The Sun.
London, England, 1844-05-03 00:00:00

DUBLIN UNIVERSITY MAGAZINE.

There is a moderate and well-reasoned essay in
the present Number of this periodical, on the subject
of "Fixity of Tenure," a subject which has of late
begun to attract the attention of political economists
in no ordinary degree. "Barrow's Life of Sir Fran-
cis Drake," is a well digested notice, accompanied
by copious extracts, of one of the ablest and most
authentic pieces of biography we have had for some
years past. " Litertc Orientales" contains some in-
genious specimens of Ottoman poetry. Of the few
remaining articles, the best is that which is quaintly
entitled " Nuts and Nut-crackers."

THE DECORATIONS of the NEW
ROYAL EXCHANGE.

The following are the heads of the last report made to
the Gresham Committee upon the subject of the addi-
tional decorations proposed to be made to this great na-
tional edifice abut to be opened :

"TO THE JOINT COMMITTEE FOR GRESHAM AFFAIRS."
" In obedience to an order from this Committee on the
report of Mr. Tite, in relation to that additional sculp-
ture which he thought desirable for the decoration of the
New Royal Exchange, whereby it was resolved, that an
amount not exceeding 5001. he appropriated for that pur-
pose, and it be referred back to Mr. Tite further to con-
sider the subject, and to report to and advise with the
Sub-Committee thereon, we, whose names are hereunto
subscribed, your Sub-Committee do certify, that we have
been attended by Mr. Tite, who was heard with respect
to various additional•decorations for the New Royal Ex-
change, both of a sculptured and other characters, and
who submitted for our consideration the propriety
of erecting statues of her Most Gracious Majesty,
Queen Victoria, of Queen Elizabeth, and of Sir
Thomas Gresham, and of making such other statues as
might be deemed most appropriate for the vacant niches,
and also for the north and south fronts of the edifice ;
and that the Royal arms, with supporters should also be
placed in a conspicuous situation, and was heard at
length in explanation of his views ; and we haying
taken the subject, as well as the situations where several
of the proposed statues sltlfuhrbe placed, into considera-
tion, agreed with Mr. T'rie's'suggestion, and were of
opinion they should be forthwith procured, and placed
as under :
" The statue of her Majesty Queen Victoria in the
centre of the merchants area.
wh iacht thSetood north-east in"The Statue of Queen Elizabeth at the south-east, and
the
corner
of Exchange,on d ,
ooff
tteinagroCahoefrltehsetlhaetecentre
of the merchants' area.
The statue of Sir Thomas Gresham, the eminent
founder and patron of the first Exchange,
niche over the east entrance ad in the great
;
"The Royal arms ab an
entrance. above the doorway at the west

" By which arrangement the statues of the three Sove-
reigns,in whose reigns this national edifice had been
erected, would appropriately decorate the exterior.
" We thereupon directed Mr. Tite to apply kr several
artists for sketches and estimates; and, in consequr nce
of Mr. Tite's applications, we received proposals.—
(Here follow the details.) Your Sub-Committee having
considered the said proposals, approve of the principal,
subject to such alteration as may, on farther considera-
tion, be deemed expedient, and recommend that direc-
tions be given for' tie works, when finally approved, to
be proceeded on with as little delay as possible.
"Amongst other considerations combined with the
decoration of the new Exchange, Mr Tite submitted to
our notice the propriety of having a tesselated or Mosaic
pavement for the merchants' area, instead of the pave-
ment contemplated by the contract. He also submitted
a design, showing the nature of such pavement; and we,
your Sub-Cemmittee, having duly considered the same,
recommend that tessalated or Mosaic pavement be pro-
vided for the said area, the pattern for the same to be
submitted to anti approved by your Committee.

" In the course of our proaeedmgs Mr. Tito brough
under consideration the propriety of -
adopting an em-
bellishment in the ceiling of the ambulatory, by a series
of encaustic painting or paintings in wax in the forty-six
compartments thereof, and laid before us a design
by Mr. Frederick Long, for executing the same, which
we inspected and heard him in explanation of, and we
vi ere also informed by him where works of a similar
nature had been executed in this country.
"We referred also to the second report of the Com-
missioners on Fine Arts, in which allusions are made 'to
this style of painting, and, deeming the subject worthy
the attention of the Committee, have directed Mr. Tite
to make a special report thereon, to which we beg to
draw their serious consideration."
The Joint Gesham Committee having taken the repoit
of the Sub-Committee into consideration, and Mr. Tite
having sent in a report, approving all the suggestions
and proposals contained in it, adopted it unanimously, and
voted the additional sums, which were stated to be nh-
cessary to carry out the great object of affording appro.
priate and highly-finished wor.ts of sculpture far the
embellishment of the building.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGI-
NEERS.
(THE PRESIDENT IN THE CHAIR.)
APRIL 30.—" A description of the method employed
for repairing a chimney 120 feet high ,at Messrs. Cow-
per's cotton-mills, Glasgow," by J. Colthurst, was read.
The means adopted were thus described:—The work.:
man was provided with a broad lether belt, to which was
attached a strong spring hook ; staple-shaped ladder
irons, with fiat jagged ends, were driven into the joints,
one above each other, at intervals of fifteen inches apart,
by the man standing on them in succession, as he
ascended, until he reached the top ; his safety was se-
cured by fixing the spring'hook on to the ladder iron
immediately opposite his waist, which enabled him to
use both his hands when working; a rope was also
passed round his waist, and down inside the ladder irons,
to support him in case one of the ladder irons broke, or
came out; he thus succeeded in removing some orna-
mental plates of iron, which had been loosened by a
storm. In descending, the workman took the ladoei
irons out, one after the other, the whole operation being
performed in two days and a half—the total cost, includ-
ine• a bonus of 51. to the workman, was only 13/,
?The first part of a paper, by Mr. William Fairbairn.
on the reduction of the magnetic ores of Samalcoff
(Turkey), was read. It commenced with reviewing the
few attempts which had been made towards improving
the methods of treating the richer iron ores both of Eng-
land and of foreign countries; the great English iron
makers having restricted themselves to using the lean
carbonates of iron, en account of the facilities they
offered for working; the great advantages which might
have resulted, both in the quantity and quality, of the
metal produced from richer ore have been thus neglected,
It is stated that Mr. Ohanes Dadian, an active and
enterprising Armenian, in the service of the Sublime
Porte, brought to this country specimens of magnetic
iron ore and of bituminous coal found in the district of
Samakhoff, in Turkey ; he had them analysed at Paris
and in England, and found that the ore was nearly a pure
oxide of iron containing about 63 per cent, of metal, that
it was free from sulphur, arsenic, and other deleterious
matter, and that there was mixel with it about 12 per
cent. of silicious earth.

