The Sun.
London, England, 1817-12-06 00:00:00

BOTANY.

10. An INTRODUCTION to the STUDY of PHYSIOLO-
GICAL and SY.STV,!ATICAL BOTANY. By James• Ed-
wird gatith, M.D. 'F.R.S. &c. &c. President of .the Lin-
mean Society. In Bro. The Third Edition, with 15 plates,
price 14s. boards.
*** A few copies are coloured by desire, price 11.. Bs.
boards.
The Plan of this Work is to render the Science of Botani-
cal Arrangement; as well as the general Structure and Ana-
' tomy of Plants, accessible, and in every point eligible for
young persons of either sex, who may be desirous of making
this elegant and useful science a part of their Education us
Amosement. •
11. COMPENDIUM FLORtE BRITANNIC/E. Auctore
Jacob() Edvardo Stuith,.Equ. Aur. Societatis Linmeatia
Prieside, &c. &c. The Second Edition, corrected, and con-
tinued to the end of the Third Volume. of the Flora Britan-
nica, with all new-discovered Plants from the English Botany,
and References to that NVork thoughout. In 12tno.'price.
7s. 6d.• boardi. •
~ 12. The CLASSES and ORDERS of the LTNN/EAN SYS-
TEM of BOTANY. Illustrated by 240 Plates of ,Select Spe-
cimens of Foreign and Indigenous Plants. In 3 vols. royal
Bvo. Price 41 lb's. or with coloured plates, 71. 45. boards.
***. This Work contains a Series of Plants, with appro-
priate Botanical Descriptions, illustrative of the twenty-four
Classes and Orders of Lion ens ; with a clear Elucidation of
his System.
13. CONVERSATIONS on BOTANY, with 20 Engravings.
In 1.2rn0. price 7s. 6d. plain, or lQs. Gel. coloured.
The object of this Work is to ~•riable young persons to ac-
quire a knowledge of the vegetable productions of their native
country ; for this purpose the arrangement of Linnams is
briefly explained, and a native plant of each class (with a
few exceptioni). is examined.and illustrated by an Engraving;
and a short Account is added of some -of the principal Foreign

'Species.' • _. • .
t 4. TME BOTANIST'S COMPANION; or, An Intro-
duction to the Knowledge of Practical Botany, arid the Uses
of Plants, either growing wild in Great Britain, or cultivated
for the Purposes of Agriculture, Medicine, Rural Economy,
or the Arts, 011 a new Plan. In tivo-voli. l2tuo. 123. boards.
By William Salisbury. . .

• .
A Nit, NV HAT, at.otily Itts.
IMPORTANT SAVING.
, • 4.•
GEoRGE FRAlsats.ami Co: have to ()fret. .to
. the Public a .SILK RAT on a BEAVER BODY, corn
bitting every requisite a Hat ought to poss.vsS,; it is stioerioi
in appearance to the finer; an'd, most expensive Beaver, is
equally light; ,and will out Wear two of theM,,,and is, of a
better shapeottich it retains to the last; it will tier. ',change,
its colour, %chi.% is of the most beautiful black, .if vrntu for
years ;..no,weathir will injure At;tn, they being N A ER-
PROOF, and will repair. several tinies at a trilling expence,
and every time appear eqUal to new, and are decidedly,supe-
rior to any Hats ever offered to public notice; the attainment
of which bas been attended with great txpence, labour. and
personal attention of' GEORGE FRANKS and CO. Manu-
acturers, treilinkton. linitse,, corner of Redeross-slreet,
Linrbienn, LOWIOII.. . .
mere4ants.•Maters,ana the Trade, who wish for superior
Hats, will find it their interest in applying as above. No
unpaid tettersl•eeeived.—Not in any way concerned with a
Retail House in Beech-street, name of Franks. .•

