The Sun.
London, England, 1844-01-16 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 16, 1R44.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.
TATTERSALL'S—YESTERDAY.
DERBY.
11 to 2 agst Scott's lot—taken to 100/.
13 to 2 agst Mr. John Day's The Ugly Buck—taken to
150/., and afterwards offered
11 to 2 agst Mr. Crockford's Rattan—taken to about 3001.
16 to 1 agst Mr. Quin's Loadstone—taken to 601.
18 to 1 apt Lord Maidstone's Cockamaroo--taken to 250/.
22 to 1 agst Colonel Peel's Orlando—taken and after-
wards offered
25 to 1 agst Colonel Peel's lonian—taken to 75/.
25 to 1 agst Mr. Lichtwald's Leander—taken to 75/.
27 to 1 agst Mr. A. Wood's Running Rein taken to
ilkarly 100/.
30 to 1 Agit 111 r. Bowes's T'Auld Squire—t to a small sum
35 to 1 agst Mr. Watt's Voltri—no backers
40 to 1 agst Mr. Bowes's Saddle Bow—taken to 100/.
40 to 1 agst Sir G. Heathcote's Campunero—do. do.
40 to 1 agst Mr. Payne's Vat eolt—taken to 201., and
afterwards offered
500 even betwen Cockamaroo and Loadstone—taken
500 even between lonian and Orlando—taken
600 to 500 (twice on Vat colt agst Foig-a-ballagh—taken
300 to 25 agst Leander, Running Rein, and King of the
Gipsies--taken.
To the above little need be added ; it is necessary,
however, for the information of those whose commissions
may have been executed at prices varying from the re-
ported odds, to state that in the early part of the afterf
noon 25 to 1 was betted agst Orlando to upwards o-
-1001. ; 30 to 1 agst lonian to 65/. ; 20 to 1 to a small
sum agst Cockamaroo, and 30 to 1 each agst Leander
and Running Rein.

BATH RACES.
Handicap for the Somersetshire Stakes.
Vibration, 5 yrs, Sst 121b—Una, 6 yrs, Bst 101b—John
o'Gaunt, 6 yrs, Bst 61b—Belissima, aged, Bst 31b—
Arctic, aged, Bst 31b—Newcourt, 4 yrs, Bst—c by Bay
Middleton, out of Silvertail, 4 yrs, 7st 131 b—A British
Yeoman, 4 yrs, 7st 121b—Captain Flathooker, 5 yrs, 7st
121b—Etnilian, 5 yrs, ist 111b—Ajax, 6 yrs, 7st 111 b
Cattonite, 5 yrs, 7st 111b—Fausta, 6 yrs, 7st 101b—Por-
trait, 6 yrs, 7st 101b—Roscius, aged, 7st 101b—Lothario,
4 yrs, 7st 91b—Ben-y-Ghlo, 4 yrs 7st 91b—Priscilla
Tomboy, 5 yrs, 7st 81b—Arcanus, 5 yrs, 7st 81b—
Princess of Wales, 5 yrs, 7st 81b—The Currier, aged,
7st 81b—Tamburini, aged, 7st 71b—Greenfinch, aged,
7st 61b—Fame, 6 yrs, 7st 61b—Meteor, 4 yrs, 7st-516
Decisive, 4 yrs, 7st 41b—Our Nell, 5 yrs, 7st 41b—Reci-
procity, 4 yrs, 7st 41b—Pharaoh, 4 yrs, 7st 21b—Moba-
rek, 6 yrs, 7st—Haitoe, 5 yrs, 7st—Broken Down (late
Bangor), aged, 7st—Mallard, 4 yrs, 7st —Fanny Cal-
laghan, 4 yrs, 6st 131b—Jack, 5 yrs, fist 121b—President,
6 yrs, Est 101b—Naworth, aged, Est 101 b —Pickwick, by
Saracen, aged, 6st 101b—Roderick, 5 yrs, 6st 101 b
Grace Darling, 4 yrs. Est 10113—Wiverton, aged, 6st 1016
—Franchise, 5 yrs, 6st 101b--Vitula, 4 yrs, fist 81b—The
Curate, 4 yrs, 6st 81b—Mechanic, 4 yrs, Est 71b—Irony,
5 yrs, Est 71b—Illustration' 4 yrs, Est 71b—Young
Lochinvar, 5 yrs, Est 71b—c. by Slane, out of Victory,
4 yrs, fist 41b—Portumnus, 4 yrs, 6st 41b— Glendower,
4 yrs, 6st—Peter Plimley, 4 yrs, 6st—Lord Hampton, 4
yrs, 6st—Comet, 4 yrs, 6st—Tom Tough, 4 yrs, sst 101 b
—Frey-strop, 3 yrs, sst 61b—Minna Trod, 3 yrs, sst
Worthless, 3 yrs, 51b—The General, 3 yrs, 4st 111 b
Red Deer, 3 yrs, 4st 111b—Best Bower, 3 yrs, 4st 10Ib—
fby Camel, out of Wiseacre's dam, 3 yrs, 4st 71b.—To
declare on the Ist of February.
CHESTER, 1844.

