The Sun.
London, England, 1845-01-13 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY F,VENING, JANUARY 13 1845.

SPECIAL MESSAGE

01' THE
PRESIDENT TO CONGRESS.

The steam-ship Liverpool arrived in the Mersey
on Saturday at a quarter-past one. Our correspon
dent has forwarded us a file of the New York Herald
up to the 24th December, from which we make the
following extracts :
(From the New York Herald of Dec. 24.)
WASHINGTON, DEC. 17.—The plot is thickening,
and it is impossible to predict what the morrow may
bring forth. It is now, however, pretty well ascer-
tained that Texas will not be annexed during the pre-
sent session of Congress. The antagonist, projects
brought forward by Messrs. Renton and M'Duffy
will nullify each other; and if this were not so, the
very extraordinary nature of the diplomacy between
the United States and Mexico on the subject would
produce that effect. Many of the most decided friends
of annexation are brought to a stand by the difficulty
and delicacy attaching to the measure in consequence
of the threatening and portentous character of the
correspondence. I advise you that to-morrow will
usher forth a message from the President of the most
angry and menacing nature—a quasi war message.
The Cabinet are in council on the subject to-day,
and perhaps the vote has now been taken on it, after
considerable discussion by several members of the
Cabinet.

THE SPECIAL MESSAGE.
To the Senate and House of Representatives,—
I transmit herewith copies of dispatches received from
our Minister at Mexico, since the commencement ofyour
present session, which claim, from their importance, and
I doubt not will receive, your calm and deliberate consi-
deration. The extraordinary and highly offensive lan-
guage which the Mexican Government has thought
proper to employ in reply to the remonstrance of the
Executive, through Mr. Shannon, against the renewal of
the war with Texas, while the question of annexation
was pending before Congress and the people, and also,
the proposed manner of conducting that war, will not fail

to arrest your attention.
Such remonstrance, urged in no unfriendly spirit to
Mexico, was called for by considerations of an impera-
tive character, having relation as well to the peace of this
country and honour of this Government as to the cause
of humanity and civilisation. Texas had entered into
the treaty of annexation upon the invitations of the Exe-

cutive ; and when, for that act, she was threatened with

a renewal of war on the part of Mexico, she naturally
looked to this Government to interpose its efforts to
ward off the threatened blow. But one course was
left the Executive, acting within the limits of its constitu-
tional competency, and that was to protest, in respectful,
but at the same time strong and decided terms, against
it. The war thus threatened to be renewed was pro-
mulgated by edicts and decrees, which ordered, on the
part of the Mexican military, the desolation of whole
tracts of country, and the destruction, without discrimi-
nation, of all ages, sexes, and condition of existence.

Over the manner of conductiong war, Mexico possesses
no exclusive control. She has no right to violate at
pleasure the principles which an enlightened civilisation
has laid down for the conduct of nations at war ; and
thereby retrograde to a period of barbarism which, hap-
pily for the world, has long since passed away. All
nations are interested in enforcing an observance of those
principles, and the United States, the oldest of the Ame-
rican Republics, and the nearest of the civilised Powers
to the theatre on which these enormities were proposed
to be enacted, could not quietly content themselves to
witness such a state of things. They had, through the
Executive, on another occasion, and as was believed with
the approbation of the whole country, remonstrated
against outrages similar, but even less inhuman, than
those which by her new edicts and decrees she has
threatened to perpetrate, and of which the late inhuman
massacre at Tabasco was but the precursor.
The bloody and inhuman murder of Fannin and his
companions, equalled only in savage barbarity by the
usages of the untutored Indian tribes, proved how little
confidence could be placed on the most solemn stipulations
of her generals, while the fate of others who became her
captives in war, many of whom, no longer able to sus-
tain the fatigues and privations of long journeys, were
shot down by the way-side, while their companions who
survived were subjected to sufferings even more painful
than death—had left an indelible stain on the pages of
civilisation. The Executive, with the evidence of an in-
tention on the part of Mexico to renew scenes so revolt-
ing to humanity, could do no less than renew remon-
strances formerly urged. For fulfilling duties so impe-
rative, Mexico has thought proper, through her accre-
dited organs, because she has had represented to her the
inhumanity of such proceedings, to indulge in language
unknown to the courtesy of diplomatic intercourse,
end offensive in the highest degree to this
Government and people. Nor has she offended
in this only. She has not only violated existing
conventions between the two countries, by arbitrary and
unjust decrees against our trade and intercourse, but
withholds instalments of debt due to our citizens which
she solemnly pledged herself to pay, under circum-
stances which are fully explained by the accompanying
letter from Mr. Green, our Secretary of Legation. And
when our Minister has invited the attention of her Go-
vernment to wrongs committed by her local authorities,
not only on the property but on the persons of our fel-
low-citizens, engaged in prosecuting fair and honest pur-
suits, she has added insult to injury, by not even deign-
ing, for months together, to return an answer to his
representations. Still further to manifest her unfriendly
feelings towards the Uuited States, she has issued de-
crees expelling from some of her provinces American
citizens engaged in the peaceful pursuits of life, and now
denies to those of our citizens prosecuting he whale
fishery on the north-west coast of the Pacific the pri-
vilege which has, through all time, heretofore been
accorded to them, of exchanging goods of a small amount
in value at her ports in California, for supplies indis-
pensable for their health and comfort.
Nor will it escape the observation of Congress, that in
conducting a correspondence with the Minister of the
United States, who cannot, and does not know any dis-
tinction between the geographical sections of the Union,
charges wholly unfounded are made against particular
States, and an appeal to others for aid and protection
against supposed wrongs. In this same connexion sec
tional prejudices are attempted to be excited, and the
hazardous and unpardonable effort is made to foment
divisions among the States of the Union, thereby to em-
bitter their peace. Mexico has still to learn that. how-
ever freely we may indulge in discussion among ourselves,
the American people will tolerate no interference in their
domestic affairs by any foreign Government ; and in all
that concerns the constitutional guarantees and the
national honour, the people of the United States have but
one mind and one heart.

The subject of annexation addresses itself most for-
tunately to every portion of the Union. The Executive
would have been unmindful of its highest obligations, if
it could have adopted a course of policy dictated by
sectional interests and local feelings. On the contrary,
it was because the question was neither local nor sec-
tional, but made its appeal to the interests of the whole
Union, and of every state of the Union, that the nego-
tiation, and finally the treaty of annexation was entered
into; and it has afforded me no ordinary pleasure to
perceive that, so far as demonstrations have been made
upon it by the people, they have proceeded from all por-
tions of the Union. Mexico may seek to excite divi-
sions amongst us, by uttering unjust denunciations
against particular states, but when she comes to know
that the invitations addressed to our fellow-citizens by
Spain, and afterwards by herself, to settle in Texas.
were accepted by emigrants from all the states; and
when, in addition to this, she refreshes her recollection
with the fact that the first effort which was made to ac-
quire Texas was during the administration of a distin-
guished citizen from an eastern state, which was after-
wards renewed under the auspices of a President from
the south west, she will awake to a knowledge of the
futility of her present purpose of sowing dissensions
among us, or producing distraction in our counsels by
attacks either on particular states or on persons who are
now in the retirement of private life. Considering the
appeal which she now makes to eminent citizens by
name, can she hope to escape censure for having ascribed
to them, as well as to others, a design, as she pretends,
now for the first time revealed, of having originated
negotiations to despoil her, by duplicity and falsehood,
of a portion of her territory? The opinion then, as
now, prevailed with the Executive, that the annexation
of Texas to the Union was a matter of vast importance.
In order to acquire that territory before it had assumed a
position among the independent Powers of the earth pro-
positions were made to Mexico for a cession of it to the
United States. Mexico saw in these proceedings, at the
time, no cause of complaint. She is now, when simply re.
minded of them, awakened to the knowledge of the fact,
which she, through her Secretary of State, promulgates
to the whole world as true, that those negotiations were
founded in deception and falsehood, and superinduced by
unjust and iniquitous motives. While Texas was a de-
pendency of Mexico, the United States opened negotia-
tions with the latter Power for the cession of her then
acknowledged territory ; and now that Texas is inde-
pendent of Mexico, and has maintained a separate ex-
istence for nine years—during which time she has been
received into the family of nations, and is represented
by accredited ambassadors at many of principal court,,
of Europe—and when it has become obvious to the whole
world that she is for ever lost to Mexico, the United
States is charged with deception and falsehood in all re-
lating to the past, and condemnatory accusations are
made against states which have had no especial agency
ie the matter, because the Executive of the whole Union
has negotiated with free and independent Texas upon a
matter vitally important to the interests of both coun-
tries. And, after nine years of unavailing war, Mexico
pow announces her intention, through her Secretary of
ForPigo Affairs, never to consent to the independence of
Texas, oe to abandon the eflOrt to re-conquer that re-
, 'f-,„ btu, tbps announces a perpetual claim, which,
• at the enu rif a century, will furnish her as plausible a
ground for disc.-intent against any nation which, at the
end of that time, ma)- enter into a treaty with Texas, as
• against the United States.
she possesses at this motnet..
to her title to inde-
The lapse of time can add nothing
-

