The Sun.
London, England, 1844-10-22 00:00:00

LITERATURE.
EDINBURGH REVIEW. No. CLXIL
Longman, London, 1844. _ _ _

THE SURVIVING HEROES OF r

TRAFALGAR.
This day (Monday) being the anniversary of the battle
of Trafalgar, which was fought October 21, 1805, is an
ever-memorable one in the history of this country. line
return of the time when

In the present Number of this influential Whig
oracle occurs an article on the subject of " Young
England," of whose principles of action, the Re-
viewer speaks in terms of very lofty disdain. This
is no more than might have been anticipated, consi-
dering that " Young England " has more than once
expressed itself in no very flattering terms as re-
spects Whiggery, and even hinted its suspicions that
it is a " worn out" creed, as much so as the ultra-
Toryism professed and acted on by Lord Eldon.
But while ridiculing the views of " Young England,"
the Reviewer is forced to confess that it is entitled to
more attention than it seems to have received, adding
that though " it is nowhere numerous, it has never-
theless had some influence on the proceedings of the
House of Commons, owing to the ability of its Mem-
bers in that House. In the House of Lords it is not
avowedly represented by more than one lay Peer aral
a Bishop. But its influence is greater than its num-
bers, and its organization is on the whole complete."
We are then told that it is flighty and extravagant
in its views of social and political reform—a chang9
usually made by those who have no more definite ob-
jection to urge against the principles of a party.
But does the charge of extravagance come with pro-
priety from an advocate of Whig policy ? Have the
Whigs never erred in this respect ? Was there no
extravagance in Lord John Russell's acknowledge-
ment of the finality of the Reform Bill, which was
like Canute's address to the billows on the sea-coast,
"Thus fur shalt thou come and no further ?" Was there
no extravagance—we use the mildest term—in the
Whigs delaying their famous, wholesale free-trade
declaration, till the moment when they were leaving
office, and the country was about to proceed to an
election ? The charge of extravagance against" Young
England" comes with a peculiar bad grace from a
Whig Reviewer, and suggests many recollections
which for the credit of his party, it were far better
were forgotten. "Early Administrations of George
the Third" is a delightful paper from the pen of Mr.
Macaulay. It is full of information, evincing an
acquaintance, not only with the history, but with
the dome•tic memoirs of the period, is enriched with
some graphic sketches of character, and piquant anec-
dotes, and penned in that easy, fluent, vigorous style
which we so much admired in the author's former ar-
ticles. " Recent Developments of Puseyism" is
written in a spirit decidedly inimical to that heresy,
of which the Reviewer confidently predicts the speedy
downfal, remarking, " that the very progress of high
Church principles will precipitate their doom by
rousing the human mind, after a period of temporary
delusion, to re-examine them. The present retro-
gression is but the recoil with which truth is pre-
paring herself for a more energetic spring. It is the
reflux, not of the ebbing, but of the advancing wave."
"Sir Francis Drake" is an amusing biographical
sketch of one of the ablest, and not the most scrupu-
lous, of our earlier naval adventurers. Of the few
remaining article 3, the best is a scientific one " On
Thunderstorms." We quote from Mr. Macaulay's
historical essay a spirited portrait of Henry Fox, first
Lord Holland:—

" Nelson's fame achieved a glorious day,"
is fraught with remembrances glorious and ennobling to
England and to Englishmen, but with sad tears to many
bereaved in the dread melee of partners and of children.
Yet while grief mourns over those who are departed,
what more pleasing theme, or more worthy of record,
than that which revivifies before the eye and ear the name
and fame of those who still survive to tell the triumph
they partook of. The following is a correct list up to
the present time of the officers, both in the nary and ma-
rines, yet surviving, who were present at Trafalgar, in
the order that they served there, with the name of the
vessel to each and the various promotions justly awarded
to them during the 39 years which have intervened since
that day. Death has been busy among them, and has
not spared even Nelson's Captain of the Victory—Sir
Thomas Hardy ; the oldest remaining officer of that
vessel being Mr. Pasco, who received a wound while
Lieutenant, and was made Captain in 1811.
CAPTAINS.-Sir Charles Bullen (Britannia), Rear Ad-
miral in 1837 ; Sir Edward Codrington (Orion), Admi-
ral in 1837 ; Sir Thomas Bladen Capel (Phcebe), Vice
Admiral in 1837 ; Sir Philip C. H. Durham, wounded
(Defiance), Admiral in 1830.
LIEUTENANTS.—John Pasco, wounded (Victory),
Captain in 1811 ; George Brown (Victory), retired
Captain in 1840 ; Thomas F. Kennedy (Temeraite),
Captain in 1813 ; Thomas Coakley, acting only (Teme-
raire), retired Commander in 1840 ; Sir A. P. Green
(Neptune), Captain in 1814 ; Isaac Shaw (Neptune),
Commander in 1813; Alexander B. Howe (Leviathan),
First Lieutenant in 1803; Charles Anthony (Britannia),
Commander in 1813; William Blight (Britannia), Cap-
tain in 1830 ; James Couch (Conqueror), Captain in
1824; Thomas Pinto (Agamemnon;, retired Captain in
1840; William Ceote (Agamemnon), retired Captain in
1840; Henry N. Rowe (Ajax), retired Captain in 1840;
John M'Kerlie (First Lieutenant, Spartiate), Captain in
1813; James Clepham (Spartiate), retired Captain 1840;
George Bignell (Spartiate) Commander in 1815; Fred.
J. Thomas, acting Lieutenant (Spartiate), Captain in
,1813; J. Hindmaish (Phcebe), Captain in 1813; Alex-
ander Dixie (Phcebe), Commander in 1814 ; J. F.
Maples (Naiad), Captain in 1813; T. F. C. Mainwaring
(Naiad), Commander in 1810; Henry de Vesconte
(Naiad), Commander in 1828; Walter H. Pike (Eury-
alus), retired Commander in 1840; R. B. Young (En-
treprenanto), Commander in 1810 ; John Clavell,
wounded (Royal Sovereign), Captain in 1808 ; Robert
Bastin (Belleisle), retired Commander in 1836; Edward
W. Ganett (Mars), Commander in 1809 ; George
Decordeaux (Mars), Lieutenant in 1802—retired Com-
mander June 15, 1844; William Henry Boyce (Mars),
Lieutenant in 1805; Frederick Hoffman, wounded (Ton-
nant), retired Captain in 1840; John Salmon (Tonnant),
retired Commander in 1843; Hugh Bruco White (Ton-
nant), Lieutenant in 1802; David Scott (Bellerophon),
Captain in 1814 ;" Thomas R. Toker (First Lieutenant
Colossus), Captain in 1813; Geo. Bague (Colossus), re-
tired Commander 1837; Josias Bray, wounded (Achille),
Commander in 1825; Edwd. Barnard (Achille), Capt. in
1817 ; • Christopher W. Batty (Dreadnought), retired
Commander in 1832 ; George Moubray (Polyphemus),
Captain in 1812 ;. Robert Mayne (Polyphemus), retired
Commander in 1842; Lewis Hole, First Lieutenant (Re-
venge), Captain itt 1813; Peter G. Pickernell (Revenge),
Commander in 1810 ; Thomas Sykes (Swiftsure), Com-
mander in 1813 ; Robert Carter (Swittsure), Lieutenant
in 1801; Thomas Read (Swiftsure), Commander in 1829;
James U. Porches (Defiance), Lieutenant in 1804 ;
Thomas Colby (Thunderer), Commander in 1814; John
Clark (Thunderer), retired Commander in 1837 ; Abel
Ferris (Prince), Captain in 1811 ; Samuel Burgess
(Prince), Captain in 1830 ; Sir N. J. Willoughby
(Prince), Captain in 1810 ; William Kelly (Prince),
Commander in 1811.

