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CHRISTMAS HOLIDAYS.—AT THE
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and DIVING BELL. Conductor of the 13and, T. Wallis,
Mus. Doc.
Admission, Ono Shilling. Schools, half-price.

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LA'MERT ON DEBILITY, NERVOUSNESS, AND
ALL DISORDERS ARISING FROM EXCESS, &c.
Just published, the Seventh Edition, in a sealed envelope,
price 2s. 6d., or sent free by post for 3s. 6d.,
ELF-PRESERVATION : a Popular Essay on
L. 7 the Concealed Causes of Nervous Debility, Local and
General Weakness, Indigestion, Lowness of Spirits, Mental
Irritability, and Insanity ; with Practical Observations on their
Treatment and Cure.

By SAMUEL LA'MERT, Consulting Surgeon,
9, Bedford-street, Bedford-square, London, Matriculated Mem-
ber of the University of Edinburgh, Honorary Member of
the London Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate of Apothe-
caries' Hall, London, &c.
" The various positions of lover, husband, and parent, the
inherent privileges of mankind, are frequently marred and pre-
vented through the follies and frailties of early indiscretions.
To suck, among others, this essay addresses itself; and by its
perusal many questions may be satisfactorily adjusted that ad-
mit of no appeal even to the most confidential friend."—Stafford
Gazette.

The design of this work will be tolerably obvious from its
title, and we cordially recommend the author and his book to
all who are suffering from nervous debility and general weak-
ness.' —Wakefield Journal.
Published by the Author, and sold in London by S. Gilbert,
51 and 52, Paternoster-row ; Field, 65, Quadrant ; Gordon,
146, Leadenhall-street ; and by a 11Booksellers.
At home every day till Three, and From Five till Eight.

PREVIOUS OCCUPATIONS OF CELEBRATED VO-
cAusTs.—Rubini was a tailor, Tamburini, a (courier, Naldi,
an advocate. We believe he had the misfortune to a kill a
man in a duel, and was obliged to leave the State in which he
practised. Ile was a clever amateur in music, which he after-
wards made his profession. The manner of his death is well
known. Viewing a steam cooking apparatus in Garcia's (Ma-
labran's father's) kitchen in Paris, the boiler burst, and he was
killed on the spot. Trameezani was a surgeon, so was Fer-
rari; Templeton was a printer, and so was Wilson, the " Scot-
tish Minstrel." Machin was a japanner in Birmingham, Pear-
sall the same; Pyne, a poulterer ; Weyman (a celebrated bass
at St. Patrick's, Dublin), a shoemaker; ditto, Tinney; ditto,
Shoubridge. The celebrated Bante was the daughter of a boat-
man, and sang in the streets. Champneys, whose name ap •
pears in the old editions of Handel's songs, kept an iron-
monger's shop in Tethill-street, Westminster. He was the
leading singer of his time, and came to the rehearsal for the
great festival in Westminster Abbey with his white apron on.
Hewas also lay vicar of the abbey.— Ten Towns Messenger.
ENGLISHMEN IN FRANCE.—The Semaphore de
Marseilles announces that a number of distinguished English
had, in imitation of Lord Breugham, purchased estates in the
neighbourhood of Cannes, in the south of France. General
Sir Taylor, amongst others, has built a splendid villa near
the chateau of his Lordship, and Mr. Leader, the Member for
Westminster, has bought a fine estate in the immediate vicinity
of Lord Brougham's residence, where he intends to erect a
handsome mansion, of which he gave the plan to his architect,
with orders to build it with the greatest activity. "It is im-
possible," says the Correspondent of the Semaphore, "to
choose a site offering a more delightful view. It will rise on
the shores of the Mediterranean, amidst orange groves and
plantations of cassia and palm trees, and rival in splendour the
most beautiful villas •of Italy, and, in point of comfort and
magnificence, the chateaux of opulent England. Lord
Brougham and Mr. Leader have jointly purchased an extensive
forest of pines, arbutus, and cocoa-trees, full of game of every
description, and abounding particularly with foxes. It will
serve as the theatre of one of the favourite sports of British
fashion. It appears that the aristocracy of Great Britain now
prefer purchasing chateaux in southern countries to residing in
the furnished hotels of Nice or Pisa, where Sardinian and
Italian habits do not coincide with the exigencies of English
comfort. It is a new luxury, which is now being adopted by
the rich inhabitants of England. Cannes, a French town, so
admirably situate, where the rigours of winter are unknown,
where the country and the sea present such a delightful aspect,
has had the good fortune to have become the object of that
predilection which will increase the prosperity as well as the
renown of our town."