ALMON, ODY, and CO. most respec,ftsky
return :li* sincere 'thanks to Professional Gentlemen .
and tbetubliu fur" the liberal encont agement they have re-
ceireilf *not iiatinistriftteace of the many bungling imitations
of their hErEtsre 7": A. 13.1 t'SiTtseo Tit; t',6* 1Z14), which
are now cdltadvertiied, without either novelty, improve
Inca, or utility, consider it their 'ditty to VAUTION the
Public against the i'Mpositions of such false Pretenders; the
TLtLJI PATENT SELF-ADAISTINGFRUSSES, which re-
quire no straps, nor capseany confinement to the.hody, are ma-
nufactured ONLY by SA LIMON, OPY, and Co. 291, STRAN D,
LONDON, and 163, PALMS ROYAL, PARIS; who !tare
the honour to supply the Army and Nav,y, the Military and
Naval Hospitals, the Transport Service, Pock Yards and,
Ordnance, the Marine Infirmary, the Hon. East India Com-
pany, the City of London 'truss Society, the .Mary-le-bonet,
Wiveliscombe. Denbigh, and Bristol Infirmatics, the Middle-
sex Hospital, &c. &c.
N.B. To preven't being imposed upon, please to observe
g‘ SALMON'S PATENT" is stamped on the limit end of the
Springs.
ark" ei

MEDICINE.

THE GENUINE DR. JAMES'S POWDER ANA-

LEPTIC PILLS
ARE pfepared, as usual, by F. NEWBERY
. and SONS, and sold by them at 1-610-45, St. Paul's,
London ; and .29, Dasue-street, Dublin; and by their Agent,
Mr. Sanger, 150, Oxford-street.
Mr. Newliery, by his Atlidavit, and by regular Deeds and
Assignments, has proved incontestably his Property in these
Medicines, and. his Possession of the original liJcipes for
•compounding them, under Dr. James's Hand, of which he
was the sole, Demository. The Evidence too of Dr. :James
himself, in an Affidavit, published in 1777, has shewn, that
he admitted Mr. Newbury tabs' present with bins at the Pro-
cess of making. his Fever Powder ;—the only Person now
living who can claim that advantage. The identity of the
Powder prepared by Mr. Newtiery, and that by Di. James, is
also ascertained by the Chemical Analysis of Mr. Professor
Brande, and Mr. Accutn ;—and findirmed by thy marked
SaMel iOll given to Mr. Newbery's Preparation by the most re-
spectable Public Bodies whose Members are eminently qua
tied to judge of its Autbkntieity. and whose extensive orders
.be continues to surlily.
Front these Facts, whiCh cannot be perverted by Sophistry;
the Public will be convinces', that the as-sertion of Mr. It. G.
G. James, '' that the c ompositions sold by Mr. Newliery are
Spurious," is.a palpable and gross deception •'—conveying en
imputation of Fraud and Perjury even agaiv,st 114 Grand tat he
Dr. 3,ttnis Lsbusell
St. Pa(ul's, i 7 .Nov. 1817.

FRANCIS .NEWIIER

ELLESMERE, Miich 251 h.

fEAII the year 1800 I bad a violent
rheumatic fever; after it left a scorbutic complaint,
which broke u..t in several ulcers on the thigh and hip; at.
times my whole body was covered with spots, with a violent
itching. Various attempts were made by the facult n hut-got
daily worse; was reduced to the last extremity, and despaired'
of finding relier,• wisen accident threw a Salop Newspaper in
my way. I hound a case similar to my own, cured by your
ANTISCORBUTIC DROPS; I determined to give them a
trial, and purchased a small bottle of Mr. Baugh, Bookseller,
The ulcers were much inflamed, and exceeding painful; from
the time I began taking them the inflammation abated, the
ulcers put on a more healthy appearance; by the time I had
taken a second bottle (imProbable as it May appear to those
unacquainted with the just merits of your truly invaluable
Medicine), I was perfectly restored ; 1 have taken one every
springsince; which has preserved me from the ravages of that
destructive malady. This account I am ready to testify per-
sonally, or by letters post-paid.
I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
JOHN DAVIS, Whitesmith, Ellesmere.

Attested by Mr. Baugh, Bookseller, Ellesusere.

To Mr. John Lignuiu, Surgeon, Manchester.
These Drops are sold in moulded square bottle's, at 6s. an,
14s. (one 14s. bottle is equal to three 6s. ones), Wholesale
and 'Retail, by Mr. Lignum Manchester; also by 41. Evans
and Son, 42, Long-lane,
.ii,est Smithfield; Sutton and Co.
Bow Church-yard; Barclay and Sons; 95, Fleet-Market;
Edwards, 66, St. Paul's Church-yard; and Butler and Sous,
4, Cheapside.
And by one or more principal Medicine Venders in every
Market Town in the United Kingdom.

