The Sun.
London, England, 1826-05-11 00:00:00

24 Jo (9

38 4

4sl 4 CO 4

85 8

141 h)

It will be.seen by this tontraAt, that is the years frn;i 1781..ta
1799, when the exports by sea from Dautzio tind Elbiu .wer:.
1,4143,480 quarters, the expenses of conveyaneefroni Wttryaiv
•
the port of shinommt, with the. prnfit or.i.antunission of tit
chants, Was ld. in the years from 180$ to 1806, Whco
the exports were 1,060,352 quarters, the conveyance and pVotit
of the merchants was NS. l ld. par qurer,
Since the great deeline 'of prices, winch began in'llBl9, it ap-
pears tlott the average prices at Match: are so near to those
at Ceacow mold \Srarsaw, that the rate' of freight which has
been actually paid, is greater than the differences between
tliem. tlie four years from 1821 to. 1824, when the whole
quantity shipped from•Dantzic and Ming has been no more then
299,000 quarks's, the difference in price between Cnieow Nutt
Dauttie bee been only St. Bd., and between Warsaw and Dautzic,
ordy 4s.Bd.
According. to:.several .represeutatious Itthieh 1 received, and
which cannot be materially erroneous, the, quantity of wheat rail;-
el in the interior of Poland has been gradually lessening., bin with
much more rapidity since 1819, than'hefore that period. Dur-
ing the years 1821, 1822, and 1823, very little ‘ttheat passed
down time Vistula, Its appmrs by the accounts obtainettet Thorn.
ply the official accounts, the whole in the, three years was only
88,600 quarters; the growers being then induced to' withhold
from whipping, as long as their necessities-wOuld allow, In the
year,lB24, the pressing demands of creditors and mortgagees
tbried the holders to sell, and in consequence of it, there was sent
down in that year. 93,968: (limn", The pressure of distress
still continuing, and the harvest of 1824 being very good,. there
was forwarded in 1825, by the nommencement of time harvest sif
that year ,171i,215 quarters, or at 1111.0.1 as in the four years which
had preceded it,
These two last year's exports had completely drained Poland, and
hence, when I ivas there,: before any of the IttlW !WI :,p•
peered at market, the prim.for what little was routed, had rather
advanced. I was informed by more than one werchunt, that if
10,000 quarters had been, required, then. was sy I;,ttie left bribe
country, that it coniti.be collected with 4itficoltY 4 and, that the
knowledge of auch:dentand.wculd cause the prim:e to be doubled.
In the mean tiail.oe stocks at Dautzie Arid ii44l tom ac-
(inundating, in spite of the titoup.oratvely bin,.,11 quantities which
hare been brought dOwn the Vistula.

At the end a 11118, then!. only remained in store in those
'cities 92,279 quarters (see Appendix :So. hi.) in ;i,# following
seven years, up. to August, Iti 5, qmintitiei a liirlt paid duties
at Thorn, were

From Russia
Austria
Poland

Qul4rteri.
36'6,648
.17,149
621,119

During the same aeve►.► years, the exports from
the two ports, were - -

1,005,11

reesiVihg - - -
To 'this is added the stuck at the and of 1818.
. •
as above -

1324,622

I SO, 4.88

SSA',`.? 79

v72,7t;7
It appears, however, that the at reLlly in stur, ;ti t ,
places in August List, antounted about :1,50,000 quarters, to
therefore' there must have hLett exported, or be in t.tots, about
80,000 quarters of wheat, of, the growth of Prussia, io the seven
yearn under-consideration.
Poland,' and ‘prOhably the Ituti:ok pruvirwel which once were
paits of Poland,,though,tirainol of their v. hole stock. of wheat,
have not in seven years caused an ttecurnulation at the exporting
cities of more then about 1-19th of what was shipped from them
in seven years, from 1800 to 1808. 'thaw stoehs are, however,
higher than appears to have been, left.on hand at the end of the
former years, and hence it may have arisen, that the. priom have
been reduced far below what it has coat the Inkier», though they
have bought from the growers at rates, t 4 discourttge the thrther cul-
tivation of wheat.

