The Sun.
London, England, 1828-05-12 00:00:00

stinted this character, by formal acts and measures which are
known to all Europe.
On the same day that the Ambassadors of the three
Powers, who by a convention free from all self interested..
ness are united in a cause which is no other than that of
religion and of suffering humanity, pressed at their departure
from Constantinople an ardent wish that peace might be
preserved ; on the same day when they pointed out the
easy means of attaining that object, and when the Porte in
the same manner most positively expressed its pacific dis-
positions, ;on that same day it summoned all nations
professing the Mahometan faith to arms against Russia,
denouncing it as the implacable enemy of Islamism, accus-
ing it of a design to overthrow the Ottoman Empire, and
while it announces its resolution to negociate, for the sole
purpose of gaining time for arming, but never intending to
folfil the essential articles of the treaty of Akerrnann, it
declares at the same time that it concluded that treats, with
no other design than that of breaking it ; the Porte knew
well that in this manner it also broke all preceding treaties,
the renewal of which was expressly stipulated by that of
Akerman ; but it had already taken its resolutions before-
hand, and regulated all its steps accordingly.
Scarcely bad the Sultan spoken with the vassals of his
Crown when the privileges of the Russian flag were already
violated, the ships covered by it detained, their cargoes se-
questrated, the Commanders of theships obliged to dispose of
them at prices arbitrarily fixed, the amount of an incomplete
and tardy payment reduced to one-half, and the subjects of
his Majesty the Emperor compelled either to descend into
the class of Ravas, or to leave in a body the dominions of
the Ottoman Government. Meantime the Bosphorus is
closed, the trade of the Black Sea hindered, the Russian
towns, whose existence depend upon it, see destruction be-
fore
their eyes, and the Southern provinces of his Majesty
the Emperor lose the only channel for the exportation of
their produce, and the only maritime connection which can
promote the exchange of their commodities, render their in-
dustry productive, and favour their manufactures and pros-
perity. Even the boundaries of Turkey did not limit the
expression of these hostile sentiments. At the same time
that they were expressed at Constantinople, General
Paskewitsch, after the conclusion of a glorious cam-
! paign, was negeciating a treaty of peace with
Persia, the conditions of which were already accepted
by the Court of Teheran. On a sudden, lukewarmuess
succeeded to the eagerness which had hitherto been shown
for tile conclusion of a convention which was already ap-
proved by both parties in all its particulars. These de-
lay& were followed by difficulties, and then by an evidently
hostile tendency, and while on the one hand the conduct of
the neighbouring parties, who hastily armed, manifested
this !tendency, on the other hand ; authentic information,
and positive confessions, revealed the secret of the promise
of a diversion which was to oblige us to make new efforts.
Thus the Turkish Government, in its proclamations, an-
nounced its intention of breaking its treaties with Russia,
while it annihilated them by its actions; thus it announced
war for a remote future time, when it bad already begun
it in fact against the subjects and the commerce of Russia.
Where war was just extinguished, it tried to rekindle it.
Russia will no longer dwell on the motives which entitle
it not to bear such evidently hostile actions. If a state could
renounce its dearest interests, sacrifice its honour, and give
up the transactions which are the monuments of its glory
and the pledges of its prosperity, it would be a traitor to
itself, and by disregarding its rights become guilty of dis-
regarding its duties.

