The Sun.
London, England, 1844-01-18 00:00:00

GENERAL JACKSON.

TO THE EDITOR Cl' niE TisiEs.
Sir,—ln your City Article of Monday appeared fill
extract from a letter of the correspondent of an Ame-
rican paper, giving some account of a personage of 30111 e
celebrity—one who has hitherto been to the English an
object of no ordinary respect—l mean the famous An-
drew Jackson.
We find him there described as showing signs, I re-
gret to say, of the advance of old age, but " the lightning
tire of former years yet flasaing in his eye., ;" and he
is said to be of opinion that it will be long ere the
disgrace inflicted upon his countrymen by the hard
cider humbug can be wiped off. This letter is va'ry
gratifying, on more accounts than one. First of all,
it manifests to all the world the exquisite sense
of honour inherent in brother Jonathan. To a sensitive
mind such as his, the disgrace of the hard cider humbug
must be a thing quite insupportable. Thus we have clearly
demonstrated to us the malice of those who would insinu-
ate, that because he does not pay his debts, therefore he
is not a man of honour. What, however, is more import-
ant (for no one, I believe, ever seriously doubted Jona-
, than to be a man of honour), this letter seems to promise
1 the means of getting at what I, amongst others, have
long been desiring to know—namely, what may happen
to be the sentiments of such a person as General Jackson
on the subject of public faith, the obligation of paying
one's debts and the like.
It must be borne in mind that there are two sides, a
" yea" and a " nay," to every question, and it may hap-
pen that the General's opinion on both these points
may be in the negative. Hitherto, however, he, as well
as all other public men in America (with the solitary
exception of Mr. NVebster), have, owing no doubt
to the characteristic modesty of the Americans,
with singular unanimity kept their sentiments
upon these subjects to themselves. No one can suspect
the hero of New Orleans of a lack of moral courage to
speak out whensoever and whatsoever the good of his
country calls for. It must be remembered too, that in-
dignation, when excessive, is apt to make the tongue
cleave to the roof of the mouth and render dumb.
On this subject, therefore, information is wanted ; and
I should like to know whether any fire or lightning is
seen to flash from the General's eyes when he hears
talk of IP.Nutt and repudiation ? He is said to take a
vast interest in the elections of New York. Pray what
does lie think of what is now going on in the adjoining
State of Pennsylvania, where they are said to be dili-
gently paying off both principal and interest of the
floating (that is domestic) debt, whilst the funded (or
foreign) creditor is treated with paper in satisfaction of
his dividends !
The General has been for some years removed from
the sphere of active politics, and free therefore from
the trammels of party politics ; precisely therefore
the character from whom, considering his vast in-
fluence, it was expected and desired that we should
hear a strong denunciation of what is regarded here
as the fully of his reckless children. This expectation
may, however, have been founded in a misapprehen-
sion. It may be that the mode of thinking which
seems to prevail pretty unanimously on this side of the
Atlantic, that debts ought to be paid, that contracts are
obligatory, that public faith ought to be kept, that for
either an individual or a State to borrow money which
at the time they have not good reason to know
they can, and which they do not seriously intend, to
repay, is what is vulgarly called swindling, and that
swindling is a trade of infamy ;—it may be that our
mode of thinking differs from his. He may look upon
all creditors, public creditors especially, as Jews and
jobbers ; and it cannot be denied that Jews and jobbers
are very detestable animals, and fit subjects for pillage.
Swindling he may consider as a necessary ingredient in
a democratic constitution, and therefore to be tolerated
if not encouraged.
in any case it appears highly desirable that the opinion
on this subject of such a person should be publicly
known, in order that it may be tried whether anything
can be done towards reconciling the apparent discrepancy
in the morality of the old and the new world.
To you, therefore, I address this, in the hope that it
may be deemed worthy
of a place in your columns,
which may chance to bring it to the eye of the " cor-
respondent," or some other person capable and willing to
enlighten us on this interesting matter.
Jan. 16. ANTI-SWINDLE.

BOMBAY TRADE WITH CHINA.
A private letter from Bombay has the following :
" Since the settlement of the tariff by Sir henry Pot-
tinger, the trade with China is improving. Who would
have anticipated, a few months back, the calm ai:d
good feeling that now prevails between the Chinese and
English ! I doubt, however, if we shall be able to get
tea, sugar candy, &c., any cheaper by the arrangement
that has been entered into: these articles are at pre-
sent much dearer than they were before the war: I
allude to Bombay. How the good folks in England
manage to dispose of tea at the prices published
in the newspapers, is an enigma to me. We
have at this time three American vessels in the
harbour, bound to China, to convey and form
the escort of the American Envoy to his Celestial
Majesty, in order to negotiate for a free trade with the
United States ; but I am told that the treaty entered
into by Sir Henry Pottinger comprehends " all European
Powers," placing them on an equal footing as regards
trade. Such being the case, it was whispered to the worthy
Ambassador, that the High Commissioner would not,
probably, condescend to receive him, which seemed
to raise his choler. The opium trade is as flourishing
as ever ; the prices given for the drug are enormous ;
ships leave this for our new settlement, Hong-Kong,
laden with nothing else ; it is, therefore very clear
that our Government wink at, if not countenance, the
trade. Sir Henry Pottinger has, indeed, declared that if
any opium should be seized on the coast by the Chinese,
he will not interfere, nor will her Majesty's Government
be answerable for the value of any opium so seized—thus
leaving it entirely to the parties to traffic to any extent
they please."

