The Sun.
London, England, 1844-08-29 00:00:00

FRATRICIDE.

A cottage in Weavering-street, near Maidstone, was
inhabited by an aged widow, named Weeks, her daugh-
ter, and two sons, John and Edward. The former son
was a drunken and ferocious man, about 30 years of age,
and the other of a more steady and mild disposition,
three or four years younger, who has lately been work-
ing for the neighbouring farmers. On Saturday night
Edward, having purchased some provisions at Maidstone,
returned home with his mother and sister, and went to
bed, perfectly sober, at about ten o'clock. The two bro-
thers usually slept together, and John came home drunk
at about one or two o'clock ,on Sunday morning, quarrel-
some and abusive, threw himself on the bed with his
clothes on, awoke his brother, and even alarmed the
neighbours by shouting and abusing Edward, whom he
tried to provoke in every possible way. John went
down stairs once or twice after this, still continuing his
abuse, and preventing Edward from going to sleep. The
sister, fearing that some mischief would be done, pro-
cured a light, partly dressed herself, and went down
stairs. John having again laid down and continued to
incense his brother, the latter, who it appears had hi-
therto done everything he possibly could to avoid a
quarrel, at length rose, put on a part of his clothes, and
went down stairs, saying, " Well, if you've a mind for a.
row, come down stairs and have it." John directly fol-
lowed him down, and having got into the kitchen, Ed-
ward turned round and met him with a view to a fight.
Scarcely had he done so, when he felt a knife enter the
lower part of the abdomen, and cried out that he was
killed. He seized the hand of John, and held it whilst the
sister wrenched the knife from him, cutting her own hand
in the act. Edward then exclaimed," Oh, you rascal, you
have killed me—l shall die, I shall die,"and having reached
the outside of the door, he fell from exhaustion. John
replied, " Serve you right, you deserved it;" but went to
the next cottage and called up a labourer named Good •
yer, telling him that he was afraid he had killed his
brother. John then got Edward some water, and Good-
yer ran for Mr. Power, a surgeon, who promptly arrivd,
and at once declared that there was scarcely a chance of
the wounded man's recovery, as the bowels protruded,
and it was feared that the knife had entered the bladder.
Every available remedy was, however, resorted to, and
Mr. Power and his assistant, Mr. Jones, visited him
several times during the day, the latter part of which he
appeared to be in most dreadful agony. The brother
John, after waiting till about the period when Mr.
Power arrived, was, strange as it may appear, permitted
to pack up his clothes in a basket, and to go at large.
He called on a person at Gid's-pond at about six o'clock
in the morning, and as his person is well-known to the
police, there is little doubt that he will soon be appre-
hended. One of his hands, it is believed the right
one, was cut. Mr. Merrill, the constable of Boxley, was
on Sunday and yesterday actively engaged in endea-
vouring to trace out the offender, but unfortunately with-
out success. It appears that he left the house at about
the time when Mr. Power arrived, and went up the
street. When he returned he asked anxiously for the
knife, and Goodyer told him that he had thrown it away
and it is now in his sister's possession. It is a common
sharp-pointed pocket-knife, the blade being about four
inches long. The unfortunate victim has frequently
expressed a wish that his " poor brother " should not be
hurt.—Maidstone Gazette.

