The Sun.
London, England, 1844-04-15 00:00:00

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sts.
Palace Filly Stakes of 100 sots. este!), h. ft., for colts
~three years old; Bst 71b tact). D. M. •
"-"tike of ltuthm•l's Crenoline, Duke of Becleord's Com-
„1-e,fee, Lord Albemarle's Robinia, Lar'l Exeter's Mocha,
egoPlotay, Lord Stradbroke's; Boarding School Miss.
sweepstakes of 100 sovs. each, h. ft.; fur fillies, Bst 71b
each. D. M.
~..sTford Gla,sgow's hr f by Muley Moloch, dam by Ac-
-17"1-•,?sfr. Thor hill's Fxample, Lord Albemarle's
4°Pae,LO. Thorn
hill's
Exeter's, Metope, Duke of Bedford's Coin-
'ntree,
• rakes of 100 SOVI eash, h. ft.; for colt=,, Bst 91b,
tful Bit.slb; those by untrird stallions, &c., allowed 31b,
R.M.oti 51b.
tri,14411 c by. Velocipede., out of Amulet—Mr.
ss.'"r4l4ll's f by Albemarle, out of' Egeria, 51b—Mr.
44Ent's Vattel, Lord Albemarle its c by Agrepble, out
sitteralda, 31b.
• uw,!epstakes of 100 sovs. each, for four years old. A.F.
-;;;a11.11ou,' 7st 51b—Minotaur, ist—Frattlien, 6st 1 llb
1',`11.1965t 41b.
1191,.first half of A. M., 150, h. ft.; Mr. Greville's
t -31ogg, 3 yrs, Bst 71b, agst Lord Glasgow's I
1" Middleton; out of Impertinence, 2 yrs, 6st 71b. '
itte T.Y.C., 300, h. ft.—Duke of Bedford's Oakley,
'l4 nni.agst Lord G. Bentinck's Emma, sst 51b.
TUESDAY.
tleen's. Plate of 100 guineas, for mares; four yrs, ;
$ll4 five yrs, 9st 81b; six yrs and aged, 10st. R.C.
""stakes of 300 sovs. each, 100 ft., for four yrs old
colts Bst 71b; and fillies, Bst 21b. B.C.
ito.rdneMnd of Lingley—Minotaur—Fanntosh—Cother-
of 4.!'ile,w Brighton- cby Reveller—c by Velvet, out
he tr. •
7-o°oo Guineas Stakes, by subs. of 100 sm. each,
„,
for colts, Bst 71b; and fillies, Bst 41b, three yrs
R. M,
.A
tson s Joe Lovell-s Mr. Bateson's Rhino—Duke
li-t-',/,,f°lll's Brush and Panther—Lord G. Bentinck's
„el)evil-to-Pay, br c The Best Bower, b c The
tr-‘ Mogul—Mr. Coombe's Keeley—Mr. J. Day's The
i4Buck—Lord Exeter's c by Beiram, out of Ama•
n.by Refrain, out of Agnes, c Syivius, and c An-
-1)0,,r-14r. Ford's Chuck-farthing—Mr. Goodtuau's Dr.
1,4114'1410re and Running Rein—Lord Orford's Arragon,
e.V.Elis, out Of Julia—Mr. 06baldeston's Brother
Peel's Zenobia—Lord W. Powlett's c by
e„rn, POrentiary, out of Alea—Mr. Payne's Vette). (Vat
El t)--'-'36: Sadler's Johnny Broome—Mr. Thornhill's
th!,§ Mr. Wreford's b c by Camel, out of Wadsiitre.
„ at'Offea-roona Stakes of 50 sovs. each, for three yrs
b,,.."'enita, Bst 71b, and fillies Bst 41b, the prodUce of
•qe.s.lhat never bred a Winner, the property of mem •
of the Coffee-room at. Newmarket. A. F.
tr-±11312, Crosby Moch Ped Deer, Baveno, Voltri,
met; . • s
1,4 srtutp (dead).
te,,,,,te11-R.M„ 200, h ft, Bst 71b each.--Lord Exeter's
azst Mr. Greville's Jamaica.
"Ib'o.o4r.Payne's Audrey, ir. sbaldeston's Escrick, Bst
7st
131 b. ,
:00/ =. WEDNESDAY.
