The Sun.
London, England, 1845-01-16 00:00:00

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• a-IJAi 111{ •

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
FROM TETE EVENING TAFERS or YESTERDAT.
STANDARD.----The letter of the Archbishop of Can-
terbury must go far in restoring peace to the Church.
His Grace distinctly instructs his clergy to abandon all
recent changes that have not been made with the general
acquiescence of their respective congregations, and to
attempt no new alterations. The command extends, in
fact, to a prohibition of all the recent changes, though,
for form's sake (no doubt), it is divided under three
heads. First, as respects the case of churches in which
the changes have been made with general acquiescence.
'rhere are no such churches; but if there were any such,
the public would have no right to complain that the con-
gregations should be permitted their superstitious indul-
gences even to the setting up of the mass. They would
no more belong to our Protestant Church, than does the
Roman Catholic Chapel at Moorfields. It is part of our
religious liberty to allow all men to worship
as they please ; and while our cathedrals and
parish churches, chapels of ease, and other churches and
chapels legally connected with the Established Church,
are preserved pure, we have no right to complain.
In none of these, however, have the recent
changes been introduced without more or less
of dissatisfaction, if not of resistance ; but either
dissatisfaction or resistance is not general acquiescence.
Next, the Primate enjoins that where changes
similar to those made elsewhere have not been
attempted hitherto, they must not be attempted
hereafter. Thirdly, where the changes are still the sub-
ject of dispute, the dispute must be abandoned ; but the
only party that can properly abandon the dispute—the
party, too, over whom the Archbishop has more direct
power—the party who is single against many—must be
the party to submit, in order to ensure that " general
acquiescence" which, under the first head, his Grace de-
scribes as indispensable to justify a continuance of the
changes. A respectful but firm remonstrance from any
considerable portion of any congregation must, in the
terms of the injunction, be a conclusive reason for
their discontinuance. His Grace is at great pains
to console such as may be, or may pretend to be, dis
tressed by the necessity of this sacrifice to peace, by
telling them in the first place, that their interpretation
of the rubric is by no means so certain as they may
imagine. " Upon careful examination," says the
Lord Primate, with a modesty deserving all respect and
worthy of universal imitation, "I have found reason to
think that some of these questions are more difficult
of solution than is commonly imagined ; and
" that the meaning which occurs at first sight is not
always the most correct." The clergy have it, therefore,
upon the highest authority in the Church, that the
question of the rubrical interpretation is, at least,
extremely doubtful, but "in dubiis presumitur pro
neganti" is the rule of the civil law as it is the maxim of
common sense—to " stand fast when we are not sure of
our road " The doubts of the Archbishop of Canterbury
must afford great relief to the distress of the rubricians;
but his Grace has other topics of consolation, for he in-
timates that the practice of the last 180 year s is very proba-
bly the practice intended by the lawgivers of the Church.
The opponents of the changes may, says the Primate,
plead an usage opposite to the interpretation lately given
to the rubric " reaching back to the time when the in-
tention of the lawgiver was best understood." Usage, as
a Contemporary has remarked, is acknowledged the best
interpreter orally law, but usage contemporary with the
enactment of a law, and continued downward without
interruption, is in every case decisive of the intention of
the legislator. Another consideration which must not
only alleviate the distress of the rubricians, but alarm
such tender consciences as theirs, with a suspicion
that their interpretation may be all wrong and the
practice from which they would depart perfectly right.
The most important, and what to really modest men
would be the most effectual consolation is, the argumen-
tum ad verecundiam, as Mr. Locke calls it. "The most
conscientious clergymen," says the Primate, " have felt
themselves justified in treading in the steps of their pre-
decessors." We cannot go wrong in quoting Locke,
and therefore we will transcribe his description of the
argument here employed, because we think that it very
exactly describes the state of the question before us :
" First, the first is to allege the opinions of men whose
parts, learning, eminency, power, or some other cause
has gained a name, and settled their reputation in the
common esteem with some kind of authority. When
men are established in any kind of dignity, it is thought
a breach of modesty for others to derogate any way from
it, and question the authority of men who are in posses-
sion of it. This is apt to be censured, as carrying with
it too much of pride, when a man does not readily yield
to the determination of approved authors, which is
wont to be received with respect and submission by
others ; and it is looked upon as insolence for a man to
set up and adhere to his own opinion, against the cur-
rent stream of antiquity ; or to put it in the balance
against that of some learned doctor, or otherwise ap-
proved writer. Whoever backs his tenets with such
authorities thinks he ought thereby to carry the cause,
and is ready to style it impudence in any one who shall
stand out against them. This, I think, may be called
argumentum ad rerecundiam." " Pride," " insolence,"
" impudence," ere the rough names that Locke gives to
the temper of those uninfluenced by the " argu-
mentum ad verecundiam." What name would Locke
give to those who should not be influenced by
the authority of the whole Church's practice for 180
years upon a question of interpretation which
in the text interpreted, and apart from all external
argument, appears to the learned and pious Archbishop
of Canterbury to be extremely doubtful; and who
should resist their metropolitan in a matter which,
as he says, and as all rational men must agree
with, has been advisedly left in a great degree to
the discretion of the Church and its governors?—" It
must also be granted that
the intention of the Church
is not always clearly discoverable from the language of
the rubic, nor determinable with absolute certainty from
the records of early practice. In such cases it may with
some show of reason be said, that, as the eminent men to
whom the several revisions of the Liturgy were succes-
sively entrusted did not see the necessity of giving direc-
tions so precise as to ensure a rigid conformity in every
particular, we may be contented to acquiesce in slight
deviations from rule, suggested by convenience, and
sanctioned by long usage.' Here, then, surely, we have
enough to rescue from distress the most sensitive con-
science.