pendence. v
b on
course of conduct such as has been desert
the part of Mexico, in violation of all friendly feeling,
and of the courtesy which should characterise the inter-
course between the nations of the earth, might well
justify the United States in a resort to any measure to
vindicate their national honour ; but, actuated by a
sincere desire to preserve the general peace, and in view
of the present condition of Mexico, the Executive,
resting upon
its integrity, and not fearing but that the
judgment of the world will duly appreciate its motives,
abstains from recommending to Congress a resort to
measures of redress, and content itself with re-urging
upon that body prompt and immediate action on the
subject of annexation. By adopting that measure, the

United St.ttes wilt. be in iln;---exereie of an- undoubted
right ; :nid if ile:x4!.), not regarding that forbearance,
shall agi;ravate the injustice of her conduct by a deelara-
tion of war against them, upon her head 7:id rest all the
respoirnbility. JOAN TYLER.
Washington City, Dec. 19, 1844.

EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE IN AMERI-
CA.N AFFAIRS.
We have received private intelligence from London
and Paris of such a nature as to warrant a belief that
the European Powers are actually contemplating the
policy of interfering in American affairs, and di-
recting the movements of this continent, on the same
principles and with the same views as they have been
managing the affairs of Europe during the present
century. This will be indeed a new and interesting
movement in political affairs connected with this
country, to which the attention of the American
people must be called in no trifling degree.
The. excuse for this European interference in Ame-
rican affairs, grows out of the movement made in this
country for the annexation of Texas. The British
Government dare not carry their opposition to an-
nexation to such an extent as to endanger the peaceful
relations between the two countries. Their own ma-
nufacturing and commercial interests, and, indeed, we
may say their internal peace, are so dependant on the
maintenance of friendly intercourse with this country,
that any interruption of it would be a most essential
evil to them. In order, however, to check the pro-
gress and power of the United States on this conti-
nent, and to limit the moral influence which the Re-
public exercises in Europe, we have little doubt but
the British Government are endeavouring to form a
coalition, on the part of the European Powers, for the
purpose of intimidating our Government and prevent-
ing the annexation of Texas to this confederacy, or
the extension of our territory to the Pacific, where
we might interfere with England, Russia, and other
Powers.

Such is the amount of the information which we
have received ; and we believe there is a great deal of
truth in these representations. When the recent dip-
lomatic developments relative to Mexico shall have
reached Europe, we have no doubt this plan of the
foreign Governments will be more fully matured, and
that we shall hear more of it by the next arrival. Thu
power and progress of this country have struck
terrors into the very hearts of the monarchies of Eu-
rope, and we have no doubt that great things will soon
spring out of the position which the two continents at
present occupy.

Ohio Senate, to whom was referred the subject of the
disLbilities of Th-ople of colour under the existing laws
of the Stag, have reported la favour of the repeal of
said laws.—New York Herald.

Mr. Clay his emancipated his personal servant,
Charles. The deed of emancipation is as follows :
Know all men by these presents, that I, Henry Clay,
of Ashland, for and in consideration of the fidelity, at-
tachment, and services of Charles Dopey (the son of
Aaron, commonly called Charles, and Charlotte), and
of my esteem and regard for him, do hereby liberate and
emancipate the said Charles Dupey, from this day, from
all obligation of service to me, or my representatives,
investing him, as far as any act of mine can invest him,
with all the rights and privileges of a freeman.
"In testimony whereof I have hitherto set my hand
and affixed my seal, this 9th day of December, in the
year of our Lord, 1844. H. CLAY. (Seal.)
" Sealed and delivered in the presence of
Thomas H. Clay."
Five years since Charles travelled through Canada
with Mr. Clay, and declined all solicitations to leave
him. Mr. Clay has waited until the election was
over, to avoid, as far as possible, the imputations of
base-minded men.—New York Herald.

LITERATURE.
JOURNAL OF A CLERGYMAN.
Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1845.
This Journal is the record of a visit paid to the
Peninsula by the author, the Rev. W. Robertson,
minister of the New Greyfriars, Edinburgh, in the
summer and autumn of the year 1841. The Journal,
on the whole, is carefully written, but there is a
languor and heaviness in some of the descriptive
sketches, as if the author's heart was not in his sub-
ject, which may perhaps be accounted for by the state
of his health, which he tells us in his preface, " owing
to the influence of climate and other causes, was such
as to weaken the energies of both body and mind."
his destination was Gibraltar, which he was induced
to visit at the instance of the Colonial Committee of
the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.
On his way thither he paid flying visits to Lisbon,
which he calls " the filthiest capital in Europe," Cadiz,
and Seville, whose local peculiarities he describes in a
more animated style than is usual with him. On the
subject of Gibraltar, its scenery, excavations, bat-
teries, street-population, &c., he is very minute and
circumstantial ; and we quote his account of a mili-
tary execution which took place soon after his arrival
in that town :

" There was a gloom overhanging Gibraltar at the
time of my arrival, owing to a circumstance happily of
♦ery rare occurrence—a court-martial on a soldier ac-
cused of a capital crime. The criminal was an English-
man, a very rine young man, a private in the 7th Fusiliers.
He had hitherto borne a most excellent character, and
was a good soldier. Love and jealousy seem to have
turned the poor fellow's brain. The object of his affec-
tions was a woman employed in the mess-kitchen—a
person of very indifferent reputation ; at the very time
said to be enceinte by another man. Ile had had a con•
siderable sum of money bequeathed to him by a relation
in England, and it was his intention to purchase his dis-
charge from the army, make this woman his wife, and
return to settle in his native country. The woman had
promised to marry him; but persisted, notwithstanding
his remonstrances, in keeping up an intercourse with
another admirer. The consequence was, that in a fit of
jealousy and madness he stabbed her with a knife in the
side; the wound proved mortal, and the unhappy woman
expired very soon after. The court-martial sat for
several days; and had not finished its proceedings at the
time of my arrival. Malice prepense was proved against
the soldier, chiefly from the circumstance of his calling
the woman aside into a room, shutting the door, and
making it fast with a bench before he gave the fatal
blow. He was found guilty accordingly, condemned to
death, and was executed on the neutral ground on the
morning of 23d July. It is described as having been a
most impressive scene. The whole garrison, with the
exception of those on guard, were marched out to the
ground in solemn silence. The gibbet was erected on
the neutral ground; and when the troops had arrived at
the place appointed, they were formed into three sides of
a square, the scaffold occupying the centre of the vacant
side. The criminal was then marched handcuffed round
the square, inside the ranks—the Dead March playing,
and the chaplain reading the service. It was observed
how regularly the poor soldier, from the force of old
habit, kept time to the music; and when he happened to
be put out, how he changed the step, though his whole
mind seemed occupied by the religious service. The
steps to the fatal scaffold were exceedingly steep and ill-
constructed ; but even with his fettered hands he as-
cended calmly and firmly without assistance. After the
execution the body was laid on the top of the coffin, and
the troops were marched slowly by it in single file, with
the order • eyes right,' as they passed, so as to force
every soldier to contemplate the ghastly spectacle. It is
said that many, b ,th officers and men, shed tears on the
occasion. lam at a loss to divine the reason why the
soldiers should have been compelled to contemplate the
body of their comrade after the execution. Such exhi-
bitions produce no good moral effect, but serve only to
disgust, and to excite sympathy for the criminal, instead
of indignation against his crime. There was no
executioner in Gibraltar at the time ; but the office was
accepted by a private of the 46th Regiment, who received
his discharge beforehand, and was duly installed in thu
honourable office of hangman to the garrison, with free
quarters in the old Moorish tower, a salary of eighteen-
pence per day, together with a doubloon, and the usual
perquisites, when called upon to perform his duty."

