The Sun.
London, England, 1844-08-27 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST '2 7 , 1844.

Caramanlies in times past. If the rule of the present
Pacha is hard and oppressive, on the other hand it
cannot he denied that he had established a perfect
tranquillity and safety throughout the Regency. The
roads are now cleared of the robbers and highwaymen.
Communications by land with Marzuck, Gadanes,
and Bengazy are regular, and every week a courier
departs on dromedaries. The spirit of independence
and rebellion is suppressed, and the troublesome
Arabs are forced to keep peace. The skill of the
Pacha in all the branches of the administration is
very remarkable ; he is a particular ruler, and keeps
the finances in admirable order. The fear of his
sagacity is so great, that none of the employe attempt
to defraud public money. In fine, the Pacha has
established a firm Government, that is unpleasant for
swindlers and for riotous people accustomed to per-
petual rebellion.
To organise a regular administration in this lawless
country is very difficult, and impossible to be done
without force. Single individuals may suffer, but
the whole benefit from it. The Smyrna papers
praise the Pacha, and we praise him too, if imposi-
tions, taxes, and duties 'would be more moderate, and
taken in proportion to the annual production, and not
according to the currency in circulation.
The French Chancellor Ledeaux left on the 20th
instant for Tunis.

The news from the interior is important. The re-
maining son of Abd-el-Gelil, who fled to Toba, a town
in the interior, half•way from Marzuk to Bernan, had
a struggle with the people of the large country called
Wadey, on the occasion of the spoliation of a kalifa or
caravan ; in consequence a battle was fought, and the
son of Abd-el-Gelil was killed. Rumour is also in
circulation that his relation, the last of the great Saf-
fanasser, had been likewise killed in this battle ; how-
ever, the Arabs are incredulous as to the particulars of
Saffanasser's death, looking upon this as an inven•
tion of the Government. Surely the death of both
must be agreeable to the Turkish rulers, and is neces-
sary to give greater quiet to the country.
The French have taken possession of Tuggurt, and
have sent a message to the large country called Sauf,
at present an independent place, to submit or to suffer
the fate of those who rebel against French rule.
The people of Sauf, who have 10,000 men fit for
war, are little disposed to submit, and have written
to the Pacha of Tripoli, claiming his protection, and
offering to take the Sultan for Sovereign. The
Pacha has answered that he is willing to send the
Turkish Government and Administration to Sauf, de-
claring this country to be a dependency upon Tripoli.
This proposition is much more than the people of Sauf
wish for. This fact is of high importance, the boun-
daries of the French conquest now touch upon the
Turkish empire, and quarrels will not fail to happen,
like those with Morocco, and provoke new conquests
based on the right of strength.

DUCHIES OF CORNWALL AND
LANCASTER.

The two following tables show the gross and net re-
venues and expenditure of the two Duchies:—
DUCHY OF CORNWALL.
An Account of the Gross and Net Revenue of the Duchy
of Cornwall, from the Ist of January, 1843, to the
31st of December, 1843, showing the amount of re-
venue which became due, the moneys received and paid
within the time, and the arrears and balances at the
end of the preceding and current year.
INCOME.
Rents and arrears of rent received from £
the Ist of January, 1843, to the 31st
of December, 1843
Fines on new grants of leases
Dividends of stock, being the produce of
the sale of lands under the land•tax
Redemption Acts, sales, grants in fee,
and enfranchisoments of copyholds
under Acts of Parliament
Compensation in lieu of the tin coinage
duties
Produce of Royalties of the coal mines in
the county of Somerset
Produce of Royalties and reservation of
dues of mines in Cornwall and Devon 2,842 1 104
Stannary Court fees, and all other casual
revenue •