,_
fourold. Blb • five, lllb ; six and
yrs ist ,Sat
• :114.4,6•:- aged,'.9st 31b.
-41) Sweepstakes* of 20 sovs. each, for three yrs
Sts 01d,.&c. A.F.
• IftePatakes of 10 sovs. each '; for three vrs old 7st ; four,
Ql°lb• D.M. Winner to be sold 'for 1001., &c.
4; '-',,lv•ppstakes of 50 sovs. each, h ft. T. M.M.
tti,„„'e ,lv;,aged 7st 41b—Golden Rule, 5 yrs, 7st 21b—I-
-.llh aarare' aged, Est 121b--41yrcauian, 4 yrs, 6st
•' • • r,h anna, 4 yrs, sst 41b.
%at 200 h ft.—Duke of Bedford's Oakley,
, against Lord Exeter's Pergularia, 43t 71b.
Ihi,4` •• • THURBDAY.
twee
Plate of 100 guineas ; for Tour yrs old, 9st
twee five, lOst 71b; six and aged. 10st 121 b. R.C.
.3 ?stakes of.lo sovs. each, for three yrs colts,
wi.`•:4loi.and fillies, Bst 41b. half of Ab`.. M. The
I"• a a
ttc be sold for.Bo sous., if demanded,_ e , &c.
61b saes of 10 soya. each, for two yrs old ; colts, Bst
r klld fillies, Bst 31b.
eriii,_94Svieepstakes of 25 so'rs. each,. and 5 ft if de-
-7„,,`-`b)-ten o'clock 'before running, for three yrs,
bY.e.
84,,t98.70,10 sovs, each, for three yrs old ; colts
'Valid fillies,. Bst 41b. T.Y.C.• The winner to
7,b: e° for iso. sous., -if demanded, &c.
~•r"g• lEton 'Stakes of 100, sovs. each, h ft ; for colts,
.Bst 71b, and fillies, Bst 21b. T.Y.C.
• Nre6e7.s!f Ifedford's Panther, Lord. Glasgow's bl fby
1-41. ea re, out of Miss.:Whip ; Mr...Thornhill's Elemi,
• 44415.,...,iiter's .Antenor , Colonel-Anson's- Muff, Lord Al-
-1,4„1- Candidoe, 'Lora Maidstone's Cockamaroo,
'744. irldinton'a Zanoni (dead).
• ;49%,„„GUineas Stakes, by subs. of 10 sm. each, h ft,
111116ia., Bat.7lb each ; three yrs.olds. D.M.
ty Albemarle's Robinia and Topoe, Colonel Anson's
ilafriucess, Duke of Bedford's Liberia, Lord G. Ben-
t/v.7 jlere•l-go-with-my-Eye-out and All-round-my
. f,
_rd Chesterfield's The Bee—Captain Daintree s
-Aledshank out of African's dam—Lord Exeter',
:lattg :cf. Cloak, ECOTIODIy, and Pergularia—Me. Good-
':004 h-pr,..y. Camel,- tout of Minikin, and f, Venison,
`lsabella—Mr. Greville's Jamaica—Lord Maid-
,of t'Peuce.A Mr. Newton's f, by Economist, out
,IricietTeFa,nehon—Lord. Orford's f, by Clearwell, out of
Osbaldeston's f, by Saddler, darn by Par-
. Aita...eutt Payne's Audrey—Colonel Peel's Zenobia.
1.1 Slane, out of Sea-kales-Mr. W. Sadler's
fbsrl r. Stradbroke's Bearding-school-Miss—
: _
Example, and f, by Albemarle, out of
li. •
:144' Ltd :414eDlarle's Winfarthing against Lord Exeter's
16!4-; 13. st 71b each ; A.F., 200,
•-•14641 • FRIDAY.
"). Sweepstakes of 10 sovs. each, for three years
Elw • old, &
• eepstakes of 1,0 sovs. es,se.t• 13
M.