COWES, ISLE OF WIGHT.
(FROM OUR CORRESPONDXNT.)
RABBITS.—At the half-yearly rent audit of G. 11.
Ward, Esq., of Northwood-park, Isle of Wight, on
Wednesday last, a letter, signed by the whole of the
tenantry, was presented to the steward (Mr. Josei h
Squire, of Yarmouth), thanking him for having, at the
request of the tenants, ordered the rabbits on their re-
spective farms to be killed. Only about half the grounds
have yet been trapped, but 4,000 of these vermin have
been taken, and the tenants have destroyed in their
litters 2,000 more, making 6,000, and this in a highly-
cultivated, heavy-rented, taxed, and tithed district. If
each rabbit destroyed only four ounces of herbage in
twenty .four hours, it would amount to 547,5001b5. in the
year. At least 4,000 more are expected to be taken,
destroying 365,0001b5. in the year, making a total of nearly
1,000,0001b5. weight of their crops taken off annually
by rabbits alone. Representations had been repeatedly
made before of the ruinous extent to which the farmers
were injured by the rabbits, and Mr. Ward had given
directions to his gamekeepers to destroy them, but they
could not find any quantity. Mr. W., therefore, this
winter, took other steps, to see which were right, the
farmers or the gamekeepers, to the great satisfaction of
the former.

DARING ATTEMPT AT BURGLARY.
About nine o'clock on Friday evening, while Mr.
Squire and Mr. Howells, stewards of Mr. Ward, of
Northwood-house, near West Cowes, were in the office,
they heard a noise on the outside, and supposing some
persons going to the house had taken the wrong road,
Mr. Howells went out, when they made a quick retreat.
His suspicions being created that all was not right, he
went back for a candle and to inform Mr. Squire ; on
their searching they found that a daring attempt had
been made to enter the house and that the parties had
forced the door in, splitting the door-post into which
the lock shot. It appeared that a crow-bar had been
forced in at the top of the door to open it that way, but
failing, they forced the lock, which being a very strong
one great strength must have been applied. It is sup-
posed that the thieves were well acquainted with the
house as the door opened into a lumber room (where no
one was likely to be) which adjoins the office, in which
they expected a rich booty from the amount of rents
paid during the week, and would no doubt have ob-
tained it but from Mr. Squire and Mr. Howells not
having left the office, a very uncommon thing, as they
both reside at a distance. At the hour chosen all the
servants were at a distant part of the house, being in the
hall at supper. Several persons were seen in the park
about the time, particularly three in one party and fire
in another. A great many persons had been at the
house during the day; there were also twenty French
painters and decorators at work in it, but all had then
left. This with the visits of the Parkhurst prison boys,
who if they cannot get out of the island, manage to
roam over it, has made a great inquiry for iron safes
before but little used here, burglary being unknown.

THE LAW OFFICERS OF' THE CROWN.—The fol-
lowing has been received by us, from a source likely to
be well informed, as arrangements which have been
made for important changes in the present law officers of
the Crown. We present them to our readers as we have
received them, without pledging ourselves to the accu-
racy of the entire list. We have reason to believe, how.
ever, that a few days, perhaps hours, will show that the
event will verify the greater part of our statement :
Lord Chancellor, Mr. Pemberton Leigh (with a peerage),
vice Lord Lyndhurst. Sir Frederick Thesiger, Chief
Justice of the Common Pleas, vice Sir N. Tindal, who
retires. Mr. Fitzroy Kelly, Attorney-General, vice Sir
W. Follett, whose impaired health forbids the hope of
his being able to resume his official or professional avo-
cations. The Hon. Mr. Wortley, Solicitor-General, in
the place of Sir F. Thesiger, elevated to the bench as
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. We abstain from
comment on these changes until their having been ar-
ranged receives confirmation. One, at least, will startle
both the profession and the public. Blandness of man-
ners, though associated with personal virtues, are not
sufficient to qualify a barrister for a judge. Acknow-
ledged superiority of legal knowledge will alone inspire
confidence in his expositions of the law, and cause respect
to be paid to his decisions.—Evening paper.
Sin W. FOLLETT.—We have been favoured with
the perusal of a letter from Naples, dated the 30th of
December, from which we learn that the Attorney-Ge-
neral and Lady Follett had arrived in that capital from
Rome. We are gratified to be assured on the same au-
thentic information that the Learned Gentleman's health
was wonderfully improved, partly, no doubt, by relaxa-
tion from his professional avocations, as well as by the
change of climate and scene. Sir William was, accord-
ing to the arrangements then made, to embark at Naples
on board the Government steamer ordered to convey
himself and suite to this country about the 15th inst., so
that he may be expected home in about three weeks at
latest.
FALMOUTH, JAN. 10.—The Penguin, Lieut. Leslie,
commanding, will sail for Brazils to-day, conveying the
mails, and the following passengers:—Messrs.
Hargrave, Hologray, and Leite. The Royal William
steamer, from Dublin for London, conveys the freight
brought home in the Penguin packet. The Spectator,
from Mauritius, and the Gazelle, from Hobart Town,
landed mails here last night.

THE DISTRIBUTIVE AGENT OF
INDUSTRY.
(From the Sentinel.)
The road, the canal, and the railway are called
into existence, when society has need of them to
distribute wealth through the various districts of
a country. As population increases, and the
products of industry are multiplied, these con-
trivances are improved and enlarged ; thus show-
ing, that modes of transit and conveyance are re-
quired to expand, just as labour and its results are
more and more augmented and ramified. Every one
perceives, that, unless this moving power existed,
there could not be any intercommunication, nor could
commodities be distributed; and consumption, which
is the sole end of production, could not take place,
except in the locality where the commodity was pro-
duced. These are obvious truths, and they lead all
men to recognise the utility of the road, the canal,
and the railway.
There is, however, another distributive agent
of industry with whose real nature the public are
not well acquainted, and that agent is money.
Adam Smith assimilates money to a road, because
it is an instrument of transferring and circulating
real wealth from one person to another, just as a
road is the instrument by which real wealth is
transported from one town to another. If the
road is covered with turnpikes at which heavy
tolls are levied on the transit of goods, of course
those goods must be charged a proportionately
high price when they reach the consumer ; so
also, if the money of a nation is made of a costly
material, the consumer must pay for this costli-
ness. Were any one to insist that the rails on a
railway should consist of bars of gold, instead of
bars of iron, he would be deemed a lunatic ; for
it would be said, and truly said, that, provided
passengers and goods could be conveyed from
London to Liverpool as safely and as expedi-
tiously on iron as on golden rails, why incur a
useless expense in laying down a dear material,
when a cheap one would answer tho purpose ?
However, when we come to apply this reasoning
to the Currency, people hesitate to carry out the
parallel between money and a road, and find it
difficult, if not impossible, to believe that an iron
currency would prove just as good a distributive
agent of industry as a gold currency. Never-
theless, Lycurgus established an iron currency
in Sparta, and it worked well for five centuries, and,
when it was changed for gold, ruin and revolution
followed. Time was, in this country, when our
currency was formed f wood, and the people were
happy and the revenue prospered. These precedents
are adduced simply to show prejudice that the mone-
tary affairs of a country can be conducted without the
aid of the precious metals.
The Earl of Ripon estimated the average quan-
tity of gold in this country at twenty-two mil-
lions. When we consider that the interests of the

