The Sun.
London, England, 1828-08-29 00:00:00

SPIRIT OF THE. PUBLIC JOURNALS.

To judge from the long delay which has oc-
curred in executing the threatened assault upon
Shumla, the Russian force brought forward for
that service, if not originally insufficient, has
been rendered so by the unlooked-for vigour of
the enemy, or by the mismanagement of its own
leaders. It is, indeed, affirmed by military men,
that the loss already sustained, from inadequate
supplies, from fatigue and sickness, in a far
more. serious degree than from the sword, has
much impaired the strength of the Imperial
army ; but whether the supposed tardiness of the
general operations he really ascribable to this
cause, is mere conjecture to all but those who
are officially informed. The notorious imper-
fections of the medical establishment of Russia
(if it deserve the name of an establishment) in
the field, must greatly aggravate the evil of
wounds and diseases, and the consequent ten-
dency of an active campaign to break down the
most formidable army. A good deal of import-
ance is attached to the departure of Nicholas at
such a moment to the distant and comparatively
insipid quarter of Odessa. But Odessa is
the seat of his principal magazines, and the spot
where any negligence or inefficiency on the part
of those whose duty is to arrange the expedi-
tion of the necessary stores by sea, might be,
and perhaps has been, attended with injury to
the service. There is, moreover, a circumstance
hinted at which may, though we know not
that it has any influence in separating the Em-
peror from his camp—we mean the mission of
diplomatic and military agents from Powers not
cordial in their approbation of the war, to the
head-quarters of his Imperial Majesty. Now,
since it would be the business of such deputies
to place themselves near the Imperial person,
and therefore, so long as his Majesty remained
in the field, to enjoy the opportunity of closely
watching the movements and condition of the
army, the incidents of the campaign, and the
hourly ebb or flow of fortune,' there seems no-
thing ridiculous in the suspicion (whether it be
founded in fact is another question), that the
Russian Government might prefer a superine
sentience exercised by fbreigners at Odessa, to
one in the centre of the invading force. Mean-
time, the speculators on warlike chances are not
idle, nor the projectors of territorial changes,
which it is presumed must issue from them. A
.week or ten days ago a journal reputed to be in
the confidence of the French Ministry, quoted a
long extract from a pamphlet entitled " Of the
:partition of Turkey." This, if we may judge
from the extracts, is unquestionably an amusing
work. We, who have not yet forgotten those
supercilious epigrams, whereby Buonaparte was
wont to announce in the Moniteur the down-
fall of a throne, or the transfer of a nation,
can recognize in the professed " partition of
Turkey" a true scion of that imperial stock.
We have, first—Turkey conquered, and Greece
reoonquered ; then, proceeding from such simple
data, we find, 2dly, that Austria is to have Bul-
garia, Sera, Bosnia, Croatia, and Upper Al-
bania, all in full sovereignty. Next our parti-
tioner gives the admiring world to understand,
that these full sovereignties are to he nothing
more than compensations ! for sacrifices which
his docile client, Prince Metternich, is doomed
by the same decree to inflict upon the House of
Hapsburg ; for, Stlly, Austria must relinquish
the whole of her Italian provinces,—Venice,
Modena, Parma, Milan itself, to the Royal
House of Savoy, whose dominions are to be