.-..-....
THUNDER STORM.—The state of the weather re-
cently has been most extraordinary in all parts of the country.
In Lancashire and Cheshire it has been very variable—heat,
cold, snow, hail, rain almost on alternate days. The typhus
fever, and other diseases, are very prevalent. On Monday
evening last these counties were visited by a heavy
thunder storm, accompanied by hail and rain. The flashes of
lightning were terrific, and the thunder shook the houses almost
to their foundations. The effect of the lightning was such as
to cause a stage-like effect of the burning of blue fire. We
have not heard whether any injury had been sustained by
the shocks.

LITERATURE
WANDERINGS IN 71fE HIGHLANDS.
2 Vols. Bally, London, 1843.
It requires no ordinary degree of confidence on
the part, of an author to send forth two octavo
volumes on the subject of the Scottish Highlands
—a. theme the most hacknind which it is possible
to conceive, which Scott,and Wilson, and Grant,
acid Galt, and Heaven knows how many other
\V-niters, learned and unlearned, in verse as well
as in prose, have been incessantly expatiating on
fin- the last thirty years and upwards. That Mr.
Maxwell's confidence, however, has not been ill-
founded, the result of his labours show, for he has
put forth two very readable volumes, in which, if
he does not tell
. -us anything- new—as how indeed
should he?—_11c at least dresses up old topics in a
very Inger:nous, worknvinlike manner. Another
recomoiiendation that he possesses, is one which,
acco,:ding to Salollett, is not often possessed by
EII.g-lish tourists—we mean, good humour.
4 ()thing ever seems to put him out of the way.
If lie is drenched through and through with the
soaking mist and rain of the Highland moun-
tains; it* he is surprised at nightfall in a desolate
spot many miles distant from the inn where he
had calculated on the comforts of a capital din-
ner, and a snug, warm fire-side—no matter what
be the petty, vexatious annoyances to which he
may be subjected, he never once loses his
cheerfulness and elasticity of spirit, but, in the
true spirit of a philosophic cosmopolite, shrugs
his shoulders, takes things easily, and thanks
Heaven that they are no worse. This buoyancy
and sunniness of temperament, which is evidently
natural and not assumed, colours all his descrip-
tions, and imparts an animation and piquancy to
them which cannot but conciliate the reader.
Mr. Maxwell pretends to no research or method
in his volumes ; he is no traveller, in the strict
sense of the term, but wisely repudiating the
idea of making us wiser than we already are, on
the subject of the Highlands, contents himself
with giving a hasty bird's-eye view of such
scenery as happened to strike his fancy, trusting
to his liveliness of manner and vivid descriptive
powers to counterbalance the triteness of his
theme. His work is slight and desultory to a
degree; but by dint of apt anecdote, and occa-
sionally by a clever sketch of some odd, out-of-
the-way character, whom he came across in the
course of his wanderings, he has succeded in pro-
ducing a couple of octavo volumes, which the
reader hurries through with eagerness, and lays
down with regret. We quote a wild story of a
shipwreck near Slains Castle, which Mr. Max-
well has related in a note, on the authority of
Daniel :