debt and the annual charges of Government are
much more than double that sum, it is obvious
that the quantity of bullion, as stated by Lord Ripon,
is an inadequate agent of distribution ; and when
to this is added the enormous transactions of a year
in the various departments of business, common
sense must admit, that so scarce a metal as
gold, which cannot be multiplied as trade is en-
larged, is not a suitable instrument with which
to carry on internal commerce. In pursuing the
parallel between money and a road, what should we
think of our authorities, were they to narrow
the Strand, Fleet-street, Cheapside, and the Poultry,
in proportion as the traffic increased from the west
end to the City ? Yet this is precisely the plan on
which Sir R. Peel is acting, for he is narrowing the
distributive agent of industry, and thus impeding the
circulation of real wealth from man to man.

Sir R. Peel is strangely in contradiction with him-
self. He professes to be a Bullionist, and yet, curiously
enough, bases 14,000,0001. of the Bank circulation
on mere credit; for to that extent his Bill of last
May allows the Bank to issue money, without pos-
sessing in its cellars an equivalent amount of bul-
lion. Is not this a recognition of a paper cur-
rency ? Is it not, to all intents and purposes, a
practical violation of his own principles ? It so
happens, that the nation owes 14,000,000/. to
the Bank, and this purely accidental amount
of debt is deemed by Sir Robert to be the equivalent
of so much bullion. When a statesman acts with
such gross inconsistency, what pretensions has
he to hold the helm ? Why, in the name of justice
and common sense, make a distinction between a
debt due to the Bank and a debt due to the fund-
holder? If national paper is a sound representative
of the one, why not of the other ?
It is in reference to taxation, that the distinc-
tion between money and the precious metals be-
comes of paramount importance. Money need not
possess any intrinsic value, for it is simply the agent
of distribution. It is a token or representative,
not a commodity. But gold and silver are values
of themselves which cannot alter. Now, when a
tax is laid on a commodity, its value is not in-
creased, though its price is increased, and the
amount of the tax is the measure of that increase;
for, were it otherwise, the producer would not
obtain the ordinary rate of profit. All indirect
taxes are levied upon this principle ; that is to
say, whatever tax the producer pays in advance
to the State, he gets back from the consumer by
additional price. But, to do this, there must be
a currency capable of expressing that additional
price. From 1797, when Mr. Pitt suspended cash
payments, to 1819, when Peel's Bill restored cash
payments, there was such a currency in paper as
represented taxation. Since 1819, that currency
has been abolished; but, as the taxation was
not abolished at the same time, the producer
has been made to pay it, since he has had no
means of charging it to the consumer. Why
so ? Because gold can only represent na-
tural value, not taxation prices ; and, as Par-
liament keeps gold cheap, whether it is abundant or
scarce, and has fixed it at the scale at which it ruled
in the time of Elizabeth, when there was no public
debt, and a very trifling revenue, wages and profits
must fall to the low standard of untaxed gold. Hence
it is, that ever since 1819, industry, not property, has
had to pay the dividends, and nearly all the expendi-
ture of Government. Now, there is no remedy for this
evil (unless we pay off the debt by a direct tax
on property), except a restoration of the currency
under which more than half the debt was contracted ;
or, in the language of free trade, gold must cease to
be a protected metal, and be subject to the competi-
tion of supply and demand.
The extension of our foreign commerce is
looked forward to as the means of employing
labour and rewarding industry. We hope that
day may soon arrive, when our ports shall be
open to universal intercourse; but it is our duty to
warn the working classes, that their wages can never
permanently rise, however foreign trade may be
extended, under Peel's system of currency; because
as soon as prices rise, while gold remains cheap,
the foreigner will take away the gold ; and as
the Bank, in self-protection, must then con-
tracts its circulation, prices will again fall, and
wages sink with declining profits. Thus, the condi-
tion of the working-classes can never continue pros-
perous for any long period, because, as soon as their
labour becomes valuable, the distributive agent of in-
dustry, money, is withdrawn, and the products of la-
bour will cease to be purchased by the foreigner when
they become dearer in the market than gold.
The father of Sir Robert Peel, a man of great
sound sense and vast practical knowledge, fore-
told what would be the result of returning to
cash payments. He said the measure would
double his son's property and ruin the country,
—a prediction which time has verified; for as-
suredly a country is already ruined when the
millions seek in vain for employment, and capital
seeks that profitable investment in foreign lands
which it cannot find at home. We beg the attention
of our readers to the following comparison between
an abundant and a restricted circulation, which we
borrow from one of the letters of the late Sir Robert
Peel :

"A restricted circulation never fails to create
every evil which can afflict an industrious people :
scarcity of money, unpurchased manufactures, de-
ficiency of employment, unpaid rents, dejected
agriculture, and unproductive commerce. These
are the mischiefs which necessarily distress
the individual, and embarrass the commu-
nity while its circulation is deficient; and, in
our peculiar circumstances, the mischiefs are greatly
aggravated by the amount of our taxation. When
money, on the other hand, is abundant, it may always
be procured at moderate interest. Bills of Exchange
and other private securities, are readily discounted; and
every individual who has property or credit is accom-
modated with loss, according to his necessities. With
an abundant circulation, ingenuity is put to the stretch
to find new means of rendering it productive ; hence
employment multiplies, every individual finds the
means of subsistence, the manufacturers are all occu-
pied, our merchants send out additional adventures,
the shipowners have freights at their command, the
production of the husbandman is consumed by a busy
people, rents are more easily paid, and taxes more
easily collected. Such are the benefits resulting to
individuals and to the State."
We earnestly entreat all who may have been
seduced by the plausibilities
of the Ilullionists, to
most this
successful calmly-formed
opinion of one of the
merchants this country
ever produced. If the doctrine
ablest weigh
insisted upon by
the father of the present Prime Minister be true,
it is obvious that this
country, with increasing
population and the
increasing trade that
must be transacted t
l to avert the pauperism of the
millions, imperious y
distribution demands a moneyed agent of
susceptive of expansion. That agent
cannot be metallic, for there
is no expansive
quality in the precious metals. We must, there-
foTv, oevk it in paper, as Mr. Pitt sought and
WO it. Let sold rise d an fall as 411 other CM-

modifies rise and fall under the law of supply
and demand, and let a national note represent
national taxation. By these means we should,
firstly, prevent the export of gold ; secondly, we
should secure the export of goods instead of
gold ; thirdly, we should enable the producer of
commodities to charge the taxes added to them
to the consumer, and thus throw the burden of
the revenue from the shoulders of labour on to
the shoulders of property; fourthly, we should
effectually stop decline of prices and those gluts
and panics which are solely caused by sudden
contractions of the circulating medium. Wages
and profits would be high and steadily high ; the
home trade, as well as foreign commerce, would re-
ceive an impulse and an invigoration which would
animate every branch of industry ; and society, in all
its grades, would possess the best guarantees for
order, peace, and happiness.