" There was one man whose sharp and manly logic
had often in debate been found a match for the lofty and
impassioned rhetoric of Pitt, whose talents for jobbing
were not inferior to his talents for debate, whose daunt-
less spirit shrank from no difficulty or danger, and who
was as little-troubled with scruples as with fears. Henry
Fox, or nobody, could weather the storm which was
about to burst. Yet was he a person to whom the
Court, even in that extremity, was unwilling to have re-
course. He had always been regarded as a Whig of the
Whigs. He had been the friend and disciple of Wal-
pole. He had long been connected by close ties with
William Duke of Cumberland. By the Tories he was
more hated than any man living. So strong was their
aversion to him, that when, in the late reign, he at-
tempted to form a party against the Duke of Newcastle,
they had thrown all their weight into Newcastle's scale.
By the Scots, Fox was abhorred as the confidential
friend of the conqueror of Culloden. He wag, on per-
t sonal grounds, most obnoxious to the Princess-Mother.
For he had, immediately after her husband's death, ad-
vised the late King to take the education of her son, the
heir-apparent, entirely out of her hands. He had re-
cently given, if possible, still deeper offence ; for he had
indulged, not without some ground, the ambitious hope,
that his beautiful sister-in-law, the Lady Sarah Lennox,
might be Queen of England. It had been observed that
the Meg at one time rode every morning by the grounds
of Holland House, and that on such occasions Lady
Sarah, dressed like a shepherdess at a masquerade, was
making hay close to the road, which was then separated
by no wall from the lawn. On account of the part
which Fox had taken in this singular love affair, he was
the only member of the Privy Council who was not sum-
moned to the meeting at which his Majesty announced
his intended marriage with the Princess of Mecklen-
burg. Of all the statesmen of the age, therefore, it
seemed that Fox was the last with whom Bute, the
Tory, the Scot, the favourite of the Princess-Mother,
could, under any circumstances, act. Yet to Fox Bute
was now compelled to apply.
" Fox had many noble and amiable qualities, which in
private life shone forth in full lustre, and made him dear
to his children, to his dependents, and to his friends ;
but as a public man he had no title to esteem. In him
the vices which were common to the whole school of
Walpole appeared, not perhaps in their worst, but cer-
tainly in their most prominent form ; for his parliamen-
tary and official talents made all his faults conspicuous.
His courage, his vehement temper, his contempt for ap-
pearances, led him to display much that others, quite as
unscrupulous as himself, covered with a decent veil. He
was the most unpopular of the statesmen of his time, not
because he sinned more than many of them, but because
he canted less.
" He felt his unpopularity ; but he felt it after the
fashion of strong minds. He became, not cautious, but
•recklefs, and faced the rage of the whole nation with a
seowl of defiance. He was born with a sweet
.and generous4l;';:.r ; but he had been goaded and baited
Into-a4savageitess. which was not natural to him, and
swhith a1:94A41#1 shocked those who knew him best.
ash ivaft .th4puitC,t o whom Bute, in extreme need, ap-
plied for suebbinv,
" Such :succour 'Fox was not unwilling to afford.
Though by no means of an envious temper, he had un-
doubtedly contemplated the success and popularity of
Pitt with bitter mortification. He thought himself Pitt's
-match as a debater, and Pitt's superior as a man of busi-
ne7s• the/ had long been regarded as well paired rivals.
They started fair in the career of ambition. They
had long run fide by side. At length Fox had taken the
lead and Pitt ham fallen behind. Then had come a
sudden tura of fortune,
dike that in Virgil's foot-race.
Fox had stumbled in the mire, and had not only been
defeated, but befouled. Pitt had reti,l'ed the goal, and
received the prize. The emoluments of tile Pay-office
might induce the defeated statesman to submit in sii.'!"ce
to the ascendancy of his competitor, but could not satisfy
a mind conscious of great powers, and sore from great
vexations. As soon, therefore, as a party arose adverse
to the war and to the supremacy of the great war
minister, the hopes of Fox began to revive. His feuds
with the Princess-Mother, with the Scots, with the
Tories, he was ready to forget, if by the help of his old
enemies he could now regain the importance which he
had lost, and confront Pitt on equal terms."

MaTEs.—James Robertson Walker (Victory), Com-
mander in 1815 ; William Chasman (Victory), Com-
mander in 1821 ; Thomas L. Robins (Victory), Com-
mander in 1821 ; William 11. Symons (Victory), Com-
mander in 1842 ; Samuel Spencer (Victory), Lieutenant
in 1806 ; Francis S. Price (Temeraire), retired Com-
mander in 1839; John Adamson (Britannia), Lieutenant
in 1811 ; Henry West, severely wounded (Africa), Com-
mander in 1831 ; Charles Hall (Orion), Commander in
1841 ; Stephen Hilton (Minotaur), retired Commander
in 1839 ; Win. Buchannan (Defence), Commander in
1812 ; Flowers Beckett (Spartiate), Lieutenant in 1805;
Peter S. Hambiy (Prince), Captain in 1841 ; Sir W. H.
Pierson, wounded (Belleisle), Captain in 1838 ; Geoie
White (Dreadnought), Lieutenant in 1809;. Jas. Spratt,
wounded (Defiance), retired Commander in 1838; Colin
Campbell (Defiance), Captain in 1812 ; John Treeve
(Tonnant), Lieutenant in 1809 ; J. H. Saunders (Swift-
sure), retired Commander in 1841.