gDwiPll RbeEreSadE
with
NTA
interestST STATE
O
the FMOROCCO.
PAThSeTfolloAwNin
pre-
sent juncture :
The empire of Morocco, vernacularly
Mogh'rib-al-azza, the farthest west, is a remnant of
tote great African monarchies formed by the Saracens
in Mauritania ; and it was the dynasty of the Edri-
sites, whose capital. was Fez. It was dubbed empire
from %being formed by the union of several small
kingdoms, or rather large provinces, perpetually at
variance among themselves, till at length they were
subdued and united under one sovereign by the Sche-
riffs. At first it was recognised to consist of the
kingdoms of Fez, Morocco, Suez, Tafilet, Tarudant,
Mesquinez, Sugulmessa, and Tremezen ; but they
have all latterly merged into those of Morocco and
Fez. Anarchy and intense discords have reduced
their boundaries ; but the empire is still possessed of
A surface at least equal to that of Spain ; and the pre-
sent ruler is of a family which has, dispite of nume-
ous revolutions, maintained itself in the musnud for
about three hundred years.
The empire of Morocco is on the extreme west of
North Africa, bounded on that side by the Atlantic
Ocean ; on the east by the river Mubria, which parts
it from Algiers; on the north by the Mediterranean
Sea; and on the south by the river Sus, beyond
which is the Sahara, or Great Desert. This extensive
space is finally diversified with hills and valleys, a
great part of which has never yet been visited by
Europeans, and there are various rivers flowing from
he great Atlas range of mountains, which traverses
the empire in its greatest length, at some distance
from its southern and eastern boundary, and attains
the height of nearly 12,000 feet. These rivers dis-
enabogue into the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic
.)cean, the large ones forming bar harbours, which,
though now so neglected as to admit of small vessels
,nly entering them, might readily be converted to
good stations for steamers. A ramification of the
great mountain range turns to the north, and is there
known as the Lesser Atlas, of which Mount Abyla,
or Ape's Hill, opposite Gibraltar, may be deemed the
northern scarp. The country generally rises from
the sea shore, which in many places is rocky and in-
accessible, and extends in wide plains ascending like
terraces one above the other, the eastern being always
some hundred feet higher than that immediately west
)f it, until at the range of the Lesser Atlas they pro-
bably attain an elevation of 4,000 feet.
Morocco is necssarily warm, but not so much so
as might be expected from its geographical situation ;
the interior is cooled by the mountain winds, and the
margin experiences the alternations of land and sea
breezes, while the climate is at once mild and salu-
brious. The seasons are divided into the dry and the
wet, the latter generally being from November till
Alarch. The soil, where cultivated, is in the highest
legree fertile ; but there are everywhere large tracts
entirely uncultivated. Corn, dhurra, fruits, rice,
maize, and pulse, are extensively reared in most of the
~lain districts ; and there are raised and collected,
oil, cotton, tobacco, indigo, sesamum, gum, honey,
wax, salt, saltpetre, hemp, saffron, and madder-roots ;
they have also tnanufactories of linen, scull caps,
norocco leather, barracans, shawls, carpets, soap, and
hides. The declivities of the mountains are sprinkled
with forests, in which the cedar, cork, ilex, carubba,
walnut, accacia, and olive trees are prominent ; and
though iron, copper, lead, and antimony, as well as
;old and silver, have been produced to a certain
,ixtent, the mineral wealth of these mountains may be
said to be as yet unknown. It is truly a luxuriant
yet indigent country, favoured by nature, but ne-
glected by man.
With soil and climate so excellent, if cultivated
with tolerable skill and industry, Morocco would
yield in quantities the products of most other parts of
the globe : but this cannot be hoped for in a country
groaning under the galling yoke of oppression. Still
their agriculture, it seems, is equal to the wants of
the people, these wants being most blindly curbed
down to mere animal desires. The great dogma of
the politico-economical school, that " cheap corn is a
blessing," meets its full refutation in this country ;
where the cheaper the corn the more are the people
proportionably poor and wretched. Domestic
inimals are numerous, amongst the foremost of which
must be named their horses, since they have ever been
famed for rearing those animals, which, though
inferior in size, have for ages excelled in elegance
of symmetry, fleetness, hardihood, and peculiar
locility. The sheep, which are considered as indige-
nous, produce a wool of eminent staple and softness ;
and the oxen, cows, asses, mules, camels, and goats,
are esteemed in their several kinds. Poultry,
pigeons, partridges, and indeed game of all kinds,
ire everywhere plentiful ; and the coasts have many
varieties of fish. The woody and uncultivated tracts
abound with deer, antelopes, and wild boars; and the
southern district with bears, panthers, hyaenas, lions,
wolves, monkeys, snakes, cranes, and ostriches. As
;night be expected in such a climate, they are abun-
lantly provided with musquitoes, and all " the light
inilitia, of the lower sky.' But the most dreaded of
all animated evils is a visit from the locusts, which
takes place ever and anon to the waste of whole pro-
vinces. The creatures are considered to come from
the Great Desert, where their myriads are mar-
shalled, and start on their northern incursions in a
dense body, devastating as they go, for after devour-
ing all other vegetation, they even tack the trees, and
;trip them of their leaves and bark. In retaliation,
they are brought to the markets pickled, and eaten by
the Moors.
There are many difficulties, and some almost insu-
perable,
in the way of the inquirer into Moroquin
statistics. From all we could gather a few years
ago, the population of the whole empire might amount
to about 7,ooo,ooo—plus or minus—it having under-
rile a serious diminution in the course of the pre-
ceding century. Of the number above stated, about
half consists of Moors and Arabs; one-quarter con-
sists of the Berbers or aboriginal inhabitants ; with
nearly half a million of Jews ; and the remainder
will be found negroes, with a very few Christians,
and still fewer renegadoes, which last are deemed
" pariahs" by all, only intermarrying among each
other.

