The Sun.
London, England, 1828-09-01 00:00:00

SCOTLAND.

Sihnon Fishing in the Forth and Tay ended on, Tuesday
last.—Edinburgh Advertiser.

The harvest in this neighbourhood is now general, anti
proceeding with rapidity.—Perth Courier.
The harvest is proceeding, in this part of the county,
with all possible expedition.—Elgin Courier.
The Right lion. J. C. IJERarEs, &c. &e. left the British
Hotel on Tuesday, where he baud remained a few days (-1)
passant on a tout to the North.—Scotsman.:

Several families of distinction have passed through thi4
town on their way to the north, in the course of the last
fortnight.— Carlide Journal.

The trade in coarse liners esode i 3 very brisk about
Forfar at present, particAlae,y in the article of 26 porter
44the tow eheetings, Sterne manufacturers could employ
double the number of hands could they be obtained.—
Scotsman;

The salmon fishing on the Tay bay has centinued, dur-
ing the great part of the summer, more successful than for
many years past. About a week since, several very heavy
draughts were taken, some of them enclosing, it is
said, upwards of one hundred fish at a time. —Glasgow
Herald.

Wilma and barley in naWosAtLpElaSce's Glamorganshire and
Cannartbenshire have been secured in good condition ; oats,
tve understand, is a failing crop. lu Pernbrokeshite the
wheat and barley are well saved, and are a full averag4
crop, hut there is a considerable deficiency in oats.
Cumbrian.

1111LioaosAuc. 28.—0 n Tuesd,ty morning last, about
four o'clock, SAm. OW EN, aged 35, mate of the schooner
Ecouway, of Newport, fell from the topsail yard of that
vessel on deck, and was killed on the spot. Carma rt 1 Flt
Journal.

mansion of
House
of em.":::::
oiplishyt
v,A,eehlker,naiannd
trot':
rs.duriTnghethwe
The h e SPEAKER
idneilidelightful
fvf.s.elfrtoy,lbli the House
tier::
alnardgethme
has purchased from Mr. Alderman TpoltesoN,
hishis h 0,,,,
in Gloucester-plane, for the future residence of moth,.
moves so
ft to the 7.7,
ande
i unmarriedi,st ofarn evia• tl es
RAMSGATE, AUG. 30.—Our town is filling
the
company-, as usual, very select.
very fast;There is --a
Sir GILBERT and Lady ii
morrow EATIiCOTF are expected
at the Ductless of La PORTE'S house, which. •
, is let to the
worthy Baronet for the season. Our theatres here boast a
very brilliant assemblage
wag never before open till
during the last three nights. September,The has been crowded
Lovely F00,m,, her . magnet—even the '
reception on each evening, by a
very brilliant assembia
ge of the haul ton, including a vast
majority of the fair sex, must have been very encouraging;,
indeed, she impression
she has created here rendered it fie-
cosary to renew her
in
thee housengagerneinst,alarnetal don Tuesdayd(hert.i
last night) every
box
5
not a little complimentary to this highly giftedegnactres.,, Oka::
At Margate, which is unquestionably the least theatrical
town in England, she has acted three nights to crowded
audiences ; and on the last evening, when Mr. SAVILL,
the spirited manager, presented her with the last receipt of
the house (and which exceeded 100 guineas), it was &F.
eately placed in 4 splendid work-box, which the manager
entreated her to accept, in grateful recollection of her ex-
traordinary attraction. This young lady leaves us for
Tunbridge Wells, thence to Bristol, and immediately after-
wards to Edinburgh. The manager of the York theatre,
in a postscript to a letter of invitation to this highly at-
' tractive actress, says—" You are often mentioned my cir-
-1 cult; indeed the warmth you created still exists. The
I Fool's Feser yet prevails; nothing but your suffering me
! (the insnag.er). to bleed them handsomely again, can allay
1 the force el this desperate infiNenza." -

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

(FROM
_THE TIMES.)