CHISWICK FAlR.—After a lapse of about 20 years
Chiswick fair has this year been revived, yesterday con-
cluding its three successful days. The above fair, which
was formerly one of the neatest and most picturesque of
the suburban fairs, was suppressed about the same time
that the well-known " Brook-green fair" was put a stop
to, in consequence of the renewal at that fair of the atro-
cities which made " West-end fair" so notorious. The
fair used formerly to be held in the village of Chiswick,
but this year it has been held on .a large meadow in the
occupation of Mr. Burford, the landlord of the Duke of
York public-house, Chiswick New Town. It is situated
on the left of the lane leading by the four-and-a-half
mile-stone from town to Chiswick, close to the Great
Western-road. The attendance of shows, booths, stalls,
swings, and the other usual melange of a fair was most
numerous. Amongst them was the Crown and Anchor
booth, Clark's Circus, Honess's Pavilion, &c. &c.
Throughout the three days the fair was crowded by re-
spectable persons from the metropolis and neighbouring
villages, and we have not heard of either an accident or
robbery having taken place.
AN UNEXPECTED LOAD.--It is the custom on the
coast of Normandy, near Caen, to raise the sea-weed
from the shore to the'-land by means of a crane, with
ropes and pulleys to haul up the baskets filled with it
by persons from below. The Journal de Caen relates
that a few days ago some men thus employed at Benou-
ville, near that town, found that there was at the end of
their line a much greater weight than usual, and were
terror-struck when at last they found not a load of weed,
but the wife of one of them. In a very few minutes she
was safely placed on terra firma, and able to relate that
when the men above began to haul, the hook caught her
petticoats, instead of the basket, and she became unable
to release herself. Preserving her presence of mind, she
caught the rope with her hands, and, though big with
child, held a firm grasp, keeping herself from striking the
abutments of the cliff with her feet, and thus made her
ascent to upwards of 200 yards above the sea, without
any material injury.
SUlClDE.—Yesterday Mr. Wakley, M.P., held an
inquest at the Middlesex Hospital on the body of Anne
Baker, aged 60, wife of Mr. Baker, shoemaker, 16,
Great St. James-street, Lisson-grove. From the evi-
dence of Messrs. Batteley and Bishop, house-surgeons
of the hospital, and several other witnesses, it appeared
that the deceased had for years, and especially daring
the last six months, suffered greatly from a pain in her
head. About nine o'clock last Sunday night she put a
baby she was nursing to bed, and, taking the candle,
went to the attic, where a window opened upon the roof,
which she ascended, and, passing to the adjoining one,
flung herself over the parapet wall into the street. In
her descent she fractured the sternum and both arms,
broke several ribs, and ruptured the liver. Her body
was otherwise frightfully mangled. She was brought to
the hespital, when she almost instantly expired. The
jury returned a verdict " that the deceased had destroyed
herself, but that there was no evidence of her state of
mind when she did do."
EXTENSIVE ROBBERY AT THE ROYAL ARSENAL,
WOOLwlCH.—During the last few days the authorities at
the Royal Arsenal, at Woolwich, have discovered that an
extensive system of plunder has been carried on in that
establishment. It is known that nineteen brass guns, of
the average weight of about 2i cwt., and of considerable
value, have been abstracted from the works, and under
such circumstances as will, in all probability, involve a
great number of persons connected with that extensive
military establishment. On Wednesday last Sir J. W ebb,
K.C.8., and Captain Fead, R.N., two of the county ma-
gistrates, sat for the purpose of inquiring into the cir-
cumstances, when, after a long deliberation, they re-
ferred the matter to Mr. J. Watts, the High Constable
of Woolwich, and Samuel Watts, a most indefatigable
parochial officer. We understand that the police have
in their custody two individuals in reference to this
matter.
THE HOUSEHOLD INFANTRY.—The undermen-
tioned change of quarters will take place on the 30th
inst., viz. :—The first battalion of the Grenadier Regi-
,tlent of Foot Guards, from Wincheater to Portman-
street barracks ; the second battalion, from St. George's
barracks to Winchester ; and the third battalion, from
St. John's-wood barracks to Wellington barracks. Also
the first battalion of the Coldstream Regiment of Foot
Guards, from Portman-street barracks to the Tower of
London ; and the second battalion, from Wellington
barracks to St. George's barracks ; and the first batta-
lion of the Scots Fusilier Regiment of FaotGuards, from
the Tower of London to Windsor ; and tile second bat-
talion, from Windsor to St, John's-wood barracks,

~,

ELECTROTYPE, CALOTYPE,
DAGUERREOTYPE.