ALARMING FIRE" AT IPSWICH.
Yesterday morning, between the hours of twelve
and one, the inhabitants of Ipswich were aroused from
their slumbers by loud and continuous cries of "Fire!"
and most urgent appeals for help. Bells and knockers
were suddenly and violently sounded to give the
alarm, while a lurid flame lighted up the atmo-
sphere, and painfully
i added weight to the cry—
" The White Hart s in flames !—for God's sake
get up and help us !" On proceeding to the
spot, at about a quarter to one o'clock, we found a
range of stabling, running parallel with the back
of the dwelling. house, and nearly eighty feet in
length, rapidly
.being consumed by the fiery ele-
ment. At this time one engine only (the Tower)
was playing. Contiguous to the north end of the
stabling are Mr. Ray s extensive premises, built
in this place of slight lath and plaster—these were
soon burnt through in several places ; at the south
end the stabling joined Mr. Hooker's (chemist)
warehouse, containing large quantities of inflammable
materials ; Mr. Smiths premises and others, closely
surrounded the burning mass ; and the all but cer-
tainty of there being a fearfully extensive conflagra-
tion stared everb?dyin the face. Shortly after two
other engines arrived,,, the Suffolk Fire-office and the
.1_
the
sAritehest
t. acbnyil \rde
Clement iyoi tsi Ray's
slg(e,ini
principally
e also powerfully co-operated
privateivel Payhselligmeet‘lvaiyn, the flames ;
St. Clement's. he hose of the former was taken
through
in Tavern-
on the gable end of Mr.
Ray's premises, while the Tower engine was em-
ployed in preventing,the ignition of Messrs. Smith s,
Hooker's, and Conde! s premises. Providentially there
was scarcely any wind at the time, and after about
two hours persevering exertionr all fear of further
calamity was removed. The authorities of the town,
and many of its most influential inhabitants, were early
at the scene of danger, and assisted materially in check-
ing the progress of the flames—indeed all present,
from the Mayor to the humblest artisan, lent their
aid with such earnestness and hearty good-will, in their
different stations, as to do credit to their hearts.
Thanks to them that a much more widely extended
conflagration—of the extent of which it is fearful to
contemplate—has not visited our town. We are sorry
to state that 16 coombs of corn, 2 tons of straw, chaff
engine, &c., were consumed. The cattle and harness
were happily saved. Mr. Roby, landlord of the
White Hart, is fully insured. The building destroyed
was the property of J. Cobbold, Esq. Many of the
inhabitants of the endangered premises hurriedly
sought safety in the neighbouring houses ; a great
quantity of goods was also removed into St. Lawrence
Church, and other places of safety. The fire was first
discovered by Mr. Brownsmith, a person living on
the premises, who, on entering the yard, perceived
some straw on the ground floor to be in flames,
which immediately set fire to the lofts above. It
has not been ascertained by what means the straw
became ignited. In the hurry and excitement some
rather severe falls occurred. Mr. Franks, master of
the Blue School, sustained some injury) but there was
no casualty of a serious character. We cannot close
this notice without an expression of regret that the
authorities of St. Mary Tower do not keep the hose of
that engine in a better state of repair. A very consi-
derable time elapsed before anything could be done
with it, it being necessary to bind it with list, and
have other contrivances, before the engine could be
brought into work. The other engines, particularly
the Suffolk Fire Office, were immediately ready for
powerful action.—lpswich Express.

A SENSIBLE FARamt.—A few days ago, a farmer,
resident not far from this city, was spoken to by his land-
lord, on the necessity of supporting- Sir Robert Peel and
the corn-laws. "No, no," said Mr. Hodge, "no corn-
law humbug for me ; the corn-law means high
rents and high rates, and just such prices as I can
get, which happen to be always low after har-
vest. I would rather have low rents and low rates,
and then I will take my chance as to prices." In the
course of further conversation, it appeared, that in his
grandfather's time, the farm in question was just one-
third the present rent, and though not protected by a
corn-law, prices averaged equal to the range of the last
three years ; and taxation was less, for wu had not to
pay the penalty of;., war.—Chester Chronicle.
Messrs. H. 'gander, May, and Thomas Plume, are
appointed by " The National Animals Friend Society."
of Exeter Hall, London, to visit the principal towns of
Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire, during the
months of February, March, and April, for the purpose
of holding meetings, to dissemiaa.te the important ob-
jects of the Society, and aid the great movement now
being made
enormities in
inflict
puttin
wong a
theshtop armtloesstliodsuembb,atripte ries and
ytile
ut
/la these counties.—From a Correspondent,

IRELAND.

THE STATE TRIALS.

(FROM OUR OWN REPORTERS.)
DUBLIN, TuEsDA
COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH.

THE QUEEN V. DANIEL O'CONNELL AND OTHERS.

The proceedings of yesterday did not advance the
case at all ; it was a repetition of the preliminary
skirmishing that has already given such active occu-
pation to the Crown lawyers. It was, however, fully ex-
pected that to-day the case would be fairly commenced
by the swearing in of the jury, and the immediate
opening address of the Attorney-General. The
Court assembled at 10 o'clock, and there was a very
full attendance within the building ; but outside
the Four Courts there was much less of bustle and
excitement than on the previous day. The arrange-
ments were precisely the same, and proved equally
efficacious in securing order.

Their Lordships having taken their seats, the tra-
versers were called in the usual manner. Mr.
O'Connell answered to his name, but Mr. Barrett and
Mr. Duffy were absent.
The names of the jury were then called over to
take their appearances; they all answered with
.the
exception of Mr. Stephen Parker. Captain Edward
Roper applied for an exemption on the ground of
age, being 72 ; and Mr. Benjamin Eaton on the score
of ill health. I3oth the applicants were told by the
Chief Justice to wait.

On the names of Mr. Barrett and Mr. Duffy being
again called,
Mr. Gartland, solicitor, said that Mr. Duffy had
been obliged to quit the Court on the preceding
evening, from severe illness, and applied for an in-
dulgence of a few minutes for his appearance.
Mr. CANTWELL (for Mr. Barrett) said that this
gentleman could not appear for a short time, and
asked if the case might not proceed in his absence, he
(Mr. Cantwell) appearing as his attorney ?

The ATTORNEY-GENERAL said it was requisite in
a ease of this kind that everything should be con-
ducted with the utmost regularity and order. If
a traverser were absent for ten minutes on
the first day of the trial he might be
absent on another day for a longer period.
It might be very inconvenient to individuals, but
without the consent of the Crown, a traverser could
not appear in this case by attorney. If he appeared
by attorney in an early period of the proceedings,
there might be some difficulty at a later stage in iden-
tifying them. It had been decided in England that
unless the consent of the Crown was given, parties in
a case of this kind could not appear by attorney.
Mr. O'Connell said he did not think that the tra-
versers could be considered as included in those de-
scribed in the indictment as persons unknown.—
(Laughter.)
The Court waited a few minutes, when
The CHIEF JUSTICE said it was now twenty mi-
nutes beyond the hour to which the Court adjourned.

Mr. CANTWELL said Mr. Barrett resided four or
five miles from town, and, probably, might have been
delayed by some accident.
The CHIEF JUSTICE said the indulgence as to time
was one not in the power of the Court to grant.
Mr. CANTWELL then asked for only five minutes
longer, which the Court granted.
During the interval Mr. Henn, the counsel for
Mr. Barrett, entered the Court, and made the same
offer on behalf of his client, that had been previously
made by Mr. Cantwell—namely, that the case should
proceed in his absence. In, a case of misdemeanour
there could be no objection to this.
The CHIEF JUSTICE said the Attorney-General
had already signified that he could not allow this to
be done, on the ground of the difficulty there might
be in identifying the traversers. It was the Attorney-
General who had to be satisfied on the point, not the
Court.

