The Sun.
London, England, 1845-12-02 00:00:00

£126 13 4

"Deducting the amount paid for protection from the amount
received by it on the produce sold, we find that the occupier
of this farm gains 171. 4a. 7d. by the protective system."

But he has to pay for • protection 541. in the shape of
increased rent, and at least 401. in increased household
expenses, so that instead of a gain we find a positive
loss of 761. 15s. sd. But this is not all ; if the price of
grain were sufficiently low to allow of his feeding sheep
and cattle on oats, &c., the manure produced by such
stock would be more beneficial than the bones, rape•cake,
or guano, which could be purchased for 2001. ; so that if
he sold his sheep and oxen when fatted at their prime
cost, be would still save the 2001. which he is ROW obliged
to expend in the purchase of artificial manures, because
the high price of grain will not now allow of his feeding
stock.

A similar estimate gives the loss on farming 1,000
acres in Lincolnshire, at a rate of something more than
21. per acre. In fact, the only persons that appear to de-
rive any gain from protection are the dairy farmers, and
their gains would be converted into losses if they turned
any part of their pastures into arable land. On this it is
justly remarked,—

" We are often told that the object of the protective
system is not to keep n
labourers, by preventingtivarents, but to benefit the agricultural
millions of acres of arable land
result
tiooT which means being being thrown out of
. beour calculations shows the
con-
verted to pasture. The r
conversion
the very reverse of this,
the
of the protective systecrou
of
farming,
pasture into arable
namely, to discourage the
land. They show that the system of which the
Gloucestershire dairy-farm is the represening' a system
under which the tenant merely collects ?lateral produce
of the soil with the employment of as littl:al
sible, is that in which the greatest excess of returns"ovae'rxs:
readiture arises from Ole protective system, the value of In;

returns being increased U. Os. Bd. the acre, while the ex-
penses are only increased ss. 4d.
" This kind of fanning, therefore, enjoys a clear pro-
tection of 4d. the acre; and as the rent of such land does I
not exceed 20s. or 255., three-fourths or three-fifths of it may
be said to be made up of protecting duties.
" On the, other hand, when the same land is broken
up, yielding grain and forage crops alternately, employing
more capital and more labourers, at wages which enable
them to live as well as the few who, under the former state
of husbandry, were boarded in the farm-house, the cost of
production becomes raised by protecting duties mere than
the value of the returns by Bs. 7d. the acre.
" It is evident, therefore, that even supposing the
protecting duties on food to be repaid in wages, they injure
the agricultural labourers by diminishing the demand for
their labour, and consequently depressing the value of it."
We are glad to see the effect of the can-laws on the
cost of cultivation brought so ably under review by a
practical agriculturist. Cheapness of production has
been found the best source of profit in every branch of
industry, and it would long since have been applied to
agriculture as well as to other branches of production,
hzd not farmers been duped into the belief that high
prices are coincident with large profits. Farmers are
too apt to forget that they, their families, and their la-
bourers, are consumers as well as producers, and that
every addition made to the cost of their consumption is
au equal addition to the outlay requisite for repro-
duction, a cost which must be defrayed before
they can begin to estimate profit. When they cannot
buy cheap corn they must purchase dear manures, they
must pay higher rates of wages, or they must pay higher
poor•rates to atone for the inadequacy of wages. They
must also live in constant insecurity, and see capital pre-
vented from flowing into their business from the want of
confidence in farming pursuits. It is because the corn-
laws compel the farmers to produce a diminished quantity
at an increased cost, that "protection" has been justly
stigmatised as " the bane of agriculture."

Madrid journals of the 24th ult. have been received.
The elections for supplying the vacancies caused by late
appointments had commenced, and caused some excite-
ment, as a hope seemed to exist that the Opposition had
displayed more vigour, and that several candidates of
that party would be returned. The election for Barce-
lona began on the 23d, when three candidates on each
side were proposed, and at the close of the first day's
poll all the Opposition candidates had a majority. The
city remained perfectly tranquil. At Cadiz the Govern-
ment candidate had been returned by a considerable
majority.