THE BISHOP OF EXETER ANT)
HIS CLERGY.
(From the Exeter Gazette of Saturday.)
We have been favoured with the following important
letters, which will be read with peculiar interest :
" Bishopstowe, Jan. 8, 1845.
" Rev. and dear Sir,— I request you to communicate
to the clergy of your deanery, with as little delay as
shall be convenient, the accompanying letter, addressed
by me to all the clergy of my diucez.e.—l am, rev. and
dear Sir, your faithful friend and brother,

" H. EXETER.
" The Rev. J. Armstrong, Dean Rural of Exeter."
" TO TILE CLERGY OF THE DIOCESE OF EXETER.
" Bishopstowe, Jan. 8, 1845.
" Rev. and dear Brethren,—l have this day lad the
gratification of receiving from his Grace the Archbishop
a copy of his ' Letter to the clergy and laity of the pro-
vince of Canterbury.'

" That letter lea;,es me under no difficulty how to act,
Not only in deference to his Grace's authority, but iu
most willing concurrence with the sentiments which he
has expressed, I thankfully accept the prospect of an
adjustment of our present diversities by some general
measure which than have the sanction of the whole
Church. In truth, I feel that I could not more effectu-
ally labour for the great object which I have had at
heart—the restoration of certainty and vigour to the law
of the Church in all that relates to our public worship—
than by now relinquishing my own separate endeavours,
and merging them in that common effort which his
Grace has announced his intention to promote, when
the way shall be prepared for a final settlement.'
" Meanwhile, I advise you all to act in conformity
with the views so plainly set forth by the Archbishop ;
that is, to continue the services in your several churches
as they now are, making no attempt to approach nearer
to an exact observance of the rubric, unless you shall, in
any instance, ascei tain that the wish of your people is
is clearly in favour of such an advance.
" One reservation I must, indeed, make, though I hope
it is unnecessary. If the practice in any parish at pre-
sent prevail (I knom not that it does) of omitting or
garbling portions of the offices of the Church—especially
the offices of baptism and burial—by reason of objection
to the doctrines therein involved, or of introducing
prayers of private composition, either before the sermon.
or elsewhere, such violation of the Church's law must
not lay claim to indulgence.
" And now, in addressing you on this occasion, most
probably for the last time, let me express my deep sense
of the value of that support which I have received from
the great body of my clergy, and of the warm and affec-
tionate sympathy evinced by very many of you, under
circumstances of no common trial. These are matters
of grateful and enduring remembrance. If there have
been some instances of an opposite feeling (as I am
bound in sincerity to add there have been some, however
few), I assure those who have exhibited it that they will
not, in our future intercourse, experience any unpleasing
recollections of it on my part ; and if, on reflection,
they shall as readily forgive themselves as 'forgive them,
I wish that they may have formed a right estimate of
what their duty has required, and may hereafter require
them to do.

" This last is a subject on which I would not dwell.
But I am desirous of saying, with reference to some in-
dividuals of high station, on whose public conduct I
deemed it necessary publicly to remark, that I rejoice to
believe that there was much of misapprehension of
motives—something, it may be, of mistake of facts.
"In respect to one eminent person, in particular, I
cannot doubt the statements made by him of his own
actual conduct ; it is plain, therefore, that the terms in
which he had claimed a right to act and speak, in resist-
ance to the lawful order of his Bishop, were not intended
by him to imply (for he since expressly denied) that he
had exercised that right, as his words themselves induced
me to conclude.

"Of all the harassing and painful incidents of the last
few weeks, these personal conflicts have been by far the
most harassing and painful. May they henceforth be
as if they had never been. But, whatever may have
been the temporary results, I do not and cannot regret
that I deemed it necessary publicly to assert those prin-
ciples of Church authority which it is alike the duty of
all of us to recognise and to inculcate. The very vehe-
mence with which the assertion of them has been re-
sisted, proves, if proof were necessary, the necessity of
their being asserted, and of our never suffering them to
fall into oblivion.

"In conclusion, I congratulate you on the prospect
of those principles being, ere long, practically asserted
and enforced by our Rev. Primate ; and thus of his
effecting, if it be God's good pleasure, a final and peaceful
settlement of questions which (inconsiderate as, for the
most part, are the subjects of them) must be settled, if the
Church of England is to continue to us anything better
than an empty name.
" I am, rev. and dear brethren, your affectionate friend
and brother, " H. EXETER."
We have just learned, from the best authority, that
the Bishop has receiv, d a letter from the Archbishop
of Canterbury, calling upon him to retrace all his steps,
till the constituted authorities have deliberated on the
subject of " the diversities."— Western Times of Friday.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE,
HUNTING APPOINTMENTS.

Surrey stag hds., Tues., Malden ; Sat., the Griffin,
Kingston.
Sir John Cope's hds., Tues.' Milney Warren ; Wed.,
Grey well Hill ; Sat. Brick Bridge-10i.
Mr. Theobald's stag hds., Tues., Wickham Market; Fri.,
Ottley Bottom.
South Berkshire hds., Wed., Burghfield Bridge ; Fri.,
The Bladebone, Bucklebury, Common.
Cheltenham stag hds:, Sat., the Balloon-10i.
Craven hds., Wed., Froxfield Gate ; Fri., Ashdown
Park ; Sat., Stagcroft-1 01,
Pembrokeshire hds., Thurs., itamswood-10.
Horsley hds., Fri., Cranbury Park.
N.F.H. Tues., Hunters' Inn ; Thurs., Buckworth Park ;
Sat., Emblay.
H.H., Tues., Hinton House ; Thurs., Minchin's Barn ;
Sat., Weston Common.
Sir John Gerard's hds., Wed., Blackley Hurst ; Sat.
Golborne Smithies.
Hambledon hds., Wed., Westbury House ; Sat., Holy-
well House—ioi.

SIR JonN CorE's Fox HOUNDS.—A very nume-
rous field were at the meet of this crack Berkshire pack,
on Saturday last, which took place at the seat of Mr.
Clayton, about five miles from Maidenhead, where an
elegant luncheon was given by the liberal host to a large
party of friends. A fox was soon started in the covers
of Mr. Clayton, and killed after a short burst. The
covers at Bray Wood, near Hare Hatch, were then
drawn, and a fine fox unkonnelled, which, after running
a four-mile ring, at a racing pace, took away to Knowles-
hill, across Mr. Clayton's covers, and was killed, after a
beautiful forty-one minutes' run, near the Coach and
Horses, at Maidenhead Thicket.

LIBERALITY OF THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT.
The Brazilian Government has issued a decree, dated
November 15th, relieving foreign vessels that may ar-
rive at any of the Brazilian ports, in ballast, from ton-
nage dues. This measure has given much satisfaction
here, as being calculated to promote a constant supply
of vessels for the conveyance of produce thence, and
thus relieve shipowners from what previously was a
heavy tax upon them.—Manchester Guardian.
THE NEW METROPOLITAN BUILDING ACT.—On
Saturday morning a number of tenants of kitchens in the
parish of St. Mary-le-Strand were ejected under the
provisions of the New Building Act, which prohibits the
letting of kitchens or cellars as residences, unless pro-
perly drained and ventilated. Many of these wretched.
abodes were only approached by cellar flaps from the,
street, and witbout windows.

