The Sun.
London, England, 1845-10-21 00:00:00

--'.._

,~~``

ERDA Y.)

cCALEDONIAN" (.7A 'k AL.
iliitrtant national undert the first et' its
after much i., sitet on 011 tire
t
ei.,:ttis, is at leneili rvet ;ring :he rep and ;01
di will !I)g, des'Cl+-1-.. It'd, Stil it! •.f in -ignited.-
44,1 ,e 0 fa- to realise the deseetis c
ikels°S the great i eiforil—an engineer Dm afries-
e preia just pride in claiming as a native. The
ay,4'd on public attention in the end of la,t
b„wata to avoid by inland navigation. tee round
'tits Pentland Frith, apart from the delays and.
trliiiiiii,rcatehrletilt.o a series of starmy headlands, Cape
tf,fe th,2 number which either becalmed or drove
c-mr%e during the storms of winter-
04Z In the estinnetion of mariners deemed more for-
ftrlthe gnlph stretching between Europe and
Itidlyn this From the evidence collected by Mr. Walker,
"eat], it appears that traders, in seeking
yi ;s4inde, or among distant islands, frequently
weeks or months ; and that more time,
titk 3', lyast, was consumed in completing a
t).),,ag„e of 300 miles than in cro-sing the wide
p-e"14,,1, by the Archimidean screw, or. paddle
48 'e" Steam power. The first estimate of
Illuier •
%kite, ' a million ; but the price of provi-
' so rapidly during the war that much
tt's. were paid to the workmen, and for mate-
utelty contemplated; so that by the time
,t„ was oPened, in 1822, the total expense
it Pl'etty nearly one million sterling. Ori-
\fteitW, se intended that the width of the water
-,"ui be 120 feet, the bottom width 50
k ,
17 20, so as to admit the largest vessels
0, Pveen Liverpool and the Baltic, West
4,,h average size, and frigates of thirty--
trli:o fully equipped. But so much was
eetlt aeainst expense, estimates exceeded,
," .') forth', that the engineer was constrained
Yhiee Canal in a hurried and insufficient
his professional zeal and better judge-
/
t
et' '3aPproved. That jobbin insinuates itself
denied
of too many Government works, can-
' 'enied ; and in Inverness-shire it is well
eettein contractors, in the absence of a
of cheeks, performed so superficially, that
'll, by the accumulation of more money
ird left at the time of his death, after
,fthy of the noblest monuments of British
Bridge included, one of the modern
it thee world. Still the engineer was not to
Patronage of employing subordinates
1112 of his business. But so great a man
ir envy, and the jealousy of rivals; and in
PQathutnous w irks, published six years
e following justification of his memory :
readily conceive the mortification which
' have experienced when he found the nation
~t arrayed against him ; and Nvhen he felt that
e,to.-eiting the greatest work in Europe was to
qiieshanic• His powerful mind, however, bore
wisely yielded to what he could not avert.
work even, he has forborne to give expres-
.; and has never deigned to make any reply,
"011 his professional character which n0"44
"44 jealous rivals, founded on the excess of
estimated expenditure.
Veoreinery- magnitude, where I.mg practice has
retical principles, and experience has
id ,riled her knowledge, a great error in his
•Ittqtiv weiken our confidence even in an
e
tit the case is quite different in works dis -
et-I,le novelty of their character and the gran-
'lcenaions. The mind is bere thrown out of
Ilviedee. It has no previous experience to
ven if the records of engineering had pre-
strength in relation to works of progrs-
the aPPlication of that law to a higher point
Yet be a conjecture; and still more so in
)3sed to the N;ariable, and insidious, and in-
e' of water and the elements. But the defence
i
Ak .14t3t not be rested on a speculative pleading.
'etll'Alfrila,t" the estimates of more modern public
41'are„ ate magnitude, where the engineer has been
Cirieell'lnisealeulation, end where he hae been, by
, Permitted to plead the same excuse."
b to Mr. Walker and his admirable report,
'hille eeu Placed on so different a footing, that
"t t .
tae tally disallowed, through. the exertions
k excellent resident engineer, who, to
14,1„,t1°,,e'dedge, adds matured experience, and
Rl Ti:", that he supervises everything secuu-
iitutZeontractors, Messrs. Jackson and Bean,
/elkti7„,lY-known fur their skill and experience
ottlfetlekat of engineering, have been allowed
Completion of tasks implying a large
money ; and, from the satisfactory
made, there is reason to hope that the
lied from sea to sea at the time ap-
be departures in the form of extras,
.Is. The total length of the Canal
;ty-three of which are formed by art,
by connecting, and rendering subser-
purposes, a great natural basin,
, as well as beautified by the ample
ess, Loch Oich, and Loch Lochy.
the,. locality lately, we found the bustle
but curiously animated, beyond alike
uescription. The contractors employ
men, according to circumstances.
00 horses, to say nothing of the potent
Machinery impressed into the service
the promotion of peaceful engineering
IY more sensible than the ridiculous
fted in Paris, half-way through the
;3', at an expense of nearly fifteen mil-
'lle way and another, the gentlemen
'hurse weekly in wages about 2,000/.
receive from a pound to a guinea,
and labourers from thirteen to
all by the week. Another class of
'ealled " dredgers," are paid still more
a crown a day, which enables them
4t.t, beef and mutton, in preference to
',-"e''Qes, and barley broth of Caledonia.
appear, there is scarcely a single
„,
esquads of labourers employed ; of
..re a good many at first, remnants of
; but in a national point of view it is
41, that the great bulk of the work is
,
Tews and inews of Highlanders, from
c:rieluding Skye, Mull, Lews, and some
the case of quarrymen, excavators,
'timers, &c., portions of work are let by
'utractors. That much local good is
kli;on of so large a sum in wages can
nut the operators complain of the
'5, and in the case of oatmeal they are
This article is retailed at 2s. Bd. per
'hick is pretty nearly double the
-09 south of Scotland. Butter is re-
1,
and eggs at fivepence per dozen,
41)cet of the latter rising in price, from
444 strangere into districts where sheep
11' kne 4131 e, while the few other products the
1,44;4,8? included, scarcely Suffice for the wants
)tilh4h
~,.Potatoes, however, are everywhere
;"I'ld situations grown in greater breadth
i~ea4 tttutNde ; and in proportion as they ripen,
1,,N 3' h for meal in suppering, if not break-
-4,11" 4M-workiroe labourer. Fresh herrings
24 4.atif44 I
fee , , that they are sometimes sold at
V„titi; ra it "Pence ; and truth to say, there is no
ee r!t4t, whether fresh or salt, which forms
'411,4t1"1- lieneent to a molly potato.
ei -"iretiee 'L %lel oche we observed a
fur the
ft s to be used, we presume,
1,411 eir,.ll'ng fresh water in a Highland lake.
ttuelew 41'
nod
at Loch Oich, there are ob-
tNes 11'4 Lttle formidable, such as the
)si "ntaining several loads of timber.
t i•sca.„e_,relies of primeval forests had re-
Ottle' is impossible to tell ; but wh,t,
‘,Oterf;`)llneeej.„—"Qa, some of the most gigantic
4,Abateß." excavated exhibited at once traces
dt axe and the agency of fire coin-
i,lbtltN"thweat4arte.r, way s are. subject to leakage
Eaft precaution has been adopted,
tr
~ankments with clay (pudding), so
Ortd",r`ace waste may be confined to ex-
kOt°' Held
is another great job, and as regards
t 4
-)N ()st important of all ; anti few operations
Itieriatikniu.sing than to see barrowmen
tft',4 oareivalling in steepness the knees
Ott 2Pg Power of horses above, so bar-
doublo tides, going and returning.
diet °t byaPPear in: the canal, the streams have
t tb,t4 api;:!c'unds of earth, to be removed when
,q,4 feqiiin required for purposes more im-
ti
g fishes. Three steam-engines are
‘,11,1),43 ninehY in Pumping, which discharge into
daily water as would give a twelve gal-
41erOckne tsi, every inhabitant of the great
the or moving the huge blocks of
k`tl. 'lllll a,..clu"ins and new buildings, setting
vearatus of cranes, fixed and move-
ke, were months ago plated in
tli4st quarries, too, have been opened
tititteci4Zest'3 s4ttlees side railroads planted to
..;t,„%'st ftls ; and °'?es in wheeled trucks to the re-
tb, 'quid a , In a word, all our great modern
o,is,4fiej, et only beautifully blended, but bear-
-14; IVt.tit..et,4,xY,ulloil one another in the renovation
4'44 th .2,ltion of a great national under-
N„)° e.,_"lnge stones at the different I...eks
;1,,ttl thee4K, larger ones have been. substituted;
doors have suff, d so much from
\I 4s that they
require to be renewed, the
the vain for oak of the necessary
aut e exception of park trees, which the
N 4 41 'Y . Brit
h„' snd wherever the ill exists there
iilles:atill; used
ire "'ere pleased to find that Indian
14te. as, whieLstead ; and eke goodly mahogany
,11)1,3 "' in our estimation, will subserve
the4l' " (if !tore
thy, hi_, important than gearing the
Vii fiH°
fltitest in the lend.
_ y the roduction of steam navigation,
',14144w1ncl canal was tedious for sail vess,-la
orl 0,0 cr2ntrary. 13ut when four steam-
:rtiiill:tetc,dt;
an its waters, that objection will be
,k4te,: neei„, 1)!I then
, should suppose, adieu
etaattel°, 4'Y the Pentland Frith.' This
'eye% ur " ' "'timed a cogent argument for
qt h‘)._ And add:tiontti 200 000/. on the pert of
Q7ll"ther a .1 sill stronger will erase,
,eb.4ll,e,a4Fe.tlaral to the shores of the Fri,li
of
in its whole length and breadth.
voitote,t,t
spc.eteutizitat to
; nis not far in the distance, is
tranie%, 'Qua in posse and esse ; and when
'll4' contempleted are completed.
ktee„lite arid gralyn to a common centre, will
:tqk ge areeher''Vliz beautifully and benefe
L'ao:fhes Courier.
(14.11'
s,'s s4l:4r4sla.,tlZel6rit----oi:o7.ts--.---the number of
'ti `Qi "le ~,•eci with was only 786, showing a decreree
4t)„1 previous week. Deaths from
and other organs of diev.stio.n.
fq, 51 ,Nuart;, IT._"M 90 to 68; measles still
iek4ti4retrit epg, leiv,teireage ftir
fiile,etttutlmiensn3nlmbeit;
29 died
ketkiitleettle:ihis • WeTe,',3. than one-third thne3averaige..
loitti°o42, ,‘,0%2:14. which 10 were caused by
;ea ze L, and 2 'iois, 7 from drowning'. "
44 1114„. „ ra scalds. Tr
a.ap