aga;n refer to the accounts from Ireland fur
evidence of the unexampled importance of the crisis
at which. that country has now arrived. We shall
he told that there is no variety in these representa-
tions,—that the dinner, and meeting, and speech,
and resolution of to-day, are but reflections from
those of yesterday,—that it is all Catholicism, un-
mitigated, stern, and unchanged ; and that = from a
repetition of the same scenes and incidents, neither
can any useful knowledge_be. derived, nor available
interest excited. It is true that such uniforniity
exists in all the intelligence received from Ireland;
and what feature in the condition of any people cats
be Of more grave and more weighty import.? This
m9notony bears the very character which ought to
command tl.e deepest solicitudefrom those English-`
men who fastidiously turn away from it. For there
is in it a proof of the entire devotion among the
Catholics to a single national purpose,—of a deter-
minetion to bear down every obstacle to its attain-
ment,to watch night and day their one great hope,
—to bend over it--to slum whatever might distract
them from it. All their exertions, with little com-
plexity, but wondrous efficacy of means, are calcu-
lated to work out the one mighty end of emanci-
pation; and hence the tedious flatness of subject
which we have hued complained 'of by some, who
deem that novelty in politics, as well as taste, con-
'fers the sole title to attention. But there is novelty
enough, we suspect, in the mass and substance of
the picture, whatever there maybe in the particulars
and adjuncts. Mr. Lawless is, throughout the north
of Ireland, organizing the collection of the rent, and
establishing the new Club system : Mr. O'Connell and
others are creating a similar power in the, south
of Ireland. One of the circular letters, whieh
we publish, contains the following, among other pas-
sages, descriptive of the intention of the Clubs :
" These clubs and. meetings are to have for ob,et-t,
keeping every man in constant readiness for future
elections, maintaining the registries, inquiring into,
and giving information of any persecution of free-
holders, &c., and promoting good order, perfect
subordination- to the laws, political knowledge, and
liberal feeling, as much as possible in their parish."
Here, then is the species of uniformity which pre-
vails among the Catholic people. The whole coun-
try is actually organised ,and disciplined like a single
company of soldiers,' under officers, and, fora cause
to both of which they are devoted. The:real force
and formidable nature of their union is its conformity
to the laws of the land. Not a musket can be legi-
timately presented at any individual of the 6,000,000
of men who are held together by these sacred obliga-
tions—not a policeman can lay his hand upon the
shoulder of a Catholic who obeys those instructions
yet the band so incorporated—so moved by an ins.
pulse from a single centre—possess the whole re-
presentative power of Ireland. They are absolute
masters of the aristocracy, with whom, at the
very next election they will change place. Mr.
lintchiron, Member for the county of Tippe-
rary, has answered the invitation to a public meet-
ing. by stating his unw:llingness to giVe a pledge
of opposition to the present Ministers. The Ca-
tholic speakers who ecrnmented on this declaration
f the honourable Gentleman let it be plainly under-
stood, that if he stood upon his dignity, he should
lose his county. There are many persons who mis-
take the existing tranquillity which reigns through-
out Ireland—coupled with its perfect and wonder-
ful organization—for the same insidious, quiet, and
warlike discipline which preceded the rebellion of
1798. We believe that the absence of crime and of
excess is even more exemplary, and the discipline of
the nation more consummate that in any former in-
stance; but there the analogy is at an end.. The
certainty of a physical conflict, and the .extent of it,
were measured, and justly, by the unnatural stillness
which seemed to have lulled the people of Ireland
in the early part of 1793: but the known, avowed
and indispensable object of the leaders of that re-
bellion was an armed attack upon the Govern-
ment, and a separation of the islands. It was a re-
bellion brewed by Protestant Jacobins, and be-
came afterwards'incidentally one executed in the
spirit of Popish fanatics. The ptirpose of the
former organization was to prepare by aims a sub-
version. of. thelaws : the _present purpose is, by a
particular 'application of the laws, to render an ap-
peal to arras unnecessary. That is the distinct and
feisidamental difference betweea the scheme of the
'Ash leaders in 1798 and in. 1828. His Grace the
Duke of Wellington is reported to have said, that
all Irish disturbances had been the result of ‘c com-
bination." But whence had the combination, itself
arisen ? His Grace mistook an.effect for. cause.—
Whence has sprung the combination"
of the present day ? From some motive, un-
doubtedly, which preceded its own existence,—
from the desire to shake off a grievance,--from the
,eafeerness to obtain redress for an intolerable wrong,
which, as it affected millions, millions have combined
to be relieved from. The agitation, therefore, of
Ireland, of which "combination" is only the imme-
sbate mover, comes ultimately from the injustice
done to Ireland, and until the Minister shall vouch-
oate to do justice, be IWO never hope for peace.—
Mr, speech at the Clontnel Meeting deserves
to be odiously considered.,

(vALIM TUE MORNING CHRONICLE.)

