The Sun.
London, England, 1821-12-01 00:00:00

FOR THE SUN.

Ma. EDITOR--According to promise we will
now dispose of the remainder of the Rev. DAVID BLAIR'S in.
stances of Tautological, and consequently improper language.
To enter also means to go (or come) iiit anti, therefore we
should not say enter in.—Rev. D. Vain
If to enter means to go in, it must be' e equally improper. to use
into after the word enter. Curious readings in consequence :
Enter not [into] judgment with thy servant. He entered
quite loaded [into] the house; enter this sure [in or into] this
hook.- lie made his entrance [into] the parlour. —More cor-
rect readings

They of Rome are entered in our Counsels.--Shakspeare.
Entering into.—Addison, Watts, Taticr, &c. &c. &c.
Besides, if we may, reason by Rnalogy and derivation
The French say Entrer dans.
The Italians say Intrare in.
The Spaniards say Entrar en.
And the Latins wrote Intrare in, according to Cicero de Fin.
5, 16, and alss ud Q. fr. 1. 1, 5.
Avert is compounded of, a from, and verto to turn, yet we
indubitably write to avert from, &c. &c.
Look at Luke 22, 10, and Matthew 17, 13.

When end is used of a period or portion of tinie, it means, of
course, the conclusion or latter part; and, therefore, it is absurd
to say, "the latter end of the week," or " the latter end of a
man's life." We might as well say the upper top, or the lower
bottom—Rev. D. Blair. No, we might not, for every one
knows and acknowledges the meaning to be, " towards the end
of the week."—See Num. 23, 10, Luke 17, 16., Eccles. 2d
Chapter. . .

First of all and last of alt tre just as bad ; as if one of
the things mentioned, ot alluded to, could beAst if any of the
rest were before it, and certainly if it was not last of all, it was
not the last.—Rev. D. Blair. •

Surely, if there can be the first or last of particular parts or
portions, perspicuity requires the distinction of first of all and
last of all, or the whole.
But first of all,
How we may steal from hence.--Shaks.
And last of all he was seen of me- also, as one born out of
due time.-1 Corinthians, 15 C. 8 v.

To like, to lore, and to he pleased, all signify to think well
of a person or thing in some respect. We should not say " 1
like it very well," "I love him very well" or " I am well
pleased;" but "I like it very much, I love Idol very much,
and I am much pleased, or greatly or highly pleased."—Rev.
D. Blair. - :

, .
This is my beloved Son, in whom 1 am well pleased.—Bible.
I am well pleased that the Lord hath heard the voice of my
complaint:—Psalms: • ' • •
Se also Dr. Blair's Sermons, ,vol. 1, pa. 138, 1. 11th.
How can we say, "it is mach pleasing," instead of " well
g. pleasin 7" As well might it be argued,' that, when I assure
you I have a bad cold, the expression is improper ; fbr coitts
include the idea of bad ; ergo, I should say, good Mr. Editor,
I possess a superlative cold, or a cold in the highest degree ;
while others may have lesser, or 2d, 3d, and 4th rate ones.
We like our present circumstances well.—Atterbuty.
Like best.—lleuteronomy. Locke. Spenser's Fairy Queen,
&c.
• I think it is not meet
Mark Anthony, so well beloved of Czesar,
Should outlive Caesar.—Steaks..
The well beloved of the Father—Bible.

- -
Whenever is compounded of the two separate words
when and ever ; the latter being used in the sense of always,
as it is in the expression " fbr ever." For this reason we
should not repeat (dump or never after it, by saying, " when-
ever I read, it is always to make me wiser or better," or
"whenever I try I can never do it."--Rev. D. Blair. _

Mr. Blair may be correct in this instance, though I con-
fess my ideas upon it are a little sceptical; for I cannot but
think that in cases such as the following, the language he
reprobates may be admissible :
A person may say, "whenever I go on the water, I either catch
cold or fall sick ;" " and whenever I go.(may another add),
I always (or invariably) catch cold."
In page 33, on irregular verbs, " eat " should have been
stated as being both the preterite and participle of the verb " to
eat," in addition to " ate" and " eaten. See Johnson's Dic-
tionary, and 'Murray's Grammar.
Having thus concluded the limited object which I had in
view, it is right to state, that with the merits or demerits of the
remainder of this work I am wholly unacquainted.
Many, whose opinions command respect, consider that our
language is greatly on the decline, and that the warmth of ex-
pression and glow of feeling, which characterized it about the
age of Queen Elizabeth, have been gradually diminishing.—
However opinions may differ on this question, most will unite
in the reasonableness of resisting all innovations, unless sup,
ported by sufficient arguments for their admission.
There can be no doubt of the importance of defining and as-
containing the exact meaning of words and sentences, if we
wish to avoid those verbal, controversies " which are acknow-
ledged to be always unprofitable, and generally pernicious *:"
but while we are exerting ourselves in thislaudable pursuit, care
must be taken; lest by pruning too closely we should weaken
the energy, or straiten the sense, already too inadequate for the
full expression of our ideas.
Precision, extensiveness of research, knowledge of derivation,
and acuteness of judgment, are obviously requisite in a Gram-
marian t.

