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CHRIST'S HOSPITAL.
On Monday, according to annual custom, the Lord
Mayor, several of the Aldermen, the Sheriffs, and Go-
vernors of this magnificent educational establishment,
after attending Divine service at Christ's Church, New-
gate-street, where a sermon was preached by the Rev.
W. H. Guillemard, MA., of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge,
proceeded to the great Hall of the Hospital, to hear the
orations delivered, as on St. Matthe%N 's day, by the senior
scholar of the foundation. The Hall was crowded with
ladies and gentlemen, amongst whom were a consider-
able number of clergymen. Immediately behind the
rostrum, in the centre of the floor, sat the Rev. Dr.
Rice, the respected :head-master, surrounded by his
assistants and the senior scholars. The speeches "On
the Benefits of the Royal Hospitals" were delivered in
Latin, by E. T. Scargill, second Grecian, who is pro-
ceeding to Pembroke College, Cambridge ; in English,
by G. E. Evans, first Grecian and mathematical medalist,
1844, who is proceeding to Lincoln College, Oxford, as
Rowed scholar ; in Greek, by William Frederick Green-
field, fourth Grecian and mathematical medallist, 1843,
who is proceeding to Pembroke College, Cambridge ;
and in French, by George Voigt, third Grecian and
classical medallist, 1845, who is proceeding to Clare Hall.
Cambridge. These compositions, as far as we could
judge, were characterised by purity and elegance of
thought and diction, and were delivered with an intelli-
gence, self-possession, and appropriate emphasis credit •
able alike to master and scholar. The exhibition also com-
prised—" Latin Alcaics, on the Norman Conquest,"
recited by Thomas Johnson Potter, seventh Grecian and
mathematical medallist, 1845:- " Greek lambics, trans-
lation of part of Belial's speech in Paradise Lost," by
Malcolm Laing, fifth Grecian. "An English Ode on
China," by Thomas Stedman Polehampton, sixth
Grecian. " Latin Hexameters, translation from Pope's
Windsor Forest,"' by Edward Hayman, tenth Grecian.
" Greek lamlics, the Address of Regulus to the Senate,"
by Edward Algernon Newton, eighth Grecian. " Latin
Elegiacs, on the Murder of the two Princes in the
Tower," by Charles Edward Searle, eleventh Grecian.
" Greek Sapphics, on Her Majesty's 'Fist to Christ's
Hospital," by John Daniel Williams, ninth Grecian ;
and an "English Poem, on the Fall of Babylon," by
William Allan Russell, twelfth Grecian. Where all
acquitted themselves so well, we would not make invi-
dious distinction. We must, however, say, we were
much pleased with the English oration, by Evans, the
first Grecian ; the French oration, by Voigt, third Gre-
cian ; the Latin Hexameters, by Hayman, tenth Gre-
cian ; the Greek lambics, by Newton, eighth Grecian ;
and the English poem on " The Fall of Babylon," by
W.A. Russell, twelfth Grecian. The proceedings of the
day, which were extremely interesting, were terminated
by the " blue-coat" boys, who thronged the spacious
organ gallery, singing the National Anthem, which they
accomplished in most effective style.

exclaiming, Finis Polonier—the end of Poland! Six
thousand Poles covered the field of battle; three generals,
besides the commander-in-chief and 3,000 men, together
with the camp, baggage, and artillery, fell into the hands of
the victors. The Polish hero was sent under an escort of
3,000 men to Petersburgh, where he languished in close con-
finement till the death of the vindictive Catherine, when her
son and successor restored hini to liberty, with 12,000 other
Poles immured in Russian prisons."

islander will at once tell from which of the islands a
tortoise has come ; and the same difference is observed
with regard to the birds, the reptiles, and the plants.
We have been detained so long at the Galapagos Islands
that we have barely time to glance at Otaheite and New
Zealand. At Otaheite our author saw Queen Pomare,
and thus describes that now celebrated lady :
" The :Queen is a large awkward woman, without any
beauty, grace, or dignity. She has only one royal attribute:
a perfect immoveability of expression under all circum-
stances, and that rather a sullen one."
He speaks of the New Zealanders as a warlike but
dirty race, superior in physical strength to the Ota-
heitans, but inferior to them in intellectual endowments,
and in elegance of personal appearance. Mr. Darwin is
inclined to attribute very beneficial results to the labours
of the missionaries in both these islands. He next
visited Australia, the shores of which he says he quitted
without sorrow or regret. He then proceeded to the
Keeling or Cocos Islands, situated in the Indian Ocean,
about 600 miles from the coast of Sumatra "Keeling Island is one of the lagoon islands (or atolls) of coral
formation, similar to those in the Low Archipelago which we
passed near. When the ship was in the channel at the en-
trance, Mr. Liesk, an English resident, came off in his boat.
The history of the inhabitants of this place, in as few words
as possible, is as follows. About nine years ago Mr. Hare
brought from the East Indian Archipelago a number of
Malay slaves, which now, including children, amount to more
than a hundred. Shortly afterwards, Captain Ross, who
had before visited these islands in his merchant ship, arrived
from England, bringing with him his family and goods for
settlement ; along with him came Mr. Liesk, who had been
a mate in his vessel. The Malay slaves soon ran away from
tha islet on which Mr. Hare was settled, and joined Captain
Ross's party. Mr. Hare upon this was ultimately obliged to
leave the place.
"The Malays are now nominally in a state of freedom, and
certainly are so, as far as regards their personal treatment ;
but in most other poiats they are considered as slaves. From
tneir discontented state, from their repeated removals from
islet to islet, and perhaps also from a little mismanagement,
things are not very prosperous. The island has no domes-
tic quadruped, excepting the pig, and the main vegetable
production is the cocoa-nut. The whole prosperity of the
place depends on this tree : the only exports being oil from
she nut, and the nuts themselves, which are taken to Singa-
pore and Mauritius, where they are chiefly used, when
grated, in making curries. On the cocoa-nut, also, the pigs,
which are loaded with fat, almost entirely subsist, as do the
ducks and poultry. Even a huge bind-crab is furnished by
nature with the means to open and feel on this most useful
production."

MURRAY'S HOME AND COLONIAL LI-
, BRARY. No. XXIV. DARWIN'S JOURNAL
OF A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD.
Pal t
This part concludes Mr. Darwin's very interesting
"Journal of his Voyage Round the World, in H.M.S.
Beagle, during the Years 1832-3-4-5-6." It contains
the history of his adventures and discoveries on the
coasts of Chili, Peru—in the Galapagos Archipelago—at
Otaheite and New Zealand, in Australia—at Keeling
Island, the Mauritius, St. Helena, Bahia, and Pernam-
buco, from which last place the Beagle sailed for Eng-
land, and arrived at Falmouth on the 2d of October.
Mr. Darwin, as our readers are aware, is by profession
a naturalist, and his journal is replete with interesting
details regarding the botany, zoology, and geology of
the various districts he visited. In South America it
would appear that his geological researches were occa-
sionally visited with an eye of suspicion. He says—
"My geological examination of the country generally
created a good deal of surprise amongst the Chilenos ; it was
long before they could be convinced that I was not hunting
for mines. This was sometimes troublesome ; I found the
most ready way of explaining my employment, was to ask
them how it was that they themselves were not curious con-
cerning earthquakes and volcangs ?—why some springs were
hot and others celd ?—why there were mountains in Chile,
and not a hill in La Plata ? These bare questions at once
satisfied and silenced the greater number; some, however
(like a few in England who are a century behindhand),
thought that all such inquiries were useless and impious ; and
that it was quite sufficient that God had thus made the
mountains."