On the 24th the Three per Cents. closed at 36 for 60
days. No other stock was quoted.

The chief articles in the Paris papers relate principally
to the operationsiagainst Buenos Ayres, the late decision
of the Court of Cassation, so destructive to the influence,
and independence of the press, and the Oregon question.
We, however, find little new ; but what is new is of an
agreeable. character. The Sik/e, with a degree of im-
partiality at last, which does honour to that journal,
places the Oregon question in a fair light, very different
indeed from that in which it is viewed by TYLER and
POLE. " The. question," it says, "is no longer entire.
America has recognised the rights of England, and
England has recognised the rights of the United States.
The whole world has been witness to these reciprocal
engagements. Neither of the powers has new a right
to withdraw from them. Let them, then, negotiate be-
tween themselves an amicable division, or let them both
submit to arbitration. For the one of the two who first
draws the sword, and who thus will set at nought a half.
century of diplomatic arrangements, without reckoning
the perils which it will create, will draw upon it-
self the blame of civilised nations."

The National, of Friday, stated that M. GUIZOT was in
a very indifferent state of health, and that the duties of
his office pressed heavily upon him. It appears, hew-
ever, that the Minister is as vigorous and active as ever,
and officiated publicly, and in good health, at the cere-
mony of laying the first stone of the hotel for the Mi-
nistry of Foreign Affairs, which took place on Satur-
day. M. GuigoT, who was assisted by M. DUMoN, in a
suitable speech addressed the assembly, and congratu-
lated them that another monument was about to be
added to those which had already rendered Paris so ce-
lebrated among the capitals of Europe. The site is near
the Chamber of Deputies, and the building will be com-
pleted in four years.

It appears from the following article in the Govern-
ment paper, the Epoque, that the defections from the
Anglican Church excite the liveliest hopes among the
Catholics of France, and that devout prayers have been
ordered by the Archbishop of PARIS for success in such
a holy cause : •

" Monsieur Wiseman, Bishop of Melipotama, in partibus,
and co-adjutor to the apostolic vicar of the central district of
England, has just addressed a letter to the Bishops of France,
in which he expresses the hopes which the feeling now mani-
fested in England gives rise to. According to Monsieur
Wiseman, the conversions to Catholicism on the other side of
the Straits are not only becoming numerous and more brit-
liant,but the old prejudices are, disappearing, and more people
than ever are intent on the return to unity and anxious for it.
The Catholics of England have learnt with gratitude th e
sympathy with which their Continental brethren watch their
progress; Monsieur Wiseman demands that the Catho-
lics of France will continue to join in their prayers, and soli •
tits of the Archbishop of Paris a grand manifestation in behalf
of the English Church. The reply has not been long awaited;
the Archbishop of Paris has addressed a letter to his clergy,
wherein he urges the priests of his diocese, who may have
dui davetion, to offer up at once at least the holy sacrifice, and
all pious souls to tape the communion once or several times
for this pious purpose."
Some pf the papers state that the Minister of Finance
intends to present to the Chamber a Bill for the better

ration o- f
business transacted in the stock and share
• —ood deal of business was done on Sunday,
market. A b
For the sottlement, Nothing
g
in the Three per Cents. Some
at the Opera liass!ts7.•
sales took place at 81f. follow in were the
was done in railway shares. Tl
prices at Marseilles and Lyons
MAnSEILLES, Nov. 26.—Marseilles and Avi&mon, 867 f. 50e;
Boulogne, 520 f. ; Vierzon, 6621. 50c. ; Orleans and Bor..
Beaux, 6051. ; Northern, 6700
I.voxs, Nov. 28.—Marseilles and Avignon, 777 f. 50c.;
Paris and Orleans, I,oBBf. 75c.; Paris and Rouen, 880 f. ;
Orleans and Vierzon, 5971. 50c.; Northern, 630 f.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, DEC. 1.

