The Sun.
London, England, 1821-05-07 00:00:00

PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED.

J. and T. Motley, Leeds, nrrcb ants.-L-J.; J. D., and J. Inglis,
and E. Ellice, London—J. R. Paul, M. Dudgeon, and C.
Clark, Edward-street, Port-maw-square, milliners—`P. Tuebin,
and T. L. Forrest, Aldersgate-street, auctioneers•---J. E: Pantie,
A. Fraser, H: D. Baillie, G. H. Ames, and J,Towlcr, West
India nierehants-.--H. Dibdin, J. Smith, and R. Leal:e, Lon-
don, common-carriers—C. Bodenbani,- R„ Philliprs and J.
Garrett, Hereford, bankers—T. Healing and C...Niari:land,
Liverpool, pawnbrokei!4—.l, Norris and T. RoPtron, Reddich-
mills, near StoCkport, bledcliers--J.,j., and I. Frost; fit. John's-
square, Clerkenwell,- brass-founders, W. Williams, find S.
and W. Ringdoni,,,Erceter.; ers---.1,0. a74i. W. Quirk, Liwr•-•
Pi* shipblnltl;?rs-J, Wright Sliarla,.Ponisay;
land-tjurieycri. • • "' '" -" • ••

PILE V EN I'ION FOAGELtir.

{From the 37th Vol. of " The Transactions of the Society for
the Er.couragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Cornmerce."l

The Thanks of the Society were this Session
voted to Messrs. PERKINS, I'' AIRMAN, and HEATII,
for their very liberal offer of communicating to
the Society for publication in the ensuing Vo-
lume of Transactions, certain parts of tir St-
DEROGRAPIIIC process for multiplying copies of
engravings, particularly with a view to the PRE-
VENTION of FORGERY. The following commu-
nication has been received in consequence from
the above-mentioned Gentlemen :

Sin—The Society for the encouragement of Arts, Mann:
feetures,_ and Commerce having devoted so much of their va-
luable time to' investigating the different methods proposed for
the prevention of the' forgery of Bank notes, we, the proprietors
of the.Siderograp.bie art, -believe that a full account of our plan
(which has been in sucacssful operation many years in America,
and is now attloptecl by many banks in this country) will not be
thOught unworthy of their attention.
We will, in the first place, state what we consider to be' the
grand basis of security in this plait, and secondly, the means
of executing it. Although it. is Certainly not a new idea, that-
the greatest security which could possibly be afforded in pre-
venting forgery would be that. 'of employing a combination of
the taleots. of the first4ate artists in fabricating a bank note
plate, anti of hlvin-rf the notes always identically t' he. 'yet ..
we conceive the following; plan to. effect this object is entirely
new. It is the power of re-producing and multiplying the
works of the greatest artist, which constitute the strength of:!
this. systeth ; it is the basis on which we build our hopes.. The •
method of multiplying engravings is as-follows :
A steel plate (the method of preparing which will be here-
after described), is engraved or etched in the usual way; it is
then hardened. A. cylinder of very soft steel, of from 2to 3
inches in diameter, is made to roll backwards and forwards on
the surface of the steel plate, until the whole of the impression
from the engraving is seen on the cylinder in alto-relievo : after
this cylinder has been hardened, it is made to roll backwards and
forwards on a copper or seft steel plate, and a perfect fee-simile
of the original is produced of equal sharpness. The following
calculations will show to what extent this system of preventing
forgery, may he carried :
Suppose 20 of the best historical and other engravers were
employed, each to engrave a vignette; each vignette to occupy
4 square,inehes„ and each artist to expend six months on his
vignette : let these 20 vignettes be transferred to two steel
plates, one for the front of the note and the other for the back, ; the
-result will be, that one man (could such an one be found) would
be occupied 10 years, or 20 men 6 months, to produce a note of
equal goodness. Is it possible to suppose any thing better can
be, adopted, than to make it unprofitable to be engaged in such
business ? If a bank note plate can be made to cost 10,0001.
(which would be the case, if twenty artists, whose time mould
be worth 1,0001. per annum, were engaged six months
each), would it not be much less likely to be imitated
than one that would cost but 5 or 101. ? If a bank plate
can. be made to contain the work of 20 of the best artists in the
. world, could another plate of equal goodness be made without
employing the same artists ? It is hardly to be presumed that
20 sueh.artists would be •engaged .in making a spurious tote ;
but admitting it •possible, it would not be a fac-simile, and
might be easily distinguished from the true note, by any One
acquainted with the original. One of the.peculiat features of
this invention is, that any one .may be furnished with a perfect
fac-simile of the- whole or of any part of the original note ;
whieli will serve to identify the note if good : this is owing to
the infinitenumber of. impressions that may be obtained from
the original engraving. Having- shown that a plate may be
I made to cost £10;000, we will erove that it is not
incompatible with economy.- To show the economy -O:';'„!,±1. laza
in its best light, we must be allowed to apply it to the best ad-
can .;'a itch world its being adOpted by a bank_ whose
•. daily consumption is not le;s than 25,00 notes.
Suppose the fit st steel plate costs £lO,OOO, the next 999 plates
will only cost .C10;000 : then 1,000 steel plates will amount to
.£20,000. Each steel plate will print at least 150,000 impres-
sions e of course 1.000 plates would furnish 150,000,000 of im-
pressions, which .is the number, that would be wanted. in 20
years, at 25,000 impressions per day. Now, the cost of impres-
sions from steel plates would be (where the above number is
wanted) one penny for 31t impressions ; whereas, if copper
plates were used, which cost only £3 each.plate, the numner
of impressions for a penny would be but 8i; since a copper plate
prints but 6;000 impressions before it is worn-out.
Another very important consideration is, that steel plates •ad-
mit of an improved method of printing; and when worked to
the greatest advantage, will make a saving of 50 per cent.; this
saving, in 20 yearS, in printing the above number of notes.
would be £15,000 which would not only pay the whole cost of
making the plates butleave a balance of 1:55,000:

