The Sun.
London, England, 1845-12-09 00:00:00

No. 16,635. LONDON, TUESDAY MORNING SUN, DECEMBER 9, 1845.

EAST AND WEST JUNCTION RAILWAY
c OM PANT.
The Committee of the above line have great pleasure in informing
the Subscribers that all the Plans, Sections, and Books of Reference
of this line have been duly deposited at the offices of the Board of
Trade, and of the several Clerks of the Feace, in compliance with the
standing orders of the houses of Parliament.
By order, .
0. D. MATIIIAS, Secretary.
•
38, Moorgate-street, Dec. 3, 1845

BRANDY AND CAPSULES.-Mr. BETTS
(the late firm of J. T. BETTS and CO.), Patent Brandy
Distiller, 7, Smithfield Bars, feels it due to himself and the public to
state, that the Manufacture of the PATENT BRANDY was not,
and never has been known to any person except to himself and ens
of his sons. And that he was succeeded in the business of the Dis-
tillery, 7, Smithfield Bars, by his eons, J. T. BETTS, jun., and CO.,
on his retiring therefrom, in 1541.
Mr. BETTS further states, that he is the sole Patentee, reanufao-
turer, and 'vendor of the Metallic Capsule, (or solid metal covering
for the wouthe of bottles), that no other Brandy in England, except
BETTS'S PATENT BRANDY, is thereby protected; the Patent
Metallic Capsule if, therefore, applied to any other Brandy, must
have been surreptitiously obtained.
Metallic Capsule Manufactory, 1, Wharf-road, City-road.

THE OXFORD AND SALISBURY DIRECT
RAILWAY.
CHAIRMAN—Thomas Dowglasse, Esq.
lENGINEER-IN-CHlEF—Samuel Charles Drees, Nsq.
SOLICITORS—Messrs. Elmslie and Preston, 47, Moorgate-street.
SECRETART—Z. Hubbersty, Esq.
The Committee of Management have the satisfaction to announce
that the proper Notices have been published in the " London Ga-
zette" and Provincial Newspapers, and that the Plans, Sections, and
Books of Reference, have been deposited in the Parliamentary Offices
and with the Clerks of the Peace for the several Counties through
which the Line is proposed to pass. The Committee are further
desirous to state that Testimonials in favour of the Line have been
most numerously signed by the landowners, tradesmen, farmers, and
inhabitants of every town throughout the country proposed to be
traversed ; and that the Engineer of the Company assures them that
the construction of the intended railway will be completed at very
much less expense than he originally contemplated.
By order of the Board,
Z. HUBBERSIT, Secretary.
Moor:ate Chambers, Moorgate-street, Dee. 1, 1845.
_ _

BETTS'S PATENT BRANDY, certified by the
Faculty of England is be the purest spirit, and guaranteed
by the Paterit Metallic Capsules, embossed " Betts's Patent Brandy,
7, Smithfield-bars," is sold at 3s. 6d., bottle included, by the most
respectable dealers, lists of whom may be obtalusd at the Distillery,
where quautities of uo,l leas than two gallons, In balk or bottles, are
supplied. Address, 7, Smithfield-bars.

JONES'S DEMULCENT COUGH LO-
ZENGES, the best remedy ever discovered. Persons afflicted
With cough, asthma, difficulty of breathing, consumption, or other
liseasee or derangement of the respiratory organs, will experience
immediate relief, and derive permanent benefit, by the use of
JONES'S DEMULCENT COUGH LOZENGES, which are so effica •
clous, that they will cut short the most violent paroxysm of cough-
ing, and are so agreeable to the palate that they may be eaten
as a confection.
Sold by the proprietor, Peter Jones, operative chemist, 11, Norton-
folgate, Blshopsgate-street, London, in boxes Is. 1%d., and in tins at
2s. 91:1. each, duty Included ; and by most chemists and patent medi—
cine vendors in town and coentry.