In the proceed:4lgs at Clonmel, on Monday last,
Mr. O'Cenne!l very bappily exposed the absurdity of
those who recommended forbearance to the Catho-
lics. It is a rule in military matters, that the same
course cannot be good for each of two hostile armies.
In likefmanaer we may observe that the same course
cannot be" serviceable for both the Catholics and
those whO oppress the Catholics. If the latter hate
Mr. O'Connell,. and complain of his intemperance, it
is a pretty certain proof that that intemperance is not
serviceable to them. The feelings of an enemy
often teach a valuable. lesson. The Catholics either
have the choice of Representatives or they have
Tint. • If they have the choice, the next consideration
is to use their power in the manner most likely to
gain for them the end they have in view. le, by
glioming only Representatives pledged to oppose the
40.0alinistration of the Duke of Wellington, they are
most ;likely to gain their- ends,- they would elect nv
man who is not prepared to give such a pledge._
They who disapprove of the pledge, cannot Qortt_
plain if the Catholics disapprove of them. They
will do rightoherefore, to throw out Mr. Hutchinson
and all who), however favourable to Emancipation in
the abstract, refuse to pledge themselves to the
cause which can alone procure it.

(FROM THE MORSINO HERALD.)
The Parliamentary Report from the Committee,
on " Criminal Commitments and Convictions,'
which we inserted on Thursday, is a highly im-
portant document. It appears that crime is rapidly
increasing, the number. of committals for the last
year having been nearly 19,000, while, in the year
preceding, they were little more than F,000; but-
it is discovered that crimes of the deepest dieare de-
creasing, and that the vast increase is in the lighter-
scale of offences connected with property. TN'
mvises assigned by the Committee for this increase
prpcotrect, as far as they ge; and the remarks on
ithe iplurious tendency of the Poor Lazes, the
Ca
cheapness
ip/e Laws, tile of ardent spirits, and
the j p Tudent contracts between masters and parents
in Ma/l/f/HVlYling districts and large towns, are all
very sound and veryjudicious; but what we consider
to he one of the causes of the increase of crime is
not touched on by the Committee at all—viz. the
severity and uncertainly/ of punishments. The Com-
mittee mention two important facts :—first, that
crimes against the person are
incrdimini.shing, while
.
crimes against property are easmg, • in 01.
country; and, secondly, that in France the number
of criminals tried is, to the population, as 'one to
4,500, while, in England, the proportion
is as one
to less than a thousand ; but the number
.of themore
serious offences against the person is Mach larger in
Fanee than in England, being to the extent of three
to one. In France it also appears that punishments
are less severe, but,more certain than in this country,

there having been in one year condemned to death,
in France, out of 4,000 persons tried, 150; while,
during the same year, in England, out of 11,000 per-
sons tried, there were 1,200; but, of the 150 con-
demned to death in France, most of them were exe-
cuted—while, of the 1,200 in England, only 57
suffered the sentence of the law. With these facts
before them, we are surprised that the Com-
mittee did not, arrive at the conclusion that the
increase of crime in ,this country might be ac-
counted. for, irt, a great respect, by the non-en-
' forcemeat of.' the penalty of the law, and
that such non-enforcement arose from that penalty
being disproportioned in its severity to the crime.
Offenders against property in France are discouraged,
I.k.‘cattse they know that whatever sentence is passed
upon them will be enforced; hence this species of
crime in France is considerably less common than in
England ; but offenders agaiast property in England
are encouraged, inasmuch as they have so many
chances in theirfavourof escaping. Dividing the 1,200
criminals sentenced to death in this country by 57
the numb& really executed—it will leave more than
20 to one in favour of escape ; and the English thief,
knowing this, considers the law against him to be

hung u? in terrorenz rather than in reality : the
French thief, on the contrary, is taught to consider
his punishment certain ;-aftd, being so, it deters him
from the commission of crime. The abolition of
capital punishment, therefore, which is rarely, if ever,
enforced—and the substitution of other punish-
ments, less severe, but more certain—would, pro-
bably, tend to check the progress of, crime in this
country. We agree with the Committee in the en-
forcement of hard labour, with imprisonment, coarse
food, and solitary confinement, as being the best
correctives. Thieving arises generally from a lazy
disposition, which detests work; threaten it, there-
fore, with work, hard and continued, and enforce the
threat at every opportunity. Thieves spend their
ill-got money in luxuries, and in ardent spirits ;-
threaten them with, and give them, when caught,
the coarsest food, without any means of procuring
an ounce of meat (beyond the prison allowance) or
a drop of gin. Thieves cannot endure self-reflec-
tion, and rush into society to divert it, where they
get more and more contaminated.
(FROM THE NEW rIMES.)