His account of Galapagos Archipelago is the most
minute and elaborate that has ever appeared. These
islands, which are ten in number, are situated imme-
diately under the Equator, and between 500 and 600
miles west of the coast of America. They are all formed
of volcanic rocks ; and Mr Darwin says—" I scarcely
hesitate to affirm that there must be in the whole Archi-
pelago at least 2,000 craters." The climate is far from
excessively hot, and although the lower parts of the
islands are sterile, the upper parts, at the height of
1,000 feet and upwards, possess a damp climate and a
luxuriant vegetation. Our author first landed on
Chatham Island—
" Which, like the others, rises with a tame and rounded out-
line, broken here and there by scattered hillocks, the remains
of former craters. Nothing could be less inviting than the
first appearance. A broken field of black basaltic lava,
thrown into the most rugged waves, and crossed by great
fissures, is everywhere covered by stunted, sun -burnt brush.
wood, which shows little signs of life. The dry and parched
surface, being heated by the noon-day sun, gave to the air a
close and sultry feeling, like that from a stove : we fancied
even that the bushes smelt unpleasantly. Although I di-
ligently tried to collect as many plants as possible, I suc-
ceeded in getting very few ; and such wretched-looking little
weeds would have better become an arctic than an equatorial
Flora. The brushwood appears, from a short distance, as
leafless as our trees during winter; and it was some time be-
fore I discovered that not only almost every plant was now in
full leaf, but that the greater number were in flower. The
commonest bush is one of the Euphorbiacem : an acacia and
a great odd-looking cactus are the only trees which afford
any shade. After the season of heavy rains, the islands
are said to appear for a time partially green. The volcanic
island of Fernando Noronha, placed in many respects under
nearly similar conditions, is the only other country where I
have seen a vegetation at all like this of the Galapagos
islands.
" The Beagle sailed round Chatham Island, and anchored
in sevaral bays. One night I slept on shore on a part of the
island, where black truncated cones were extraordinarily
numerous ; from one small eminence I counted sixty, '
them, all surmounted by craters more or less perfect. The
greater number consisted merely of a ring of red scoriae or
slags, cemented together; and their height above the plain
of lava was not more than from fifty to a hundred feet; none
had been very lately active. The entire surface of this part
of the island seems to have been permeated, like a sieve, by
the subterranean vapours ; here and there the lava, whilst
soft, has been blown into great bubbles ; and in other parts,
the tops of caverns similarly formed have fallen in, leaving
circular pits with steep sides. From the regular form of the
many craters, they gave to the country an artificial appear-
ance, which vividly reminded me of those parts of Stafford-
shire, where the great iron• foundries are mostnumerous. The
day was glowing hot, and the scrambling over the rough
surface and through the intricate thickets, wasvery fatiguing;
but I was well repaid by the strange Cyclopean scene. As I
was walking along I met two large tortoises, each of which
must have weighed at least two hundred pounds ; one was
eating a piece of cactus, and as I approached, it stared at me
and slowly stalked away; the other gave a deep hiss, and
drew in its head. These huge reptiles, surrounded by the
black lava, the leafless shrubs, and large cacti, seemed to my
fancy like some antediluvian animals. The few dull-coloured
birds cared no more for me than they did for the great
tortoises."
The Beagle then proceeded to Charles Island, another
of the group, upon which, within the lust few years, a
colony has been established, by persons who have/been
banished from the Republic of Quito for political offences:
" The inhabitants, although complaining of poverty, ob-
tain, without much trouble, the means of subsistence. In
the woods there are many wild pigs and goats; but the staple
article of animal food is supplied by the tortoises. Their
numbers have of course been greatly reduced in this island,
but the people yet count on two days' hunting giving them
food for the rest of the week. It is said that formerly single
vessels have taken away as many as seven hundred, and
that the ship's company of a frigate some years since brought
down in one day two hundred tortoises to the beach."
The Galapagos are most interesting, however, to the
student of natural history, and, as Mr. Darwin well
observes—
" The natural history of these islands is eminently curious,
and well deserves attention. Most of the organic produc-
tions are aboriginal creations, found nowhere else ; there is
even a difference between the inhabitants of the different
islands, yet all show a marked relationship with those of
America, though separated from that continent by an
open space of ocean, between 500 and 600 miles in width.
The archipelago is a little world within itself, or rather a
satellite attached to America, whence it has derived a few
stray colonists, and has received the general character of its
indigenous productions. Considering the small size of these
islands. we feel the more astonished at the number of their
aboriginal beings, and at their confined range. Seeing every
height crowned with its crater, and the boundaries of most of
the lava-streams still distinct, we are led to believe that
within a period, geologically recent, the unbroken ocean was
here spread out. Hence, both in space and time, we seem to
be brought somewhat near to that great fact—that mystery
of mysteries--the first appearance of new beings on this
earth."

This island is a coral formation, and our author de-
votes some thirty or forty pages to a scientific account
of the theory of the formation of coral groups. He re-
turned to Europe by way of St. Helena and Brazil,
having completely circumnavigated the globe in not
quite five years. In the retrospect with which he con-
cludes, of the advantages and disadvantages, the pains
and the pleasures, attending a circumnavigation of the
globe, he thus speaks of the savage wandering wild in
his native woods :
" Of individual objects, perhaps nothing is more certain
to create astonishment than the first sight in his native haunt
of a barbarian,—of man in his lowest and most savage state.
One's mind hurries back over past centuries, and then asks,
could our progenitors have been men like these?—men,
whose very signs and expressions are leas intelligible to us
than those of the domesticated animals; men, who do not
possess the instinct of those animals, nor yet appear to boast
of human reason, or at least of arts consequent on that rea-
son. Ido not believe it is possible to describe or paint the
difference between savage and civilized man. It is the dif-
ference between a wild and tame animal : and part of the
interest in beholding a savage, is the same which would lead
every one to desire to see the lion in his desert, the tiger
tearing his prey in the jungle, or the rhinoceros wandering
over the wild plains of Africa."
Yet for even this degraded being there is hope:—
" From seeing the present state, it is impossible not to look
forward with high expectation to the future progress of
nearly an entire hemisphere. The march of improvement,
consequent on the introduction of Christianity throughout
the South Sea, probably stands by itself in the records of his-
tory. It is the more striking when we remember that only
sixty years since, Cooke, whose excellent judgment none will
dispute, could foresee no prospect of a change. Yet these
changes have now been effected by the philanthropic spirit
of the British nation.