GREAT SEA ER. PENT.

"As o as the ins7de of the potato has ritortifikl,
three days at the utmost -are sufficient for th,- botr3dis
to make its wsy to the ex.erior. The white ( fflore,cenee
bhows it $Ol in the eyes of the tubercules, a.,d then it
spreeds its= If Ike bete white fleeecs upon the surface
that is rouudi-h at firs, but a hich tini lies by invading
tl,e of the tubercak' ; then tile pitatoc is alto-
gether destro ed.
" The evil being traced to its source, the cultivator
must direct his attention to tl.e &stria tion of the fungus
ar ma,hroom, for it is unfortunately but to,, true that
all the para,itra of this genus once introduced into a
country, remain there and propagate. This year the
epidemy has been general ; the germs that exist every-
where ; thousands and thousands of propagules, if their
numbers are not diminished by times, will next year be
at'acking the plants, and it will then be more difficult
than ever to eradicate the scourge.

"v auth 'w.iett,d, as will he
een, kV. ft- OM CIO! !;1.4t um wr o; the 111,,Onsocket
,IZ. I.) Put-h,t. .1.11 statement of lit.w,,rs we
Lira re,?.ation. It was sen to the Woonsocket paper
by Mr. C D. B) ran, who dates his ',Ater, Newport.,
S. pte:nber 8. The thy on which it Aus the
ill ,nrlay previius (S.'pternber 1), v:hile the ship (the
Albatro.,s) was becalmed ,41. Stow; gtun, Ct., about live
miles oil land. We would not ridicule these researches
into natural hi, tory ; but we must say that this story is
long, tough, and hard to swallow. If true, however,
it shows that antiquity cannot begin to compare with
modern times. Hydr.,rgoi Sillimunii was not a circum
stance to tie Genus Stoninbtonii. We copy from t`le
Woonsvka Putrict. Any hats that may follow are due
at that office.

The

t' for our market,
!ale, but of very

a'a,3ll

part. of

parcels Of new
grain of home
ed. The imports
; but only
..land. Fresh ur,
ample, wry little
rat large parcels
rage quantity on
flits from the
the in-gathering
( notwi t hstand-
country buyers)
Nevertheless, a
the article, sad
dondav last was
sign Wheat was
F both red and
t to say brisk
led in every In-
, however, corn-
: not considered
and Oat ~ under
For shipment
7 English Barley
reign was small.
me prices were
new. Superfide
active &mad
'about difficuly:
tts came to han.d
on oiler to•ds•
improvement on
per quarter. st,.
The supp/ tY
sale was raite!
nindance, moved
Flour trade was
r more business

