The Sun.
London, England, 1821-05-30 00:00:00

BECKENHAM, KENT. Eierit Miles from London.
TO be LET• UNFURNISHED, otherwise
fit for immediate occupation, a, large and excellent
MANSION, with every requisite attached and detached Office,
extensive walled Garden and/Lawn, Stdblin4,.Geach-Housee,
&c. Cards, to view,' may he hurt of Messrs. Good and Adams,
Paper-hangers, 68, Strand.

STATE PAPER.

CIRCULAR FROM COUNT NESSELRODE.
FRANKFORT, MAY 22.—We have good groUnds
for believing- the authenticity of a circular dis-
patch addressed from Laybach fo the legations of
his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias at fo-
reign Courts; and we communicate with confi-
dence this interesting document to our Readers :
" Sea—lt is now precisely a year since we found ourselves
under the, necessity of making known the principles which the
EmPeror had resolved to follow, with respect to States which,
to tha calamity of experiencing a criminal and violent Revolu-
..
don, shouhladd that of sanctioning its fatal consequences.
-" Since that period, and from the date of tie opening of the
conferences at Troppau and Laybach, our successive communi-
cations must have demonstrated to all the Ministers and Aents
of the Emperor at Foreign Courts, not only that the principles
of his Imperial Majesty would not vary, but further, that our
august master would be always ready to concur, by all the
means in his power,' in the success of the measures which he
had agreed upon with his Allies, in the general interest for the
repose of Europe.
"By our Circular of the 27th of Feb. (11th March) we in-
formed you that, in consequence of the determinations entered
into upon this point by his Imperial Majesty, he had decided to
prolong his stay near his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Ma-
jesty, notwithstanding the close of the Congress of Laybach.
Our despatches of the Bth (20th) March very soon showed
to you that the foresight of the Empertir had been but too com-
pletely justified, and that, faithful to his promises, Russia, at
the request of Austria, and the legitimate sovereign,of the king-
doth of Sardinia, had' marched an army of 100,000 men, in
order to avert the calamitous and too probable effects of the mi.
litary revolt which had just broken out in Piedmont.
" Auspicious events have succeeded those which the artificers
of troubles and of discord provoked. Every thing authorizes
us to hope that order will be effectually re-established in the
States of his Sardinian Majesty. The Royal Government there
has availed itself of the proximity of the Lombardo-Venetian
kingdom ; and it is the temporary assistance of a corps of oc-
cupation; composed of Austrian troops, • which it has required
to restore to Piedmont the enjoyment of an internal, saeure, and
solid peace.
" All our wishes seek this great and salutary result ; but as
the measure of safety which it requires, and which the Sardinian
Government itself has solicited, is about to become the object
of a direct arrangement between Sardinia and Austria, under
the guarantee of the Allied Courts, and as the presence of our
troops would be henceforth useless, the order to retrograde has
already been dispatched to them. On the other hand, the more
the resolutiOn to make them operative was energetic' the more
salutary and useful has been -the impression produced solely by
the intelligence that they were in movement, and the more es-
sential is it in the eyes of the Emperor that all the Cabinets of
Europe should know and appreciate the serious considerations
which induced his Imperial Majesty to have recourse to arms,
and the noble and pure intentions which would always have di-
rected tht employment of them.
" The experience of all ages and countries warns nations of
the calamities which form the inevitable train of crime and re-
bellion. But last year these great and eternal lessons were con-
temned. Catastrophes succeeded each other with an appalling'
rapidity. Naples demonstrably evinced the -dangers of perni-
cious example. Become herself the theatre of revolution, and
the centre of the activity of sects, this state menaced Italy with
a general conflagration; and Austria, seeing a portion of her
provinces exposed to imminent peril, claimed in the first plate
the moral support of her allies. The sincere friend of his Im-