Anglo-Belgian
Boulogne and Amiens 7l/2
Bordeaux &Mediterran
Bordeaux and Toulouse

Do. & Cette (Espeleta) 1%
Do. (Maekenzie'a) ..
Callao, Lima, and Pa-

citic Coast
Central of Spain ..
Ceylon .
Demerara
Dendre Valley
Dutch Rhenish ... 63/4
Dieppe & Paris Janet.
Dijon and Mulhouse ...
East Indian
Fampoux & Hazebrouk
Grt Northern of France
Constituted lO%
Do. Pepin le llalleur —
Great Paris and Lyons —
Great Western Bengal
Great Western Canada
Jamaica S. Mid. Junction

Mauritius
Namur and Liege —
North Jamaica
Orleans and Vierzon
, _ _ __

Orleans and Bordeaux
Over Yssel
Paris& Lyons (Laffitte) 2

Ditto (Ganneron's).
Ditto (Caloa's)....
Ditto (Sud Est)
Paris and Orleans
Paris and Rouen
Paris and Strasburg
(Ganneron's)
Do. (Ayinard's) 2
Do. (Compte de L'Est) 13/i
Paris and St. Quentin.
Rouen and Havre...—.
Royal North of Spain. 3/4
Sambre and Meuse
Strasburg and Basle
,Tournay,Jurbise, Lan-
dent, and Hasselt —
Tours and Nantes

iVION_gI anal- COMMERuIAL NEWS
CITY, QUARTER TO THREE.
The Cotton market at Liverpool yesterday was dull, the
staple being freely offered.. Sales 4,000 bales, all to the trade.
Shares were more lively, and better prices were generally ob-
tained. _ _

A correspondent has circulated some suggestions relative to
potatoes, from which we take the following extracts
" With respect to soil," he says, " the potato delights in
that which is moderately light and porous, 'which points out
the necessity of draining all heavy and wet lands, if they are
expected to grow potatoes. In the next place, the potato
requires a frequent change of soil, and on this account
heavy crops are usually produced on newly broken up lands.
In kitchen gardens, and cottage allotments, where the root
is grown year after year on the same spot, this necessity is
in some measure provided for by the large quantity of fresh
manure which is commonly used. Extremely favourable
seasons will counteract to a great extent the disadvantages
of the soil, but no man has a right to expect a large and
healthy crop who plants his seed in land exhausted by fre-
quent cropping, which has not been well worked by the
spade or plough, or which is retentive of cold and excess of
moisture."
Upon the subject of seed the same party tell us, when re-
ferring to one of the most common practices, that " it ought
to be whole. The practice of cutting potatoes into pieces for
seed, leaving one or two eyes in a piece, cannot be too
strongly deprecated. The result of repeated experiments
has unanswerably, proved that the plan has nothing
to recommend it, but a penny wise and pound foolish eco-
nomy. It is true, that every eye possesses the germ of a
perfect plant, the same as the eye of a Dahlia ; but every
cultivator of this flower knows, that although he may get a
well-formed plant, and handsome flowers, from a single eye,
or the cutting of a Dahlia, he only gets a good crop of roots
from a perfect tuber."
He further observes that it ought to be itt a state of ma-
turity, of medium size, and well formed, it having been found
that potatoes of the size of hen's eggs have produced the
heaviest crop out of a given weight of seed, the writer even
giving the preference to sets much smaller, if ripe, whole,
and well formed, to pieces cut from large potatoes. The
potato should likewise be frequently raised direct from the
seed contained in the potato apple, and the seed ought
to be well preserved, as the best seed may be injured by bad
management.
There are no late colonial arrivals in the City to-day.
A considerable amount of money business has been done in
the British Securities to-day. The market is rather heavy ;
Consols for Account are at 95, and for immediate transfer at
94%, being ( per cent below the opening value. Exche-
quer-bills have gone back to 17a. premium. Bank Stock has
advanced from 2023 to 203,4.
The transactions in the Funds this morning have been
limited as to amount, but there is an appearance of firmness
about the prices which has not been exhibited for some time
past. Spanish Active have been in request at 27%; the
Dutch Four per Cents. at an improvement from 9114 to
9t14 ; Brazilian at 79 ; Danish at 86 ; and Mexican at 30%.
There is not much alteration in the Share Market.