PURSERS.-Sir Digory Forrest (Spartiate), 1795 ;
James Macfarlane (Belleisle), 1798 ; Henry Wells
(Thunderer), 1797 ; William Ballingall (Temeraire),
1785 ; William Holman (Africa), 1795. _ _

tenant in 1812 ; Robert Cock (Thunderer), Lieutenant
in 1811 • John F. Herbert (Thunderer), Lieutenant in
1819 ; Thomas Huskisson (Defence), Captain in 1811 ;
James H. Plumridge (Defence), Captain in 1822, now
the M.P., for Penryn and Falmouth ; John W. Dalling
(Defence), Captain in 1828 ; Samuel Enderby (Defence),
n ,w Captain in the York Chasseurs ; William Robertson
(Defence), Captain in 1837 ; Richard S. Simmonds (De-
fence), Lieutenant in 1812 ; William Dumbreck (De-
fence), Lieutenant in 1810 ; R. Marks (Defence), now
Rector of Missenden ; Henry B. Mason (Prince), in 1815 ; Dey R. Sayer (Prince), Lieutenant in
1809 ; Nicholas Colthurst (Prince), retired Commander
in 1811 ; George Tardrew (Prince), Lieutenant in 1611;
James B. Elliot (Prince), Lieutenant in 1815 ; Peregrine
Bowen (Prince), Lieutenant in 1808 ; Alexander Martin
(Prince), Lieutenant in 1811 ; John Hudson (Prince),
Lieutenant in 1813 ; J. Hoskins Brown (Prince), Lieu-
tenant in 1814.

MASTERS.—John W. Trotter (Leviathan),:l797 ; Jo-
seph Seymour (Conqueror), 1796.
SURGEONS AND ASSISTANT-SURGEONS.—Thomas Ro-
bertson (Sirius), 1794 ; Primrose Lyon (Assistant-Sur-
geon Royal Sovereign), promoted to Surgeon in 1812 ;
William Claperton (Belleisle), 1804 ; F. M`Bean Chevers
(Tonnant), 1725 ; Peter Suther (Swiftsure), 1805 ; Sir
William Burnett (Defiance), now inspector-General of
the Medical Department of the Navy ; John Stokoe
(Roy al Marines).

CLERK.—George Starr (Orion), appointed Purser,
Nov. 6, 1811.

ROYAL MARINES.—CAPTAINS—George P. Wingrove
(Leviathan), Major-General in 1841 ; Elias Lawrence
(Colossus), Colonel in 1837.
FIRST-LIEUTENANTS.—J, W. Fane (Leviathan), First
Lieutenant in 1805 ; Thomas Brattle (Africa), 1805 ;
John R. Corryton, wounded (Spartiate), Major in 1841,
Lieut.-Colonel May 6, 1844 ; Thomas Moore (Sirius),
Captain in 1810 ; John Owen (Belleislo), Colonel and
Deputy-Adjutant-General in 1839 ; William Magin
( Formant), 1805 ; John APCallinn (Dreadnought), Co-
lonel in 1842 ; John Mackintosh (Polyphemus), 1805 ;
John Wilson (Defence), Major in 1841, and also Assist-
ant-Adj utant-GeneraL
SECOND LIEUTENANTS.—Lewis Rotely (Victory),
retired First Lieutenant, 1808; Lewis Rook() (Neptune),
First Lieutenant in 1808; Thomas Wearing, wounded
(Conqueror), Major in 1841; Samuel B. Ellis (Ajax),
Lieutenant-Colonel in 1841 ; Joseph Cinnamon (Ajax),
First Lieutenant in 1806; Tomas Reeves (Minotaur),
First Lieutenant in 1808; George Drew Hawkins
(Spartiate), First Lieutenant in 1808; Paul H. Nicolas
(Belleisle), First Lieutenant in 1808 ; John Wilson.
(Bellerophon), Captain in 1826; David'Marley (Dread-
nought), Lieutenant-Colonel in 1841 ; Henry B. Fairt-
lough (Revenge), First Lieutenant in 1808; Robert
Gordon (Swiftsure), Major in 1841; Henry Miller
(Swift:sure), First Lieutenant in 1806; John Lister
(Thunderer), First Lieutenant in 1808.

It is a singular fact that no officer of a higher gride
than a captain now survives the action, and that not a
single officer of the Defence higher than a midshipman
is now alive ; this, of course, refers to the grade then
hold.

The following table shows the list of killed and
Wounded on board each vessel :

Killed. Wounded.
Victory 57 102
Temeraire.........47. . 76
Neptune 10 34
Leviathan 4 22
Britannia lO 42
Conqueror 3 • 9
Africa 18 44
Agamemnon 2 7
Ajax
Orion 1 23
Minotaur ... 3 .. 22
Spartiate
Royal Sovereign 47 94

Killed. Wounded.
34 96
Mars...
29 69
Tonnant .)6 5O
Bellerophon 27 123
Colossus 41 160
Achille l3 59
Dreadnought 7
Revenge 28 5l
Swiftsuro
Defiance 17 53
Thunderer .. 4 l2
Defence
Killed 448—Wounded 1,240

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE.

PORTSMOUTH, OCT. 20.—The Firebrand, 8, steam-
frigate, Captain Corry, and the brigs forming the expe-
rimental squadron, together with the St. Vincent, 120,
the Caledonia, 120, and the Queen, 110, are expected to
leave Spithead to-morrow, after the departure of her
Majesty and Prince Albert on their cruise of exercise
and experiment, it is reported between the coast of Por-
tugal and the Western Islands. If the Albion, 90, Com-
modore Lockyer, should be fallen in with, she will join
the squadron, the whole under the command of Rear-
Admiral W. Bowles, C. 8., who hoisted his flag (blue at
the mizen) yesterday morning on board the Caledonia,
and saluted that of Admiral Sir Charles Rowley by 15
guns, which the St. Vincent replied to by 11 guns. This
appointment, we believe, will not interfere with the re-
tention of the seat of the .gallant Rear-Admiral at the
Admiralty Board. All Captains and Commanders on
the half pay list desirous of witnessing the experimental
trial sailings may join either of the above three-deckers,
and be victualled on the ship's establishment for the
cruise (two or three months) by Admiralty order.
The Black Eagle, Admiralty steam yacht, Master-
Commander S. B. Cook, went out of harbour yesterday
about one o'clock, with Sir W. Gage and another mem-
ber of the Board of Admiralty on board. This splendid
vessel went round the fleet at Spithead, and made for
Cowes, reported to dine at Osborne house with her Ma-
jesty and his Royal Highness Prince Albert. The Admi-
ralty flag was hoisted on board.
The Daelalus, 16, is commissioned at Woolwich by
Captain Peter 11i'Quhae, 1835.
The Scourge steam sloop is being rapidly expedited
for launching, and it is believed will be got afloat uext
month.