THE CORDIAL BALM of GILEAD en-
riches the blood. without inflanting it ;,hritees without
stimulating too violently the nervous system ; frees and dis-
burthens the ‘iscera and other important organs,: resolves
obstructions and throws off viscid strong hainoull ; strength-
ens the general habit, and -.rings back the muscular fibres to.
their natural and healthy tune ; es it is calculated to produce
in a considerable degree, all ar any of these effects, so it must,.
under certain modificitionsand restrictions, be &litany adapt-
ed for the cure of every species of decay. Hence, the Cordial
Balm of Gilead make* a direct attack upon the many headed
hydra, and will he found to apply indirectly or collaterally to
almost every Other.
The primary object of Dr. Solomon, of Liverpool, the Pro-
prietor of this Restorative, who here submits his ideas to the
Public—ideas dictated and confirnied by a long and successftil
practice, is to relieve those personS4 who, by an immoderate
indulgence of their passions, have ruined their constitutions,
and brought on a perfect Tubes Dorsalis, or in their way to
the consummation of that deplorable malady, are affected
with any of those previous symtoms that betray its approach,
as the various affections of the nervous system, obstinate
gleets, involuntary emissions, excesses, irregularity, obstruc-
tion of certain evacuations, weaknesses, total'impoteney, bar-
renness, &c. But the relief he wishes to administer, is not
confined to these alone. The valetnitinarian by birth, Who
has received from his parents the inheritance of a diseased
and unprolific frame ; the delicate female, whom an immured
and inactive life, together with the • immoderate use of tea
and other weak and Watery ailments, has, withont any fault of
hers, brought on all the calamitSus symptoms of, a consump-
tive habit, and are, without timely assistance, sinking into
an untimely grave ! TO such as these, the Cordial Balm
of Gilead will afford the most permanent relief, and restore
(under divine influence) to the enjoyivent of all the comfarts
of life. .a saving of One Botilein Four.
Sold by Bacon and Co., 150, Oxford-stret4 t Ward,
Holborn i • Leigh, IS, Strand ; and Ml'. Goatley, 133, Miimu-
ries, Sold also by every 'reputable' Vender in all Market
Towns throughout the Kingdom, and all other Medicine Ven•
tiers, price I Is. each, or four in one. Family Bottle for 325. by
which one I Is. Bottle is saved, with the Words "-Sarni. Solo-
mon, Liverpool,"'engraved on thestamp, to imitate which is
felony. .
*lo' Patients corresponding With Dr. Solomon still please
to oliserre, that thecomplinisnt of One Pound is expected, ad-
dressed, " Money Letter. Dr: Solomon) Gilead-Liostsei ticar
Liverpool. Pahl double pustage.". .

FOR THE sUN.

1 DIN BU ttGll.

Ma EDITOR ,—A very ludicrous circumstance has
taken place in the literary circles of Edinbitigh)

„which at present completely engrosses the public
conve'rsation. It is Of a nature) however, Which
the Editor of The (I,4;tilde. so allied in
principle, end so honoured in his itacitOuse witk
the Holland-House 'Junto of Reviewers, has not
thoUght proPe'r to reserve perhaps
May appear the more extraordinary, since he-has
this weak favotired the -Public with a Review of
his Piiend,Mr. •GoD*IN''S New "Srovtl, by a Critic

•
in
_Scotland, thOugh the 'Wort having teen pubs
liaised not. fori right hours pe-;ort
__to The Chro-
,
Perot of this said Review, goes noires.,
tionably to prove that these Sages, or some .of
them at least, of the Bliii'and Buff Squad, have,
in a Very eminent degree; the national gift of se-
cond sight. But to the point—an Edinburgh Ma-
gazine has, for some past, been published in this
Capital of the Nrieth. Two of the principal
Writers in the Work, not conceiving their merits
sufficiently remunerated, mutinied against their
Master, the Publisher, and went over to the Pub,
lisher of the Edinburgh Review, offering their
services and their stings to this Rival of their ori-
ginal Paymaster. Untortunately -for these Gen-
tlemen, some young men of very prominent and
superior talents came to the aid of MX. BLACK..
woon (the deserted Proprietor of the 11./aga:i'le),
and coMm'eueing a New Series, attracted the at.,
tendon, and completely secured the. suffrages, of
the great majority of readers in auld Reekie
was sufficiently galling to the professiOnat
genus irritalide $ but When to this was superadded
a Satire upon the defeated Seceders, with their
Allies and. Adherents, among whom are reckoned