The Moors are the principal inhabitants of the
towns, where they fill the higher offices of Govern-
ment, and form the military class ; hereditary dis-
tinctions, however, are unknown among them • by
birth they are all equal ; and they admit no diffe-
rence of rank, except such as is derived from official
employments, on the resignation of which the occu-
pant mixes again with the common citizens. They
are the only nation of Morocco with which the Euro-
peans have had an immediate intercourse. Their lan-
guage is the Moghreb, a dialect of the Arabic, inter-
mixed with many Amazirk (the original tongue) and
Spanish words. They, are tall, handsome, and of
every shade of complexion.
The Arabs are the next important branch of the
Moroquin population, although evidently not an
indigenous portion. Their language is a tolerably
pure Arabic, and they are supposed to be the de-
scendants of those who fled from Yemen, when the
Mahometan tenets were first promulgated. They are
widely dispersed over the plain, where they still
adhere to their no-made wanderings and pastoral
avocations, and are at once active and intelligent.
They live in dusky encampments called douars, each
consisting of numerous tents, and having large flocks
and herds, from which, with a slight attention to
agriculture, they entirely subsist themselves with
food, home-made raiment, and surplus for markets ;
but they are expected to pay the garahm, or pro-
perty tribute, and are obliged to provide passing
troops with corn, butter, honey, and meat.
The Berbers, Berebbers, or Brebes, are known as
the Amazirghif, who, if not the aborignals, are the
most ancient inhabitants of North Africa. They are
divided into two great families—the Ereefins, or
dwellers on the Ereefe mountain range, and the
Schelluhs, who occupy the branches of the Greater
Atlas—the first being herdsmen and hunters, the
latter working principally in agriculture and handi-
craft—while both classes are temperate, agile, war-
like, and hardy. Armed with a long gun, sword, and
dagger, in the use of which they are very expert, the
Ereefin is an object of alarm to the enemy. The
Berbers only intermarry with each other, and are
somewhat irregular Mahometans, as they eat wild-
boar's flesh, and drink wine of their own making.
The Jews are a mystery, both here and throughout
Barbary, being very numerous, and intermixed among
all the people whom we have spoken of. Their condi-
tion is best among the Ereefins, but among the
Schelluhs and Moors they are exposed to the most
ignominious treatment. Yet, under all their oppres-
sion, the Jews contrive to have substantial advan-
tages over the Moors ; better understanding the na-
ture of trade, especially that carried on by the incom-
petent medium of exchange of commodities, they are
the active agents and brokers in all large bargains.
The negroes are the last in number of the people of
Morocco, yet constitute an important branch of its
population. They are usually imported as slaves,
though, on good behaviour, frequently obtain their
liberty ; and the kind liberality with which they arc
generally treated ensures the propriety of their con-
duct. From among them is formed the body-guard of
the Emperor—a force once very formidable, but, at
present, not above 5,000 or 6,000 strong.
The Government is absolutely more arbitrary than
the Turkish ; and that their Emperor, or rather Sul-
tan, is the most despotic of all despots, uniting in his
own hands the various ramifications of power, without
the shackles of council, divan, or laws. His authority
extends not only over the lives and proper of his
subjects, but their consciences too, of whichty , as the
representative of Mahomet, he is the spiritual guide.
He is the farmer, judge, interpreter, and, when he
pleases, sole executor of his own decrees; and the
duties, coins, weight, and measures, are consequently
as variable as his own opinions. The capricious ty-
ranny of the monarch is as inconceivable as the abject
passiveness of the subject, who, with arras in his
hands and means at command, thinks of nothing but
unconditional submission. Thus a bad Government,