" The wind during the day had been light from the
N.E., and at about half-past two p.m., while almost be-
calmed, one of the men who had gone aloft discovered
him about one point off the lee bow, distant quarter of a
mile. I immediately went aloft, taking with me an ex-
cellent sea-glass, and stationed myself on the maintop-
gallant crosstreee. As he neared the vessel, I was
enabled, from my elevated position, to ob..eree the
peculiarity of his shape, and to reconnoitre all his move-
ments. When first seen he was lying on the surface of
the water, with his heed and nearly the entire length of
his body in sight. In this position he remained for &mut
fiftet n minutes, without any apparent motion, though
from his gradual proximity to the vessel, it is evident he
must have been under some headway. After this, he
sloe ly changed his course, so as to bring his body
athwart our bows, and again appeared to remain station-
ary, until by the current, and slight puffs of wind, we had
drifted silently into his immediate neighLourhood.
" The sea being unusually smooth and clear, the view
which was now afforded could not well have been better,
and the opportunity to enjoy it was caeerly embraced by
all hands. I should think his length could not have
fallen far short of 70 feet. The head appeared to be
much the largest and most formidable part, and was of
an oval shape. The end of the upper jaw appeared to
be square, and very bluet; that of the under part was
not much dissimilar in shape to that of the ordinary
sneke. About ten feet from the extreme point of the
head, and on either side, was located a thin apron or ea
of fl -sh, of about four feet in length and one in width.
Directly iu rear, and just below, appeared a large full.
orbed eye, of a dark colour, with an elongate horizontal
surrounded by a white outline. Under the throat
and about on a line with the eye, appeared two enormous
fins or flippers, which seemed to be his main dependence
in giving headlong motion to the huge mass of living
flesh which ley behind them. About eight or ten
f•et still farther back, and near the surface of the
water, two other tins became vhible ; these were
about s'x feet long, rather narrow, and quite thin. They
lay herizontaly on the water, and were occasionally
moved to and from the side with a sculling motion. This
circumstance led to the c mjerture that they might have
been designed as mett-rial aids in turning the body to the
right or I, ft. The ridge of the back was considerably
notelod, arid at equi-dis antes of two or three legit, sharp
transparent protuberances, of a vermillion colour, ap-
peared, to the number of fifteen ; after which the back
became smooth as far as discoverable. These points or
Horns were about eight inches long, starting with a dia-
meter of perhaps four inches, and gradually tapering to
an extreme point. It is not impossible this singular ar
rangeraent may have been wisely ordained to serve as
weapons of self-defence. The termination of the body
was quite small, ending with a callous or bony projec-
tion, about four feet in length, and nearly white.
" The entire body appeared to be shielded in a com-
plete coat of of a dark brown hue, divided into
regular joints, passing around the body, which were
slightly opened and shut by the motion occesioned
when lying he td to the sea.' This singular exterior
cevyrMg would undoubtedly present an invulnerable
harrier tr9inst the attack of any aquatic enemy who
might chance to seek the citadel of his life. Its ex.
trenie _inflexibility was thoroughly tested before we
parted company, by several well-directed shots of a rifle,
which left no visible impression whatever, and did not
seem to disturb his equilibrium even the slightest de-
gree.
" At about half past three we were so contigious to
each other, that fears began to be entertained for the
safety of the vessel. I came down from aloft, and or-
dered the sweeps to be put out, to get steer-way" on
her, in order to avoid a collision, as he was then lying
' broadside to' just under the bow. At this critical
juncture a scene of confusion and alarm occurred which.
can only be imperfectly described. The oars were
scarcely in the water when a terrible commotion was
heard directly under the forefoot.' I jumped forward
at once to the staysail nettings, and looking
down, could see nothing but one complete caul-
dron of bubbling and boiling foam, as white
as unstained snow. Whether the serpent had
taken alarm at discovering his proximity to the vessel,
or from the noise made by the oars as they were dropped
into the water, I could not tell. In another instant the
commotion ceased, and the monster breached from the
water head foremost, coming up in nearly a perpendicu-
lar line, until his head struck the martingale with such
force as to part the guys, and carry away the flying jib-
boom near the boom-iron. The concussion was so se-
vere that the whole ship trembled beneath it, and the
countenance of every man on board. was blanched with
fear. Had I not been holding on to the foretopmast-
stay at the time, I should doubtlessly have fallen over
board. Immediately after this he slowly settled away,
and entirely disappeared from sight.
" It being now about four o'clock, and the wind be-
ginning to set in from the southward and eastward,
we hauled our tacks' aboard, sheeted home' the
topsails, and gathering headway on the ship, stood
in for the land. Nothing more was seen of the
leviathan, though every eye on board long and in-
tently searched for his whereabouts. Whether this
strange inhabitant of the deep is the same which had
been so often seen and described by others, or is
some now visitor in our waters, I hare no means of
knee kg. I can only say that its appearance was novel
and interesting in the highest degree, and differed en-
tirely in its construction, size, and colour, from any
tenant of the doep which ever came under my observa-
tion, during a nautical life of 25 years.—JAßEZ POWERS."
—New York Tribune.

rt is essential to adopt the iollowing precautions :
" 1. Mien, then, the laves are decidedly spoilt, cut
them down forthwiat and burn them on the spot, in-
stead of taking them away. The ashes may serve to be
scattered on the soil. In collecting them, shake them
as little as possible. I have seen with regret cultivators
cut down the diseased leaves and keep them in heaps on
the field, or throw them over the hedges. It is preserv-

ing the scourge for the following year:
" 2dly.) When certain varieties or certain localities
are free from the scourge, at the time of the harvest, it
is always prudent to burn the leaves, for a field may
appear secure from the botrydis when it is not so ; se-
veral leaves are attacked ; these leaves throw the pro-
pagules on to the tubercules which, being preserved
for purposes of reproduction, vi ill spread the plant the

following year. -
" 3tlly. If the tubercules themselves are attacked, it
is essential to take them out of the earth, and to
speedily choose amongst them, which is an easy pro-
ceeiing, for habit soon enables one to distinguish be-
tween the tubercles that are tainted and those that are
not. The tubercules that are still soubd must be turned
to account as soon as possib'e, for they are not noxious
so long as the rind does not become yellow. The smell
alone is sufficient to indicate the development of the
disease. The diseased tubercules must be burnt.

ILTRE
63s to 645

ire and
Feed. 2288 2.
...... .1 2"
tndCork, 214
203
• •• •- • 238
ite • • 21' 221
„L.._ 20s 404
3" 438
•••• • • • • 3" 401
363 42,
368 528
42s 4311
408 '
' e 408
:NTOA 3ss
508 "S
lk 378 "

" 4thly. In order to obviate the disastrous conse-
quences of a scanty harvt st, it would be important to
adopt in our country the practice now prevalent in Scot-
land of cultivating potatoes during winter.
" sthly. As it is infinitely probable that the tuber-
cules which will be preserved for putting in the ground
will be infected with the spawn of the mushroom, it
would be advisable, by means of the Government or in
the course of commerce, or in some way or another, that
our cultivators should have at their dispssal for re-
production tobercul-s perfectly pure and non-infected,
1n 1 in that r,-sps-et the potatoes of I'ennsylvanh or of
Ireland woolwoull suit us extremely. The present scourge
is unknown in these two countries. 17(. u must be aware

288 to 32:
40s it,
an . • •
...... 19

live stock into
d 400
an she°od
Harlingen ;
SouthamPit
nd at Hull, wv
-day we had 0,!
'hes!), from WI.,
n. The gei!eora
wady the wit
11;
up from °to
easts came
d us from °ls
m the We'te
'ecieved IGO, an
ie supply be 1,115,
the metroPTail
vas better t" f
3
ast, the 1,3 e.,,
:e of I)°, era.
in the Tio
281bs and
Embers of Sue;',
:utton trade re,
led. In Ctiop
vn:
ine.,s was
ive, at very
s. d. to l l
ditto 4 0 I 0
lditto 4 6 6 0
tilers 410 ,
wool 1
3 10 6 1
.. 2
.. 4 0
8 0
2
•.16 0 0
.... 0

of the German potat,cs, in which the hit4h gangrene,
t,htt ciispicre, and .the.tacerartion a the tubercules are,bat_
too apparent. The occasion of the propw r d importation
or) a large scale should be seized to introduce into our
country the varietie the most useful to our soil.
6thly. Should the agriculturists persist in using fur
re-production he tubercles harvested in the country this
year, it will bt necessary to submit the tubercles to the
agency of lime, as is practised with wheat, barley, oats,
and all plants chat are liable to the invasion of paritsiti-
cil tocres. T: he process ought to be by the immersion
of the tubercles, because a study of the botrydis shows
that it is the eye of the pototo, a point that is most
often sunken in, that is attacked. The lime-water should.
therefore, bathe this lethiferous eye; 25 kilogrammes
(5011.):,.) of lime, a quarter of a pound of sulphate of
copper, and three kilogrammes (6 lbs.) of marine salt,
tor twenty-five liters (quarts) of water, constitute a pre-
paration, the ut.lity of which in the destruction of para-
site plants has beep reccgniscd by a great number of well-
informed cultivators.

7thly. la the plantations, whether of the winter of
1845 or of :11,, spring of 1846, it is essential to plant
with potatoes only such districts as are as far as pos
sible removed from the districts annually infected; for
it is clear that the chance of transmission by the pre-
servation in the soil of the spawn of the mushrooms
is much greater in plantations that are close to each
other than when the plantations are at a greater
distance.