Weights for the Tradesmen's Plate of 200 sovs. in spe-
cie, added to a Handicap Sweepstakes of 25 sovs. each,
15 ft, and 5 only if declared on or before Feb. 1.

Alice Hawthorlie, 6 yrs, 9st 81b-Retriever, aged,
9st 21b-St. Lawrence, aged, 9st-Aristotle, 5 yrs,
Bst 1 Ilb-John o'Gaunt, 6 yrs, Bst 71b-Nutwith, 4 yrs,
Bst 61b-Pagan, 6 yrs, Bst 51b-William le Gros, 5 yrs,
Bst 51b-Gorhambury, by Buzzard, 4 yrs, Bst 516-Prize-
fighter, 4 yrs, Bst 51b-Heslington, 6 yrs, Bst 416-Semi-
, seria, 4 yrs, Bst 31b-Scalteen, 5 yrs, Bst 21b-Parthian,
4 yrs, Bst 21b-Winesour, 4 yrs, Bst Ilb-Collins, 6 yrs,
Bst-Baliinkeele, 5 yrs, Bst--Foxberry, 5 yrs, Bst-
Aristides, 4 yrs, Bst-Newcourt, 4 yrs, Bst-Bellissima,
aged, 7st 131b-Lothario, 4 yrs, 7st 131 b-b cby
Bay Middleton--Silvertail,4 yrs, 7st 131b-The Bashaw,
4 yrs, 7st 131b-Warlike, 4 yrs, 7st 131b-Phenome-
non, 4 yrs, 7st 131b-Trueboy, 4 yrs, 7st 131 b -Cat-
tonite, 5 yrs, 7st 111b-Jamie Forest, aged, 7st 101 b
-Peggy, 4 yrs, 7st 101b-Portrait, 6 yrs, 7st 91b-
Decisive, 4 yrs, 7st 91b-Bramble, 4 yrs, 7st 91b-
ch c by Muley Moloch (Mr. Shafto's), 4 yrs,
7st 91b-Arctic, aged, 7st 81b-General Pollock,
4 yrs, 7st 81b-Polish, 4 yrs, Ist 81b-Mustapha Muley,
6 yrs, 7st 71b-Phryne, 4 yrs, 7st 71b-Yardley, 4 yrs,
7st 71b-The Currier, aged, 7st 61b-Gander, 5 yrs,
7st 61b-Beeswax, 5 yrs, 7st 51b-Haitoe, 5 yrs, 7st 51b
-Hooton, 4 yrs, 7st 51b-Merry Andrew, 4 yrs, 7st slb
-Grace Darling, 4 yrs, 7st 41b-Rowland, 4 yrs, 7st 41b
-Glossy, 4 yrs, 7st 41b-The Broken Down (late
Bangor), aged, 7st 41b-Naworth, aged, 7st 31b-Arna-
gill, 6 yrs, 7st 31b-Egidia, 4 yrs, 7st 31b-Freedom,
4 yrs, 7st 31b-Roscius, aged, 7st 21b-Frea, 5 yrs,
7st 21b-Reciprocity, 4 yrs, Ist 21b-Bourra To-
macha. 4 yrs, Tst 21b-What, 4 yrs, 7st 21b-
Zrmengardis, 6 yrs, 7st 1 lb-Greenfinch (h-b), aged, 7st-
The Prior, 5 yrs, 6st 131b-Vakeel, 5. yrs, Est 131b-Sir
Robert, 5 yrs, Est 131b-Tacita, 5 yrs, 6st 131b-Pha-
raoh, 4 yrs, Est 121b-The O'Neill, 4 yrs, Est 121 -
Franchise, 5 yrs, Est 101b--Irony,s yrs, Est 81b-Martyr,
5 yrs, Est 81b-B cby Slane, out of Victim, 4 yrs, 6st 81b
Everton, 4 yrs, 6st 81b-Quebec, 4 yrs, 6st 81b-Illus-
tration, 4 yrs, 6st 81b-President, h b, 6 yrs, Est 61b-
Young Lochinvar, 4 yrs, 6st 41b-Xanthus, 4 yrs, 6st 41b
-Testatrix, 4 yrs, 6st 21b-Winter, 4 yrs, 6st-Harts-
horn, 4 yrs, sst 121b-Birdeen, 4 yrs, sst 101b-Miss
Miggs,4yrs, sst Nib-Shocking Mamma, 4 yrs, sst 101 b
-Gipsy Queen, 4 yrs, sst 101b-Gasparoni, aged, sst
91b-The Cure, 3 yrs, sst 91b---Celeste, 3 yrs, sst-
Worthless, 3 yrs, sst-Emma, 3 yrs, 4st 81b-Best
Bower, 3 yrs, 4st 61b-nowsprit, 3 yrs, 4st 61b-Vin Or-
dinaire, 3 yrs, 4st-Red Deer, 3 yrs, 4st.