the L'oryphteus and Auxiliaries of the Edinburgh
Review ; a Satire the more galling, because illus-
trated I>y wit and poignancy of expression, which
not only stamp the individuals, but so colour
them to the We, that they appear labelled asi hey
walk the streets, the effect upon this disniayed
host, who considered themselves the potent pos-
sessors of all instruments of literary torture, can
more easily be iniggined than described: Parties
were closeted, meetings held, prosecntions threa-
tened, and the 'laughing Philosophers placed bei.
fond the vale of civilized society, by the en-
lightened and telt:it-ming Sages of the Nevt
School.

Now, Sir, I coatis this satire, though there
are strong objections to tl►e adoption of Scripture
Language as a vehicle, is in itself and in its ap-
plication one of the happiest effects of modern
wit; though I am ready to admit that the keen-
ness and dextet ity +itl► which the lash is applied,
may he and most be very galling to those.uport
whom it is inflicted, yet when you ,reflect who
►►nd what those mien are, who `foi• severaryears
past have considered themselves despotic in
these decrees, and sole at biters and disposers of
the fate and In:times of ant hors ; who have held
the scales of literary Justice, whilst morals, relic
giou, and loyalty, have been made light in the
balance, and their suptiotters overwhelmed with
calumny, sospicion, and tidicole, there is stone,
thing so extraordinarily mean, something so base
in feeling► and inconsistent in principle, jti arm-
ing and combining, and protesting and whining
againit this new flagellant; that the iligenions
mind revolts at it. NVlty did not these irritable
Tyrants stifle their feviings at least ? Why did they
not resort to the old laboratory for a fresh sup-
ply of poison for these opponents ?-•-Why, in
short, have they been such Blockheads as to
bear public testimony to the Weakness, as well as
:liminess of their own characters by openly dis-
playing the wounds they have eucounteredatid
the stripes they haVe incurred—and thus affOrding
proof of the power and might of their aspiring•
adversaries. .1 am sore, Sir, you will enter fully
with me into the feelings which such conduct is
calculated to produce upon every honest mind ;
abd I doulst not you will concur in the inevitable
conclusion, that every man under tl►e influence of
the principles
,of dentocl•acy• and disaffection to
the Constitution of his Country, is a tyrant at
heart, and whilst he waves the bonnet rouge as tht•
symbol of his creed, would pull it over the eyes and
MOW!, of the first man who impeded his career to-
wards power, and gag or stifle him, if be stood
in his Way. There is a still further ludicronS con-
sequence of this new Publication, which has
reached even to our own doors. The same un-
happy opponent of Jacoliuisn► , and Dulness has
given " tistruppado" to a convicted libeller, Editor
of a Sunday Newspaper, and author of some very
silly and unpoetical things which he calls poems,
and this' worthy " Scion of the Muses' 'Stock"
threatens, it is said, prosecution ! ! Prolt Jopi-
ter ! He become a prosecutor Fon a libel !--
But this is hardly worthy your attention or that
of the Public. With respect to the Junto of Re-
viewers, they arc of importance in one sense, be-
cause they possess talent and ability to be mis-
, chievous—the other• is indeed of importance, of
very great importance, but that is confined to
hinisey. He ►will find a plaister, I have no d►►ubt,
in this consoling resource—and ►►s fur the others,
they must make it up, by a double proportion► of,
good dinners, when they come up .to lay their
grievances before my Lord and Lady at Kensing-
ton. 1 um, Sir, in great haste,

YOU'S

ROB ROY.

SPAIN AND HER COLONIES.

e make no apology for resuming our Ex-
tr:lc!-s trom TwE QUARTERLY REVIEW, on this in-

terf!t:ting topic, as the high character and general
tnejzs of that Work may well permit it to spare
its valuable contents to be diffused through other

chatlnels, for the information and improvement
of the poblic.thind. The following comparative
of the rise arid progress of the lE3riii•di and

Spanish Colonieq, is drawn with historical pre-

cision, as %Nell is political sagacity, and is a neces-
srcy reparation for the different results on their
reEpective characters, as well as for a due con-
sitteeation of the contests in which the latter are

no w engaged with the mot het -country.