The ore was described as being found in the form of a
fine sand, covering extensive plains, where it had been
deposited to the depth of several feet, probably by the
action of water on the mountains around, where a simi-
lar ore existed in considerable masses. In consequence
of the favourable report of the assayists, and acting on
the advice of Mr. Fairbairn, Mr. Ohanes Dadian deter-
mined to persevere in his projects, and his attention
being directed to the process invented by Mr. Clay for
producing malleable iron direct from the ore, as described
in a paper read at the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Feb. 14, 1843, he secured that gentleman's services t 9
conduct some experiments, and subsequently engaged.
him to proceed to Turkey, to prosecute the working or
the iron ore on an extensive scale. •
Mr. Clay's report, and that of Mr. Hague, were fully
given ; they contained details of the various ingenious
modes employed to work the ore, which, being in the
state of fine sand, either fell unmelted through the fuel
into the bottom of the furnace, or was blown out of the
top by the force of the blast. At length Mr. Clay,
thinking that if the ore could be deoxidized by a preci-
ous operation, it would be in a fitter state for fusion in
the blast furnace, submitted it to a practical process, as
far as causing it to form into lumps ; in that form it was
easily fused, and produced cast iron of a peculiarly duc-
tile, fluid, and yet strong, character, of which specimeT.s,
were exhibited. The success of this plan was consi-
dere
dso complete, that the preparations were mme7t
diately commenced for erecting works in Turkey on a
large scale.
Incidental to the subject of the glassy scorie of the
iron frames, Mr. Clay mentioned that he had studied
carefully the composition of crown glass ; he belie% ed
that he was the first to point out the true atomic charac-
ter of the glass ; that its quality depended on the ingre-
dients being compounded in certain definite atomic pro-
portions ; and that crown glass was a quinquisilicate of
lime and soda. He arrived at these conclusions in the
year 1835 ; and at the works of Messrs. Chance, at-
Birmingham, it was found that, on following the rules
he laid down, the production of a constant quality
of glass was inevitable. He then treated of the pro-
duction of optical lenses, and of the make of bottle glass.
The paper then returned to the forms of the furnaces
proposed for working the Turkish iron ore ; the various
modes of treating it, and the nature of the fluxes, &c.
concluding the first part of the paper with the details of
the experiments made upon it at Manchester and at the
Backbarrow works. The paper was so long, that the
second part was reserved for the next meeting, the 7tb
of May, when the monthly ballot for members will take
place. The following papers were announced to be
read :

N 9. 679 (Second Part)—" On the relative strenge..,
and other properties, of cast iron from the Turkish zr.,l,
luematite ores ;" by W. Fairbairn, M. Inst. C. E.
No. 675—" Description of a pair of iron lock gates;
constructed, in 1843, for the entrance of the wet dock at
Montrose ;" by J. Leslie, M. Inst. C. E.
No. 678—" Description of a coffer-dam used for clo;4-
Lug the end of the building-slip at her Majesty's Dock-
yard, Woolwich ;" by B. Snow, Assoc. Inst. C. E.
No. 670—" Account of the plan adopted by Williarn,
Preston White for raising the Innisfail steamer, sunk in ,
the river Lee; near Cork (Ireland) ;" by G. P. Whit,4
Assoc. Inst. C. E.

COURT OF EXCISE.—THURSDAY.
John Toplis, of 63, Bermondsey-street, tobacconist, v, a,
with sand, earthy matter, Ise., on each which inform as
of • •
torm
charged, under five informations, with adulterating tot-,az.ro
1., .4
besides a forfeiture of the articles.
hehad incurred a penalty of 3001., making a total of 5001
Mr. J. Jordan, a Custom-house officer, stated
' chat on the
19th of January last he went, in company wit,
.1 Mr. Donald,
an officer of Excise, to the shop of defendar,t,
and on sealer,
him told him they had come to pay him
wished to see his warehouse. He said ~. another visit, mid
hey were welcomi,
and supposed they were come after thr, hogshead of tobacco
that had come in on the previous %light. When they got
into the manufactory they found 0, 'pail full of liquid, and on
witness examining it found it contained earthy matter, which
defendant said was for the purpose of cleaning tobacco
knives. The cutting engine was at work, which witness de-
sired might be stopped. He examined the tobacco in the
engine, as well as some that had been cut, and found it gro tily
adulterated with earthy matter.

➢ir. Graham, Professor of Chemistry at University C
kl-
- deposed that before submitting the tobacco to chew; ,cal
operation, by merely shaking the leaves the adulteration fell
out, which consisted of fuller's earth. He then proceeded ,to
analyse the whole of the samples, and found them all ad x I-
terated with that earth to the extent of 12 per cent.
The CHAIRMAN said the Court were of opinion the cbr mge
had been fully made out, and convicted defendant in, the
penalty of 3001., and the whole of the tobacco to be forfeited