GLOBE.—It is recommended, in Whately's "Ele-
ments of Rhetoric," that oratorical action should precede
rather than follow the words :—" Boys are generally
taught to employ the prescribed action either after or
during the utterance of the words it is to enforce. The
best and most appropriate action must, from this circum-
stance alone, necessarily appear a feeble affectation. It
suggests the idea of a person speaking to these who do not
fully understand the language, and striving by signs to ex-
plain the meaning of what he has been saying. The very
same gesture, had it come at the proper, that is the
natural, point of time• might perhaps have added greatly
to the effect, viz., had it preceded somewhat the
utterance of the words. That is always the natural
order of action. An emotion, struggling for utterance,
produces a tendency to a bodily gesture, to express that
emotion more quickly than words can be framed; the
words follow as soon as they can be spoken. And this
being always the case with a real earnest, unstudied
speaker, this mode of placing the action foremost, gives
(if it be otherwise appropriate) the appearance of
earnest emotion actually present in the mind." The ac-
cordance of the above with the fitness of things must at
once strike every reader. And it appears to have parti-
cularly struck the Hon. Mr. Grantley Berkeley—that is
to say, providing always the Hon. Mr. Grantley Berkeley
has read it. If he has not, the coincidence of his theory
of rhetoric. with Archbishop Whately's only affords
a fresh illustration of the adage that " Great wits
jump." " A word and a blow," has hitherto been
the expression of rciagh readiness for action. On the joint
authority, /however, of Archbishop Whately and the
Hon. Mr. Grantley Berkeley, the better reading, hence-
forth, will be "a blow and a word." The action should
precede the word. " The reverse of this natural order,"
says the above-cited authority (not the Honourable but
AiThiepiscopal) " would be sufficient to convert the ac-
tion of Demosthenes himself into an unsuccessful and
ridiculous mimicry." It will not be the fault of the Hon.
Mr. G. Berkeley, if any Demosthenes in dog-skin gloves
shall henceforth have his action converted " into an
unsuccessful and ridiculous mimicry." He has laid
down rules of rhetorical efficacy, which carry cud in
practice all that Aristotle, or Archbishop Whately, pro-
pound in theory. Nay, more, he has struck a new light
in the philosophy of rhetoric altogether, " beyond all
Greek, beyond all Roman fame. He has not only
given new and varied applications of Whately's
idea that action ought to precede words, but
he has reached the sublime discovery, that
action may be made so rhetorically efficacious,
as to dispense with any words at all i Lord
Burleigh's shake of the head must henceforth rank
second, longo intervallo, to the Hon. Mr. Grantley
Berkeley's punch in the head. And he has this advan-
tage over former rhetorical theorists, that "he is himself
the great sublime he draws." His precepts have been
tested by experience. The Hon. Mr. Grantley Berkeley
has come forth, at this the eleventh hour, with a " De-
fence of the Game-laws." And we should be disposed to
concede to him, that, if all country gentlemen were of his
cilibre, they might be defended. Defended, that is to
say, de facto—without too curious question of de jure.
It is the non-übiquity of Grantley Berkeleys that
creates the insufficiency of game-laws. " Quand on
sail ce qu'on tout," says a French historian, "et qu'on
le veto vice et Lien, on fobtient toujours" The mischief
is, according to Mr. Grande), Berkeley, and we
quite agree with him—that all the world are not up
to his mark—that gamekeepers of his nerve and
muscle are not to be had for the money—that there is
only one Hercules to so many Caci ; and that Hercules
cannot get on, all the year round, without his club. Mr.