Mr. Vaughan Palmer, electrotypist to the Poly-
technic Institution and the Art-Union, has just pub-
blished a small volume, descriptive of the three valu
able applications of modern science to the arts, of
which the titles are prefixed to these remarks. He
clearly details all the processes and the materials em-
ployed, so that, with ordinary attention, the reader
may be enabled to exercise, for his profit and amuse•
ment, each of those important arts. Perhaps ver3
few are aware of their whole importance—for instance,
that of electrotype. It may be appreciated from one
example, thus :—Suppose an engraved plate, executed
by one of our first engravers, should be given into
hands of another equally skilful, with directions to
engrave a similar plate, mathematically correct, line
for line, point for point, each to be of the same abso-
lute length, breadth, and thickness, such a command.
we know at once, if even a whole life were to be devoted
to the task, could not be complied with. But there
is not a touch of the graver, no flower of the hedge
or meadow, nor cultivated ornament of the garden,
whose intricacies of form are not transferable to met&
by this interesting process. As a mode by which any
number of duplicate plates may be obtained
with unerring certainty, it is a subject of deep
interest to the lovers of the fine arts, and espe-
cially to the societies denominated Art-Unions,
which could not by any possibility supply,
through any other means.(as does the London Art-
Union), so many as 12,000 Copies of the same plate,
all equal to proof !
The electrotyped plants, flowers, fruits, and insects,
deposited by Mr. CJX and Captain Ibbotson, in the
theatre of the Polytechnic Institution, are ,eautiful
specimens, which cannot be beheld without admiration.
The calotype, for transferring pictorial objects to
paper, is next described in a brief but satisfactory
manner. Mr. Talbot, the inventor, has changed the
name to a compound from his own, and now calls
the art the " Talbotype." He certainly seems to
have more right to do so than M. Daguerre can
claim (as Mr. Palmer shows) to call the photogra-
phic, or light-delineating, art, in its present perfec-
tion, after his name. The little work of Mr. Palmer
places the question as regards the claims of Mr.
Beard, of the Polytechnic Institution, who holds the
English patent, in a light in which they are not ge-
nerally understood, and shows that M. Daguerr6,
notwithstanding all his honours and rewards, has
after all done no more than assist in promoting the
art a step beyond the advance at which he found it.
In 1802 Sir H. Davy and Mr. Wedgwood made ex-
periments in photography, but could not fix the pie-
tures they obtained. In 1814 M. Niepce, of Chalons,
took up the subject, and made considerable progress.
Subsequently. he and M. Daguerre, who had been
some time similarly engaged, united their labours,
which led to the beautiful discovery, " absurdly,"
says Mr. Palmer," called the Daguerreotype." The
author tells us that Daguerre was not very successful
in taking portraits from life, in consequence of the
tediousness of the process, and the necessity for the
sitter to be fixed for a long time in one position, with
one expression, and without moving a muscle. The
first next step towards the practicability of taking
portraits from life, by the agency of light, was made by
Mr. Woolcott, an American. But it was not until
Mr. Beard, assisted by Mr. Goddard, expended large
sums of money and much time in endeavouring to
make his patent under Daguerre practically available,
that the art was brought to its present state of perfection,
beauty, and facility. Those exquisite specimens of
Mr. Beard's skill, with which the public are now fa-
miliar, are produced in a few seconds. The original
process of Daguerre required hours of irksome sitting
for an imperfect production. The pamphlet says
nothing of Mr. Beard's last improvement as to giving
colours to his portraits, which seems to be a great
omission. Yet, if the author had gone much further
in his details, we could not, as the interest of the sub-
ject has drawn out these remarks already to a great
length.

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE.--WOOLWICII, AUG. 28.
The Black Eagle steam-vessel, Master-Commander S. B.
-Cook, left Woolwich yesterday for Portsmouth. The
name of the vessel built under the title of the Infernal
has been changed to Eclair, and she has been commis-
sioned by Commander W. G. B. Estcourt, and the fol-
lowing officers have beee appointed to her :—Lieutenant
P. A. Halket; master, H. D. Burney; paymaster and
purser, T. R. Hallett; gunner, William Hust; boatswain,
John Warren; acting carpenter, Evan Crowther; and
master's assistant, John Gowan. The Volcano steam -
vessel, Captain Sir William Dickson, is expected at
Woolwich from the coast of Ireland to have her defects

made good. The Princess Alice steam-vessel, Master-
Commander L. Smithett, arrived at Woolwich on Sunday
from Dover, and will leave early next week for Ports-
mouth to join the Royal squadron.
HARBOUR DUES.—A return being required in
pursuance of an address of the House of Commons to her
Majesty for " a copy of the receipts of every harbour in
the united kingdom for each of the last three years,
stating the several heads of income, the authority by
which the same are levied; and of the expenditure for
each of the same years, stating the several heads of ex-
penditure, and the amount of each head in each of those
years;" orders have been issued to the collectors and
controllers at all the ports of the kingdom, in pursuance
of directions to that effect from Sir James Graham,