• :fistir,Ast 61b five, for three years old, 7st ;
to be,sold for. 10
The Newmarket Stak7eiibofB4seo.
six, and aged, 9st. D.M. Winner
0 soy& •
ear-old oohs, Bst sovs. each, h ft, for three
of Portland's ; and fillies, Bst 21b. D.M.
tice"' 14 dram, out c b•Y Bay Middleton, out of Thebes,
'Exeter's p, or Tragedy—Mr. Coombe's Keeley
Orrord's Arsagon Crosby, and Economy—Lord
r•-•Oubaldestore: anu f by Clearwell out of Fidelity—
• Lora mr. p,s_., by the Sadler, out of Miss Etty—
. LiveroGoi out of
Falconer—Duke of Bedford's c by
Lord Albena rl r,incess Victoria—Mr.. Payne's VatUl
!ersary....434i-onaite a Candidate-31r. Batson's Anni-
othschild's c by Defence out of Nr General
Crlineral Yates's Slanderer—Lord Stradbroke's
r—Clonl
,Anson's Massens (dead). ..
n it, DAL—Lord Glasgow's c by Vein-
. T 1441,, -;) Amulet, Sst 71b, agst Lord Chesterfield's
,T 'nits.

...44WAi Excuastotts.-,--On Monday'
last. several hundreds of holiday folks visited Dover y
arid Tuesdayb
the youth al
Railway,. the Company having given.
tit 51. age to Dover and back on those days at half fareso.
snil "dnesday, also, a special train was set apart t
:zr;erey Passengers from Dover to. London and theback
1/,,e1, deY, at half fares. This opportnnity of a cheap
:;$4151•-ti'elapsatneod.t, however, been embraced by so many as we
Various causes ins, be assigned for this;
• the tom, principal one appears to have been that many
the
Bide 1; I.9ndeners considered one day too.short to see th
gid.'9l4" of Dover ; and that many of the Doverians cet.ne-
li.; .the same time insufficient to see those of he
~tolitnetropolisi If we were to judge by analogy, we
b • say the atter premises were correct •
for
the
rlghton Railway carried more than thousands.
._
ilsy,;(iicel t'llettofriihhothodnay folks the Dover railway did_thiss,
Company having allowed three day
instead ofconfining the
''Aes in " andreturning, going
`,t,_` there and back" to one day,
I.,tero Company,—Dover Chronick.
aa,was done
'llll TitEE-AND-A-HALF PEE
tath
take the
CENTS.—Holders
:e. amount of 8,000,000/. have concurred to
to-twk three Three. and-a-Quarter- per.Cebntsa.rAt
onfnuthiteteics.
1) h -- comprises a se
venttet. p atiTonhal
De t, or thereabout : 1. e. 10,000,000/. As the price c?f,
the. Three-and-a-Half per Cents, of 1818 ii 3, irt
ntll6wa that the few remaining holders will lose hat.Pe-
s'ut less the half year's dividend to October next, by re.
taiiig passive. Although we have on a previous occa
ava.lonivavned the holders of the Three-and-a-Half per
oi
~,.,_ :to send in their adhesion, or they must take 10 .
• '''eq, .fOr 100 L stock, it may be as well to state that their
vition will he damaged to the extent mentioned, if they
. ' ; riot' ssumt before Saturday next. Holders residing
..• !_',_iroa have an extended period allowed to them.- As
re peets- the he.
ut
- P°lll of the Three-and-a-Half per
Cthe.t:Anneities, in the °gnroass amounting t0240,000.,0001,
' ''l4
enta or hhollers of . - required to
sty. nay, if ill-plea
tnese were,
mentioned under tlisi with the Chancellor s offer), as
.• the Treaory in
an leid a fornight since, do not required .to -settleieir claims. A word or two'
'difficulty, as under 100,
I,69,_i_ti_ , remaining 2,000,000/. , of- Three-and=a-Half per
more placel
bs
es
• ire• of 1818. ThOse who have dissented, as. well a'
sMolde.rs wh
_tzitivpaie taken, seeing
the o have assented, must regret the course
that the Three-and a-Half per
-•obtain an average of about 3i ger cent. above
!),.,!_i"• , The Directors of the Bank of England have taken
"'eau+ to inform the holders of the 1818 Stock that they
qpat assent, or they will be paid off at par, by st-nding
iieunpiedeteefularst the numerous inquiries at the office of
at) not; CaSkler proving that there are still many who.
)sf !_ understand their position.—Observer.
,fa.,-...tt9rAL PALACES GARDENS, &t: —On' Saturday a
yrliareentary return' was issued, showing the sums re-
°n"' Cd by the Commissioners of the Woods and Forests.