LONDON SESSIONS.—On Saturday an appeal 'was
heard on behalf of a waterman named Young, against
the conviction of the Lord Mayor, arising out of
the rules and regulations of the Waterman's Com-
pany.who appeared on behalf of the
Lerd MMayro.rialnydlandlourt of Aldermen, said that the ap-
pellant,
eepmt faohr d,
of did
the workwat e
rand
aa e navigate,
ona ap el l
craft,t hweh
no
erte
beings!ded
a tfpre
pany. There was involved in the present proceedings a,
very important question of law—namely, whether the
Elder Brethen of the Trinity House possessed the power
to license persons not free of the Waterman's Com-
a
pany to do everything which it was lawful for a free
waterman to do. After many arguments pro and con
by Mr. Clarkson, who appeared for the
appellant, and,
Mr. Ryland, the Recorder said that persons licensed by
the Trinity House were removed from the control of the,
Court of Aldermen, therefore the appeal must be con-
firmed. They were deciding against their own pri,
vileges, but that could not be avoided. Appeal co'it-
firm ed.
A NOTIIER COLLIERY EXPLOSION.—A Correspondent
informs us that, soon after the workmen crlered the
Eaglesbush colliery, belonging to Messrs. I:•enrose and
Evans, on Saturday last, a terrific explosion of foul
air took place, by which nine men P;ere most severely
scorched.—Cambrian.
DEVONPORT DOCKYAIM---Eighteen smiths are
ordered from this yard to Portsmouth, and eight to Pem-
broke; and six were superannuated yesterday (Friday).
Four plumbers have been temporarily hired, in conse
quence of the great increase of work attendant on the
fitting out. of so large a number of ships.—Devonpor
Independent.

Sir John Lowther, Bart., M.P., Sir John Simpson,
Sir William Stephenson, the High Sheriff of Yorkshire
the Lord Mayor of York, and a numerous body of in-
fluential gentlemen connected with the county and city
of York, have undertaken to direct a grand National
Archery Meeting, which is to be open to all England,
Scotland, and Ireland, and is appointed to be hold at:
York in the month of June next.

The Duke of Cleveland has made a donatior4 of
251. towards erecting new school-rooms, in conn exion
with Trinity Church, Darlington, and his Grace F,as
ales
signified his intention of becoming an annual seAscribet
9f 101. for their future support.

FRANCE AND MOROCCO.
(From the Times.)
have been favoured, through our Paris Corre-
spoiii,mt, with of the following important
dispatches, which will be found to elucidate much
that was but imperfectly understood while the trans-
actions to which they refer were in 'ingress. The
is from M. Guizot to M. de Nyon, the Plenipo-
tentiary of the King of France, and contains the in-
structions upon which he was to act:—

X. GUIZOT TO X. NYON.

Paris, June 12, 1844.

Dispatches from General Lamoriciere, dated May 30,
apprise is that on the same day he had been attacked
within our frontier by a corps of 1,300 to 1,400 Moor-
ish cavalry, and from 500 to 600 Arabs ; but this ag-
gression was severely punished ; and as it occurred
without any provocation on our part, and without any
declaration of war, we trust we are not deceived in pre-
suming it to be a mere accident, and not an absolute
rupture ordered by the Emperor of Morocco. But we
have a right to complain of it, as being a signal viola-
tion of this rights of nations, and of the treaties by
virtue of which we are at peace with that empire.
You will, therefote, immediately, 034 the receipt of the
present, luvve to write to the Emperor, to make the
strongest representations against an attack which
nothing can warrant—to demand that satisfaction which
is due to us, especially the recal •f the Moorish troops
collected in the neighbourhood of Ouchda—and to place
him in a situation to be compelled to explain what his
intentions are. Is it peace or war which he seeks ? If,
acting in accordance with his real interest, he holds to
good terms with us, he must put an end to these arma-
ments which are threatening Algeria, respect neutrality
by withdrawing all support from Abd-el-Kader, and
forthwith give the strictest order to prevent a recurrence
of the past. If he desires war, we are far from desiring
it ; we should indeed sincerely regret it, but we do not
fear it, and if we are compelled to fight we shall be found
ready to do so with vigour, with the confidence founded
on a just cause, and so as to make the aggressors repent.
I, however, repeat it, we ask no more than to remain on
friendly terms with the Emperor of Morocco, and we
firmly believe that he is not the less interested in keeping
up the same relations with us.
I advised you by my last dispatch that ships of war
were about to be sent to cruise on the coast of
Morocco. A division, under the command of his
Royal Highness the Prince de Joinville, consisting
of the Suifren, of the steam-frigate Asmodie, and
of another steam ship, is about to sail thither, first
touching at Oran, where his Royal Highness will put
himself in communicotion with Marshal Bugeaud. The
Prince will also have to be in communication with you ;
and I have no doubt of your readiness to place yourself
et his disposal, and to give him all the assistance in your
power. Nevertheless the instructions to his Royal
Highness are pacific, founded on this—that war is not
declared between France and Morocco. His presence off
the coast of that empire, at the head of a naval force, is
more with a view of imposing and restraining than that
of threatening. Let us flatter ourselves that it will in
this respect produce a salutary effect.
P.S. This is how I sum up your instructions. You
will require of the Emperor el Morocco-
1. The disavowal of the inconceivable aggression com-
mitted by the Moors upon our territory.
2. The breaking up of the corps of troops collected at
Ouchda, on our frontier.
3. The recal of the Caid of Ouchda, and of the other
agents who have provoked the aggression.
4. The expulsion of Abd-el-Kader from the Morocco
territory.
You will close by repeating-
1. That most certainly we have not any intention of
taking an inch of the Morocco territory, and that we are
only desirous of living in peace and on friendly terms
with the Emperor.
2. Bat that we shall not suffer that Morocco becomes
for Abd-el-Bader a place of inviolable refuge, whence
aggressions such as that which has taken place may pour
forth ; and that if the Emperor does not himself do that
which is necessary to prevent them, we shall signally
avenge ourselves.
It will be seen by the foil ,wing dispatch to M. de
Nyon, with whom the Duke de Glucksberg was by,
this time associated, that M. Guizot contented him-
self with renewing these instructions after the suc-
cessful attacks upon Tangiers and Mogadore had given
him the means of extorting more favourable terms
from the Moors :

Paris, August 30, 1844.
Gentlemen,—The signal victories which our land and
sea forces have obtained in the contest between us and
the Government of Morocco have caused no change in
the intentions which the King's Government had mani-
fested before the commencement of that contest. What
we then demanded as the necessary condition for the
re-establishment of amicable relations between the two
states, and as the sole guarantee sufficient to re-assure
us against the return of incidents which have disturbed
those relations, we now demand again, without making
any addition to them, because the object we proposed
remains the same, and no view of aggrandisement is
joined with our determination not to suffer the rights
and dignity of France to be disregarded.
That the extraordinary assemblages of Moorish troops
formed on our frontiers in the environs of Ouchda shall
be immediately dispersed.
That an exemplary chastisement be inflicted on the
authors of the aggressions committed on our:territory
ainee the 30th of May.
That Abd.el-Kader be expelled from the Moorish ter-
sitory, and that he shall not hereafter receive any sup-
port or assistance of any kind.
In tine, that a complete and regular boundary between
Algeria and Morocco be agreed on and concluded, con-
:erns:ably to the position acknowledged by the Emperor
,;:r.orocco himself, at the domination of the period of
the Turks at Algiers.
Nothing then can prevent the establishment of peace.
The Conn of Morocco, after all the injury it has caused
us, does not perhaps expect so much moderation on our
part. In order to give it a remarkable proof of that
moderation, and in order to afford it an opportunity to
reply by accepting our proposals forthwith, the King
commands you, gentlemen, to proceed to Tangiers on
hoard one of the ships of our squadron, and to cause
to be forwarded to the authorities of that place a letter
aaldressed to the Emperor, in which you will announce to
him that if he accepts purely and simply the conditions
of our ultimatum to which I have referred, you are still
saesthorised to treat on that basis.
It is to be well understood that this proceeding is not
to have the effect of suspending hostilities, and that our
land and sea forces shall be free to continue their ope-
yations until the Emperor shall have accepted our offers.
It is likewise to bo understood that the negotiator who
may be dispatched to us to communicate the Emperor's
aciheslen should proceed on board one of our ships,
and that there the arrangements should be signed
to which the negotiations may give rise, and that under
no circumstances should you set foot on land to meet the
Ailoorish negotiator.
The Minister of Marine writes this day to his Royal
Highness the Prince de Joinville to inform him of the
course which is prescribed for you, and to assist in its
execution by placing a ship at your disposal.
Receive, Gentlemen, &c.