Secretary for the Home Department, to furnish a list of
the several harbours in the United Kingdom to which the
above address will apply, with the parties from whom
the information called for by the House of Commons
can be obtained with respect to each harbour (so far as
they have the means of procuring this information), in
order that measures may be taken for obtaining the re-
turn required.
THE FIXING OF THE LONGITUDE.—The observa-
tions connected with this most interesting subject are
proceeding with the greatest success at Valencia, in this
county. The actual observations at Valencia are now
conducted by Lieutenant GOssett, of the Royal En-
gineers, and it is gratifying to know that the scientific
part of this most interesting and long-looked-for opera-
tion is conducted with the utmost diligence and accuracy.
The greatest interest has been exercised in the adjoining
country by these scientific operations, and numbers
flock to the heights upon which they are conducted.
Lieutenant Gossett entertained a select party of the
neighbouring gentry on the 21st instaut, at a sumptuous
banquet on the summit of his mountain, where there was
supplied every luxury which could be furnished from the
county, and from the cities of Limerick and Cork.
This singular feast, at a height of nearly 900 feet above
the level of the sea, created extraordinary interest, asso-
ciated as it was with the display of the magnificent, if
not unequalled panorama of mountain scenery which is
commanded from the position on which this astrono-
mical encampment is placed.—Kerry Evening Post.
THE NEW BANE. CHARTER ACT.—In The Sun of
yesterday the several clauses of the Bank Charter Act
which will come into operation on Saturday next were
mentioned. There are other provisions, which came
into force on the 19th of July last, when the Act re-
ceived the Royal assent; and there are others to which
future periods are fixed, so that the entire Act cannot
be in actual motion until January next. By the 23d
section it appears that there are forty-three bankers
who have ceased to issue their own bank-notes mei( r
certain agreements with the Bank of England, and it is
provided that on the 31st of December next such bankers-
are to receive a composition by way of compensation,
which is by the Act to continue until August, 1856, if
not previously determined. In January in every year a
return of the number of partners, &e., in every banking
establishment is to be made to the Commissioners of
Stamps, under a penalty of 501., and the Commissioners
are required, on or before the Ist of March every year,
to publish in some newspaper circulating within each
town or county respectively, a copy of the return so made
by every banker, company, or partnership carrying on
the business of bankers, within such town or county, re-
spectively, as the case may be.
NEW CARRIAGE OF GENERAL TOM THUMB.—The
equipage of General Tom Thumb is unequalled in point
of magnificence. It is the chariot style, and is made
to correspond in size with the General. The body
of the chariot is but twenty inches in height, and eleven
inches in width. The arms are Britannia and Liberty,
supported by the British lion and American eagle, sur-
mounted by the rising sun, with the British and Ame-
rican flags crossed. The motto, " Go-ahead." The
carriage is by Mr. S. Beaton,.l6, Denmark-street, Soho.
The harness, which is heavily mounted, and of the
most perfect finish, was manufactured by Mr. Filling;
ham, 278, Whitechapel, and 78, Fenchurch-street. The
ponies are only twenty-eight inches in height, and were
purchased from Mr. Batty, of Astley's Royal A
theatre. The coachman and footman, two ladsi
are
dressed in livery, appropriate to such magnificenta
tßuirrnmi
- onugt
h. a
n3T,h
on
n Mondayequipage willaa next,
e sentcan
no
bt he e
seen General
on
s aa.t
turday evening next, Aug. 31, at and
Am-
phitheatre, in the course of the performances.eY's Royal
pollicleYshTaEveßlfinucse DSulnsAdaryrElaAstßbAeNecnsmOoFst AsetLivAerylrengaTghe
engaged
avouarirnegoftothdeishciogvhearatthreearpeetcretaabtioliftya, ladyaad wrehs(i)dsee
in
connexionsende
in the neighbourhood
is Mary
are.Theagl lady
had,
ad
yin,
question, who Jackson,
it appears, been for some time in a low, desponding state
of mind, and at the recommendation of Dr. Sutherland,'
she was, a short time since, placed under the care of Mr.
South, No. 1, Alpha-road, Regent's-park. On the,
morning of Sunday last, about a quarter past ten o'clock
,she was suddenly missed from the house, and all inquiry
.as to whero she was gone has, up to the present time,
been fruitless, beyond the fact, which has been ascer-
tained, that immediately on leaving the house she took
the cab No. 1,000, in the Alpha-road, in which she was
driven to the terminus of the Dover Railway, where she
changed a Si. Bank of England note. She then, it is
believed, drove away again in the same cab, but in e hat
direction is not known. Great fears are, it is under-
stood, entertained by her relatives that she will commit
suicide.

GORDON CASTLE.—Since the Duke and Duchess of
Richmond's arrival, his Grace has been entertaining a
number of noble and distinguished friends. Among
those at present enjoying the Noble Duke's hospitality
are the Earl of Uxbridge, the Ladies Paget, Lord and
Lady Templernore, Colonel Richardson and Colonel
Smith of the Royal Horse Guards, Colonel Raton,
Major Udny, Mr. Cox, of London, Mr. Baillie, Mr.
Russell, Mr. Roby, Mr. Ricardo. Of his Grace's family.
the Earl of Mardi, Wks
Uoide Henry, Ak'xandaa!,-,Z-
Geotge Lennox, the. Wks -Caroline, Anglian,
Cecilia Lennox, are also at the