" In illustrating a sketch of this romantic castle,
and the rocky headland which it crowns, Daniel has
related the following story of a shipwreck, which
for horrible effect is not to be exceeded :--` A very
remarkable event occurred here some years ago. One
very stormy afternoon, a vessel appeared to be work-
ing very laboriously to keep out to sea, against a
strong wind, which blew dead on shore. Those
who witnessed from thence the skilful and perse-
vering efforts made by the persons on board to accom-
plish this purpose, could not but feel strongly in-
terested ; and at length, after much uncertainty, they
saw reason, about nightfal, to feel assured that she
had worked so far to windward as to be out of danger.
In the night the storm continued ; and after going to
rest, some of the family in the castle thought that
they heard cries and sounds of distress. It was con-
sidered possible that these sounds might proceed from
the wind during the uproar of the elements, or might
be merely imaginary, the scene of the afternoon being
calculated to excite a strong presentiment of danger.
Again these sounds seemed to pierce the troubled air,
and were willingly ascribed to the same causes, until
the repetition of them, at intervals, produced so strong
a conviction of their being really signals of distress,
that lights were carried out to various parts of the
rocks; and every expedient for relief that humanity
could suggest was adopted, and persevered in for
hours. The sounds were not again heard; and next
morning no vestiges of wreck appeared. Inquiries
were were made along the coast, without bringing
tidings of such a calamity. It was subsequently
ascertained that a vessel had sailed from Aberdeen on
the day of the storm, bound for some port in the
Baltic. Months passed away, and the circumstance
was almost forgotten ; when one fine afternoon, a
party from the castle having determined on a marine
excursion, went in a boat to explore some of the
caverns on the coast ; and in one of them, to their
great surprise, found the hull of a vessel that had
been driven on shore, and sucked in. Some remains
of the sufferers were also found ; and part of her
cargo had been carried up by the waves, and laid high
and dry in the interior recesses of the shingly beach.
On some oars, and on some packages, were found
marks that left no doubt that this had been the vessel
which sailed from Aberdeen on the day in question.
Numerous pieces of wreck belonging to other vessels
were discovered ; and in some places parts of their
cargoes were found firmly wedged in cavities of the
rock ; while the skeletons and bones that abounded in
these gloomy caves afforded but too lamentable a proof
of the effect of storms on this perilous coast. Indeed,
it must be apparent, that when a vessel is driven into
one of the caves, her destruction must be inevitable ;
those on hoard have no chance of escaping ; nor can
any relief be afforded them."

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL QUARTERLY
RE VIEW. No. V. Smith and Elder, London, 1844.
We remember reading some few years since
in the Westminster Review, a novel recom-
mendation, to the effect that history, instead of
being written, as it has hitherto been, by men of
calm, thoughtful, erudite natures, like our Gib-
bons, Robertsous, Hallams, Turners, Thirlwalls,
&c., should be written by poets—that is to say,
by men whose feeling and fancy
must neces-
sarily constitute the chief features in. their in-
tellectual idiosyncrasy. In the Number before
uc, in the course of an article entitled " Ro-
mance in Italy," the same recommendation is
repeated, the Reviewer observing, "did ever
any man of supreme intellect, any poet, attempt
to write history ? Did ever any eagle-eyed bard
cast a vivifying glance on the past, and lay its
image, misty and shadowy perhaps, but not the
less moving and breathing, before us? History
has hitherto been merely the work of plodding
erudition or of cold political speculation, the pro-
duction of the scholar or philosopher. Let only
the poet undertake to write history." We say,
on the contrary, let the poet undertake no such
task, but content himself, as heretofore, with
ranging over the realms of imagination. His
is essentially a lawless intellect,
which spurns
all ideas of restraint, and to restrict him
to the comparatively narrow limits within
which the historian is confined, would
be to fetter and cramp . his genius, and
deprive it of all vitality. Besides, how could
such a man be expected to exhibit the patient,
plodding research, the dispassionate and well-
weigh ed judgment—the careful balancing of con-
flicting evidence—and the power of sternly sttb
jecting the passions to the reason—which are so
indispensable to hint who aspires to write history ?
The poet's fancy would be a certain stumbling-
block ine
qiuliasllpy obstruct his quick, ardent feelings
would his view of the truth ?
As to the " romance of history" on which the
Reviewer so strenuously insists, our answer is,
that we do not want its "romance," but its facts
—its naked, unvarnished loddin facts—aned these" are
p g rudition. In
best gleaned by men of "
the notice of " Hayti, its Past and Present
State," occur brief sketches of some of the most
distinguished chiefs in its annals for the last
halt-century. ia l f - coeuns ts tat ri
it
yi . ,
who Justice,
isaccused
however,
o T 0 f
cruelty—a
charge which, we firmly believe, applies with
less truth to him than to any great commander
of his day. Compared with his merciless ene-
mies, the French, he was a prodigy of benefi-
cence and humanity; and yet it is principally by
these men that his life has been written, and
those statements promulgated which have led to
such erroneous impressions of his character. It
is full time that the truth should be spoken of
Toussaint, and the world be told that he was
one of the most illustrious individuals whom fruitful
the eighteenth century, of greatness,
produced—a sagacious statesman, a skilful
and successful soldier, a consummate man
of the world, a consistent, high-minded, disinte-
rested patriot, who fell a victim to his reliance on
the good faith and honour of the French. At
fifty years of age this extraordinary man was a
slave, pursuing the humble occupation of a carter.
Two years afterwards, he was the deliverer of his
country—the commander of her armies, the lead-
ing statesman in her senate—in fact, her ruling
sovereign ; and such was his moral influence, that
even General Lacroix, who hated him, is com-
pelled to acknowledge that " the soldiers re-
garded him as a superior being, and the. cultiva-