LOSS OF THE HYDERABAD AND
CARINGA PACKET.
(From the Calcutta Star of Aug. 7.)
We have been favoured with the following extracts from
a letter by the captain of the Hyderabad, giving an account
of her loss :
" We left Sydney on the 3d of May, and had a tedious
passage to the edge of the reefs. When within a hundred
miles the weather became squally. On the 18th, at day-
light, saw the reefs from the decks ; kept working under easy
sail till noon, and found that we had drifted fifty miles to the
northward. Oa the 19th, kept beating about till the 23d, in
hopes of regaining our position, but we found ourselves even
still set to the northward. I then made up my mind to run
through the above passage (the Murray Island one); unfor-
tunately the ship drew too much water, although in Flinder's
Chart there is twenty-five fathoms marked where the ship
struck, and in Horsburg's Directory it says—' A fine clear
passage.' We found no more water on the shoal than fifteen
feet; everything available was thrown overboard; and a
stream anchor carried out to the deepest water. Night
coming on, the ladies with some of their luggage were put
into the long boat. About seven P.M.' during a gust of
wind, the ship slipped off the reef into deep water. After
anchoring, we found the ship began to settle fast down, gain-
ing on the pumps about two feet per hour. By midnight
both pumps were choked. All hands were summoned to the
boats where they had been previously placed. At two A. 31.
all hands being in the boats and fast astern, the ship began to
settle fast by the head. About three A.M. the main deck
blew up and the mainmast went. The ship then sunk, having
her trucks above water. We then steered for the York
Islands, being in the track of ships proceeding through the
Straits, where we arrived on the 29th, and finally at Booby
Island on the 31st, where I made the best arrangements I
possibly could, with our scanty stock-of provisions, for the
long boat to proceed on to Port Essington. On the Ist of
June, having embarked 28 persons, and having five pieces of
pork, 25 of bread, and 100 gallons of water, I set sail for Es-
sington, having brought Master Melville Sandys, Miss Mary
Sandys, and their nurse, Mrs. Murphy, in the long boat.
We arrived safe on the 6th, and I had the gratification of
seeing the remainder of the crew and passengers brought in
by the schooner Shamrock on the 7th. As the schooner was
not large enough to accommodate the passengers, the com-
mander thought it better to remain till the Fly surveying
ship came in, who will, in all probability, take them back to
Sydney."
The Shamrock, as we announced, managed to convey some
of the passengers to Ceylon, whence they have come on here.
The children mentioned above, have arrived safely at Singa-
pore. Among the horses, it appears that 12 were Govern-
ment property; the others were on private speculation. As
some anxiety prevails in town upon the subject, we give
from the Sydney Morning Herald the following item :
" The passengers on board the Hyderabad, Robertson,
were—Mrs. Betts, three daughters, and son, Mr. J. C. Lvall,
Mr. A. Ford, Miss and Master Sandys, Dr. Child, Mrs. Mur-
phy, Messrs. J. Knowles, John Stewart, James Broderich,
G. P. Lynch, James Mason, Christopher Laurel, Colin Munro,
David Peacock, Edward Brown, John Stacey, W. Philip,
and E. Hall. She exported, among other items-11 horses,
J. R. Bettington ; 9 horses, C. Throsby; 12 horses, A. W.
Dallas; 41 horses, John Mackay; 26 horses, Dr. Child ; 4
horses, T. S. Morton; 3 horses, G. A. Lloyd; 3 horses, A. C.
Brown ; 2 horses, E. Hunt. The Caringa Packet, Chillcott,
which was bound for Ceylon, carried Lieut. Blackall, Ensign
Bloomfield, Mr. E. Lord, and Mr. Henry Van Deerlin."
(From the Madras Atheneum of July 26.)
The interest you always take in matters regarding navi-
gation and the welfare of shipping has induced me to lay be-
fore you the following particulars of the unfortunate loss of
the barque Caringa packet under my command. We sailed
from Sydney on the 26th of April, bound for Ceylon and
Madras. Nothing of any note occurred until the sth of
May, when we passed about twelve miles to the eastward of
Wreck Reef ; the wind then veered to the E.N.E., and not
being able to clear Alert Reef and other dangers, bore away
to pass to the westward. On the 7th of May, at sunset,
shortened sail so as to pass through some dangers known by
the name of Tregosis's Island, on the Bth at noon passed
them in sight, and shaped a course N.W. by W. for Lizard
Island off the N.E. coast of New Holland, when at 9.45 p.m.
the chief officer, who had the watch on deck, discovered
something of an unusual appearance ahead. He called me,
but before I had time to order the helm to be put hard
a-port, the ship struck with a tremendous crash on a reef
and slewed broadside on. Immediately found seven
feet water in the hold. I ordered the masts to be
cut away and the anchors to be let go, for fear the
vessel should be driven over the reef and sink in deep
water—not being able to descry anything around
us, but a foaming sea. I then held a consultation with the
passengers and officers, when we decided to remain by the
wreck until daylight if possible, the sea now breaking over
the ship with tremendous violence. Fortunately the masts
had gone clear of the ship without injury to the boats, which
we now secured well. Daylight, as you may suppose, was
looked for by all on board with the greatest anxiety, when,
to our great joy, a small island was discovered not more than
half a mile from the ship. The wreck now lying more
steady, being well hove up on the reef, ragged a pair of
shears and with great difficulty succeeded in getting the boats
out without injury ; we then commenced to save what pro-
visions and water we could get at, and at night all hands
went to sleep on the island. At daylight again went to the
wreck, and found that during the night the sea had beat
violently over her, and her decks and topsides had partly se-
parated.- We managed to procure a few more casks of water,
and some spars to construct a raft, our boats being only three
in number, and not large, they were not sufficient to carry
all hands the different of , 1,200 miles before it was likely of
come to any place of succour. The raft I constructed was as
jallows,Four,_,Aiars, lower yards and top-masts, -placed at
equal distances, five cross pieces with empty water casks
lashed between each cross-piece; the whole well bolted and
lashed; then came four upright stanchions, and a platform
laid over all. Laslfed on a 100 gallon cask cf water and sent
all hands on. It appeared to meet our expectations. We then
got the boats up on the beach to repair, found the cutter much
damaged, covered her bottom with tarred canvas. Everything
now being ready, the day fixed for our departure was the 21st
of May. On the morning of this day mustered all hands and
allotted them to their respective boats, having a crew of 24
men and the chief officer in charge of the raft. The Lascars
refused to proceed; the Tindal came to me and said they
would rather we should proceed in the boats, as they had
now suffi,-;ient water and provisions for three months, and no
doubt by that time we could procure assistance. This opi-
nion being unanimous, we decided to man the boats, the
crews of which were as follows :—Long boat, 3 passengers,
second mate and myself in charge, the rest of the boat being
occupied by provisions and water ; cutter, 1 passenger, 2 sea-
cunnies, 3 lascars and chief officer in charge ; gig, carpenter,
2 seacunnies, and Mr. E. Lord in charge—making in the
whole 15 souls. At 4 P.M. on the 21st left the island with a fine
breeze from the S.E. ; on the 22d it blew hard, with a heavy
sea, but being a moonlight night, it enabled me to keep
the boats together. We were much pleased to find the
boats behave so well, but as you may suppose it was a
constant scene of baling. On the 23d it still continued to
blow, and the sea running very high we now had to expe-
rience a very melancholy accident, which threw a gloom over
all hands ; for about eight P.m. the gig was capsised by a
sea, and, lam sorry to state, Mr. E. Lord sunk to rise no
more ; the rest of the crew were saved by the cutter and my-
self. Proceeded on our voyage—daylight moderate. Lizard
Island in sight. We now found the weather we had expe-
rienced had not only damaged our scanty stock of provisions,
but had also made the water brackish. On the 25th entered
the Barrier Reef, and steered for Booby Island, in hopes of
falling in with her Majesty's ship Fly. Our next anxiety
was that of the natives, as we had to pass through the group
of islands noted for the inhospitable character of the people,
and where the ill-fated crews of the Eaten and Stirling Cas-
tle, a few years back, were barbarously murdered ; and had
we been perceived in our defenceless state, no doubt we
should have shared the same fate. We saw several of their
fires on the land, but I passed through under the cloak of
night. On the tenth day arrived at Booby Island, where we
found the crew of the ship Hydrabad, of 600 tons, from
Sydney, bound to Calcutta, having lost their ship entering
Torres Straits. Fresh water was procured on the island,
and we managed to do pretty well, in the way of provisions,
with the oysters and a few fish I caught at times. On the
23d the schooner Shamrock hove in sight. I immediately
went off in the boat, and was rejoiced to find an old pas-
senger on board, and that the schooner was bound to Ceylon.
I need not say that we all met with a most hearty reception
from Mr. Hasall and the commander. He came to anchor,
and took the crews of both ships on board, in the whole 62
souls, and proceeded for Port Essington. The commander
of that place, Captain M'Arthur, has promised that every
exertion shall be used to promote the dispatch of a vessel
for the relief of the men left on the island. After remaining
three days we again sailed, bound for Ceylon, with the fol-
lowing passengers :—Captain Robertson, of the late ship
Hydrabad, and four passengers, myself, chief and second
officers, and three of my crew. To Mr. Hasall, owner of the
Shamrock, as well as, to Captain Browning, the commander,
we all owe a debt of gratitude for their generosity, attention,
and kind treatment to us during the voyage.
The position of the danger on which the Caringa packet
was wrecked is as follows :—Latitude 16 52 30 south, longi-
tude by the means of 20 lunar observations 149 55 45 E.—
the chronometer showing a longitude of 149 55 E., variation
of the compass 9 degrees E. ; rise of tide at springs 5 feet ;
the island about 10 feet above the level of the sea, surrounded
by a reef dry in some places at low water, the wreck of
the vessel bearing N.E., by half a mile, and the whole of this
danger does not exceed 4i miles in circumference. Another
small island we observed to the S. W. about four miles, and
apparently a safe passage between the two, although the
charts show a clear navigation from the Tregonis Island to the
coast of New Holland in a N.W. direction. It is my opinion
that other dangers exist, for on the 3rd night after leaving
the island in the boats I am certain we passed in the vicinity
of other dangers, although we saw nothing at daylight.
I have the honour to remain, yours obediently,
(Signed) F. B. CHILCOTT.