This system of making plates and of printing, will apply
'equally well to that of ornamenting standard works, particular-
ly:bibles, prayer books, primers, catechisms, spelling boOks,
natural history, and philosophy: In 'vroportion to the number
wanted, will be the advantage of adopting this plan. It is-often
the case in this country, that from 4 to G copperplates are worn
out in one edition, and not half the impressions perfect. A
haidened steel plate will print niore proof impressions than
the above number of Copper plateS can furnish, even of com-
mon impressions. •This fact is demonsttated by the plates
Nos. XXXIX and XL, accompanying this communication,—
The impressions from plate No. XXXIX, are of the first •iih-
pressions• taken froth the plate. The impressions, plate No.
XL; were taken• after :35,000 impressions had been taken
froht,it. .

This plate will also show the practicability of identity. The
four medallions by inspection will be found to be perfectly the
same, line for line, and dot for dot. By examining the ma-
chine engraving, particiilirly the chain, the two styles of work,
viz. copper-plate and letter-press printing., will -be seen beauti-
fully conibined.' This iS effected by the process of transferring
and re.transferi ing. This kind of engraving is extremely cliflicu it
to imitate. This machine, Which is denominated 'the geometri.:
cal lathe, was invented in America by Mr. Asa Spencer.''' Its
powers for producing variety are equalled only by the kuleido-
scope;—but for beautiful patterns it surpasses every thing of the'.
kind. It has one of the' peculiarities of the -kalidostope,
viz. that the Atiraing of a screw; like the turning of the
kaleidoscope; produces an entire new pattern, which, Was
never . before seen, and perhaps would never be seen again.
This pattern however may. be perpetuated by the transferring
process. We are now printing from a plate of the most delicate
work, which already printed above 100,000 impressions,
and is yet sound. We cannot yet say, how long :a well har-
dened-steel ' plate will' last, having never printed more than
400;600iMpreSsions from the same plate : it should howeVer;
be observed, that this plate consisted principally of writing, or
work quite as strong. ft may also be observed, that-the im-
pressions are yet good.. The manufacture of printed calicoes,
ribbons,- See., 7ns 'well as' of earthenware,
:may -be-rauch im-
proved by adopting this system; and we are happrio say that'
experiments are soon-to- belnade thereof. This improvement
in engraving will :apply. to hbout -one-qui.irtt• of the present
number of plates used. The others must necessarily bG of cop= ,
pare a's a st.flicient number of impressions would' not be wanted
to defray the eXpixice of it steel plate. Not less than a-numbe;
Of iMpresSions. width, would wear out three copper plates ,'culd
warrant the making a.steel plate. But such is the-number:Of
subjects to.whiCh this. art will apply, and the great induZenvent
to publishets:tirem-Vellish their works,' where large editions are
wonted, which they now can do in consequence of its'ecenniny,
that instead of the: demand of engravers beinglessened; it will
very much enliannal.
.The use of fine i isd delicate engraving for Bank nous, has
been objected to, in :consequence of the difficulty of priiiting on-
, such highly sized paper._ tfut this objection is entirely g-ot over
bY.our rnetlad. of: printing in the' water leaf,-and sax ii atte'r
printing. This iroProvernent has 'a triple- adlantifgettiat ofi
producing beautiful impressions, having on its Surface,, after
printing, a better size, and preventing the ifilt friim-being so
easily transferred. , • • • „ „ .
In order. to describe the- method of preparing and-Itardening
the steel plate :and..dies; the following particulars are neces-
sary •
In order to decarbOnate the surfaces 'of cast steel plates; cy,
Enders, or dies, by which they are rendered much softer and
fitter for receiving. tither transferred or. engraved.-designs; we
use pure iron filings, divesttd of all foreign or extraneous
matters. -• *•• • ' .
• . The stratm-n:of clei7arbelleted Steel' should' not be loo' thief;
for transfening.fitte anti. delieute.engravings ; for instance; hot
more than three tiate.ta:tl7. telepth of aie'cirztath%; nit for other