Mipsuremeri.—Sir George Westphal, wounded (Vic-
tory), Captain in 1819 ; John Lyons (Victory), Captain
in 1830 ; John Pollard (Victory), Lieutenant in 1806 ;
Charles Chappell (Victory), Lieutenant in 1808 ; Henry
Cary (Victory), retired Commander in 1843 ; John
William Carlslake (Victory), Lieutenant in 1805 ; James
Poad (Victory), Lieutenant in 1812 ; William Rivers,
lost his leg (Victory), Lieutenant in 1806, now Lieute-
nant of Greenwich Hospital ; Henry Lancaster (Vic-
tory), Lieutenant in 1813 ; William Shepheard (Teme-
raire), Captain in 1840 ; William E. H. Allen (Tone-
raire), Commander in 1828 ; James Eaton (Temeraire),
retired Commander in 1842 ; Francis Harris (Teme-
raire),' Lieutenant in 1815 ; John Knapman (Temeraire),
Lieutenant in 1309 ; William S. Lovell (Neptune), Cap-
tain in 1815 ; George F. Herbert (Neptune), Comman-
der in 1828 ; Edward Goodlad (Neptune), Lieutenant
in 1814 ; Alexander Mackenzie (Neptune), Lieutenant
in 1811 ; William W. Eyton (Neptune), Lieutenant in
1814 ; James Rattray (Britannia), Captain in 1815 ;
William Snell (Britannia), Lieutenant in 1811 ; Francis
1). Lauzun (Britannia), Lieutenant in 1811 ; John W.
Pritchard (Britannia), Commander in 1828 ; E. Blight
(Britannia), Lieutenant in 1815; R. 13. Bowden (Britan-
nia), Lieutenant in 1815 ; Radford G. Meech (Britannia),
Lieutenant in 1810 ; John Potts (Conqueror), Lieute-
nant in 1808 ; Joseph Williams (Conqueror), Lieute-
nant in 1807 ; E. R. Farquharson (Conqueror), Lieute-
nant in 1810 ; P. J. Elmhurst, wounded, (Africa),
Lieutenant in 1814 ; Frederick White (Africa),
wounded, Lieutenant in 1812 ; James Fynmore (Africa),
Captain in the Royal Marines in 1836 ; John P. Bailey
(Africa), wounded, Purser in 1807 •, John Reeve (Aga-
memnon), Commander in 1830 ; Charles A. Johnstone
(Agamemnon), Lieutenant in 1815—Commander, Jan. 5,
1844 ; J. H. Quinten (Agamemnon), Lieut. in 1844 ; T.
Jackson (Agamemnon); Lieutenant in 1815 ; William
Lowcay (Ajax), Lieutenant in 1809 ; Joseph • Gape
(Ajax), Captain in 1841 ; Lord Kenmure (Ajax),
Lieutenant in 1815 ; Robert Hemer (Ajax), Lieutenant
in 1815 ; John Phepoe (Ajax), Lieutenant in 1809 ;
Earl of Egmont (Orion), Captain in 1818 ; John
Nicholas (Orion), Lieutenant in 1815 ; Francis Gray
(Orion), Lieutenant in 1814 ; Thos. Townsend (Orion),
Lieutenant in 1809 ,• Sir T. W. Holburne (Orion),
Lieutenant in 1813 ; George Barker (Orion), Lieutenant
;i Christopher West (Minotaur), Commander in
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Lanphier (Spartiate), Lieutenant in 1808 ; James H.
Johnston (Spartiate), Lieutenant in 1810 ; John Mawbey
(Spartiate), Lieutenant in 1815 ; Edward Knapman
(Spartiate), wounded, Lieutenant in 1812 ; Henry Bel-
lairs (Spartiate), wounded, now Rector of Bedworth ;
R. Meredith (Phoebe), Captain in 1837 ; Prosper Am-
brose (Phoebe), Lieutenant in 1810 ; W. H. Haswell
(Phoebe), Commander in 1830 ; Sir Samuel Pechell
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Captain in 1814 ; Hy. Win. Bruce (Euryalas), Captain
in 1821 ; Thomas Dickinson (Royal Sovereign),
wounded, Captain in 1832 ; Thomas P. Robin-
son (Royal Sovereign), Commander in 1828 ; Rd.
I). Pritchard (Royal Sovereign), Commander in 1841 ;
John Farrant (Royal Sovereign), wounded, Lieutenant
in 1808 Archibald Nagle (Royal Sovereign), Lieut.
in 1815 ; Gilbert Kennicott (Royal Sovereign), Lieut.
in 1810 Henry Davis (Royal Sovereign), Lieutenant
in 1815; Charles Lambert (Royal Sovereign), Lieutenant
in 1813 Charles Criswick (Royal Sovereign), Lieut.
in 1815 W. W. Henderson (Belleisle), Captain in 1815;
Henry Garrett (Belleisle), Lieutenant in 1809 ;
William Murley (Belleisle), Commander in 1813 ;
George Haydon (Belleisle), Lieutenant in 1807 ;
Henry Parker (Belleisle), Commander in 1814 ;
J. A. Philips (Belleisle), Captain in Royal Ma-
rines in 1834 ; Norwich Duff (Mars), Captain
in 1822 ; A. D. T. Arbuthnot (Mars), Captain
in 1834 ; Alfred Luckroft, wounded (Mars),
Captain in 1832 ; George Young, wounded (Mars),
Lieutenant in 1808 ; G. E. Patey (Mars), Lieutenant in
1813 ; Joseph Symes (Tonnant), Captain in 1813 ; Sir
George Sartorius (Tonnant), Captain in 1814 ; J. P.
Blennerhasset (Tonnant), Lieutenant in 1807 ; Hugh
Patton (Bellerophon), Captain in 1819 ; Sir John Frank-
lin (Bellerophon), Captain in 1822 ; Robert Patton (Bel-
lerophon), Captain in 1827 ; Mark White (Bellerophon),
Commander in 1815 ; Daniel Woodriff (Bellerophon),
Commander in 1822 ; William Walford (Bellerophon),
Lieutenant in 1810 ; William Pilch (Bellerophon), Lieut-
enant in 1814 ; Henry Walker, wounded (Bellerophon),
Lieutenant in 1810 ; William N. Jewell, wounded (Bel-
lerophon), Lieutenant in 1812 ; Adam Grieve (Bellero-
phon), Retired Commander in 1843 ; Richards S. Simonds
(Bellerophon), Lieutenant in 1812 ; William Hening-
ham, wounded (Colossus), Captain in 1837 ; Mark Sweny
(Colossus), acting as Lieutenant, Captain in 1838 ; Raw-
den Maclean, wounded (Colossus), Commander in 1823 ;
Timothy Renou, wounded (Colossus), Lieutenant in 1812;
Henry Snelgrove, wounded (Colossus), Lieutenant in
1811 ; William Walpole (Colossus), Captain in 1819 ;
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Digby Dent (Achille), Commander in 1820 ; Richard
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Captain in
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(Polyphemus), Purser in 1808; William Rule (Poly
phemus), Lieutenant in 1815 ; George Cordry (Poly-
phemus), Lieutenant in 1815 ; John Geary, wounded,
silBin 1813 ; Edward Herrick (Revenge),
(Revenge), Commander in 1831 ; W. H. Brand (Ra-
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Lieutenant in 1815 • Patrick Deuchar (Swiftsure), Lieu-
tenant in ; john Drake (Defiance), Captain in
1835 ; James Ifay (3fefiance)? Captain in 1819 ; Henry
Rich (Defiance), Lieutenant in 1808 ; Slietieer Smyth.
g e)'in Lieutenant
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; B a ;Jamesth 010 m Be w
(Defiance), Commander in 1827 ; T, ehrystie (Defianee),
Lieutenant in 1809 ; J. Parsons (Defiance), Lieutenant
in 1815 ; Alex..Gallaway, wounded (Thunderer), Lieu-

. . .
The Albion,. 90, Commodore Lockyer, left Gibraltar
on the Gth inst. for Lisbon, to await the arrival of the
experimental squadron from Spithead.
The Alfred, 50, Commodore Purvis, arrived at Rio
from Mont* Video on the 9th of July, and was anchored
there on the 25th.