.s.. account of each of the Royal palaces, gardens, parks,
,7c , for rents, pasturage, sale of unserviceable-timber,
's!•-e,-►for-.. the year 1842-3. It appear; that 1,060/. 4s. 10d.
:4,41if , received from Hyde, St. James's, and the Green
litdrr arke; of which sure 662 L Ios. was as rent of grass land
aturage ; 70/. was paid for pasturage in Kensing-
`lll, rater ; 5411.155. sd. for the like in Regent's Park:
379/. 185. 6d. in Richmond 'Park ; 31L 14s. in Windsor
• . .),,Ter.,_k, still 1,060/. 6s. Bcl. for the slime in Phcenix Park,
"Win. Greenwich Park only produced in the y ear 6/. for
. "Id rirbt.Pr,:ice. It appeari that 314/. 13s. was obtained for
' 2c
;keys of the pleasure grounds in the Three Parks, and 3791.
• tioni the same source in the Regent's Park. The return
.., 8 the receipts since the Tear 1838. Prince Albert
:-11,!Irclutsed on behalf of the Crown, of
the executors of
t - , William the FOurth; Certain stock on the farms called the
4.11111!s-IsTerfiAr- and Flemish, and the Home Park Farm.
' 711.. IS Reyal---Highness paid in 1838, 2,402 L 15s. Gd.; in
/ 1839, 2,729/. 12s. 2d.•, in 1840, 2,6781. 9s. Bd.; in 1840-1.
tYrie sums a 3,320/. 165., 1,771 L 10s. Id., and
'11•1,•42./. Ts,. Gu.; and-in 1842.3, the sum of 2,0001. The
.?.(*. sosurchniad was the private property of the late
, • •:I',l- . h'e return' was moved for by Mr. Williams.
,-:,--,tj RIPOATUNATIII OCCUR/tEricv.—Ort Monday after-
Went Atiiii: twolittle
_boys, tempted by the fineness of the day,
• , it.o play in a wood at a short distance from their re-
- 1-Antgum, in Pembrokeshire. They unfortu-
-- I ..;:lletly Mot pith a quantity of the roots of the hemlock,
Of•tyllich iheyboth partook so freely, that en their re-
. .-.llltr.n home one of them fell down insensible; the other
-,:t9ltrwent-to call assistance, which was procured, and the
..cT little fellow, after being conveyed to a neighbouring
tege, died in violent convulSions. . During the time
r, .
,-;‘,1401,... othe,lad had atrayed off, and
.being missed,
. was
:''fa rid on the bank of a neighbouring river, quite dead.'
'", stee quantily of theabove root is fatal, if, taken into
' 1::
4/40h-7.- mid dimwit,: ...,.....c.•_. • ---,

LTTERA TURE.
BRITISH :INT) FOREIGN REVIEW,
No. XXXII!. To.yl9r; London, 1844.
M Louis, Blanc's " History of Ten Years," which
has created a conziderable stir in Pdris, and which we
notice .some week; sine in Tic .S'Fbi, forms the sub-
ject Of a criticism in the, number before us, penned in
a very unceremonious spirit, and treating the author
as if he were no better than a political quack. The
truth is, the reviewer is a warm admirer of the :piste
milieu system of I.ouis Philippe, and, as M. Blanc is
a staunch opponent of that system, which he boldly
tells his readers has compromised the honour and the
interests of France, and reduced her from a first-rate
to a second-rate European power, of couiae there can
be no very ardent sympathy between the • historian
and his critic. M. 'Blanc's work, notwithstanding
the severe censures of his reviewer, is really a
very able production • and if it press somewhat
hardly on the King of the French, the author alleges
good grounds for his severity, and shows that Louis Phi-
lippe hasf one by one, abandoned almost every principle
which he professed when called to the throne of the
barricades. Though a skilful, energetic sovereign,
and possessed of a sort of plain, practical John Bull-
like common sense, yet Louis Philippe is sadly de-
ficient in all the nobler and more generous elements
of greatness. He has not an atom of mignanimit.Y,
or loftiness of intellect about him, and in his domestic
policy is far too much swayed by considerations of
self: That he has kept France at peace with Europe
for so many years is not a little to his credit ;
but it must not be forgotten how he equivo-
cated on the subject of the non-intervention
system of policy, which he maintained and
violated just as• suited his purposes for the time being,
nor 'with what cool indifference he abandoned un-
happy Poland to her fate, though he knew well
that it was to the timely insurrection in that country
that he was indebted for the safety of his monarchy,
which would otherwise have been placed in imminent
hazard by the avowed hostility of the Emperor of
Russia. Alluding to the stability of the French
Crown, the reviewer justly observes :—" The feel-
ings of unwavering allegiance and of ardent loyalty
are both extinct in France ; the throne is supported
by the bare but general conviction of its necessity.
