufactures; and
thus high-priced food produced bad trade in the fo-
reign as well as in the home market, and was the
source of all the suffering which the people endured
in that memorable and never-to-be-forgotten period
from 1838 to 1842.
But why has trade improved? Is it the result, as
some contend, of the wisdom of a Conservative Go-
vernment ? Or is it caused, as Mr. Gladstone boasts,
by Sir Robert Peel's tariff and new sliding-scale ?
We shall demonstrate that neither the one nor the
other has had the least share in our returning pros-
perity. We had prosperity in 1834, 1835, and 1836,
greater than that which we now enjoy, and yet during
those years we were neither blessed with a Conserva-
tive Government, nor the new tariff, nor the new
sliding-scale. It is not then the change from a Whig
to a Conservative Government that has wrought the
improvement of the last two years; it is the change
from scarcity and dearness to "cheapness and plenty."
The decline in the price of food has left money in the
pockets of the mass of the people (who are at all
times the great consumers of commodities), which
has enabled them to purchase clothing and foreign
produce, and thus employment has been created for
our artisans and manufacturers.
Can any rational man doubt, with such facts as
these before him, what have been the causes of our
recent distress, and of our returning prosperity ?
Looking at the experience of the past, and reflecting
on the present state of things, can he doubt that the
principles of Free Trade—the law of the Almighty—
are founded in truth ? If, then, these principles be
true, looking to the future, what ought we to ex-
pect ? Will the improvement in trade be perma-
nent ? We answer decidedly " No." We have no
more security for the continuance of prosperity than
there is for exemption from the eruptions of a volcano.
The same elements which have produced disorder
and distress before are still in existence, and, like the
volcano, only await the operation of the same train
of events to break forth again. Insufficient harvests
will again bring with them all the derangement in
the currency and in trade which we have before ex-
perienced, and its concomitant distress. There is,
and there can be, no security for the future but in
the total repeal of the mischievous and iniquitous
corn-laws. We call, therefore, on every reflecting
mind in this season of calm to weigh well the conse •
quences of a perseverance in the existing corn and
other monopolies; and we earnestly urge upon those
who see the insecurity of our present position to re-
double their efforts to abolish monopoly, and to eman-
cipate industry, as the only means of placing our
trade and commerce on that permanent footing which
can alone lead to the prosperity and happiness of all
classes of the people.

* The average price of wheat during these years
affords no criterion of the real price of wheat fit for
human food. Owing to the wet seasons, great quanti-
ties were sold for pigs' meat, as low as 303. per quarter,
whilst sound meat was worth 80s. per quarter.

[ADVERTISEMENT.]
MEDIC AL REFORM.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR,—Only give the Doctors rope enough, and
they will hang themselves. The public must, by this
time, be satisfied that all their meetings arc prompted
by nothing but their own interests. The triumph of
the liygeian system, aud the downfal of the medical
profession, as a trade, may now be looked upon as
certain. Yours, &c.,
A ITYGEIST, and an Unbeliever in the
Organic Theory of the Doctors.
London, Oct. 21, 1844.

BANK OF IRELAND.—REDUCTION OF DISCOUNT.—
The Directors of the Bank of Ireland have reduced
their rate of Discount on English Bills to Three per
Cent. The official announcement to this effect was made
on Thursday.--Dub/in Evening Post.