" In the same quarter of the globe Australia is rising, or
indeed may be said to have risen, into a grand centre of
civilization, which, at some not very remote period, will rule
as empress over the southern hemisphere. It is impossible
for an Englishman to behold these distant colonies, without a
high pride and satisfaction. To hoist the British flag, seems
to draw with it, as a certain consequence, wealth, prosperity,
and civilization."
Let us hope that it may even be thus—that among
savage nations the British flag may ever be the herald
of wealth, prosperity, and civilization; but, in order that
such should continue to be the case the theory of colo-
nization must be studied as a science, and carried out as
a national enterprise, not as a mere official job.

MADRID and VALENCIA RAIL WAY.
It will have been seen in our advertising columns that
another and very important Spanish Railway Company
has been organised. We refer to the line intended to be
constructed from Madrid to Valencia, the execution of
which has received the sanction of Queen Isabella and her
Government The lis:; of directors includes many English
names of distinction, and the district through which the
railway is to pass seems to present more than the or-
dinary facilities for the execution of the work. The
length of the line will be about 200 miles, upwards of
eighty of which cross the almost perfectly level plain
of Valencia. The prospectus issued states that, al-
though no minute survey has yet been made, ‘‘ it is
well known that there is no district of equal extent in the
kingdom which presents so few engineering difficulti6s."
The estimate of traffic returns is very flattering, and, taking
all the circumstances together, the speculative body appear
to anticipate no obstacle to the success of the undertaking.
We well remember the failure that was experienced in the
establishment of a line of railroad between Port St. Mary and
Xeres. A commencement was made of that short line
of only six or eight miles, but it was presently aban-
doned, and the' completion of lines of the length of two
and three hundred miles, in Spain, may be thought
by many to be all but impracticable. Influenced by the
example of the other States of Europe, and by the
great progress that has been made in locomotive affairs
within the last few years, the Spaniards are, however, at
length throwing off their habitual lethargy, and they., too,
like the sluggish Italians, will now have their railways.
Our capitalists should, we think, be content with the field
that is open to them at home for the investment of their
moneys; but they have hitherto been perfectly insensible
to any counsel the press has had to offer them on that
head. They have contributed immensely to the success
of the schemes set on foot in France, Belgium,
and Holland. They have also stimulated railway en-
terprise in the colonies of Spain by their ready advances of
the funds required, nor can it be believed that they are to be
restrained (admitting that it were desirable they should be)
from lending their assistance to the mother country. If,
then, they are determined to proceed in this line of specula-
tion, it may not be improper to suggest that the rail-
road projected from the capital to Valencia seems
to be as eligible a scheme as any of the Spanish or other fo-
reign lines (out of France) that have been announced. We
deem it better, at all events, that they should send their su-
perfluous wealth to the most dreary wilderness abroad,
whether it be in the South or the North, than to employ it in
the disfigurement of some of the picturesque districts which
have been marked out for the operations of the railway exca-
vator at home, and we suppose there must be some limit to
this sort of business.—Morning Post.