NEW BRIDGE OVER THE MENAI STRAITS.—Vi
understand that the landed proprietors in the -,,icinity oft'
Menai-bridge oppose the passage of the rail,,,roy, and that it
is, therefore, probable the passage acrossthe Straits vs ill
have to be made at the Britannia Rock, er.d will involve at
least'two arches of 350 feet span. This will be the us ost
gigantic railway work ever uridertakew.—Dublia Paper.
THE RENDEZVOUS WINE AND' SUPPER ROOlbts;..—
Yesterday, at the Excise, Llewelly' n Watkin William* of
ham and beef notoriety, keeper 'of the above rooms;. in.
Brydges-street, opposite Drury-',one Theatre, was cht*geti
with selling foreign wines wit:wan a license. a
Two offic• trs of
Excise proved being served foreign wines • t the a Jove
.Ali^ofDdanecetmbpleeardlasedt,bis whichdist,.
r:111 z
condition, with a family-
eleven children,' and the Ci 'urt
said, under the circumste,nces,they would mitigate the peald r a premises,u
k
premises.6th and
dThi4e defendant
to 151.
BIRTHDAY OF THE MARQUIS OF W WORCESTER ...
Great rejoicings will take place on the coming of age of.. the
Marquis of Worcester, which will occur in February. I) ad-
minton will be the scene of splendid festivities, and a et rag-
nificent entertainment will be given in Monmor.thshire. An
immenee ox is to be roasted whole for the po',ulace, in A gin-
court.square, Monmouth ; and a barrel of ale, which was,
brewed at the christening of the Nob}e Marquis, will bet
broached on the occasion.--Berrow's nr;orcester Journal.
Yesterday, *William Murray, of Alarmaduke-street,.
St. Georges-m-the-East, was fined, • by the Excise, 501. fur
having in his possession and workints an illicit still.
The convict Henry Jones, v ho saved the lives. OS
the two men at Devonport, irm liberated on Thursday,
having received a free pardon front . her Majesty.
SUDDEN DEATH IN THE; STREET.—An inquest
was yesterday held by Mr. Riggs, at St. George's Hospital,
on the body of James Haynes, Aged 28. Deceased was a cad
to the cab rank in St. Je:mes's-:street, and on Monday night.
last, while in good sprits, and'apparently in the enjoymut •
of excellent healt:a; he suddenly, fell down on the pavement.
insensible. He 'was removed In the above-named hospital:.
where ever?* 'exertion was mader -to restore him, t. 4, he never
rallied, an'a died at about eleemn o'clock the game night-
Verdict—" Natural death."
THE SEASON AND THE CROPS.—TI7,i present sea—
son has hitherto been one of;the finest that we have hid f,..r
several years for promoting the growth. of those crops which.
are already sown, and enr.nling the farmers to prepare the
land for those which remain to be sown. In all the counties
of England, between Liverpool and*Southampton, as well
in Normandy and the ether northern province's of France,.
in Belgium, in Rhenish Prussia, and in Germany, as far as,
Frankfort, the wheat crops this year are ',nost promising:.
We do riot remember to hare seen, above 'calf-a-dozen lstadi
fields of wheat in a journey of a thousirad or twelve laisn-
. dred miles. In general the plant is volt thick, the coroutt
good, and the promise of the crop exCele,ca. The same ob-•
' servation applies to the crat, the rye,. tb e clover, and rape•
crops on the Continent, arid to the gran crops in Englanue,
In the limestone districts of Normandy and in Flanders, ate
' well as in the rich district 'between Mi Avence and Frankfort.,
the clovers are unusually 'So this yes ‘r, and it is a remark,
able proof of what may be et}' 4
cted by rich cultivation, tin=
the Col za, a rape plant, was at least., a yard high, and in fulll
bloom, in Easter week, bets ',g M Alines and .Antwerp, aft=
time when it was even in bud in t'fistricts of France a couple.
of degrees further south. Ow ing to the heavy rains of.'
March, and the general warn nit of the first fortnight in
April, this and most other el. ops. were as forward as they
were ever known to be at this r seat :on all the way from Havre.
to the Rhine. In this neighb our: hood, and throughout Eng-•
land generally, they look as v,sPlj as could be, wished.—Nor-.
thern Star.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

PROM TEll EVFNIIIO PIPERS OP TBSTPIRDAY.

