The Sun.
London, England, 1844-01-19 00:00:00

inhabitants." This was followed by a resolution of confidence
in Mr. O'Connell. I beg here to deny there is any analogy
between the period of 1782 and the present position of Ireland:
When the volunteers came to the resolution that none but the
King, Lords, and Commons of Ireland could make laws to
bind this country, Ireland was not then represented in the
English Parliament, nor did a union exist between this country and
England; therefore there is no analogy between the state Of
Ireland in 1782, and the present period. I therefore im-
peach these resolutions as illegal. I have gene through, I
am afraid, at very great length, the circumstances connected with
these meetings, and I now beg to call to your recollection the
charge on which the traversers stand indicted. It is for a con-
spiracy to excite disaffection and discontent amongst her Majesty's
subjects, and against the Government as at present by law esta- ,
blished, and I now ask you if I prove what I have read to you
whether you 'can have any doubt that the defendants had
conspired to excite discontent and disaffection amongst
the different classes of society in these kingdoms, and
if I establish this to your satisfaction it will be your
bounden duty to find the traversers guilty. Another part
of the charge was a conspiracy to sow discontent in the army,
especially that class denominated the non-commissioned officers.
Having taught them, by the demonstration of force, to endeavour
to awe the Government to grant what are the objects of those
who are the advocates of the repeal of the Union, they went
on, step by step, to carry out, if possible, their objects,—“,
dismember the empire. It was then determined, as in 1797,
to endeavour to alienate the minds of the army, to
create disaffection among them, and more especially among
the non-commissioned officers; and this was done by a refer-
ence to the revolution in Spain. A portion of the charge
is that they conspired to cause large numbers of persons to assem-
ble at different times, and at different places, to obtain, by means
of intimidation, and by the means of physical force, alterations i❑
the laws, and in the Constitution of this realm, and by this means
to accomplish the dissolution of the legislative union. in the
opening of this case I think I pointed out that to render those
meetings illegal it was not necessary to suppose that any
immediate apprehension was to be entertained from r
them. The meetings were urged to disperse quietly ;
but I am satisfied that there was an ultimate object when the orga• t
nisation was complete, and when every Repeal Warden had his
instructions brought into operation. I believe it was then in-
tended, to use the language of Mr. Barrett, " that Ireland should
stamp her foot, and that Repeal must be granted." And whether it
was the intention of the defendants, by inflammatory speeches and ~,
publications, to make an actual outbreak or not afterwards is not ma- .. •
terial to the subject. I have to tell you that for their offence hey arc •
indicted tor a nnsdemeanour, and which subjects them to fine and -I
imprisonment; and it is necessary that you should believe that
those meetings were held for the purpose of overawing the Legis-
lature, and by the demonstration of physical force and general
organisation throughout the country—not to get the Repeal of the
Union by means of the constituted tribunals of the country, both '
Houses of Parliament—but that their intention was to over-
awe the Legislature. That is illegal ; for it is impos-
sible to carry on the Government of the country if
any alteration were made in the law of the land—not
by the representatives of the people, but by the people them-
selves, and by the means of physical force. Mr. O'Connell
himself mentioned, in his speech at Mullaghmast, his anxiety that
there should be no outbreak; but while that might have been his
desire, he might not be able, as he suggested himself,• to control the
people when excited, considering the extent to which they might
have been excited. We have all reason to rejoice there was no
outbreak from this agitation ; that they did not incur the
misery of a contrary course, arising from riot or disturb-
ance ; but that does not take away from the illegality of the
proceeding. If it was intended to organise the people so •
that the government of the country could not be conve-
niently carried on, but that they must dictate to the Government
the course they should pursue, that would render their proceeding'
illegal, arid subject the traversers to a misdemeanour. Mr. O'Con-
nell did not foresee what occurred at Mullaghmast, " when that
sickly dream came over him." He was afraid they had been
wound up to too great an extent; but whether he had intended ,
or not that they should go so far—that at no future meeting
they should have recourse to physical force--I again
distinctly state that the combination and conspiracy
are equally illegal on the present indictment. which Is
one of misdemeanour, charging the defendants with endea-
