The Sun.
London, England, 1826-05-01 00:00:00

MONDAY EVENING, MAY 1, 18'26.

trio, a colony is established on a rich tract of land, called the
Neiderung. recovered by embarkment front the river. The•inha-
bitante were invited here on account of a persecution of the Pro-1
testents in Bavaria and the Palatinate, during tie reign of Prey-'
derick the Great. The, are exempt front mast burdens, the soil
iv hitehly fertile, and the district more resemble; some parts of
Flanders than the other districts of Prnssia; - The properties are
from six to twenty acres, but subdividing as the population in-
creases, as each of the sons share the land alike. It is thickly
peopled, and must, of the produce is Cessomed on the spot where
it grows. •
A similar didrict "near Dantaic, on the banks of the Voiotia,
called the Nehertinge exhibits "a similar pictore. The chief jabs-
-ISitants are a religious sect, called Menonitealwhose principks for-
bid them to become soldiers, from which they are excused, on
condition of paying a higher rate of taxation. -'
On the banks of the Niemen, and, in some other spew, are simi-
ler groups of small occupiers in tolerably easy circunistancw.
They are, however, not a thirtieth part of the whole of the
claw, and where they occur are only exceptions to the general de-
".ip
tion.
As
these people happen to be placed in spots of rare fertility,
to be freed froth some imposts, and to be distinguiehed by their
sobtiety, industry, and economy, they are going on increasing in
numbers, till, in a few years, the division Oland will be so great
as to cause the necessity of removal to testa peoPed distriete.
The representation of the.dietressteletatts bf the aerie:elute-al lioa
habitants of this part of the Prussian dominions, which has been
here given, receives confirmation from the proceedings of the
landschaft, or amenably of the provisional states of Prteria, en
their last session. The address of the assembly has not been
made public, but is said to haVe been framed in very melancholy
strait's, aid to have urged the King to take,some riteaeuray. of a
decided nature respecting the introduction of British goods, in
order to induce our Government to make some alteration in the
"Corn laws. Whatever may have been the representation of the
states, the reply of the King, which has been published, gives e,n
air of probability to the rumour~, that it had an object in some
degree of this kind.
" With rivard to the prayer for an intercession with the
English Government to repeal the corn bill, his Majesty.expreit-
'ed a hope, that to improve the intercourse between the two
nations, a ehange will take place in the English corn laws."-a.
Berlin, 26th November, 1825, from the Hamburgh paper, The
Correspondent.
One of the effects of the agricultural distress, which was vi-
Sible in the condition of the inhabitants, seemed to ho a decrease
in the cultivation of bread corn.
. The replies of the President Rothe, (See Appendix, No. 11,
B.), shows that on six farms, amounting together to 10,390 acres,
ofwhich, eight years ago, 6926 acres were cultivated with grain,
there ate at present only 4864 acres applied to that purpose.—
Mr. Gibson, his Majesty's consul at Dantsic, states, in a letter
received since my return, dated 24th of November, 1825, that
the " cultivation of wheat has been much circumscribed of lute
rears ; and that it will take much time to extend it ; that ilex is
cultivated now to a much greater degree than formerly in East,
and parts of West Prussia; that the export, of butter in increas-
ing very much ; that rape seed is attracting much attention ; and
that these circumstances, with the breeding of sheep, will amber
operate in diminishing the production of grain." It appears,
too, by the official returns of exports, (see' Appendix, No. 10.),
that the excess of exports of corn in the years 1821, 1822, end
1823, had notch declined from those of former years ; and that
in the year 18.4., the maritime' proviesces of Prussia, instead of
haying any surplus.of wheat, imported 47,236 quarters more than
they exported. This quantity may piobably have been added
to the former accumulation, but if eo, it is still evidence of
a decline in the actual produce of wheat in the Pruesian ter-
ritories.
Those Prussian provinces to which my chief attention was di-
rected, have never been manufacturing districts, although they
have during a long series of years made both linen and woollen
cloths for their own use. They have had rather domeitic labour,
than any establishment for the putaiose ; of late, however, at-
tempts have commenced-upon a large scale, and projects were in
taaitation of various kinds, for making woolleoe and cottons'in
,raattufectoriet wllere the aid of lataaltOrg vt as. to be apylied.
The thief intlacemeot to tilt* attempts wati:*alett Ofalt.Orpaoe
eatne, and the consequent eapietatiOn 'Of 'a-lotiritte pf labour.