- -
EXPLOSION of an ENGINE BOILER
Another of those terrific explosions which have of
late disgraced this locality took place on Sunday night
last at the colliery known by the name of the Deep
Pit, and in the occupation of the Sheffield Coal Com-
pany. This pit is situate about two miles from the
town, on the right side of the road to Eckington, and
is one of those from which the colliers turned out a
few months since. A number of the old hands in-
tended to go to work again at this pit, and it appears
that a number of others were determined to pre-
vent it. It is supposed, therefore, that to carry
this determination into effect, the destruction
of the boiler and steam-engine was accord-
ingly resolved on. The pit was guarded by an
old watchman, named William Prince, who, on the
night of the explosion, evidently thought that the
better part of valour was discretion, for on seeing
some men pass the hut in which he was watching.
about a quarter before eleven o'clock ou Sunday
night, he remained perfectly quiet till the explosion
was over, and the incendiaries had decamped. The
boiler, which stands about three feet from the ground
and 30 yards from the pit mouth, was raised on brick-
work, the base of the erection being about three feet
in thickneis, gradually diminishing in an upward
direction, till the upper part of it formed a cap of
only one brick thick. This brickwork was about 60
feet in circumference at the base, and with the
boiler would consequently be about seven yards in
diameter, presenting a degree of solidity that no
ordinary power could shake. The explosion was heard
many miles off, in the direction of Eckington, the
wind at the time being in the west. On this occa-
sion the chief movers in the act have been caught in
their own trap; for, not being aware that the embers
under the boiler where then smouldering, they intro-
duced the cask of gunpowder, and by some means it
ignited while they were close to the door of the flue.
'['he effect on one misguided man named Bolden was
terrific. He reached the door of his sister, who keeps
the Norfolk Arms at the Manor, about twelve o'clock,
and who but from his voice and dress would not
have known him. His face and hands presented a
spectacle truly pitiable to behold. The face was like
one large black cinder, time hair entirely singed
from off the head, and the eyes, though not lost,
fearfully swollen and burnt round the lids. Both
hands were in a similar state, and the left side
was also much injured. How he got to his sister's
house, is a mystery; but the probability is, that some
of his less injured companions assisted him to the
door, and then left him, that they themselves might
not be recognised. Surgical assistance was obtained
as speedily as possible, and every means adopted to
relieve his sufferings, which must have been excru-
ciating. On being let into the house, he merely
observed that he was dying, and immediately after-
wards became almost speechless, only articulating at
times something that could not be understood.
Information having reached the police, one of the
officers was left to take the legal charge of the unhappy
man, till further steps was resolved upon. Portions of
hats, caps, and coats were found near the boiler,
all much burnt by gunpowder. Parts of some wooden
hoops and staves were also found, indicating sufficient
to prove that the cask containing the gunpowder was
capable of holding about fifty pounds. The state
of the hats and caps were also enough to show that
the heads that wore them are in no enviable con-
dition. The whole of the metal work surrounding
the stove door was forced away, and more or less
broken. The fire grate was much damaged, and the
stone plate shattered. A poker, nearly an inch thick,
which had apparently been used to force the barrel of
gunpowder under the boiler was broken off, about two
feet from the lower end. The steam chest whichwas about

ten yards from the boiler, but connected by an iron
tube, was also forced off, and the boiler itself had been
driven six inches from its original position. A frag-
ment of one of the caps that had been blown off by
the explosion was picked up about 50 yards distant
from it. A brick wall, directly facing the flue door,
was partly knocked down, and the roof of a small
shed adjoining nearly carried away. The chimney
connected with the boiler was slightly shaken, and in-
deed the whole of the works surrounding it partook
of the Violent
.effects of the explosion. Boulden is
about 28 years of age, and it is said that his father,
who was a collier, once received a similar injury from
an accident.—Sheffield Iris.

ARMY AND PRIZE MONEY.—By an account just
issued, it appears that the balance of unclaimed prize
money is 18,7151. 10s, Old., with the following memo-
randum attached :—" Although the balance upon the
account appears to be as above stated, yet there is, in
the Three per Cent. Consols, 100,0001. stock, and in the
Bank of England, to the account of the Paymaster-
General, 15,6381. 17s. 9d., which arises from the invest-
ments having been made in the earlier periods, when
the funds were very low, and from the amount sold
thereout from time to time having been when the prices
of stock were considerably higher ; thus accounting for
the difference between the balance as stated and the pre-
sent amount of the army prize fund in the Three per
Cent. Consols, and the money of the Bank of England."