CORK AND BANDON RAILWAY.
Thursday a vast concourse of both classes, patrician and
plebeian, took place on the hill of Kilpatrick, near Dounda-
niel Castle, Innoshannon, to assist at and witness the inte-
resting ceremony of raising the first sod on the line of the
Cork and Bandon Railroad. The pavilion was erected on a
large bawn field just above the castle. and affording a pros-
pect of woods and the windings of the river Bandon, which
shows with the finest picturesque effect from this spot. Near
the ravilion was a space inclosed with pallisades, in which
the Right Honourable the Earl of Bandon, Lieutenant of
the County, was to make the initiative in that good work
which is to bring comfort into the homes of so many hun-
dreds of the peasantry, and must result in the bettered con-
dition of their coming generations, and the general pros-
perity of the south of Ireland. Notwithstanding the
frequency and violence of the showers which fell during the
day, crowds of the country people were assembled to watch
the proceedings, which came home to their own homes and
bosoms with such interest. About half-past two o'clock ar-
rived the carriages of the Earl and Countess of Bandon, Lord
and Lady Bernard, the Hon. H. B. Bernard, and Lady Har-
riet Bernard. Immediately they appeared on the ground,
accompanied by the directors, secretary, solicitors, and engi-
neers of the line, attended by a crowd of ladies and gentle-
men, and surrounded on all sides by the peasantry. The
Earl then commenced operations. His implements—made by
Mr. Hogg, of Patrick-street—were a bright steel shovel and
pick-axe, the handles of which were covered with morocco.
His Lordship took the pick-axe, raised it with much
dexterity, and bringing it down, exclaimed with great
heartiness, " Success to the Cork and .Bandon Railway." The
act and the sentiment were alike applauded by the shouts
of the delighted peasantry, again and again repeated as his
Lordship shovelled the sod and a quantity of earth into a
beautiful mahogany wheelbarrow, with brass wheels, pre-
sented by Mr. Henright, one of the contractors for the line,
and then rolled it a few paces along a plank laid for the
purpose. The principal personages proceeded to the pavilion,
just as a heavy shower was preparing to drench the less pri-
vileged, who, in spite of the elements, kept their places on the
field and round the lofty tent prepared ibr the entertainment
of their patrons. The pavillion was large, and of excellent
accommodation. It was erected by Mr. Parrott, of Bandon,
with good taste and effect, and the flags of the two services,
and several others, floated from the roof. Within, a dejeuner
was admirably prepared by Mr. Lloyd, of Cork, in which
the excellence of the viands, confectionery, &c., the rarity
and plenty of the wines, and the regularity and order
of attendance, could not be exceeded by the means and
appliances of a household banquet. Three tables ran along
the large tent, the floor of which was boarded. A raised
table, under the dais—if we may assume the emblazoned
Cork arms over the Earl's chair to be such—accommodated
his Lordship and family. At the lower end were the Ban-
don arms over the head of the Vice-President. The sides of
the temporary banquet-hall were covered with evergreens,
and pyramids of flowers were placed at intervals along the
tables, and the, proceed.jpge xerevnliveneid. -by „tbe
two amateur bands. With these, the intermixture of the
dresses of the lady guests, the open front of the pavilion, and
the crowded and curious faces of the weather-beaten pea-
santry that stood around it, regarding in the most respectful
manner the progress of the banquet—all formed a scene of
great interest and animation. The demeanour of the country
people throughout the day was becomingly peaceful and re-
spectful ;
parties.—Cork Constitution.

THUNDER-STORM..—ROCHESTER, SEPT. 22.—Yes-
terday evening, between 6 and 7 o'clock, this neighbourhood
was visited by a fearful storm, which furtunately was but of
short duration. The vivid flashes of lightning were followed
by thunder claps lola alai deep, alittlicronkparfied by a heal"-v-
-shower of hail and rain, during mhich a young man, named
Catt, a brickmaker, about twenty years of age, lost his life.
He left Strood at about the commencement of the storm, on
his way to Cuxtone, a village on the bank of the Medway,
about three miles above Rochester-bridge, and before he had
proceeded one-third of the distance lost his life. The corpse
was found early this morning by a labouring man in the em-
ploy of Mr. William Manclark, near whose farm the melan-
choly catastrophe occurred. The electric fluid appears to
have struck the unfortunate man on his head,-one side of the
face being much burnt, his hat and clothes rent open, and his
shoes torn into shreds.
RAILWAY WAR.—On Friday last upwards of
twenty men were engaged in Barnardcastle by the Directors
of the projected York and Carlisle Railway, to be stationed
on the various roads and bye-roads in the vicinity, for four-
teen days, to ascertain the traffic to and from the town. We
understand that strict orders have been issued by his Grace
the Duke of Cleveland and W. Morrett, Esq., of Roxeby, that
the men are by no means to be allowed shelter in the
dwelling-houses, nor even in the barns, on their estates.
Last week, Mr. Storey, of Auckland, was surveyin-, in the
Fatts, near Barnardcastle, belonging to the Duke,
of which
the police being apprised they immediately proceeded
thither, and ordered him to desist, thus further proving the
verity of the paragraph lately going the rounds of
the papers,
to the effect of his Grace's entire disapproval of a railway on
his estates.—Tyne Mercury.
EAST SUFFOLK MILITIA.—Orders were received
at Ipswich, on Thursday, from Government, for the staff of
the East Suffolk Militia to hold themselves in readiness to
undergo inspection, preparatory to completing their numbers.
Similar orders, we believe, have been issued to the staff 0:
the West Suffolk Militia, and to the staffs generally through-
out the kingdom. It is expected that these orders are pre-
liminary to the Militia force being embodied and trained in
the ensuing spring; but it is not known at present whether
the necessary complementi of men will be raised by ballot
or by beat of drum. The Government will proceed on the
most economical but efficient plan; and we understand it is
not improbable that the East and West Suffolk Regiments
will be consolidated under the command of the Duke of
Grafton.—lpswiM Journal.
DUDLEY.—FATAL COLLIERY ACCIDENT.--On Fri-
day last an accident occurred at the Wag4on Colliery, by
which three men were severely injured. it appeared that
they had done their day's work, but remained down the pit
after the others had gone up for the purpose of working all
night. They had, however, only begun, to work a short time
when a quantity of coal fell upon them. One man was so
much injured that he was taken home in a senseless state,
and died as soon as he was taken up stairs. His name is
Joseph 'Vanes, and he has left a wife and family. An in-
quest has been held on the body by William Robinson, Esq.,
coroner, and a verdict of "Accidental death" returned. The
other two men, whose names we did not ascertain, are not
so severely injured, but little hopes are entertained for one of
them.— Worcestershire Chronicle.

Of the terrestrial mammals, there is' but one that can
be considered indigenous to these islands, and that is a
species of mouse. Of land-birds, Mr. Darwin obtained
twenty-six kinds, all peculiar to the group, and found
nowhere else, with the exception of one lark-like finch,
from North America. But it is the reptiles which give
the most striking character to the zoology of these
Islands. There is one small lizard belonging to a South
American genus, and two species of the Amblyrhynchus,
a genus confined to the Gallapagos. There is one
species of snake, one or more species of sea-turtle, no
toads or frogs, and two or three species of tortoises.
These latter are the wondersbf the island. The follow-
ing is Mr. Darwin's description of the appearance and
habits of this gigantic reptile :
" These animals are found, I believe, on all the islands of
the Archipelago ; certainly on the greater number. They
frequent in preference the high damp parts, but they like-
wise live in the lower and arid districts. I have already
shown, from the numbers which have been caught in a
single day, how very numerous they must be. Some grow
to an immense size ; Mr. Lawson, an Englishman, and Vice-
Governor of the Colony, told us that he had seen several so
large, that it required six or eight men to lift them from the
ground ; and that some had afforded as much as two hun-
dred pounds of meat. The old males are the largest, the
females rarely growing to so great a size ; the male can
readily be distinguished from the female by the greater
length of its tail. The tortoises which live on those islands
where there is no water, or in the lower and arid parts of the
others, feed chiefly on the succulent cactus. Those which
frequent the higher And damp regions, eat the leaves of
various trees, a kind of berry (called guayavita) which is
acid and austere, and likewise a pale green filamentous lichen
(Usnera plicata), that hangs in tresses from the boughs of
the trees.
"The tortoise is very fond of water, drinking large quan-
tities, and wallowing in the mud. The larger islands alone
possess springs, and these are always situated towards the
central parts, and at a considerable height. The tortoises,
therefore, which frequent the lower districts, when thirsty.
are obliged to travel from a long distance. Hence broad and
well-beaten paths branch off in every direction from the wells
down to the sea-coast; and the Spaniards by following them
up, first discovered the watering-places. When I landed at
Chatham Island, I could not imagine what animal travelled
so methodically along well-chosen tracks. Near the springs
it was a curious spectacle to behold many of these huge crea-
tures, one set eagerly travelling on with outstretched necks,
and another set returning, after having drunk their fill.
When the tortoise arrives at the spring, quite regardless of
any spectator, he buries his head in the water above his eyes,
and greedily swallows great mouthfuls, at the rate of about
ten in a minute. The inhabitants say each animal stays
three or four days in the neighboUrhood of the water, and
then returns to the lower country ; but they differed re-
specting the frequency of these visits. The animal probably
regulates them according to the nature of the food on which
it has lived. It is, however, certain, that tortoises can sub-
sist even on those islands, when there is no other water than
what falls during a few rainy days in the year.
" The tortoi s when purposely moving towards any point,
travel by night and day, and arrive at their journey's end
much sooner than would be expected. The inhabitants, from
observing marked individuals, consider that they travel a
distance of about eight miles in two or three days. One
large tortoise, which I watched, walked at the rate of sixty
yards in ten minutes, that is 360 yards in the hour, or
tour miles a day,—allowing a little time for it to eat on the
road."