purposes the surface of ihe steel nay be decarbonated to aty- re-
qUired thicknc.s.

• - To di:Carbonate it to a proper • thickness for fine engravinga,
it is to be exposed for four hours in a white heat, inclossd in al
cast iron box, with a well 'closed The'sidcs.of the cast iron
box are made at iicasi three quarters of an inch in thickness ;
and at least a thieknes6 ofohltif ati inch Of ‘pitre iron filial.a;
shooldeoverorturround the cast steel surface to be decarlionansd.
The bon is to he ant-forte-I to cool very slowly, which nary be ef-
iented by shuttingsoW all -access of air to the furnace, anit.eascor-
ing it with a layer six or severhitches in thickness, of -fine eirt,
ders. Each ride of the steel :plate, cylinder, or die, must he
equally decarbonaeed, yo pievent it from springing or warp-
ing in hardening.. - It is also fdand that the safest way to beat
tha.plates, cylinders, or dies, is by placing them in a vertical
position.
The hest cast steel is preferred to any other sort of steel for
the purpose of :raking plates, cylinders, circular or other dies ;
:And more especially, when such plates, cylinders, or dies are in-
tended to be decarbonatcd. FOr the reason given above,' the steel
isdecarbOnatetl,solelyfor the purpose of readering it slliziently
soft for receiving any impression intended to be made thereon ;
it is therollsre necessary that, after any piece of steel lees been
so decarboniaed, , whether it be in the snape •of .a !slate, or a
cylinder, or a die, it should, previously to being printed freer,
'be again carbonated, or re-converted into ewe' eepable of Wing
hardened. In order, therefore to effect this carbonisation or
reteonversion into steel, the following process is anplo; Cal :—a
suitable quaarity of leather is to be converted into enaroonl by
the well-known method of exposing it to a red heat in an iron
retort, for a :•-stifriciel i length of time ; or. until most of the
evaporable matter is driVen off the leather: ' 'having thus pre-
pared the charcoel, it is reduced to a very line niwder ; then
take a box in,,a4e-of east iron, of sufficient telinerisions to receive
nlai plate, etlindOr, en die, which is to be re-converted into
steel, so as that the intermediate space between the sides of the
said box, and the plate, cylinder, or die, may be about one
inch. This box is to be tilled with the powdered charcoal, and
having covered it-with a well-fitted lid, let it be placed in a
furnace similar. to those .used for melting brass, when the teat
must be gradually increased, until the box is somewhat above
a red heat; it must be. suffered to remain in that state till all
the evaporable inatteris driven off froth the charcoal. Then
remove the lid from the box, and immerse the plate, cylinder,
or die, into the powdered charcoal; taking care to place it as
nearly in the middle as pessible; so that it may he surrounded
on all sides by a stratum of the powder, of nearly an uniform
thicknesa. The lid-being replaced, the box, with the plate,
cylinder, or die, must remain in the degree of heat before de-
scribed, for-from three to five hours, according to the thickness
of the plate, cylinder, or die so exposed. Three hours are suf-
ficient for a plate of half an inch in thickness ; and five hours
when the steel it Onein.ch and a half in thickness. After the
plate, cylinder, or die has been thus exposed to the fire for a
sufficient length of time, take it from the box and immediately
plunge it into cold water. It is important, here to observe, that
it is found' by: experience that the plates or'other pieces of.steel
whenplungecl into cold. water, are least liable to be warped, or
bent when they are • held in-a vertical pesitione or made to enter
the water an the direction of ;their /length. If a piece of steel,
heated to a proper degree for hardening; be.plunged into water,
and suffered to remain there until it • becomes cold; it is found
by experience to be very liable to crack or break ; and, in many
cases, it would be fbund too hard for the operations it was 'in,
tended to-perform. If the steel cracks or breaks, it is spoiled.
In order to render it fit for use, • should it happen not to be