The ATTORNEY-GENERAL said had the application
to appear by attorney been previously made, he should
have been prepared to show that the traversers had
no right to appear by attorney. All the parties
named in the indictment were bound under recog-
nizances to appear in person, and during the present
trial he should be under the necessity of insisting on
their personal appearance every day.
Mr. O'Connell said, that would subject them to a
series of accidents that might detain them two hours
every day.
The CHIEF JUSTICE said that was not likely to
happen.
The name of Mr. Barrett was again called, and he
had not arrived.

The Clerk of the Court then ordered Timothy
O'Brien, Esq., and James Rooney, Esq. (Mr. Bar-
rett's bail) to be called, and required " to produce the
body of Richard Barrett."

Precisely at this moment Mr. Barrett entered the
court, and his exceedingly opportune arrival excited
great laughter.
Mr. Barrett apologised for his absence, stating that
it arose from his residing at some distance from town.
The CHIEF JUSTICE said that was no reason at all
for his not attending the hours of the Court. If such a
thing occurred again the Court would be compelled
to enforce the recognizances.
The COURT then proceeded to swear the jury. The
first sworn was Mr. James Hamilton.

Captain Edward Roper was called, and then again
claimed his exemption on the ground of age, and
handed in an affidavit setting forth his age.
The CHIEF JUSTIOE—Pass him over for the present.

Mr. lIENN objected to the withdrawal of the name
of Mr. Roper. The plea of age should have been
made in the Recorders' Court ; he submitted that it
could not be entertained here.

The affidavit was handed across the table, and Mr.
O'Connell having read it, said that it was only a de-
claration of age, not an affidavit of any incapacity.
Mr. Roper said it was six years since he had served
on any jury, and he thought he was exempt from
age.

The CHIEF JUSTICE said he would have been so
had he taken the proper steps in October last.
Mr. MAcDoNouGn objected to the exemption,, and
grounded his argument against it on the judgment
delivered by Mr. Justice Crampton on the previous
evening. That decision asserted, in the strongest and
most emphatic manner, the finality of the
Recorder's list. One of the qualifications for
being placed an that list, was being of a certain age;
the Recorder had adjudged on that qualification, and
the Court had itself asserted, in emphatic language,
that such adjudication could not be reversed by any
tribunal ; Mr. Justice Crampton had expressly said
that it could not be inquired into.

Mr. Justice CRAMPTON said the Court did not in-
tend to pass over the name of Mr. Roper. Mr. Henn
would also permit him to say that his argument was
not ad item. His judgment was given on the array
of the whole jury panel, and he had given no opinion
as to the qualification of any particular juror.
The CIIIEF JUSTICE said the name of Mr. Roper
had been returned, and he was now on the list ; so
far the Act of Parliament had been complied with..
The next question was, whether Mr. Roper was enti-
tled to be passed by. As far as he had yet gone he
had heard nothing to induce him to say that Mr.
Roper had established an excuse. He rather thought
that no such sufficient reason had been shown to the
Court, and he was of opinion that the juror ought to
be sworn.

Mr. Roper was then sworn as one of the jury.
Stephen Parker was then called, and handed in a
medical certificate from Surgeon Kirby, stating his
inability to attend.
Mr. Vance, a licentiate apothecary was called and
sworn. He said he knew and attended Mr. Parker.
He was labouring at present under great nervous ex-
citement.—(Laughter.) In his (witness's) opinion, he
was not in a state to attend to the present case. He
thought it would be fatal to him to attend. He had
had apoplexy twice.
Cross-examined by Mr. MAcnortouGH—ls of opi-
nion that Mr. Parker could not attend. He was in a
state of great excitement. I heard him called yester-
day. I went home with him, and I saw him after
dinner.

Mr. MACDONOUGH—Wras he in a state of excite-
ment then ?—(Laughter.)
The ATTORNEY- GENERAL said he did riot think there
Wad matter for laughter or ridicule in the case at all.

18, 1R44.

Mr. MAcnoNouGn--Many things occur in this
Court which are matter for ridicule.
The CIIIET JUSTICE —We must excuse Mr. Parker.
Edmond Clarke was next called and sworn.

Benjamin Heaton, architect and builder, was the
next juror called. He begged to be excused, in con-
sequence of incapacity to serve, from severe bodily
pain with which hewf by reason of a hurt
he received in falling from a scaffold, tlx pur-
suit of his business. He had a certificate from Sur-
geon Hart, stating his inability to serve, and he was
sworn to that effect. He was excused.
Francis Faulkner was next called and sworn.
John Cook was next called and sworn.
Henry Flynn was called and sworn. •
Henry Thompson was called and sworn.
Anson Floyd was called and sworn:
John Rigby was next called. He asked the Court
to excuse him, as he had been summoned as John
Rigby, his name being John Jason Rigby. A few
questions were put to him, which identified him as
being the proper person, and he was accordingly
sworn.