(Continued from yesterday.)

" The original settlers from England in North
America were for the most part an austere, frugal,
and indosttions people ; the hardships and pri-
vations of their early establishment were not en-
dured with the inspiring feelings of mlitary ad-
venturers, but borne wit the patience of religi-
ous submission; the purity of their morals, ting-
ed with no small portion of the fanaticism which
caused their emieration, kept them front oroints-
cwois inteveortsse . with the female Indiaits : and
hence •att oninixed- race was continued, among
whom there was no distinction'of .cat or corn-
pie to introduce a (tiff', rence inpolitiCal rights,
which, wherever it has occurred, has been the
fruitful source of political contention. • As no
great yof property, the principal cause
of Voltical power, ekisted, their was no great in-
eytali of education among those born in the.
country ; amid though none enjoyed . what in
Euiope would be considered a liberal education,
none were so destitute of knowledge as the mass
of the labourers in most countries of 14:4tirope.
The attention of the people was turned either to
agriculture or comMerce; for as the profit to be.
derived front the liberal professions was but in-
considerabk, in a country where no dignified
clergy, no lucrative official vocations, and neither
army nortravy existed, the inducement for youth
to devote -themselves to those employments was
very inconsiderable; and the settlers haviog for-
tunately soon, become convinced that no mines of
gold ne silree.existed itt the country, t.ie specu-
lative, or rather the gambling business of mining
never withdrew their attention front the surer
roads to independence. - In agriculture, they were
allowed the most perfect treedont ; there were no
lands either in mortmain or under entail ; and
they were at liberty to cultivate whatever pro-
shit:Lions the soil would yield, without taxes,
without rent, and without tythes. Ihe extern rod
as indeed restricted to the British do-
minions ; but their internal commerce, as well as
that with all the other provinces under the Go-
vernment of their SOvereign, was perfectly free,
and the only imposts which they Oki were for the
mere purposes of their local Government and Po-
lice. The great manufactory, that of ship-build-
ing, and that important branch of industry the
fisheries, were totally unfettered. They enjoyed
a free press, and though Most of their best books
s‘ete imported from England, there was a stini-
cieney of elementary books and petiodical potr-
nali printed in the colonies for the diffusion or a
considerable portion of knowledge. The la‘vs
wete generally understood, (there foundation bi -
ing the common law of England, much simplified
itt piactice,) and, though this understaudiog be-
got a spirit of litigation, were purely and fairly
administered.

" ibis population, situated in a climate not
the most salubrious, nor on a soil the most fer-
tile, increased in numbers and in wealth with un-
exampled rapidity; and as the whole country is
intersected with navigable rivers, and the 5 ca-
skne welt furnished with commodious harbours,
the inducements to commerce more than com-
pensated for the ungenial properties of the cli-
mate and soil:
_

" That a population originating in republican
principles. and , strengthened in them by all the
institutions which were familiar to their observa-
tion, should wish to escape from the Government
of the mother-country rather titan submit to taxa-
tion from it, is perluaps natural; and the con-
siderations of justice, of right, and of gratitude
are not here in question. The habits of the coun-
try, their laws, their judges their religion, their
customs, their manners and their property suffer-
ed so little change by the transition from a co-
lonialto an independent existence, that the dif-
ference, had there been no war, would scarcely
have been perceptible. Happily too for them,
the change took place before the compendious
CateChiStli of the rights of man had been promul-
gated : their patriots were not atheists, nor their
lradets robbers ; their men of property, educa-
tion and morals took the lead, and the physical
power of the poor and the profligate was not set
op under the pretended character of the sovereign
people, to plunder, 'to expatriate, or to murder
their more respectable fellow-citizens: The mobs
of the canxbourgs of Paris, the. Sans-culottes of
Copeuhagen-house, or of Spa-fields, were not yet
deemed the oracles of political science, nor ap-
pealed to as the voice of inspired wisdom.
" In this picture of British American society
many of the sbades must he varied, as we extend
it to the southward. Fronf'Pensilvania to Geol.,
gia the number of slaves introduced from Africa
produced a difference of character in the White rf,-
ptilat ion ; but the different races were generally
bept distinct, and when that was not the case, the
mixed races, from the sinallness of their number,
were nut distinguished by the laws if they were
freetnen, though their rank or station in society,
more regulated by manners than bylaw, was al-
ways inferior to that of the white inhabitants. It
is nor Material to mark the discriminative features
of the different cla,ses'of the republicans in the
northern and southern parts of British America ;
its Boston they were democratic, in Charlestown
rather aristocratic ; hut their aristocracy and their
tietnocracy were easily rcconeileable in a common
cause.