" &Hy. When M. die Martins visited Belgium and
investigated, in our different provinces, the state of
our potatoes, he informed me, in one of his interest-
ing conversations, that the cultivators on the banks
of the Rhine had observed that the dry gangrene
attacked oftener the potatoes planted in the afternoon
than those planted in the morning, and he explained
the phenomenon by a very simple fact. When the
sun has passed the meridian, the heat of the coatings
of air is at its maximum; this heat accelerates the
vitality of the plants;_ their propagales float about
more easily in a dilated air; the insects, in their flight,
disperse more easily a mass of little bodies of which the.
atmosphere is the vehiculum, and the dissemination of
these germs is then at its maximum too. The cultivator
is then in the very midst of this atmosphere, and the
potato which he is planting has to go thrOugh it too ;
the potato gathers on to it the spawn, which is thus
sown with it, and there then happens to the potato,
what happens to the corn that has not been submitted to
the action of lime•water—namely, that the poison grows
with the plant, and at a later period attacks it and kills
it. Cultivators, consequently, would do well to plant
their potatoes in the morning.
" 9thly. The use of lime and of marine salt with a
slight mixture of sulphate of c-ppee, is, as I have already
said, of acknowledged efficacy in the destruction of the
germs of parasite plants. Consi.quently, to powder over
with such a mixture a soil Vial has been planted with
diseased potatoes, is a good (Taxation for destroying if,
that land the germ of the scourge. The operation ought
to be strongly recommended everywhere.
"10thly. The preserving of the p itatoes that shall
have escaped the scourge this year, in eaves, cellars, &e..
will certainly be to deposit the spawn of the mushroom
in those very places. The cellars must be thorough])
cleaned, and scoured with lime, which will destroy the
spawn, end theri scattering lime or gi mind coal on the
soil where the tubercles ha's e be en spread, %till conclude
the series of cperations, the most rational and the most
certain for destroying, if it is possible, the evil at its
root.

Ns

[AL?... of-
oderate time:ooo
tnd, and vari!ana
of fair ave.sl
te
s we have uOO,
Irimest l‘fut`c,,
es of curies.
vet the (1a(!7,,
About Or
heep have be

I. d. to `g
r .. 3 4 2
ng.. 3l° 4 A 6
....4 4 ' a
0
.. 310 i 4
.... 4 10

EEK.
Calves Fl'l°
300
29

90- 440
120 140
--
12e
70
130 300
430 10°
340 1,380
--90 -
29°
CZDS. for
e less than
hence the °`-‘4,
tes,
which no

rage t 0 as
>asses ; 3 e
ck, a veri:car-
-11 rates 0
s are well stir

"CH. MORREN,
Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, &c., &c.
" Leige, Aug. 18, 1845."

DISEASE OF THE POTATO IN
BELGIUM AND ENGLAND.
At this moment, when the disease of the potato in
various districts in England seems to he rapidly spread-
ieg, the following paper on the subject will be read with
extreme interest :
A general disease, as our readers are perhaps aware,
has attacked the potatoes in Belgium, and it seems that
the crop of that first rate necessary esculent is very
seriously endangered, in that country. The disease is
said to threaten also the potato crop in certain partS of
France. We republish, therefore, the advice which M.
Morren, professor of Agriculture in the University of
Liege, has addressed to the public, in a letter in the
Independence, a Brussels paper. M. Morren, after saying
that the evil had prevailed in Belgium for several years,
though to a less alarming degree, proceeds :
" The real cause of the evil is a fungus, -or sort of
mushroom, a mouldering which the learned will classify
arei-e their g ant; .tr ydis, but which agriculturists, er
without. forth-er specification, will call a spot, a blemish,,
blotches, and which they will attribute, some to humidity,
and some to dryness—some to a bad wind come from
France, and some ta insects. It is not, however, matter
of indiffTence to know the true cause of the pheno-
menon, for that knowledge will pit us in the way of
diminshing or destroying the evil, if it is possible.
" Fir some time I have been following, day by day,
and step by step, the progress of the evil, by keeping
my observation fixed on some potato fields. The disease
decidedly begins with the leaves, and at the top of the
leaves; I have even seen the flowers and fruit attacked
first. A part of the green tissue, however, loses its hue
And quickly turns- to yellow; the spot soon becomzs more
grey at• the bottom, and it is always at the lower surface
of the leaf, or on the fruit that a whitish down makes its
appearance the next day or the day but one after the
formation of the yellow spot. By applying the micro-
scope, you then see that th's down proceds from a fungus
'or mushroom, that is fructifying amids the numerous
hairs that cover the inner side of the leaf of the potato.
" This mushroom is of the same tenuity, but it breeds
amazingly, and reproduces itself by thousands. Its
stems are formed of little straight hollow threads, which
bear on their summits one or more branches always di-
vided into two, and at the end of these branches repro-
ductive bodies are found, which have the form of eggs,
but which have the form of a millimetre, in size, and even
less. It will be said that this is a very small body to do
so much mischief, but I answer that the itch is not a
disease less to be feared, because the aware which pro-
duces it can be seen only by the aid of the microscope.
" After the formation of the yellow spot, and the
development of the botrydis on the leaf of the potato,
the stalk receives the deleterious influence. Here
and there its epidermis turns brown, and blackens,
and following with the mieroseope the phase of the
evil, you perceive that it is by the rind that the stalk is
attacked. The morbid agent carries its action from the
rind on to the epidermis, and though the epidermis does
not always disclose mushrooms, it is not the less for that
struck with death. Whoever has any notions of vege-
table physiology will easily uederstand these effects.
The sap modified into living juices, into vegetable blood,
is formed in the leaf, whence it descends by the rind into
the stem and the root. Here this sap is diseased, it
carries death ; it bears the poison of the leaf to the stem,
and the latter perishes. Indeed, as soon as the black
spots show themselves on the stems, the leaves dry up
and die ; they fall to the ground propagating, unfortu-
nately, the source of the evil, or depositing its germs in
the earth. I shall presently point out means of stopping
this fatal cowmunier.tion.
" The infection soon descends into the tuberCule it-
self. If '.lie disease follows its course, the tubercule
mortifies forthwith. A potato is not a root but a real
branch., whence it follows that a tubercule contains
a martsow, which is the eatable part to be preferred,
and a separate rind ; b'tween the marrow and the
rind there is a zone of ves,.els, which represent wood.
This construction is kppari,lit to any one who chooses
to cut a thin slice of potatot., and place it between
his eye and daylight. The infection attacks that
part which receives the sap on its descent that
part by which the morbid cgent has itself come
dunn. When a potato is attacked, you perceive a
series of' livid, brown, or yellow spots, sometimes grey
wind
and blackish, and the series extends over the whole of LEITIf. GREAT FLIGIIT OF BIRDS.—The
the ligneous zone. By folt.ewing the progress of the
evil upon a great riun,ber of tainted tubercules, I have
been able to see how the ee file by one continuous progress, ! .Cssop,taeinneostmlattetr,efdreamseßveortteegra!alemo,frwtlitliechlanadrroivnedhehreir)eassaagefewhodniseys;
and during its continuance an immense number, of small birds
IA length leaches the hethe-rigging and uttering -wild,
Art it of the potato, atid cur- boardCd -the. easel covering
ru V" the vegetable t'n'Arely. Tl,e skin of the diseased cries, as eateriiiy 'br--te-e- shelter from the - great
under t e knife soon were overtaken by another
in the shape of a large hawk, the
V°tatn "e 3 "tr '4lv ; the fleilt no longer cracks' which had driven them so far to sea. Safe from onedisaster, the'
a ram 4.-pounced upon the timid songsters and killed severalof them
before
animal small, analogous to the
drips from the potato,
dead
, sod
• recently cut inanitetts itseir, acid
and alive, consisting of nearly all the variety of our European
• •A he could be secured. A number have been brought home,
snlen
of
mushrooms
u sphr;usumu Istsaityula:n- nt liquid
uang-n stcrs The hawk is perfectly-tame, and a great favourite with
be h tf 11" g •
considered a§ .14 11 the Crew of thelliary.—Sivestrum.
cgttull gi'ves 3 fide to eat of a food that maythemselves,' ocesisions consider'ble nausea. The very animals 'T-
O deleterious lawihxooms

THE CROPS IN THE UNITED

STATES.