The America, 50, Captain the Hon. John Gordon, ar-
rived at Rio from Plymouth, last from Madeira, on the
31st of July.
The Ardent steam-sloop, Commander Russell, left
Rio for Ascension on the 27th of July.
The Fox, 42, Captain Sir H. Blackwood, Bart., ar-
rived at Rio from Tangiers on the 24th of August.
The Hyacinth, 18, Commander Scott, was at St. He-
lena on the 27th of August, replenishing water.
The Hydra, 4, steam-sloop, Commander.Youpg, left
St. Helena on the 26th of August to refit.
The Pique, 36, Captain the Hon. M. Stopford, arrived
at Quebec from Halifax on the 19th of September with
a detachment of the 52d on board.
The Stromboli steam-sloop, Commander the Hon. E.
Plunket, arrived at Cork on the 12th inst.
The Dolphin, 3, left Rio on a cruise on the 23d of
August.
The Racer, 16, Commander A. Reed, was at Bahia on
the sth ult.

In Harbour.—Victory, Excellent, Nautilus, Comet,
Dwarf, Locust, Fearless, Echo, and 'Eclair.
In Dock.—Neptune, Prince Regent, Vindictive, Athol,
and Scourge. _ _

At Spitiiead.—St. Vincent, Caledonia, Queen, Fire-
brand, Cruiser, Daring, Osprey, Flying Fish, Mutine,
Espiegle, Pantaloon, and Waterwiteh.
DEVONPORT, OCT. 18,—COURT-MARTIAL.--A court-
martial was held on board the San Josef, 110, Captain
Dixon, yesterday morning, to try Mr. J. Lee, boatswain
of the Resistance troop-ship, Commander Patey, on a
charge of gross violence and abuse towards John Barnes,
the carpenter's mate, who was tried last week and sen-
tenced to be hanged at the yardarm for striking the
above prisoner, Lee. The court, on this occasion, was
composed of Admiral Sir D. Milne, G.C.8., Commander-
in-Chief, President; Rear-Admiral Sir S. Pym; Cap-
tain Dixon, of the San Josef ; Commander Wreford, of
the San Josef; and Commander Patey, of the Resistance;
G. Eastlake, Deputy Judge Advocate. The Court,
having heard the case for the prosecution, and what the
prisoner had to urge in his defence, was of opinion the
charges had been proved, and sentenced the said John
Lee to be dismissed her Majesty's service. The decision
of the Lords of the Admiralty, on the recommendation
of the Court in the case of Barnes, sentenced to be hung
on the 9th inst., is not yet known.
The Petrel packet, Lieutenant Cresser, received wages
on Wednesday, and will take out the next mail for the
Brazils, from Falmouth,
The Semiramis, 42, was docked on Monday, for
breaking up by contract, which NI Ai commenced on
Wednesday.
The Seagull, 6, was docked on Tuesday, to repair
defects.
The Clarence, 84, is shipping her tanks, chain cablr,
and other stores, preparatory to masting.
The Implacable, 72, is repairing defects alongside tl e
jetty.
The Adventure, transport, arrived yesterday, with
stores from Pembroke.
F°
yard,e
nterceodnsiecintuheentDiurpecon thetorc)f
Works Forty Y' departmenter
ab
removal of the convicts.
SHEERNESS, OCT. 18.—The Lightning, steam-vessel,
lourshaivnethbiesen
arrived on Sunday, from Devonport, with the family and
effects of Captain Arthur, superintendent of this dock-
yard, on board.
The Trafalgar, 120, was towed here, from Chatham,
Sunday, and is moored off the dockyard, taking in her
tanks, &c., and waiting to take the place of the London,
90, now in the basin, to complete stores as an advance-
ship. Fincham's new stern gives her a considerably
improved appearance.
Only three able seamen, have entered this dockyard for
general service since the publication of the order for the
entry of 100, a month or too since.
PROMOTIONS.

THE STAR and DIAMOND STEAM-

BOAT COMPANIES.

On the 30th of August last we commented upon
the conduct of two magistrates of Gravesend, who,
being, as we then believed, themselves interested in
the success of the Diamond Steam-boat Company,
had adjudicated upon cases arising out of the rivalry
between that Company and the Star Company, and
had inflicted penalties upon servants of the Star pro-
prietors, for acts done to procure passengers for the
Star rather than the Diamond boats. We made our
comments in the same spirit that we have always
noticed apparent acts of oppression, either by magis-
trates in petty session, or by the highest judges of the
realm. If the imputation of private interest or per-
sonal motives ever attaches to magisterial decisions,
there is an end to all respect for the judgments and
the judges, and the duty of the public journalist is to
expose the slightest appearance of undue bias, and
prevent its recurrence. We now deem it, however,
due to Messrs. OAKES and SPENCER, the two magis-
trates alluded to in our remarks, to state that, having
since made the fullest inquiry into the real merits of
the cases upon which they adjudicated, we find that
they are not proprietors of the Diamond Company,
and we are convinced that no interested motives ope-
rated upon them, but that they discharged their duty
upon'the occasion alluded to with honour and fidelity

ORDERS IN CouNctL.—The following Orders in
Council have been transmitted to the Commissioners of
the Customs by order of the Lords of the Treasury, and
copies of the same have been furnished to the several
departments in London, and at:all the outports of the king-
dom, viz.:—Order in Couricil conferring certain privi-
leges on Hanoverian vessels and cargoes, in pursuance
of the recent treaty of commerce and navigation with
that kingdom.—Order in Council conferring commercial
privileges on Oldenburg vessels and cargoes, in pur-
suance of the recent treaty of commerce and navigation
with the Grand Duke.—Order in Council respecting
treaties of commerce and navigation existing with the
King of Hanover, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg
Schwerin, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz,
and the Grand Duke of Oldenburg.—Order in Council
conferring certain privileges on vessels belonging to
Austria, Mecklenburg Schwerin, Mecklenburg Strelitz,
and Oldenburg, in regard to pilotage.—Order in Council
conferring commercial privileges on the Governments of
Mecklenburg Schwerin and Mecklenburg Strclitz.--
Order in Council conferring certain commercial privi-
leges on the vessels belonging to the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg Schwerin and the Grand Duke of Mec-
k-
lenburg Strelitz, under the treaty of commerce gnd navi
gation with the Emperor of Austria.
SHIPWRECK—PORT STEWART,OCT• 16.—The John
Cleveland, bound from Strangford to Portrush, was lest
night totally wrecked at this place, having mistaken it
for her destined port. The sea is breakicg mountains
high over the wreek_, scarce a vestige of the vessel re-
maining together. Tho captain and crew saved.—Netery

Mates—The llon. 0. W. M. Lambert ; R. W. H. Al.
cock ; W. B. de Blaquiere ; H. W. Clark ; and J. A
L. Wharton, to the rank of Lieutenant.
APPOINTMENTS.