baptized again under the name of the sub-Alpine'
monarchy, of which the capital. (so minutely
provident is this partition monger) will be •alter-
nately Milan and Turin. 4thly, (now for it,)
the House of Savoy cedes to France the island
of Sardinia in full sovereignty—to be for ever
A part of France—on the same footing as Cor-
sica. France shall besides take possession of
Landau, and of the other districts of Alsace and
Lorraine, which were detached from her in
181.5, and given to Prussia and Bavaria, which
two powers are to receive a suitable indemnifi-
cation in money" (not from France, be it ob-
served, but) from the Germanic confederation.
sthly, The Duchy of Savoy, the peculiar patri-
rnemy of the House which takes its name, is to
be weested from the same House of Savoy, and
turned over to the cantons of Switzerland, which
are in return to be robbed of some territory held
by them beyond the Alps. • fehly, Constanti-
nople, with Romelia, Macedonia, an the dis.
trims bordering on the Bosphorus, as fax as
Mount Olympus, and part of Asia, are to he
tendered to the Duke of Modena, of the Aus-
trian House of Este, and guaranteed by all the
Powers of Europe. 7thly, Russia to have
Moldavia and Wallachia. Such are the chi-
meras which French writers deem it worth while
to honour with notice ; and this fresh partition
of Europe,—for it is nothing less,--this jumble-
merit of universal violence, fraud, and plunder,
the netif projector assures us is an affair of not
the smallest difficulty, simply a " reconstruction
of Europ,e." We forgot to say that England
likewise has ti share of the gentleman's liberality,
not of course in any dirty territorial, commer-
cial, pecuniary, air other tangible form,—no ;
but she is to have the invaluable privilege of
giving good advice to .4..ustri, and following in
the wake of France, as the sole Conditions on
which she will be permitted, to recover her lost
" ascendancy." This is an obvious improve-
ment on the priest, who refused a halfpenny- to
a starving. man, but generously offered him his
blessing.— Times.
Tile report which was yesterday so.generally
circulated in the. City, of the intention of the
Earl of Aberdeen, to resign the offi,..e of Secre-
tary of State for Foreign Affairs, is not, perhaps,
so ill-founded as most people seem to imagine.
The treatment which his Lordship—the only
man of any talent in the Administration, besides
his Grace of Wellington and Mr. Peel, and who
is as amiable in all the relations of private life, as
lie is distinguished for his knowledge of foreign
Courts, and his intimate acquaintance with
science and literature—has experienced on more
than one occasion, would have long ago disgusted
men of lees acute feelings than his Lordship, and
it was
,mentioned to us some time ago, on No
indifferent authority, that the only reason
which preVented his Lordship from resigning
was, his anxiety not to disturb the councils
of his Sovereign. How far subsequent con-
duct en the part of the Commander-in-Chief
may have influenced his Lordship, we have no
means of knowing ; lout
_the circumstance of an
Ambassador to a Foreign Court having been ap-
pointed without his knowledge (indeed we be-
lieve the first intimation of the appointment was
that of the said diplomatist calling en paisant
at the Foreign Office for his instructions !) is
not likely to have given him a greater taste for
office. With regard to the ether rumour,—
that
of the Marquis of Lansdowne succeeding the
Earl of Aberdeen, it need merely be observed,
that it is within the range of possibilities. We
do not, however, consider it as at all probable.