1

WILLIAM UPCOTT, ESQ.—It is with infinite regret
hat we are called upon to record the death of this well-
known and respected gentleman, after a very short illness.
The melancholy event took place yesterday morning, at his
residence at Islington. Mr. Upcott was fur many years
Librarian to the London Institution, for which office he was
eminently qualified by his extensive acquaintance with every
department of literature. He took an active and leading
part in placing before the public some of the most popular
And valuable works that have issued from the press during
the last thirty years. In the course of his useful career he
had great pride in collecting and arranging the autograph
letters of illustrious persons who flourished during the last
and present centuries. The fame of this invaluable collec-
tion of documents had rendered his name familiar to every
lover of literature both at home and abroad. His advice
and assistance were eagerly sought by all engaged in the
preparation of works of historical importance, and he was
ever ready to afford to all who applied to him the benefit of
his great experience. In every circle Mr. Upcott was a wel-
come visitor and universal favourite. His cheerful and
agreeable conversation, his profound judgment on all literary,
matters, his retentive memory, which furnished an inex-
haustible fund of anecdote, combined with his kindly dispo-
sition and agreeable manner of relating what had passed
under his immediate observation, will not easily be forgotten
by those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. His loss
will be long and deeply felt, and the void occasioned by his
decease, more especially in the world of literature, will not
be readily supplied.
LEGAL CHANGES IN IRELAND.—The next term—
so rumour, that widely circulated gazette has it—will wit-
ness a number of important legal changes, which will give
rest to several worn-out judicial functionaries, and remove
that sickness of the heart growing out of " hope deferred,'
which has long afflicted many a silk-gowned aspirant for'
place. Chief Justice Doherty is to retire from the solitude of
the Common Pleas, having amassed a large fortune by rail-
way speculation, for the excellent judge, if not well versed in
the mysteries of Bracton, Glanville, and Coke, is said to be
an adept in watching the gyrations of the sharemarket, and
in return for the Minister granting him a Peerage, he is to
keep the ultra-Hibernian legislators in the House of Lords
in a state of decorum. The successor of Chief Justice
Doherty, the knowing ones assert, will be the Member for
Clonmel, who is to receive absolution from Conciliation
Hall for accepting a place from the Peel Administration.
Chief-Justice Pennefather, in whom age and bodily infirmity
have produced a corresponding mental imbecility, is to be,
re-placed by Mr. Attorney-General Smith, though it is well
known the Master of the Rolls has set his heart upon the
Chief-Justiceship of the Queen's Bench. If his promotion
could lead to the translation of that upright Judge, Baron
Richard, to the Rolls Court—which would be a boon to the
country—we should not be sorry to see the Attorney-General,
who can afford to wait, retaining a little longer his present
office. Judge Burton also, it is reported, will accompany,
Chief Justice Pennefather ; and, it is thought, as the pro-
motion of the Solicitor-General is out of the question, the
appointment will be offered to Mr. Richard Moore, the Soli-
citor-General of Lord Fortescue's Government. A better
man, as a lawyer, than Mr. Moore, could not be raised to the
judgment-seat. There are other changes mentioned, but our
space to-day will not permit us to notice them.—World
EAST INDIA SILKS.—The Commissioners of the
Customs have had under their consideration several applica-
tions from the principal importers of East India silk piece
goods, stating that great inconvenience is experienced by the
trade in consequence of their being required to give a sepa-
rate bond for each parcel of silk piece goods taken out of the
bonded warehouse, under the provisions of the Act 8 and 9
Victoria, chap. 91, sec. 29, for the purpose of being printed
or dyed, and requesting that the same may in future be dis-
pensed with ; and having considered the reports of the prin-
cipal superintending officers thereon, suggesting, with re-
ference to the present reduced rate of duty on the goods in
question, that a separate or distinct. bond for each parcel
may be dispensed with under the following regulations, viz.:
—That the quantity of goods included in each bond be re-
stricted to 5,000 pieces, and that the period within which the
whole are to be required to be returned to the warehouse be
limited to three months, application being previously made
to the Board, as usual, stating the quantity of goods in-
tended to be taken out of the warehouse for the purpose
mentioned ;—the proposition has been approved experi-
mentally for a period of three months, and a notice to that
effect has been furnished to the several departments ac-
cordingly, with directions to the officers to report at the
expiration of that time as to the effect of the measure.
DOVER —(Extract of a lettn.)—On Tuesday last
an excursion-party, got up by several respectable tradesmen
of the town, started from Dover to Boulogne. The early,
part of the morning being exceedingly fine, there were up-
wards of 200 passengers. At a quarter-past nine o'clock they
left Dover harbour in one of the South-Eastern Railway
Company's fine vessels (the Princess Maude, Captain Jenkins),
with band playing, colours flying, and smiling faces; but
alas ! -before they had been long at sea, it came on to rain
hard and blow quite fresh; but that powerful vessel, with
wind right a-head, gallantly made her passing to Boulogne,
Iwiaith
upwards
unfortuonfa
t2eoloy, ptehres ogn
as
eo n i
nboard,ereas e
di
,s
atnwdo
thioteu rrsa
rain
nn d a
fell
ll
sinhotuoldrrernettusrnthethewsliaomlee deavyahinagnd, ,
aat s
niitnewaswelaororka,ngmedantyheoyf
upon s uncommonlyueh a
stormy
rm faces cneis at
ght the; u
tidea e
yowf
ere crossingsoon
theht
lepn:C)ihlpyaruin liied
relievedel by the courtesy of the committee, who de-
termined not to return till the next morning, at half-past
nine o'clock, which gave them the greatest satisfaction, as it
enabled them to refresh themselves for the passage home,
and, as it turned out, in the morning the gale had not de-
creased ; but being assured by the committee that they had
crossed in worse weather, and that they had got one of the
finest vessels in the world, and a first-rate crew, to steam
them to Dover, we left Boulogne at the time appointed, and
arrived home in two hours and five minutes, through a tre-
mendous sea, many of them more dead than alive. The
charge was only as. each way,