‘.‘ CompAriug the population of Spanish with
that of British America, we shall at every step be

struck with the wonderful difference in origin, in
progress, and in present situation. The conquer-
ors from Spain, instead of the frugal, laborions.
and moral description of ouyEnglish settlers, pars
took ottlie ferocity and superstition of an earlier
and less enlightened period.-The warriors who
had exterminatedthe Mahomedanism of Granada
were readily induced to propagate their own religion
by the sword, and that religion not a moral and
self-denying faith, but a ritual compatible with
the grossest debauchery, the most ferocious cruel,
ty, and the most insatiate thirst for gold. Their
pirrient endurance of hunger, fatigue, and hide-
. mem
,weather, was the hardihood of the soldier,
combined with the zeal of the religious mission-
ary. As new or 110 women accompanied the first
settlers, their intercourse with the native feinales
produced a race of successors of a most anomalous
character, and these in a few generations mixing
with the slaves imported frotn Africa, still forther
increased the different classes, who, in process of
time, more by the Inks of society than by the in-
flue ace of the laws, assumed a variety of ranks, "ac-
cording to their greater or less affinity to the white
race. Flom this iniXture of colours and castes
arose a degree of inequality. in property scarcely
to be paralleled in any other country, which has
continued to the present period. Some of the No-
bility .of Mexico enjoy revenues, derived from
land and mines, of more than 100.0001. per ann.
while thousands of the native Indians .are nearly
destitute of clothing or habitations, and reduced
to frequent want of even the coarsest food. So
long as the white inh:thitants, of all tirades and
descriptions. taken together";
were ' the smaller
number, as compared with the-native populleion,
the distinction between those born in Spain am'
those born America was scarcely noticed, both
Europeans and Creoles uniting Jogether, from a
regard to their coMmon safety ;, but in proportion
as the Creoles have increased in their numbers,
they have become objects of jealousy to the En,
ropean SpauLrds, equally with the black, the In-
dian, and the. mixed. races, all of whorware ani-
mated moreover with unfriendly if not hostile
'fuel tigs to each other.
" The education of the lower orders has been
totally neglected, and though instructed in some
of the ritual observances of their religion, this
instruction is seldom carried beyond the adoration
of the Virgin, and the making of the sign of the
It cross ; whilst in•the Indian villages their ancient
idolatry is frequently indulged to them by their
Caciques.
Die education of the higher classes has been
• somewhat better attended to, and in their univer-
sities are some professors. not inferior to the learn-
ed of the Peninsula. In Lima the mathematics
ee been cultivated to a considefable extent : in,
Santa lie Bogota, astronomy and botany were
sttnlieo by Mitt is, the cmrespondent of Linnwus,
and many of Iris pupils became distinguished for
their attachtneut ro those sciences. 'ln Mexico,
Mineralogy and chemistry have made considerable
progress. But these universities, though contain-
ing the rudiments of science, diffused thens over a
very 'milted surface ; as learning led to no dis-
.tinction where the simple circumstance of not be-
ing born in Spain was sufficient to exclude from
promotion. In a country where the lucrative
offices of the Government were:more abundant
than in any other in the world, the exclusion of
nai;ves front tho3e offices must have operated as a
check to industrious talent and aspiiing genius.
Agriculture and commerce were placed under se-
vere and unnatural restrictions. The soil and cli-
mate are well adapted for the coltivatiou 'of the
vine, the olive, and the sugar-cane; but these
plants wet e forbidden to be cultivated to the east-
ward of the Andes, for the purposes of making
oil, wine, and runt, lest the trade of the mother-
, comitry should be disappointed of • a market, .or
! meet rivals in ,he colonies. Commerce was re-
ssricted to a few ports in America, and to a very
few in Spain ; the intercourse between the differ-
! ear American provinces was expressly forbidden
(with some few and trifling exceptions), and the
inhabitants even prohibited from passing from one
to the other without' special permission from the
Government, which was rarely granted.
" Mining was an inviting subject for the spe-
culative and enterprising spirits, and consequently
considerable numbers were attracted to that spe-
cies,of industry ; by which sometimes enormous
fortunes were acquired, but a much more nume-
rous hay of isdventurers were reduced to Toils.
Even it this branch of industry the most impoli-
tic aid ridiculous restriction's tended to check the
spirit-of cuterprize. The mines of iron were for-
bidden to be worked, lest they should injure those
of the Peninsula ; and quicksilver was not allowed
to be obtained in Mexico, and only in a small
quantity in Peru, though the .quantity ot silver
which the mines would produce W3S only limited
by the quantity of quicksilver which could be ob-
tained for working them. .
" The freedom of the press was utterly un-
kn"wn, and the press itself only permitted in a
few of the larger cities, where, under the inspec-
tion of a rigid officer, a Gazette, a few Almauacks,
and tire Bandos or Proclamations of the Govern-
ment were printed. The laws in the compilation
entitled ' La Recopilation de las Indias ' were
sufficiently just and simple, but the application of
them by the Courts of Justice, called the Audi-
ences, was exceedingly corrupt, and the bribery
of the judges so notorious, that it was scarcely
affected to be concealed. The power of theVice-
rays, of the Audiencias, and even of the Subdele-
gados, was unlimited over the individuals under
their authority, and imprisonment without in-
quiry and without trial could be inflicted at the
arbitraty.seill of any of those officers, and pro-
longed till, by bribery or influence, the prisoner
could obtain his release.