broken in the hardening, it isthe con-union practice to heat ,the
steel again in order to reduce or lower its temper; 'as it is tech-
nically appal.. The.degree of lieanto which it 'is now exposed
determines the future degree of hardness, or the temper, and
this is indiCated by a change of -colour upon the surfasee.of.the
oteel. During this heating a succession of shades is produced
from a very pale.sttaw- colour to ae deep hlue. it is found,
however, by long exaerienee, that on plunging the heated steel
into cold water, and suffering it to remain there no longer than.
•is sufficient for lowering the temperature et-the steel to the
same degree as thatio which a hard piece 'Of steel mina have
been raised, in order to temper it in the col:Anon way ; it not
_been
the same degree of hardness in the steel, but,
what is of neneh more importance, almott entirely tines away
the risk or its croakily or breaking.. It is impossible
to cominuainateby ivondee'eti tadeicribe the criterion by which
we can judge of, or determinta'When the steel has arrived at. the
proper degree of tiinperatm:,,,,::a:ltzta-zzing• plunged into Old
water ; it can only betlearned by-actual obst,ri-.:2":.*.as;:LS the wihk-
man must be guided entirely by the kind of hissing of .eiainints
noise; which the heated 'steel. produces in the water while cooling:
From the moment of its being first plunged into the water,
varying 'eon-Ad will be obserled;-. and it. is at-a certain tone be-
fore the noise ceases, that the effect to be prod:iced, is known.
The only directions -which can be enern, whereby the exPeri-
mentalist can• be benefited,_ are as tbllowe_ namely, to take a
piece of steel which ha's 'already been hardene:l by remaining
in the' water till celd; and, by the _common used*. of again
heating it, to let it be brought to the pale yellow, or straw CO.
lour, which. indicates the desired, temper. of the keel plats to :27
hardened by the above' process ; as soon as he discovers this
colour to be produced, to dip the steel into water and attend
carefully to the biasing, or, as some call it, singingnoise,
it'OCCOsiona-; he will 'then be better able, and with fewer- expe-
riments, to judge of theprecise time at athieh rthee. steel ,ahonld
be taken out It is not meant to be undeestd6d that the -.tem-
per indicated by a straw Colour; is. triv., to wLich.;:tim sg•CLAste,
cylinder, or die, should be ultimately: reduced ; ,because it
would then be found too-hard ; but merely that; the tdmpera-
turd which. would produce that colour, is that by which the pe-
culiar sound -would be occasioned when the steel- should be
withdrawn from the water for the first time, Immediately on
withdrating ft'frotn'the Water,' the steel plate, cylitider, or die,
must be laid upon, -or held over a fire; land heated,nnifornaly,
until its temperature ai raised to that degree at which tallow
would be decomposed.; or; hi other words, until smoke is per-
ceived to arise from the surface of the steel plate, cylinder, or
die, after having been.-rubbed with• tallow. ' The steel plate,
cylinder, or die, must then be again plunged into water, and
kepi there until the sound becomes somewhat weaker than be-
fore.. It is then .to he taken out,. and heated a second time
to the same degree, by the 'same rule of smoking tallow as be-
fore.; andthe third time plunged into water, tillnhe sound be-
comes again weaker than the last. Expose, it a third time to
the fire flag before and, for • the last tirrie, rettirn it into the
water and cool it ; after it is cooled, clean the surface of the
Steel 'plate, cylinder, or die ; and by heating 'it over the fire, the
terreper must. be finally reduced by bringing, .on brown, or
such' bthet lighter or -darker shade of colour,' as may best suit
• theAintlity orthe'steel, or the purpose to which,. it -is. tp be
.
.i. -N.B. The plates mentioned in: the preceding observatipns are
most beautiful specimens of this invaluable improvement ; but
'for, whielf *6 Mfist refer our ReaderS•tathis volume of the So-
ciety's Transactions; which contains several very interesting and
hirportintcorirmtinications.--aEDITon.
r ; oxsiratuusestasacescrsla