Robert Hanna was called and sworn.
William Longfield was called and sworn.
William Ord was the last person called and sworn.
The following persons were then called over and
answered to their names :—James Hamilton, Upper
Ormond-quay, Foreman ; Capt. Edward Roper,
Upper Eccles-street ; Edward Clarke ; Francis
Faulkner, Grafton-street ; John Croker, North
Great Georges-street; Henry Flynn, William-street;
Henry Thompson, Eustace-street ; Anson Floyd,
Wellington Quay; John Rigby, Great Brunswick-
street ; Robert Hanna, Henry-street ; William Long-
field, Harcourt-street ; William Ord, Cork. street.
The names of the several traversers, Daniel O'Con-
nell, John O'Connell, Thos. Steele, C. G. Duffy,
Rich. Barrett, John Gray, and the Rev. Mr. Tierney
were then called over and placed upon their trial.
Mr. NAPIER then opened the pleadings, setting
forth the nature of the case as stated in the opening
of the Attorney-General. There were eleven counts
in the indictment, to which the traversers pleaded not
guilty.
The ATTORNEY-GENERAL then rose and addressed
the Court and jury. He commenced by saying, that
the jury had been impannelled on the present occasion
to perform the duty of deciding on the guilt
or innocence of the several traversers, and it
would not be necessary for him to impress
on their minds the necessity of giving their
anxious and undivided attention to such a mo-
mentous cause. Mr. Napier had told them the nature
of the charge against the several traversers, but to
impress it on their minds, and that they might be
able to understand the cause as it proceeded, he would
call their attention to it again. The traversers stood
indicted for having conspired together and confederated
to create discontent and disaffection among her Majesty's
subjects, and to excite them to hatred and contempt of the
Government nod Constitution of the realm as by law
established, and to stir up hatred and be-
tween the different classes of her Majesty's subjects,
particularly in Ireland ; to excite discontent and dis-
affection in the army ; and to cause large numbers of
persons to meet together at different times anti
places for the unlawful purpose of obtain-
ing, by means of the intimidation thereby
created, and by the exhibition of great physical force,
changes and alterations in the law and Constitution
of the realm as by law established, and particularly
by these means, to bring about a dissolution of' the
Legislative Union ; and by means of seditious ad-
, dresses, publications, and by intimidating Parliament,
to bring about changes in the law of the realm, and
to bring into contempt and hatred the tribunals
for the administration of justice, and to diminish
the confidence of the Queen's subjects in the admi-
nistration of the law therein, and to assume the pre-
rogative of the Crown with regard to the administra-
tion of justice. Having thus brought under the no-
tice of the jury the charges upon which the defendants
stood indicted, it would be convenient and proper for
him to make a few observations with regard to the
law of conspiracy. The law, however, they would
take from the Court and not from him. Conspiracy
was a crime created when persons combined or agreed
to do some illegal act, or conspired to do a legal act
by unlawful means. Such was the law laid down by
Lord Denman, Mr. Justice Parke, and Mr. Justice
Pattison in the 4th volume of Barnewall and Alder-
son, page 349. The same principle was laid down in
this Court in the case of Forbes, reported by Mr.
Greaves. The same doctrine was laid down in the
case of the Queen v. Murphy, in the 9th volume of
Carrington and Payne, page 310, by Mr. Justice
Coleridge. If they believed that the several defendants
had been engaged in a common design to obtain the
objects they had in view by the means pointed out in
the indictment, in that case the acts and words of any
one became evidence against the others, though they
had not committed those acts or spoken the words
themselves. The Learned Counsel quoted 6th Term
Reports, page 527, Watson's case, reported in the se-
cond volume of Howard's State Trials in support of
this position. In the case reported in 9th Carrington
and Payne, page 275, a case not unlike the present,
two defendants were found guilty. 'The same view was
held in the case of the King v. Redhead, otherwise
Yorke, reported in the 25th volume of the State
Trials, page 1,004. There was a very important case
in the 3d volume of Starkie's Nisi Prius, page 76,
namely the case of Redford v. Birley, to which he
wished particularly to call the attention of the Court.
and Jury. It was an action of trespass brought against
some persons who dispersed a meeting in Manchester.
The trial took place before Mr. Justice Holroyd, and
a verdict was given for the defendants, thereby esta-
blishing the illegality of the meeting. The case was
then brought by motion before the full Court, consist-
ing of Lord Tenterden, Mr. Justice Bayley, Mr.
Justice Holroyd, and the present Lord Wyn-
ford. They refused the motion, and established
the law as laid down at the trial by Mr. Justice
Holroyd. In the course of their judgment they gave
their opinions with regard to unlawful assemblies.
(The Learned Gentleman then read the opinions of
Mr. Justice Holroyd and Mr. Justice Bayley relative
to what was an unlawful assembly.) On a motion
being made for a new trial in the same case, in banco,
Lord Tenterden, in giving judgment, said the cir-
cumstance of the professed object of the meeting being
peaceable, was not to be taken into account, for unless
that was its professed object the meeting could not be
held. The real object of the meeting was the matter
to he regarded. Again, said his Lordship, others
might go to the meeting intending mischief at some fu-
ture period, when those who had been drilled up to that
time without arms had arrived at a further stage of
military discipline. They would be told in the course
of the defence that those meetings had ended peace-
ably. Why the intention was that they should dis-
perse peaceably. That was one of the most danger-
ous purposes of those meetings. If they had not done
so, the conspiracy would have been broken up earlier.
Besides, the hour of action had not yet arrived. As
one of the traversers had said, the hour of England's
infirmity was Ireland's opportunity. The time to call
upon them had not yet come. The part of the con-
spiracy was to effect a complete organisation from
north to south, from east to west, before the
signal for action was given. Therefore it
was that the meetings had dispersed peaceably.
Others might go to these meetings, too, as Lord
Tenterden had said, intending mischief at some future
period, when those who had been up to that time
drilled without arms had arrived at a further stage of
military discipline. But he (the Attorney-General)
denied that these meetings were peaceable, or any-
thing like peaceable, since they were assembled under
the control of one man, who might give them one
order or another order, as he chose. Such assemblies
were, he would show by high legal authority from
the Bench, inconsistent with the law of the land.
Lord Wynford, in giving his judgment, said it ap-
peared to him that the meeting was not innocent,
and if it were not, what, his Lordship said, was it ?
They had, he said, the key to it in the evidence of
one of the witnesses; their object was, by exhibiting
their numbers, to induce others to join them, that they
might thus be able to overcome the Government.
Now, such he would prove was the course adopted
with respect to the meetings now in question. There
was another case, which he would cite, as applicable
in the present instance; it was the case of the Queen
v. Holland, Carrington and Payne p. 460, an iadict-
ment for seditious libel. The subject of it was on a
resolution to the effect that the people of Birmingham
were the best judges of their own right to meet in the
Bull-ring, and were the best judges of their own
power and resources to obtain justice. Justice Little-
dale, in summing up, said it was no sedition to
say,that they were the best judges of their right to
meet in the Bull-ring or anywhere else, but that the
words " the best judges of their own power
and resources to obtain justice," were seditious.
There was one remaining authority which
he would lay before the Court, it was that
laid down in 4 Alderson, p. 178, in the case of the
Queen v. Burdett, and it illustrated strongly the
principle which he (the Attorney-General) had al-
ready laid down, viz., that the act of one conspirator
was, in point of last, the act of all. The Right Hon.
Gentleman having read the case went on to say that
haying called attention to the lAw applicable to the