vouring to affect alteration in the law by unconstitutional mean/•
There is another part of this conspiracy relating to the arbitration
courts, which you have already heard. I may also tell ymithat
with respect to a conspiracy of this kind, although I believe that
all the parties are intimately connected with each other, it is not
necessity for the purpose of a verdict of " guilty" that you
should come to the conclusion that the defendants
are guilty of every portion of it. It is sufficient that you
should be of opinion that they are guilty of any part of
it. And though I believe we shall be able on the part of the
Crown to prove every portion of it, yet that is not ab-
solutely necessary. Having detained you and the Court at such
great length, and not myself being very able to sustain a statement
much longer, I shall conclude the observations which I have taken
the liberty to address to you respecting this case In the language of
the same eminent judge, Chief Justice Burton, whose language I
thought necessary to cite in another part of the case. "I will,
conclude,'' said his Lordship, "by calling attention to
all that it is, in our power to do, and that is our dull-
Let us do that firmly and temperately. I say tem-
perately, for in agitated times it is hard to preserve
an equal balance of mind." Having inculcated the
necessity of an impartial and unbiassed discharge of their duties,
his Lordship said,—" Let us therefore co-operate in our several•
departments in carrying late execution ti,e several laws of our
country, in the grandjury-room, in the petty jury-box, and on the
bench. Let us enter into a covenant with ourselves to investi-
gate every charge, so as to ensure the punishment of the guilty'
and the acquittal of every man who is innocent, and of whose
guilt there is no proof."
The SOLICITOR-GENERILL thought it necessary to intimate that
the examination of the first witness w ould occupy a considerable time'
The Court was, at twenty minutes past four, adjourned until less
o'clock to-morrow.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION AT TIIE SANDWICH ISLANDS'
—We have been rsvoured with the following extrte4 •
from a letter from the Rev. Titus Coen, dated BO°
(Sandwich Islands), May 16, 1843 :—" God is not onlY
working wonders in the moral and civil, but it"
in the physical world around us. You have
heard of the great volcanic eruption near our
station in 1840. Another scene of a similar kind has re-
cently taken place about the same distance from us, but
in a different direction, and directly in. the rear of our
station. On the 10th of January of the present year, just
at the dawn of day, we discovered a rapid disgorge-
. client of liquid fire from near the summit of Alarms
Loa, at an elevation of fourteen thousand feet above
the sea. This eruption increased from day •to deY
' for several weeks, pouring out vast floods of fiery laysii
which spread down the side of the mountain, are
flowed off in broad and burning rivers, throwing a terrill
glare upon the heavens, and filling those lofty mountain.
ous regions midis sheen of light. This spectacle cow
tinued from week to week without any abatement, till the ; •
molten flood bad progressed 20 or 30 miles down the
side of the mountain, and across a high plain, which
stretches between the bases of Manna Loa and. Rados •
Kea. It was not till after many weeks that I was able ti.°
visit this scene' of terror and of sublimity. At long"
in company with Mr. Paris, the missionary for
a station south of Hilo—l made the attempt. "
, penetrated through a deep forest, stretching bee
tween Hilo and the mountarn, and reached t","
molten stream as it flowed over those vast and big'.°
regions lying at the base of the mountain. Here ncl
were able to approach the fiery stream and dip up el%
cool its burning fluid, as we would approach the bat
of a river and take of its waters. From this we fba
lowed the stream to the top of the mountain, and foam
its source in a vast crater, amidst the eternal snows °f
those wild and desolated regions. Down the sides of ti)
mountain ,the lava had now ceased to flow upon the sort'
face ; but it had formed for itself a subterranean duct't
at the depth of fifty or a hundred feet. This &I ca
was encased with vitrifaction, as smooth as glass, an
down this fearful channel a river of fire was rushing
at the rate of fifteen or twenty miles an hour, from the
summit to the foot of the mountain. This subterranean
Stream we saw distinctly through several large aPer;
tures in the sides of the mountain, while the burnier
flood rtished fearfully beneath our feet. Our standing
above it was like standing upon ice on a river, while tote,
liquid flood flows under your feet. Our visit was so
attended with peril and inconceivable fatigue, but
never regretted having made it, and we returned deePld
affected with the majesty, the sublimity, the power,
the love of that God who " looketh on the earth anu:e
trembleth, who touches the hills and they smoke; wilte
presence melts the hills, and .whose look causes 01
mountains to flow down."— Auburn (United Stales)
Journal.