Rear-Admiral W. Bowles, C. 8., to the Caledonia, to
command the experimental squadron.
Captains—Peter M'Quhae, to the Daedalus ; H. W.
Giffard, to the Royal Naval College for study ; Sir
Charles Sullivan, Bart., to the St. Vincent, pro tem.
Commander A. Morrell, to the Tortoise store and

guardship, at Ascension, vice Finlaison, invalided.
Lieutenants—F. E. Rose, additional to the Agincourt;
and A. Farquhar, to the flag of Rear-Admiral Bowles,
Caledonia.

Secretary W. Fegan, to Rear-Admiral Bowles.
Master T. Hart, to the Penelope, vice Salmon&
Surgeon J. King, to be acting of the Star, vice Folds.
Mates—The Hon. J. R. M. Byng and W. Swinburn,
to the Excellent ; A. Wodehouse to the Flying Fish ;
and B. B. Beale to the Queen.
Purser C. A. Thorne, to the Thunder.
Clerk W. R. Bush (in charge), to the Dwarf.
ROYAL MARINES.

Captain John Collis, to the St. Vincent, vice Major
Lieutenant J. L. Braimer (first), to the Dmdalus:

Last week, at Ormskirk, upwards of 40 women
appeared, at the game Opp and place, to havo their
nhtlfilren affiliated mider tho Bastardy clause. . The ma-
gistrates ordered the putative fathers to pay sums vary-
leg from Is. 6d. to 3s. per week.

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 22, 1844.

on the Weymouth-road ; and that another railway
will also be formed, commencing at the Bristol. and
Exeter line between Taunton and Bridgewater to
Yeovil, from thence by Maiden Newton to Dorches-
ter and Weymouth: The station at Dorchester being
intended to be made in Fordington Field, at the ter-
minus of the Southampton and Dorchester Railway.
—Somerset County Gazette.
NEW RAILWAYS. A London correspondent,
writing under the date of *Wednesday, says-r--" On
account of the great number of railways brought for-
ward in Ireland, the Board of Trade, I understand,
will recommend that a Commiision, similar to that of
the late Mr. Drummond's, should be issued, to in-
quire and report upon the various rival lities. The
late Act gave to the Board of Trade a veto upon all
new lines, but the number is now so unprecedented
in all parts of the empire, and there are so many con-
flicting lines, that the Board consider they would be
totally unable to deal with the subject satisfactorily
without some such assistance as a Commission in Ire-
land.—Dubliii Mercantile Advertiser.
WEST CORNWALL RAILWAT.—On Wednesday last,
a public meeting was held in the Guildhall, St. Ives,
to consider the propriety of applying to the West
Cornwall Railway Company to extend a branch of
their railway to that town. John' Chellew, Esq.,
Mayor, was in the chair, and W. T. Praed, Esq., M.P.
with most of the influential gentlemen and merchants,
attended the meeting. Several resolutions were en-
tered into, and a deputation was appointed to wait on
the Committee to carry the measure into effect.—
Devonport Independent.
PORTOBELLO—NORTH BRITISH RAILWAY.—This
railway has been begun in several places near the
town, and considerable activity is shown in getting on
with the work. Already are the side walls Well up
of a service bridge at the Black Roads, at Joppa,
under which the railway passes about eight feet
below the level, and the embanking of the road to a
sufficient height is considerably advanced, as well as
the cuttings through the adjoining field. The rail-
way passes close to the top of Brighton Place, over a
bridge cutting off a part of the boundary wall thvre.
—Scotsman.

PARTICULARS OF THE LANDING
OF LOUIS PHILIPPE AT CALAIS,
(FROM AN EYE WITNESS.)
It was known in Calais, on Tuesday morning, as
early as ten o'clock, that his Majesty Louis Philippe
would land at that port,. on his return from England,
in the. courre of the morning, and every preparation
was made to receive him. The flags were hoisted on
all the shipping in the harbour, and on the fortifica-
tions—the soldiers .were under arms—the telegraph
was at work, announcing the important intelligence—
the whole town was in a bustle; every one hastening
to the pier to catch a glimpse of their Sovereign—the
French steam-boat which should have left Calais for
England that morning was detained until the arrival
of his Majesty should have taken place. It was ex-
pcted that King Louis Philippe would land about
twelve o'clock; it was, however, two o'clock before his
Majesty arrived. On his landing he -was received
by the authorities and the people with shouts
of " Five le Roi." His Majesty walked
down the Rue de la Mer bare-headed, fol-
lowed by the people, who continued their
greetings, which were repeatedly acknowledged by his
Majesty. In passing up the Rue de la Mer his
Majesty walked at the head of the crowd, by whom
he was completely separated from the military, who
brought up the rear. The gate leading from the har-
bour to the Rue de la Mer presented a very pictu-
resque appearance. A young girl was on the top of
the gate, who waived her handkerchief as the King
passed. Her welcome was graciously acknowledged
by his Majesty. On arriving at the Hotel de Ville,
his Majesty addressed the people, after which' he re-
tired for a short time to refresh himself after the
fatigues of the voyage, and at three o'clock the firing
of cannon announced his Majesty's departure for
Calais.'

FRENCH RAILWAYS.
(From the Constitutionnel, Oct. 17.)
The promises of shares in the Orleans, Bordeaux,
and Vierzon Railways continue to sell at high pre-
miums, and the line from Amiens to Boulogne
adjudicated yesterday to the Laffittes' Company -for
98 years and 11 months, has already taken a respect-
able position on the Bourse. We know not if it is
the agens de change who charge themselves with the
negotiation of these titles in purtibus. One thing is
certain, that the transfers are so managed, that a
great deal of money is made by one party to-dayel
which will be lost by the other party to-morrow.
These promises of shares are in a great measure in
the hands of the bankers, who make their profit out of
them. Much care is taken not to throw too many
shares on the market at a time, in order. not to lower
the premium,hut just in proportion to the demand.
Nevertheless, we can affirm that certain speculators
have made enormous sums, although the gambling is
almost restricted to three lines, whose capital does not
exceed one hundred millions of francs.