- ---- ----
greater portion of that extraordinary case, ho would
now proceed to open the f!;.ets of it. It might first,.
however, be convenient to advert to the position o
the repeal question at the time of the constitution f
the Repeal Association. The Right Hon. Gentleman
here gave a short history of the various socictie,
their names, objects, Scc., which had been formed 11
Mr. O'Connell, from the period of Catholic Etnanci;
pation in 1829 down to the formation of the- present'
Repeal Association early in the ~,et,r 1840. 111,a
Association had changed its name iWice, and in Jti
1840, it received the name of the Loy
it stills
Repeal Association of Ireland, which name
retained. The general nature of the constitution 0
that it consisted of associates, members, and vtd,ll;ii;
teers. The bond of union between those val.'°"„
parties was with the view that some such as the ass"'
ciaties should be liable to a very small subscriPtil
in order that the organisation might be eff°,etteeg
ansong the poorer classes. Accordingly the ass Those
paid ls. on obtaining his card of admission. n.
cards, one of which he now held in his Ilan"' the
swered all the purposes, without coming within.oo,
express words of the Act against passports or sleor
Parties holding them would by exhibiting them sill to
who were connected with the Association, an: he
what extent the organisation was effected.
Loyal Nation,,
top of this card was a shamrock, with the wei-stbe
" Roman Catholic, Protestant, Dissenter." Near pot
bottom was the date 1782, also a view of the Pres' "
Bank of Ireland, with the words, " It was, it shall bet)',
The next class consisted of " members" who
scribed 20s. An " associate" also, who collected a'6o
paid in 205., was entitled to a member's card.o
one corner of this card was the word " ClOnta„%'
site
with the date 23d of April, 1014 ; on the OPPO°
side the words " Benburb, sth of June, 1645;tett
the bottom an Irish word, which, being transi3oth
signified " The mouth of the Yellow Ford,
;oil
of April, 1598 ; also the word " Limerick," Anbioe;
1692. These names and dates were those of P'ai
and times at which the Irish were successfa 0
battle either over the Danes or the En lish, ft
g „
they were now called, the " Saxon foreigner. nod
were the cards of an association which, in peace disc
tranquillity, never, forsooth, meditated exciting of
content and difference between different clasSegd
her Majesty's subjects. Those cards were foroe fp
and engraved thus with the view of endeavouringebi
rake up transactions of centuries past, and &roe
exciting hatred against the " Saxon foreigner.-
battle of Clontarf was fought against the Danesol3
the Irish under Brian Boru.---(Laughter.) Ile,pep-fote
not see what it was that excited laughter. I'oo
those trials were concluded it would be seen V
there was anything but cause for laughter. ote
Learned Gentleman here went at great lengtuvesl
the history of the battles referred to, and then n.dit);
on to show that one of the chief means of arei-sien
the doctrines of the Association was the transit)" the
of repeal newspapers to districts according t,°oll
amount of rent collected in each, and contendeeeo,i,
the press was the most powerful means of dissa to
nating the seditious doctrines which he attributeerted
the Association throughout the country, and re fsolir
to the effects produced in France during the %edit
tion by the newspaper L' Ami do -I elle
and in Ireland, about the year 1798,..,11,,,
well-known newspaper called the Press.
next call attention to an address to the repea'4l
dens, which had been published in the Nation Pcithe
paper. The Right Hon. Gentleman having ret/oisie
address, proceeded to show that the perfect orgttootr,
tion of the repeal-wardens had its origin in thartitib°'
went. They had all heard of the Jacobin on
France and its affiliated societies. No one ever t1)0
templated the Ol consequences that flowed frein
Society. Yet it overthrew the Government ft
time, and was succeeded by a despotism that ssliotea
the country for many years. having further P°,ollo
out the evils of this organisation, he said he s;oie
now come to the first meeting of the Repeal -A-1060
tion, which was held on the 4th of Feb., 1843.,,c0v.
of ie traversers were present, Mr. Ray, Mr. u $O4,
nell, and Mr. Duffy. A statement of accounts',
was read by Mr. Ray, many of them consisting 501
the distribution of these very newspapers 7,0
alluded to. At that meeting was also produce boscP
was now judiciously called a diploma. It wasr.nelf,
somely engraved document, and by it it would qjeo,'
that it was considered possible that the repeal•• 001
might have other duties than their ostensible °flesh', tY
would hear one of the traversers inquiring' vilf
od
people could not follow a repeal-warden as well ast
was called by the name of a sergeant. The Itigho
Gentleman also quoted a very long extract fee o,bic
speech of dr. O'Connell at the same meeting, ',noel
he spoke of the relation of England with foreign '„gell,4
of the internal distress of England, of her ar!"og
strength and real weakness, and asking if that °DO')
the time for Ireland. He also alluded to the crele,
made by Napoleon in not sending an army tea
instead of to Egypt, to the martial character of t- 011,
people, to the military advantages of the count 1,11100"
concluding with expressing his conviction that r Ire
were to pour out her vast strength upon the soil euseveS
land, the people might, if they were true to theteatiefi
!rive the invaders into the sea. He (the Atn,,t'erl
General) contended that though Russia was 113:tielit'il
was England that was intended, she being frell
:poken of as the oppressor of Ireland. He well,t,
bring under their notice a publication, of will- cal'
I3arrett, one of the traversers, was the editor,
the Pilot, one of the papers which °keret/tilt;
peal Association so industriously circulated the p,
out the country. Mr. Barrett had taken 01,,F,
in all these proceedings, and had endeavors Oct
far as he could, by means of his newspaper, tote Wft
dissatisfaction. The publication he should quo
dated the 10th of March, 1843, and containediestsesoi
of a repeal meeting held at Washington, Unitenclesto
At that meeting Mr. Tyler, the son of the Pres'd the„'
the United States, was present, and he should r,ehn,li)
an extract from his speech on that occasion. .I,‘„,v-hie„kh.o
and Learned Gentleman then read the pasage; -
the well-known one concluding with these wordsl;loou't
libation of freedom must sometimes be quaffed in iedil
Ile further read the remarks contained in 9' peem
article on the subject of the same meeting. Th s
estrivni
of Mr. Tyler was called " a bold and statesnlaboy
-
speech." These were the publications which tile,le'reiljo
connected with this Association thought they ,sa 0%4
tified in circulating, so that they might be red
many persons as possible ; this was the poisentoty
was infused into the minds of the Irish people, /:
obedient to the laws if they were permitted too or,
these mischievous agitators, who, for the sake bitif,illor,
ing out their own purposes, deluded an nathat°o
people. This was one of the means by which, ',l„tioS,h'e
of the late Ministers of the Crown called a reve4"a tee!!
the empire was to be established, which wouldi,e‘lool,o
forming of a republic in Ireland, of which Mr. un of
would be the chief. He used the language of n-ecoils'y
late Ministers of the Crown. The next step in thee ate o 0
racy to which he should call their attention, was t",-s
y
ing of large bodies of persons from great distantago
orders issued to them, that they might beconic.)th stmt
tomed to assemble in these great bodies, not kept
in their hands, because everything was to be • b
e of
and tranquil till the organisation was COroPe.oet°lll
when that time arrived—when that organissti
complete—when the -hour of England's iefirrai.,t Ted
have arrived, then would the people have seq.oo 0
habit of meeting and marching at the word of
in military array. There was nothing new in spilol
would be found,. that for every stage of this en,nrteuv
there was precedent. The same course was a",.°of
1797, before the Rebellion. This was a flistte'rt oloo'
tory. He then quoted a passage from the Rer"ort,
Committee of Secresy, appointed by the Hour vioPjef
icons to inquire into the causes of the Reuer,tlogotY
which the assembling of the people in this flastin-000,1S.
various pretences, was described. The first h, ts
meeting was held at Trim, on the 16th of gi.areostlfett
Three of the traversers, Mr. O'Connell, Nr'ss
and Mr. Steele, were present. A dinner v‘ribvil
the same day, at which Mr. Barrett returned le telo
for the toast of " the people." He urged the Pelee to
tranquil, to be well organised, and when they At og
Ireland had wily to stamp its foot to be free. a l'ihe
same dinner Mr. O'Connell spoke. He qunt,c„iaetled
extract from the speech then made, which eoll"'d
declaration that nothing could be hoped fof Iret/et,
an English Parliament. It was a remarkable -tit; f'eS
during the whole of last session not a single Pe%;-ii I°„eis
presented from Ireland in favour of the nin-tit 1'.4
repeal. This was not to be wondered at, hen
meetings the,people were told that nothing bu"„lere 0,
was to be expected from it. But now they 110.
that, since these prosecutions, there had 513,1%;tS
great demand for parchments. These meet°,soiii
not well be held without some pretext, and - en,l'
pretended that they were held for °edict' 0)4
tutional purpose of petitioning. lie b-ieb
luded to the establishment of the paper ''',,,riete,"ll4
were aware was called the Nation, the prOre
which was Mr. Duffy. This was also lie
vl°o4
papers circulated by the Association. Nowlgife, Idifo
the saying had passed into a proverb, " I Will oril`,llo
the making of the laws of the country if Y'r tlO- roe
me the making of its ballads." It was singtOs otso/00
writing of seditious poetry, as a principles wiiltecoOsi
tied out for the first time in this country the nor
circumstance was mentioned in the Report 'int was dle
mittee of Secresy, already alluded to, and 1, thePealr
twain thought advisable to pdison the minds fte
by such seditious songs. This poetry ha",,lrit °,rset,t
fished in a small volume, entitled the "a ic; eV'
Nation," and from this work he should reaf J; 1P
it being the song called the " Memory 0- •d it
The Hon. and Learned Gontleman then rell
lows :

