The Sun.
London, England, 1826-05-03 00:00:00

to me by the gentleniati who had engaged totalmit,

It consista

Of about 2,800 English acres; two-seyeiths of it is water meadow,
on the banks of the Vistula, prodiicing good -hay.; about 300
acres are woodland, and the rest aralife There is a castle or ca-
pital mansion on it, which I belieWiviasi the chief motive for
taking it. The not agreed for wiivabOut 951: a year. The
lessee, who is engaged in other pursuits, told me he .should, try
the experiment of worki4tg the land by hired annual labourers, to
he. paid in tourney. Hero posed to keep a flock of 400 Mu'ritat
sheep, and a dairy of 50 milch cows, fur the butter of which he
flattered himself he should find a vent in a neighbouring inanufini-
turing town. • •

Time two last instance appeared to nee to beexcxptiona. to
the general rate of value of rtnW land; and 1 slitudd rather esti-
mate the average to he much nearer that price at which the lands
ofthe Government are let. There is, in fact, scarcely any of the
class of capitalists, as is familiar to us in England, by the term of
farmer. The state of society is totally different.
Among the real Poles, there is no regular gradation of ranks
between the noble proprietor and wretched peasantry. There
way be, and visibly are, differ-clam in the condition of the peasantry
depending on the personal character of their lords, and upon the
more or less embarrassed state of the property on wideli.they may
be settled. There iv also a difference between the landed pro-
prietors, owing to the different degrees of activity, economy, and
attention that they exerciseJ but there is not a middle class of
Poles, The Polish gentry are too proud to follow any course but
the military career; and the Gevernment, by its large standing
army, encourages the feeling, though the pay is scarcely sufficient
to supply the officers with their expensive unifertim The church
has too firer prizes,, aiming many thousand hlaiiks, to induce any
but the lower classes to enter on that profession. The offices of
Government can employ but few, and those are ill paid, and said
to depend on small /*vitiation rather than on their salaries. What-
ever difficulties may present themselves to the placing out young
men of good family, none have had recourses to commerce ;
,and if
they had, such would be treated by offices at having lust their
caste, and descended to a lower rank of sodety. Thu maniniie-
tongs and the artisans in Pnlnnd are tainost allot the German
nation. • If a joiner, painter, mason, tailor, aboefnaket, or a per.,
son of other similar occupations, iminding, too, the misfire' pr,o,
1004" is wanted, lie will commonly be found only among the
Germans. The merchants, bankers, and traders, are nearly as
exclusively of the Jewish race; hsul that, ton, of all classes, from
the importer of wines and eolonial produee to the dealer in raga
and old clothes ; from the monied man wi) traffics in foreign
loans and foreign exchange,, down to the' ender of small sums,.
which the poor can obtain by pledging their miserable furniture
or implements.
Examples have been recently set by, some individuals of the'
first families and' wealth, of eitablishing manufactories, by form-
Log colonies, with is view of raising a race of consumers on their
domains, among whom a vent may be created for the produc-
tions of the soil ; but they have, in almost every instance, em-
ployed foreigners to conduct their concerns, awl to perform all
the work abOve the lowest kindi of • drudgery. The Gertnans
look too earnestly forward to a return to their own coUntry,,with
the money they acquire, to invest it in cultivation; and the. Jews
are: not disposed to engage in agricultural, or in any pursuits or
oecupations in which' their shrewdness in making bargains would
be of less avail than the practice of bard labour and the Most
rigid econonty

When estates are sold, the growing timber, houso, and hone
are not the subjects of a separate valuation, but are included iu
one sum in the purchase. The buildings on estates are, of neces-
sity, more numerous and more extensive than are required in this
country. Front the indolent manner in which all labour is per-
formed, a greater number of cottages is indispensable for the work-
men. The corn is seldom or never formed in stacks in the open
air, but is howll in barns, and the same is the case with the bay.
The Snow is so deep in'the winter, that there is no food for cattle
to he found in the tields; and such is the severity of the cold, that
it is indispensable to build houses large enough to contain the
whole hems of cattle, and die whole flocks of sheep. Besides the
severity. of the climate, the number ;of wolves is so great, and,
in spite of all excitement by, the Government to destroy ,them,
is so fast increasing, that no, cattle can be left in 'the fields in
the whiter. These animals range the country in bodies of front
foni to fourteen; and when pressed by hunger, will ,attack any
of the dioneriticated animals and, indeed, nn winter paises with-
opt several bliman beings, partictilurly 4tildrep, falling a sneri-
their voracity. iiistonces, it is said; are nut uncom-
mon of wolves undermining the kundation of sheep-honses to get
at their pory.
Prom these circmnstunces, the relative expence true building
on estates, compared to the value of the mere land, in spite of the
low price of timber of which those buildings are chiefly construct-
ed, is greater than With us.
An estimate was made by a person eminently skilled in the
value of land, who (mans' it upon actual sales made iu the last
four years. -Ho diviiissl it in titre,: classes, trouncingto their
fertility. The kniTot land in a state, of cultWationA,with good
buildings and a competent number of peasants, 414441 to he
worth 1,000 florins the hue' 'raining the florins at bd., though
the hull of Maoelnirg mur-
worth fraction less; and taking
cus, ay otoi moll, the estitnate wintld be a filw.
!lad g2C sierlth; the English, see t, The „ha kinds
of arable laud • of soar. r, (111,,iiti„ vary..
(TO to',11.Ni1:11)