tors prostrated themselves before him, as before
a Divinity. All his generals trembled before
him, and even Dessalines did not dare to look in
his face !" The death of Toussaint—or rather his
cold-blooded murder—in a damp Swiss dungeon
where he was left to expire of cold and hunger,
is the greatest blot on the scutcheon of Napoleon.
" Arnold of Brescia," is a review of a tragedy of
that name, which, it seems, has created a won-
derful ferment throughout Italy. The hero,
as many of our readers may perhaps
remember, was an eminent religious re-
former who flourished in the twelfth century,
and after having boldly held forth for some years
against the corruptions of the Vatican, and the
general licentious conduct of the clergy, was'
given up by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
to Pope Adrian the Fourth, who caused him to
be hanged on a gibbet, and afterwards flung into
the Tiber. The Reviewer speaks very favourably
of the tragedy of Arnold, and quotes several ex-
tracts which fully justify his guod opinion. The
object of the elaborate article on the " Causes of
Distress" deserves every praise, for it is to recom-
mend " such a searching investigation into our
social and economical condition, as may enable
us to trace out the latent causes of distress, and
to discover and apply appropriate means for their
removal." In the criticism on Professor Koch's
" Journey through Russia to the Caucasian
Isthmus," we find some slight, hasty sketches of
the Cossack tribes located in the neighbourhood
of the Black Sea, together with an account of the
present state of the quarrel between Russia and
the Circassians. The Reviewer takes a liberal
view of the question, and warmly sympathises
with the brave and patriotic mountaineers of the
Caucasus. We quote an anecdote relative to the
Emperor of Russia during one of his recent
visits to Tiflis, and Prince Dadian, whom he
had caused to be severely punished for having
applied to his own use the money which should
have been expended on his regiment:—
" The rank of which Prince Dadian had been de-
prived was conferred on Baron Von Rosen's son, but
this mark of favour was little calculated to dispel the
gloom that had been cast over the Baron's family.
Prince Alexander Dadian had but a few weeks before
been married to the Baron's daughter, and while the
parents were forced to be all smiles and affability to
their Sovereign, their child was already on the road
to share the captivity and disgrace of her husband.
lie was eventually degraded to the rank of a peasant,
and banished to Siberia, whither his wife followed
him, and where she is probably still softening by her
affectionate devotion the bitterness of merited dis-
grace. The Russian law, indeed, looks on a man
banished to Siberia as politically dead, and his
marriage is dissolved, and his wife at liberty to con-
tract a new alliance ; but, to the credit of the Russian
ladies, be it said, few avail themselves of this law,
and the victim of imperial anger, through stripped of
all his worldly possessions, and shunned by those who
had once sought his friendship, has but rarely to
mourn over the desertion of her who had plighted
her troth to him in marriage.
" That same evening a splendid ball was given by
the nobility of Tiflis in honour of the Emperor.
About a thousand invitations had been issued, and
Professor Koch was among the honoured and happy
guests. The scene must have been gay enough.
the officers, with their stars and epaulettes, were
mingled with Turks, Tartars, Circassians, Persians,
and Armenians, all in rich oriental costumes, and
many greatly excited by a scene so unusual to them.
A number of Georgian ladies had been prevailed on
to :partake of the festivity, and sat in silent, stately
rows, but all blazing with jewels. The Baroness
Von Rosen, who had that morning bid adieu, pro-
bably for ever, to her child, was obliged, as wife of
the Commander-in-Chief, to do the honours of the
ball, and to dance the opening Polonaise with the
Emperor. Both her unmarried daughters, too, in
compliance with etiquette, were obliged to appear at
the ball, and both, in the course of the evening, were
honoured with the Emperor's hand. The Professor is
surprisingly eloquent in his praises of this display of
imperial affability, this solicitude to pour balm into a
wounded spirit, by making the bereaved mother and
sisters dance jigs and cotillions with an Emperor !
The Emperor remained only two hours, and during
his stay everything went on well enough, but the
Georgians, according to all accounts, are tremendous
drinkers, and as the night advanced the fun grew so
fast and furious that most of the ladies deemed it ad-
visable to make an early retreat."

THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. Vol. IV.

Part 11. John Murray, London.
This periodical work is deservedly rising in
public estimation, and will bear a favourable
comparison with the best agricultural productions
of the kind. It has several noble contributors,
among these the Duke of Richmond, who fur-
nishes an article on the solution of bones in sul-
phuric acid for the purposes of manure, and the
Earl ofLovelace another on the culture ofmangold-
wurzel. Some of the best papers, too, are by
Members of Parliament, and among these Mr.
Pusey is conspicuous. In the present volume lie
has two or three articles, one of which is on the
agricultural improvements of Lincolnshire and
some southern counties, as compared with those
•f Northumberland and the south of Scotland ;
and to the surprise of our northern neighbours, no
doubt, he gives the preference to the
former. The farming in Lincolnshire de-
serves great praise for the vast improve-
ments effected when no corn-laws existed ;
the neatness of the hedge-rows, the farm-houses
and offices, and the general appearance of the
fields are highly creditable to the spirit and in-
dustry of the people; but we cannot admit with
Mr. Pusey that they surpass in that respect the
farmers of the Merse and Teviotdale' or that it is
fair to draw a comparison between farms on the
barren and bleak Lammermoor hills and the flat
and sheltered plains of Lincoln. And besides,
if he had counted the cost—a material point—
lie would have found that the expense of even
the very best farming in Scotland falls far short
of that in England. His remarks, however, are
worth extracting:—
Beyond Berwick, arriving at Dunbar, you find, along the
sea-coast, some of the famous farms of East Lothian. It is an
extraordinary soil, for which the tenants, farming admirably,
pay the well-known rents of 4/. or 51. the acre, which some
suppose to be the common rents of East Lothian. But ride
two or three miles only inland, and you find, first, land well
farmed at 21. per acre ; then land at 1/. per acre—some of it
very ill farmed, foul, and out of condition ; then the Lammer-
moor Hills. which are not farmed at all, but are in the same
state as Lincoln Heath when the Dunston beacon was lighted
nightly. Onwards again to Edinburgh, for 30 miles through
the Lothians, you will see good land most excellently farmed,
but sometimes also moderate land in a very slovenly state. If
from thence you travel along the mail-eoach road to Carlisle, on
losing sight of Edinburgh Castle, you pass for 70 miles through
the heart of South Scotland, over moors covered with a rank
grass, which shows that they might bear something better, or
among scanty corn-crops, which prove that nature has been
little assisted by art. I cannot therefore place the general
farming of southern Scotland or of Northumberland on a level
with the farming of our southern counties, such as Buck-
inghamshire, but rather with that of North Devon ; nor the ge-
neral farming of East Lothian on a level with the general farm-
ing of Lincolnshire ; kor the best farming of East Lothian on
a level with the best farming of Lincolnshire, because it is the
best land only of East Lothian on which such noble examples of
farming are given, while in Lincolnshire the barren heath and
wold have been taught nearly equal luxuriance."

Lord Portman, Mr. Langston, M.P., Sir
Charles Lemon, M.P., are also contributors—a
good sign that Lords and Members of Parliament
begin to see that they must bestir themselves,
and that the corn-laws cannot last for ever.
There are several articles in the present Number
interesting, not only to farmers, but to the
general readers, among which we would direct
attention to that by Capt. Weddrington "On the
Agriculture of Spain," and to the " Past and
Present State of Agriculture in Ireland," by M r.
William Blacker.