It was currently reported yesterday that Mr.
Dawson had resigned his situation in the Treasury.
These rumours were accompanied by others, which
,attributed this resignation to a letter addressed by
the Duke of Wellington, some said to Mr.Ped, others
to Mr. Dawson himself, commenting upon his con-
duct at Derry in rather severe terms. What truth
there is in these, rumours we do not pretend to say,
but we think it our duty to give them as we received
them. Mr. Dawson may now, if he pleases, accept
the Secretaryship of the Catholic Association. We
know not, however, what amount of salary (if any)
is attached to the trust. Much will depend on this.

(FROM THE MORNING ADVERTISER.)

It is seldom of late, as our readers are aware, that
we have indulged in any temarks either on the
Hotel-keepers' Act which was passed during the
last Session of Parliament, or the use which has
been made of it;- and we should not now recur to

the subject did we not perceive. that . attempts are
making to. mislead the public respecting the true
meaning of the Act, and to excite not only a feel-
ing of commisseration in favour of those who have
been, or may be, refused licences by the Magi-
strates, but of indignation against the Licensed Vic-
tuallers as the cause of such refusal. In an Even-

.ing Paper of Satdrday (The Courier), which lately
,
indulged in a most unwarrantable attack on the
Licensed Victuallers, we find the following remarks:
" An Act was brought in by the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, and the two important clauses, by which Magi-
strates are vested with the discretion of granting:licenses,
are worded in this manner; first, that they may license
houses which were opened previously to the Ist of Ja-
nuary, 1828, or, in other words, these houses which had
been originally opened by license from the Commissioners
of Excise ; and, secondly, that they might hereafN4 license
such hotats "as they should deem ft." The first clause
was intended to protect the hotels already established ; the
a2cond, to empower the Magistrates to license such others
in future, as they should deem a fit and proper accommo-
dation for the public. The Magistrates, however, seem
to be engrossed by attention to the first clause alone.
They appear to consider their discretion as confined merely
to re-establishing the hotels suppressed by the flaw dis-
covered in the powers entrusted to the Excise. We can
assure them that this is a misconstruction both de jure
and de facto. The law upon which they proceed was
neither so intended by those who passed it, nor ought to
be so interpreted by those who administer it."
Now the whole of this statement is utterly un- '
founded. In the first place, the :Magistrates are not
compelled, undertlic new Act, to license even those
Hotels which have been kept-as Hotels since the Ist
of.fanuary last; on the contrary, they are empowered
to grant licenses to them only " if they see fit;" and
in the second, they have no power to "license such
houses as they-may deem fir," unless such houses
come within the meaning of the Act-.-namely, un-
less they have been kept as" Hotels before the
paSsing of the late Act. With regard to the
Mogistrates being engrossed with attention to
the first clause, and considering their discretion as
confined merely to the re-establishing the Hotels
suppressed by the flaw • discovered in the poweri
entrusted to the Excise :" we can assure our cotem-
porary that they deserve no blame for such conduct
—that their construction of the Act is not a " mis-
construction, either de jure or de facto ;" and that
the law under which they have acted "'was never
intender:nay those who passed it, nor ought to be
interpreted by those who administer it," in any other
sense than it has been. The law, in fact, as any
one may perceive by a simple reference to it, was
intended for the relief of those houses which had
been kept as hotels previous to the p*itig.of the
Act, bit which had never possessed the privilege of
a magisterial license; and not for the licensing of
any houses which might be opened as hotels
after the passing of the Act. Such a clause_
would have at once thrown open the whole
trade, depreciated the property of the Licensed Vic-
tuallers to an incalculable extent, and conferred on
only two illagisfrafes as great a power as the whole
of the Magistrates assembled at the Quarter Ses-
sions for the licensing of houses which have been
long established, and whose necessity has been re-
cognized, possess. The statement of our cotem-
poraiy, in fact, is wholly without foundation, and
could only have proCeeded either from a wanton de-
terminatiOn to injure a very numerous and respect-
able body of men, or from an ignorance of the law,
scarcely less culpable. in those undertaking'to ex-
pound it.