°
lon have brio
50 ditto'i; ill
1)lic sales rcels
e of the P 3 i„ts
ntract 1T,3 apt 1
ut fureig'

The season has so far advanced, that we are able to
take a general survey of the crops throughout thy
whole couutry. :6Ye can now- speak.-with some confi-
dence, because must of the cm,..* have been harvested.
First, as to the great northern sti,plefwheat. - The
crop is undoUbtedly a large one,nore-- than an average,
arid it'haStwen secured in excellent condition: This is
the tenor of "advices from all quarters. - Even in Ohio,
where the wheat crop is probably h ss' than an average,
the wheat is very cl, an and the berry very white. We
hear neither of rust nor smut. Though the farmers
have lost in quantity they have undoubedly gained in
quality. In Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and lowa,
the wheat crop is magnificent. Everything has been
favourable. So likewise, we understand, is the cheat
'crop in Pennsylvania. In Virginia, Maryland, North
Carolina, and Georgia, it has been effected by the
drought, some say so seriously as to shrivel the berry.
In Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, the crop is a
noble one. In New England and New York it is pro.

allow since °llllcir
,een good, ..e•
ree weeks Po
r
manY P,e
k 5 00
9,000 there
he pricee dose.
1g to a iv we
rate suPP; pIY
e home st P,,ea
ir fresh 113 e"

f italPh
me 0 the
‘viedge onsva
Railway,

bably less than an averrge.
The hay crop is remarkably light in nearly every
State in the Union. From all sections, the complaint is
almost univenal that hay is very light. This is par-
ticularly- the case in New England, New York; and
Ohio. Farther west, and in Michigan, we hear of a
heavy crop of hay, bat it s not to be disguised that the
hay crop is shorter now than it has been in many years.
The protracted spring drought stunted it, and the in-
tense summer drought nearly killed it. The farmer
will have to make up his deficiency of fodder by an in-
created sowing of lute root crops.

Rye, oats, and barley, are a fair crop, but not a heavy
one. Like grass, they have suffered from the drought.
The corn crop is now ripening; it is therefore impos-
sible to speak conclusive; bac it seems to be the general
impresiion that it will be less tha❑ an average crop, ex-
cept in the Western States, where the drought has not
been so revere. Yet it is acknowledged that the quality
is uncommonly fine.
Potatoes are of an excellent quality, and though here
and there there may be a failure, we shall have our
u ual abundance of one of the finest and most whole-
some vegetables ever cultivated fur man. The rot has
got into it in some sectiuus, but this is not so general as
it was last year.
Our survey would not he complete unless we said a
few words about the great crop of the South—cotton,
rice, tobacco, tvld sugar.
The cotton crop w;ll be a heavy one—probably
.reach
2.500,000 bales. In South Carolina and Georgia, the
intense drought, has reduced it some, but this d ficiency
will be more than supplied by Mis,ibsippi and Arkansas.
The tobacco crop is light in Virginia, and in North
ar.d S,,uth Carolina, but heavy in Kentucky and
soon, and we think the whole supply will be a full

average.
Rice, which is mostly raised in South Carolina, will
not be a full crop. If we are to believe the papers of
that State, the drought has burned up everything almost
like a blast of fire, but these effects are probably ex-
aggerated, as the sufferings of heat make it seem more
intolerable than it really is.
The sugar crop will be a splendid one. The culture
in Louisiana is extending beyond all former example.
It is so much more profitable than raising cotton, that
the cotton planters are rushing into it. The last year's
crop was 200,000,000 of pounds—by far the largest ever
before raised in this country. The next may reach
250,000,000 pounds. There is yet a large roon, for in-
crease, as the consumption in the United States is about
500,000,000.
In this connexion we can very properly speak of the
crops of Texas, which are iii.,eitmmonly good. Cotton,
sugar, corn, .and wheat, are all line. There is a glorious
abundance of everything for r,ustenanee ur comfort. As
that country may now be- considered a part of our
Union, its protperity will be chronicled with as much
interest us that of -its sister States.—Albany Argus.

tue of 5,r
it few d,',)
Excll4"-

.

_~ 1--

TLIE SUN LONDON TUESDAY MORNING. OCTOBER 21. 1845.

FRENCH RAIL WAYS and ENGLISH

CO N TRACTO

VARIATIONS IN THE VALUE OF

RAILWAY I ROPERTY.

Some months since we stated the particulars of a dis-
puted c:aim which had been set ►gip by the authorities of
the city of Row-ri for the levying or a sort of municipal
toll or tux upon all material included in a certain
tchedul,e the terms ( f the muMcipat regulation im-
posing the tax being as follows:—" That ( very person
ho shall gather, prep are, or manufacture (qui re•cult
piepu•c on
_falpigne). within the limits over which the
t city toll extends, is found, under pain of con-
fiscation of the articles gathered, -prepared, or manu
factored (recottes, prepares on labriques), as a ell as of a
penalty of from 100 to 200 francs, to mike a declaration
of the same, and to pay the taxes thereupon." Now it
appears that amongst the articles enumerated in the
schedule affixed to the above regulation are included
two kinds of stone, known by the distinctive appellations
of moell ins and bizets. illoellon signifies a rough sort of
boulder stone, and bizct a stone of rough blackish hue
and of similar character, -and both are used in the em-
bankments of railways just a•; they are dug up with the
earth, without the slightest employment of any labour
in their fashion or shape ; so that they can scarcely be
said to be prepares, or prepared. This was the question
at issue between the city authorities and Messrs.
Mackenzie and Brassey, the contractors of the earth-
works of the Rouen and Havre Railway.
The minutes of the proceenings which originally were
commenced before the local tribunal at Rouen, show the
facts of the case to be as follows ;—That, on the 16th
of May last, the officers of the city tolls saw a certain
number of waggons containing moellons et bizcbs travel-
ling on the line of rail Way then in course of construction,
and coming out of the tunnel which is under and within
the city of Rouen, and so proceed from the interior to
the commune or district, beyond and without the bounda-
ries of the said city. The fact is, that the line.of rail-
way runs by a tunnel under the city of Rouen, and, after
leaving the tunnel, it is carried forward on an embank-
ment, and the moellons et bizets are nothing more than
the interior stones of a certain siz', Which. being dug out
with the earthwork, are heaped pell-mell i❑to the wag-
gons, and sent forivard to furnish material for the em-
bankment.

The fiActuations which take place in the value of
railway property are of,en the subject of remark. In no
other description of joint-stock shares do equally sudden
and • extensive changes occur. Most persons who haVe
paid any attenti:.,n to whit i 3 passing in the railway
world Are aware of the high prices of several of the
leading lines, as compared with what they were in 1843.
In that year the Great Western shares of 801. were as
low as 11 premium; lately they were 140. In the same
year the Great -North of England 1001. shares were

scarcely saleable at 40 discount; a few months ago they
were 150 premium. The Midland Counties 100/. shares
were, little mere-than two years since, at 35 discount;
they ware lately at 90 premium. But a greater increase

bait in either of the instances we have—mentioned has

taken place in the shares of the Dublin and Kingstown
Railway. Little more than twenty months ago, the 1001.
shares were selling at 75/, being 25 discount. Seven or
eight weeks since they brought 250/., being 150 pre-
mium. But still greater than these have been the varia-
tions, considering the amount paid, which have taken
place in the value of some of our new lines. The
Goole, Pontefract, and Wakefield shares, on which a
deposit of 21. 10s. has been paid, and which remained
stationary for many weeks at a premium of from 14/. to
161., have recently mounted up to 401. Even this sudden
and extensive rise, however, is surpassed by that which
lately took place in a new line which is scarcely known
in.this country— we allude to a Scotch line, called the
Glasgow and Bsrrhead Railway. The shares in this
line were selling, six or seven weeks age, at 61., in-
chiding the deposit of 2/. 10s. ; they rose in a very
shott time to 24/, and then as suddenly fell back to
171.; but, strange to say, they again took a start, which

has. we believe, no parallel it; any description of joint-
stoek property. They bounded up in a few days from
171. to 401. Those who were fortunate holders to any
extent of the scrip of this line must hare realised large
fortunes in the brief spice of a few weeks. A holder
of 250 shares, at par, trust have realised little short of
10,0001. by the transaction.—Railway World.