ONE
PRICES OF BRITISH FUNDS. O'CLOCK.
Bank Stock
3 per Cent. Reduced
3 per Cent. Consols Annuities 94%8%
New 314 per Cents • 95% 90814
Long Annuities to exoireJ an. 1860 101 A%
Ditto 30 years, Oct. 10,1859 ... 101,$
Ditto 30 year:, Jan. 5, 1860.... 10%
India Stock
South Sea Stock
Ditto Old Annuities
Consols for Account ...... 951 A 95
Exchequer Bills, 1,0001., 11-hd.
Ditto 5001.
Ditto Small .. 21 18

CLOSING
PRICES
20314,
93%
94%
951;
10%
1014
103/4
261%
93141.
95%
pm. 18
pm. 17
pm. 18

ONE CLOSING
tRICES OF FOREIGN FUNDS. O'CLOCK PRICES
Brazilian Bonds
Ditto, New, 1829 and 1839 — 771h_
Columbian Bonds, ex Venezuela l6 16
Danish Bonds, 1825, 3 per Cent B6 861/.
Mexican, 5 per Cent. 1837 30% 30%
Ditto, Account 30% 30%
Ditto, Deferred 16% 16%
Spanish 5 per Cent. 18:10.
Ditto, Account 27% 27%
Ditto, Passive —6%
Ditto Deferred
Ditto 3 per Cent.
Dividends on the above payable in London.

Belgian 41,4 per Cant. s -951 A 951,!
Dutch, 21,4 per Cent .
Ditto. 4 Der Cent. Certificates 91% 921% 921%
PRICES OF BUSINESS DattE CLOSING
I:AIL WAY SHARES PAID.AT ONE O'CLOCK. PRICES
Aberdeen . . 5
Aberdeen,Banff, & Elgin — —
Armagh, Coleraine, and
Portrush • 1% -
Aylesbury and Thame.. 1%
Belfast & County Down 2% —
Bideford andTavisfock... iA
Birmin. and Gloucester. 100 123 124
Ditto New 17% 30%
Birmingham and Ox-

ford Junction
t3irminghatu & Leicester

124
30%

.
Direct
Boston, Stamfd, 3; Birm. 22s
Bridgewater & Minehead 425. ... ..
Bristol and Exeter
Ditto, New
Bristol and Gloucester... 30 ......
Bristol and Liver. June , 21/1... .
Buckinghamshire
aledonian
Ditto Extension
Cambrian Grand Junc...
Cambridge and Lincoln 1% 34..
Do. New
Cambridge and Oxford.. 1% —
Canterbury and Dover.. Iy„ —
Central Kent
Chelmsford and Bury... 1% —
Cn2ster and Holyhead... 15
Chester and Manchester 425.
Cheltexham and Oxford 2
Clydesdale June tion ..... 5
Cork Blackrock, and
Passages
Cork and K.:gamey ... 2%
Cork and Waterford ... 1% ll4l
Cornwall
Coventry, Nuneaton, Bir