SOCIETY FOR THE PROTEC-
TION OF THE DISTRESSED NEEDLE-
WOMEN IN LONDON.
- Yesterday a preliminary meeting of the benevo3
lent friends of the poor needlewomen of London
took place at the Mansion-House, for the purpose of
adopting measures preparatory to a public meeting
to be called in a few days, to assemble in the
Egyptian Hall, for the benefit of the hard-working
poor creatures with whom the metropolis abounds.
Among those present were the Lady Mayoress,
Miss Magnay, bliss Jane Magnay, Lady Key, Miss
Key, Miss Farebrother, Mrs. Tuckett, &c.
The LORD MAYOR took the chair, and expressed
a firm hope and belief that the object of the meet-
ing would be most liberally carried out. He was
surrounded by ladies who were anxious to be mem-
bers of a Committee to assist in so admirable an
undertaking. His Lordship then read from a paper
a statement of the intentions of the Society. The ob-
ject was to find work for as many of the unemployed
as possible to insure to them a fair remuneration for
their labour. The work was to consist of children's
clothes and females' under garments, manufactured
expressly for distribution to the deserving, poor. To
be supported by subscriptions, and every subscriber
to receive goods to the amount of their subscriptions
for their own distribution. Each article to be
marked with the name of the establishment. The
amount of each person's earnings not to exceed 9s.
per week. That no middle-women or job-masters
be employed, so that the actual labour may not ex-
ceed twelve hours per diem, thus serving two parties
at the same time, viz., the needle •women so employed,
and the destitute poor, who from the hands of the hu-
mane receive these comforts, so desirable at this in-
clement season.

The ladies warmly engaged in the business of the
day, and became members of the Committee. A
large sum of money was subscribed upon the spot,
and the Lord Mayor and Alderman Farebrother
announced their intention to receive subscriptions in
aid of the great objects of the Society. His Lord-
ship stated that a public meeting would in a few days
be announced,. and he confidently relied upon the
attendance of all the great patrons of the charities of
the City of -London. We were given to understand
that some of the most eloquent men in the metropolis
will speak at the forthcoming meeting upon the subject.
The following is one of the letters received by Mr.
Rooper, the Honorary Secretary, in answer to his
invitation to the writer to attend the preliminary
meeting at the Mansion-house :
" Mrs. presents her compliments to Mr.
Rooper, and is unable to attend the meeting at the
Mansion-house, to which she has the honour to be
invited.

" Mrs. is most happy to see the case of the
distressed needlewomen attracting public notice, as
she cherishes the hope that they will not only obtain
the temporary relief which their pitiable situation
requires, but that the recent disclosures will have a
tendency to insure to them better remuneration for
their labours than in time past they have received.
Not wishing to be classed with those who say to the
poor, ' Be ye warmed and be ye clothed,' but who
withhold the supplies necessary to such relief, Mrs.
incloses two sovereigns as her mite, which she
would have been happy to have enlarged, were she
not pressed by almost daily applications from the im-
poverished and distressed.
" She most sincerely wishes the proposed Society
much success in their humane and laudable efforts to
wipe away tears from the eyes of the indigent and
sorrowful.—Jan. 15, 1844."

LITERATURE.

FOREIGN QUARTERLY REVI,E No.AXIV.
Chapman and Hall, London, 1844.
- Alluding, some few weeks since, to the past
and present state of American literature, we
took the opportunity of observing that the
United States had not yet produced one single
author of eminence of whom it could justly be
said that he was original. We remarked that
the writings, whether in prose or verse, of the
New World, were merely so many faint, feeble
copies of those of the Old; and that even Cooper
himself, though supposed to convey a faithful
image of national peculiarities in his works, was
often nothing more than an echo of Sir alter
Scott, just as Emerson is of Carlyle,• and Bryant
of Wordsworth. An article in the present
number of this journal, entitled " American
Anthology," fully bears out our opinion, by
passing in review a whole tribe of Yankee
authors, and pointing out the sources whence
they derived some of their best ideas. Not a
few of the poetical specimens quoted by the
Reviewer are of the most grotesque character it
is possible to conceive, and satisfy us that
America has yet much to learn, as well as
much to unlearn, before she can cultivate
the Muses with any prospect of success. The
memorable " Congress of Vienna" in 1815, when
Europe was coolly partitioned out by a set of
despotic Legitimates, without the slightest regard
to any other consideration than their own conve-
nience, forms the theme of an amusing critical
'notice, in which occur several whimsical sketches
of illustrious individuals who figured prominently
in that scene of royal tom-foolery. The portrait
of his fat Majesty of Wirtemberg—that " tun of
a man," who possessed all the obesity of Falstaff
without a tithe of his wit, is, we have no doubt,
perfectly accurate ; and the passing glimpse we
' have of the sentimental Alexander, whom Napo-
leon justly described as " a Greek of the Lower
Empire," gives us a vivid idea of the character
of this royal dissembler. In the review of
" Mignet's Historical Essays," we find a
hasty memoir ocilie .:snotorious Abbe Sieyes, so
well known during the early period of the he-
volution.for his constitutional theories, as also
for the part he played on the occasion of the
Eighteenth Brumaire, when Citizen Bonaparte
upset the Directorial overnment, and under the
specious form of the Consulate established a
systematic, military despotism. " Sinde, its
Am
,and its People" makes no great addition
to.fqratock of knowledge we already possess on
this subject, still it is an interesting article, and
is put forth at a seasonable juncture, when all
eyes are directed with eagerness towards this
new conquest of the Indian Government. From
the notice of Mignet's " Historical EssVs" we
quote an anecdote or two respecting the eminent
French physician Broussais