The principles of the Marquis of Lansdowne
would not coalesce very gently with those of the
Duke of Wellington ; and as he has shewn him-
self as unambitious of office, as he is certainly
independent of it, we augur that this portion of
the rumours of the day will turn out to have
been a false scent.—Morning Advertiser.
Another valuable Report on the subject of
Crime has been distributed—that from the Select
Committee on Criminal Commitments and Con-
victions, which was re-appointed last Session.
The Committee, after noticing the increase of
crime in general, of late years, and the compara-
tive unfrequency of atrocious crimes, observes :
" Thus it appears, that although the number of
offences in the mass of our dense population is
very considerable, yet, when the subject comes to
be examined, security of life and limb was never
greater. Property, it is true, is not equally safe,
but even here there is not any large proportion of
offences, which reach to the ruin of the person
against whom the offence is committed, or to sub-
ject property in general to any very serious risks.
The most usual, numerous, and troublesome crimes,
consist of stealing from the house or the person,
goods which are easily transported, and may be
quickly converted into money. This view of the
subject is important, for two reasons—the one, as
it tends to show that, with some remarkable ex-
ceptions, the state of society is not one' of great
depravity; the other, that it gives to the opera-
tions of Government a body which may be
acted upon by law. Gangs of pickpockets, pilferers,
arid even housebreakers, may be to a great degree con-
tracted and restrained by means of preventive police
and exemplary punishment; their crimes are not the
impulse of blind passion, which is satisfied to sa-
tiate itself and to suffer for the enjoyment, but the
result of a calculation of unprincipled men on a cool
view of their interests. If you can make the hazard
greater than the probable gain, you may rest sure
you will diminish the crime. On the other hand, it
must be confessed, that of late years the art of
crime, if it may be so called, has increased faster than
the art of detection. The improvement of commu-
nication, the employment of young thieves by the
older and more practised, the crowded state of our
gaols, and other causes, have tended in many parts
of the country to make the plunderers of property a
species of organized society, having their division
of labour, their regular leaders, and premeditated
means of escape. At the same time, in the agri-
cultural counties, the business of detection is often
left to a village constable, who is perfectly unfit to
deal with any but village crimes. In many of our
large towns, likewise, police has not been improved
in most instances with the increase of population;
and in some instances this defect appears to arise
from worse than negligence."
There is, no doubt, much truth in these obser-
vations of the Committee. The atrocious crimes
in England are comparatively few. It is always
much easier to deal with men who calculate than
with men who act from blind impulse ; and " if
you can make the hazard greater than the pro-
bable gain, you may rest sure you will diminish
the crime"—" If you can cast salt on a bird's
tail," &c. The great difficulty we have to struggle
with is, that the thieves are good calculators,
and the Magistrates bad calculators ; that the
thieves act frora " a cool view of their interests,"
and the Magistrates act too often from passion,
which is always a bad counsellor. France and
England afford more than one contrast with re-
spect to crime. We possess the crimes which
may be easiest acted on by police and law ; but,
to use the language of the Committee, we have
not improved "in the art of detection." The
French, again, have made a much more rapid
progress in the art of detection; but they have a
greater proportion of crimes against the person,
both as compared with the whole amount of
crime and compared with the population, than
we have ; and crimes against the person can be
least acted on by law. This is very happily illus-
trated in some of the late Reports of the Keepers
of the Seals on the State ofiCrime. All the skill of
preventive police is unavailing against crimes which
are the impulse of blind passion. When " unprin-
cipled men, who act on a cool view of their ir.te.
rests," shall abound as much in France as in Eng-
land, they will be in as advantageous a position as
that in which we happily are, for " acting on
crime by law." Security of life and limb was
never greater—and even in the case of property
production is never paralysed from any idea of
risk or insecurity. It is not so much the
amount of property which is taken by depreda-
tors, as the manner in which it is taken that de-
termines the influence on production. For in-
stance, if we were to compare England and Ire-
land, it is probable that one single hawl of a
bank parcel, or gutting of a silversmith's shop
in England, will exceed in value all the thefts in
Ireland in a year. But yet thieving as carried
on in Ireland, is infinitely more mischievous than
the thieving in
England. For instance, the pil-
fering in Ireland operates as a complete bar at
present, in most of the counties, to the introduc-
tion of a spirited agriculture suited to the cli-
mate. Every one who knows any thing of Ire-
land is aware that, from the humidity of the cli-
mate, the turnip husbandry, which would reno-
vate their worn soils, is peculiarly adapted to
that country. But the moment a gentleman or
farmer has turnips above the ground,. the people
pounce upon them, and in spite of all his efforts
make in time a clearance of the field. The de.
predators are chiefly children, sent by the pa-
rents, under the idea that no man would be so.
cruel as to punish children for such a venial of-
fence. We know a case of a Baronet who gave
an advantageous lease of land to a spirited
farmer from England, under the idea that
the rest of the tenantry might benefit by
the example. On his return to Ireland, after
an absence of a year or two, lie found the whole
farm in grae.s.. On his remonstrating with the far-
mer
he was answered, that if he had proceeded
with his English farming he would have been
utterly ruined, as he could keep nothing on the
ground. The Bishop of Kildare o_,4ndsay)
succeeded in saving a field of turnips by the
stratagem of proclaiming ar. • the Chapel that he
intended to plough up the field, and he wished
the people to take up the turnips within a given
time. If he had prohibited the people he would
not have been able to preserve any, klere then
we have an instance of depredations to a trifling
value being of the most ruinous consequence,
while in England, ,depredations to an enormous
amount as a whole do comparatively little injury.
Adam Smith, after the Economists, had his
enumerates the Clergy, the lawyers, the
pro-
ductive and unproductive classes, among the
latter he
who live on the production ; but he for-
thieves—a pretty numerous class, who
gs ooltd i et
111,
tax the community to a considerable amount,
but not to such an amount as to interfere with
production.
It has often
resemblance bee n observed
b between
wteheant
there are many points of
the Turks and ourselves, in legal matters ; and.
we perceive, from a traveller, that their police is
not behind that of London in the encouragement
of crime. " There is a provision favourable to •
murderers ; for if the perpetrator is lucky enough
to (Yet out of the way before he is discovered,
the get
and Waiwode can charge the blood on
the people before whose door the murder was
committed, in a town or village, and levy upon