The following, is from M. de Nyon and the Duke
de Glucksberg to M. Guizot
Suffren, Tangiers-roads, Sept. 10, 1844.
Nine o'clock in the Afternoon.
Sir,—We arrived this morning in Tangiers-roads. M.
de Martino came on board immediately, and informed us
that considerable impatience prevailed in the city, and that
Sidi Bousselam was waiting with anxiety our arrival, and
the communication we had to make to him. He likewise
announced to us, that we were about to receive a visit from
the Governor of the town, the Caid Ben Abbou. He, in
fact, went for him, and he came on board the Sutfren,
accompanied by the Captain of the Port. Ben Abbou
repeated to his Royal Highness that the Emperor of
Morocco expected peace from him, and that his pleni-
potentiary, Bousselam. was ready to sign it. He with-
drew evidently flattered at the reception given to him.
A few minutes afterwards M. Warnier proceeded to the
Paella, bearing the convention arranged between us and
approved by the Prince de Joinville, and of which your
Excellency will find hereto annexed a copy. The in-
structions given to M. Warnier were, to see the Pacha
and to demand of him, without permitting or entering
into any discussion, whether he was ready, by virtue
of the full powers he held from the Emperor, to
affix his signature to a convention. The reply of
the Pacha was affirmative. We were apprised of
this by a signal, and we immediately proceeded to
land where the consular body at Tangiers were
waiting to receive us. We were likewise received
by the Governor of the town and by a guard of honour'
by whom we were conducted to the Casbah, where
we were introduced to Bousselam in the imperial apart-
ment. He was attended by the chief director of the
Customhouse, a person who performed a political part
of some importance during the late events. After having
exchanged some compliments, we asked the Pacha if he
were in fact disposed to sign the treaty which we had
submitted to him. He desired some explanations as to
the nature of the engagement which the ith article im-
posed on his Government, and appeared satisfied with
our replies. On our part, we insisted on the urgency of
the measures relative to the delineation of the boundaries,
of which the principle is laid down in the sth article of
the convention, and we reminded him of the stipulations
relative to the evacuation of the island of Mogadore,
oictated by the kindness and generosity of his Royal
highness, and we signified to him that as soon as the
convention should be signed, the consulate should be
reinstalled, and the functions of it intrusted to M. Mau-
;..oussin, until the exchange of the ratifications. It was
th,:n agreed that as soon as the French flag should be
hoisted on the Consular building, it should be saluted
with 21 f:uns from the town, and that the admiral's ship
should rett:,rn the salute. Nye then proceeded to sign
the convention; One copy in French, and another in
Arabic, duly
sighed and sealed, remained in the hands
of Sidi Bousselam. Two others are to be brought to
Paris by the Duke de Glucksberg, who thinks it neces-
aary to take the orders of your Excellercy relative to
the new mission with which he is charged. This mis-
sion will moreover be retarded by the delay in forward-
ing the orders of the Emperor.
We trust, Sir, that our conduct;will obtain the appro-
bation of the King and of his Government. It is true
that we have not strictly confined ourselves to the exe-
cution of the orders of your Excellency, but, directed
by the counsels and encouraged by the approbation of
the Prince de Joinville, we considered that whilst we
carefully preserved throughout the affair the character
which our instructions conveyed to us, it was permitted
us to endeavour to strengthen every stipulation, and
particularly that which relates to Adb-el-Kader, with
3,11 the guarantees necessary to render them as efficacious
as' possible. Our first idea was to stipulate for a pecu-
nia.vy indemnity for the French who experienced losses
in consequence of the war or of the previous acts of the
MoOril4b Government ; but we were restrained by the
!ear of compromising by this exigency the success of a

negotiation which his Royal Highness desired to con-
clude with the shortest possible delay. It was likewise
for that reason that we suppressed an article relative to
the offer of the mediation of France in the differences
which exist between the Courts of the North and the
Emperor of Morocco. We were satisfied with leaving
an opportunity, through the 7th article, for your Excel-
lency to open negotiations with the Emperor. Your Ex-
cellency appeared to give us an implied authority to that
effect in your dispatch, No. 2.
Besides, we received the same morning the original
dispatches (1 and 2) of your Excellency, and in two
different ways. the telegraph dispatch of the 2d of Sep-
tember. We will not terminate this dispatch without
giving fresh testimony of the utility which the important
services rendered us by M. de Martens have constantly
been to us. They have most powerfully contributed to
the result which we now lay before your Excellency.
We desire equally to call your attention to the energy
and zeal which Messrs. Mauboussin and Fleurat have
displayed in the King's service.—Receive, &c.
The Prince de Joinville first appears in the fol-
lowing dispatch addressed to. the Minister of Ma-
rine :

THE PRINCE DE TOINTILLE TO ADMIRAL DE MACHAIL
On board the Suffreia, Sept. 6, 1844.
M. le Ministre,—Pacific overtures have been made, in
the name of the Emperor, by Sidi Bousselam, Pacha of
Larache, at present at Tangiers.
In a letter, addressed to M. de Nyon, Sidi Bousselam
announces that he is authorised to give us satisfaction
on the four points explained in the demands of France.
The Emperor, he says, never ceased to be at peace with
France. Bousselam has, moreover, requested M. Mar-
tino, Consul-General of the Two Sicilies, to convey his
letter to us in person, and he told him verbally to inform
us that if we had any other application to make, he was
empowered to grant what would be just. He concludes
by asking that plenipotentiaries be sent to Tangiers, and
giving the assurance that they would be well received.
What faith are we to place in these words ? I cannot
tell ; but, although I do not consider them entitled to
much confidence, I am of opinion, nevertheless, that his
overtures should not be rejected.
The intelligence received for some days since states,
that the truth respecting the events passing on the fron-
tiers, and those of Mogadore, is beginning to be known.
Muley Abderahman is at Fez, amidst a demoralised
population, which dreads to see us arrive in spring, and
entreats the Emperor to conclude the peace. lam posi-
tively informed by every body that such is the real dis-
position of the public mind. We must avail ourselves of
it. We have already obtained a great result. Morocco,
for many years, had not been exposed to attacks from
European Powers ; all the attempts hitherto made
against it had not succeeded. Now it has felt the weight
of the arms of France, the result should not be com-
promised by showing ourselves too exacting. If they
seriously desire peace, we should hasten to conclude it.
It now remains to ire known if Bousselam is fully
authorised to treat with us. There lies the greatest diffi-
culty. Hitherto he has refused to exhibit his full powers;
perhaps his instructions are merely verbal. The letter
of the Sultan, conferring those powers, may, on the other
hand, say more than he is willing to admit.
I reply to this objection, that the affair of Spain was
concluded without his being required to produce his full
powers. Now, we are in a better position than Spain to
act in an off-hand manner, and overlook any irregularity
in the form.

The most important point, in my mind, as I had the
honour to inform you in my preceding dispatch, is to
bring the affair to a speedy termination, under the im-
pression of the military facts, which gave satisfaction to
public opinion in France, and insured the tranquillity of
Algeria.—Receive, &c. _ _ _

The next dispatch from the Prince to Admiral de
Mackau will be read with much attention. It affords
the most signal verification that could be desired of
our remarks, on the 2d of September last, upon the
announcement that the island off Mogadore was oc-
cupied :
On board the Snffren, Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1844.
Monsieur le Ministre,—l hereby lay beforo you the
situation of affairs ; and I beg you to have the kindness
to give a prompt solution to the questions proposed in
this letter.

I have had the honour to inform you of the pacific
overtures which were seat us from Tangiers, as well as of
the mission confided to M. Warnier.