It was urged, on the part of the city, that the stones
were, there could be no doubt, included in the tariff, and
subject to a duty or toll to the city ot 70 centimes
per stere. On the other hand, it was urged that these
moellons st bizas found on the waggons could not be con-
templated by the tariff, since, in their actual condition,
they were only rubbish,• misslotOn unhewn massee,
and, in fact, were stone aed flint, dug out froth
the excavation in the railway; and because in
that state they were, in fact, only fit for
making embankments on another part of the rail-
way, where they were being carried at the time,
as we should say, laid in the declaration; an.l that this
destination, the only one for which they were calculated,
should protest them from the opera ion of the law in
• questian. -The argument thaLtbete had been no.labour
bestowed upon them was met by the single fact of labour
being employ ed in their excavation, and that the stones in
question might have been used for building purposes in
their then condition. It was in vain that the defendants
again urged that the terms of the article imposing the duty
did not apply—that the stones in question were neither
recolta pr(a•er ou fabrique, ; for the Court de-
sired it to be understee that the article was in-
tended to include, tout creation, without exception,
every production from the interior of objects sus-
ceptible of being • subjected to the droit. d'entiee.
In vain Messrs. Mackenzie and Brassey declare
that they only intended to employ these stoney in
the aforesaid embankment, and that they had no inten-
tion of employing them for building purposes—bad
they so used them, they would confess the justice of the
eaae, but the Court would hear no plea of the sort, and
pronounced the contractors guilty. The decision (dis-
engaging the question from the mass of legal quibbling
which surrouLds it) appears to us an absurdity. In nar-
rating the circum,ttinces of the case we have mentioned
that the case first came on before the tribunal at Rouen
on the 12th of June, 1845. Oa the 18th of July, again,
an appeal was lodge d before the Court at Rotten, and the
final decision was, thn,ugh another appeal to the Court
of Cassation, on the third of this month. The costs fell
upon the contractors—Railway Record.

THE LATE MELANCHOLY OCCUR-
RENCE AT HOUNSLOW BA eCKS.
FINAL EXAMINATION OF LIEUTENANT KERWAN.
Saturday being the day appointed for the further examina-
tion of Lieutenant Martin Frencia Kerwan, of the 4th Regi-
ment of Light Dragoons, stationed at Hounslow Barracks,
on the charge of having, on the 28th ef September last,
stabbed with a sword Quartermaster Thomas Tarleton, of the
same regiment, whereby his life was for some time in danger,
the large room at the Three Pigeons Inn, New Brentford, in
which the magistartes customarily held their sittings, was
long before the hour appointed. (twelve o'clock) densely
crowded by respectable persons, anxious to witness the
proceedings.
The magistrates who took their seats, were Mr. G. Millie,
of Hartwell (Chairman), Rev. Dr. Walmesley (Hartwell),
Mr. T. _Twining (Twickenhain), Mr. J. -B. Armstrong
(Southall), Prera- (Chlswiek), and Mr.' Roe
(Chiswick).
Mr. Clarkson attended as counsel for Lieutenant Kerwan,
as at the previous examination that day fortnight.
Lieutenant Kerwan took his station at the bar, where a
chair ha.l been pnvioutv placed for his accommodation.
Qnattermaster Thomas Tarleton was then called forward,
and took his station in the witness-1)0X. He was a much
taller and more powerful man than Lieutenant Kerwan, and
although he locked rather pale, he exhibited no weakness
from the effects of the injury, but stood all the time he was
giving his evidence. Having been sworn, he deposed as fl-
lows :—I am quartermaster of the 4th Regiment of Light
Dragoons, now stationed at Hounslow-barracks. On the
the evening of Sunday. the 28th of September last, about ten
o'clock, some of the officers were showing feats of strength
in the ante-room of the mess-room. Amongst others, Lieu-
tenant Kerwan, with Lieutenant Grevile, of the 2d Regi-
ment of Life Guards, were wrestling, and Lieutenant
Kerwan was thrown twice, when Captain Fane
came forward and put a stop to it. Lieutenant Kerwan
immediately addressed Captain Fane, and asked him why
he interfered, when he was not the senior officer of the regi-
ment then present. Captain Fane almost immediately left
the roam, and directly afterwards Lieutenant Kerwan also
left the room. I was standing with my back to the lire,
when Major Parlby came to the door of the ante-room and
called me out. When I went to him in the passage he told
me that Lieutenant Kerwan wanted to go into Captain
Fane's room. I went to the front of the barracks, and there
saw Lieutenant Kerwan with two other officers. I saw that
Lieutenant Kerwan was exceedingly excited, and endea-
voured to soothe him. After some little time Lieutenant Ker-
wan said he was ordered to the guard room, and would go
there. I tried -to dissuade him. He then ascended the
stairs to go to his room to put his cap on, and I accompa-
nied him. When we went into the room I shut the door,
and when Lieutenant Kerwan had procured his cap, •he
wanted to go out of the room. and I prevented him, by
shutting the door, and standing with my back to it.
Lieutenant Kerwan then seized a sword which was hanging
near to where he had taken the cap from, and after flourish-
ing it, about, and threatening be would cut me down if I did
not allow him to pass, he made a pass at me, which went
under my left arm. Another sword was hanging close within
my reach on the door in a scabbard. He said, "There is an-
other sword, defend yourself." I reached out towards it,
and had got hold of the scabbard when I thought he wanted
to pass between me and the door, and I threw myse'f back
against the door, and then felt the blow which inflicted the
wound. I immediately said, you have stabbed me, and went
towards the fire, and by the light of it saw blood on my
shirt. There was only a fire in the room. I then left the
room, and meeting some person, toldthem to fetch the doctor,
and then went to my own room. The doctor came almost
immediately.
By the Bench—My motive in preventing Lieut. Kerwan
from quitting the room, was to prevent his going to the
guard-room where the guard ' was at the time. I have
omitted to state that at the moment that I saw the blood on
my shirt the door was burst open by Lieut Wards, who
rushed into the m om, and I told him I was stabbed. I rather
think we all left the room together. From the exceeding
kindness I have on all occasions experienced from Lieut.
Kerwan since my promotion, I am perfectly confident that,
had it not been for the excited state in which Lieut. Kerwan
was at the moment, arising from the blows_be had received
in the falls while wrestling, and the effects of the wine he
had drunk, he would not have done me an injury; and, on
my oath, I am also convinced that at the moment Lieut.
Kerwan did so, he entertained no malice or ill-will against
me. I sent a message to that effect to Lieut. Kerwan within
half an hour after the occurrence took place. •
By Mr. Clarkson—l have attended here to-day because
I considered it my duty to do so ; but I shall not, of my own
accord, take any measures with a view of prosecuting
Lieutenant Kenyan, should the magistrates not require me to
do so.
Mr.-Clarkson then said that Colonel Daly had ordered
that Captain \Verde, and all the other officers present on the
evening in question, should attend the examination, and were
then present, should the magistrates desire to put any ques-
tions to them. _
The Bench said they thought it would be better to take
the examination of Captain Warde, as he was the only person
who had entered the room after the occurrence had taken
place.
_ .