Who fears to speak of Ninety-Eight ?

`Who blushes at the name f
'When cowards mock the patriots' fate'
Who hangs his head for shame ?
He's all a knave, or half a slave,

Who slights his country thus;
But a true man, like you, man,
Will fill your glass with us.

We drink the memory of the brave►
The faithful and the few—
Some lie far off beyond the wave/
Some sleep in Ireland, too;
All—all are gone—but still lives on
The fame of those who died;
All true men, like you, men,
Remember them with pride.

Some on the shores of distant lands
Their weary hearts have laid,
And by the stranger's heedless haws
Thar lonely grayek Were mho;

roc
Ili
tai
sp,
sit,
101
ink
Vva
111 e
ta(
WI)
tel
pre
us,
an,

But, though their clay be far w.vay
Beyond the Atlantic foam—
In true men, like you, men,
Their spirit's still at borne.

The dust of seine is. Irish earth;
Amon their own they rest;
And the same land that gave them birth
Has caught them to her breast;
And we will pray that from their clay
Full many a race may start
Of true men, like you, men,
To act as brave a part.
They rose in dark and evil days
To right their native land;
They kindled here a living-blaze
That nothing shall withstand.
Alas ! that Might can vanquish Right—
They fell and pass'd away;
But true men, like you, men,
Are plenty here to-day.
Then here's their memory—may it be
For us a guiding light,
To cheer our strife for liberty,
And teach us to unite.
Through good and ill, be Ireland's still,
Though sad as theirs your fate;
And true men be you, men,
Like those of Ninety-Eight.