NEMO.

• Dr. Beattie on the Immutability of Truth.
1- Thy promised boon, 0 Cjclop ! now I claim,
And plead my title : Noman is my name.
POPE'S Odyssey.

LAW INTELLIGENCE.

COURT OF CHANCERY, Nov. 30.

The Lonn CHANCELLOR was this day occupied until four
o'clock, in the hearing of Bankrupt Petitions, some of which
had before been partly heard. They did not afford any
point worthy of public notice.
The next Seal Day will be on 'Wednesday next, when his
Honour the Vic,e-Chancellor will resume his Sittings.

COURT OF KING'S BENCH, Nov. 30.
At Nisi Prius, before the LORD CHIEF JUSTICE.
GDAMMONT V. DOYTON.

This was an action of trover. The defendant was charged
with the conversion of a pug dog.
Mr. MARnYAT, who opened the plaintiff's case, proposed to
support it it by at least a dozen witnesses. The defendant ad-
mitted the taking of the dog, but alleged that he took him in
the way of recovery; he (defendant) confessed that he had found
the dog when lost by the nlaintiff; .but affirmed that he had
himself originally lost the aog, and that it was through such
loss that the doe had first come into the plaintiff's possession.
The LORD CHIEF JusTicE doubted whether the cause
would not be better taken out of Court. The evidence of the
dog himself would probably be necessary.
Mr. GURNEY had no objection to that course. The dog, in-
deed, was his leading witness.
Mr. MARNA-AT begged to deny that fact : the dog was his
witness—subpoenaed indeed by him.
Mr. GURNEY, in that case, would insist upon cross-examin-
ing him.
Mr. MARRYAT was ready to refer the cause, but the dog
would appear most clearly to belong to the plaintiff. In fact,
he had already escaped once or twice from the defendant, and
had made his way to his rightful owner.
Mr. Coma' rr took the dog to be an interested witness. It was
doubtful how far his evidence would be admissible.

Mr. URNEY was ready to give him a release.
Mr. ,InnhYAT.--Now you know that you keep him

ways tied uf): if he were released, he wuuld be with us in a
moment. _

Here the prisoner, from the lower end of the hall, testified
viva rote to the trath of Mr. i'vlarrvat's assertion.

The LORD CutEr JUSTICE said that the dog would give
his evidence far more collectedly in a private room before some
gentleman of the bar. Such gentleman might have more ac-
quaintance with dogs than he (the ',Ord Chief Justice) could
pretend to. . _ .

Mr. G URNEY was of the
.same opimOn, but his clients de.
murred.

The LORD CHIEF JUSTICE was sorry 'for it: There was
something inconsistent with the decorum of a Court in having
such a witness as a dog pioduced.
MARRYAT said that his client was afraid lest the arbi-
trator Might award damagesinstead of the dog: Nothing could
compensate the loss of the animal.
The LORD CHIEF JusTicr•. said that the plaintiff might be
ensured ; let the arbitrator (to either party) award the dog and
nonimal damages.
The parties then agreed to refer.

CO T Or-eam-mol'i; MEAS, Giirkiin ALL, Nov. 39.

The Lord Chief Justice DALLAS sat at Nisi Prins till half-
past two o'CloCk. • There were several cases, many of them un-
defended, and none of.any public interest.

COURT OF EXCHEQUER, GUILDHALL, Nov. 30.
The LOUD CHIEF' BARON sat this day at Guildhall ; but
nothing of .interest was heard before the Court, which rose at
twelve o'clock.

CONSISTORY COURT, Nov. 30.

THE OFFICE OF THE JUDGE PROMOTED BY DR. WOLLAS..

TON AGAINST G. S. CLARK, D. D.