Lieutenant Warde Wal then called, and deposed—l heard
a noise on the occasion,, and went nee stairs and :•burst_the.
door open, and then found Lieutenant.. Kerwan and Quarter-
master Tarleton inside. Tarleton, on.seeing me, exclaimed,
"By God, We*, Kerwan has stabbed me !" and Lieu-
tenant Kerwan immediately said, " Good God ; I had no in-
tention of doing so I" I instantly left the room for the pur-
pose of fetching Mr. Mure, the assistant -surgeon of the
regiment.
Mr. Clarkson said he wished at that stage of the pro-
ceedings to ask a question of the medical gentlemen present.
Either of the medical gentlemen would, he dared say, be
able to give him an answer. The Learned Counsel then
asked Mr. Frogley if he had probed the wound when he was
first called in.
Mr. Frogley replied that he had not ; Mr. Mure, the as-
sistant-surgeon, who was the first who saw Mr. Tarleton, had
however done so, he believed.
Mr. Edward Mure was then examined and deposed—l am
assistant-surgeon in the 4th Regiment of Light Dragoons.
When I was called to attend Quartermaster Tarleton I
found him lying on a couch in his own room. He said he
had been stabbed. I felt the wound and probed it, and
found it had taken a course inclining upwards. It was
situated about three-quarters of an inch beneath the naval on
the left side. Mr. Tarleton is now quite recovered, and the
wound is healed.
The magistrate not calling any other witnesses forward,
Mr. Clarkson proceeded to address the bench on behalf of his
client, which he did at considerable length. He began by
stating that he had nothing to complain of in the proceedings
instituted on the part of the magistrates, and be was sure that
he had still less to complain of that high-minded and noble •
spirited man, Quartermaster Tarleton, who had so fully and
fairly given his evidence, and expressed his feelings in the
matter. He did not on the part of Lieut. Kerwan complain of
anything that had transpired during the inquiry, having been •
from the first fully convinced of his innocence of intention,
for it would have been a fearful thing if it could
be possible that an officer like Lieutenant Kerwan would
commit an act that would endanger the life of another.
He felt most deeply for the situation in which Lieutenant
Kerwan was placed when he saw him at the bar on the pre-
\ions occasion ; but now, when it appeared in evidence
what the real circumstances of the case amounted to, he felt
no longer any fear as to the result. The Learned Counsel
then proceeded to recapitulate the principal parts of the evi-
dence, commenting on them as he proceeded, and submitted
that for the charge against his client to assume a statutable
offence it was necessary that there should be proved that the
accused entertained in his mind some malice or or
some intention of • doing the act ; but the evidence proved
nothing to that effect. The depositions gone into, on the
face of them, proved quite the contrary. There was in fact
no evidence to support a felonious charge. He felt convinced
that the justice of the country would be fully satisfied by the
enquiry which had been already gone into, and that the
minds of all persons must be _convinced that no felony had
been committed. Quartermaster Tarleton had expressly de
dared he had no desire to prosecute, and he was sure that
if the magistrates thought that Lieut. Kerwan ought to
enter into recognizances to appear again before that bench,
or any where else, so as to enable Quartermaster Tarleton
fully to make up his mind as to his prefer' :ng any charge,
hi 4 client would readily do so. He would now leavethe case
in the hands of the bench, feeling confident that their de-
cision would be founded in justice, and that it would he
favourable to his unfortunate client.
The Magistrates then withdrew to another room. After
an absence of • nearly an hour they returned into the Petty
Sessions Room, and hating resumed their sears,
The Chairman said the bench had given their anxious con-
sideration to .all the facts of the case, and also to the able
areannents of the learned counsel, and although they did not
It ori
consider ntbsieindt(eli over rl
eir tnecessaryQittyltrotehtiont
lo,atss
LteenireduTLtaei.
eiaititloeilKatieoi triw34l.3ollselicAnl'iatrne2toollge:
nizarcea
to appear at the next, or any other session, of the Central
Criminal Court, to answer any indictment that may be pre-
ferred against him. The bail that would be required would
be the 'same -as on the last occasion, viz., Lieutenant Ker-
wan in 50C1. and two sureties in 250/. each.
Mr. Clarkson immediately tendered Charles Lionel Mait-
land Kerwan, of thlgin Park, in the county of Mayo, Ire-
land, brother to the accused, And Richard Raven, Esq.. of
Kitnes Bench-walk, Inner Tcmple, both of whom entered
iutn the required I..cognisan•vs.
The Bench then declared Lieut. Kerwan to be discharged,
upon which he rose from his seat in the bar, and, bowhig,;s
to_
the magistrates, refired from the court, accompanied by
bra ther officers and friends. _
The inquiry occupied several hours.

THE ASIIIIY MAGISTRATES.—A\Ve are glad to Le
able to inform our leaders that R. G. Croswell. Esq., one of the
Ashby magistrates, whose names are so unenviably associatcd with
the cruel commitments and imprisonments of Thomas Lakin, has
resigned hisscommiksion of the peace for this county. —Leicester.
mire Merctili.

THE BRITISH FISHERIES.
I The Commissioners for the British fisheries have

brought out their report at an earlier priced than vaunt,
for the purpose of obviating the compl.int that the
former time of issue was too late to be of use to fish
curers and merchants in next year's fishing.' A few
quotations from' the report may be interestieg to those
who may not have seen the document itself:
During the nine months reported on, the fishing'
produced .526,C32; barrels herrings cured. 140,634
barrels branded, 266,3731 exported, and 117,606 as-
, sorted after the Dutch suede. The number of crens,
or barrels of herrings, taken and promptly cured for
immediate consumption, amounted to 295,664. In
the cod and ling department 83,919 cwts, were cured
dry, 1726 cured in pickle, 17,940-i officially punched,
28,815 exported, and 229 barrels of pickled fi Jr officially
branded. The account of these fish taken and promptly
disposed of for immediate consumption amounts to
359,250 cwts. These numbers are all considerably
under those in last report, which is accounted for partly
by the shorter period reported on, but chiefly by the
frequent interruptions which the fishery received from
the winds, which were unusually strong, especia'ly
during August, the most important month of the year,
when it often blew so hard as to prevent the boats get-
ting ont, and sometimes compelling them to return, after
reaching the fishing ground, without making an attempt
to get to work. On the whole, however, the nine months
are considered to have produced an average fishing. The
Commisioners say—
" All fisheries being from their nature liable to
alternate diminution and increase, it is from the gra-
dually augmented averages of the returns only that
their growing prosperity is to be judged of ; and et r-
tainly nothing can he more cheering than the con
sideration of those of the British fisheries. It is farther
most gratifying to the Cominissioners to have to state
that at no former period was the outfit more extensive,
or the intrepidity and perseverance of the fishermen
more remarkable, than during the nine months now re-
norted on. It may also be stated, that though the cure
of herrings during these nine months was somewhat
deficient, the effect has beeneto make the season's fishing
rather more remunerative for the curers generally, and
the whole trade may therefore now be considered as in
a more healthy condition than it has been fur several
years past."
The account which the Commissioners gave of the in-
creased demand her Scotch cured herrings in the cond.,
nental markets is gratifying, and speaks highly for the
integrity and skill of the marking officers :
" The increasing demand thr grown and full branded
herrings for the continent has rendered the drily of
the officers at the branding stations much more
laborious ; and :*.t is gratitying to learn, that the her-
rings sent to the continent have everywhere ishen
perfect satisfaction, although the prices have been
greatly reduced by the large supplies of Norwe
gian herrings which have been sent into all
stile
..coneinentel market:. The officers have been
regalat in' visiting the curing premises, and
examining the size of the barrels, so as to pre-
vent any of them being used, which, from accident, was
- below the legal size. .In this department, it is satisfac-
tory to state, that a superior quality of birch and alder
billets will be imported from Norway, on lower terms
than formerly, but from the great demand for the ap-
proaching fishing, a considerable rise has taken place in
the price of stave wood. The greatest 'attention has
been paid to the preservation of the integrity of the offs
&al brands, and their -value and importance continue to
rise in the estimation of continental nations, and to be
extended in foreign markets.
" The increasing demand for British herrings of late
years in Germany arises from their moderate price—
their careful selection—their superior cure and quality—
and, above all, from the security which dealers have in
the official brands. The general stipulation bete er-n
sellers and buyer.i is, to deliver and receivecrown and full
branded herrings ; and Mr. Miller, the inspector of the
east coast, states, in a report made to the board of the
information by him during a short tour of inquiry, mace
by order of the commissioners, that he has the authority
of a firm at Stettin fur stating, that they sold about
40,000 barrels of crown and full branded herrings last
year, which were everywhere received without objection.
The Inspector found British herrings at Berlin, Wit-
temberg, Leipsic, Frankfort, Cologne, and Bruisels, and
he saw several parcels in transit for more distant
parts. The barrels were all brown and full branded,
and the fish were in fine condition—all well meriting
the official brand, and much approved of by every
one. lie frequently inquired for Deitch herrings, and
was uniformly shown British herrings as Dutch,
and when he stated to the venders that they were
Bridal), they always insisted that they were Dutch, and
they sold them as Dutch. So general is the use
of British herrings on the continent, that at Embden,
wherC, a few years ago, fifty vessels were annually
fitted out for the fishery, and a bounty of 501. paid to
each, the number of vessels was reduced to twelve, not-
withstanding
the continuation of that bounty. The in-
spector learned from Mr. Koch, the British Consul at
Frankfort, that the navigation of the Rhine to Mayence
or Frankfort, has not been attempted by vessels laden
with British herrings, in consequence of the jealousy of
the Dutch, who threw insuperable obitaeles in the way.
Those herrings which have been sent thither were
transhipped at Rotterdam, where the, charges levied in
Holland proved to be almost prohibitory. But as the
prospect has arisen of immediate transport by a canal,
connecting May ne with the Danube, the Catholic countries
of Batavia, Hungary, and Austria, may be expected to
afford new markets for our herrings, when the naviga-
tion of the Rhine to Mayence may be attempted, or
when the railway from Antwerp to Cologne may be
employed. The Rhine is generally believed to be navi•
gable until December. But whilst it is understood that
flags of all nations rney navigate that river, British vesse's
have not availed themselves of the privilege, although
each of them might carry upwards of 300 tons. This is
much to be regretted, for if no use can be made of
the privilege by British vessels fur some time, the
Dutch, who are especially jealous of salted herrings
from a fereign country, may lay prohibitory duties
on those from Great Britain intended for the Prus-
sian market, whereas, on the contrary, if this pas-
sage or British trade up die Rhine were once esta-
blished, vessels might be constructed for a small draft of
water, so as to carry herrings direct from our ti-king
stations up that river, through Holland to Emmerich in
Prussia, free from any other charge than one dollar
per barrel, so as ultimately to render that place as great
a depot for British herrings for southern Germany, as
Stettin now is for the northern part of that vast country.
The inspector states, that he has already been applied
to by an adventurer entertaining these views, to pro-
cure information as to the depth of water during the
different months of the year in the Rhine above Rotter-
dam,
.as far so to its entrance into the Prussian dozni-
..
morns.