INQUEST ON AN UNKNOWN MAN `PITH ONE LEG.—
An inquest was held on Tuesday, before Mr. Wakley, M.P.,
in the workhouse, Arthur-street, Chelsea, on the body of a
man unknown, with only one leg. the other having been
" pawned." Mr. Richard Smith, landlord of the Commercial
Tavern, King's-road, Chelsea, said that in the afternoon of
Thursday last one of the inmates of his house discovered a man
on his premises in a sitting position, but quite dead. He had
never before seen the deceased, and believed him to be a
stranger in the parish. Deceased was a one-legged man. He
wore a sailor's cap and blue trousers. Mr. Hawkins produced
a duplicate found on the deceased of a leather leg, which had
been pledged in the name of " John Robinson, 7, Poplar," at
the shop of Mr. Harding, York-street, Westminster, for 7s.
He (Mr. Hawkins) called on the pawnbroker on Friday last,
when the latter told him that the deceased was at his shop on
Thursday last, when he (the deceased) said he should have " a
shot in the locker on Tuesday next, when he would take out
his log." Mrs. Moore said she was a fruiterer, residing in the
King's. road, and recollected the deceased calling in the after •
noon of Thursday last at her shop, when he purchased some
fruit, she believed a pear. He was very jocular, and appeared
quite well. Mr., Charles Stevens has made a post mortem
examination of the body, and found extensive disease in the
heart—ossification of the valves. No parts appeared diseased.
He attributed death to perfectly natural causes. A verdict of
" Natural death" was returned.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
TlMES.—There seems to brood over Ireland
a heavy curse, which can neither be expiated by
calamities nor mitigated by time. She has grown
from a fief of the Crown to a dukedom, from a
dukedom to a province, from a province to a
kingdom ; from a kingdom, she has become the
associate of England in legislative rights and im-
perial power; yet, in all her stages of progressive
rise, in every condition, and under every sway,
she has retained the same distinctive character
of dissension, violence, and treachery. Blessed
with a soil, compared with which in many parts
English corn fields are barren, she has turned
this blessing to a bane, and produced for the
astonishment of Europe, and the multiplication
of her own disasters, a ragged, slovenly, and
starving peasantry. Boasting a population which
individually presents stronger traits of cheerful-
ness, good humour, and courage, of reckless
daring and more reckless free-thinking, than any
other nation in Christendom, at the same time
she startles us with the sombre records of san-
guinary vindictiveness, treacherous cowardice,
sullen resentment, and degraded superstition,
such as darken the annals of no other people.
Inexplicable confusion of cause and effect, action
and reaction, persecution and revenge ! Curious
and foiling labyrinth of tortuous maladies ! Per-
plexing cycle of political errors and moral sins!
Well may a Minister proclaim Ireland to be his
difficulty. Well may a faction proclaim Ireland
to be its hope. The wise physician will
despond, and the juggling quack will
exult, over the infirmities of a State
which can bear neither disease nor its re-
medy. We are reminded of religious differ-
ences, of political dissensions. We are told that
Ireland is discomposed, because she is partly
Papist, partly Protestant. But is Ireland the
only country in Europe whose people do not
agree in their religious creeds ? Is Belgium all
Catholic? or Russia all Protestant? Is there no
Protestantism in France ? Is there ne Popery
in Germany ? Yet nowhere are religious differ-
ences pleaded in excuse of social annnosities as
they are in Ireland. But we are told also of the
mixture of hostile races as a mischief not less
fatal than the confusion of repulsive creeds.
The Saxon and the Celt,—this is the cause of
Irish tumult, of Irish bloodshed, and Irish
misery. " The Saxon lord, the Celtic serf."
And this Irishmen of education, at least, if not
of wisdom—of lore, if not of reflection—de-
claim on every hustings and repeat at every
gathering, until an irritable peasantry catch the
wild cry as it, passes, and cheer one another on
in the fatuous and fatal creed that they are poor,
because Henry 11. raised his standard in the
Pale, and degraded because their country has
been assimilated to the laws and constitution of
England. We are not now reasoning on
the absurdity of such a belief. 'We are
stating it as an ominous fact in the
history of Ireland, that a prejudice, which
elsewhere has been dissipated by circumstances
or modified by time, is there more potent than
ever. In other lands time has blended the con-
querors and the conquered into one common
family. Alliances have fused the most hostile,
interest has reconciled the most repugnant races;
and what neither interest nor marriage could
effect, the silent march of years has brought
about. Who in England now thinks of Saxon
or Norman ? What rational man in Scotland
cares for Gaelic or Saxon descent ? There is in-
deed a generous pride iu the recollection of
generic names, and the preservation of ancestral
fame; but how nobly and how gainfully have
national antipathies and particular jealousies been
