The Sun.
London, England, 1821-06-12 00:00:00

who could produce satisfactory certificates of industt3t and good
character. The beneficial effects of this undertaking were soon
observed.
"In the following year . a second Colony was established in
another part of the estate. This was called 'Fiederickstown,'
after the President; the first Colony bearing the original name
of the estate. Here" also fifty cottages were built and inhabi-%,
tints put in them. The success and prosperity of this second
Colony were likewise soon .manifested. `The consequence -of
Which was, that the Directors of the SoCiety were encouraged
by more liberal donations,
" The increase of thc.funds- allowed them to establish a third
Colony, which they did, and to which they gave the name of
Williamstown, after the King,-..his Majesty having patronized
the, Society very ardently. Ilere 100 cottages were built, 700
acres of land alletwed'to this Colony, and many improvements,
experience suggested, and the new donations permitted,
'wire -Made. At Some. distance from the estate a small navi-
gable river, called the Aa, has 'communication with some large
towns and villages. From the Colonies to this River a banal
has-been cat, and now they are digging one as far as the Luyder
Sea. While working the ground a large- tract of fine brick
earth was discovered, and, in another part of the estate, a large
piece' of moor, or peat, was found, which "produces very good
fuel for making bricks. Bricks,: therefore, are now made in
great.quantities, and the mode of conveying them through the
canal being cheap and easy, they are considerably-exported; and
thereby a profitable trade has been opened to the colonists.
"To those of the colonists that have no children,.. boys and
girls-from the Orphan-houses of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Der-
drecht, and other places, have been given. The Direetors ap-
plied for those of the best character, who liked agricultural la-
hOuts, which application was readily granted. -
" The success of. the thred-rolonies being far above the most
sanguine expectations of the original plannerS, two more Colonies
have been marked out already, so that this estate-will.ioon have
five separate colonies. The. Directors have been enabled to pur-
chase another estate, - situated in the same province- with 'the

same intention.
" These Colonies,being inhabited by sober, industrious, and
Moral people, hapninesi seems to reign in the midst of them..—.
But particularly the Orphans -expresS their satisfaction and joy'
to every stranger who inquires how they like their new situation.
They all highly prefer. it to being shut up in largehuildings,7
as one of the hOys shrewdly observed.—An eyewitness,, who
lately visited these Colonies, says, those that do not see them
with their owii eyes cannot form-an idea of the neatness ard
prosperity of the little towns, nor of the happiness and content-
' ment of the hUndreds of -inhabitants. And those that visit
them can hardly believe that the ground on which they .now
see large toads, planted on each side-with young.trees,
' Pgable canals, places of worship, schools, two hundred coin-
ortable cottages, with their productive gardens, and here and
' there a larger building, together with meadows, stocked with
' cattle, corn=fields, Oantationss and places of amusement in the
' woods, was but a few years ago a barren spot,- and,.e3teept the
woods, produced nothing to the owner:'
" These establishments being a novel thing, many people.vi-
sit them, and nobody'returns Without being astonished and. de-
lighted at what may be done by good management and in-
dustry."
The branch of industry, in which at present
the pressure of distress is most felt, is agriculture,
and consequently among all the internal traders.
The low market price of corn oppresses the far.:
mer. The farmer -cannot pay _or afford to.deal
with the tradesman. The wages of . labour are
redticed by the lower rice of food, the price of
_the labour of the peasantry being governed by.
_the price. lof bread and the improved circum-

stances of the Manufacturers is no argument to

the contrary, their wages being governed by the
demand for goods. The demand for goods hav-
ing increased, has raised the money price of
labour; while the price of food has diminished,
and raised likewise the value of the recompence
of labour. But as the present prospect of any
amendment in favour of the agriculturists, and
consequently in favour of the shop-keepers and
all internal traders, depends, as we conceive,

wholly on a reduction of taxes, Mr. Locxc's
opinion regarding the ultimate fund, whence
taxes are paid, well deserves the attention of the
landed and trading interests. Admitting, how-
ever, that this country was essentially agricul-
tural in his day, and that his position is not now
to its utmost extent a truism, on account of the
extension'ot ourmanufacturesi-: foreign commerce
navigation.: lle said, " It is in vain 'in a
" country, .whose great fund is land, to hope to
" lay the publre charge of the C.'nvornment- on
cc any thing else ; there at last it will terminate.
" The merchant (do what you can) will not bear
44 it, the labourer cannot, and therefore the land-
" holder must."
In truth, the present extent and perfection, of
our manufactures, the 'improvements in • ma-
chinery, the immense capital, and the number of
people empley.ed, could not be contemplated by
our ancestors. Even thirty years ago no person
could venture to expect, that cotton grown in the
East Indies, conveyed to England at the great
expences of a- long voyage ; purchased by our
manufacturers at a" price comprehending the cost
and expences;;.-then - passing through all the di-
visions of labour, amid our higher prices of food
and wages, and converted into muslins.—That
these muslicis being sent to the East Indies at the
repeated expences of transit, should undersell the
muslins of the country at a profit ; although the
natives have the advantage of manufacturing the
raw material on the spot ; and although food and
labour are perhaps cheaper 'there than in any
other part of the world! From, two to three
millions of yards of British muslins have been
sent_to India annually in recent years,. and the
quantity is expected to be increased.
Our Ancestors could as little anticipate
.the
extension of our Commerce and Navigation.—
Dr. ADAM 5411T11 considered the Navigation Act
unfavonrable .to
.foreign commerce and to the
growth of that opulence which would naturally
.arise from if,.on account of its provisions notper-
cnitting the most perfect freedom of trade. Hut
he said." As.defence is of much more importance
than opuTence, the Act of Navigation is,:perhaps
the wisest of all the commercial regulations of
England:" Notwitrihstanding the proviSions of
this Act, we have.-seen the growth of commercial
opulence -exceed all human- expectation. We
have seen .commerce provide seamen even
,fOr the
gigantic naval power of Britain. - We'have seen
" the Wooden Walls of Old England" forman
ithpenetrable barrier round the whole United
Kingdom, and, while encircling every, colonial
possession,. sweeping from the ocean every foe.
Let us be anxious to deliberate maturely on every
measure, however plausible, which may endanger
this' protection. And let us labour to preserve
and strengthen it by every means:- Taking there-
fore into consideration all the existing circum-
stances of this country ; the indispenSable neces-
sity of stcPporting the extended.scale of our, ma-
nufacttires;from. which we cannot recede, even if
it were wise so to do ; and the, expediency as well
as good policy
.of extending our commerce, en-
couraging our.,navigation, and strengthening the
means of national. defence ; seeing the present
state of our agriculture and manufactures, as to
the superabundatice of the supply, compared
with the
_demand, the energy of production
being -greater than ever i And regarding agricul-
ture, in particular, upon which so much depends,
as it appears that all the powers of production are