The Sun.
London, England, 1826-05-02 00:00:00

potatoes for the wheat ; the latter have the benefit of the fallow-
ing, and the former of the manure. The manager, who was a
inatt:ef skill, thought that when they had more cattle, and con-
sequeutlyluohe manure, he should be disposed to try the plan
of sowing wheat once in seven, or even in six, yrani, if the flaw,
prices of that grain should present sufficient inducement. This
farm is one of the few in which all the Telmer, except that of
the oxen and their drivers, is paid fur in money, and not in pro-
duce. The common plan ofthrohing, is to give the thresher a
certain proportion of the Corn: This caries with the productive
nature of the soil and the season, ft oin the 14th to the 1 fish bushel.
Here it was paid for at the rate of a florin, a trifle lies than six-
pence, for the korzec, a Polish measure :=omen hat more than three
bushels and 'a quartet ; the mowinl, reaping, and other kind*
of labour, was agreed for at proportiOnably low prima.
Although this it,tats is well managed, and no rent is paid for
it; I Was induced to believe the assurance which was given to me,
that it had not yiioile.4'any reeenue to the proprietor,' in the last
four or five years, in him joint capacity of owner and &rater. He
had, however, a 4);vtilkuy, and near it is a village, with some
establishments, On a 0411 scale for making coarse woollen cloths.
Theta is no duty cn the Whisi4 sold in coufary places; and the
sui,ply of that 4,l),iiindity in the neighbourhood, which is rather
populous, leaviS tr.prnrit, 11ioo,0!- nut equal to the.lntexest.of the
capit:d invested in the land, the Laming stock and utensils, and
the erection of '

I-have dwelt the longer on the circumstance,' of thispkeliar
farm, not because it may be considered as showing the average
increase on the usual scale of Arming, but because the accounts of
the receipt and expenditure, both in money and produce, are kept
with great regularity. In the generality of farms which are Under
inferior management, the increase would be found much below
the rate which is stated in the farm whose management I have
described. 'lf I were to generalise the Whole of Poland, except
the southern parts of the province Of Sandomir and Craccoi, I
should not etimate the prodlice of grain to te more, if so much,
as two-thirds of that which appeared to be raised on the 'Atte in
question.. In thusestitiniting, I should depend not only on.my
own observation of the state of, growiug crops, and of those Alich
ivereteing harvested, but on the opinion of the personsixiit :qua-
lified to judge, by being in the habit of looking at 'the anilinut of
produce, upon a large scale, and by being furnished with the best
means of judging the average of the whole.
With that description of persons, including the chiefs of serVeral
departments of the Government, the prevailing opinion was that
the average produce of what was not more than 14 bushels; of
rye, 10 ; of barley, 14 ; of oats and of buck wheat, from eight to
ten to the acre. Although the southern parts of Sandomir and
Cracow, yielded rather more, yet their corn, being celebrated for
its excellent quality rather than for its much greater produce,
and extending to buta email proportion of the whole even of thosel
provinces, it was not calculated that it would have the effect of
raising the average of the whole kingdom, in any sensible degree,
above the rate here stated'

Upon this subject, I could have wished' to have been enabled to
give statistical details, rather than my own estimates, or those of
persona better acquainted, than any foreigner cau be, with the
state of the country. If I had met with any agricultural writings
expressly Polish, and bad understood.the language, I might have
gleaned from them some facts to rectify, or to corroborate the'esti-
mate of the actual acre-able produce of &ail'. ; but as every manager
of a farm that I met with understands the German language, and
obtained whatever knowledge books could give him from the
writers of that nation, there is little inducement to compose works
in Polish on such subjects ; and the German authors, though very
accurate and copious in their statistical repdrts of their several
districts, can know little, and can have no inducement to learn
much, of the statistical details of Polish agriculture.
The managers of the farms of the greater nobles are commonly
men of good education, as well as good manners, having been most
of them officers in the army, and I found them well acquainted
with the agricultural writings of Thaer, Schi►artz, and other Ger-
mans, and by means of German translations, with those of Arthur
Young, Sir liumphry Davy, and other Englishmen. Being al-
most cut off from society, and the sports of the field not being, as
with us,
,an object that engages much attention, they have re-
Course to books to relieve their solitude in the long nights of their
tremendous winters.