" He had n-ot quite finished his studies When the
revolution burst out. His family embraced the cause
of liberty. His ardent and impetuous imagination
was inflamed by it. The time arrived for participa-
tion. The Prussians, in 1792, had advanced to Ver-
dun, and the alarm had roused the patriotism of all
France. Broussais, then twenty years of age, enrolled
himself in a company of volunteers, of which he was
named sergeant. In one of the frequent encounters
with les Chouaris he signalized his force, his genero-
sity, and his 'courage. The company of volunteers
had been surprised and beaten. In retreating, one of
his comrades was shot, and fell at his side. The war
was without quarter, and the enemy were but a few
paces in arrear. Yet Broussais, at the peril of being
taken himself, stopped, lifted his wounded companion
upon his shoulders, and continued his retreat, his pace
somewhat slackened by the burden. Les Chouans
fired upon him. One ball passed through ;his hat.
But he escaped. Arrived at a place of safety] he de-
posed his comrade on the ground ; and to his, horror
found him dead. He had run that risk to save a
corpse. He could not long animate the company with
his example. Seriously ill, he was obliged to return
to his family ; and on his recovery he embraced the
paternal profession. His progress in study was rapid;
and having attended the hospitals of St. Malo and
Brest, he was appointed surgeon to the frigate Laße-
nomm6e. On the eve of departure he recerveda letter
from the Mayor of St. Malo, which commenced in
these terrible words Tremble in receiving this
letter I' . . . It announced that the house of
his aged parents had been attacked by les Couans,
who had murdered them both and mutilated their
bodies. The grief and indignation felt by Btoussais
cannot be described. Forty years afterwards, says
Mignet, he became pale as he spoke of it."

ADVENTURES OF MR. LEDBURY. 3 Vols.

---
Bentley, London, 1844.
In these volumes we have a re-publication of
a tale that appeared last year in successive num-
bers of Bentley's Miscellany, and which we have
more than once noticed in The Sun. The story
of Mr. Ledbury, and his numerous mishaps and
adventures, is by no means deficient in interest;
the details, in particular, of his journey by way
of the Rhine to Switzerland, and afterwards to
Italy, and of the strange vicissitudes that befel
him on the road, exhibit much descriptive
ability; and the story possesses the additional re-
commendation of being cleverly illustrated by
Leech.

GLOSSOLOGY ; or the Additional Means of Diag-
nosis of Disease to he derived from Indications and
.Appearances of the Tongue. By Benjamiu Ridge,
M.D., M.R.C.S.L. Churchill, Princes-street. 1844.
This treatise contains the substance of a paper
read by Dr. Ridge before the Senior Physical
Society of Guy's Hospital on the 4th of Novem-
ber last; and certainly, should the truth of the
doctrines propounded in it be confirmed, Dr.
Ridge has made one of the most vitally import-
ant discoveries that has been made since the
days of Hunter. His discovery is
" That certain appearances in parts of the tongue
indicate the presence of certain diseases, and that 0--
parts correspond with certain organs of the ' --rse
.. (Jody.'
The state of the tongue has ^1 ,
buairsoneeennmocuonnt-
sidered as diagnostic of (I.:isease"l
of information hitt)
:crto afforded by it is thus de-
scribed by Dr, :Ridge, who follows up the state-
ment by an account of the manner in which he
made his discovery
" I found the tongue was looked at as an organ of
diagnosis, and I looked at it
ittoo but the amount
of information
very lit gained from was trifling ; and
more did I gather from books, or from per-
instruction. I still thought there must be some-
thing more substantial to be learned from it, or other-
wise it seemed a waste of time to look at if
Dissatisfaction on the point led me - ac ail,
flect on its diversified arm-- gradually to it;
before me, so r" ~.raneeL As disease came
selve- ...,terent orbservationsobtruded thein-
-, until, after carrying these in my mind for
years without being able to hitailke their or adopt
any regular systein, I was led at last to draw the rough
form of a tongue, and map out its compartments. I
had no sooner accomplished this than I perceived
that the divisions corresponded very closely with its
anatomy.
" The first observtio made were in 1836-7,
during the prevalence nths' epidemic influenza. The
cases which came jperore the
o;sebuotf my
e
oWh'obterVations differed so widelynurrommilths
writers on that epidemic, that I hesitated in obtrud-
ing them. I noticed three distinct stages of this dis-
ease—affecting, first, the stomach ; then the lungs ;
and lastly, the brain ; and that. three diitinct charac-
teristics of the tongtle Priknted themselves."
The work is profuSely illustrated by diagrams
and p.lr.t,VA, i)fotving the diVisions of the tongue;
kelluitllit to tne views of hr. Ridge, and the ap-
portionment of those divisions to the various or-
gans of the body. The Doctor then goes into a
minute anatomical description Of the structure
of the tongue, for the purpose of showing that
these divisions are founded on structure, and that
there is a nervous connection between tile va-
rious division's of the tongue and the organs to
).vhich. they are appropriated. Should Dr.
Ridge's *Wilt probe t orreet3 it is iftiptissible to
exaggerate the importance of the science of
Glossology, not only in in the diagnosis of dis-
ease, but as a means of detecting deception :
" I must here remark that a thorough knowledge
Glossology Will sometimes detect deception.
When the tongue is silent, it will tell the truth. The
sick tale is not unfrequently an untrue one : those
who have had most practice are best acquainted with
this fact."
This book is well worthy the careful attention
of the medical profession. Ebery- practising
member of that profession has the power of in-
vestigating the truth of these doctrines; and it
is a duty he owes to himself, to his profession
and to his fellow-creatures to do so; for the
nearer the approach to certainty in diagnosis, the
nearer the approach to certainty in application
of remedial agents. In conducting these inves-
tigations we would earnestly impress upon the
minds of the investigators the importance of
this, the concluding observation of Dr. Ridge's
work :
" Important truths are only to be elicited by a great
expenditure of time and patience ; and he is the
wisest man who spends them liberally and ungrudg-
ingly, when they are paid down for a good purpose—
to add to knowledge, and benefit mankind."

