The Sun.
London, England, 1845-09-24 00:00:00

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emblems of their rank by putting on the cloaks
belonging to some of their men. The enemy recog-
nised them, without doubt, by their not carrying
muskets, Nothirg is to be done with cannon against
barricades—they were to be carried by the bayonet.
The Georg'an companies and the militia of the Caucasus
did not exhibit much courage ; it was found necessary
to replace them by other battalions. As soon as one of
our men fell, the enemy carried off his arms and his
cartridges. As to our dead, they left them ; but they
concealed their own dead in the forest. The natural
and artificial barricades which opposed the march of our
army, the wild shrubs which covered the soil of these
virgin forests, and the narrow and steep roads did more
harm than the obstina' e resistance of the enemy. Not-
withstanding their impetuous courage, our battalions
could only whence slowly, at the rate of one werst and
a half per hour. Our avant guard, however, reached
Dargo before night. This Aul is situated on the
slope of a m 'untain, at the edge of a gorge, and
was composed of sixty to seventy small houses
built of stone, and a• few other more solid buildings,
which appeared to be of very ancient date. Schamyl,
seeing that the Russian troops were advancing
notwithstancrng the vigorous resistance of his own
soldiers, set fire to every point. Before the setting of
the sun the chasseurs of Lithuania occupied the aban-
doned villages. It was already night when the staff
arrived at Dargo and had the tents pitched. The fire of
the buildings served for those of the bivouac of our head •
quarters. On the 19th of July there was a murderous
battle. Schamyl occupied, with an army of 5,000
Tschetschezzes on the nearest point to Dargo, a high
mountain which commanded our position. He even
threw some balls into our camp, and, although the shots
did not generally go true, it happened, however, that a
ball fell near the tents of the staff. It was a six-pounder,
coming probably from one of the cannons which Schamyl
had obtained possession of after the taking of Unzula.
According to the report of the natives, these pieces are
served by Russian deserters. However, the enemy
rarely uses them, either through fear of losing them, or
in order to save powder. The Commander-in-Chief
ordered General Labinzuff, with five battalions of in-
fantry and• a large body of cavalry, to drive the
enemy from their position. and seize on the guns.
Our sharp shooters climbed up the mountains, but
were forced to give way, for the mountaineers
defended themselves vigorously. However, the heights
were at last taken at the bayonet's point ; but the guns
had been removed into the forest. Our columns being
furnished with provisions for only five days, it was found
necessary to order up a convoy. Six battalions were
detached, under the command of General Pluke de Pluge-
neau, to serve as the escort to it. This column, on its
march, was surrounded by numerous bodies of moun-
taineers ; but the real attack took place on the return to
Dargo. The convoy was half a league in length, and
Schamyl directed in person to attack at the head of his
determined Murides. Two Russian generals, Wicktoroff
and Pasek, were killed in the combat, by a discharge of
balls, like General Fox, a few days before, but by the
edge of the sword. Seeing the impossibility of defend-
ing the convoy, General Pluke had renounced covering
the whole line. The enemy had seized on some Russian
trumpeters, whom they forced to sound in the forest,
in order to deceive the Russians, and draw them into
a snare. Some Russian sharpshooters, led astray by its
sound, followed a false direction, and the unfortunate
column reached Dargo in the most deplorable state, af-
ter having left 1,300 men dead in the forests. The enemy
loaded several waggons with the spoil, and upwards of
300 males and horses laden with baggage fell into their
hands. On the 25th July we marched on the valley of
Axai, and as soon as the troops got into the forests the
combat began afresh. Continual reinforcements were
found necessary to prevent the chasseurs from perishing.
General Frey tag, who had received dispatches, suc-
ceeded in forcing his way through the enemy with 6,000
infantry and 300 Cossacks. He arrived at last at the
bivouac of the army, and the two corps, thus united,
proceeded towards Irselaul. The more the forests were
left behind, the greater weakness and irresolution the
enemy showed. On the Ist August the fortress was
reached. Numerous bands of the enemy are still within
two days' march of the valley of Ances. Schamyl has
retired with his cavalry to the interior of Tsches-
tehnaya."
The Constitutionnel, after quoting this account of
affairs in Circascia, says, " It is easy, from the details
which reach us successively relative to the last expedi-
tion of the Russians in the Caucasus, to form an idea of
the new plan of operations which the Russian Govern.
ment has adopted to reduce the mountaineers to obedi-
ence. The Russians are fond of comparing the war of
the Caucasus to that of Algeria. This comparison
pleases the Emperor. He would have cause to congra-
tulate himself, in fact, if it were exact, and if the success
of his army in the Caucasus were as positive as that of
ours in Algeria. The expedition of General de Woron-
zow, wa , therefore, traced out after our razzias in
Algeria. In the impossibility of seizing these roving
mountaineers, he aimed at reaching them through their
property ; he thought be should find collected in the
village of Pargo all the gunpowder, muskets, and stores
of the army of the mountaineers, but this was quite an
erroneous calculation. A heavy blow could be inflicted on
Abd-el-Kader by seizing his stores, fur the Emir had an
army to pay ; but the mountaineers of the Caucasus com-
bat for their independence at their own expense, and expect
nothing from their chief beyond the order to precipitate
themselves on the enemy ; they carry their powder
about with them, and never lay aside their arms, which,
in fact, constitute their whole riches. There are flocks
in the Caucasus as there are in Kabylia, but in time of
war they are so well guarded that the Russians can never
reach them. Dargo was burnt down by Schamyl him-
self, and the Russians did not find there a single gun or
barrel of poa der. Still more, it was on the Russian
army itself that the razzia was made, for the consider-
able convoy which General Pluke was bringing up
passed entirely into the possession of the mountaineers,
and thus the pleasure of booty was added to the love of
independence. The loss of Dargo was thus more than
compensated for. In fine, this campaign renders the
situation of the Russians worse than ever. It cannot
fail to encourage the mountaineers, and augment the
discouragement which is spread through the Russian
army. The symptoms of this feeling are above all
manifested amonpst the native auxiliary troops, who had
previously been distinguished for their spirit against the
mountaineers, as the latter are very disagreeable neigh-
bours. The Russian Government will probably abandon
its new system of razzias, as it has abandoned twenty
others. Meanwhile it has obtained for Count de
Woronzow the title of Prince. A few years before a
similar attempt drew disgrace and dismissal on General
Grabbe."