GRAVESEND.—DISCOVERY OF A PAPAL DEAL.
On Thursday week some workmen, while trenching at PeorS,;,,.
street, dug-up a leaden seal, once attached to a Papal °or.
bearing on one side the nano of the Pope Johannes, •st.
xxiii, in Roman capitals, and on the reverse the heads et
Peter and St'. Paul, rudely designed and coarsely exeourn,
and above them the letters SPA. SPE. (Sanctus PaTi3l
Sanctus Petrus.). The seal is now in the possession of
L„.-„r,
erudite member of the Numismatic Society, W. Cran`o
Esq., of the Ordnance-office, Gravesend. It is abn„,
the size of a twopenny piece; is in beautiful presercli.
Lion ; and has an opening between the two faces, the 1t
which the parchment strings were thrust, whereby It
was suspended to the original instrument, now entirely lost•
may be observed, that to seal with metal was reckoned a only •
lustrious ; consequently seals or bulls were cornnaotii,
affixed to the Roman Pontiffs' solemn public instrun'erfba ,r
sometimes impressed in lead and sometimes in gold. hive
seals varied in form till Urban 11., about lOSS, since *c „ge
time they have remained as described above. Dr. u3.Pis
says the leaden seals with the Pope's name only are as old
Sylvester; but the images of Peter and Paul not earlier thin
Adrianpascal
IIIV. . ,Bwrhieof
lwiva's'dthien telrlms3; rspolmieed isoaythecraplaill";::is:dertis
with wax, with the impress of a circle, called the "
man's Ring:":—Maidstone Gazette.
FOLKESTONE.—'The improvements of this pl.,ce 101ve,
been for two or three weeks nearly at a stand-still, but enni,,
derabk : activity is again evinced in the progress of the war,.
and a good number of hands are employed on the branch 08;p,
road from the station to the harbour, which is rapidly Apo
proaching completion. The clearing out of the mud and st of
from the bed of the harbour is finished, and the depth
water much increased, but this has had a serious effect in
Greasing the• shingle bank at the mouth, which has eau
theed
considerable obstruction to vessels entering or leaving rd
u
port. The Company, however, intend ter carry out their Igo°
with spirit,, and a large space is laid out for the perpoSii be
forming a capacious backwater bay, the effect of which Vet is
to-prevent tire bar from forming at the month. An Act of
about to be applied for to enable the Company to do the; in .
which notice has been given to the iahabitants of 500 hour
re to !
the lower part of Folkestone, the whole of which houses tied., ,
be taken down. The new harbour house is nearly cotoP'`, io ,
It is a handsome building, surmounted by a square toweberia
which an illuminated clock with four faces is nOw xatil
placed. The lawn iii front of the Pavilion has been 'beer
laid out, and well titrfed down, which gives it a gay and
ful appearance.—Maidstone Gazette. „ prirl
A GENUINE COOL- YANKEEISM.—The anto•'-' • •00
of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers was celebrated bY AP%
" New England Society," in NeW York; nti the 2•2t1 alt.
and
Alain, the member for Leeds, was amongst the tfo"st.':rried
had his health proposed by Mr. Webster, for which he reter9 err
suitable thanks. ' It is a custom at American public (In' 0,01
the guests to volunteer occasional toasts ; amongst.thosa bad
followed the health of the Hon. Member for Leeds, ce
„est
the following, proposed, according to the report, " bj,
~ * gitev•
whose name we are sorry we could not learn "3'0005
Sidney Smith and his Pennsylvania Bonds—When PAier
dabble in stocks, they are sure to be turned into laude
stocks."
IiETIRRmENT OF SIR HENRY POTTINGE''' merli
learn, on good authority; that Mr. Davis, who I°r
acted for '7a short time as successor to the late 00
re,
0
Napier in China, has been selected by the Govelitep
to relieve Sir Henry Pottinger as the Queen's gong'
sentative and Governor"of the new British colonY highly Kong. Mr. Davis will depart very shortly on his,,v;ileg
important mission by the overland route.
Paper,