The abandomnent of a losing business is most likely to begin ta
the fountain head, and the effect of the abandontuent ►will be first
experienced by a rise of price At the spot where the depreciated
commodity is produced. .This KnillS to be the ease in Voland,
and this may naturally'aecount ler the prices of torn at Cracow
and Warsaw being higher ,with the ,nddition of freight and the
other charges, than at Dantsic and Elbing.
It has been frequently, remarked,. that the exportation of corn

from any country, if long continued, must-tend to exhault the
soil, unless lonumaticles, capable of becoming converted into • up.
pure, are introduced to compensate for the, injury. .?luny parts
of the north of Africa, and of Asia Minor, which .Mrtnerly xull
plied large quantities of earn to Europe, havelinre Ale.
sorts. ,Perhaps one of the chief causes, of thei:progre,s, ire- nave.
made in agriculture, and of the superior, produt:tiveris of our
fields, have arisen from our exporting but law, :and iniportiny'
Many of those articles which are capable, when decorriptveol, of
becoming manure, `and being applied to renovate -toe soil, as
Much or more as it is exhausted by cropping.
. From Poland, for nearly two eenturiea, according to the do..
Cument in the Appendix, No. 24, the exports of ,corn tuivo,lnvo
very large, whilst on the other hand nothing has been imported,
deserving of notice, which could be converted into nutriment to
the soil.

The system of rotation by which the two crops.of corn are
raised in succession, and nothing is administered to refresh the
hind but a fallow; would exhaust the bast coil with which w•e.ure
acquainted. •

In every part of my journey threugh Poland, the impres,,ion
communicated, in looking at the fields, whether with growing
crops, in stubble, or under the operations of the plough, was,
chat they were approaching to a state of exhaustion from exces-
sive cropping.

Thii view; which the rotation of crops and the face of the
country
.suggests, is confirmed by the statistical facts, which show
that its power of supplying the wants of other countries is greatly
diMinished. The return of peace, after more than
.10 years of
extensive warfare, is commonly supposed to have increased the
pioduetions of the soil, and to be the cause of the depreciation of
prices, which has been the general subject of ceanplaint in every
part of Europe. in Poland there has been no sensible increase,
ofuumbers, except within the last six years, when. German's, eon-
grant work people, to the number of 250,000, have established
themselves in the different trades to which they have been tur+
customed in their native country..
On. comparing the surplus quantity of bread corn which Po-
land has exported in a series of the same number of yeais, we
►hall see what has been the falling off.

In the 11 yeast' (see Appendix; No. 15), beginning with 1795,
and ending with 1805, theexport4 of wheat front the mouths of the
Vistula were 5,059,198 tt► iptei ,tr444:14098'a year; lit ilk. e r.tge
of the period. In the 11 yearihheiriniling in 1816 and entliog with
1825, the exports from the sante )!orts were 1,889,01.27 41u.at0,41,
or on the average of the period, .01,729 quarter. per year. Itt
the latter period, indeed, 78,885. tool-dd. of flour were exported:
quarters; and
supposing them to be wb,ten flour, will, inmate the quan-
tity 39,132 quarters, reckoning that two b;trrels are the'proiluee
of one quarter of wheat. in .tir first of th€ 410.0,0 wind years,
tthhaet :she:67lW irtioBatltev ;El. I',
68.0:096,