sacrificed at the shrine of that comprehensive
patriotism which has inspired the descendants
of the Norman, the Saxon, and the Highlander
to forget all but their common faith and fealty
to Great Britain ! And yet in Ireland this un-
hallowed potency of traditionary hate still pre-
vails—more dangerous because concentrated
within narrower limits. It was the worst sign of
the worst times in ancient Greece, when each
particular city saw the subdued flames of heredi-
tary faction re-appear—when each petty State
was divided between the representatives of
Spartan and Athenian ascendancy, and every
family owed at once its precedence and
its perils to its connexion with one or
the other of these two States : the worst
signs that Ireland now exhibits are the
mutual jealousies of its distinct classes, and the
feral hostility of its religious factions. What '
have we not seen within the last few months?
We put out of the question assemblies banded
together for the laceration of the empire. But
what have we seen in the social and civil life of
Ireland? In broad daylight, on the day of
Christian worship, when people were going to
and fro on the errand of penitence and supplica-
tion, a murder perpetrated by ruffian ferocity, at
the same time upon the feebleness of age and the
weakness of sex. Such a murder as Mr. Wal-
ler's no modern country but Ireland could wit-
ness; and, we believe, no county in Ireland but
Tipperary. This murder is committed in the
day, the perpetrators leave the house stained
with the bloody marks of a desperate resistance,
yet no one challenges them, no one arrests their
progress, no one remembers to have seen them.
Mr. Waller was a landlord! A few weeks elapse,
and Meath becomes the scene of a murder no less
deliberately planned, though less ferociously exe-
cuted, than its Tipperary model. Mr. Sherlock, an
industrious first-class farmer, is assassinated on
his return home at night. There is no clue
to the detection of the murderers. He was a
landowner ! A letter from " A Munster Far-
mer" will suggest to the memory other crimes
not less heinous and not more explicable. Can
we, then, wonder at the fear which is expressed
in a leading Dublin paper, that there exists a
conspiracy to exterminate the landowners
throughout Ireland ? Or can we wonder that the
magistracy of Ireland, living amid such scenes
and exposed to such dangers, should abuse, or,
as at Bandon, coldly exercise, the civil privi-
leges with which their station invests them, and
even refuse to men whose political hostility they
know, and whose personal vindictiveness they
suspect, the possession of weapons which may
be employed in their own destruction ? Thus
does tear act upon power, and power generate
injustice. The Celtic peasant fires at his half-
Saxon landlord, the half-Saxon landlord avenges
himself by debarring his half-Celtic neighbour
from the rights granted him by a Saxon Par-
liament! Who can deny the misery of the
Irish peasantry ? Who will affirm, universally,
the wickedness or the injustice of the Irish land- '
lords? There is no intellectual weakness so
common or so contemptible as that which
leads men to indulge in the wholesale praise
or censure of classes and castes. It is not only
a logical error, but a sin against morality. Some
landlords have been careless, some harsh,
some oppressively unjust. But is it fair to con-
demn all Irish landlords for the injustice or the
indolence of a section of their class ? We would
not judge of the Irish people by the murders of
Tipperary. We would not judge of the Irish
landlords by the worst specimen of their class.
We have been most desirous that the real wrongs
of the Irish peasantry should be known. We
have been anxious that the full effulgence of
English opinion should penetrate every distant
corner of the sister isle, startling oppression in
its lair and revenge in its lurking-place. Where
men have perverted wealth to the purposes of
cruelty, or office to the ends of injustice, we have
fearlessly and unhesitatingly denounced them.
But we will never give our aid to an indiscrimi-
nate war against the Irish landlords. If some of
them have abused their advantages, almost all
have paid the penalty. We know well what is
the object of the clamour now raised against
them. We know, too, that the system of tenure
in Ireland is most unfortunate ; but it is rather
an effect than a cause. There are other and
graver maladies of deeper root arid of deadlier
operation.
The recent affray in New Zealand has stimu-
lated alarm and inactivity into earnest prepara-
tion. Immediately after the disastrous contest
at Wairau, the inhabitants of Wellington and its
vicinity offered their services in case an incursion
of the savages should render an armed resistance
necessary. The letter in which the acting ma-
gistrate of the southern district disclaims the
notion of making an appeal to arms, and which
is given in another column, expresses the prin-
ciple by which we think every public officer
ought to be guided in his transactions with the
aborigines of a colonial dependency. Instead of
pampering the fears and rousing the animosity
of the English settlers, Mr. M'Donogh en-
courages them in the belief that the late affair
was the result of inadvertence, and that the na-