Such rights and such duties appear in a stronger light
when they follow the most evident moderation, and the
most irrefragable proofs of pacific intentions. The sacri-
fices which Russia ever since the memorable epoch which
overthrew at the same time military despotism, and the
spirit of revolution, has imposed on itself, with a view
to secure to the world a durable peace, these sa-
crifices equally voluntary and numerous, inspired by
the most liberal policy, are known to the world; the
history of late years testifies them, and even Turkey, though
little disposed duly to appreciate them, and in nowise en-
titled to pretend to them, has felt their favourable effects ;
vet it has not ceased to overlook the advantages of its stipu-
lations with the Cabinet of St. Petersburgh of the funda-
mental treaties of Kainardje, Jassy, and Bucharest, which,
while they.place the existence of the Porte and the inte-
grity of its frontiers, under the protection of the law of
nations, must naturally have an influence on the duration
of the empire. Scarcely was the peace of 1812 signed,
when it thought that the difficult,- but eventful, circum-
stances in which Russia then was, might be used with im-
punity to redouble the violations of its engagements. An
amnesty was promised to the Servians; instead of that an
invasion took place and a dreadful massacre. The privi-
leges of Moldavia and Wallachia were guaranteed ; but a
system of plunder completed the ruin of those unhappy pro-
vinces. The incursions of the tribes which inhabit the
left bank of the Kuban were to be prevented by the care
of the Porte ; but Turkey, not contented with raising pre-
tensions to several fortresses, absolutely necessary for the
security of our Asiatic possessions—pretensions, the weak-
ness of which it had itself recognised by the Convention of
Akermau, made them still weaker, by favouring on the
coasts of the Black Sea, and even in our vicinity, the
slave trade, pillage, and disorders of all kinds. Nay more :
then, as now, ships bearing the Russian flag were detained
in the Bosphorus, their cargoes sequestrated, and the sti.
palatioas of the commercial treaty of 1783 openly vio-
lated. This took place at the very moment when the
purest glory and victory in a sacred cause crowned the arms
of his Majesty the Emperor Alexander, of immortal memory.
Nothing hindered him from turning his arms against the
Ottoman empire. But that Monaroh, a pacific conqueror,
superior to every feeling of enmity, avoided even the justest
occasion to punish the insults offered him, and would not
again interrupt the peace restored to Europe by generous
exertions and with noble intentions, immediately after
it had been consolidated. His situation offered him
imrannse advantages, he renounced them, to commence in
1816 uegociations with the Turkish Government, founded
on the principle and the wish to obtain, by amicable ar-
rangement, securities for peace, and a faithful adherence
to existing treaties, as well as for the maintenance of reci-
procal pacific relations ; securities which the Emperor's
hand might have extorted from the Porte, which was not
able to resist him. Such great moderation was not, how-
ever, duly appreciated. For five years together the Divan
was unmoved by the conciliatory overtures of the Emperor
Alexander, and endeavoured to tire out his patience, to dis-
pute his rights, to call in question his good intentions, to
defy the superiority of Russia, which saw itself bound
solely by the wish of preserving the general peace, and to
try its patience to the utmost.
And yet a war with Turkey would not in any way have
embarrassed the relations of Russia with its other allies.
No convention, containing a guarantee, no positive oblige-
tion, connected the fate of the Ottoman empire with
the conciliatory stipulations of 1814 and 1815, under the
protection of which civilized and Christian Europe reposed
after its long dissentions, and the Governments found them-
selves united by the recollections of common glory and a
happy coincidence in principles and views. After five
years of well meant endeavours, supported by the representa-
tions of Russia, and equally long evasions and delays on
the part of the Porte—after several points of the negotia-
tion relative to the execution of the treaty of Bucharest
seemed to be already settled, a general insurrection in the
Mores, and the hostile invasion
o the chief of a party un-
faithful to
and nation his duty, excited in the Turkish Government
all the emotions of blind hatred against the
Christians to it, without distinction between the guilty
and the innocent. Russia did not hesitate a moment to
testify its just
disapprobation of the enterprise of Prince
Ypsilanti.
As.protector of the, two principalities, it ap-
proved of the legal measures of defence and suppression
adopted by the Divan, at the same time insisting 'on the
necessity of not confounding the innocent _part of the
population with
seditious, who were to be dis-
armed and puniahe
I • d. These counsels were re-
jected, the representative of his Imperial Majesty
was insulted in his own residence, the chief Greek clergy
with the Patriarch at their head, were subjected to an in-
famous capital punishment
amidst the solemnities of our
Holy Religion most of the Christians without any distinc-
tion were seized, plundered, and massacred without trial ;
spread meantime on every. side. In vain did the
the remainder fled. The flame of insurrection far from
Ambassador endeavour to render the Porte a last
sßaebruaastisicincagli: In vain did he show by his note of 601 July,
1807, a way to safety and to reconciliation. After he
had protested against the crimes and ebullitions of rage,
unparalelled in history, he found himself obliged to obey
the commands of his Sovereign, and to leave Constanti-
nople. About this time it happened that the Powers allied
with Russia, whose interests equally required the mainie-
mince of general peace, were eager to offer and to employ
,their services for the purpose of dispelling the storm which
threatened to burst over the infatuated Turkish Govern-
ment. Russia on its part delayed the remedy of its
own just grievances, in the hopethat it should
be able to conciliate what it owed to itselfc
with the moderation that the situation of Europe, and its
tranquillity at that time more than ever endangered, seemed
to require. Great as these sacrifices were they were fruit-
less. All the efforts of the Emperor's Allies were succes-

* The letter of the (hand Vizier here alluded to, which
was immediately followed by the hatti-scherif of 20th Dec.
as well as Count Nestmlrode's answer of 14th (26th) April,
to which the present declaration is annexed, shall be given
to-morrow.