(FROM THE NEWS.)
THE 111,ENCli EXTEDITION.

‘, Thou marshalest me the way that I should go."•••••11AMLET.

Whatevez other object the French Expedition
may. have, it is honousrialabille
-have to the King and to the
gNraattiiotundet,ciafotrhsoistmo
eryvaluahl to speak of it with
es added to the com-
monscience are the onlympayeimr:nclieigite_o•rnes;
stock of human knowelePlag
the dominion
The conquests of
of a foloirmaanotherc__Anii
which one tyrant
Housgeioiorfdof
often become the property
relator is recounting and recording thee"nl while the
more irreg the
victor. The Dynasties of Royal
the emblazoned fferuldry of Illustrious Genealogies,
I
follow the record of Monarchical butcheries into the
in lengthened and ti.ei
salt* tomb,--0111Y
periods • or are only preserved to the consoligalitead.
annals of mankind, from which the surplus Pages of
folly and idolatry are separated, by some redeeming
virtue, in relation to which man in his common na-
ture was benefitted ; or from some-. distinguished
vice or crime destined to an eternity of execration.
Brief and solitary will be the task of the historian,
who seek to explore the late or the present reign, in
England, for the attainment of that knowledge
which, from its means; IfeS alMost exclusively with-
in the province of the Kingly power. Thissia•has a
,Royal establishment 'of Botanists that is now ex-
ploril , g a tract of land comprising about 3,000 miles
in a longitudinal st• t. fthe I ' f h .c lon.° ear; i s.sur ace.; _e-
st.
*des a •,,I • ,1" ' " :
naval expeditions tracing and laying down the