perial, Royal, arid Apostolic Majesty, and convinced, like that
august Monarch, of the evils which would once more inundate
the world, if the disregard of all duties should obtain the apo-
logy of a lasting triumph, the Emperor espoused with since-
rity a cause which his conscience told him was that of Europe,
of laws, and of treaties. He did more. As an intimate union
has been established, by solemn acts, between the European
powers, the Emperor offered to his allies the aid of his arms, in
case new commotions should excite the dread of new dangers.
We have already seen how the anticipations of his Imperial
Majesty have been verified. Sectarians, acting in the darkness
which they so much needed to veil their guilty projects, excited
in Piedmont an insurrection, which might, by its consequences,
retrard the progress of good in the Two Sicilies, and by com-
promising the army, which was then adVancing upon Naples,
encourage revolt throughout the whole peninsula. Already
alarming symptoms justified disquietude for other countries ;
and from that moment the Russian troops were bound
to march. They, in fact,, did march ;—not to extend the
power of • Russia, or to make the slientest infringement
upon the bounds of territorial posseasion, guaranteed to
all the Governments of Europe, by the treaties concluded
since 1814 ; • but to succour the Allies of the Emperor; and
this, as we have said above, at the express solicitations of his
Imperial, Royal, and Apostolic Majesty, and of his Royal
Highness the Duke de Genevois. They marched, not to over-
throw institutions which have emanated from legitimate autho-
rity, but to prevent insurrection from usurping a power which
would be a universal scourge. Finally, they marched, not to
obstruct the development of public prosperity in any state what-
ever, but to further the re-establishment of order in countries
where the workings of evil men had ultimately rendered the as-
sistance of a foreign force indispensable.
" Such has been, such will always be, the sole intention of
the Emperor, should he ever find himself again under the neces-
sity of putting his armies in motion. No burden would have
resulted from their march, or from their temporary presence.
They would have traversed peaceably the immense space which
separated them from Italy; and as soon as the object was at-
tained for which two inonarchs solicited their aid, the Emperor
would have issued his orders for them to return to their country.
" We are justified, therefore, in repeating and affirming,
that never did the love of war, never the ambitious thought of
exercising an exclusive influence in the councils of other Mo-
narchs, or upon the destinies of people confided by Providence
to their care, direct the policy of his Imperial Majesty.
" Irrefragable facts now attest the sincerity Of this language.
" Malevolence ascribed to Russia hostile views, with regard
to the Porte. Disturbances manifested themselves in Walaa
cilia and Moldavia; and our conduct, as well as our declara-
tions; has shown that we are determined to observe the rights
of nations and the faith of treaties in our relations with the
Turkish government.
" They were pleased, _ afterwards, to insinuate that we had
abandoned our projects against Turkey, to invade the western
territories of Europe. A signal contradiction has confounded I
the authors of these odious accusations ; and the march of our
armies, supported and maintained by all the strength of the em-
pire, was stopped the moment we were certainly assured that the
legitimate Government had recovered the plenitude of its au,
thority in the kingdom of Sardinia.
" Thus, Sir, it is with the confidence of having fulfilled the
duties of a friend and of an ally—it is with the determination of
always fulfilling those duties, and the consoling persuasion of
having contributed to the tranquillity of Italy and of Europe,
that the Emperor is about to quit Laybach.
" He will set off on the Ist (13th) May, and will proceed to
St. Petersburgh, by way of Warsaw, happy-to lend his assist.
ance to his allies, if it should become necessary—more happy
still to enjoy for along 'future the spectacle of a peace, the
blessings of which Russia feels, and in the maintenance and
consolidation of which she is interested as much as any other
power.