THE POTATO DISEASE.
(From the Bristol Mercury, September 20.)
The following correspondence has just taken place between
Lord Portman, President of the Royal Agricultural Society,
and William Herapath, Esq., the eminent analytical chemist
of this city, in reference to seed potatoes for 1846. His Lord-
ship, in a subsequent letter, requests that the correspondence
may be made public, and it has been handed to us by Mr.
Herapath for that purpose. The subject is of vital import-
ance, and is worthy of the deepest consideration :
" Bryanston, .
" Sir,—l observe in the newspapers that yoepu have directed
your attention to the potato disease, and have advised as to
the use of starch, &c. As lam specially bound, during
this year of my holding the office of President of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England, to promote inquiry and to
notify observations on subjects relative to the produce of the
soil, I trouble you with this letter, and ask if any method
has occurred to you by which the potato may be preserved
for the planting of 1.846 ? I have found that potatoes, appa-
rently sound and free from disease, though in a field or gar-
den which has been partially diseased, have, after being
stored away, shown signs ofthe disease and rotted off; and
fear that the greatest quantities of potatoes will thus perish,
and so continue the distress of the poor to another season. I
have directed some potatoes to be stored in slaked lime, in
the hope that it may preserve them, but have, of course, yet
had no time to judge of the effect. I, therefore, ask for your
opinion, as one of our most eminent chemists, upon this point,
and would ask leave to make known your reply, if you are
able to offer an opinion sufficiently explicit to be useful.
" I remain your obedient servant,
" W. Herapath, Esq." " PORTMAN.
"TO LORD PORTMAN, PRESIDENT OF TEE AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

" " Brighton, Sept. 17, 1845.
My Lord,—ln reply to your letter of the 13th inst., I
must say that I do not think it would be either safe or pru-
dent to depend upon the infected potatoes of the present
season as seed for the next year; as, in all instances, I have
found the diseased parts to extend when the potatoes are
kept in a damp situation : I should therefore expect that if
any diseased seed was. kept so dry as not to rot before
setting time, yet, upon being planted, and left in the damp
soil, the rotting process would then begin, and the hopes
of the husbandman be disappointed. I have no doubt that
some potatoes, apparently sound, have (as stated by your
Lordship) been found to be affected after stowing away;
but I do not consider this to have been an origination of
if, btit tnerely that that which was noticed when-dug
has become apparent after storing. When a potato is first
affected the diseased parts are scarcely visible, but upon
keeping in a dark place the spots soon become dark, and con-
sequently more apparent, but the spots do not extend ; if,
however, the tuber has been kept in a damp place, the
spots not only extend rapidly over the surface, but penetrate
into the interior, and in a short time it will be completely
rotten. As far as the slaked lime, which you have used in
your potato stores, has a tendency to prevent the tubers
from touching each other, or by its power of absorbing
water, of keeping them dry, it will answer a good end ; but
it must not be expected to have any chemical effect upon
the diseased parts of their juices. Anything which, like
dry sawdust or sand, would prevent contact, would prevent
the propagation from one tuber to another, and any sub-
stance capable of absorbing the moisture of the air in
which the potato is stored, would prevent the extension
of the disease in each diseased root. Our best micro-
scopists and cryTtogamists are divided in opinion as to whe-
ther the cause of the calamity is fungus or not. After all
the examination I have given to the subject, and a careful
review of all the evidence brought before me on the two
sides, I believe that it is. and I am daily confirmed in the
opinion originally expressed, that the only advantageous way
of treating the diseased potatoes is to obtain from them, by
rasping and washing, the starch which they contain—
by which process all their nutriment can be retained ;
and if it is well dried it will keep for any length of
time. The operations can be performed in the cottage
manufactory alike, as no apparatus beyond a tin rasp
(a nutmeg grater), a tub, and clean water, are re-
quired; and I have ascertained that however far the disease
might have extended, even if the root is rotten, yet the starch
can be separated, and in a state fit to be eaten, if it shall be
well washed, as all the bad parts come away with the water,
while the great weight of the starch carries it to the bottom
of the vessel. If it is required that the fecula should have
all the qualities of the best foreign arrowroot, it is only
necessary to wash it last in water containing a little chlorine,
when it has unrivalled colour and quality, and this I can
speak of practically, having made many tons of the article.
I will add, that an opinion has been circulated that the
disease is owing to the introduction of guano as a manure ;
this I feel no hesitation in contradicting, as I have seen it in
situations where no guano has been used, and where every
variety of manure has been resorted to.—l am your Lord-
ship's most obedient servant.

" WILLIAM HERAPATH."

Posz-orricEs.---It is to be very much regretted
(and a discredit to the parties who are guilty) that it is a
practice, almost general, of posting letters and papers at the
last extremity in commencing making up the mail-bags. It
is also a too common practice of prepaying in cash instead of
the stamp, and thereby rendering an additional inconvenience
to postmasters. The public have the penny-postage boon,
and it is only reasonable and fair that they should not incom-
mode postmasters, but, on the contrary, assist them in their
vastly-increased labours as far as possible. Let those who are
thus careless (some, it is to be feared, purposely inconvenience
postmasters) only consider if they had to go back to the old
postage. The excellent maxim of doing as you would be
done unto ought to be acted upon. The better plan for post-
masters to adopt, in those places where they are inconve-
nienced by late posting of letters and papers, to represent the
fact to the Postmaster-General, and obtain permission to
close the letter-box half-an-hour or an hour earlier, and then
the careless and the purposely-inconveniencing parties would
be put to the "right-about."
DREADFUL COACH ACCIDENT.---111 these days,
when railway accidents are made known to the public wi!
every minute circumstance detail ed, if not heightened, to
excite the fears of the timid, and when we daily hear the
votaries of the road mourning the departure of the coach and
its sporting steeds, as if a golden era had passed away, it
is only equitable that the casualties connected with the
latter mode of travelling should meet with the same pub-
licity. Those who yield no credence to statistics may thus
have cases in point placed before them, and the railway de-
tractor may be answered by the impartial audi alterum
partem. On Friday last, the 19th instant, an accident oc-
curred to the coach running between Margate and Canter-
bury. Half a mile from the latter city the horses broke into
a headlong speed, and in wheeling round a corner the vehicle
was overturned within a yard or two of the Ramsgato coach,
which had scarcely sufficient time to get out of the way.
The outsiders were scatterred around in all directions, the
horses fell, and the coach was thrown flat upon its side.
Every person was mot e or less injured, and although no loss
of life ensued, several individuals experienced severe contu-
sions. One gentleman outside was raised covered with
blood and seriously hurt, and an elderly lady inside was
much wounded by the broken glass. The only being that
escaped was an infant, who was rescued unharmed. The
cause of this accident has not yet transpired, so that we are
unable to give further particulars at present.
THE SEA! THE SEA !—We have received tidings
of the tide, which is making what may be termed a tidy
meal of the Cliffs at Cromer. Neptune, if he does not play a
tremendous knife and fork, is somewhat formidable with his
trident; and when he takes it into his head to gulp down a
cliff or two, he shows himself possessed of an awful swallow
If his is not the devouring element, it is not far short of it•
when he makes up his mind to a feast; and we are told I:.e
has just gulped down twelve acres of cliff at Cromer. He
has bolted it stone and all, as a child does a cherry. We
have heard it said, that " one swallow does not make a sum-
mer," but one such swallow as that described is rather a
summary proceeding, to say the least of it.—Punch.
NORTH UNION RAILWAT.--The. negotiations for
leasing this line to the Grand Junction Railway Companyf
were brought to a close on Monday last, by the directors o
the North Union agreeing to a lease of the line to the Grand
Junction, on the terms of 10 per cent. on stock A, and 7
per cent. on stock B. This agreement is, of course, subject
to the sanction of the shareholders. On dit, that the Liver-
pool and Bury Railway Company (Bolton, Wigan, and
Liverpool), will be amalgamated with the projected Leeds
and Liverpool line.—Bolton Free Press.