MONEY MARKET and CITY SEWS
FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY."
CITY, MONDAY EVENING.
TIMES.—The occasion of her Majesty's visit to
open the Royal Exchange, Monday next, will, it is
understood, be observed as a holyday by the principal
City establishments. The Directors of the Bank of
England have already signified their intention of
closing their doors to business operations ; and the
private bankers, we are informed, have resolved to
suspend the attendance of their clerks after twelve
o'clock, the previous hours being alleged as necessary
for the payment of bills and other affairs which cannot
be delayed. It is to be hoped that all other leading
firms will follow the example so readily set, and make
the day one of general holyday and recreation.
It was rumoured late this afternoon that
Messrs. Rothschild have taken the Belgian loan,
which is likely to put an end to the further reduction
of the Dutch Five per Cents., the fact being that the
Government of the latter country will receive suffi-
cient of the proceeds of this loan to enable them to
pay off the remainder of that particular description of
stock. This increase to the coffers of the Dutch Go-
vernment, arises from the liability of Belgium for
part of the old debt, which will thus be liquidated.
The price at which the loan has been negotiated did
not transpire.
The files of papers received by the Teviot from the
West Indies are, for the most part, barren of interest-
ing intelligence. The Demerara Legislasure have
voted, in accordance with the terms of Lord Stanley's
dispatch, 75,0001. for the encouragement of Hill
Coolie emigration, and the revenue of the colony ap-
pears to be increasing. The news from Jamaica and
the other islands is wholly unimportant ; there is no
additional information respecting the earthquake be-
yond what we have already published. Business was
rather better at Trinidad. The total exports of sugar
from I3arbadoes for the season were 22,4'58 hhds., alt
le 5s by 2,000 hhds. than those of last season. The
weather was not considered favourable for the new amp.
The following extract of a letter from Monte
Video, dated the 30th of July, 1844, is worthy of
attentive perusal, the accounts received through the
channel of papers being' either 50 meagre or of such
an exaggerated character, that little reliance can be
placed in them :
" On the 27th of June the brig of war Imperial
Pedro, which sailed from here with dispatches, arrived
at Rio Janeiro. On the 28th there was a meeting of
the Brazilian Ministers to take into consideration pro-
posals made by this Government. On the Ist of July
there was another consultation, to which the English
and French Ministers were also invited to attend, and
although what passed at these meetings has not trans-
pired in Rio Janeiro, the result has been the arrival
here of a corvette of 2G guns, a brig, a schooner, and
steamer of war. The corvette brings 400 artillery-
men, and the Carrisca frigate and another corvette are
hourly expected, and 2,000 men have been ordered
from Rio Janeiro to be embarked fur Rio Grande. It
appears that of the seven which compose the Brazilian
Ministry, four are in favour of an immediate armed,
intervention, and all agree that Brazil cannot allow
Rosas to take possession of Monte Video ; but three
of them arc timid and fear the war, and wish to press
the subject to negotiation, although they do not know
how to set about it. Negotiation is, of course, out of
the question, and as this will soon become apparent,
there is no doubt the war party will soon prevail, and
indeed Grenfell has already orders not to let Monte
Video fall into the hands of Oribe. So that, should
the latter make any attack, the war will break out
immediately."
In the New York papers received by the last
arrival are contained some extracts from the officiar
commercial statement for the nine months ending.
June, 1843, which has been issued at Washington.
Some of the high-tariff party, it would seem, to
support the cause of protective duties, have been en-
deavouring to persuade the people that the trade
with England is of little value to the union. To
expose the fallacy of this notion the extracts in
question have been made, and sufficiently prove that
Great Britain is a more important customer than air
the rest of the world put together. The total value
of exports during the period referred to is thus made
up.—
Whole amount
Of which to Great Britain And depen-
dencies .

To the rest of the world..

More to Great Britain and colonies than

;0 the rest of the world ......

$77,793,783

45,428,811

32,3G4,-P72

$13,063,829)

Among the articles taken by Great Britain, exclu-
sively of the colonies, cotton figures at 37,000,000
dolls , and tobacco at 1,000,000 dolls., while the de-
pendencies alone take " bread-stuffs " to the value of
2,000,000 dolls. These are the most important articles
in the list, though the provisions taken here under
our new tariff bear a considerable value. Lead appears
as a new item of export to this country, as we used
formerly to export it to America.
A list showing the export of agricultural produce
alone exhibits still more plainly the importance of
England to America. The total export of agricul-
tural produce, durino, the nine months in question,.
to Great Britain and dependencies is set down at.
4;3,000,000 dolls. The rest of the world only takes
21,000,000 dolls., thus giving England an excess of
22,000,000 dolls. Notwithstanding the state of things
just exhibited, it appears there is a constant com-
plaint in America among a certain party, that " Eng-
land will not buy !" A free trade writer remarks,
that there is no complaint that France will not buy,
and yet the value of the two customers is clearly
shown by the following comparison :
France. England.
Domestic exports to 511,934,066 ... $45,428,811
Imports from 7,836,137 ... 28,978,582
Excess of domestic ex

ports
Thus, not only do the exports of Great Britain ex-
ceed those to France, but are even greater in propor-
tion to the imports. A more convincing series of
facts could scarcely be devised.