. .
BRIEFS FOR. CnuncllEs.----A singular item ap-
peprs on a tabl‘A iu
.the. Tarish chqrch of Whit-
tington,. in this county. After enumerating the
noble benefactions of the Lord of the Manor,
(Mrs LLOYD, of Astond and; the families of •
KEN My'ryos, &c. &c.? it states • that
7.031. 15s. d. was i;ollecied' two'brietoWards
re-building the '• sacred pte,, of which surn.only-
.42l.2s. ld. was received by the parish:—(Shrews-
bury Chronicle, May 4.)

9 .►1 N•,

..• . ,
. BLACKBI4IIN.—An elegant service of plate has
been presented to the Rey. Dr. -INnyrkkEtt, by
the inhabitants of this-tovVn,lii tesiinidny Cirtlwir
estimation of ,his services-as a 'Magistrate during
the,late,Feason of tumult and .insubordination. •
. INN KEEPERS.—By 4et ;passed, on the
lCth of April last, for fixing the.ratesOf subsis-
tence to' be paid to Innkeepers, and 'Othel'i,• on
quartering soldiers, it was-enacted that one shit-
lin& and two-pence per 'day should be paid till
April 23a, and after that period one Shilling per
daY for each soldier, we. And'ofor "tlitistay ar:d
qrali, for horse's qUartf;red slicli'perio6.:, .ot.e
!-:}liiiitsg per day till A pill '24, 'and- affee that pe-
riod'. ten-Pence a, day' fiir each ficirhe,---7(lantish
Gaietie.)

FORE:GN INTELLIGENCE.

i3T3I:vr.A.N PAPERS AND DUTCH MAIL.
[Re;..-N1 this mornizg.l

CON3TAN:.:IZOPLE, MAnca 24.--Within these
few =jays there have been several Meetings of the
..''iiin'oters, partly at the Grand Vizier's, partly at
the Muftis. All persons cailable•.of bearing arms
are .called upon, and all. Rajahs (not Tvlahometan
s'ubj'ezts) are disarmed; Th-e streets of Constan-
tinople are full of armed men, and the-Jani3saries
a;.:e, ordered to their barracks. The principal
Greeks :were yesterday assembled in the prin-
cipal 'Church-by the Patriarch, who had received
the strictest orders-from the-Porte, and an Imperial
Fir:nan was read to them, which accused Michael
Snizo Prince of Moldavia, of high treason) and
pronOunceb sentence of condemnation on all his
adherents. A Greek Bishop and several Boyars
have been conveyed to the prisons of the Bostangi.
P-ACHA.—In the course of last week the Grand
:Vizier went to the arsenal, and gave ordert, for
the fitting out of part of the fleet, which i; to
in 14 days, supposed to be destined for
The press for sailors has al-
The Heads of the Greek
and Armenian nations have been called upon to
furnish seamen. ,The Persian agent is sent to
the 'frontiers, escorted by two Tartars. The
plague has entirely ceased—the hospitals are
empty.

the Archipelago.

ready commenced.