These were the publications, continued the Hon. and
Learned Gentleman, by which it was intended to poison
the minds of the people ; this was one single specimen
Of this volume. He had examined the publications of
1727, and in the Press, a paper published at that period,
he had found nothing more exciting. On the 29th of
an article appeared, called " Something is
Corning," The Learned Gentleman then read the
article at length. It contained allusions to sympathy
from France and America, and it exhorted the people
to watchfulness, patience, and courage. It said that Eng-
land was crippled, and her finances were declining, but
called on the people not to be premature. It then referred
,to the meeting of 300,000 persons, which it said would
cafile the foe. In the same publication there was an
article headed " Our Nationality," which stated that they
had no foes but the Saxons, and they ought not to de-
spair. Tipperary had exhibited itself in peaceful array,
and that 90,000 Tipperary men, who would as soon be
called on to pay their blood as their subscriptions, would
not form a bad national guard for Ireland. He had
stated what was the opinion of the late Govern-
-111, ent with respect to the repeal of the union, and
lie would now read the declaration made by Sir R. Peel
...nit the House of Commons on the 9th of May. The
Learned,, Gentleman then quoted the words used by Sir
reel on that occasion, in which he said that a repeal of
the union meant a dismemberment of the empire, and
every prerogative of the Crown and the Executive would
be,, used to put it down. A similar declaration was made
~°Y the Duke of Wellington in the house of Lords.
Within five days after that declaration the meeting at
Miillingar took place. At that meeting Mr. O'Connell,
4r- Steele, Dr. Gray, and Mr. Barrett, were present.
There was a great display of banners at it, and the bands
of the Temperance Societies, which he believed were
formed with no political motive by the Rev. Gentleman
who was at the head of them, were present, and as in the
'ear 1797 sobriety was recommended by the United
Irishmen, so it was also recommended at present. On
one of the banners was inscribed the motto, " That a na-
tion of 9,000,000 was too great to be dragged at the tail
of another nation." Mr. Barrett spoke at the dinner
after that meeting, and said that they would crouch,
but crouch like the tiger, ready to spring forward on
those who would touch their independence. The Learned
Gentleman then described the meetings which took place in
Cork and other places, and the language which had been
used at them by Mr. O'Connell, the Right Rev. Dr. Cant-
Dr. Higgins, and other speakers, which has been
before the public before. The next meeting took place
at Longford, on the 28th of May. At this meeting
fr. O'Connell and Mr. Steele were present, at which
between
60,000 and 200,000 persons were said to be
Present. Persons from the diocese of Ardagh, which
extended to seven counties, were present. Parties from
the several counties came attended by bands. No less
an eight bands were present. The platform was sur-
‘
mounted with the motto, "Ireland for the Irish, and the
elrish for Ireland." On one of the banners it was, that
a nation of 9,000,000 was too great to be dragged at the
tail
,of another nation. At t':at meeting Mr. O'Connell
°Kei and asked whether France and America would
rq uietly by while they saw Ireland trampled under
t• From this it was clear that it was the
into of France and other Powers which
Was to right Ireland, and not any constitutional
Means- He also said that if they were at-
tacked he would, in their name, set those
who attacked them at defiance. At the dinner, which
took place in the evening, and at which 1)r. Gray was
Present, Mr. O'Connell used language similar to what he
used at Cork. In the Pilot of the 31st May Mr. O'Con-
nell corrected that portion of his reported speech, in
which he called the British army " a ruffian soldiery,"
and he deelared that he never applied the term " ruffian"
to, the army, for if he had done so it would be false. The
'inject of his now referring to that correction of the
traverser's speech would be seen presently. The next
Meeting to which he would advert was one held at
..„,Drogheda on the sth of June, at which Mr. Barrett,
Dr- Gray, and the Rev. Mr. Tyrrell, since deceased.
were present, and there was also a dinner in
tne evening, at which Mr. Steele and Mr. Barrett
Made speeches in which were passages alluding to what
the speakers would be desirous of doing in case the
people of Ireland were driven to resistance. On the Bth
of June there were also a meeting and dinner at Kil-
kenny, when Mr. O'Connell, speaking of the sergeants
of the British army, expressed a hope that they would-
soon be in a position to become commissioned officers.
Two days after that meeting an article appeared in the
newspaper of one of the traversers, headed, " The Mora.
lay of W , War ;" it should rather be headed The Morality
of Rebellion." In that article the writer pointed out
what he conceived the circumstances under which war
was justifiable. That article showed the parity of
design which existed between the conspirators. At
Mallow the next meeting was held, and at it there
Were said to be present between 300,000 and 400,000,
and at which Mr. O'Connell said " that they (the
Irish people) might soon be put to the alter-
native of living as slaves, or dying as freemen."
At those meetings temperance bands attended, and the
people marched so as to show the organisation that had
been effected among the Repealers. In Dundalk the next
Lueeting was held on the 29th of June, when similar
organisation was displayed, where Mr. O'Connell said
that he felt sometimes tempted to wish that the Govern-
ment would attack them (the Repealers), but that was a
wildand improper wish, and that he never indulged in
At that meeting the traverser, Mr. O'Connell, like-
Wise pointed out his plan for reviving the Irish Parlia-
ment, which he stated could be done by means of the
terogative of the Crown, and without applying to the
ritish Parliament at all. Could it be that a lawyer,
eminent in his profession as the traverser, Mr. O'Connell,
None!poke as he believed when he laid down such a doe-
in the face of the 3d article of the Act of Union ?
w, he asked, was there any counsel on the other side
w'T would say that the Act of Union is void?
Mr O'CoI4NELL—Yes.
The ATTORNEY-GENEBAL—MikSS he said that the
44 Was void, no language would declare that the prero-
gative h._ of the Crown was in existence to the extent it was
bald stated to be. At the next meeting, which was
13, in Donnybrook on the 3d of July, Mr.
Connell inculcated, as at other similar assemblies,
Ve•and order—the absence of riot and tumult, and
he they should have the country shortly to themselves.
am object of that exhortation to the observance of peace
f,..".l:Juiet, was to carry the designs of the conspirators ;
,Z.ll the peace were not kept until the conspiracy was
I,4:Lured its purpose would be frustrated. At that meet-
i%alsoi the traverser told his hearers that the Asso-
l'°n would meet on the morrow, when he would hand
117 'I2SZ from America ; and he asked, what would
elfin t
• 1,, on and Peel think of that ? In the course, too,
ts observations he cited the often-quoted words of
•kert, Saurin, Lord Chief Justice Buslie, and Lord Mull-
of „in which those celebrated men opposed the passing
ai_wp Act of Union, in order to show that, in thel
I„eitcLion of these high authorities, the Act of Union was
of ,• Be (the Attorney-General)' denied that the Act
I.o'-inion was void, or that by the prerogative of the
n the Irish Parliament could be revived
authorities
be b• Act of Union h as e were d
oe
a y the tre rser.were Onsuc the 19thth ofy p July thereretende was
iiibeecting at Tullamore, at which the same la'ge num-
_ were present, and the same organisation exhibited
• the other meetings to which he had adverted. Mr.
„vok.2?rinell spoke at the meeting, and told them that lie
/leuld now announce to them that the repeal was certain,
tini asked them if he could not call them together at any
tout'e and at any day in the week. A voice then cried
" The sooner you want us the better." This was
Put athe only meeting at which a similar question was
nd answered. He said that no General were ,the
tTnunded by such soldiers, because they were the
jps_, bravest and most moral people in the world. He then
4.17 e with regard to some repeaters who had voted for
aue,?rY, and he advised the people not to associate with
• 4 Persons. Such was the system by which persons
forcedinto the altrepe movement. This was the
fre7sloni that was so much alked ot: Did not such
too'kuora always lead to tyranny ? The next meeting
be place at the Association, in which he believed that
wench of the conspiracy which related to the appoint-
tn was first broached. Mr. O'Connell,
of a eech upon the subject, said that the credit
balled on
the idea belonged to Dr. Gray, whom he
n on to second it. The next meeting took place
ceo-usain on the 24th of July, at which Messrs.
14,°nnell; Mr. Steele, and Mr. Barrett, were present.
bands were
was composed of the usual number, and
Casio were present at it. Mr. O'Connell, on that oc-
cf thne' addressed the people in inflammatory language
of same description. He now came to the month
August ; but as it would not be possible for him to
c;:ite_iude that night, and as the jury must naturally be
ressed, he would, if the Court had no objection
irttiiboe n9._ the remainder of his statement till to-morrow.
ClitEr JUSTICE said he would not press his pro-
Culit ihnegwtth the case if the jury felt at all distressed.
wished to know from the Attorney-General
Whether he had taken it into his consideration what was
to be ,ono
:restecl with 'ltrEY-
,rheo
AT.:.lo.ith the jury in the meantime ?
;as that the GENERAL said he believed the matter
time Court altogether ; but his own opinion
jury ought not to be allowed to separate.
strYitrco_uld. be accommodated in some hotel, aed the
eaitted Jilouicl see that no communication would be per-
he c ern'
4IEF JUSTICE asked Mr. Moore if he had con-
rd the
kr A _`object ?
mr.• 1140_0,11e: replied in the negative.
hi st muton, the foreman, said it would be attended
locked mous consequences
uccicocrpajmt
yosnT tih or t tow two.—(Laughter.)
.11_6
(rLaug hbusinesses
tero if they were
et so,„„ . CE---I hope there is no danger of