unmapped outlines of the extreme North American and,
ether coasts. France has sent forth a regular and
competent institute of scientific men, in connection
With her military expedition, with the requisite
power and means for promoting and embodying
scientific research, in the most interesting portion of
the world, us sanctified by the traces of the Arts
and the colossal power of ancient Empires. It has
been the disgrace of Europe, that nearly all which
able men could learn of the ruins of former human
greatness, has been on the partial and capricious sup-
port and authority of barbarous - Princes and their
Satraps; and at the expence and sacrifice of indi-
vidual interests. Bruce, the most celebrated •and
able traveller that England ever sent forth, was but
little indebted to English • Governmental influence
for support or protection ; and when he drank the
health of the Empress of Russia, out of the source of
the'Nile (the dear object of so many anxieties and
dangers) we might fancy him speaking to posterity,
in contempt of the:less than half share that a British
Sovereign enjoyed .in his. thoughts. In respect to
our own immediate day, we may be noted in history
far a sort of celebrated pertinacity in a naval charge
on the Glaciers of the Arctic circle. In the whole
of our laborious efforts in this quarter, in pursuit of
the North-west Passage, we have done little more
than-furnish some anecdotal addition to the history
of the Esquirnaux ; and (in the portfolios of drafts-
men) to the Varieties and configurations of icebergs.
Of what use would such a passage be,
,if we,could
only avail ourseltres of it, for any. marine par-
pose, once in a quarter of a century; and then
only by a perpetual succession of attempts, in
which the discovery of- this practicability has
to be ascertained. If we run an imaginary .bent
line from any port in the British Empire, through
Baffin's-Bay, along the supposed sea to Behring's
Straitsi and down by- the Japan Isle§ to India,
where are the advantages which can be put against
the suffering of a crew. wild] their feet eaten off by
the frost on the voyage ? Three thousand miles of
this course must be, (within a few degrees one way
or another), through latitude 70 : or five. degrees on
the wrong side the climate of the extreme point of
the " cold and pitiless Labrador." If we complete
the discovery, it will be something like that of the
new species of fish (in culinary purposes) which are
said to be composed entire of fins, scales' and intes-
tines. There could be no mediate commercial
transactions, in such a Voyage, after we entered
.Davis's Straits, until we arrived at Japan. We
might possibly, in 'the end, take some of the Beaver
Trade from Russia, if a regular voyage could be
effected; and we should have the honour of the dis-
covery; but in the boldest estimation, whether of
honour or of profit, the benefit could-not be placed
against the expence which we have already encoun-
tered. The enterprise of the French and of the Rus-
sians is very different to this ; the objects of the for-
mer 'are rational and certain ; and those of the latter
colonial. The inert and iron despotism of Austria
prevents her from giving a thought to science, which
she regards as the lure of rebellion ; and hence the
probability that this blind policy will soon leave
her far behind those States which do not despise the
light of human arts. The power of empires which
dues not avail itself of the best auxiliaries of know-
ledge which the age supplies, will 'never abide the
test of trial with nations that bring all such resources
into the field ; it may be said of the former that they
were " tried in the balance and found wanting."
The French " Literary Expedition" (a name which
is quite refreshing, as the Cockney school has it)
will be under the direction of M.`Champollion, jun.,
and is termed, in choice French, " an act of favour
on the part of the King, towards the historical
sciences and tine arts.;" who has'charged the three
'principal Ministers (of the Interior, of 'Foreign
Affitirs, and of the Mat ine) with its execution. All
'the Learned Societies of Europe are interested in
the result; and it so happens, that by the very terms
used in relation to those results, &c., we have a key
to the political objects of the military part of the
expedition ! The Editor (it is the Messager des
Chambres that is speaking) proceeds to notice' the
information which France already possesses re-
spect to Egypt ! being about sufficient to make
" darkness visible ;" and to enable us, according to
the French writer, to discover—" How many im-
portant chasms remain to be filled up in the history
" of the most celebrated people of antiquity, who, in
" the most ancient epoch of their annals, were already
" mixed with nations of. the East and of the West,
" the history of whose early ages is not yet known."
" Egypt may therefore," continues the Editor, "re-
"store to us, by the evidence of its monuments,
" many pages which we want in our own history ,
" and in the universal history of primitive society.
"6 The acquisition will not be dearly-purchased by
" some expenditure, fatigue,and danger !" Now this
is all very true;arid very important-J-independent of
the political consideration that France seems to be
looking forward to a sort of permanent settlement in
Egypt; for the mere intervals of repose in a scramb-
ling war with the Turks arid the Pacha of Egypt (who
is virtuaily an independent Prince) would leave few op-
portunities for the necessary tranquillity of scientific re-
search. The expedition will proceed" in the first place
totouch at AgriAentum in Sicily ;and from thence to
Alexandria !" This is all very candid and intelligi-
ble-; but what has the clearing up of-the chasms of
Egyptian and French history, and the drafts of
monuments and the dissection of mummies—to do
with the abstract question and consideration of the
Treaty of' the 6th July, and the independence of
Greece? It would puzzle all the philosophers in
France; with M. Champollion at the head of them,
to trace any possible connexion between such events.
We have no objection to the Philosopher's depart-
ment in the affair; but England will never consent,
as we conceive, Under any Ministry, however in-
teresting the subject may be " to all the Learned So-
cieties in Europe"--for • Charles X. 'to dovetail a
Colonial conquest of Egypt, with M. Champollion's
" Meditations among the Tombs.", Whatever may
become of the military force that France has dispatch-
ed to the East, all national prejudice apart, we are
inclined to bid God speed to the purposes of Chant-
pollion and his companions. The scene is prolific of
interest at every step. We have yet much to learn
of the singular character of the ancient Egyptians,'
who consigned to after ages indestructible monu-
ments of their labour, the true objects of which are
yet perhaps wrapped in Stygian darkness. That
the Pyramids were erected solely as the Tombs of '
Monarchs or of .Heroes, we do not believe ; and
though the moderns have, with a pigmy labour so
much like themselves, burrowed a hole in the centre
of the Preat Pyramid, after the manner in' Which
a mole would undermine Mont Blanc, we have
had no light- whatever or even any fresh interest-
ing conjecture, thrown on these mystic struc-
tures, from the days of Pliny. That there were
powerful and civilized empires that were contempora-
neous with Egypt in the height of its fame, is proved
by a chain of ruins, of the most splendid description,
to which, in numerous instances, the dreaming spe-
culator in antiquity has not ventured to give a name.
Lord Byron, a man the least liable to be imposed
upon by a false-principled grandeur, has described
these ruins as appearing to appertain rather of Gods
than men. What historical fragments there are in
existence, that relate even dubiously and imperfectly
to the Condition of society in such States, would go
to place the prosperity,of the people on a footing as
novel and strange as the • power of their leaders.
Such has been the perfection of the arts in the more
ancient nations, that we,—the professed, anatomists
of all subjects,--are now correcting our very errors in
anatomy, from the broken and mouldering statues,
of man and beast, that are scattered over a portion
of two quarters of the world. The possession of the
Arts in this superlative degree, would infallibly in-
dicate the possession likewise of other paramount
qualities an,' attainments,—the traces of whiCh have
been lost from the want of some medium of perpett•
ating tl.em. The double step (literary and military)
which France is now taking, England ought to have
taken : she had a greater plea of justification in one
sense; and higher motives, and the authority of
nobler minds and bolder attainments, on the other.
Circuinstances had so chalked out our path, that
pope but political coxcombs, (1 Its) or dullards, •b -