As soon as the Court opened, Dr. Clark, the party. proceeded
against in this case, rose up to address the Ju 147 e. -
Sir CHRISTOPHER Itonnisox observed, that no cause was
yet called, and he could not hear Dr: Clark when there was no.
thing before the Court. -

The Proctor of Dr. Wollaston, upon the Registrar's having
called the above cause, then declared that he should now pray
the Court to pronounce Dr. Clark to have been in contempt, by
reason of his not having appeared before to the citation which
had issued in this cause.

Dr. Clark—Sir Christopher Robinson, a citation, it is true,
I have seen-,' calling upon me to appear before my Lord Sto-
well ; but I have received nothing else—no other notice what-
ever. Since this happened, I have learnt by the newspapers,
that Lord Stowell has resigned his _chair in this Court to you,
Sir Christopher ; but, notwithstanding this, I have been serv-
ed with no new citation.*

• Sir C. ROBINSON observed, that the Court reflected with
considerable satisfaction, that it had in this matter directed on
the last Court day, when the same prayer was preferred by the
proctor, that its order should be suspended till some means
should have been taken to notify that fact to the party:. and in
order that the party might not be subjected to those penaltiei
which the law attached to contumacy, which were of a very
severe nature, and which might be attended with very serious
consequences. These penalties the usage of other Courts as
well as' this invariably attached to contumacy. The Court
would, in all cases of this sort, take care that due notices and
due time should be allowed and given to parties ; but Dr.
Clark Must be aware that the processes of different Courts took
effect in different periods of time • and it was evident, in the
present case, that the citation of this Court had been served
some time back. With regard to what Dr. Clark had sug-
gested, as to the informality of that citation, the Court appre-
hended that he never could have advised that such a plea could
be legally effectual : the citation had issued under the autho-
rity of this court, and the legal effect of it could not be in the
slightest degree altered by d; actiaustaxice of a change in the:
occupation of that chair, seeing that the same authority vested
in the Court, whether it was represented by one particular in.
dividual or another. Dr. Clark, however, having now ap-
peared, the Court would be relieved from the necessity of pro-
nouncing that he was in contempt; and, no doubt, the cause
would now go on in a proper and legal course.
Dr. Clark.—l wish, Sir Christopher, to be heard before this
Court,; in reply to a charge of having obstructed the entry of
Archdeacon Wollaston into my church.
Sir CHRISTOPHER Ronntrsoli.—That question is riot yet
before me, Dr. Clark : at present it only remains that the
Court should proceed with the business before it, in the usual
-form.

Dr. Cjark.—l beg leave to state, Sir Christopher, that one
ci-
tation was served upon me, to appear before Lord Stowell ; but-
as the day named in the citation was the day immediately fol-
lowing the Coronation, I concluded that Lord Stowell would
be too much fatigued, in consequence of his attendance at that
ceremony, to be here, and I looked upon it, therefore, altoge-
ther as a matter of mere form. Besides this citation, I have re-
ceived no notice whateVer.

The Proctor wished to observe, that one or two letters had
been forwarded to Dr. Clark on the subject ; and not having
been returned, the necessary inference was, that they had been
received by him.

Dr. Clark.—One letter, indeed, I recollect did come to me,
addressed ." The Rev. Dr. Clark, W-a-t-h-a-m, Essex," which
I concluded to be a cheat, and would not therefore open ; an-
other was directed to me as the " Rev. Dr. G. S. Clark, LL.D.,
Esq." That I looked upon in the, same light ; but I repeat,
that I have 'received no notice from the Proctor since the cita-
tion.

Sir CHRISTOPHER ROBINSON said, it was now for Dr.
Clark to determine what course he would adopt. If the Court
apprehended that any delay was prayed for, it would readily
grant it.
Dr. Clark—Really,- Sir Christopher, I wish to be dismissed
one way or the other. I cannot continue to sieep out of my bed
in tins manner ; 1 had only four hours' sleep last night, and
four the night preceding. lam sure that my case ought to be
considered ; Lord Stowell is my only senior here.
Sir CHRISTOPHER ROBINSON. —The only way will be, Dr.
Clark, for you to give an appearance in the usual way, and put
your case in the hands of some professional gentleman.
Dr. Clark.—Really I have it not in my power so to do. I
cannot afford to avail myself of their assistance. I have been
long in great poverty, and have a large family. The etpences
of publication have been very heavy upon me. I wrote a book,
and dedicated it to Lord Sidmouth, when he was Premier."
Ilis Lordship did me the honour of writing me a letter of
thanks, but he has allowed me to remain in poverty for the last
18 years past.
Sir CHRISTOPHER ROBINSON.-Will you give an appear-
ance, then, Dr. Clark ?