OUR INDIAN MAIL.—Our Indian papers contain
Indian Ink to the latest moment ; and we have received
pickles up to the time of starting. Our. Courier, in an-
ticipation of the Overland Mail, has arrived in anticipa-
tion of his pay ; but he will not get it. Among. our
other Indian arrivals, we have been put in possession of
Indian rubber from which we find the there is a good
deal of elasticity in tbOletflatarr.-Taii

;TATE OF IRELAND.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SW'.
SIR,—P blitics are a means to an end, or they are
nothing. " Repeal may be carried or fall to.the ground;
but what is to become of the Irish people ? Irish-
man as I • am, I have no desire to sever our commu-
nity with, England. If, strictly speaking, we are not
one in race, we are as nearly so as the different por-
tions of the British and Irish communities themselves ;
our language is the same, and our interests are iden-
tical. With England and her progress, are associated
the best interests of mankind ; no, I would not eat
into hey: resources, or paralyse her arm, but join with
with hi .T in realising her best interests and our own.
I am •against repeal, because I esteem it impracti-
cable, and, if practicable, undesirable. Did I sup-
pose that Ireland should linger on in perennial misery ;
did I suppose that the injustice of the past should be
the inheritance of the future, I should become a re-
pealer with the best of them ; I should resort to every
fair and equitable means to extort by force that
which should be conceded as a right. But I entertain
no such conviction. I am intimately persuaded that
jusfice---yes, justice in full—shall be conceded to
Ireland.
I am opposed to repeal, because I esteem it a
move in a false direction, ill-calculated to insure re-
dress of the grievances under which we labour. How
will the repeal rent, were it swollen to hundreds, in
place of tens of thousands, carry it ? Will England—
would any empire—consent to a virtual dismember-
ment ? Were the Irish people united, could they
realise repeal in face of English opposition ? Would
they become tributaries to any continental Power in
order to effect this purpose ? Would the bought
amity of France or America better replace the un-
bought protection of England ; and, were it even
secured, are they certain to succeed ? But the Irish
are not united ; as for Protestants and Dissenters, they
are totally opposed. Are the repealers willing, single-
handed, to engage the might of England; are they
prepared to wage a civil war with their countrymen ?
Surely there are other and better remedies in store ?
In Ireland there is a surplus of hands beyond the
demand ; the population is never fully employed,
while the pressure from without causes labour to be
performed on terms altogether incompatible with a
decent subsistence. The perishable potatoe is the only
food which can be habitually reckoned on ; and when,
as often happens, the supply is bad or deficient,
and when the winter store deteriorates as spring
comes round, the wants of the people are miserably
aggravated. The deficiency in other articles of prime
necessity is almost equally great. The attire is at
once wretched, sordid, miserable. As regards the
men, clothes, which have served the coarse necessities
of half-a-dozen individuals ; as respects women and
children, a flimsy cotton print, with a sad deficiency
of woollen and linen under-garments. In the country
a mud cabin, perhaps windowless, chimneyless ; in
town, a garret, a cellar, or a nook in some wretched
court, constitutes the protection against our often wet
and dreary winters. And even of these, the wretched
occupants continue to sublet a portion to casual way-
farers more outcast than themselves.
It may be conceived what dens of disease such
habitations prove • accordingly, sickness and death,
with fever and all its sweltering horrors, are never
absent. In 1780 and 1817, severally, eighty thou-
sand. persons were carried off by fever, which, if we
reckon the mortality at one in thirty, gives for each
of those years an aggregate of two hundred and forty
thousand sick. What of the sufferers on such occa-
sions ; what of friends and relatives whose time is
occupied and substance exhausted ; what heads of
families torn away ; what anguish—what despair ?
Of all the enemies of Ireland, commend me to the
absentee, to him who, with unscrupulous desertion of
all the duties connected with home and country,
spends abroad the pittance wrung from the vitals
of an impoverished peasantry. I know it has been
asserted that absenteeism entails no pecuniary disad-
vantage ; but I shall merely ask whether the four or five
millions annually abstracted from a community like
that in Ireland, constitute no loss; or whether this
sum, if circulated by the unwearying hand of human
industry, would not be calculated to ensure comfort
and competence to myriads ? How, I would inquire,
is production to be carried on without money ca-
pital ; or, how, without it, are'the endlessly diversified
capabilities of soil and climate to receive suitable ex-