While his Majesty was breakfasting at Dover,
several ladies promenaded near the ship Hotel, fear the
purpose of endeavouring to see him as he passed. On
learning their anxiety, he directed the waiter to throw
open the doors of his apartnsnt and admit them. The
ladies soon after departed, highlY gratified with their
quasi presentation to the King Of-the French.

WHY HAS TRADE
NPR°VED,
AND WILL THE IMPROVEMENT BE
PERMANENT?
(From the League
There are periods when those in pursuit of truth,
with the view of testing their principles, may pause
with advantage, to review the experience of the past,
to consider th present, and to reflect upon the pros-
pects of the future. Such a period has arrived with
free-traders. We are emerging from a season of
appalling 9 'distress, unparalleled in our commercial
annals for duration and intensity. When we look
back to " the report of the conference of. ministers
of all denominations on the corn-laws, held in
Manchester in August, 1841," ands read the heart-
rending details of suffering furnished by all parts of
the country, and compare it with the :existing state
of things, we can scarcely realise the amount of
misery from which we have so recently escaped.
What are the causes of these changes ? Have they.
teen satisfactorily explained by the monopelists.?
Are they reconcileable with the principles of free.
trade ? " The knowledge of a disease," says the
Father of Medicine, "is half its cure." 'What know-
ledge of the causes of the late distress have the mono-
polists exhibited ? We cannot forget that for some
time after its commencement the monopolist Govern-
ment boldly denied the existence of the distress in
the manufacturing districts ; then they said it was
partial and exaggerated ; but the rapid increase of
pauperisneand crime, the crowds of starving 'opera-
tiv.es filling the streets instead of the manufactories,
became too notorious to be longer trifled With,-and
the same Government, which a short time before
denied the sufferings of the people, ordered sermons
to be P'reiched, and collections to be made in all the
churcheS to relieve it.
Being obliged at length thus to acknowledge the
existence of the distress, it is instructive to 'call to"
mind the reasons they assigned for it. There was one
point in which the Government 'and its monopolist
supporters were all agreed, and that was that the
corn-laws had no share in it. No. They attributed
the wide spread distress to over.population, to over-
production, and to too great an increase of machinery.
Now, the causes they assigned are perfectly irre-
concileable with any change for the better so long as
population, production, and machinery continued to
increase, and yet, happily, the distress has been
changed into prosperity, notwithstanding that a mil-
lion of souls have been added to the population since
the monopolists complained,that the people were too
many. Distress is passing away, not from the pro-
duction of manufuctures being diminished, but by
its increase to a greater extent than at any former
period. There is now snore' machinery than ever
was known, notwithstanding the monopolists said
that there was previously so much that it displaced
labour, and caused distress, by throwing the people
out of employment. Mr. Homer, the Factory Com-
missioner, in his last report, says—" I not only do not
hear of any persons being out of employment, but
that in some places hands are scarce."
It is clear that the. arguments adduced by the mo-
nopolists will not bear the test of examination or ex-
perience. The existing state of things proves that
we have neither too many people nor do we produce
too many manufactures, nor have we too much ma-
chinery. What, then, were the real causes of the
late distress ? We have always attributed it to the
scarcity and high prices of provisions ; let us see how
far facts warrants this view of the question. The
years 1834, 1835, and 1836, were years of unparal-
leled prosperity, which was shared equally by the
working-classes and by the manufacturers. Mark,
they were years of low priced provisions ; the aver-
age price of wheat in 1834 was 465. 2d. per quar-
ter; in 1835, 395. 4d.; and in 1836, 48s. Bd. per
quarter. In 1837 the change commenced ; the aver-
age price of wheat rose to 555. 10d. In 1838 it rose
again to 645. 4d. Here began the distress. In 1839
it rose still higher, to 70s. 6d. Distress increased.
In 1840 the price was 665. 6cl.* Distress was sore
in the land. In 1841 the price was 645. 5d., when
the distress increased almost beyond endurance ; and
why ? Because in the last four of these years the
people had paid upwards of 200,000,0001. more for
their food than in the four preceding years. During
this distressing period of dear provisions the earnings
of the labouring classes were nearly all absorbed in
obtaining necessary food ; they had little left to spend
in clothing; hence those who were engaged in manu-
factures for supplying the working classes were
thrown out of employment and their distress was
aggravated by the like falling off in the foreign de-
mand for manufactures, because our inability to con-
sume foreign as well as home productions disabled
foreigners from consuming our manufactures; and
thus high-priced food produced bad trade in the fo-
reign as well as in the home market, and was the
source of all the suffering which the people endured
in that memorable and never-to-be-fr often period
from 1838 to 1842.
But why has trade improved? Istit the result, as
some contend, of the wisdom of a Conservative Go-
vernment ? Or is it caused, as Mr. Glittistone boasts,
by Sir Robert Peel's tariff and new sliding-scale ?
We shall demonstrate that neither the one nor the
other has had the least share in our returning pros-
perity. We had prosperity in 1834, 1835, and 1836,
greater than that which we now enjoy, and yet during
those years we were neither blessed with a Conserva-
tive Government, nor the new tariff, nor the new
sliding-scale. It is not then the change from a Whig
to a Conservative Government that has wrought the
improvement of the last two years; it is the change
from scarcity and dearness to "cheapness and plenty.'
The decline in the price of food has left money in the
pockets of the mass of the people (who are at al
times the great consumers of commodities),' which
has enabled them. to purchase clothing and foreign
produce, and thus employment has been created for
our artisans and manufacturers.
Can any rational man doubt, with such facts as
these before him, what have been the causes of our
recent distress, and of our returning prosperity
Looking at the experience of the past, and reflecting
on the present state of things, can he doubt that the
principles of Free Trade—the law of the
are founded in truth ? If, then, these principtloesbe
true, looking to the future, what ought weperma.
ex-
pect? Will the improvement bee
have no
vent? We answer decidedly N
h have produced disorder
exemptiont y for the continuance
the
e r;tfiopnrsoos sue
ear prosperity
etahnaon.
Thoerereessiasemcfuoerrielements whic
(imsteonfcet
beansda,mlieketrtahine the einraetxi
and distress helot:
° • bring with them all the derangement in
f events to break forth again. Insedcient harvests
will again
volcano, only await
the currency and in trade which we have before ex-
perienced, and its concomitant distress. There is,
and there can be, no security for the future but in
the total repeal of the mischievous and iniquitous
corn-laws. We call, therefore, on every reflecting
mind in this season of calm to weigh well the conse-
quences of a perseverance in the existing corn and
other monopolies; and we earnestly urge upon those
who see the insecurity of our present position to re-
double their efforts to abolish monopoly, and to eman-
cipate industry, as the only means of placing our
trade and commerce on that permanent footing which
can alone lead to the prosperity and happiness of all
classes of the people.