PROTECTION TO BRITISH PROPERTY ON -mu
FRENCH COAST.—A letter from Lloyd's av•—•
mentions that some Frenchmen had ' at Boulogne
'peen fined and im
soned for plundering the it,-* '
-.wet vessel Trinidad, Brown,
from Manilla to L0nd0...,
..., wrecked on the coast there, and that
u- trected the restoration Of the stolen goods.
the tribunal
As some
- -.ports injurious to the French character were afloat
at ‘..ue time of the destruction of the conqueror on that
coast, the above instance of French justice deserves mention.
HARBOURS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.—Mr. Hume
moved in the last sessions for a return (which has been is-
sued within the last few days), showing the receipt of every
harbour in the United Kingdom, for each of the last three
years, setting forth the several heads of income and expendi-
ture. The return extends to 91 pages, and contains a mass
of info.mation. The total income of the harbours in the
United Kingdom amounted, in the following years respec-
tively, to the sums mentioned t-1841-2, the sum of 783,782/
14s. 4id. ;1842-3, the sum of 805,4181. lls. sid ; and 1843-4,
the sum of 830,323/. 9s. sd; of which sums the harbours in
England and Wales, and islands in the British seas, produced
respectively in the years 524,724/. 10s. Old., 547,123/. 4s. 11441.,
and 554,645/. 10s. 11d. ; whilst those in Scotland, in the same
period, realised 168,626/. ls. 100., 163,879/. 18s. 11d.' and
177,1231. 16s. 9d; and those in Ireland, 90,432/. 2s. 50.,
94,415/. 7s. 6d., and 98,554/. Is. 9d. The harbour dues are
collected under Acts of Parliament. It appears, midst the
immense array of figures presented by the lengthened return,
that the income of the port of London in 1841-2, was 13,182/
48. 11d. ; 1842.3, 13,38,5/. Is. 4d ; and in 1843-4 it was
13,207/. 18s. 7d. The expenditure wa4, in the years respec-
tively, 8,1411. 98 , 8,310/. 17s. 11d., and 10,623/. 17s. sd. The
excess of income is annually invested in Government securi-
ties towards forming a fund to provide for the reduction or
ultimate extinction of the duties, and the fund now amounts
to 39,5681.