pansion ? No, the absentee is among the worst enemies
of Ireland.
It occurs to me when I think of mouldering halls,
and the silent park where the mansion-house stood,
but stands no more, with what new titles we might in-
vest the absent owners. Here then, were the abode of
Duke Hardheart, that the Earl of Rattledice's ; here the
Castle of Lady Smallbrains, that the whilome seat of
the Countess of Dissipation. I have stood on the
strand where rows of roofless cabins attested the
former presence of human life and industry. Look
at that blackened wall ! Where are they whom it
once sheltered ? where the hard-working peasant, the
anxious busy mother, the maiden whose carolling
was heard so early in the morn, and the children
whose little feet went to and fro—where, absentee,
where ?—borne to the sordid town, the hospital.
Who is that with haggard countenance—now he
gasps, anon he picks the bed-clothes with his hands !
The nurse plies the grateful wine in vain, the physi-
cian shakes his head and passes on ; for why, the
peasant's course is ended, his life is done ; nor can
the tears of that spent and faithful woman, nor the
sad inquiring face of the last and youngest, avail to
stay the parting agony. Hark ! it is the dead rattle;
now—no once again ; now indeed, it is over for ever
more; the peasant has sped to a land where the bird
thereof will not tear down his dwelling, or expel him
and his from the light of his protection ! Mother
and child are gone ; the child has lain down
amid the straw, he asks why his father is away. But
where is the blythe daughter the while ? There, pale,
trembling, by that flickering lamp; the rains pours,
perchance it blows, no matter; she must earn the
wages of corruption, or go homq
o her garret and
work
die. But the son, the s-
and strive and
..curdy son, who was to
Lool,
.- wake all things square, where is he ?
- across the ocean—to far America ; there, hard
by the canal, in the swamp, are rows of graves. In
one of these, with others of his race, victims to
and neglect in a foreign land, lies
olriiresnotl'in-
ore 1
man ; his hand is cold, he'll young Irish-
Whodoes
mineralsnot
are insuffick,it -su
hareivPotYdlltheousth‘%rilfrrnewintnanUfactories
g population ;
thaltV ourho
neglected ; the tenure a the; .at our fisheries are
rodtice precarious;low tht
rents are high, while
that land, even on these ter,mtsoo.geinerally, is
, is et and sub-let,
so as no longer to afford
the peasant is ground d
a decent subsistence; and that
own, vvh-o-
his humble necessaries - oy the outlay for
jury levies ' " a net:ivy rent-charge, grand-
,.
__, was, taxes, poor-rates, and the support,
ac once onerous and unavoidable, of Protestant,
Catholic;, Presbyterian- and other establishments ?
The land is overstocked with labourers, the towns
with artisans ; while every trade, profession, calling,
swarms with needy candidates for employment.
There are fbw or nb public works, no Government
dock-yards, and, with excellent harboursi no foreign
packet station. In other respects, we have canals on
which one sees nothing but turf-boats; a matchless
custom-house where there is no trade, and a cycle-
harbour Which only serves to shelter fishermen.
The centralization principle, carried too far, has drawn
away the emoluments connected with most of the
public offices; money does not circulate; and if any
one e*perience unusual losses in his calling, he finds
the utmost difficulty in retrie*ing• theta, In a word,
the people do not receive adecittate employment at
home, and are too generally destitnte of the means to
seek it abroad.
hbfore any searehing remedies for Irish grievances
can be adopted, there must be a proper understanding
with the parties to be relieved. The task must be
entered into with vigour, and a firm determination to
prohe the Oanket to the bottom, and eradicate it.
If Ministers for the day, if lion. ltletnbers set out
with repugnance and disgust, view the affair as a
nuisance to be abated and abandoned, how do they
expect they will accomplish their undertaking, or
conciliate those whom it most concerns ? The Irish,
too, must relinquish their prejudices, their ostentation,
their pride, their desire to spend before they earn,
their distorted conceptions, and their expectations,
often sadly at variance with the every-day realities
01 life. I would adjure the political agitator, ere he
evoke the vengeance of heaven and earth on English
misrule, to correct his own faults. Man, have you
never been your own enemy ? have you never slept
the hours you should have been waking; never passed
in rude debauchery
.the time that should have been
spent with your anxious partner, in instructing your
children, and in making provision for the period of
age and sickness which is sure to come, and which
often, alas too often, finds you wholly unprepared ?
Among other follies of which we have been guilty,
is the recent attempt to found a barrier on the dis-
tinction of race, as if Saxons were better or worse
than Celts ; Celts than Saxons. But the fact assumed