GLOBE.--Imagine fora moment the efferreeeence—
the Conservative indignation—if the actual breach be-
tween Ministers and the Directors had taken place, int-
perwite Melbourne It cannot be forgotten what a
handle against the late Cabinet was made of the paltry
repugnancies of a Jamaica Assembly ; and how uncon-
stitutional it was represented to think of over-ruling the
interested resistance of a set of ex-slave-owners. On
the strength of that storm in a slop-basin, the Melbourne
Ministry in 'B9 found themselves in se slender a majority
as led them to resign office. To be sure the Duke of Wel-
lington said that he could not conceive why they should
halve resigned; and therefore the veteran has the better
grace in the military attitude he assumes at present.
But it is very evident that the pretext on which Lord
Melbourne was then pushed to resignation had not a
thousandth part of the gravity of the " great fact"
which has now transpired. We have here no faction of
obecure planters, palpably biassed, and in the preva-
lent public mind of England probably in the wrong.
Here are twenty-four gentlemen, the elect of the most
important corporation in the world—nay, thirty—for it
is understood that the six ex-directors concur in the
same judgment—who, after exhausting time, and pa-
tience, and warning on Ministers, and this spoiled child
of theirs, have at letipl4 employed the power which
(known to all but 'tole Biougham) had been always
vested in them. Now, we repeat, if this bad occurred
under the Melbourne Ministry, how immediate and how
impetuous the inference would have been, that these
Whigs could not act with any established and Conserva-
tive body in the State. This was the notion propagated
more industriously than any other; and the benefit of a
doubt was never allowed Liberal Ministers for a moment,
whether they, or those who opposed their system of
policy, might be wrong. While the Whig Government
was supposed to be estranged from the Northern Courts,
then, of course, Nesselrode or Metternich were the sole
hope of salvation for Europe. When Northern Europe
joined them on Eastern policy, and France held aloof,
then the all but irreparable ill became, of course, the lost
friendship of France. The,first demonstration the new
men had to make was a very new one certainly for their
party. They threw themselves into the arms of France
and swore eternal friendship—to spite the Whigs—and
entailed more less of confidence and misunderstanding
than ever with Europe. In like manner, the Whigs
were to be wounded through the sides of Lord Auck-
land in India; and in like manner, the intended injury
has had its recoil OR the peopetrators. After boasting
if French friendship, regardless of inevitable invidious
construction elsewhere, nothing would serve them, or the
vain man of whose vanities they have now assumed all
the responsibility, but boasting of the glorious contrast
his Indian policy was to exhibit to the Whig Governor's.
When will these men become duly sensible of the risk
and ridicule attendant on all this swaggering? When
will they become sensible that the effective, though
unfair weapon, of Opposition is the most unsafe and
undignified possible for handling in place? Dishonest
words had done all words could do for them ; honest
deeds—deeds at least not in gross contrast with profes-
sions and policy—were now requisite to prove that
superiority to their predecessors, the verbal assertion of
which had ceased to have even the grace of faction.
Above all, and first of all, what was required of
Conservative Ministers was to work smoothly with the
powers, already established and organised, which they
had to work with. If the Whig Ministers, during the
reforms public opinion expected them to promote, had
fett2 foul of coordinate authorities, there would hare
beelftothing so surprising. But Conservatives, whose
great idol, Pitt, broke up the Whig party on this very
groand of quarrel—whose whole traditions and ante-
cedents have led them to suppJrt the East India Com-
pany, as one of those great bodies with whose stability
they were wont to affect alliance, and to set
,in contrast
with the ephemeral factions, and crude liinorations,
of popular assemblies—that Conservative Ministers
should be the first to quarrel with the Conserva-
tive aristocracy of British India—this is indeed a
most unheard-of and portentous occurrence. It is for
Ministers to explain how such a breach could have
taken place. The Duke of Wellington has committed
them to the responsibility of the whole of Lord Ellen-
borough's conduct. The whole power of the Govern.
ment has been exerted in his favour with twenty-f ur
gentlemen, for whom even political malignity can-
not forge motives hostile to that Government. The
whole power of 'Government, the whole expediency of
compromise, the whole ris's of rupture (and that risk
is announced by the Minis'erial hacks as political
annihilation to the Company)—all this has been out-
weighed with the Directors by a sense of duty the
most imperative to themselves and their constituents
—for nothing short of such sense of duty can be sup-
posed for a moment to have prompted their act—an
act so maturely deliberated. The plea for Lord Ellen-
borough (whose case Ministers have made so completely
their own) put forth by the Duke of Wellington—that
the Directors could not know the instructions under
which he acted, is a plea Sir Robert Peel's caution would
scarcely have suggested. So far es it goes, indeed, it
may shift the responsibility for alt his acts from
bis own shoulders to those of Ministers— but it
leaves that responsibility a heavy weight where
it rests. For, are we to suppose that Ministers
have kept systematically in the dark the men
who held co-ordinate power with their own—en the
whole subject for its exercise ? To what purpose, then.
have repeated Acts of the Legislature confirmed that
power in the Directors ? Forsooth, that her Majesty's
Ministers may mock them, and pooh-pooh its exer-
cise, by the cool assertion that the I)irectors
cannot possibly know anything at all about the
matters, which nevertheless the law and consti-
tution hare given them uncontrolled power to judge
STANDARD.—They who remember that, of all the
Londoti journals, the Standard stood alone in defending
Sir Tr rancis Head's measures in Upper Canada, will not
snapect us of hostility to that gentleman or of any pre-
judice against him. The letter before us forcibly re-
minds ns of the great difficulty against which, as his ad-
Yotetes, we had to contend, nem*, his own proclama-
tion,* and dispatches. The ex-Governor is one of the
many persons who, if they are ever wise, must lament
the pains bestowed in teaching them to write. Gold-
smith describes the class pretty accurately. We have
but to insert the name of the late Governor of Upper
Canada to make it fit exactly.

a' Here stands good Sir Francis, whose heart is a mint,
While the owner scarce knows half the good that is in't ;
The pupil of impulse, it drives him along,
His conduct still right, with his argument wrong;.
Still aiming at honour, yet fearing to roam, -
The coachman was tipsy, the chariot drove. home.,',