Louis Philippe has reigned with undoubted power
and signal success, but that success has failed to re-
store the prestige of monarchy to his house, or to con-
centrate upon himself or his descendants the affections
of the people." The " Bank Charter" is a sensible
matter-of-fact article, in which the Currency Ques-
tion is discussed in a just and temperate spirit. In
the notice of the late " Sir Charles Bell's Essays,"
justice is done to one of the soundest and most con-
vincing reasoners of his day. " Books for Children"
contains some serviceable suggestions respecting the
manner in which works intended solely for the in-
struction and amusement of the young, should be
written. It mar seem an easy task for an adult
author to adapt himself to the capacity of children ;
,but, in truth, there is nothing more difficult—nothing
that requires so much nice taste and judgment. In
the article on " Atmospheric-Railways," the reviewer
expresses himself decidedly in favour of this grand
experiment, remarking that no machine, depending
on a moving principle, scarcely less costly, than coals,
can pretend to vie with the beautiful simplicity of
the atmospheric pressure. From the notice of "Wil-
liam Taylor, of Norwich," we quote the following
sketch of the late Walter Whiter :
" In Mr. Robberds' list of Taylor's associates we miss
the name of Walter Whiter, the friend of Porson,
the recluse etymologist of Hardingham, in Norfolk.
Whiter's early life was passed in the most polished and
intellectual circles of England and France; his last twenty
years were those of an eremite. Although far from a
water-drinker, he was an inveterate dipper, and his
midwinter ablutions in a stream that bathed his garden
would, fifteen centuries earlier, have procured him a
niche in the ' Vita' Sanctorum.' His hermitage was not
unvisited • it was a frequent resort of the accomplished
John Hookham Frere, and more than once attracted the
steps of Canning. Punctually each morning, as the
clock struck nine, Whiter's study-table groaned beneath
the burden of dictionaries and glossaries, and the sheets
of his Etymologicon Universale.' His three quarto
volumes—which now, alas ! the book-stalls offer at the
price of waste paper--Iwould, he used to aver, twenty
years after his death, be the text-book of European phi-
lologists. But of the predicted period nearly two-thirds
have passed, without producing a single convert to the
new plan of wholly rejecting vowels as elements of
words, and•of deriving man and all hie labials and aspi-
rates from the earth.' Etymology, and a fancy that
death was frequently the crisis and not' the term of dis-
ease—a theory which he argued in an octavo volume,_
with most perverse ingenuity—were Whiter's crotchets.
Rut his Specimen of a Commentary on Shakspeare' is a
giber aureus, notwithstanding its hallucinations about the
genuineness of Rowley and the honesty of Chatterton.
Equal to Steevens in acuteness, in black-letter learning
to Malone, and immeasurably superior to them both in
his perception of the meaning and his sensibility to the
metre of Shakspeare, Whiter well merited the appellation
Dorceus, or the sharp-sighted, given him by the
author of the Pursuits of Literature.' As much un
published matter as would double the thin octavo of the
Specimen' exists. we believe, among his manuscripts,
and the representatives of Walter Whiter should re•
publish the volume, with this additional commentary, as
the only adequate record of its author's talents. In the
solitude of Hardingham, Whiter's mornings were dividcd
between eold-bathing, study, and lonely walks. A dress-
ing-gown, so often repaired as to admit an argument
whether it were the original dressing-gown or not, a
waistcoat of untanned calf-skin, capacious slippers or
clouted shoon, were his morning attire. But in the
evening, whether it were to be solitary or social, he
dressed with anxious precision, as if the salons of Paris
or the clubs of London were still within his reach. In
London Whiter was a walking chronicle of every re-
markable site or scene eastward from Charing-cross. or
within the liberties of Westminster and SouthWark.