M. Warnier arrived at Tangiers yesterday morning,
and was received with such honours as were never be-
stowed upon any European. The Caid came on horse-
back to receive him, and all the troops were under arms.
When introduced into the presence of the Pacha, Sidi
Bousselam, he was told by him that the Emperor had
always been a friend to the French ; that he was de-
sirous of peace, and deplored what had passed ; that
everything had been done contrary to his orders. He
was well aware that it was impossible for him to pretend
to contend with France. The Pacha added that they
were ready to accede to all our conditions, and that he
entreated that the situation of his master might be taken
into consideration. He had met, he said, with but little
obedience before the war ; had found still less since it
had broken out, and was threatened with the loss of all
authority, if it continued.
Bousselam has given by writing, and before witnesses,
an attestation that he is furnished with full powers by the
Emperor to treat with us.
In the face of facts so positive, there is only one line of
conduct to be pursued—to profit by this favourable turn
to make a good treaty. I return to-morrow to Tangiers,
to this intent, with the Inflexible and the Suffren, taking
with me our plenipotentiaries. I shall be joined by the
Getnappes as soon as it shall have completed taking on
board a month's water and four week' provisions. This
latter fact may give you an idea of the material difficul-
ties against which we have to contend.

At Mogadore events have taken place which appear to
have modified our position. You will be able to judge of
this fact by the letter which I have received, and which
I transmit to you. Admitting of some natural exagge-
ration, and of the emotion which may have been felt after
the departure of the squadron, which was rendered
necessary by the want of provisions, it is no less true,
however, and I em now obliged to recognise it, that the
occupation of the island in winter is very difficult with-
out that of the town. In fact, it is very possible that
the authority of the Emperor and his desire to put a stop
to the hostilities may be set at nought, even after the
conclusion of the peace, by the bands of Kabyles which
are the masters of Mogadore and the country round. In
this case nothing can prevent their bringing into the
town either from the interior, or from;other places
on the coast, fresh cannon ; the batteries of the island
may be able to silence them, and we may be able to go
and spike them ; but they place their batteries in the
sands at a great distance, and if numerous bands come to
their defence, it becomes very difficult to go and destroy
them with only a handful of men. Now, the firing from
these pieces of artillery will render the possession of the
harbour perfectly impossible to the vessels on the sta-
tion. Without the harbour, when the bad season comes
on, it will be impossible for our vessels to remain in the
outer roads ; the naval station of the island will then
become very difficult to keep, and our vesse employed
upon it would be doubly compromised,—on the one side
by the enemy's fire, on the other, by the nautical diffi-
culties of the position. Besides, although the island
may be impregnable to any forcible attack of the Arabs,
if they establish themselves in the town with mortar
batteries, as the island has no casemates, it will become
a most painful and difficult position for our garrison to
remain in.

If I were only to listen to my own feelings, as soon as
the peace was signed, I would evacuate everything, for
in the occupation of the island I only see a source of
perpetual difficulties. But, as it may be possible that
the Government may attach a great importance to this
position, I will still keep it until we receive fresh orders
from you, unless, when upon the spot, I may consider
the difficulties still greater than I now imagine ; and
then we may be obliged to take the town and occupy it.
The occupation will not be an easy task, as we shall
only find brackish water to drink, the aqueduct being
destroyed ; we shall have, after all, only 1,600 men to
take it and keep it, and the getting provisions for its
maintenance will be a matter of the greatest difficulty.
But that appears to me to be the only means of assuring
us the quiet possession of the harbour, rand, conse-
quently, the naval station at the island.
The plenipotentiaries having :begged me to come with
them to Tangiers, I have been obliged to give up my in-
tention of going immediately to occupy the town. I
have confined myself then to sending the Belle Poule and
the Triton, in order, if it be necessary, to reinforce the
moral force of the garrison. As soon as the foundations
of the treaty shall be laid, I shall go thither myself with
the steam boats, taking all the companies intended to
be disembarked from the vessels. I cannot take with
me the vessels themselves, on account of the want of
provisions, and the commencement of the bad season.
I will then see what is to be done. But what I parti-
cularly request you to answer me is relative to this point
—When once the treaty is concluded, are we to keep the
island ?

If it be considered desirable that :it should be kept
during the bad season, it will be necessary to make all
haste to occupy the town. In that case send me 1,500
men on board steamers, and send me also provisions,
cannon, and ammunition, to defend the town, which will
probably be attacked every day.
Or, is it to be evacuated ?

I must again repeat it, that before your answer arrives
we may, perhaps, be forced to take and occupy the town
of Souetah, with the feeble means in my power, or to
evacuate everything. But in any case, you must see of
what importance it is to answer me immediately.
P.S. September 9.—The more I reflect upon the diffi-
culties of our establishment at Mogadore, and the dis-
agreeable consequences that may result to our policy at
the moment we are,treating for a peace by the occupation
of the town, the more I am of opinion that we ought to
profit by the conclusion of this peace to evacuate every-
thing. It would be much easier for us to retake it in the
spring, than to keep it new.
All that being well considered, it is probable that if
we make a favourable peace, I shall give orders for the
immediate evacuation of the island.

The following dispatch from the Prince de Join-
vine to Admiral de Machu narrates the circumstances
under which peace was concluded :
On board the Suffren,:Tangiers, Sept. 10, 1844.
Monsieur le Ministre,—l have given you an account
of the demand of peace made to us at Cadiz by Sidi
Bousselam, having full powers from the Emperor of
Morocco. I proceeded to Tangiers with two ships and
four steamers, and cast anchor there this morning. Ge-
neral Ben Abou, Caid of the town of Tangiers, immedi-
ately came on, board ray ship and declared to me that
the Emperors intention was to make peace and to ac-
cept our terms.
very explicit and drawn up
on
by the King's Government,
Tthhee
had been prepared by the Plenipotentiaries, and trans-
latedbases project pointed of
treaty,o
ut
into Arabic with care, and Ras taken on shore by
Mr. Warnier, with this notice, that to obtain peace,
the treaty must be signed in the course of the day
without the alteration of a single word ; that, were

it not so, it was war. Mr. Warnier told the Pacha,
that from all the letters found in the tent of Sidi
Mohamed, after the battle of Isly, we were as well ac-
quainted as he was with the situation of the Emperor
and of the empire, that we were desirous of making a
friend of Muley Abderahman, and that it was worthy or
a great nation like France to be generous after vicLory.
The Pacha accepted the terms with joy. The Plenipoten-
tiaries went ashore under a salute from the artillery of the
town, and were received by the oonsular corps. They
proceeded to the Pasha's house. All was signed. Thus
in a few hours our conditions were notified and accepted
under our cannon. The treaty being signed, I conceive
that I am conforming to your instruction by ordering
the immediate cessation of hostilities, and the evacuation
of the island of Mogadore.
Being desirous of removing the very vast trace of our
disagreement, by leaving only a salutary souvenir of the
blow we have struck, we have again put up the flag of
the Consulate-General. The troops occupying the place
have saluted it with 21 cannon, and I have return d
the salute. We leave an eleve consul to conduct the
affairs of the Consulate. This measure will insure posi-
tively the ratification of the Emperor; for were he to
refuse now, it would be a new and serious case of war.
But the severe lesson we have inflicted upon him will
constantly induce him to avoid the consequence of a
refusal.

Thus, Monsieur le Ministre, by the actions of this day
we have obtained even more than the Government de-
sired, and more than we ever obtained at Morocco, and
that without the co-operation of any foreign influence,
and by the cannon of our own vessels, Friendly diplo-
matic relations have been established, and all that re-
mains of our disagreement is a salutary fear of our name
and of the force of French arms.

Muley Abderahman, after having felt the weight of
our sword, has received a proof of our generosity—his
interests are ours, and we have made a friend, who may
hereafter be very useful t© us.
I have sent to Commander Hernoux, who commands at
Mogadore, the order to evacuate entirely and to return
to Cadiz, whither I shall return to-morrow.