But what will it be when the railways from Paris
to Strasburgh, Paris to Lyons, Lyons to Avignon,
Tours to Nantes, Paris to Chartres, and many others,
are granted ? The carrying out of these lines will
put a capital of 500 millions of francs in circulation.
If to these lines be added those from Paris to Havre,
from Paris to Orleans, and some- inferior lines, the
whole number of shares in railways will represent a
capital of about 700 millions, without including the
sums which the State and the departments shall invest.
in them. It is on this enormous amount that jobbing
will be effected. It is to be remarked • that the
jobbing takes place before the capital is realised,
before even the concession of the line is obtained.
For example, in the line from Paris to Lyons, many
Companies have circulated promises of shares, which
are negotiated at a premium ; the same thing occurred
in the Strasburgh line, and it is known that con-
siderable profits were realised at one time upon these
bits of paper.
Railways, like the funds, like merchandise, are the
object of -bona fide transactions, or bargains for time.-
The second are. always of more importance than the
first. Ask the stock-brokers, the commercial brokers,
and they will tell you they gain a great deal by
transfers and deliveries; suppress gambling, and you
will take away from these intermediate parties the
two-thirds of their profits. By increasing the number
of promises of shares in railways you, on the contrary,
create new elements for this fatal passion. Bargains
for time require but very little capital—a blank con-
cession to the negotiator, and often but little credit,
are sufficient to effect important operations. In bona
fide transactions the whole capital is embarked ; in
fictitious matters all that. is to be done is to have
ready the presumed difference which may exist be-
tween the conclusion of the bargain and the end of
the month. • •

. The gross amount of bona fide transactions in the
Funds is, on the average, about 100 millions per an-
num ; the amount' of bargains for time may be taken
at about double that sum. But transfers resulting
from effective transactions only amount to from 50
to 55 millions; the surplus belongs to operations by
order, to changes, and balances of accounts. If -the
stockbrokers were compelled to rest contented with
the profits arising from these, the sole legal opera- '
tions, they would make but sorry affairs, and their
charges would be far below what they are: Very
well ; the fictitious bargains in railviays are in pro-
portion greater than those in the funds. It is pre-
ferred to gamble in railway shares because their
value being more elastic, and the limit of their fluc-
tuations more extensive, greater gains are expected.
It is clear that if the capital of railway shares is ex-
tended to six or seven millions, speculation will be
frightfully ramified; and this serious result will cer-
tainly be accomplished under conditions infinitely less
favourable.

If, as is to be feared, panic succeeds to extensive
speculations—if loss succeeds to gain—the existence
even of the competing companies may be affected.
The capital upon which there is at this moment such
outrageous gambling is not subscribed ; and the
Orleans and Bordeaux Railway, for example, has not
lit its hands the sixty millions which it will require
for laying down the rails, and the, purchase of the
materials necessary for making it. She has only sub-
scriptions guaranteed, it is true, by the payment of a
first deposit; but, from one circumstance or another,
should these promises get into disfavour, the sub-
scribers will draw back. That has been already the
case in regard to the railway from Basle to Stras-
burgh. Besides, upon what foundation rests this pre-
mium of 100 francs on these shares ? Upon the
future product of the railway. But this is not exactly
known, at least as far as regards that Portion of the
line between Tours and Bordeaux. To that extent all
is new, and the actual relations do not serve
as a basis for, any estimate. The value in premium,
of a share, cannot be logically explained, except by an
interest superior to that which it is expected to draw
from the capital employed. Now experience alone
can prove such a fact. The high premiums which
have been obtained upon the lines from Amiens to
Boulogne, Orleans to Vierzon, and Orleans to Bor-
deaux' will be paid by the victims, while a premium,
which is the result of a proved receipt on a railway,
far from causing losses, consolidates credit, and in-
creases the general richness of the country. But this
object is not gained except by real transactions, which
are the exact antipodes of jobbing. The latter always
engenders losses ; it turns capital from its natural
destination, and produces periodical crisis in public
credit.

W hat is required by the country at this moment ? To
have railways, and not by any means to make the
fortune of bankers and speculators. iHowever, it is
not that object which occupies the attention of the
public generally, who follow with much'greater atten-
tion the fluctuations of the Bourse than the works of
the different lines which serve as a basis for the
gambling. This fatal tendency increases in propor-
tion as the Companies take a more extended part in
the execution of railways, and the premiums gained
and lost will carry fresh disorder into the association
of capital, and the discouragement among borrowers
who prefer a solid investment to the uncertainties of
.jobbing. The report has spread that the Minister of
Public' Works will refuse the approbation of the ad-
, judication of the Vierzon 'Railway.' Why, if you
please ? Is it because it has been mystified by the
Companies .LeComte and Bartholoni ? Why, M.
Dumon is accustomed to these sort of episodes, and
another irregularity in the history of railways does
not disturb him. It is besides a precedent which.
, may be advantageous, and in future the contrivers of
these affairs will come to such an understanding as
shall render adjudications of railways, completely
illusory ; all rivalry will be thus extinguished, and the
negotiation of promises of shares will be lo much the
.more facilitated.

A WOMAN KILLED BY A Cow.—An inquest was
• held at oad by on the
Al sntheionusitsaonnt: a bseefrovraenJt.inGtriei
egoermy.,
Gent., on the body f
andplace.
bFnropmb
tttheer
tebvni dlevreicree
ploy of Mrs. Jarvis, oof tbhnes
d that Josep samem it h
'ditriavlinpgeahreome from the fair two steers belonging to Mrs.
Jarvis, and a cow which had been bought by George
Ross, a jobber, of Oadby; .*
part and they were endeavourin
to the beasts, in order to place them in their re':
spective fields when they turned dawn a lane. The
men followed to turn them back, and deceased (who was
standing out in the road with two children) tried to
assist by waving a basket she had in her hand, when the
cow ran at her and knocked her down ; on her getting
up, the cow repeated her attack, and wounded the de-
ceased very severely in the head. On being taken up, she
said to or,e of the
.men and a neighbour, "I really
thought my skull had been split ;" and, " Oh clear, Mrs.
Smith, I feel (pito stupid—this cow has killed me." She
was taken home, and every assistance rendered her, but
she said she knew she should not get over it, and sho
died on the morning. of tho i MI,

The average price of wheat during these years
affords no criterion of the real price of wheat fit for
human food. Owing to the wet seasons, great quanti-
ties were sold for pigs' meat, as low as 30s. per quarter,
whilst sound meat was worth 80s. per quarter.

Our private letters acquaint • us that her Majesty
and Prince Albert have promised the King to visit Pat»
in the course of the next year.—Galignanes Messenger.
THE LATE DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH...—The
mortal remains of the deceased Duchess are to be dep0.:t,,,1
.:t,,,1 el,— P.. :1 111.r.h•tirn..