. . „ .
Dr. Clark—" I will do any thing that I can do, Sir Chris-
topher ; but it is not in my power to employ advocates and
proctors; the mere expense of coach-hire would fall heavy
upon me. But if these gentlemen will do me .the honour, as
Senior Academic, of attending to my case, I shall acknow-
ledge their kindness. I have nothing to give ; but I would
willingly part with my life, if I could." The Court would
give him leave to say, that he found he could' not admit Dr.
Wollaston through the large door, and he thought it would
be disrespectful to admit him through the back door of the
church. But the next time Dr. Wollaston came, he would
admit him through any door the Court might be pleased to
direct.

The Archdeacon's Proctor then exhibited the articles', of
which he would furnish DrClark with a copy ; and he prayed
that the said articles might stand for admission on the.next
Court-day, and that Dr. Clark might be admonished then to
attend. _

The COURT decreed accordingly, and observed that Dr.-
.
Clark would permit it, before it rose, to give him one word of
advice, namely, to employ counsel to appear for him in this
case. , It would save 1)r. Clark much trouble and embarrass-
ment, and be of. great advantage to lus cause.
Dr. Clark expressed his obligations to the Judge for . this
suggestion, but he was afraid that he should be unable to com-
ply with it. He was very poor; and had already incurred
large expences by the frequent appearance which his parish
compelled him to make in courts of law.
The Court then rose.

(Dr. Clark appears to be infirm 4ncl advanced in years. We
have endeavoured to give an exact account of this singular
proceeding.)

* The citation calls upon the party to appear bertut the
Court in these terms :—" Before (A. Is.), Doctor of Laws, our
Vicar-General and Official Principal of our Consistorial and
Episcopal Court of London...:his Surrogate, or some other
competent JUdge in this behalf." . • .

FOR VIE SUN.

THE PRICE OF BREAD.

MR. EDIToa.—To what extent the system of
pillage practised during nearly three months past
will be suffered to go, as well as how much
longer it may be permitted to remain unchecked,
it is impossible to foresee ; but the Public ap-
pears to bear it very contentedly, if not with
perfect good humour. Indeed they are so quiet
under the grievance, that one would suppose they
were an league with those who rob them, as ima-
gining the Millers and Bakers were conferring a
favour upon them by picking their pockets :—if
such be indeed -their sentiments, it would: be al-
most a pity to undeceive them, by acquainting
them with the truth. It is possible, however,
that there may be some, •who question the disin.
terestedness, or even doubt the kindness, of these
gentry ; and for their benefit I will endeavour to
point out to what extent they now suffer, who pay
the full price of lid. for the Quartern Loaf, as
professed to be the fair price fixed by the, self-
styled principal Bakers, that is, the full-priced
Bakers of the Metropolis and its Suburbs. It is
necessary in the first'place to call the attention
of your readers still more strongly than has
hitherto been done, to the state of the tillers of
the earth, the raisers of Grain, the poor, the de-
pressed, the almost annihilated Farmers, whose
present situation is such' as that it cannot con-
tinue, but must shortly end in utter destruc-
tion, unless by some means they be extricated
from their difficulties. Nor are the Landlords
who depend upon land rents for their ilicome
much. better off or we should not see the column
after column of the Public Newspapers daily,
and the pages of the periodical press, covered with
descriptions of low prices of provisions, which can
only result from the destruction of the husband-
man's"capital, and thus force those reductions of
rent which are placed by their side. These
things do not exist without cause, without ade-
quate cause; nor indeed without causes which
are imperative; rents are not for the most
part. reduced until the tenant, however will-
ing, is unable any longer to scrape the money
together to pay them, particularly in Ireland.
We may therefore rest assured that it is not al-
together choice,, but
,in part necessity, which
compels landlords to postpone the day of their
receipts,and the tenants' payments ; and that it is
occasioned by necessity, though, in some cases,
perhaps expediency is the cause of such reduc-
tions, as we see publicly announced, of 5, and
from that to 40 per cent. on their rentals, made
lest. they should crush the bird to destruction
which periodically supplies them with their golden
egg. Now, the cause of all this distress, and of
part of the lenity and forbearance we witness, is
to be found in the lowness of the price of grain
and other agricultural produce ; which, taken in
the whole, does not bring to the farmer so much
as two-thirds of the price which it cost .him to
produce it at market. With the knowledge of
these facts, which are too notorious for denial, it
becomes quite necessary to endeavour to find a
remedy for that extortion by which upwards of
50 per cent. more is charged for bread than now
ought to be, according to the price of Wheat—
Namely, lid. per quartern loaf is exacted,
Instead of 7id. do. as ought to be thepreseut price.