and a worse religion, have corrupted sentiments
and enslaved the understanding:, as well as the
persons and consciences, of the people. But the
Moors have no notion of sovereignty without despo-
tism ; and to the inherent quality of this tyranny in
repressing improvement, the low state of Moroquin
knowledge may be ascribed. Education, therefore,
is in a dreadful lethargy, for, as Monsieur St. Olan
remarked :—" The Moors of Morocco are not much
addicted to reading." Yet it is scarcely five cen-
turies ago since the intellectual light of those regions
beamed in Spain !
With such motley and contradictory elements, it
is difficult to predict the consequence of an invasion
of Morocco on a complete scale, or what would be
the nature and amount of its army on a crisis. In
this manner he might raise from 150,000 to 200,000
men of sorts with barely any distinction of uniform,
and variously armed, but all capable of enduring
hunger, thirst, and fatigue, with the utmost
patience. Indeed, men imbued with the principle
that though it is necessary to do their duty, yet it is
not necessary to live, are not readily put down ;
and opium and predestination, as Prince Eugene
observed, will make any man brave. Averse to the
sea, though dreaded as rovers, they never were good
sailors, but on land seem ever ready for action : and
with them a stranger and an enemy are synonymous
terms. Their general plan of attack is that of riding
up till within a couple of hundred yards of the enemy,
when they level muskets, fire, wheel round their
horses, and gallop away at full speed ; after which,
when beyond shot-range, they re-load and return to
the charge with loud yells. If the enemy gives way,
or exhibits signs of fear, they venture to push for-
wards; but if attacked, man to man, with the sabre,
we may safely consider their resistance as likely to be
very short, since they are obliged to hold both bridle
and gun in one hand if they use the sword with the
other. The latter they avoid to the last moment,
preferring to rely on the swiftness of the attack and
retreat, and on a dexterous use of the musket. We
are here speaking of the Moors; but the Berber tac-
tics are, after the first fire, to rush in pell-mell
among the enemy, with bayonets fixed to their long
guns, which they manage with impetuosity and
bravery, placing their dependence rather on steel than
powder.
But should a powerful enemy succeed in occupy-
ing the plains of the country, with their towns and,
cities, it is still very far from completing the con-
quest of Morocco ; and even to maintain such occu-
pation, it would require that the conquerors should be
absolute in the maritime supremacy of the Mediterra-
nean. Under this military cantonment, the fastnesses
and elevated table-lands of the extensive Atlas range
must remain independent sine die; for they teem with
an unsubdued race, in command of difficult passes
untraversed as yet but by themselves, and where
even the footsteps of the stranger would be
instantly traced by their keenness and sagacity.
Full of fire, strength, and courage, they are suspi-
cious, cruel, and implacable ; and not at all
remarkable for sparing those who fall into their
clutches. They already view in Abd-el-Kader—who
is descended from one of the most ancient of the
Arabian families—the gallant defender of their
faith, and the heroic chief of the Holy war, in which
light the present contest with the French is univer-
sally regarded. A cry against them has broken forth
throughout North Africa, and given birth to a feeling
wilich will interfere with colonisation. Fanatically
attached to the rights of their soil, their religion, and
their race, the Amazirghis—whose very name signi-
fies noble and free—live in a state of almost indepen-
dance, under the administration of their Omzargh,
Amzgar, and Amueran, elders and lords who are here-
ditary, and ever ready to lead. Their scheiks are
also active and intelligent in warlike affairs, as, in-
deed, they are expected to be : " The want oicourage
in a chief;" saith one of the proverbs, " is the standard
of revolt." They are at once very inclined and well
calculated for hostilities, as the rulers of Morocco have
frequently found ; for the mutual jealousies of the
mountain chiefs seem to be the only causes which
preserve to those rulers the shadow of authority over
the tribes.

The population of the Morocco empire is variously
represented. Jackson professes to have had access to
the Imperial Registers, and gives the following as the
result :—City of Morocco, 270,000 ; city of Fez,
280,000; city of Mequinez, 110,000 ; other cities,
135,000; provinces, 13,991,000. Total, 14,886,000.
There is evident great exaggeration in this statement.
More recent travellers have set down the population
of the city of Morocco ms 30,000, and the other towns
in proportion. Another writer is of opinion that the
entire population is not beyond 5,000,000. Perhaps
6,000,000 is nearer the truth. The plain between the
Atlas mountains and the sea is between four and five
hundred miles in length ; and the highest peak of the
chain is 13,050 feet. In 1547, an Arabian chief, of
the race of the Schireffes, ascended the throne, and
his posterity still rules.