Knight's London' might have been written dowu
from his lips. Abroad, among other strange Companions,
he had been intimate with Collot d'HerboiS—but before
Collot had developed his talent for the highest tragedy,
-and Whiter always described him as the mildest of
•nen.' As -a story-teller Whiter had few equals,—no
superior hiS anecdotes were inexhaintible, his•dramatic
powers were great, and his knowledge of life unusually
varied."

ARTHUR O'LEARY. 3 Volt Colburn, London, MO.
We incline to consider this work if not the best, at
least among the best,
.that its author has yet put
forth. The first four or five chapters are somewhat
languid—as we mentioned at the time,'when they
first appeared successively in the pages of the Dublin
University Magazine —but afterwards ' the work
greatly improves in interest; the action becomes more
animated ; the incidents exhibit more vigour and
novelty; and the characters, which are numerous,
are consistently maintained to the close. In truth,
Mr. Lever could scarcely pen a dull, insipid narra-
tive, even if he were to attempt it. Redeeming
touches of vivacity, humour, and description would
be sure to be peeping out every now and then ; and
no efforts could repress those buoyant animal spirits
in which, as a novelist, he abounds to overflowing.
As a painter of battles, sieges, and . all the pomp and
pageantry of war, he is on paper what Cooper is on
canvas ; and as far surpasses Gleig and the
writers of that sleepy, common-place school,
as the meridian blaze of the. sun surpasses
the feeble lustre of a rushlight. In his present
work, Mr. Lever gives an account of the wan-
derings of Arthur O'Leary—a restless, mercurial,
high-spirited Irishman—and of the numerous adven-
tures and vicissitudes that b-fel him in the course of
his travels. This enables the author to introduce a
`variety of sketches of out-of-the-way characters, such
as those who are constantly on the tramp are apt to come
in contact with ; and among others, he gives a portrait
of a French veteran officer; who was with Napoleon
on the fatal day at Leipsic, which is drawn with much
force and feeling, though it be little more than an
outline. But decidedly the most stirring episode in
the volumes, is the one entitled " O'Kelly's Story,"
which is full of the wildest adventures, bordering,
however, it must be confessed, here and there, a little
on the improbable. We quote O'Kelly's account of
the capture by the French of a crazy
.transport-ship,
in which he was embarked with his regiment, on their.
way to America : •
" We were staggering along under light canvas, when
the look-out-a-head announced a light on the weather:
bnw ; it was evidently coming towards us, and scarce
half a mile distant ; we had no more than time to hang
out a lantern in the tops, and put up the helm, when a
large ship, whose sides rose several feet above our own,
swept by as, 'and so close that her yard-arms actually
touched our rigging as she yawed over in the sea. A
muttered thanksgiving for our escape, for such it was,
broke from every lip ; and hardly was it uttered, when
again a voice cried eut, 'here she comes to leeward,'
and sure enough the dark shadow of a large mass
moving at a speed far greater than ours passed uncler
our lee, while a harsh summons was shouted out to
know who we were, and whither bound. The • North-
umberland,' with troops, was the answer ; and before
the words were well out, a banging noise was heard—'
the ports of 'the stranger ship were flung open, a bright
flash, like a line of flame, ran her entire length, and a
raking broadside was poured into_us. The old transport
reeled over and trembled like a thing of life,—her shat-
tered sides and torn • bulwarks lPt in the water as she
heeled to the shock, and, for an instant, as she bent be-
neath the storm, I thought she was settling, to go down
by the head. I had little time, however, for thought :"
one wild cheer broke from the attacking ship—its
answer was the faint, sad cry of the weunded and dying
on our deck. The next moment the grapples were
thrown into us, and the vessel was boarded from stem-to
stern. The noise of the cannonade, and the voices on
deck, brought all our men from below, who came tum-
bling up the hatches, believing we had struck.
Then began a scene, such as all I have ever wit-
nessed of carnage and slaughter cannot equal. The
Frenchmen, for such they were, rushed down upon us as
we stood defenceless and unarmed : a deadly roll of
musketry swept our thick and trembling masses. The
cutlass and the boarding-pike made fearful havoc among
us, and an unresisted slaughter 'tore along our deck, till
the heaps of dead and dying made the only' barrier for
the few remaining.
" A chance word in French, and a sign of masonry,
rescued me from the fate of my comrades, and my only
iajnry was a slight eabre-wouttd iu the fere-ern; which