them 40,000 aspers, the stated price, so that
there is seldom much dilience used to appre-
hend the criminal himself. ' Justice, we see, is
ingenious in every country.—Morning Chron.

SECOND EDITION.
SUN OFFICE, Seven o'clock

THE LONDON GAZETTE

OF THIS EVENING.

CIRCUITS OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR RE-
LIEF OF INSOLVENT DEBTORS.
AUTUMN CIRCUITS, ISM
SOUTHERN CIRCUIT.
H. R. REYNOLDS, Esq. Chief Commissioner.
Berkshire—Reading, Tuesday, Oct. 21.
Oxfordshire—Oxford, Wednesday, Oct, 22.
Gloucestershire—Gloucester and City, Friday, Oct. 24.
Worcestershire—Worcester and City, Monday, Oct. 27.
Herefordshire—Hereford end City, Wednesday, Oct. 29.
Monmouthshire—Monmouth, Friday, Oct. 31.
City and County of Bristol—Monday, Nov. 3.
Somersetshire—Bath, Wednesday, Nov. 5.
Somersetshire—Wells, Friday, Nov. 7.
Devonshire—Exeter and City, Tuesday, Nov. 11.
Cornwall—Bodmin, Friday, November 14.
Devonshire—Plymouth, Monday, November 17.
Dorsetshire—Dorchester, Thursday, November 20.
Wiltshire—Salisbury, Saturday, November 22.
Town and County of Southampton—Tuesday, Nov. 25.
Hampshire—Winchester, Wednesday,:November 26.
Kent—Dover, Saturday, Vovember 29.
City and County of Canterbury—Monday, December 1.
Kent—Maidstone, Wednesday, December 3.
Sussex—Horsham, Friday, December 5.

NORTHERN CIRCUIT.
T. B. Bowits, Esq. Commissioner.
Rutlandshire--Oalham, Saturday, October 18.
Lincolnshire—Lincoln and City, Nonday, Oct. 20.
Nottinghamshire—Nottingham and Town, Wednesday,
Oct. 22.
.Derbyshire—Derby and Borough, Friday, Oct. 24.
Yorkshire—Wakefield, Tuesday, Oct. 25.
Yorkshire—Kingston-upon-Hull, Monday, Nov. 3,
Yorkshire—York and City, Wednesday, Nov. 5.
Yorkshire—Richmond, Saturday, Nov. 8.
Durham—Durham, Tuesday, Nov. 11.
Northumberland—Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Town,Thurs-
day, Nov. 13.
Cumyerland, Carlisle, Monday, Mov. 17.
Westmorland—Kendal, Wednesdap, Nov. 19.
Lancashire—Lancaster, Friday, Nov. 21.
Lancashire—Liverpool, Saturday, Nov. 29.
Cheshire—Chester and City, Wednesday, Dec. 3.

MIDLAND CIRCUIT.
W. J. LAw, Esq., Commissioner.
Hertfordshire—Hert, Thursday, Nov. 6.
Essex,—Chelmsford, Saturday, Nov. 8.
Essex—Colchester, Monday, Nov. 10.
Suffolk—lpswich, Tuesday, Nov. 11.
Norfolk—Yarmouth, Thursday, Nov. 13.
Norfolk—Norwich, Friday, Nov. 14.
Suffolk—Bury St. Edmunds, Monday, Nov. 17.
Cambridgeshire—Cambridge, Tuesday, Nov. 18.
Cambridgeshire—Ely, Thursday, Nov. 20.
Norfolk—Lynn, Friday, Nov. 21.
Northamptonshire—Peterborough, Monday, Nov. 24.
lluntingdonshira—Huntingdon, Tuesday, Nov. 25.
Bedfordshire—Yedford, Wednesday, Nov. 26.
Northamptonshire—Northampton, Thursday, Nov. 27.
Leicestershire—Leicester, Saturday, Nov. 29.
Staffordshire—Litchfield, Monday, Dec. 1.
Staffordshire—Stafford, Tuesday, Dec. 2.
Shropshire—Shrewsbury, Friday, Dec. 5.
Warwickshire—Coventry, Monday, Dec. 8.
Warwickshire—Warwick, Tuesday, Deg•. 9.
Buckinghamshire—Aylesbury, Priday, Dec. 12.

BANKRUPTCY ENLARGED.
Jacob Smith, Diorama, Regent's-park, from Sept. 2,
to Oct. 31.

BANKRUPTS.

Samuel Faflows., Stainland, Halifax, Yorkshire, cotton-
manufacturer, to surrender Oct. 2, at six, 3, and 10, at
ten, at the Office of Mr. J. E. Norris, Halifax. Norris,
Halifax ; Williamson, Gray's Inn-square.
Thomas More, Tipton, grocer, Sept. 15, 16, Oct 10,
at eleven, at the Royal Hotel, Birmingham- Norton and
Chaplin, Gray's-Inn-squnre, London, or Spurrier and In-
gleby, Birmingham.
William Nelson, Broad-street, Golden-square, oil and
colourman, Sept. 12, at eleven, 16, and Oct. 10, at ten,
at the Court of Commissioners. Atkins and Davis, Fox.
Ordinary-court, Nicholas-lane.
John Morris Herring, Aberystwith, Cardigan, victualler,
Sept. 16, at one, 19, at twelve, and Oct. 10, at eleven, at
the Court of Commissioners. Davies, Palsgrave-place,
Temple.
Philip Buckley Edwards, Tanyralt, Carnarvon, mer-
chant, Sept. 3,9, and Oct. 10, at two, at the Clarendon-
buildings, Liverpool. Kearsey and Hughes, Lothbury, or
Williamson, Brunswick-street, Liverpool.
Abraham Edmunds, Worcester, timber-merchant, Sept.