Having noticed the two provinces which yielded the best wheat,
it may not be useless to observe in addition, that but some small
portions of each are highly productive, and those at that extre
thity of the Itlngdom which is the farthest removed from the
ports in the Baltic, at which alone their corn can be shipped for
this country

I first, entered the-province of Sandotnii frorn'that of Massovia,
and went through it,-, by the towns of Kozience and Granica, till
I reached the Vistula, and crowed it •at Pulaway. In this
route there was nothing in the face of the country, or in the
appearance of the crops, to distinguish thim frbm those of the
other parts I had noticed. On my way from the province of
Lublin, I again entered Sandomir, palming the Vistula ut Ea-
chow. From that river, fur Bitty or seventy miles, the fertility,
of the land. Was not sensibly greater than% the general appear-
ance of the other provinces. After passing Stobnica, the
country vastly improved and 'continued good, through owe-
Aliastow,- Kozyce, and Przeclaivice, fill T entered the province
of Cracow, at lwanowice. . It is an undulating district, somewhat
hilly; the soil a good brown loamy clay, rather stiff to plough,
requiring three, or even sometimes four horses to work it. 'The
stubble/ of wheat wore tolerably thick, and proved that the crops
lutist have been good; they were, however, fur from dean, and
the wheat, having been sowed after a fallow, there would have
been more appearance of young clover, if the management had
I been well conducted. The wheat grown here, is that which is
known in London by' the name of Dantzic white wheat ; it is-of
the most excellent quality, very white and heavy ; I did not learu
that the average growth was much beyond, if it reached, 20 ba-
sin:ls to the acre; though I heard of individual instances of a
greater quantity being yielded in good years. The ctitrict is
about 60 miles in length, but not broad, extending freirn the left
Lank of the river, to various, but none great, extents inland. The
province of Cracow, as far as I sew it, is of nearly the same kind;
I was inforrtied that some of the northern divisions of it were poor
in its agriculture, but rich is its mines of iron, coal, and calamine,
The territory of the republic of Cracow, is like the province of
the salve name, in the kingdom. The. marks of more freedom
allowed to exertion, are visible in the extensive fields of flax, and
the enclosures with tobacco, maize, and a groat variety of garden
vegetables; a part of it is likewise rich in mines of coal and cala-
mine ; and great quantities °faint., made from the latter, have been
beneficially exported to England, since the passing of the late law,
by which the duty on it was reduced.
This tract of country which appeared to me so fertile, and iti
which I rerharked more of the outward signs of comfort, deist
not, including the territory of the republic, in extent amount
to 1-60th part of the present kinidom of Poland. There is in
it, the same suffering from the low prices of produce,'and a dis-
position to invest any capital that can be funnd in mining, rather
than in cultivating the soil.
The province of Gallicia, a Part at the ancient kingdom of
Poland, but now added to the dominions of the Auatrian em-
pire, which stretches along the right hank of the Vistula, is, I
believe, nearly as fertile as the southern part of the present king-
dom of Poland, or the territory of the republic of Cracow. I
passed through only that portion which lies between the
salt mines of Wielictica and the frontiers of Ideravitt. I
found by the accounts I obtained at Thern, (see Appen-
dix,'No. 19,) that very little wheat from that rich and exten-
sive province had been conveyed down the Viitula to the Baltic,-
though the access to the sea is as easy as from the south pert*
of the kingdom of Poland, or from Cracow ; yet the trade in
corn is impeded by transit duties both in Poland, and io
Prussia. No tranoit duty ie charged in Poland on the corn of
its own growth ; and, by a treaty of commerce, concluded in
the month of March last, With Prutota, the duty at Thorn it
reduced to a rate that is almost nomintd. There is notch treaty
With Austria, and the-corn fern) Gallicia thus continues loaded
1 believe some eitte surplus eon/ of GalliciaN.o. finds2o.) a vent by
with the duty, on entering the Priiisitin boandariett, from which
that' of Poland is now exempt. •
lati&caniage into the Prfuottand:reouil.pierres
geotiferaiSiliet;ioa:cuplyt
tnltitutemt,..
however,. he but in until qnatititiot, farming a part of that stated
to
Ibtewexar drtigeoflmm t
Astitlraia,co(unetryAPasPdpicixliand to attain to any
selarevuresactliyeirou tilbeonit.atiinas,ofanldancdultivate than by the bands of their
porJarsta.
(eo at commun..)