' skdy baffled by the obstinacy a the Porte, *Meth perhaps,
equally in error with respect to the motives of our conduct
and the extent of its own resources, persisted in the execu-
tion of a plan for the destruction of all the Christians sub-
ject to its power. The war with the Greeks was prosecuted
with increased acrimony in spite of the mediation, the
object of which then was the pacification of Greece. The
situation of the Divan, notwithstanding the exem-
plary fidelity of the Servians, became from day to
day more hostile towards them, and the occupation
of Moldavia and Wallachia was protracted, notwith-
standing the solemn promises made to the representa-
tive of Great Britain, and even notwithstanding the
manifest willingness of Russia, as soon as those promlses
were given, to restore its former relations with the Porte.
So many hostile measures could not fail in the end to
exhaust the patience of the Emperor Alexander. In the
month of October, 1825, he caused an energetic protest to
be presented to the Ottoman Ministry, and when a prema-
ture death snatched him away from the love of his people,
be had just made tiro declaration that he would
regulate the relations with Turkey according to the
rights and interests of his empire. A new reign began,
and a further proof was furnished cf that love of peace,
which the former Government had left 8.3 a fair

inheritance. Scarcaly had the Emperor Nicholas ascended
the throne, when he commenced negotiations with the
Porte to settle various differences which concerned only
Russia, and on the 23d March, and 4th April, 1826, laid
down, in common with his Majesty the King of Great
Britain, the basis of a mediation, which the general good
peremptorily called for. The ardent wish to avoid ex-
treme measures guarded his conduct. As his Imperial
Majesty promised himself, from the union of the Great
Courts, a more easy and speedy termination of the war
which desolates the East, he renounced on the one hand
the employment of every partial influence, and banished
every idea of exclusive measures in this important cause;
on the other hand he endeavoured by direct negotiations
with the Divan, to remove a farther impediment to the re-
conciliation of the Turks and the Greeks. Under such
auspices, the conferences at Akerman were opened. The
result of them was the conclusion of an additional con-
vention to the Treaty of Bucharest, the terms of which
bear the stamp of that deliberate moderation, which, sub-
jecting every demand to the immutable principles of strict
justice, calculates neither the advantages of situation, nor
the superiority of strength, nor the facility of success. The
sending of a permanent mission to Constantinople soon
followed this convention, on which the Porte could not
sufficiently congratulate itself, and the treaty of July 6,
1827, soon confirmed in the face of the world the disin-
terested principles proclaimed by the protocol of April 4.
While this convention duly recognised the rights
and the wishes of au unhappy people, it was to conci-
liate them by an equitable combination with the integrity,
the. repose, and the true interests of the Ottoman Empire.
The most amicable means were tried to induce the
Porte to accept this beneficent convention, by the
urgent entreaties called on it to put an end to the shedding
of blood. Confidential overtures, which unfolded to it all
the plans of the three Courts, informed it at the same time
that in case of refusal the united fleets of these three Courts
would be obliged to put an end to a contest which was no
longer compatible with the security of the seas, the neces-
sities of commerce, and the civilization of the rest of Eti=
rope.

The Porte did not take the least notice of these hints.—
A Commander of the Ottoman troops had scarcely con-
cluded a provisional armistice, when be broke the word he
had given, and led at length to the employment of force.
The battle of Navarin ensued. This necessary re-
sult of evident breach of faith and open at-
tacks, this battle itself gave Russia and its Allies
another opportunty to express to the Divan its wishes for
the maintenance of the general peace, and ta urge it to
consolidate this peace, to extend it to the whole of the
Levant, and to establish it on conditions which the Otto-
man Empire should add to the reciprocal guarantees at-
tending them, and which, by reasonable concessions, would
secure it the benefits of perfect security.
This is the system—these are the acts--to which the
Porte replied by its Manifesto of 20th December, and by
measures, which are only so many breaches of the Trea-
ties with Russia; so many violations of its rights ; so
many violent attacks on its commercial prosperity; so
many proofs of a desire to bring upon it embarrassments
and enemies.