, - • - •
The period* here contra tAlt wtre .iotit•teaeout of genera trail-

___.__............,s
.
i quillity, eicept that during the tint part of. them the opp
....
oitioa
- y
1 of Kosciusco and his partisans to the hatdismemberment of:Poe
laud caused partinl•and temporary distitrbanetti;' but the d-O
not
, appear to have affivted the quantity of its agrienltitral produces.
I ft is tree, that ill the firStiteries, there were in England' two
- or three deficient harvests', and itt the last series but one ; the
: effe.i.of that one was to raise prices so high as to induce the er-
: port of the Whole that could he got away. Had there been more
grown, it would have been eagerly exported : and we find a the
.- elid of the year 1818, the Stock, both at Dafintie and Elting was
only 98,990 quarters. Though We imported in the-,year 1131 9
from 'all. parts of the World, a Older. quantity of wheat thaw in
any former ,year, yet, much less et that wa*aliipped front the ports
liy which the corn is Conveyed down the Vistula is exported.—
The three years of our greatest importation, as appear by account,'
laid before the house of comMone, have been 1802, 1810, and
-1818 ;in the first of tin the exports from Dantric and Elting
were 040,494 quarters. In the year 1510 (see Appendix, No.
1,51 ,the French *ere in nnssession of the country, and the ex=
pa ' all' carried in a contraband way, were 267,277 quarters.
li *with high prices at Metric, viz.'•64fu 11d., the ports of
`t ' dNitig open, the exports were :386,789 quarters.
e calculate esti. the consumption of wheat itt Great *item'
i
• is urns quarter for each person for food, and about a seventh part
.wore for seed and minor rorpoSes, it will appear that in. the first
' ~,,ther series we have been comparing, the quatoity of Wheat ex-
' partettfronrPant3/417And4lbingWould with the then amount of our •
populatiOn, 11.000,04100,*ab1e to equal, 12 days' censumption.,
In fact, .however, out of ttae 5,0440 varters of wheat, which
Dantzics'exported, 1,i390,014 were dispatched tip other conotries.
As we have only the gross eipoeti remit Eirditg, wlthout dititio-
guishing what was sent M.Great-Britain front what Was sent 'else-
where, it may not he incorrect to assume that ene4carth, ia'front
l)antzie, was not sent to our -markets,. and then there frig*, a-
further reduction of 299,205.qu'arteia.. Tli, gill I;:tetite whole.
quantity really pirnlshed to us lit the II )',:41.8, r.,1ii9.944 ipar-
tors, or an annual qOahtity of 314,640 vt/ tars, being equal to
about nine dais of our tmnsiiittptidn. ,
At the seeontrseries mit population hadadVanced as numbered
in 1821; the'middle year of that ,series, to 14,900,000. The
quantity of wheat sent to rut frOm the Vistula had deilined, ,end
during the 11 years had been' 1,252,..271' quarters, or 118,814
annually, This would be equal to the whole of I our I.consuittpOott
for betwixt two or three days.
In the Appendix, No, 24., is shown the iVhole expert of corn
from Danttie, the the last 189 years. Its those tables, it ap-
pears that the wheat exported .front that city, ' derireT that long
period, was 19,58.1,947 -quarter,i, or 117,988 quarters on the
annual average of the period. In fact, the whole that liantzic
has exported in 'I (G years is not equal to the ennsumption of this
kingdom, with its present •popfilation for more than 15 or Ilk
months. The annual importation wodd.uot now amount to two
days and three qunrters consumption. •• • • ' '
It appears by thaofficial account of the, itutlet, heir( nr Thorn,
on wheat descending the Vistula, (see Appetulir, No. 19.), that
a very large proportion comes out of, territeries cow forming: an
immediate part of Russia, which once were, but no hmeer are,
parts of Poland. I. had communientimi with several proprietors
of estetVa WhOirproptgty is partly in one aml•Pattly in the other
country, atelityailed myself of all • means Within toy reach to ac,-
, quire a Itturtsidgt! of the netual produce ofgrain in both,
The provineett from which. the best, and most of the Wheat
is transmitted, ere Volltynia aed ./-iiiclitliit, which were seined
1 Russia, in. the ;division of 13elarid• in 1796; end are now
distinct provinend gOvtonments, retaining their•ancieitt names and
usages.
.‘, ~,
Voltynia is represented to be a district
.of extrittirdioesy.44lo-
- The pastures are said to he !mordant, the grass growing so
high as ahoug to hide the cattle, and yielding the richest notariske-
ment to them. The Corn is said to iucrease in common years ten-
hdll, in spite of ita4ingriculteire.; end 4 failure, or very deficient
harvest, does not etettrAtro or Ogee timesina century.
On referting,•honiver, to the official harvest returns of the
Russian empire, as quoted in the Erdebrsehreibting of Hassel, a
I German work of the highest authority, it will be seen that, in this
province, the increase.of grain in the year 1802 was very little
more than four times the quantity sown.
The Russian tschewert, being reduced into English quarters,
reckoning the taehewert at two-thirds of the quarter, the follow-
ing result appears.:...-..