Thee argument of Sir Francis, as he has expanded
it sue'_ more into a long letter, we understand to be
this
.the labourer has a property in his labour,
and his time is as much entitled to be respected
as any °thee' property. Lord Ashley's. proposal. ter limit
the hours of lesbour of women and children In factories
.is an invasion 0.• Ibis property. This, garnished with a
considerable profusion of sarcasm and illustration, we
take to be the Whole sum and substance of Sir
Friends's argument. Now the first proposition is
.one which we would be the last in E the world
a° dispute. The labourer's property) in 'his time
and labour it absolute and 'inviolable, •resting
al! .a the earliest and, highest of proprietory• rights.
ere, however, closes out acauiesceflce with Sir Francis
Head, who, like other manufecturetsi Of cant; abuses, by
misapplication, a sound principle. Lord Ashley's pro•
position does not violate this principle t;ithei in form or
substance; on the other hand, it, augmentir•the value
sid property in labour, and caste a hedge about it.
As respects form Lord Ashley's proposition- inter-
'ferea in no respect with the labourers property in
his labour. The labourer, whether man, woman,
or cNild—and to simplify. the matter, we make
.110 distinction among them, important as the distinction
Is in Many' respects—the labourer of whatever sex or
age is
left by Lord Ashley's proposition at perfect liberty
ito emplo the whole twenty-four hours in labour, so
long as the labour is prosecuted at the labourer's own
-discretion, and ,ReSt at the command of others ; and, in
fast, one of the_objects of the limitation of the hours of
labour in facto's* is to give 'to the labourer
sore 'time to be employed at his own discretion—to
return to him a part,- of that property of which Sir
Francis Head speaks," of which he is deprived by the
power of wealth, and the cupidity of wealthy men. The
limitation does not say "you Shell not work more than
ten hours," but, " you, shall not be Cursed to work more
thin ten hours, as the alternetive of not working at all,
'that is, as the alternative 'of being robbed of your w hole
property in your labour," so precious, and justly so pre-
,esous in the eyes, of he ex-Governer, of
_Upper Canada.
'Lord
Ashley's propUitien then does not, in form, violate
he right of property in labour. Let us next see whe-
.ther
it invades- it in substance. The great function of
the law of a civilised country is to correct the abuses
OrmiePreoweisr[htwitrotect the weak from the strong.
vitryer, a • notion propagated with con-
siderable ind by those who profit by abuses,
that there (nisei in
an
no power but the power
of the law on otta side 7
i
ll 4 he power of mere, knexery
,or brute force on the other
hand, and, as a conseclaelce,
etat the law has ne legitimate antagonists but cheating
and violence. The hew, her'
o if it would equally
protect the rights ,of' all men, liar other antagonists—
honest, according to the fashion of this world, and meek
as if they all were drab, . asof them do.
The power of money
Certarniriot a dishonest
-
war, nor is it a violent power, but a is nevertheless, a
rower quite adequate to
'crush the poor, and to destroy
lis value of the poor mans property histimein and
ta
seSe labour, which we suppose it will .be admitted is the
same thing as destroying the property itself. This, then,
is ego for the law to interpose—not to restrain the
r mesa from employing his labour' as hest be can,
t to restrain the rich man from compelling him to
employ it in a manner directly injurious to other poor
men, and altimately to himself. As Sir Francis news
is fond of illustrations, we will give him one. He
blifi at least twice ci'dsed the Atlantic and been
Governor of a colony, and he probably knows
something of,, the system of passage vessels. Now,
let hiur suppose a passage vessel short of
provisions, though with no more hands and passengers
on board than are enough to work the ship, working at
the usual rate of working. But the captain having
taken a degree in the new science, and swallowed Sir
Francis's doctrine of the right of property in labour,
calls half-a-dozen hands aft, and addresses them as
follows Our provisions are short, and if I um
to
feed the *Thole crew, I must reduce your daily
messes
a trifle, but I will tell you how we may manage.
I will heels good-guard over the store, and you working
'4l"h of you an extra watch or two,may we complete
,the voyage without any reduction of our allowances; as
for the rest they may-stars, and any one of you who
''ill not consent to work the extra watches shal
stereo will them, for I warrant, in two or three days,
I will be able to bring those: starving chaps to work as
many extra watches as I,please, aye, and to be thankful,
too, for half allowance. mow would Sir Francis Head
.at.pprove of this mode of respecting " the lahourer's
roperty in his labour ?" Would condemn

the legislative interposition of some bluff lieu-
tenant, who should happily step in from the
gig of a chanoe cruiser, with a "No, no, mate, this will
never do ; you must not overwdrk half yo r peqpie, in
order to starve the other half. Divide the wink and
the food fairly among them, as far as they will go."
Now, this, is a very fair illustration of Lord Ashley's
proposal. It gives a much more ample xercise of dis-
cretion to all labourers in the exercis of their right
of property, and it gives value to t at property in
the case of multitudes of others to whom the pro is
now of ne value whatever ; but of things the MEI of
which lies only in their use, the only real property is in
the value of the use. Sir F. Head's argument goes upon
the groundless and even ridiculous hypothesis, that
every labourer is at liberty to work or to abstain
from working—the reverse is the fact, every man
must work or die, and the care of the Legislature
must be dinected to protect him from the necessity
of working in a manner injurious to himself or to others.
Let men remember this, and the cant of the labourer's
property in his labour will do little harm. There is an-
other cant much employed upon this question with which
we wish to deal, but cannot afford the time, we mean the
necessity of protecting the profits of the millowners.
Now we tell the millowners that they c.*nnot protect
their profits by any aragunt of crußty' 'to tfoir
labourers. Their profits are 'governed by a
principle wholly irrespective of the labourer's time. The
demand for their ;redaction is finite, the att.pacity of
multiplying mite 00 Met this finite demand infinite.
But the mills will pIS multiplying until the profits of
mill working shall be reduced to something very little
more than the common rate of interest for money. This
is the enemy who is eating np their profits, and will
destroy them altogether if they do not oppose him by
the only effectual obstacle, a short time law.

TITHES.
REPORT OF THE TITHE COMMISSIONERS FOX
ENGLAND AND WALES.
TO TEE EIGHT. HON. SIR J. R. O. GRAEAE, ➢./ET.

_
Tithe Commission Office, April 2, 1844.
ie our dnty to report to you the progress of the
commutation of tithes in England and Wales to the cle of
the year 1843.
We have received notices that voluntary pcoceedings have
commenced in 9,555 tithe districts ; of these notices 45 were
received during the year 1843.
We have received 6,877 agreements, and confirmed 6,492 ;
of these, 183 have been received, and 281 confirmed, during
the year 1843.
3,871 notices for making awards have been issued, of whieh
836 were issued during the year 1843.
We have received 2,681 drafts of compulsory awards, and
confirmed 2,172 ; of these 675 have been received, end 559
confirmed, during the year rBl3.
We have received 7,525 apportionments, and confirmed
6,881'; of these 1,074 have been received, and 1,186 con-
finned; during the year 1843.
In 6,664 tithe districts, as will be seen from the above
statement, the rent-charges to be hereafter paid have been
finally established by continued agreements or confirmed
awards. _

We have in ontpoage.slion voluntary agreements and drafts
of awards, as yet unconfirmed, which will include 894 addi-
tional tithe districts ; and make a total, when completed, of
9,558 districts in which the tithes are commuted.
We have to repeat the assurance which we have happily
been able to • give in every repot, that the whole process
of commutation is proceeding tranquilly and hatmoniously.
The district of South Walcs may appear to form an ex•
ception.
As far, however, as we can ju:lge from our own correspon-
dence, and our other-mean,: of ioformation, very little discon-
tent has existed between the real parties] to the commuta-
tion. that is, the landowners and tithrowners
The occupying tenantry, however, have found groinnls of
complaint, n many cases not unreasonable ; they are called
on to pay rent-char:4.es, the majority of which have been
agreed to by their landlords, though e. smaller portion have
been awarded by us. Those rent-charges are very peculiarly
low, and'on-the average-do not greatly exceed one-tenth of
the rent, or of the net value, instead of amounting to ono--
tenth of the gross value of the produce.
Still, low as they are, these rent-charges Somewhat exceed
the compositions which the tenants calculated on paying
when they hired their fArins and fixed their tutus with the
landlord.