Leaving 3id. per loaf.
. -
of which they are defrauded in the price of each
quarter!' loaf of wheaten bread, who buy on the
baker's premises, and pay ready money for it.
Which is something above half as much again as
the whole price ought to be charged, and, indeed,
.than it would be charged, if it were regulated by
the present price of wheat.
Some may wonder that thete things should be
so ; and their very enormity makes them doubt
the truth of the statements; others may be sur-
prised that the present calculations were not put
forth when I first addressed you; but, my motive
has been to state the truth, as applicable to the
time of writing. ro both classes of-objectors, 1
would merely recommend in answer, that they
should closely inspect my calculations, particu-
larly the following :—taking the price of good
sound mealing wheat at an average of 50s. per
quarter of eight bushels; which, or something
less, is about the true average price of wheat in
the kingdom at the 'present moment.
The Quarter of Wheat at 50s. yields .6 bushels of
flour, which brining Bs. per bushel, would of
itself produce 48 0
The net result in money from the offal, when sold,
would not be less, after, payment of every expence of -
Manufacture, than . . 7 0

55 0
Deducting, however, the cost• price of the Quarter of
Wheat say - • . 1:4 0

Leaves to the Miller a profit .of U. per quarter, or ten
per cent. on the aVerage price of Wheat •• . 5 0
This surely ought to be profit enough for the
miller : but the baker's account would then stand
as follows
Calculating only 113 Quartern lo:..ves at 'ad. each to be
produCed from the sack of Best Household Flour of
five bushels; is • • • .
Deduct the expenccs of Baking, including also those
of Rent, Tams, Wages, &c. • . . . 7 6

42 74
The sack of Flour o? five Bushels would, however,
cost at 6s. per bushel 405., and this being deducted 40 0
Would leave as a profit to the Baker rather more than
per cent. .

Thus it is shewn that 74d. per quartern loaf
for bread sold at home for ready money is now
quite a sufficient price, at the present rates of
Wheat, to leave ample profits to both miller and
baker, whilst we are paying 11d. for the very
same article. The rapid fall and still continuing
decline in the price of Wheat has caused the ne-
cessity of repeating my calculations ; nor is there
any certainty but that next week a further de-
cline in the price of this grain might call for a

statement which would prove that 6d. per guar-
tern loaf might be even too high a price for bread,
as compared with that of wheat. Of the farmers'
and through them of the landlords' sufferings,
there can be no doubt ; and that it will soon also
affect the country at large, there can be but little
question ; in the mean time, it is very clear that
the public, whilst the produce of the land con-
tinues thus low in price, has a most undoubted
right to have its bread furnished to it at a
correspondingly low price. Since, however,
it' seems to be the fixed determination of both
millers and bakers to brave the matter out
with the public to the last, it would be well
for the latter to shew them that it has the power
of redreis in its own hands, and that it is deter-
mined to exercise such power without further
delay.—Every family wishing to escape from the
combined extortion of these peculators has only to
provide itself with a hand mill and drum sieve,
adapted for the purpose, in order to be able to
make its own flour by grinding the wheat at home,
and dressing it with such sieves to whatever
degrees of fineness may be required, or that they
may chuse to use it. The whole expense of such
an apparatus in the first instance would perhaps
be from five to eight guineas; once provided it
would he permanently useful, and every fa-
mily of five or more persons in number would
find by calculation, that at the year's end they
had on the present rates of overcharge saved
the whole expellee of its costs ;- with the further-
advantage of being certain that their flour would
be fresh and genuine.—The Society of Arts
could scarce by possibility render a more essential
piece of service to their fellow citizens than
by pointing out*, and recommending such a
form of apparatus 'as was best adapted for the
purpose; and the public in return would have to
render its most sincere thanks to those who had
pointed out an easy, and, at the same time an ef-
fectual, means of getting rid of the extortion of
these middle agents between the raiser of grain,
and the consumer of bread.

London, Nov. 30, 1021.

I am your's, &c.
INVESTIGATOR•

* The 35th volume of 'the Transactions of this Society gives
some account of a mill adapted for the purpose used by the
French army in its campaign into ,Russia in 1812-13, a model
of which was first introduced into this Country by Sir John

AGRICULTURE.