tiowecl.—Wiliter Corn
I )1 ttl)-7SUllittier llitiO

1 ted—NVinto r Corn
Ditto..-Summer ditto

Used for Seed, for S.Winter Co
the next, year Sututuerr. ditto

Quai.ters.
tkV,4lifi
3,10,244,

G 55,700

1,1149,65te'
1,277,340

2,026,832

30,804'
314',9911 .

6 1,4,800

There consequently remained, of Winter torn I
hltatinier.slo; 960414 •
1,9ti2,082
I of which 1431,606 Ostlers were consumed within .the pro..
since; and 3rio,4titi quarters were exported, or rotained in the
cotudry et the next harvest. Of this surplus, .route pare) must
have been barley or oats ; and as the. winter cart* eonsistS of
six tillle9 as inu,.ll rye Its wheat, it is. out pro4l.l6'}tiutt this
dis-
frill, very rich when compared with the other parts of the
Russian: dOulinions„ eould have furnishea to conitherce WOW
roarientoof when in a VW, when .the exports from Dantzie
nre YpTy, 474‘ar, and the prices of the year preceding had been
iiiitingrand very high. As the communication by water from
this provineL- is more easy to the flack than to the jlaltia.Sea,
its
surplus corn will more frequently be conveyed to Odessa than to
Dantzie.

. Podolia, like Volltynia, is represented as highly fertile ; and
by the 4601 accounts, extracted front the statistical writer
before tinoted, appears to present, the year referred to
already,' a greater rate of increase in the seo.l that has been
sown, than Volltynia. Being to the smith of Volliynia, it is,
still more easy of access to the Black sea than that province, and
holier removed front comuninication with England through
Dantzie. It howevtn, deserves nt b, letnarlted, that the naviga-
tion of the Dug and the Vistula is bettor than that of Ate Doit.s4tor,
because the latter river has many'sliallowo tool ripifts, 40 come
ttlitatatititiviswittioLlnla.by Ihee jtliustatestior;tthtfe titnteuraklpliai t
,11,%,.)ahnictzhi,o. '4itlnldheoilthezaec.
The Muss to both those markets it so diflscult, th'at only when a
scarcity in with Part
,of Europe raises the prate' to an unusual
height, is any cansiderable quantity attempted to 1* transported,
Vilien 'the corn is' citti it' ti left a !Ong time. in sheaves in the
fields till, it c:an
and harass. When
etp'hrteellsoreeirpNi!?t,:eitfitiloittii,r4:x:c(fr:aatitvt:hrt:oetrir:tiltNilvgteollitinla:lhtouor.tatticirOe.ltellaaturn:,4ill;eih.yh'tiatoiltiei.iiite:it
it either called forth by
pens, till it is destroyed by cern worins or other irevets, It appears
from the vtlicid autunite, that in the year 1802, the following
were the results of the cultivation of corn

•
Sowed--Winteri Corti
Ditto--::Sunnier ditto

Quarters
295,16 S
551,620

644,803

flartmiied_Winter Coru
Ditto--siiimuer ditto

1,644,271
,4R7,076

3.067,tAfi.

Uted, fur head fur the next year—Winter Cunt 2f.)7,W)4
Stunrupr do: :3h€,,476,

_ _ -- --
0,5b,7'30
Thvrir cabsequently rem..ine,l - 'au bare ("firwip4:3,ill7
Wi4 a ter 0 iittt,'l/4, , m 1. ti 9$ )'
1s , ~' , , • ,4 41t16
Of which 1,172,211 pihrOpre Weir riiii4te,Witli, i,
_ll r°, !in,l'
906 quarter* Iveru iltileV*, en, or ry :en Ili tito
l'ro i,ive Whaler the f .110wingliirivere, '' , ' ' '' ,'I ~ ',
. , , 00 yr 4',911T40,,tE1'• '' •" -.4 ' '
, . e• .