" Nor are all the dominions of Spaih in Ame-
rica by any means so circumstanced as to present"
great facilities for external commerce ; their prin-
cipal settlements, Mexico and Peru, are destitute
of navigable rivers and secure harbours, and being
very mountainous countries, with scarcely any
roads, the obstacles to internal intercourse. are
with difficulty surmounted. But the want of the
facilities for commerce js compensated to the in-
habitants by the most prolific soil, yielding, with
little khour, all that the wants or enjoyments of
man require ; and hence, under a most impolitic
amid tinwise Government., their popnlation has in-
creased, not indeed with the rapidity of the Eng-

lisp settlements, but faster than in any other coun-
try with which we arc acquainted.
".:This contrast between the two description,
of American Colonists is the more worthy of oh--
s•rrvation, because we•are satisfied that nulling
has 1,41 to so confOsed and. inaccurate a view of
die affairs in South Nmerica as the habit of ar-
guing from the- United' States to -the Spanish Co-
lonies.

"The impotencv of the mother-country to sub-
due may, as we have said, be in this, as in the
former instance, established ; because the effect
of the shaft depends upon the strength of the
arm which draws, the bow, and because distance
naturally enfeebles the force, and IlistraCts theft int ;
hut that the Spanish colonies, if, like those of North
America, they escape subjugation, must therefore
necessarily like them start up into vigorous, steady •
and mature states, is a proposition which no man
will very confidently maintain, who recollects an-
other more recent - example of colonial revolution
in St, Domingo. Far be it from us to anticipate.
such a consummation of the present struggle ;
though there can be no doubt, we NA ~in which
of the two prototypes, that of North America, or
of Sr. Domingo, the elements of society were
compounded in the manner more nearly resem-
bling the South American 'colonies of Spain.
" But we insist upon the uncertainty of the
issue of this revolution (even atter subjugation by
Spain shall have been put out of the question) the
more strongly, because we are persuaded t hat among
the enthusiasts who would arm' this country
against Spain, on behalf of her resisting colonies,
the greater part do, honestly and implicitly believe
that, if the pressure or the Spanish Monarchy were
removed from South America, a new and beauti-
ful order of things would instantaneously spring
into existence : a.nd the question as to the expe-
diency (we will not say the justice or the right) of
this country's inter ference in the quarrel cannot
be fairly examined while coloured by such a de-
lusion. •

(To be continued.)