HEALIII OF SIR WM. FOLLETT.—We are happy
to learn from the very best authority, that our distin-
guished and valued representative, Sir W. W. Follett,
has, since his departure for the Continent, considerably
improved in health.— Western Luminary.
OFFICIAL RESIDENCES AND ALLOWANCES--The
Commissioners of the Customs have issued directions to
the collectors and controllers at the several ports of the
kingdom, to prepare and transmit with the least possible
delay, the following return, so far as the same relates to
their respective ports, viz.—a returß of all public officers
who are in the enjoyment, at the public expense, of re-
sidences detached from their respective offices, or who
are in the receipt of allowances in lieu of official resi-
dences, specifying their respective names and official de-
signations, and the amount of the allowance in each case.
THE SUSPENSION FOOT-BRIDGE AT EIUNGERFORD.
—The second suspending•chain has been carried over
the river, and yesterday workmen commenced levelling
the points on each side preparatory to proceeding to
hang the footway. The work, however, will yet occupy
at least two months. A portion of the work is carried
on in apparently a dangerous manner, the iron cables
being for a considerable distance out of reach, and the
workmen have to walk at a dizzy height above the
water solely on the suspending-chains. This has hi-
therto been accomplished with great fearlessness and
safety, although the chains are on a slope.
THE MOORS.—The grouse on the Muirkirk moors
have been more plentiful this year than usual, but very
wild ; yet good guns have averaged about ten brace
each. On Cairntable moors, being the highest in Ayr-
shire, one old gentleman, nearly seventy years of age,
and who has now shot on fifty twelfths of August, bagged
twelve brace ; and on the same moors the crack shot in
that quarter killed his sixteen brace. The last is the
greatest number that we have heard of being killed by
one gun in Ayrshire this season.—Correspondent of the
Ayr Observer.
PREPARATIONS Tort WAR (?)—Frequent commu-
nications are being made by the Government to the
several departments at this port, on the subject of the
store and state of the materials necessary in case of any
emergency which may require sudden equipment.
Orders have been issued for the entry of seamen for
general service, a step only taken in the expectation of
more than the ordinary demand. One hundred able
seamen are also ordered to be entered in the dock-yard,
as labourers, at 2s. 6d. per diem ; petty officers to act as
leading men, at 3s. 6d. per day. They are to be entered
on the express understanding that they are to join any
ship when required, and at a moment's notice. This is
in accordance with a plan suggested by Sir Charles
Napier, in the House of Commons, but one not likely to
be very successful—good seamen will scarcely be found
willing to take the labourer's broom ; and indifferent
characters may at most times be had without forming any
such nursery. It is to be regretted also that the Go-
vernment should feel it necessary, as a matter of eco-
nomy, we suppose, to discharge labourers to make room
for the increase to the number of seamen employed.
Seventy-five of the former are ordered to be dismissed as
seamen offer fur entry. Many of these men have been in
the dockyard for several years, and very naturally an-
ticipated being eventually placed on the establishment--
Deno/teal t Telegraph.
PROBABLE DURATION OF THE SUPPLY OF COAL
IN GREAT BRlTAlN.—Although the present known coal
fields of Great Britain contain, perhaps, sufficient coal to
supply her wants for 2,000 or 3,000 years to come, it is
a very erroneous basis of calculation to assume that the
whole is at our disposal. Under the present system, is
a loss of 36i per cent. The
erto
geologists, without allowing for
the finest description of coal of the northern field, th
most incorrect practical cunclu-
il
waste,we even, no,
wouldf i nt theoretical
eitsloe
raeedt
tet
oar al
the ct
gi oe no
1,
our
eaffir deni
eenr ,t
faonrd 1 ostohoe r
or would
msioankse:
years, Professor Sedgwick and Dr. B uckland, allowing
for loss in working, calculated from practical experience,
are convinced that 400 years will leave little more than
the name of our best seams. Of forty-five feet of coal
in a section of all the coal strata, in one of the best pits
of the Tyne, not thirty feet are workable. In the north,
coal cannot be extracted at a profit, if less than two feet
eight inches. In the western part of Wall's End, the
Bensham seam is considered unworkable at two feet ten
inches, though there are times when it is worked at
twenty inches. The thinnest seam worked in Yorkshire
is thirteen inches, in North Lancashire twenty inches,
in the Northumberland and Durham districts two feet
six inches, and in St. Lawrence two feet nine inches.
Most of the thin seams above are worked for local con-
sumption, and cannot bear the expense of transit and
competition for manufacturing and commercial purposes.
Already the Tyne portion of the northern coal field
begins to feel the difficulties of exhaustion in the finer
description of coal ; and that of the Wear and Tees
(less worked than it) has the advantage, in commercial
competition, of from nine to ten per cent in price.
Mining Journal.
Hors.—The first pocket of hops of the growth of
the present year was yesterday consigned to Messrs.
Horton and Hart, High-street, Borough, for sale. It
has realised et 128. per cwt. It was from Birling, in
Mid-Kent.
" MORE LIONOTJRED IN THE BREACH THAN rfl
THE OBSERVANCE."—The papers have been talking about
the breach of faith the French committed by firing
_anglers.
against T This is the only breach, at all events,
their tiring made.—Puneh.
FREE TRADE —For the last few days excellent
Aliericso beef and pork have been selling in this town
aiongtail at 3d. per pennd. This is pro of the many
benefits of free trade,—Afona'i lierald,