They were, however, but attempts, and were not viewed' With
any very promising expectations by the persona I had any oppor-
tunity of conversing with on the subject. They seem to by
rather the creations of the Goveremeat, then the spontettemei is-
sue of the deliberate calculations of capitalists, seeking titr
beneficial modes of employing their money.
The only kind of goods that I beard of, caleadeted foe distant
markets, are some made of the native coarse wool, dyed deep blue,
trialf to introduce which have been made in England. These are
made by some smell farmers, who Were employed in the summer
on the land. They are made out of 1811,. or 201 b. of wool,'worth
about sixpence per pound. The spinning is performed by the fe-
lonies of the family, whilst the fattier weave them. It employs
him three days to weave a piece, which is shout 16 yards in
length, and 42 inches Wide. The value of hie day's work was
stated to be 9d., thus making that part of the labour which he
executed to be 2s. 341. The fulling is pm-fennel at a Ohne mill,
and, the finishing and dying is executed in Bertha by person. who
send their agents to the farm-houses to collect the cloth, in their
rough state. I was told that those kind of cloths might be affords
ed in London, at little more than 2s. per yatd, and were calculated
for negro' clothing. As the spinning is, the most material part of
sthe labour, anti that u+ performed at leisiire time, the maker's gain
'is the whole of that, as the time would he otherwise unepoileyed.
Manufactures of this kind are useful in the state of society which
mists where these goods are fabricate.!, but the limits to their ex-
tension are necessarily very coofined.
I have no reason to think that hitherto the low pike of corn'
has had the effect of lowering time price of, manufacturiug labour,
in any degree approaching to the depression which the prodlcte of
the soil have experienced. In the bedding of ships, which le, in-
deed, the chief nuinufactory of the maritime provinces, the rates of
wages ltave very considerably fallen, hot, indeed, so much as beeei,
but to an extent that has increased the building of vessels, met ha
duced sonic English Lowe* to contract for the building of Prussian
vessels to be employed in distant voyages.
The effect, however, of the low prices of agricultural produce, is
More experienced in the provisdons for the crew, than in the cost
ofofrthaepelownstrlunctsitolinp,ofhtlhteheshAipspp.
cTuhdlixs
,rnitityo.bi'l3se.en tils'etit:totesttlet'afft o4u r
seamen are accustomed to better food than the Prussians, but their
superior professional skill makes up for the difference; Beside!.
as the Baltic is frozen seeerel Months in the year, the loss of time
seems to be more than a compeneetion for the differenees in the
price of food.
Iu pureuauee of the instructions that were given to the by your
Lordships, I made every attempt in my power to
.as.certain the
actual eoet of the wheat to the growers of that grain in Prussia.
Whoever has made similar uttempts in this country, howevex Well
ihe May have been acquilinW with all the practical details, even if
he could obtain with most scrupulous accuracy the amount of seed
sown and harvetted, has found them atfended with such
difti-
cnities as to afford no great degree of contidence in the results ob-
tained.
Thus, for instance, in our common faqir years' coarse of
'turnips, bailey, clover, and. wheat, though it may be
,etioy to
ascertain the Whole expenditure rent. taxes, Lamm, ma-
nure, interest of capital and deterloratiott in the working eat-
de end utensils, during the four yenta yet Kane' ely any two
persons Nvill agrie in the apportioning that, expenditure to each of
the four crops. The relative value of those aerate one .another
will vary in every year,' one will he good, another indifferent, are-
other very bad. The value of the feed to the Cattle fed on the
anoduce of the firit and third be very differently esti-
, lirsted by different pertaw. proput t tens 'of the rxwnee of
fallowing aped 'manuring Still Gc dietriLuted among the sever d
crops, according to .lie arbitrary rules el adjustment, which eehe
individual making the calculation ham corniest in his otivri s„ind
It
orel i.l4i:lsc7.;4l(}t;:ili[ini'ilK__P.r4:iti;it'i:;ilit',4.°*l'lit'S'''.4atrit6.ll:i.-Tilllitly kept, to US-
CVitain ht the end oe ttie, four eeera.bow much lee been pined or
les
the rutettiurt; hlat rile
stril.utie:n of ttn~t loss or gain
u t,
eu during I
iK subject to et usury' varietione of opinion, and ep many vieissi-
ttideedepenaing tilt% dirti, :mil weather, as to prtvent re-
heist„ places! uu nits er~atilnste of tlse tutu coat of either
out. of the descriptions of grain.
The sane Ghetto:la...will tnteent themselves to the attainment
of accuracV, where any other rotation of crops is adopted.
If the tAttieul4 is tlats geeat in 'attaining, or even tipproitimatinr