is quite otherwise ; the aborigines of these islands
were all Celts ! Are not Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Cor-
nish, dialects of one and the same language, once
spoken over Great Britain and Ireland by a race that
has left indelible traces of its existence in the remains
of its language, and the still adherant name 3 of places?
In England the after irruption of Romans, Saxons,
and Norsemen settled in France, gave rise to a diver-
sified population, just as the invasion and settlement
of Ireland by Danes, Normans, Saxons, and Welsh
led to a,similar result here. It is unlikely that there
is a single Irishman, whatever it may be in the high-
lands of Scotland or Wales, who can boast unmingled
Celtic descent; and were it even otherwise, the gain
would be very small. The Deity, who knows better
than us all, has designed his children, Celt, Saxon,
and Norman, alike to mingle together; and wherever
a consummation so desirable fails to be realised, de-
terioration and decay are the only results.
Freer ingress as regards tho productions of other
countries, freer egress as regards our own, would, I
conceive, a high degree of prosperity both for

England and Ireland. Abolition of the corn-laws is
not perhaps the commercial avatar which some esteem
it; but as matters now are, abolition would doubtless
pova.of-the-utmost importance to Great Britain and
the world. Providence dictates; reason suggests, the
unshackled interchange of every production of men's
hands, of every growth of the soil. I need not dilate
on the rival establishments too often. the result of
British gold and influence, or the'singular anomaly in
' America of the trees of the forest giving way, not to
fields of corn, but mules and spinning-jennies, the
fruits of our restrictions; I would merely advert to
the fact, that in Ireland there are hosts of idle, im-
poverished individuals, to whom free trade would
prove the signal for occupation and competence. Our
linen manufacture would be- revived, d almost un-
productive fisheries encouraged, and our korts would
become emporiums for all nations. The' vast increase
of occupation in England, whose %Vo'rkslops would
ring again with the varied processes,Oliek multiplied
industry, would create an incessaht demand for
Ireland's sons, then sure to receive hearty well-
paid welcome. Pat might then rear his. Cabin by the
pleasant shores and green-hill slopes of his native
country ; then might he have land and the means of
paying for it too; while dark-cyed girls and curly-
headed boys, no more to perish in aguish America
abroad, or of want-created disease at home, would
gladden his heart !

Let the holder of the soil have a longer, say a
twenty-year? lease, with security for specific outlay
and improvements, and let the landlord realise those
admirable agricultural improvements for which Ire-
land is so well adapted, and for which the tenant
would so gladly pay. With drainage, sub-soil
ploughing, alternate grain and green crops, change
of seed, turnip culture, and to a certain extent spade
labour, incalculable advantages would be realised by
the tenantry and community at large. The landlord
might, with great propriety, lay down a mode of cul
ture mainly founded on the Scotch system, and see
that it was carried into effect. At present, the
country is not half tilled; it is just as if so much
land or produce were cast into the sea. Irrespective
of defective culture, vast tracts are wholly wire-
claimed ; rich slopes subsist to the south and west,
which no plough disturbs, and into which no spade
delves ; while mountains that might be planted to
the summit, are with few exceptions, bare and barren.
The proprietors, I submit, should be compelled to
plant these mountains, to reclaim those wastes. Un-
like Mr. Blacker or Lord Headley's agent, agents in
general, have neither the power nor the means to
insure the proper culture of the soil. Let the land-
lords, then, go home and do it. Who, and what are
they to absent themselves from the country of their
birth, at any rate the community, to which by all the
ties of property and humanity they belong ? Either
a heavy absentee tax should be levied, or the rents,
with narrow restrictions, handed over to the actual
resident owner of the soil. Thus peace and plenty,
contentment and capital, would spread over the land,
and propitious Astreea be seen again to smile.
The anxiety on the part of the labouring classes in
this country to obtain a little ground is very great,
and has been turned to rich account in the way of
high rents, renewal fines, fines for abating rent, and
the like. Does any one propose to leave his holding,
eager competitors are willing to bestow what should
seem the value of the ground ; but this, which is
termed buying land, only confers the privilege of
paying rents, fines, tithes, taxes, cess, as may be.
In my opinion, it should be optional with
the tenant to purchase, at least in part,
the fee of the soil. That this is feasible may be seen
from the example of the Channel islands, where poverty
and wretchedness are unseen. In some cases the
landlord in Guernsey and Jersey retains a lien on the
soil, which is acknowledged by a proportionate yearly
payment, to the mutual advantage of the joint own-
ers. An industrious proprietary has banished mendi-
cancy from France. I should consider the general
introduction of such an arrangement, such as that
which subsists in the Channel islands, as great an
advance in civilization as the abolition of serfage
itself. The slave must be supported, whether he
work or remain at rest, whereas the Irish labourer, in
one sense the slave of many masters, starves in the
intervals of employment !
Thanks to the home consumption and to John
Bull's enduring appetite, to the union, and to steam,
the poor Irish trader often brings his produce to a
good market. Fair weather or foul, he crosses the
channel with as little hesitation as if it were the next
parish, and disposes of his live and dead stock to the
highest bidder. Many, considering their station in life,
thus realise a fair independence. This, therefore,
would enable such to purchase their holdings, and
further facilities might be afforded by means of
loans. As at present conducted, loans, what
with bonds, deeds, searches, interests, and foreclosures,
too often prove ruinous to the borrower. If a legis-
lative enactment enabled holders of land to purchase
so as to become part proprietors, is it too much to
expect that capitalists, well satisfied with their 4
or 5 per cent., would come forward with the requi-
site amount ? For what can be more anomalous than
a condition of society that compels a hard-wrought
race of men to borrow money on .usurious terms,
while the despairing capitalist is obliged to retain vast
sums in his coffers, for which he can realise no ade-
quate return ?
In Prussia, Poland, and Belgium the Governments
respectively have established a fund for the express
relief of landholders, who may borrow any sum not
exceeding half the value of their unencumbered pro-
perty; for this 6 per cent. per annum—in the Duchy
of Posen it is less--4 per cent. for interest, and
two for cancelling the debt, is paid during eight-and-
twenty years, at the expiry of which period the debt,
both principal and interest, without costs, fresh
loan, or ruinous foreclosure, is extinguished. These
loans are duly registered, the lender holding in return
scrip or notes (Pfandbrief), which pass from hand to
hand as money. Sustained by the credit of a whole
community on the imperishable basis of the soil, they
are even preferred to gold ; circulation does not re-
duce their value, and, still more ~-`"
are earning their i.e.
the 1-1