SPIRIT cf the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
FROM THE EVENING PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.
GLOBE.—Lord Aberdeen's difficulties grow fast
upon him. The bombardment of Mogadore has fol-
lowed quickly on the heels of the bombardment of
Tangiers. the Prince de Joinville bombarded Tan-
giers, and, having done a small 'modicum of mischief
to its outworks, carried off his squadron to Gibraltar.
But with Mogadore there has been bombardment
and something, more. The Prince has taken
possession of the island which forms the port of
Mogadore. He is establishing a garrison in the
'eland. He has declared the port in a state of blockade.
Sir Robert Peel solemnly pledged himself that he
will not allow France to acquire territory in Morocco.
We take for granted that immediate and full explana-
tion will be required from the French Government
as to the nature and object of the French Prince's
possession of the island of logadore. We take for
granted also that explanation has been already
required as to the French Prince's bombardment
of Tangiers before the return of Mr. llay from Ins
mission of mediation to the Emperor of Morocco.
Lord Aberdeen stated, in the House of Lords, on
the 13th of June, in answer to Lord Clarendon,
that the mediation of Great Britain had been
accepted by France and Spain,—by Spain on the
earnest interposition of France. Mr. Hay is on his
way back from Morocco ; having obtained,it i$ said,
the concession of every material point insisted on by
France and Spain; and, as lie nears Tangiers, hears
the Prince de Joinville's cannon. If the Prince
had waited only four hours, Mr. Hay would have
been in Tangiers before a shot was fired. The suc-
cess of Mr. Hay's mission is immaterial. Even if he
had failed in every point, as he is said to have suc-
ceeded in every material point, a commencement of
hostilities by the French Admiral before the result of
a mission of mediation, to which France had consented,
was known, is surely a matter demanding explana-
tion. We say, then, we take for granted that Sir
R. Peel has made Lord Aberdeen require explanation
from the French Government as to the bombardment
of Tangiers before Mr. Hay's return. And now, be-
fore the French Government can have received the
demand for this explanation—before the French
Government can have notified to its royal Admiral
its view of the terms obtained by Mr. Hay' from
the Emperor of Morocco, Mogadore is bombarded
—is in ruins ; the island which commands the
town and port is held and garrisoned by the
French ; and a French blockade of the port is
declared. All this makes vigilance, firmness, an
honourably hold front, on England's part, more and
more necessary. That it will wake Lord Aberdeen
from his slumbers, or that any additional amount of
difficulty could give courage to the craven spirit of
the Foreign-office, we do not profess to believe. But
Sir Robert Peel has now more time to give to foreign
affairs than while Parliament is sitting. And the
Otaheite question is still to settle. The tone of the
French Globe (Guizot's organ), commenting on
a rumour of French proposals on this sub-
ject, published by the Revue de Paris, is
the reverse of yielding. However, Sir Robert
Peel is pledged that there shall be ample repa-
ration for the outrage on Mr. Pritchard. Whether
the recal of M. D'Aubigny alone will be ample re-
paration, or whether M. Bruat ought to be recalled
also, the Government, who at present know more of
the circumstances than we can profess to do, are at
present better able to judge than we are. But the
question settled, everything that the Government now
know the public will know. The public will then be
able to judge how Sir Robert Peel's pledge has been
kept ; and if it should then appear that M. Bruat, as
soon as he knew of M. D'Aubigny's proceedings, re-
pudiated them, and punished his subordinate, the
British public will be eager to second the British Go-
vernment in doing justice to M. Bruat.
STANDARD.—The eagerness with which more
than one of our daily Contemporaries fasten upon
any paragraph of the news from Morocco, which may
appear to favour their lugubrious predictions, can
only be accounted for by the fact that " the wish is
father to the thought." The account of the bom-
bardment of Mogadore (which can take no one by
surprise), conveyed in the telegraphic dispatch
of the Prince de Joinville, has afforded another
opportunity for the exercise of this very patriotic
vigilance. The Prince has, it is said, takes possession
of the island which faces Mogadore, in order to con-
vert it and its neighbourhood into a French depen-
dency. Nothing of the sort. He has directed it to
be occupied because the water is so shallow between
it and the town which it commands, that only ships
of small tonnage can enter ; and because, in fact,
its temporary occupation was, under the peculiar
circumstances of the case, an absolute necessity, in
any ulterior operation, such as sending a military
force from Mogadore into the interior, should have
been contemplated. We cannot, therefore, see in
this step even a prima facie violation of the implied
compact of the French Government with the other
European powers. One of our Contemporaries,
indeed, appears to have created the giant for
the express purpose of demolishing it. "If this
occuisation continue after its necessity has ceased
—if other places are occupied in the same way
without excuse, or retained after the causes
which may be supposed to jnstify their occupa-
tion have ceased—then a breach of trust has been
committed—A gross wrong done, for which this coun-
try is bound to demand reparation and redress." If
is a great peace•eniaker, and is wisely employed in
this instance to let down gently the writer's indigna-
tion. Without considering the contingency thus
contemplated as a probable one, we may remark that
there Is at present no pretext for these apprehen-
sions ; still less for increasing the irritation which
already prevails in France, by loud and idle boasts
of what England would do under circumstances
which have yet to happen—the more especially as our
Contemporary hardly disguises his belief that they
are never likely to happen. Another of our neigh•
bours, keener sighted and even more sensitively alive
to the best interests of England than the journalist we
have just quoted, has discovered in the occupation of
a small island, little more than a mile in circumfer-
ence, by the Prince de Joinville, for the purpose, it
is probable, of covering the supplies which may have
hereafter to be conveyed through the port of Mogadore,
which it helps to form, for the service of the French
troops in the interior, a positive casus belli ; with a dis-
tinct understanding, however, that we are to take the de •
finition of the phrase from the columns of the hypotheti-
cal advocate for war to whom we have already referred.
Both definitions, positive and hypothetic, are, we are
persuaded, alike unfounded, and as ill-timed as the
merriment indulged in by the Morning Chronicle
over the recent dispatch of General 13ugeaud for
which the account of the capture of the personal
baggage of the Emperor's son (" a portmanteau, we
suppose, full of shirts and habilitates") affords the
excuse. These are not times in which scoffs and
jeers al pitiable as those of which the above is a
sample, or hypothetical imputations of perfidy and
bad faith, should he lightly indulged in.