and Leicester 14...,..
Dartmouth, Torbay, and
Exeter
I ierby and Crewe —
Derby, Gainsbro', and
Great Grimsby ••• ...... .. .
Derby, Uttoxeter, and
Stafford 2%......
Direct Manchester
(Remington's)
Ditto (Itackstrick's)... 54...... 33/4
Direct Norther a
Direct Norwich
Dublin and Armagh
Dublin anil BelfastJurc 5
13eit4st, and
21/, ....
Dublin and Galway... .• 4 ......
Dudley, Mad ely, and
Broseley
Dundalk & Enniskillen 21/2 ......
E astern Counties...... 14/. 165....... 19 183/4 19%
Ditto New 61. 163. ..... . 51/g p
Ditto Perpetual, 5 per
Cent,dt 00.
No. 2 —..61;411.381343d. . ..... .. .
Ditto
.
EastDereli'm andNoech I ......
Eastern Union ............ 25
Ditto, Quarter Shares 24......
Ditto Extension ...... 11/z
.......
•••••
Do. Ipswich and Bury 1 -k3
Do. Exten'n to Norwli 21/2
Do., Camb. and Ely•
East Lincolnshire ...... 14— 2
East & West of England
Edinburgh and Glasgow 50 ••••••
Ditto, Quarter Shares 12%
Ditto, New
Edinburgh & Northern.. 14 —
Edinburgh and Perth...
Ely and Huntingdon ... 5
Enniskillen and Sligo ••• 2%
Essex and Suffolk 1%
Exeter, Dorchester, and
Weymouih
Exeter, Yeovil, & Dorset 23/4
Glouc., Aberystwith, and
Central of Wales — ............
Goole and Doncaster
GraldJunction 100 ...... ..............
Ditto Half Shares 5O ...... ...............

Ditto quart.ers 25 ...... ...........
Grand Union IX3 ..... . 1 "5.........
Great Eastern &Western 21i •••••• 1% VA__
GreatGrimsby and Shef-
field
Great South. and West
(Ireland)
Ditto Extension
Great Munster 21/2 •••. .....
-1/

13%

2
334

19%
P
% P

63
81/2
3IA

IA di

1
2%g

/2...•,
Great North of Scotland 2t/4...... ...............
GreatNorthof England 100 ......
Ditto New 5 ......
Do. New .... . ......... 2 ....•• — ,
•M eat Western BO ......146 145 147......
Ditto % Shares 5O ......
Ditto 14 Shares 2l/4......
Ditto Fifths
Guildford, Faraim,Ports 2l/2... ..
Harwich
Gull and Selby
Ditto IA Shares -
Do. Half Shares
Inverness and E1gin...... 1
Ipswich, Norwich, and
Yarmouth '2 ...... • • ...... • •
Irish North Midland 1%...... ......
Isle of Axholme 2% ......
Killarney Junctions 11A......
Kendal and Windermere 11,6......
Lincaster and Carlisle... 30 ...... 39 ex n :
Lame, Belfast, and Bal-
lymena
Leeds and Carlisle
Leeds and West Riding
Junction
Leicester & Birmingham 225. —
~•,- • • •••••••'
Leicester and Bed rd... 22s par % p.....••••
Leicester and Tamworth 425. —
Liverp. and Manchester.loo ... ..
Do. % Shares
Do. Quarters.~
Liveepool & Leeds Direct 2% .. ...
Lpool., Mnchstr, & New-
castle Junction
li.ndon and Birmingbml2oo% ......2102% 3
205
Do. Thirds
Do. 14 Shares
Ditto Fifths ..... ..... 2
Ditto Extension ...... IV, — ..... ....... . •
London and Blackwall. 16/. 135.4 d B3:i 9
Do. New
Ditto ENtcquic4.ll ,„ a ..... •
London and Bright0n... 50
Do. consolidated Bths... 35 ...............
Ditto, Sixths
London and Croydon, 131. 15s. 9d. 187414 ............
Do. Guaranteed 5 per
Cent. , ,„„,.„.„.., 8
Lon., Chel., bx„Glo., and
Hereford - .... ....... -
LondonandGreenwich 12115 s 4d... 1014 ..............
Do. Preference ...18/17s 2d — ...............
London, Hounslow, and
Western ...„, ..... „„ 2
Lond. Sp S.Western 411 6s 10d —
Do. New C 011391. et128 20

15%
34

4 p

2'g3
205

1014
11/
74