TIIE ROYAL EXCHANGE.—The frequenters of this
noble ornament of the City have been much interested lately
by the proceedings of the workmen in fixing the permanent
gates at the north entrance, facing Bartholomew-lane. It
will be recollected, that at the time of the opening of the
new Royal Exchange by her Majesty the Queen, last October,
all the gates were temporary, and of wood, it having been
found impossible by the architect to get those very ela-
borate specimens of ironwork in such a state as to justify the
fixing of them on that occasion. The merchants acknow-
ledge that the delay was most judicious, and there seems to
be but one opinion entertained as to the perfection of the
workmanship in the gates now being fixed. The gates them-
selves have a highly ornamented and enriched frame. They
are made of wrought iron, the decorations being in cast iron.
In the centres of the gates, on either side, are the arms of the
City of London, and of the Mercers' Company,. with the
cypher of Sir Thomas Gresham, T. G., very ingeniously in-
troduced. In the ornamental heads of the gates the rose,
thistle, and shamrock appear entwined. Though of enormous
weight, the gates are so well poised as to be capable of being
moved with the least impulse. On the gates are the names
of Grissell and Co., who, we are informed, are the founders.
The Exchange having four entrances, there will, of course,
be four pair of gates. Those to the east and south, will,
we are given to understand. be similar to those which the
workmen are employed in fixing. Those to the great western
entrance will be much larger, and will be even more deco-
rated than the others, and will contain, besides the arms
before referred to, the arms of all the twelve great com-
panies. It is understood that the Gresham Committee are
making arrangements for erecting the pedestal and the
statue of the Queen, by Lough, in the merchants area, and
that as the merchants complain that the asphalts in the
open part is found to be cold from its non-absorbant character,
they have resolved to lay down the old Turkey stone-pave-
ment which has been preserved, adopting some ornamental
devices in stone of richer colour.

WEST RIDING REVISION.—IMPORTANT DECISION
IN FAVOUR OF THE FREE-TRADE JOINT-VOTERS.---The revision of the
lists of Parliamentary voters for the West Riding commenced at
Sheffield on Wednesday. The Tories made it their great point to
strike off the rew votes created by the free-trade party, to the whole
of which they had objected. Mr. Baxter opposed the votes, as ren-
dered illegal by the Splitting Act, and the case was gone into at
great length. The Revising Barristers, however, unanimously de-
cided that the votes were good ; and Mr. Blanchard, the senior bar-
rister, said distinctly, that "it was rather meritorious that any
person should desire the privilege of a vote, and should purchase
property to secure it ; it could not be made an objection to him,
that that was his primary object in the acquisition of the property."
This decision will, we believe, take away the only ground on which
from 1,500 to 2,000 of the Tory objections rested ; and it, therefore,
most materially affects the relative strength of parties in the West
Riding. At Slwtlield the balance on the revision was 173 in favour
of the Orange or Liberal party ; at Barnsley it was 100 in their
favour, and at Rotherham 56. At Doncaster the Tories had an ad-
vantage, but the balance on those four districts is 333 in favour of
the Liberals.—Lack Mercury.

LITERATURE.

LAW OF RAILROADS, 4c. By Leonard Sheiford,
Esq., of the Middle Temple, Banister-at-Law.

A work of this description--properly executed—must
be found of great rase to railway companies, directors, &c.,
as well as to the respective shareholders, but at the
present time, when such vast works are in progress, it
becomes indispensable. A few of the subjects on which
the work treats will show the nature of the plan. The
author gives at length the general Acts for the regula-
tions of railways, and especi,lly these of last session,
with exp'anatory notes. These notes are important in
regard to many of the acts passed before last session, as
they embody the decisions of the Courts of Chancery,
as well as the Law Courts on disputed points. For in-

Stance :

" When large powers are entrusted to a company to carry
their works into execution without the consent of the owners
and occupiers of the land. it is reasonable and just that any
injury to property which can be shown to arise from the
prosecution of such works, should be fai-ly compensated for
to the party sustaining such injury; and where the intention
to give compensation in such a case has been clearly ex-
pressed, every fair intendment ought to be given to effectuate
that intention. (Reg. v. Eastern Counties Railw. Co., 2
Railw. C. 736., pp. 752, 754.) Lord Cottenham, C., observed,
' It is extremely important to watch over the interests of
those whose property is affected by these Companies, to take
care that the company shall not, in any misrepresentation
they may make, if they have made any, be permitted to
exercise powers beyond those which the Act of Parliament
gives them, and to keep them most strictly within the powers
of the Act of Parliament. The powers are so large and so
injurious to the interests of individuals, that I think it is the
duty of every Court to keep them most strictly within
those powers; and if there be any resonable doubt as to the
extent of their powers, they must go elsewhere and get
enlarged powers; but they will get none from me by way of
construction of their Act of Parliament.' (Webb v. Man-
chester and Leeds Railway Company, 4 My. and Cr. 120; 1
Railw. C. 599; Scales v. Pickering, 1 M. and P. 195; 4 Bing.
448.) These companies procure ample powers to be
bestowed upon them; but it not unfrequently happens that
in the course of their works they find that they have not
powers sufficient for perfecting all they contemplated; when
that is the case, they must either make what bargain they
can with the persons whose rights are adverse to them, or
they must again apply to Parliament to have their powers
enlarged. The Court of Chancery does not sit to enlarge
such powers, but to keep both parties within the limits
which the Legislature has prescribed. (Kemp v. London
and Brighton Railway Company, t Railw. C. 608.")
It treats also of " Incorporation of Railway Com-
panies," "Transfer of Shares," "Liability of Railway
Companies as Common Carriers," "Indictments against.
Companies," &c., &c., and furnishes a list of cases
which had been decided by the respective Courts, fur-
nishing altogether a very comprehensive and intelligible
book of reference with regard to a new species of pro-
perty which has been created within the last few years,
and in which the whole nation is interested.

PARIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

THE POTATO DISEASE.--SITTING OF SEPTEMBER 15.--
Several communications were received relative to the disease
which has this year manifested itself in the potato. The
writers who treat on this subject scientifically are divided in
opinion as to whether the disease is the result of the invasion
of a parasitical mushroom, or solely attributable to the unfa-
vourable nature of the season. One writer thinks that the pa-
rasitical invasion alluded to is common to the potato, and that
it has been developed more extensively by the coldness and
dampness of the summer. With due deference to the
scientific gentlemen who have turned their attention to the
visitation, we beg to observe that it is comparatively of little
importance whether the disease have one origin or the other.
The great ques ions to be considered are, first, whether the
diseased potato is, as people suppose generally poisonous, or
in any way injurious to health ; secondly, whether, supposing
this not to be the case, the disease has deprived the tubercle
of its nutritive properties; and, thirdly, whether these dis-
eased potatoes can be used as seed for the next year's crop
M. Philippon and M. Pouchet say that they have eaten pota-
toes in their diseased state without suffering from them in any
way. This is tranquilising news ; but these gentlemen do
not tell us to what extent the potatoes which they ate were
diseased, or whether, supposing that the diseased potato is
not poisonous, it has not in its affected parts lost all its fari-
naceous character. We have examined diseased potatoes of
the present year in all the stages of the dines* and have
eaten some of those which were least infected, first, how-
ever, removing all the unsound parts with a knife, and eel,
a inn o r s
a beast,
yng thatAt 3
tainly we did not experience any ill effects. This shows t hat
the malady has only invaded such parts of the tubercle as
give evidence of its existence; and there cannot be the least
hesitation doubt that such parts as remain sound are fit for food, whe-
ther for
tiomn
f
whether they
et3h the diseased s ewa let
(d)iipya ritisn,filv efohra
food,
whether
they be poisonous or not, for they can have no nutria
tion whatever. As to whether the diseased potatoes may be I
safely used for seed for
quires much science to give an answer. If any part of the
potato remain sound it may germinate, and produce as good
stock as that from a potato that is not diseased, and it is very
improbable that the diseased portion should have the power
of propagation, for it is a mass of putrid matter; hut it re.,
mains to be seen whether the malady will riot continire its
ravages between this time and the period for planting, and
so deprive the tubercle of the power of propagation. A letter
then was read from M. de la Rive, of Geneva, on the pos-
sibility of rendering the electric light available for the use of
the workmen in mines. This gentleman states that five of
six elements of a pile of copper, and an amalgam of pOtasAiilm
sufficed to render incandescent two cones of charcoal inclosed
in a small glass globe. Messrs. Ledoyen and Raphaol in-
formed the academy that they had obtained a liquid of great
utility for the purpose of disinfection in the emanations from
animal excretions, by dissolving 125 grammes (4 02.) of ni-
trate of lead in two two pounds of water. This is a valuable
discovery for Paris, half the hou es in which are infected by
these emanations to an extent which is dangerous to health
as well as repugnant to the olfactory organs~ The 46 were a
few other chemical and some medical communisations read
in this sitting, but they did not possess general interest.