ANOTHER NEW SPEC.
The speculation mania at present existing has ex •
tended from railroads to rivers; and having almost run
itself all over the dry land, has at length plunged into
the water. Steam for the million at twopenee per heed
has been followed up by steam for the billion at one
penny, and a company is now being formed to supply
steam for the quadrillion at one halfpenny. We have
been favoured with a sight of the prospectus, from which
we make an extract. The contemplated company is pro-
posed with a view of forming a series of canals to be
carried on archways along the principal thoroughfare;
making a sort of Grand Junction Tank, to be supplied
by the Grand Junction Water. works. Each house may
have a connexion with the canal by means of the cistern,
provided the occupants of the premises will be at the ex-
pense of carrying their water up to the level of the canal
of the company. A number of small steamers will be
launched to ply throughout the principal streets of the
metropolis, and it is calculated that the superfluous
steam from the London tea-kettles may be so concen•
trated as to work the locomotives without any expense to
the company. The following is a list of the managing
committee:—

Simon Swindle, Esq., Provisional Shareholder in
the Moonlight.
Thomas Swinge, Esq., Chairman of the Lightning,
and Perpetual Provisional Director of the Daisy.
Sir James Smith Jones, Director of the Cream of
the Valley, and Grand Middlesex Water-works
Junction Company.
Hugh Hope, Esq., Dept!ty-Cllaifman of the Bee,
and uncle to one ofitne Provzsional Proprietors
of the Ant.
Marmaduke Monmouth, Esq., Mortgagee of the
Polyanthus, and Deputy-Bill Discounter to the
Daffydowndilly.—Punch.

The flesh of this animal is largely used as food, both
fresh and salted, and a fine clear oil is prepared from
the fat. The Ambyrhynchus, too, a species of lizard,
about a yard long, is also used as food by the inhabi-
tants of Galapagos. The account of the appearance
and habits of this reptile, which is peculiar to these
islands, is very interesting, but it is too long to extract,
and too important to abridge. Of fifteen kinds of sea-
fish procured here all were new species ; and of ninety
species of sea-shells found on these shores no less than
forty-six are unknown elsewhere. The insects are very
few. The botany of the group is as interesting as the
zoology. There are 185 species of flowering plants, and
of these 100 are new species, and probably confined to
the Galapagos. There is another remarkable feature in
the natural history of this Archipelago. The different
islands are, to a considerable extent, inhabited by a dif-
ferent set of beings. The, tortoises of the different
islands differ not only in size but in cbaracter, and an

'AO
t

FALLING IN OF A PORTION OF DUBLIN-STREET.--
About 12 or 15 feet of the road way in Dublin-street, which
is in course of being tunnelled for the Edinburgh and Gran-
ton Railway, fell in betwixt two and three o'clock on Friday
morning. The common sewer, which overlies the tunnel,
was, it appears, unusually flooded by the heavy rain which
fell on Thursday evening; in consequence of which the bot-
tom of the sewer began gradually to be undermined by the
water soaking through, and forcing in, the roof of the
which, at this particular spot, was supported
wood, prior to being arched over in the usual way
ywithbricoki
Having once got a downward outlet, the current could not
be restrained, and the workmen were obliged to desist from
their operation in this portion of the shaft. The vacuum
formed beneath the sewer by the destruction of the roof of
the tunnel, ultimately brought down the superincumbent
mass, forcing two of the beams and a quantity of rubbish
into the tunnel. Several feet of the sewer have in conse-
quence been destroyed, together with the pipes of the Water
Company, which rested upon it. The damage done to the
tunnel is, we believe, comparatively trifling; but it will take
some time to repair the rent made in the street, which is
rather formidable, being about 15 feet long, 8 feet broad, and
fully 10 feet deep.—Edinburgh Advertiser.
WORKHOUSE COOKERY.—The disclosures in the
Andover Union have thrown quite a new light on the science
of cookery, which not even the inspiration of a Soyer could
have hit upon. That ingenious chef de cuisne has blended
together poetry, pastry, and politics rithderable skill ;
he has invented a creme d'Ang?eterre: consistingnis of charms
borrowed from the female aristocracy • but those ingredients,
imaginary and unsubstantial as they 'are, must be considered
as solids when compared with the materials used for consti-
tuting the dishes served
up
to the paupers in the Andover
Union. Butter, accordingto New Poor-law Cookery, is
made from the skimmings of grease-pots, and parochial tea
is made from boiling old leaves which have already had
their strength drawn out of them. A new Cookery Book,
edited by M'Dougal, the master of the Andover Union, is
evidently a desideratum in culinary literature which even
M. Soyer's universal genius has hitherto left unsupplied.—
Punch.

(STRIKE OF THE IRON-STONE MINERS AT COMDR.
.—ln consequence of the continued strike of the iron-stone
miners, at the Derwent Iron Works, Conside, near Shotley
Bridge, Superintendent Hall, and a party of the Durham
rural police, proceeded on Tuesday to eject several of the
workmen from their houses ; but, in consequence of the miners
assembling in great numbers, he was obliged to desist until
hejebtained an additional number of men. On the following
day, the suuperintendent having received a reinforcement of
men, he ejected about fifty families from their dwellings,
amidst the shouts and menaces of the miners, who occa-
sionally assailed the police with a shower of stones. Inspector
Hall, however, exercised the utmost forbearance, and fre-
quently warned the people to desist ; and, on returning
from the village, although followed and hooted, and 'sited
with stones, he prudently 'withdrew his men, in exeellent
order, to adistance, until the mob dispersed. The strike still
continues.—Tyne Mercury.
KILMARNOCK.—THE WEATHER.—The weather
has not improved since last notice—continuing changeable,
and the harvest work suffering frequent tantalizing interrup-
tions. There is a very sensible diminution in the warmth of
the day, the winds being chilly, with a tendency to frost in
the mornings and evenings. Under these untoward circum-
stances, reaping, which, with favourable weather, would
have been completed, is yet unfinished.—Ayr Observer.
THE WEATHER.—LIVEREOOL, TUESDAY EVEN-.
nro.—There has again been a considerable quantity of rain
in this neighbourhood; but to-day there has been an improve-
ment in the weather, the sun having shone brightly and
warmly during the whole day. Still we have a north wind,
and, in the shade, a very cold atmosphere. Last night the
air was quite frosty.
Accounts from Athens of the 7th inst. state that
General Calergi has sailed on board an English steamer for
Corfu, from which place he would go to England.
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