Russ►a, now placed in a situation in which its honour and
its interests will not suffer it any longer to remain, declares
war against the Ottoma. Porte, not without regret after
having however, for sixteen years together neglected, no-
thing to spare it the evils which will accompany it. The
causes of this war sufficiently indicate the objects
of it. Brought on by Turkey, it will impose upon
it the burden of making good all the expences
caused by it, and the losses sustained by the subjects of his
Imperial Majesty, undertaken fur tile purpose of enforcing
the treaties which the Porte considers as no longer existing,
it will aim at securing their observance and efficacy ; in-
duced by the imperative necessity of securing for the future
inviolable liberty to the commerce of the Black Sea, and
the navigation of the Bosphorus, it will be directed to this
object, which is e►lually advantageous to all the European
States.

While Russia has recourse to arms it thinks that far from
having indulged in hatred to the Ottoman power, or of
having contemplated its overthrow, according to the accu-
sation of the Divan, it has given a convincing proof
that if it had designed to combat it to the utmost
or to overturn it, it would have seized all the opportunities
for war which its relations with the Porte have incessantly
presented. _ _

- Russia, nevertheless, is very far from entertaining ambi-
tious plans; enough of countries and nations already obey
its laws ; cares enough are already united with the ex-
tent of its dominions.

Lastly, Russia, though at war with the Porte for rea-
sons which are independent of the Convention of the 6th
July, has not departed, and will not depart, from the stipu-
lations of that act. It did not, and could not, condemn
Russia to sacrifice its earlier important rights to endure
decided affronts, and to demand no indemnity for the
most sensible injuries. But the duties which it im-
poses upon it, and the principles on which it
is founded, will be fulfilled with scrupulous fidelity and
strictly observed. The Allies will find Russia always ready
to act in concert with them in the execution of the treaty
of London, always zealous to co-operate in a work which
is recommended to its care by religion and all the feelings
which do honour to humanity, always inclined to make use
of its situation for the speedy fulfilment of the stipulations
of the treaty of the 6th of July, but to make any change in
its nature and its effects.

The Emperor will not lay down his arms till he has ob-
tained the results stated in this declaration, and he expects
them from the benedictions of him to whom justice and
a pure conscience have never yet appealed in vain.
Given at St. Petersburgh the 14th (26th) April, 1628.

The French Papers of Friday arc superseded
11 interest by the arrival, this morning, of the
Russian Declaration of War :
(From the Moniteur of Friday. )

PAnts, MAY 9.—We have no recent official news from
Petersburg!: ; hut it Feems, from private letters received
yesterday at Paris, that the Russian army was to pass , the
Pruth ox the 27th April. The departure of the Emperor
was fixed for the 7th May; the campaign may, therefore,
be considered as opened. The operations of the Russian
army will commence; it is said, with the siege of Biailow
and Galatea.

The same letters affirm that the opening of the campaign
will be preceded by a manifesto of the Emperor ; and that
at the same time his Imperial 'Majesty will cause a letter
to be written to the Grand Vizier, which may be considered
as an ultimatum, and in which Russia will again insist on
the execution of the Treaty of Akermann.
FRENCH Ferns.—. Renter,, Five per Cents., 103 f. 10c.
102 f. 95c. ; Four and a half per Cents. 92f. 50c. ; Three
per Cents., '7of. Mu. :ie. ; Bank Actions, 1,900 f.
FOIMIGN FuNns.—Neapolitan Rentes, Cer. Fal. 76f.
35c. 20c. ; Spanish Rentes, 9; Royal Spanish Loan, 72
67260;f. 6 Interminable Spanish Annuities, 49;1; Haytian Loan,
50c.

Brussels and German Papers have been re-
ceived to a late date. The Turks, according to
these, persist in their obstinacy against any
concessions whatever, and endeavour by every
y
weans in their power to make the best pos-
sible defence, but a great want of cordialitexists among the chief mem of the empire
respecting the utility of the European system,
which is received with so much jealousy and
prejudice by the old-fashioned warriors. It
is said that some European Agents have so-
licited the REIS EFFENDI to explain the famous
Hatti Scheriff in a sense less offensive to Russia,
he declared that it contained nothing but the