IRELAND.

REPEAL ASSOCIATION.

DUBLIN, Auc. 26.—The usual weekly meeting of the
Association was held this day in the Conciliation Hall.
On the motion of R D. BnowNE, M.P., the chair was
taken by Sir Valentine Blake. M.P.
The CHAIRMAN returned thanks for the honour con-
ferred upon him, and then prxeeded to address the
meeting at some length. On concluding he was loudly
cheered.
Mr. J. KELLY, M.P., commenced the business of tho
day by handing in several remittances. He said he had
the honour to act for Mr. Smith O'Brien during his ab-
sence.
Mr. O'CoNNELL handed in several sum's of money,
and then stated that the monster address to the Quren
had been forwarded last week to Sir James Graham for
presentation. lb then read the following letter acknow
'edging its receipt :

" Whitehall, August 23, 1844.
Sir,—l am directed by Secretary Sir James Graham
to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 12th
instant, and to inform you that Sir James Graham has
laid before her Majesty the address, signed .by a large
number of natives and inhabitants of Ireland, which was
transmitted by you to Sir James Graham for that pur-
pose. I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
"11. MANNERS SUTTON."
"Mr. Martin Crean, Corn Exchange rooms, Dub:in."
General CLOONEY addressed the meeting. •
Mr. R. D. BROWNE, M.P., described the position in
which the repeal cause stood, and eulogised the means
by which that position had been attained. It was to the
new philosophy of moral agitation that their success was
to be attributed. Their respect for the social relations
of life, and strict observance of the laws, had drawn
upon them the eyes of admiring Europe—had procured
for them the sympathy of France, and the generous and
inexhaustible aid of America. Circumstances, were aris-
ing every daywhich gave them the highest hopes.—
(ChcerF.) No moment could be more opportune for the
people to struggle for the amelioration of their country
than the present. Whether he looked to the east or to
the west, he found embarrassments crowding upon Eng-
land—from the Society Islands to the territory of Ore-
gon, from Hindostan to Algiers. In every quarter of
the world were visible the giant shadows of the coming
revoluilon.—(Cheers.)
handed in 1/1 the monthly sub-
Mr. J. KELLY, ALE,
scription of Mr. Smith O'Brien, during the captivity;
and then read. a letter from that gentleman, in which he
stated his intention of being in Dublin on the 3d of Sep-
tenat er. The following are extracts from the letter:—
"I avail myself of this opportunity to remove a:mis-
conception which may arise from a statement made by
Mr. D. O'Connell, jun., at the last meeting of the Asso-
ciation. I have not recommended the adoption of any
resolution against the use of tobacco or other taxable
Kws i 3eßtstuodities. Though the conduct of the English Go-
verl_m towards the Irish people has been such as fully
to justify is resolution, lam not prepared to ask the
reptalersr Ireland to deprive themselves of any
hel'thful, oyment, unless some great national object
can be prod ted by such a sacrifice. It is right, how-
over, that* h Government and the people shoutd•con-
te't platoie,h a determination as a probable contineney.
-----rk.&-terOkoeranoe pledge, limited for the present to bore
.‘

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•