" The Secretary was much gratified to find a small
Spanish vessel loading with dried cod andling at Storno-
way—this being the first appearance of any ship of that
nation in this quarter. It is to be hoped that this will
IP, the commencement of an extensive traffic with Spain
where the mat ket is inexhaustible. The arrival of
Spanish customers here will do incalculable good to the
Long Island, by forcing the curers to pay greater atten-
tion to the cure of their cod and ling, as the Spaniards
will take not!, ing that is not cured in the very best man-
ner, and officially ttampee by the officers of the Beard."

THE BRITISq MU:RII3I.—OPENING OF TIM NE W
WING.—The trustees of the British Museum have re !ently
opened one of the large rooms in the new wing, erected at.
the west end of this magnificent building. It is stated that
this will be called the Chinese-room, from the circumstance
of the Chinese bell, which has been presented by her Majesty,
being deposited here. This is placed in the centre of
the apartment, and attached to it is the following in-
scription :—" Chinese Bell, from a Buddhist Temple, near
Ningpo, presented by her Majesty, 1844. There are several
spacious glass cases, in which is a collection of various
articles from China, Oteheite, the Friendly Islands, the Ar-
chipelago of the Great Pacific Ocean, Peru, Terra del Fuego,
&c.. consisting of several of their heathen deities, the war
implements and dresses of the natives of these different
countries, musical instruments, &c. There are a silver and
two richly gilt idols from China, which are well finished,
and several other smaller idols from the same empire.
This is the only room which is yet ready for the recep-
tion of the great quantity of antiquities, &c., for which there
was no convenience in The old building. Arrangements are
being made to provide a room for the Xenthian marbles, which
were brought last, year, by Sir W. from Xanthns, in
Lycia. Among this collection is a great portion of the cele-
brated temple which was erected by Harpagus, one of
Cyrus's generals, to commemorate the conquest of that
country, 546 years before Christ. Several of the entabla-
tures, descriptive of the battles of the armies of that period,
and the mode of attack of the citadel, and many draped male
and female figures, found among the ruins of the temple, are
now exhibited in the gallery of antiquities, and a design of
the temple is placed in the room.
A man of the name of Birch, living near Old Rad-
ford church, and a boy, were seriously it jured by as' accident,
in one of Lord Middletoe's coal pits at Radford, ot: Thursday
morning.—Nottinghant Review.
The Calcutta Christian Advocate, of July 22, states
that an act has been passed by the government of Sir IL
llardinge, abolishing the annual Meriah festival in the
'amid country, at which numbers of children used to Le
sacrificed to propitiate the god of the fruits of the earth.
ATHLONE AND SLIGO JUNCTION RAILWAY.—We
publish to-day the prospectus of this new company, which
we announced some weeks ago to be in course of formation.
It proposes to complete the direct communication between
Dublin and Sligo, and the line selected is cc rtainly wel
adapted to develop the resources of the country and afford
the greatest possible accommodation to the traffic of the
district. Owing to the advanced period of the y: ar, and the
difficulty of complying strictly with the standing orders o
Parliament, the promoters propose—and we think wisely—
to undertake, fit the present only, the first division of the
line, namely, from Athlone to Roscommon, a distaonc,l,3 _ e
miles. For this division only a capital of 200,000/f
10,000
shares, required, which it is proposed to raise by ti?e.isltrillee will bare
shares, of 20!. each, deposit 2!. per share.
the entire support of the Irish Great WTesliesrn and c,f the
Sir' John Macneill
Great Southern and Western Cam a et
is the engineer. He has completPed'."tll*.tlial surveys, and
reports most favounibly on the engineering facilities et" the
line. The Parliamentary survey is now in hand, and will
ent -e From mation in
be completed in a very short
ton understandan intimation
that the entire
the prospectus
suppat t of the (To.evearrientreli4 will be obtained for this ram
[ADVERTISEMUNT.]—k CURE FOR ALL BILIOUS
COMPLAINTS By HOLLOWAY'S Picts.— A destructive blue pill
c 0 p ised of calomel. taken at night, and followed by a drastic
blamcf:aaateht the next morning, seems to be the favourite re-
medy for bilious complaints, when poison in final quantities is
scarcely less injurious. For all liver, stomach, and bilious core-
plaints, let the patient take Holloway's Admirable pills, a pure
herbal preparation, and for a time drink no wine, beer, or
spirits, nor eat of fruits or vegetables. By this course he will not
only effectually cure himielf, but will also feel himself yeunger
and better in health than for scars before. To be had at pro-
fess-on Holloway's estehliehment, 244, Strand, Lando 0., emel o
all medicine venders throughout the civilized world.
CONVERTS TO ROMANISM.—Wv hive authority fim
adding to the list of recent converts to Romanism fife rame
of Mr. Leicester S. F. Buckingham, the author of " Memoirs
of Mary Queenof Scots,"'who was received into the Romish
Church at Osc'ott about the end of last montli.—.rest.

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