The task of apportioning still goes on more slowly than it
was calculated it would do when the Commutation Act
passed ; but it continues to be effected, as it has ell along
been, with much less difficulty and irritation than it was
supposed Would accompany it. -
Much of the Work which remains for T; -t0 tin t.niSle3
assume a character which makes it advisable to drew your
attention to Some -of its peculi4rities and dikiculties.
In many parishes in which the great bulk of the tithes
have been commuted ea inclosuro or otherwise, anti, or die
trict moduscs hare hem left, which to the present state of the
law it will become our duty to coAvert into rent-charges, and
we must,. partially at least, map and apportion on the lands
subiect to them.
'the expenses- of such appartionniea to the landowners
will first be extravagant, wt.en compared with the amount of
the BUM apportioned, and then the expenses of colleeting
will make the rent-charge valueless to the titheowner.
It seems to us that in these cases a permission to reticent
these payments ibr money, and thus to avoid the expense
both of apportionment and collection, would be advantage-
cue, and indeed is requisite to protect both patio.
The managers of Queen Anne's B-ounty are willing, we be-
lieve, to receive the redemption money; and if they are di-
rected to apply it, as they do augmentation moneys, it may
partially and gradually be inveeted in land if that seems de-
sirable far the titheowner. The operation of emit a measure
might perhaps usefully be somewhat extended.
In many case of vicarial tithe, the individual payments
are so minute as to convert the collection of them into a la*,
We have even been requested to strike a mass of them oat
of rent-charges, belfause, as the titheowner will be taxed upon
the gross amount of them, and be certain not to receive
them, the nominally giving them to him is subdtantia.lly
mulcting them.
The redemption of such small gtiyments would clearly be
a boon to the titheowner, and es the liability to the& is atom
felt to be a disagreeable incumbrance by the ownors,of pro-
perty, the power of redeeming then* would be, in a very many-
cases, also considered a boon.
The state of the law, as modified by 2 and 3 William IV.,
c. 100, commonly called Lord Tendenden's Act, impedes our
progress, and, unless clairiA up, threatens to protract time
close of our labours. In some hundreds a cass, and, indeed,
in an indefinite number, we cannot give •decision as to the
contested rights of parties with any confidence that those
decisions are correct.

Our own legal assistants are divided in opinion, and we are
told that this division of opinion extends even to the superior
Courts; at any rate, no decision of those Courts on the cases
now before them has been obtained. . _ _

We are led to hope that some distinct decision may be
given before the close of this year; if this is net the ease,
we may be driven to requeet the assistance of the Legislature.
Whatever the law may turn oat to be, those cases will
many of them be obstinately litigated, and if out dealing
with them is much longer postponed, the delays of issues
and new trials, and of the apportionments whick must follow
them, may postpone what would otherwise be the term of our
labours. _ _

In the case of parishes containing open fields, where the
tithes have been commuted and the rent-charges apportioned
before inclosure, the re-apportionment of those rent-charges
on the inclosed lamh newly appropriated to individuals iq
always desirable, and, indeed, almost indispensable.
We have no power to sanction this at present.
We think such a power might conveniently be given va,
The exercise of a similar power, after the close of our com-
mission, may be provided fur by an Act, which, for that and
other parposs, it will be necessary to pass before the kithe,
commission ceases to exist.

Ina number of parishes, heretofore inclosed by Act ef Par-
liament. we have reason to believe that the provisions for
extinguishing tithe have heed iu some cases wrongly, in
ethers imperfectly, oarried out.
If tithe litigation and tithe are to cease with the commis-
sion; some provision Must be made for correcting the errors
ofec,ompleting the deficiencies of these inclosure transactions.
Some of tho railroads, one -of the most extensive in particu-,
lar, that is the Great Western, refuse to pay the rent-charges
apportioned on the lands over which they pass.
It is illegal to seize and carry away the rail, se that the
titheowner's remedy by distress is neutory, unleso there is
a station in his district.
His remaining remedy is to take possession of the ground
over which the road passes; but R 8 it is illegal f(,r him to
stop up a public way, hie possession is useless to him, unites
he resorts to the doubtful benefit of a Suit hi equity, to compel
an account of the profits made on the portion of railroad in
his legal possession.
We think that the owner of the rent-charge should net
be driven to this experiment, but that whenever a rent-
charge is clearly due from the railroad company it should be
recoverable by distress on the property of the .tatnpanys.ou
' whatever part of the line found. -
This would not increase the legit liability of the coin-
They might still, by replevin or otherwise, dispute the
legality of, the rent-charge ; onlY, when they did not se dis-
pute it, they would be compelled to pay tie owners of rent-
charges in dietrfets where there is no station, andvrhere those
owners- have no other remedy than it snit in equity.—We
have the honour to bey Sir, your faithful and obedient ser-
vent's, WILLIAM BLAIIIIIE4
T. W. BULL ER,
RICHARD .3Q.NES.