11, 12, and Oct. 10, at twelve, at the Hop-polelnn, Wor-
cester. Cardale, Buxton, and Newton, Gray's-Inn ;
Parker and Smith, Worcester.
William Wetherell, Home-House, Manfield, Yorkshire,
horse and cattle-dealer, Sept. 13, 19, Oct. 10, at eleven,
at the Castle and Anchor Inn, Stockton, county of Durham.
Perkins and Frampton, Gray's Inn-square, London, or
Raisbeck, Wilson, and Faber, Stockton.

It is remarkable that Plymouth is at this mo-
ment crowded with foreigners from the opposite extremities
of Europe,—Russia and Portugal, who are here under cir-
cumstances which cannot but awaken great public interest.
_Plymouth Journal.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COVENT-GARDEN
MARKET.--Yesterday morning a number of workmen
commenced their labours in Covent-Garden Market, for
the intended improvements. Stone-masons were employed
in pulling down the stone pillar, which was surmounted by
four gas lights. The column was erected at the sole ex-
pence of his Grace the Duke of BEDFORD, and cost 9001.
It never answered the intended purpose, as it was not of
sufficient height to diffuse the light generally through the
Market. Several workmen were alio employed in pulling
down the stalls. _

A new Report of the Commissioners for
Building Churches has been printed by order of the Rouse
of Commons. It states that 69 churches and chapels hasl
been completed, and that accommodation had been provided
for 107,200 persons, including 59,650 free seats, to be
appropriated to the use of the poor, at the time of making
the last report; and since that time, 15 new churches and
chapels have been built, with accommodation for 20,333
persons, including 10,688 free seats for the poor. Also,
that 46 new churches and chapels are now building, to ac-
commodate 65,472 persons ; and the estimated expence of
building which is 363,798/. 18s. Applications have been
made from 41 places, the population of which, according
to the PeOsoa of 1821, amounts to 829,733, and for which
there is at present phurch accommodation for only 113,085.
The Commissioners state, that since the opening of the
commission they have already determined on, and made
provision for, the erection of 213 additional churches and
chapels ; and that the Exchequer Bills which had been
issued to July 17th, 1828, amounted to the suns 'of
518,9,800/.

ST. A:%4E,5%:-STREET.—This region of club-
houses and resort of fashion, wh;ch, only six weeks ago,
was thronged with carriages and pedestriapp cf the first
order, now presents a dreary void, and scarcely boast* 4
patprian wheel upon its pavement, or a fashionable saun-
terer on its confines. At CROCKFORD'S the curtains are
all bagged, and the costly mirrors enveloped in muslin, to
protect them from the files, EVetl the kitchen fires are
scarcely lighted—sad not a soul is to be seen, except now
and then a solitary passer through tomb who drops ifs
per hazard. At WkiiTt's, two or three I..onlionfixtares
have the whole house to themselves; and at BoopLes
one desolate member, with his elbows on his knees, and
Ns hands enveloping his chin, may be seen occupying
the bay-window for hours. At Baooxs's, even Whig-
gisrn is a time extinct, and the up-stairs' shutters
are not so much as Oiled. At GRAIIAM'S, where more
money is lost, and won than at more and notorious
places, scarcely more thin one table can be wad.. The
Cocoa-tree is denuded of its branches; at the Colonial
neither coffee nor sugar is in request; while at the Coffee-
mill the very Fcales and weights are getting rusty. At the
Albion, the few rea4oing lovers of high living, at low
prices, congregate at seven ; arA4 the guards, who cannot
march when they ilease, are seen gliding by 4nee ancj tWPa
into their new house, as if half-ashamed at the ungentility
of being seen in town on the eve of September. At PBX-
TOWN., where, scarezly a month ago, not-
an attic was to be
obtained for love or money, every bed is disengaged while
NUGER'S choicest hands are emplOyed on shooting-jackets
:Ad gaiters. Sic transit gloria munch Such is the
state of St. James's-street in the autumn.