THE GORGON STEAM-FRIGATE.
Extract of a letter from her Majesty's steam-ship
Gorgon, dated Monte Video, May 16 :
" The Gorgon is what we call in nautical phrase
high and dry' on the beach, but as sound as ever. In
a very heavy gale of wind on Friday, 10th May, two
of our chain cables broke, and we let go the third
cable, and tried to steam out to sea; but failing in
that, and being without anchors of sufficient size re-
maining to hold the ship, we were driven up on the
sandy beach in this bay, about two miles from Monte
Video, and there we stick fast. The ship is 204 feet
long, and draws 17 feet of water ; she is eight feet
deep in the sand, and is raised up eight feet above
her usual line of floatation. We are busy in taking
everything out of her, engines, boilers, &c., which
will occupy two months at least, and then we shall
heave her off. The French, American, and Brazi-
lian ships of war have offered their assistance, and
the beach we are upon is in possession of the party
who are at war with the Monte Videans, and they
have offered us several thousands of their soldiers if
necessary ; so I think there is no doubt about our get-
ting off again. We think to be afloat in a month, and
it will then take us two months to get all her stores in
again, so should we return to England with the
utmost dispatch, we could not arrive there for six
months from this time ; in this case we should sail
home, but if we wait to put our engines together
again, we could not possibly get to England for some
months longer. The ship is uninjured. The con-
tending parties in this wretched country vie with each
other in showing us every attention ; an officer of the
outside party lives on board to attend to our wants,
and provide us with everything the country affords,
and we are more comfortable than we have ever been
before. This day week we were expecting to go to
the coast of Africa, but fortunately that cannot now
happen. We are very well off as to our living and
comforts in general ; we have a good supply of beef,
mutton, poultry, and vegetables on reasonable terms,
also milk and butter; and we always bake our own
bread. The weather is getting cold also, but clear
end dry; we have just put on our winter clothing ;
the air of this country you know is remarkable for
its freshness and purity, and we are all so delighted
with the health and plenty which we enjoy, that we
do not wish to get afloat again for a month or two at
least. Many 4 our men had not been on terra firma
since they left England, and they pretend to fear they
will be sea-sick when we get afloat again. The war of
extermination still rages with brutal ferocity ; the
beach and country are strewed with the uninterred
bones of its wretched victims. These cold-blooded
and barbarous scenes have sickened me of, at least,
this kind of prolonged and revengeful war which we
may call the Indian system of war. In Europe,
where fleets and armies are so expensive, the contend-
ing parties seek each other, a battle is fought and
peace restored; but here a large portion of the popu-
lation live by war; they avoid general combats, they
plot schemes of revenge with Indian patience and
cunning, and exult over their fallen foes in a manner
shockingly revolting to the feelings of those who have
been accustomed to civilised life. The Indian females
fight on horseback alongside their husbands, and
throw the lance with great accuracy. Even hospitals
are not respected ; lately an hospital was surrounded,
and the doctor and all the patients put to death.
After the ship is off the beach we shall have to drag
her over the ground in seven or eight feet water for
nearly a mile before she will float, which will occupy
several days. The tides are influenced with the vginhd t
,
and they rise when it blows from the S.W. (whic
did when we went on shore), and the people all say
here, that it had not been so high for twenty-eight
al during
houses t he
near h ut r rh
ei cbaenaec whene
Nwv a
se
hgel
years
sunads . it
Sweasver
down.

'---------fren dnesday last a very serious
GIG ACCIDENT.---....,11.
was riding in his gig on the
Kingston. The Baronet
had .
accident occurred to Sir John Broughton,
.Bart., at
arrived opposite Fleet Lodge,
Upper and shyed. Sir John was
when
of the gig into the road, and fell with such
pitched outt
as break his collar-bone, and otherwise injure
hhilsamh Orr: ea d i took fl' gh t
forcehim Heowas assisted by some persons passing at Ode
time, and afterwards taken to his own residence by Mr.
Harding, the farrier, at Kingston. Dr. Sudlow Roots was
soon in attendance upon him, and he is fast recovering.
HIM' TlDES.—Yesterday afternoon, shortly after
two o'clock, the neighbourhoods on the banks of the
Thames were inundated by the encroachment of the tide,
which was of unusual height. Some of the steam -boats
had some difficulty in passing under the different bridges,
owing to the funnels coming in close contact with the upper
part of the arches. Parts of Wapping and Tooley-
street, near the banks of the river, were quite impassib!e
for some time ; the river also rushed into the cellars and
kitchens, doing considerable damage.
THE BUTTER TRADE.—Great excitement prevails
amongst the merchants and persons connected with the
butter trade in this city, in consequence of intimation
having been received from the other side of the channel,
that extensive frauds are practising on the Weigh-house
brands, the qualities of butter shipped at this port hav-
ing been altered. An investigation is to take place before
the sub-committee of the committee of merchants.—Cock
Examiner.