_ -.Luce gold, they
-we.“ per cent. while in the chest of
- As two per cent. is yearly poured into
the treasury of the fund, the owners of the pawn-
briefs, when a certain sum has accumulated, are paid
off by lot in succession, the debtors of course continu-
ing to hand in their six per cent. per annum, to the
end of the eight-and-twenty years. 'ls there any
reason why this system of loans should not obtain
currency, or indeed wilytlie scrip of our national
stock should not circulate as current cash ? How
prodigious the impetus which every species of indus-
try would experience by the circulation of an inde-
structible paper money equivalent in amount to our
present mortgage bonds. It can only, I should
conceive, prove a question of time. Prussia, under
Frederick 11., devastated by the seven years' war,
owed her social regeneration to the pawn-brief sys-
tem. Poland.--not to speak of Belgium—was almost
equally benefited. Even at the taking of Warsaw,
as during all the previous unhappy struggles, the
pawn-briefs, which John Czynski states could at any
time be exchanged for gold, never once lost their value
Emigration to other, as yet unpeopled, portions of
God's earth, seems a natural resort when population
presses on the means of subsistence; but the love of
home and kindred, with the cost and risk of transit, are
weighty impediments. The first might be overcome
by numerous individuals starting from the same dis-
trict and settling in the same locality; the expense,
as regards the poorer classes, I really, think ought to
be defrayed 'by Government. Emigrants are often
so unaware of the soil and climate of the place of
their election ; so deficient in resources ; so ignorant
of the best means of proceeding, as to suffer miserably
in the attempt. They venture in unseaworthy ves-
sels; perchance their provisions run short; the place
is unhealthy, or the demand for their labour nil.
Multitudes of the poorer Irish perish in different
parts of the United States—eigh thundred, I believe,
annually, in New Orleans—of the effects of climate
alone ; while many are condemned to in-
occupation and all its consequent wretched-
ness. I am surprised at the apathy with
which this great empire sees its life-blood, as
the hardy labouring population may well be termed,
squandered in a region, and amid a people in some
respects so inimical as those of the United States.
There are tracts in the Canadas, the uplands of
British Guiana, the Cape, the western shores of
America, New Zealand, and Australia, where the
people and the institutions of Great Britain and Ire-
land might wax and thrice for ever more. A few of
our unemployed ships of war night at a moderate
expense be made the means of throwing a tide of
population on the places I have named, to the great
advantage of the emigrants, and incredible relief of
those they left behind.

Much has been done of late years to promote edu•
dation among the Irish poor, but I do not:think
sufficient attention is paid to impart a mastery over
the mother tongue, and thus to lay open the endless
appliances for mental cultivation, which this -single
ufmrebmineorsre school
adra advanced
acquirement would realise. Education, too, has be-
come sectarian ; and children of different persuasions,
who should learn and play with each other, without
a thought of such matters, are imbued with exelu-
siveness from the cradle.
National seminaries might be better organised, and
teachers of a higher grade, interchanged too- with
those of England and Scotland, employed. A.Piece
of ground where agricultural and horticultural pro-
cesses. might be taught on a limited, yet "et"
with octupa-
scale, should be attached to every school. 1 The
various handicrafts as regards the boys,
tions suitable to females, should be attended to Within
of poor children, I am sorry to say,
keep away
because destitute of food and
culture, there -` f ' -
clothes • is it chimerical to suggest, does not puma.
nity dictate that this drawback should be overctir-
As regardsN
one or. more schools, gymnasia, or coll.-
hundred thousand of the populat;'
them endowed- by—Groverup------ ,
to the public; ithik-A1914 *Wit

-~ .

.10i di