to certainty in the cost price of any particular descriptionOf cori
in this country, it may well be deemed much more bold to Inward .
an opinion op that subject, in a foreign country, Where Mani'
eircurmitanceS Which can be but imperfectly known to a stranier
and temporary visitor, may have a poweritil influence.
I received many statements from the different persons witli
whom I conversed on the subject, els to what they considered t. 4
be the actual cost in a number of years, of wheat soli other corn,
Thee, as may be supposed, iiklely varied from each other. Altho'
I was fully convinced that for Iteveral years the loss on the sums of
agricultuial products throughout the, maritime provinces of Prue...
oda hasfieen very gr:ltt ; and that instead of leaving any thing for_
tent, that 'llas been touch more than *ham bed, yet I could place
06 reliance 'on the accuracy' of any, statements which attempted
to define the exact limits of the loss on each kind of corn.

In founding a calculation on the answers of President Rothe,
though I hive to that gentleman's facts the most implicit confi-
dence, yet I should hesitate, if he bad stated what was the cost
price of wheat and rye, to yield to him the same assent; I have
no doubt, however, he is accurate in swing, that the loss on the
corn, grown In the year 1825,*ithout allowing any thing for
rent, was 20 per cent. According to the paper in Appendix,'
No. 11, the price at which the wheat on the estate described was,
mold in the year 1824, When the crops were good, was tuts
thaler and a half per scheffel, or Ss. per bushel, by which a
to sa of 20 par cent. way incurred, besides the whole of the nuts-
.
according t,ti which the cost price to the,fartter sgrould.ise
28s. 21. per (platter on the spot.
Sale price Ss. per bushel or per quarter
Loss, estimated at 20 per cent

I. d.
4 U
4 f.S

in 9

Allowance for reiai calculated St 1-10th of the proceeds $

31 11

Which wotild mike the cost
If to this be added,
Shipping charge, and merchant's commission or profit 2 9
Freight, primage, and insurance to London - 8 t;
Lighterage, landing charge; and ttommistion in England 1 3

43 0
The coat of wheat may be in some' degree approximated to, by
ascertaining the selling prices fer a series of years. U that series
be short, it may be affected by Various intervening events, such as .
War, invasion, or deficient harvests ; but by being spread over a
long series, the effect of adventitious circumstances became lessened. •
It is reasonable to calculate, that in a long series, the profit on corn
cannot be much above that on other branches of industry in the ,
same country. !f the profits on raising corn are'muchabove thole
of other occupations, an increased quantity, to the production of
which the-augmented capital might contribute, would cause the • .
price to fall ; if those profits were much lower, a diminution of
supply, to which the lots of capital viimild contribute, would tend
to raise the prices.
Although from the flUctuation in the pfbdiietivenetis of differ-
ent years corn is lees subjeet to the general abstract principles,
by which supply awl dentaod, as regards other commodities, •
are regulated, in a short period, yet in a long petiod, latch
as thirty or forty years, or longer, it also must be governed
by them.
Without going back to the long list of prices for the last
one hundred and sixty years, for which see Appendix, No. 24.,
we may , adopt- that which begins in 1791, and ends in
1825, Appendix, No. 13 ; for five of those years no prices are
giver,, because the oorts were shut. The average of the whole of
theseyears, taking the lowest and the highest price oleach year, and
disregarding the difference of, the quantities sold 'in the several
years, gives the price at 465. 11d, per quarter. The largest
quantity Was sold in the years When, the price was highest, being
probably the stock* which had accumulated during the years of
low prices. The price of those-years may therefore be considered
as speculating prices. If the years 1800, 180418050817, ;
and 1818, be struck out, the average price of the thirty remain- • •
iug years, will be 335. 6d. If we suppose a profit to be made of
ten per cent. by the dealers in corn, these thirty years will give,
as the cost price to the grower, after paying rent, a priCe nearly
approaching, -to that whielt,is given before, att Calculated on the
~ •
date flint:tailed by the President' Rothe, ' r,,-
Without placing much reliance on it, yet serif° .cortobett4l,l '
is received, by .the market prices of Berlin, for the last elegy iii
yettre, where the aveiege price of the beet Polisit wheat has-
been 36e. fid., or about ten per cent. higher than the average
of Danvie, fee the thirty years to Which we have referred.--
This may be accounted for, partly by ' the quality of the
wheat, and partly from the additional conveyance and consequent
expetims. The returns from 'Berlin, taken on St. Martin's
in each year from 1774 to 1824., (for Which see Appendix,
17,) give, tut the average price for the 50 years, 345. Gd. As the
best of the wheat is probably brought to the capital, some allow-'
once must be made for the superior quality, and also something
for the profit of the dealers, through whose hands it has passed-" •'
This will bring it sufficiently near to the price here apaunied, to
give probability to the calculation.
Although since the return of peace no alleviation of the publics`
eontributioni have been applied, awl no diminution of the other
subjects of expenditure which corupe,:e the cost of growing coma.
bee been experienetsir yet the contrast bet Ween the first and last
five years since that event took place, in the prices of corn, it eu
striking, that it deserves to be noticed. ltt Dantsic the average of
the five years, from 1816 to 1820 inclusive, give for wheat 51s:0
sd. per quarter, and that for the years 1021 to
,1825 inclusive;
265. gd. In Berlin the average for the that tics years is 460.441.,
and for the second, 26e. 7d.