" The political system of our august master not being de-
stined to undergo any change, all his Ministers and agents will
continue to follow and to execute the general instructions which
they have hitherto received.
" The present circular will regulate their language, with re-
spect to the events of which it treats ; and the Emperor even
authorizes you, Sir, to make known, and deliver a copy of it to
the-Government to which you are accredited, &c.
(Signed) " NESSELRODE."
Laybach, 28th of April (10th of May), 1821.4' •
It is asserted that Austria also expedited, on the same day, a
circular of similar tenour to all its diplomatic agents at foreign
Courts.

ON THE PAST AND PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES
O'F THIS COUNTRY,

WITH A VIEW TO THE RELIEF OF AGRICULTURE,

MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCE.

It is generallyacknowledKed that the principles
'of Political Economy were more fully andaccu rate-
ly explained by Dr. ADAM SMITH than by any other
writer. In the present day our opinions are chiefly
grounded upon his doctrines. ,In attempting,
therefore, in the existing circumstances of this
country, to consider by what means greater ac-
tivity might be restored to industry ; extended
freedom given to trade; increased employment
opened to capital; and the more effectual deve-
lopement of our resources might be encouraged ; we
humbly conceive it to be desirable to understand
upon what particular circumstances of this .conn-
try Dr. ADAM SMITH founded hit-liberal and en-
lightened views,_ and to consider whether there
be any, and what, alterations.. in those circum-
stances, which have obstructed the natttral pro-
gress of opulence.
In this attempt we shall be as concise as pos-
sible consistently with any degree of utility
or perspicuity.
In the first place, we shall briefly
.state the
principal circumstances of our political. economy
about the middle of the last century. Then,
trace the subsequent alterations in those circum-
stances. And, 'as we proceed, stibmit some
practicable means of improvement. The attain-
ment of truth being our object, we deprecate
prejudices, and invoke investigation.
About the middle of the last century England
was essentially an Agricultural Country; al-
though our Manufactures and Commerce were
considerable and prosperous.
The Public Debt had not become an object of
general consideration or alarm ; and the opera-
tion of taxes upon the prices of commodities had
not been much observed. The •Revenue had
been 6,762;0001. at the commencement of -the
reign of GEORGE 1., 1714 ; 8,522,0001. at that of
GEORGE IL, 1727 ; and at the commencement
of his late MAJESTY'S reign in 1763, 8,800,0001.
About one fourth part of the amount was raised
by the Land Tax, which being a direct tax' on
property, not on commodities, could not -enter
into, or compose any part of the price' of -Commo.-
dities.-
When the celebrated ADAM SMITH published
his incomparable work in 1775, which had been
in preparation, it is said, the ten preceding
years, the average amount of the Revenue of
'that period was 9,500,0001. Considering' the
depth of his penetration, his perseverance in re-
search, and that nothing seemed to escape his
observation which was involved in his subject,
if the Taxes had been considerable, in enumerat-
ing the component parts of the prices of domestic
commodities, he would have mentioned the
Taxes. In treating, however, of the component
parts of the price of -commodities, he laid it
down, as a principle grounded upon the existing
state of things, that the price of every commo-
dity resolved itself into some one, or other, or all
of three component parts; namely, labour, rent,
and profit. (chap. 6, book i.) In the price of
" Corn, for example, one part pays the rent Of
44 the landlord, another part pays the:. wages'or
46 maintenance of the labourers and labouring
" cattle employed in producing'it, and the third
cc pays the profit of the farmer. These three
66 parts seem either itrimediately or ultimately to
" make up the whole price of. Corn."
The growing price of Wheat in England was
then only twenty-eight shillings per quarter. The
market price had been gradually declining for
sixty years. The average of Wheat had been
355. Bd. per quarter for 20 •years to 1720. It
gradually declined the subsequent forty years'
to 30s. Bd. per quarter down to 1760. From 1740
to 1750 the average price of Wheat was only
265. Bd. per quarter on account of several
favourable seasons._ From 1760 to 1765 the
average was 30s. 7d. per quarter ; and the ave-
rage Revenue of the period was, less than nine
Millions. From 1760 to 1763 the price of the
quartern loaf fluctuated between 42d. and 6d.
Dr. ADAM SMITH mentioned this material cir-
cumstance ; 44 The corn of Poland, in the same
" degree of goodness, is as cheap as that of
44 France, notwithstandinc, the superior opulence
" and improvement of the latter country. The
" corn of France is' in the corn provinces, fully
" as good, and inmost yews nearly about the
" same price with the corn of England, though
" in opulence and improvement, France is .per-
C 4 haps inferior to England."
Upon the authority of ADAM SMITH' and Mr.
CHAkLES SMITH'S Corn Tracts, it appears, that
even in times of the greatest scarcity, the average
quantity of corn imported amounted only to" the
" five hundredth and seventy-one part of the an-
" nual consumption ;" the average quantity of
corn exported to " the one-and-thirtieth part of
" the annual produce." And according to a re-
port of the Lords' Committee of Trade, Bth
March 1790, it appeared that " upon an average
" of nineteen years from 1746 to 1765 the corn
exported from this country is supposed. to have
" produced a net profit of not less than 651,0001.
" per annum."

The circumstances of the great body of the
people had improved in the preceding half cen-
tury, according to AnAm SMITH'S opinion. Not
only the money price of labour had increased, but
still more the real recompence. Bread, clothing,
and other necessaries and comforts had become
cheaper and better for the price. He observed,
" in Great Britain the wages of labour seem, in
" the present times, to be evidently more, than