THE TEN HOURS' BILL.
To the Right Honourable and lieourettle the Members
. of the House of Commons, the following Statement
of Facts is respectfully submitted by the Deputation
of the Mas terquanufacturers and Millowaors in the
eounty of Lancaster:—
We, the undersigned,-forming a depetatioa from tilt
Associated Master-manufacturers of the county of
Lancaster, havirk taken advantage of the Laster recess
to institute inquiries int. the conditioa of the oporseves
in all the cotton-mills of the district, and having
obtained minute returns, each of which Is withigai.
cated by the signature of the owner of the mill, be leave
reapectively to submit the results ,to your consideration.
it will be convenient to classify these results under
several heads, and to arrange them in the order wizially
adopted by those who have made the moat amzious im•
putations on factory labour.
DISTANCES TRAVELLED BY SPINNER 9 AND rimcgaa.
On this subject returni have been obtained from 377
firms, of which 308 spin up to 705., 40 from 70s. to 110 a,
and 29
as from 110 a. upwa-ds ; in all cases the calculation
eon made from actually counting the number of
steps and measuring the distances. The following is the
result :

2 ,
736018
imn
iillel
ss ,BsopBinynairnf up to 70, give an aggregate of
mills, spinning front -
of tl miles 735 Yards'' or an average for each operative
to 110, give an aggregate
of 43019 mile* 1,571 'a.n9l
yards for each yard:,operative ' " average al miles 1,755
29 millq, spinning f
_rola vto anns. .
little
gate of 201 mileJ 1,0.32 Yas,lg, and ailds.„...„..gi" !LA , IliWre-•
1,678 yards. The g--niital :1,..er-olgt tc,'"age 9f 6 miles
8 mi!es 1,216 pvt.l..;, a Bich, it will 1,,,"1, _ the *hale is
prose by vii-,lith.
-
under the aver,tg.i given by dr. Henry ATiinw.,Ltifia
taalcalations were baied linen le•iith of tko.var'n ~pl)7
It will be in•eresting to comp:tn.: the
this result was obtained with tee actual couniit4 and
measurement of steps. T.:king the extreme ells; of 28
hanks of yarn produce-I by a spindle in a week, the
length of yarn will be 13k inik.s ; but, as wit earring©
traverses forwards to spin and backwards to wind up, we
have .27 miles for each irul.e, and 54 miles for a pair of
mutes in a week, which, diviikd by six, the number of
working days, gives an av,,rage of nine miles p(n• day.
This calculation refers sol:!ly to the spinner ; but the
piecer, who has to traverse diagonally between the

TIE 8,

frames, WOUla have to .go a greater distance if a thread
broke at every stretch but this is notoriously not
the ease.
AGES IWD SEXES OF FACTORY OPERATIVE&

Under this head we have returns from 412 firms,
314 of which are assessed in the annual sum of 179,7671.
to the pcor's-rate, authenticated by the signatures of the
proprietors. The total number of persons employed
in these mills is 116,281, of whom 95,642 are able to
read. They are tla classified in per Gent= pro-
pcations

Bar Cent,
Under 13 years 3 9-20 Females 14
1-5
Males 131
Females 16 1-10
Males
Females l2t
Males 18 3-5
Females 21 24
Males
Females ..,., 1 7-10
Males l6/
Females

13, and under lit ...29 7-20

Is, and under 21 ...19i

21, and wader 40 ...40

40, and upwards . 7 3-i

Ifarrieti 2sf

From the returns it appears that 10,721 married
females are employed in the 412 factories, and, u it hie
been said that such employment tends to reverse the
condition of the sexes, eare was taken to ascertain the
employment of the husbands of these women. It was
found that 5,914 were employed in factories, 8,927 were
engaged in other trades, 821 had no regular employment,
and 659 are unaccounted for, in consequence of the ,
limited time given for the preparation of the returns.
Oat of the 413 millowners, 167 have reported the fol-
lowing accidents occurring within an average period of
201 years ; viz.:-72 occasioning death-168 loss sf
and 13 not specifed-196 have reported that no
accidents involving loss of life or limb have occurred in
their factories, in an average period of 131 years. The
proportion of accidents, therefore. appears to be about 1
death per annum in 104 mills, and 1 loss of limb in 41
mills. From 49 of the mills no returns have been made
with respect to accidents. It appears, then, that 412
mills employ 116,281 persons, averaging 282 in each
mill. In 104 mills, employing 29,328 persons, only one
fatal accident in a year occurs. In 41 mills, employing
11,562 persons, only one accident occasioning lemma of
limb oceere in a year. So favourable.* result as to ac-
cidents probably- cannot be found in any other industrial
occupation in this country.
From the return of accidents (hy coroners, &c,.), sent
with this return, it appears that out of upwards of 858
accidents, occasioning loss of life, only 29 (or 3 2-5 per
cent.) have been occasioned by Factory Machine/7,
while 79 have been minted' by carts, &c., acid 85 in
eddpits.
The above return shows that no lees than 82 per cent.
of the whole number of factory operatives can read,
while it appears from the registrars returns for England
that ,about one-half of the whole population of the
country do not know how to write their names.
Some of the millowners have neglected to make a re-
turn of the amount of wages paid by them ; but returns
have been made by millowners employing 112,796 ope-
ratives, and the tettal amount of net weekly wages paid
by them, is 57,8811. 18s. id., or the average weekly
wages to each operative of 10s. 31d. net, being a re-
duction of 2d. per week in the average wages' of each
operative since 1883, as shown by a similar staterffent
thee published of 151 mills employing 411,645 persons.
In all the manufacturing districts there are several
trttdes, such as those of colliers, engineers, iron-founders,
inachine-makers, builders, tailors, shoemakers,
which do not employ female labour; and to the wives
and daughters of the persons engaged in auctii trades the
spinning and weaving mills afford the means of contri-
buting by their labour to the support of their families.
From inquiries made in Bolton in 1836, it was found that
there were more than 3,000 operatives engaged in those
trades from which women were excluded, and conse-
quently a very large number of families would have been
stinted in their comforts, if not deprived of some of the
necessaries of life, had the resources which they derived
from the labour of their female relatives been inter-
rupted. It is perfectly well known that, where employ-
ment for females cannot be obtained in mills, it is sought
t. ,r in mines, collieries, and other branches of industry.
involving oceupations far more injurious to health and
dangerous to morals than &wee of mills and cotion'fa.e-
toride This is felt by the reaseles themselves; they pre-
fer to 'most other occupation% stud even to do-
meetie eervice.
The per tentage of persons above forty engaged ifn
i only 7 2-3 per cent.; this does not arise so
mob from superannuation, as from the number of
mill-heads who are enabled, by their sevings, to
enter into superior occupations, Of these 197
have been teaced in the town and vicinity of Ashtoe-
under-Lyne---the short space o! time allowed, and
the obvious delicacy and difficulty of such inquiries
having necessarily limited the field of observation. Of
these 107 we find that 14 have become master-spinners
awl manufactarere, 01 shopkeepers, 42 publicans and
bear-retailers, 11 growers and tea-dealers, and the rest
Ileac, found other teepectible means of obtaining a Evil-
heed. We submit that there are very few industrial oc-
cupations which would afford similar evidence of advance,
merit in a single locality.
It has. indeed, been stated that in the year 18,41 seve-
ral distressed spinners were foetid in mean and degrad-
ing oecenations ; but it must be rernemleered that the.
greater part of that year was a season of depression,
when mills were working short time. And, even if the
returns were perfectly Itecurate. they would only prove
that a compulsory working of short time, which depressed
mat-Isms can enforce more strongly than any Legislative
enactment, deteriorates the eonition of the operative,
stud sithjeete him to want and degradation.
EFFECT OF A TEN XOURS' BILL.