WOOL AND POPULATION.
(From the Sydney Herald.)
Thirty-seven years ago the population of this colony
consisted probably of between 6,000 and 7,000 souls ;
the increase within that period has been about twenty-
five fold. The quantity of wool then exported (i.e., in
the year 1807), was 2451b5. ; the increase has been up%
wards of fifty-five thousand fold !
The relative increase of population and wool within
certain periods during the last 22 years, has been as fol-
lows : Per Cent.
From 1822 to 1825.—Population increased l7
Wool ditto lOB
From 1625 to 1828—Population inereastd
Wool
From 1828 to 1830—rquiation increasedditto lO3
65
Wool ditto lOB
rrotri 1833 to 1836—Population increased
Wool ditto ll3
From 1836 to 1841—Population increased
Wool
ditto .t. • 127
From 1841 to 1844--,Population increased
Wool ditto
Another and not less interesting point of view in
which the relation between wool and population may be
regarded is, that of the average quantity exported per
head of the community, in successive years.
In 1832, exported 71bs. per head of population
1825, ditto 131bs. ditto ditto
1828, ditto 231bs. ditto ditto
1833, ditto 291bs. ditto ditto
1834, ditto 341bs. ditto dittO
1836, ditto albs. ditto ditto
1841, ditto 561bs. ditto ditto
1842, ditto 591bs. ditto ditto
1843, ditto 771bs. ditto ditto
1844, ditto 781bs. ditto ditto
It is thus seen that within the last ten years the ratio
of wool to the population has considerably more than
doubled itself.
The population in 1834 was 66,200 souls t in 1844 we
estimate it at 172,000 ; being an increase of 105,800, or
about 160 per cent. The quantity of wool exported in
18Ai was 2,246,9001b5.; in 1844, it was 13,542,1701b5;
heft, an increase of 11,295,2701b5, or upwards of 500
per cent.
It is worthy of remark that the export of wool dttritig
1837 to 1840. was less than three-fifths of the quantity
exported during 1841 to 1844. In the first four years,
the export was 26,022,0001b5. ; in the last four,
44,065,000 ; being an increase of 18,043,000, or nearly
70 per cent. Thus, while bankruptcy was stalking
through the land, and the croakers were crying out that
the country was ruined, and would soon become a desert,
the real wealth of the colony was silently advancing
with rapid strides.

THE CARRIAGES OF THE SHEMPrs
These very splendid carriages, which have tiOt. been Outz&iirt
by any former exhibition of the kinds are to /Weil at Mr.
Manners' coach establishment) hi OArd• Street. The follow-
ing is a description t--Mr. Chaplain's carriage is a beautiful
dress chariot, with side lights hung upon a handsome perch
carriage, the whole painted a pale yellow, relieved with ultra-
marine blue and gold, and highly varnished, the doors and
panels of the body emblazoned with the City arms, richl
ornamented, the front part and quarter panels emblazoned
with the arms of the Innholders' Company, supporters two
white horses en pedestals, the door and hind rails ornamented
with the Sheriff's arms within crimson velvet mantles. The
body lined with superfine white cloth and rich figured silk,
white silk radient roof issuing from embroidered silk, City
arms in the centre, the whole trimmed with very handsome
broad silk lace with scarlet edging. The coachman's box
mounted on richly carved standards and blocks, and covered
with an elegant superfine scarlet cloth hammock trimmed with a
blue fringe and silk hangers of white and yellow. On each
end the City arms chased, chased lamps with the City crest,
and the roof mounted at each corner with the Civic cap. Mr.
Laurie's carriage is equally splendid. The body painted with
bronze green, relieved with lines of white and gold. The
carriage painted a delicate white, relieved with lines of green
and gold, the City arms on the panels, and the arms of the
Saddlers' Company. Supporters two white horses. The Sheriff's
arms on the rails. The body lined with white cloth, white
satin, and white silk lace, scarlet fringe to festoon ; hammock
triminsceadrleltv,itahndgrcheeasnedfrlianmgep.; silk hangings of
s
wclhotiht:.l%green, and

MORE PREPARATION.—Orders from the Horse
Guards having been received by the Lieutenant-Govemor to dispatch
a field officer from the garrison to inspect the staff of the militia in
this district, Lieut.-Colonel Lord William Paulet, of the 68th Regi-
ment (Light Infantry), has been selected for that duty. We trust
this is the beginning only of putting the militia in.a state fit to be
called out in the event of an emergency.—Hampshire Telegraph.
ADVERTISEMENT.—TRE OPINION OF DOCTOR
CHARLES C. KEANE, OF BERMUDA, As TO THE EXTRA-
ORDINARY EFFICACY OF HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT AND
PILLS IN THE CURE OF OLD ULCERS AND SORES. —The
Doctor expresses himself thus :—" I thought but little of
Holloway's ointment and pills at one time, but I was induced
to send to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to one of his agents, for two
dozen pots and boxes, the effects of which on some of my
patients are astonishing. Old standing sores and ulcers
vanished by their tase as if by magic. so that for the future I
am determined to continue to use them. Signed, Charles C.
Keane, Hamilton, Bermuda."—To be had of all Druggist.,
and at Professor Holloway's establishment, 244, Strand.