The far greater part of that division of ancient Poland which iy
now comprehended in the vice-regal kingiMm
.of that name, is
level country, with scarcely an ascent or deweent; except where the.,
courses of the rivers' have formed channels below the generak
level of the country. As these rivers, though in sununer 66.
appear small streams, are swoln by the rains of autumn, and the.•
melting of the snow on the Carpathian mountains, in the spring,
they form large channels, extending Po both sides to a great diar
trance ; and their deposit, in ninny parts, middles the hind, and it.
presents, in the Summer, the aspect of Verdant and luxuriant tuck.
dows. In other parts the periodical swellings of the streams.,
have formed morasses, width in their present state are not appli-
cable to any agricultural purposes. The plains which extend. .
from the borders of one river to another, are open fielde, with,
scarcely any perceptible division of the land, and shoWingiestree-
ly any trees even around the villages. The portion of woodland, on
theme plains is very extensive; but they are iu large maases,. With
great intervals of arable land between them.
The soil is mostly sandy, with occasional mixture of a MN*
is
ery thin, rest
chiefl
loom
throe '
i which
ploughed; e sht:6N, t 'hi tnioagil.Bl percolate.on
er ttno a
theyseatlon:f granite,cha,nadeonit,is eirsily
es
ti,t,iet,iirey.y :,
two cows, perform this and the other operations of }min
bll
This representation of the kingdom of Poland is strictly
cable to six of the eight wailoodships or provinces, into which
it is now divided.
To the south of the river Pilica, which coMprehends the too
provincee of Sandomir. and Cracow, the appearance of the lima
and the face of the country improve ; and in proceeding south tq
the banks of the Vistula, there,is fti be seen a tuore
district and a more tenacious and fruitful soil. Much of the.lail,4
is a clayey loaf% re9niring three or four houses to plougt,
yielding, when toltriddy managed, crops of excellent .*heitt *co.
oats; and where the husbandry is so good 0 to have adop*Lfs
practice of sowity,' Clol4'r between the two coin ernr., .tlkrpW
duce is very ebundent.
southern point of this dietrici, forming new; an intlepep•
dent Republic, called from the name of its capital,,Ceacon, ire ,
very, fertile. It extends alung the Vistula about 20 mile% lttol
emitting in MAI square miles, or 820,000 acrevothoat IOAOOO'
inhabitants.
t4inie of the carpel in Poland,- belnQßing to the lat4lsl7ret
the highest rank, axe of entlnnotas tent; but owing
system of dividing the land- ~moue all the children; dalleli 11 10„'`
cid entail secures a majority to the eldest, son, whieb ie '4l'7 ,'
71!
1w instances the case, much of posaeseed 'in ittiotra""*.4'.."3"
watlateesdleb:'seclinenkolnlid:qatinypal:rl:47:ittl)h)futteshwtt'amiti:(..:,l;‘:4,o"lo6l4v"ceiu.elinet ),.St:'!t;el-T'ear3.11:1;:w:1:14-1. het
deemed amid!, and 80,000 or 0,000 acre* . TV:
• (vo'as cos/Atom •
• -" • k