sorbed in meaner and lower pursuits, could have
avoided :tumbling on it.

(FROM THE EXAMINER.)

PARLIAMENTARY REFORM.—The aspect of affairs
abroad is such as should induce a prudent Govern-
ment to make concessions which should strengthen
the confidence of the nation. The Parliamentary
Janissaries are, we suspect, found of more plague
than profit to the Vizier, and might be sacrificed al-
most as much to the relief of the Minister himself,
as to the advantage of the country they, pillage. TO
people who have sagacity enough to see that what is
described as the Constitution has no existence, and
could have no existence, the difficulty in the way of
Parliamentary Reform is the House of Lords. We
have seen that the small degree of popular infusion
in the Lower House has been. sufficient to place it
repeatedly, within a feW sessions, in something; very
much like_ an attitude of hostility with the Upper;
and in the event of an increase of the popular rfpre-
sentation, the Schism between 'file two Legislative
powers would be gaping more widely, or that beau-
tiful Constitutional balance would be produced,
which we see exhibited . in the familiar case of two
wilful pointers coupled up together, and pulling in
contrary directions, snapping and snarling for ascen-
dancy. A hereditary Chamber of 'Legislature is al-
together a sin against policy, as it is an irresponsible
power, independent both of the 'King and of the
People, and thus peculiarly solicited to pursue its own
imagined interest with a reckless indifference to the
common, good. Such is the tendency. of the insti-
tution, according to•all the laws' of human, nature;
and, we have almost as abundant examples of the
effect as of the phenomenon thst trees grow up-
wards, spreading themselves out to the enjoyment
of air and sun. Have we not heard even a Lord
Grey professing his resolution to take his stand with
his Order in defence-of its most sordid gains-, and
thin recognizing the distinctness of ifs political be-
ing and the separation of its advantages from those
of the rest of the community ?,
.The lines of seve-
ranee, comprehending self-interest, are indeed broadly
marked out for these Legislatorial Despots; power
is.couferred on them.for life, .without responsibility,
and they are thus politically instructed-to act for
themselves. A reformed House of Commons, re-
presenting the people, would necessarily be at per-
petual issue with this 'assembly, representing only
their own estates, and solicitous for the continuance
of abuses as profitable to their body as injurious
the community.. This consequence was
,foreseen by
Mr. Canning, and will be foreseen by: all. other per-
sons who know that the Constitution, as described,
is a mere delusion—a theory not only having no re-
lation to any system existing in practice, but a theory
incapable of reduction to practice. If the Commons
be the representatives of the people, the Lords will
either be offering a perpetual resistance to them, or
sunk into utter abeyance as a Legislative power, by
the public odium and contempt. To the new tri-
bunal of public opinion the Peers are alone respon-
sible ; and if a Reform takes place, this force, in aid
of the LoWer House, may overawe them';. but in
that case we shall not have the.,matchless Constitu-
tion, so much boasted.' of, but something infinitely
better. Instead of Commons themominees of the
Lords, we shall have. Lords the forced echoes of the
Representatives of 'the -public sentiment. Either
the Aristocracy or the Democracy must be dic-
tating poWer. The Hereditary and' Representative
Chambers can never be independent of each other,
and co-efficient.- 'At present the Aristocracy have
the command of both'Houses; 'the time may come
when the Lords will, after a struggle, succumb to
the CoMmons. In:. either case they might be dis-
pensed with; the despotism; for.so we may always
describe power without responsibility, being mis-
chievous, and the subserviency useless.