SUN.—The Funds closed with a heavy appearance, and
the prospect of British capitalists taking part of the new
French loan causes some anxiety. Consols have been
99 K for Money, and 991- to par for Account. Exche-
quer Bills have been 71s. to 735. premium. Bank Stock
rallied t 3 205.
Spanish Five per Cents. closed a little flat at 23i ;
and the Three per Cents. at 3411 f. Mexican were 34 ;
Cbilian, 102 ; and Belgian, 104.
The additional transactions in Railway Shares have
been these : —Birmingham and Gloucester were 2 ;
Bristol and Exeter, 5 to 6 ; Direct Northern, to
Great Western, 62 to 63 ; Ditto, half, 34 ; Harwich, ;
hull and Selby, 12 ; Lancaster and Carlisle, 3 ; Kendal
and Windermere, 31 ; Liverpool and Manchester, 102 ;
London and York, 1-,1, ; Midland, 5 ; Newcastle and Dar-
lington, 25 ; South-Eastern, ; Yarmouth and Nor-
wich, 5 ; Central of France. 1-1 ; Boulogne and Arnica.,
2 ; Orleans and Tours, 2 to 4 ; and Paris and Stras-
burgh, -1 premium. Brighton, 2,i ; 'ALidland and
Birmingham and Derby, 25 ; West London, ; and
Ditto, Preferred, 2 discount.

CAUSES OF NERVOUS DEAFNESS.—CoId affecting'
the car, and many mechanical and chemical irritants in-
duce this form of deafness. A depraved condition of
the chylopoietic functions often appear to pre-dispose to
it, and in some instances seems actually to induce the
disease. There has in many cases appeared to me to
exist a peculiar susceptibility, not readily traceable to
any specific cause, to this form of deafness. In these
cases the patient suffers from repeated attacks of deaf-
ness ; almost every little irregularity, such as exposure
to cold, irregularities in diet, productive of dyspeptic
attacks, over-exertion, chills, &c., are followed by inca-
pability of hearing distinctly. And such is really the
case, for we arc never applied to till the patient, per-
fectly cognizant of his own defect, seeks its alleviation
in the resources of art. But the real inquiry is, from
what form of deafness the patient is suffering—not as in-
dicating the symptoms distinguishing deafness from
other diseases, but the peculiar kind of deafness under
consideration, namely, the nervous from the other forms.
We are directed to this by a minute and careful in-
quiry into the history of the case. We carefully trace
its progress from its first origin to the period of actual
investigation—the mode of attack—the number and
variety—the presumed causes—the effects or conse-
quences—the state of the other functions, and carefully
compare these with the existing phenomena.—From Dr.
Cronin's, Craven-street, Stran, Treatise on Nervous
Deafness.

THE CHATHAM AND NORTH KENT RAILWAY.—A
Correspondent informs us, that this line of rail, which is
projected with a view of concerting all the maritime
ports of England with the great metropolis, and forming,
in time of war, a medium of rapid and direct communi-
cation with Government, has lately added to its board of
management several of the most influential merchants of
the City of London. These gentlemen, relying upon the
superiority and advantage of the line, engage Po Tatra
the whole amount of deposits made by the shareholders,
should the hue not be approved by the Board of Trade,
thus taking upon themselves the liabilities incurred by
the undertaking, and giving a precedent which, if adopted
in similar cases, would convey a favourable idea of honesty
of purpose.
HIGH TIDES.—TILE WEATIIER.—The tides in Car-
marthen river during the past week rose higher than has
been remembered for a length of time. This was owing
partly to the violent gales that have been blowing from
the Atlantic Ocean, and partly to the tremendous
marsheslr la i ins
that have fallen, which caused the mountain rivers to
ds well,zy
a nadn
Td
sndiaa)n, )tricl
ea sTe so
wt oy burstoNer fit
oh:
,ierdb
and
nn
kd
ks
also wisateera.leulaTtied
quaywere
wasfo r milesfiloaoiddedu.nderu . On on.
on Monday fell to the depth of six inches
tcol niaartni ttlsialretbirai
by the rain gunge ; in fact, at ono time the rain formed
Navpoeoriflcveltehd ealnucgi a
tleVremicahnm as
steam-vessels
az-vet each,
ssels were proceeding
STEAM-BOAT RACING.-011 Saturday evening the
large boat, heavily laden w a
with
be when a
f
at a furious speed, racing
w a
su
pa
utuislaeedlrfurniture and
ibvyerthtoe Chelsea,
and and though every endeavour
the boat to avoid a collision, it proved impossible—the
boat was overset. The boats of the Thames-police, with
a body of men, were immediately on the spot, and hap-
pily by their exertions succeeded in saving the lives o
the two men. A quantity of furniture was siVed, but
the plate was lost.