We have estimated the loss on a Ten Yours' Bill from
the returns of the standing charges, wages, and other
espenditure of mills, which have been supplied to. us by
large manufacturers. Taking 100,000/ as iihe sun em-
barked in an indivitinal csucern, the following are tke
results :

The fixed charges, taken upon the
usual and admitted authority of
practical men, amount to £17,150 per annum.
Thi4 charge now falls upon a pro-
ductive power of 69 hours per
week.
By. reducing the hours of working
to 59 per week, the effective pro-
ductive power will be in the pro-
portion of 14,700

Mill-owner's lose will be ..........£2,450 per en.
The Wages:-
69 hours' wagee £25,613
59 hours' wages 23,913

Loes to workpeople £5,700

£6,150 per al.
The effect of these additional charges, estimated upon
Ate manufacturing cost of thee. conoerns, will be 12 to
12i per cent., and, therefore, a " Ten Hour Bill" would
virtually become a bounty of 12 to 11 per cwt. oa the
oxtesasion of foreign manufactures,
All tie statements which wo have made are based on
the returns sent to us by gentlemen of known character
and established-reputation. We are not only willing but
anxious to afford every opportunity of scrutinising the
accuracy of these returns to any Members who may
wish to exauaine them ; or, if it be desired by either
House of Parliament, we are willing to have them
priated for the use of the Legislature.
Ou behalf of the Committee.
R. H. Gnso. T. H. liiaLET.
JrinfTLY LIOULDSWOUTir. LBWIS WILLIAV,.
. . .
THONAS MILTON.
ASIIWOIITIL, DAVID HAIIELIGON.
Londenotpril 27, 1844.

Mu. 'Oren SWIM/B.—lt is well knoWn to most
of our readers that Mr. Dyce Sombre has been residing
for some time at Paris, where he has been giving a
eerias of entertainments to the elite of that city. He
his been also received by Louis Philippe at the
Tuileries. Being strongly impressed with a oonvic-
tion of the injustice of the decision by which he was
declared t* be incapable of managing his affairs, he
consulted some of the first medical authorities in
Paris. An army of French physicians, after lengthened
examinations, long reports of which have Nweisxed
the publie oarnals, have decided—" That from the hp-
pr(eiation of all the conversations which they have
held with Mr. Dyce Sombre, and of all his acts. which
have come to their knowledge, they are all perfectly
convinced that, at the present time, Mr. Dyce Sombre
is in the full possession of his intellectual and affec-
tive fitculties ; tilat the movements• of jealousy, the
tenacity of which are revealed in several expressions of
Mr. Dyce Sombre, de not appear to exceed the ordinary
limits in the feelings of as European, and with much
more reason than those of itn Asiatic. That from all
information furnished by several persons who have
known Mr. Dyce Sombre ever since his arrival in
France, the full possession of his intellectual and effec-
tive faculties has not failed him since that period." 1
petition has been presented to the Court of Chancery to
set astde the finding of the Commission, and it Wands
fur Friday next,—Sefialh Herald.

DUATU PROS OFJUAL-CitTION TO P4.1111/1111.
Yesterday an inquest, which had been adjourned from Thurs-
day last, was resumed before Mr. Baker, at the Spread Eagle,.
Homertoß, on the body of Joseph Henry Newton. an infant,
seven months old, whose paean% resided at No. 4, Brun.-
wick-place, Homerton. The inquest had been adjourned fur
a post mortem axamination of the body. On the evidence
hang fully gone into, it was shown that a few day* pre-
viously to his death the &cowed had become somewhat
ftetful and peevish, and the mother, in order to quiet him,
without having procured any previous medical advice, ob-
tained from a neighbouring chemist some opium, which she
administered to deceased. The deceased almost Anwiediately
after mink into a comatose state, from which he neverrallied,
and died before medical assistance could arrive. Mr. Cream,
surgeon, said he had made a post mortem examination of the
body, and found the vessels of the brain much congested,
which had no doubt resulted from an improper administra-
tion of or4,um, causing death. The Coroner hoped the pro-
sent case would operate as a caution to parents in general
against administering such nostrums, in the absence of me-
dical practitioners, and the jury returned a verdict of "Died
from natural causes."

SITDDBN DE ATII Ii WDSILUSTWEIL AIIMIY.—On
Friday las', one of the vergere of Westminster Abbey,
rammed Samuel Phillpotta, aged fifty, was engaged in
showing suine individuals the monuments, &c., contained
in the sacred edifloe, when suddenly he ejaculated,
" V H
" and fell speechle;s.
He was immediately con-
veyed to the Westtninstkit Hospital, where the usual
means were adopted in order to produce re animation,
but without effect. The medical gentlemen who at-
tendud him gave it as their opinion, that death had been
caused by x fit of apoplexy.
In the paragraph relative to the entertainment
given by the Lord Mayor on Tuesday at the Mansion-
house, it was mentioned by mistake that Mr. Crew at-
tended professionally as a singer. Mr. Crew Wahatriongst
the guests of the Lord Mayor.
_