News from Constantinople of a later date, just
received by express, informs us that the Grand
Vizier and the Mufti have been dismissed from
their offices. The Greek Patriarch has pro-
nounced an anathema against Ypsilanti, Suzzo,
and all their adherents.—(Allgemeine Zeitung,
April 27.)
STUTTgARDT, APRIL 23.—1 t is feared that our

constitutional system may be exposed to new at-
tacks from the Great Powers ; but it is hoped
that the King will maintain it finally.—Count
Frankmansdorf, the Austrian Envoy, has re-
peatedly urged our Court to suppress the Neckar
G azette, which is almost the only liberal paper
tow existing in Germany. However, he has not
succeeded in attaining his object; but it is ap-
prehended that he may soon be supported by
Russia, and then it will be difficult to oppose a
long resistance to the joint demands of the two
Imperial Courts.
We learn from Munich, that a party, at the
find of which are Marshal Prince Wrede, a^-1
Count Rechberg, Minister for .'.,reign Affairs,
has decidedly shewn • inclination to favour
Auctria, but that the whole people of Bavaria
conti_:--.;e to spew an evident aversion from more
'intimate relations with the Court of Austria.

BASLE, APRIL 13.—The Government of Zu-
rich has delivered a note to M. de Schraut, the
Austrian Minister, to which his Excellency has
returned an immediate answer, containing the

inost satisfactory assurances. There has been
iGr some time pasta very active correspondence
between the Government of Zurich and those of
Berne and Lucerne, relative to the security of

'the frontiers ; but things have now taken a fa-
vourable turn for us, both the Austrian and Pied-
monteEe troops being now removed from the
neighbourhood of our frontiers. —( Frankfort
Papers; April :30.)
VIENNA, Aram 23.—There Is still much un-

certainty in the accounts from the FrOntiers of
Turkey, respecting the operations of the Greek
Insurgents; all the accounts, hoivever, agree in
-saying, that they are very active, and that they
have already collected considerable force. Hi-
therto they acknowledge no Commander-in-Chief;
each leader who raises a corps considers himself
as the only commander of it, and will not receive

orders from any other. Ypsilanti has taken
much pains to induce the others to recognise him
as Comnrander-in-Chief, but has not yet pre--
Tailed. This must necessarily shackle the fur-
ther operations of those Greek corps, of which
there are now three in Moldavia. It is said that

Ypsilanti marches with one corps towards Sills-
tria; and that he intends to proceed :towards
Varna, to make himself master of the Courts of
the Euxine, where he expects to draw powerful
,aid. It is said that the other corps will follow
him in this desertion. • ~

Letters from Moldavia say, that Ypsilanti has
spread a report of disturbaoces at Coostantinople,
and that there hid been an affray in which the
Greeks had the advantage. 'lt seems certain

that a large Turkish force is coming' to Vial.
Jachia and Moldavia.—(Dutch Papers, May 5.)

FRENCH PAPERS.

PARIS, MAY 3.—According to accounts from,
T'etniswa r, of the 6th of April, the army of
.Prince Ypsilanti. is stated, by the
,news from
*Molda a via,
.to mount. t 0.0,000 men, and- that
they have reached the banks of the. Danube;
-where stoopedth•are by the inundation. This,
delay, however, enables many volunteerSfojoin
them. The Prince, it seems, has published a

Proearnation, couched in very modest terms, in
the Turkish language, promising the Mussulmen
security for their persons and property if they
are quiet. It is said the Turkish farmers are in-
clined to favour the Greeks, being subject to the
same tyranny as they are.—(Courier Francaise.)
NAPI.rs, Amur. 17.—We learn, 'by accounts
from Messina, that General Rosarol has been
forced to abandon that city. The Prince of Col-
lereale, who is appointed by the King Governor
of this division, has addressed a Proclamation to
the inhabitants. The Provisional Government is
at present engaged in disarming of the inhabi-
tants, and in watching the Carbonari. The exe-
cution of the first measure is rather difficult ;
most of the inhabitants of the kingdom hitherto
skew no inclination to comply with the order for
giving them up. The Austrians caused the adop.
tion of this measure, because many .of their sol-
diers had been assassinated. The regular troops
obey, and deliver up their arms ; they are quite
resigned to the order for dispersing the whole
army, except the National Guard. The Journal
of the .Two Sicilies says, that the Austrians are
beloved beyond measure by the Neapolitan
people. .