Captain Roper said it would be a serious injury to
them if they were not allowed to go home at night to
to give some consideration to their affairs.
Mr. Rigby, another of the jury, said that he was him-
self a person of active habits, and during the last two
days he had sat longer than for the last six months—
(Laughter)—he was accustomed to be on toot ('or nine
or ten hours a day, and he was already beginning to
feel the effects of sitting so long.
The ATTORNEY-GENERAL said, that if the Court con-
sented to allow the jury to go home, he hoped they
would take measures to allow no communication to be-
made to them. In saying this, he did not mean to cast
the least imputation on the traversers or their attorneys;
but it might be done by persons who were not in the
least concerned in the cause.

Mr. Rigby said, that if any person interfered with
him, he should feel it his duty to communicate it imme-
diately to the Court. The other jurors made similar
declarations.

Mr. MOORE said, that as it appeared to be the desire
of the Court to afford every convenience possible to the
jury, and as the Attorney-General seemed to assent to
the jury going home at night, he, on the part of all the
traversers, begged to state that he had no objection to
the jury being allowed every possible convenience; and
he hoped that no party whatever.would interfere with
any of the jury.
The CHIEF JUSTICE then said, that if any interference
were made with any of the jurors, he hoped they would
reject it, and inform the Court of it. They could now
retire to their homes, and at tend to-morrow at ten o'clock.
The Court then adjourned.

THE F 1 NCH BUDGET.
(From the Quotidienne.)
M. Lacave Lap!ague is certainly an able financier, but
he will not easily create a belief in the equilibrium of
his budget for 1845. It will be in vain for him to classify
and arrange his figures in ranks ; he will never conceal
the deficit so completely as not to be found out by the
tax-payers and by the treasury itself. The Minister,
to establish his equilibrium, has entrenched himself
behind an old and worn-out fiction—the distinction
between the ordinary budget and the extraordinary
budget—a subtle distinction,' but which does not make
it less necessary to dip into the same purse to meet ex-
penses so happily distinguished. Expenses are paid by
receipts, and, when these are insufficient, there is a de-
ficit. This truism needs no demonstration ; but we will,
nevertheless, take the trouble of proving to M. Lacave
Laplagne that his equilibrium is a pure illusion, and that
the budget for 1845 is in deficit, like all budgets since 1830.
BUDGET OF EXPENSES. F.
Ordinary
Extraordinary

Total 1,372,538,141
Budget of receipts

Excess of expenses over receipts
This is the true state of the account, and no arithmeti-
cal artifice can alter it. At present, therefore, the
budget of 1845 presents a deficit of nearly ninety-
six millions. When the inevitable supplementary cre-
dits, those satellites of the budget, have been realised,
this deficit will be still greater. M. Lacave Laplagne
has divided the extraordinary budget into two por-
tions. The first is of 62,431,344 f., which will be paid
out of the loan of 450,000,000 f. The second is of
34,000,000 f., which is carried to the charge of the float-
ing debt. This is the chapter of railroads. The loan
takes its rise from the deficit ; for if there were no
deficit there would be no loan. The floating debt, a for-
tiori, constitutes a deficit. It is true that M. Lacave
Laplagne calls this extraordinary resources. We will ad-
mit him to do so, for words are as nothing against facts ;
but still it remains that all the expenses which exceed
the amount of the produce of the State domains, the
duties and the taxes, leave a deficit which must be co-
vered by extraordinary resources, that is to say, by malt-
ing loans and consolidating Treasury bonds. This opera-
tion, from 1837 to 1853, the period assigned for the com-
pletion of the extraordinary public works, will have
loaded the annual budget with 66,000,000 f. rentos. This
clearly appears to be in our eyes a deficit, and the Com-
mittee on the budget for 1844 was of the same opi-
nion. Such are the effects of what are called extraordi-
nary resources, and which 11. Lacave Laplagne has
attempted to dissimulate in his speech on presentinz
the budget for 1845. The Minister of Finances has not
only occupied himself with the future, he has thought
it necessary to give the accounts of the past, and has
dressed them up by the same process as that by which
he concocted the budget for 1845. Ile has cut off with-
out any hesitation hundreds of millions from the side
of the expenditure. We have looked into the actual
state of our finances, and found that, at the end of 1843,
there was a deficit on the budget of ordinary expenses,
to the amount of 540 millions. 'rhis was composed of
a deficit prior to 1840 of 256 millions of the deficits of
1841, 1842, and 1843, and finally of supplementary
credits and extraordinary charges carried to this
last year's account. M. Lacave Laplagne, to simplify
the statement, does not trouble himself with the
deficit anterior to 1840, and finds it to suit his purpose
better to stop at the end of 1844, in order to embody in
his ways and means the reserve of the sinking-fund. By
this stratagem, and by bringing into the account some
attenuations of credits, and an increase in the produce
of the indirect taxes, he *educes the deficit of the ordi-
nary budgets at the end of 1844 to 151,000,000 f.
As the Minister was in such a good train, it would

have cost him but little more to have reduced the
deficit down to zero. M. Lacave Laplagne knows, how-
ever, that the Chamber, notwithstanding its habitual
complaisance, and above all, in voting the budget, will
not be deluded by such a phantasmagoria of figures. In
fact, the Committee on the Budget for 1844, in its report,
page 12, established the deficit previous to that year at
504,000,000 f. If the be added to this sum the supple-
mentary credits decreed since the closing of the session,
we arrive at the sum we have already given.
The Minister of the Finances cannot dispute the cor-
rectness of this amount. It has been reduced, it is
true, by some annulments of credits, and, as we have
before said, by an increase in the produce of the taxes.
But these two circumstances do not make any sen-
sible alteration in the total, and much less, as
we have not yet come to the end of the supple-
mentary credits for 1843. Thus there is a deficit of
about 500,000,000 f. in the ordinary budget on Ist
January, 1844, and 96,000,000 f, left uncovered in that
for 1845. This will be our real situation on the Ist of
January, 1846, without mentioning the engagements en •
tered into for extraordinary public works."