IDLAND UNION and BURTON-UPON-
TRENT, ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH, and LEICESTER
RAILWAY, with a diverging Line to Trent Valley Railway at
Atherstone

(Provisionally Registered, ltSth.May, 1845.)
The Committee of Management have the pleasure of announcing
,o the Shareholders in this important undertaking, that the Plans,
Sections, and Books of Reference have been duly deposited with the
several Clerks of the Peace, and at the Board of Trade, in compli-
ance with the standing orders of Parliameht.
By order, WILLIAM K.v..".SIGHT, Secretary
IS, Abingdon-street, Westminster, Dec. I, 1845.

pI LULLS VEGETALES, TONIQUES-
APERITIVES D'EIIDE, I l'usage des Familles.—EUDE'S
VEGETABLE TONIC APERIENT FAMILY FILLS, one trial
will prove to be the most valuable medicine of modern times.
Their extraordinary efficacy has been fully tested in affections of the
head, liver, and stomach, in rheumatism, gout, cough, with pain and
ightness at the chest, tic, constipation, piles, Obstructions, Ike. In
consumption it is the most valuable tonic-aperient known, not con-
fining the bowels afterwards, as every other aperient does.
Depot, 73, Great Titchfield-street, London, aid 23, Place Vendome,
Paris. Price Is. 114 d. and 29. 9d. per box. The poor will be supplied
with a portion of the medicine gratis, at the depot, 73, Great Titch-
field-street every Saturday morning, at Ten.—Forwarded to any
part of the thre kingdoms (free on receipt of Is. and two penny
stamps.

RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS.
BRISTOL, DEC. 6.
STOCK EXVIIANGE.-The sales are-Bristol and Exeter,
Ditto, New, 53/4-Midland, New, 1814-Vale of Neath,
31. 13s. 9d.
SHEFFIELD, Dm. 6.
Sroca EXCITANGE.-The sales are-Grand Union, 134-
Manchester, Midland, and Great Grimsby, VA-Wakefield
and Harrogate, 21/1-Sheffield and Manchester, Quarter
Shares No. 3., 5%4-Sheffield and Manchester, 119-South
Wales, 3%.
EDINBURGH, DEC. 5.
STOCK EXCHAYGE.-The sales are -Aberdeen, 41. 10s.-
Aberdeen, Banff, and Elgin, 21.-Airdrie and 'Bathgate, 21.
55.-Arbroath and Forfar, 251.-Ditto, Half 'Shares, 15/.-
Armagh and Portrush, 1/. 155.-Ayr and Dumfries 21.
155.-Ayr and Galloway, 2/. 55.-Banffshire, 2/. 55.-Belfast
and County Down, 31.-British and Irish Union, 8/. 84.-
Caledonian, 121.-Caledonian Extension, 31.- Caledonian and
Dumbarton, 31.-Caledonian and Northern Direct, 3/. Os. 6d.
-Cambridge and Lincoln, 41. 55.-Carnwarth and West Lin-
ton, 1/. 145.-Chelmsford and Bury, 11. 12s. 6d.-Clydesdale
Junction, 19/.-Cornwall and Devon, 2/. 88.-Deeside Rail •
way, Si. 10s.-Direct Northern, 2/.-Dublin and Enniskillen,
41. 7s. 6d.-Dundee and Arbroath, 35/. 10s.-Ditto, New,
171.-Dundee and Perth, 6/. 17s. 6d.-East of Fife, 2/.-
East Coast of Scotland, 2/. 135.-East Lothian Central, 21.
35.-Edinburgh and Bathgate, 31.-Edinburgh and Glasgow,
ex new, 651.-Ditto, Half Shares, 15/. 10s.-Ditto, Quar-
ters, 151. 10s.-Ditto, ditto, New, 121. IN.-Edinburgh,
Glasgow, and Dumbarton,lBs.-Edinburgh and Leith Atmos-
pheric, 2/. 55.-Edinburgh and Leith Atmospheric Direct,
11. 155.-Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton, 21/. 10s.-Ditto,
Preference, 18/. 10s.-Edinburgh and Northern, 41.75.-Ditto,
Newport, 1/. Bs.-Ditto, Lochqelly, 1/. 14s. 6d.-Edinburgh
and Peebles, ex new, 2/. 25.-Edinburgh and Perth, 4/. 17s.
6d.-Edinburgh, Portobello, and Musselburgh, 1/. 10e.-
Forth and Clyde Junction, 2/. 55.-Glasgow and Ayrshire,
701.-Ditto, New Stock, 231.-Ditto, Quarter Shares, 21/.
I 2s. 6d.-Glasgow and Belfast Union, 2/. ls.-Glasgow,
Dumfries, and Carlisle, 2/. 55.-Glasgow and Dundee Junc-
tion, 2/. 55.-Glasgow and Garnkirk, 451.-Glasgow and
Greenock, 211.-Ditto, New, 10/. 155.-Ditto, Preference, 21.
55.-Glasgow Harbour Grand Junction, 2/. 10s.-Glasgow
Harbour Mineral, 2/. 195.-Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ar-
drossan, 2/. 12s. 6d.-Glasgow, Strathaven, and Lesmahagow,
3/.-Granton Junction, 2/. IN.-Great County Down, 2/. 12s.
6d.-Great North of Scotland, 21. 155.-Great North and
South Wales, 12s. 6d.-Inverness and Elgin, 11.155.-Lanark
and Galloway, 2/. 10s.-Lanark and Lothians, V. 17s. 6d.
-Larne and Ballymena, 2/. 25.-London and Hounslow, 2/.
-London and Manchester (Rem.), 31. 55.-London and Man-
chester (Rastrick), 51. IN.-London and Windsor, 11.-
London and York, 4/. 55.-Midland and Eastern Counties,
2/. 78. 6d.-Morayshire, 1/.-Newcastle and Berwick, 111.
-Newry and 'Londonderry, 2/. 10s.-North British, ex
new, 221. 10s.-Ditto, Halves, ex new, 5/. 10s.-Ditto, Ex-
tension tolCarlisles, 2/. 95.-Ditto, Extension to Dalkeith,
6/. 55.-North Wales Mineral, New, 41. 75.-Perth and Crieff
Direct, 21. 25.-Perth and Inverness, 1/. 195.-Scottish Cen-
tral, 14/.-Scottish Central and .Caledonian Junction, 2/.-
Scottish Midland, 31.-Scottish North Western, 1/. 155.-
Scottish South Midland, 2/. 45.-Scottish Southern, 2/. ss.
-Scottish Western, 21. 10s.-Shrewsbury and Hereford,
17s. 6d.-Shrewsbury, Oswestry, and Chester, 6/.-South
Midland, 6/. 7s. 6d.-Stirling and Dunfermline. 21. 10s.-
Stirling and Midland, 2/. 175.-Strathern Junction, 37. 55.-
Surrey Grand Junction, 1/. 2s. 6d.-Tean and Dove Valley,
U 1 53--Tvne Valley, 11. 18s -Wishaw and Coltness,s2/. 10s.
GLASGOW, DEC. 5.
STOCK EXCHANGE.-The sales are-Aberdeen, 5-Aber-
deen, Banff, and Elgin, 385.-Airdrie and Bathgate, 555.-
British and Irish Union, 705.-Caledonian Extension, 60a.-
Caledonian and Ayrshire. Junction, 385.-Caledonian and
Dumbartonshire Junction, 455.-Clydesdale Junction, 18/.-
Dundee and Forfar Junction, Os. 6d.-Glasgow and Belfast
Union, 435,--Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ayr, New, 18/.-
Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ardrossan, 635.-Lanark and
Lothians, 575. &1.-Scottish Central, 131.-Scottish Central
and Caledonian Junction, 365.-South Midland, 5/.-Stirling
and Dunfermline, 451.-Strathearn Junction, 50s.
HULL, DEC. 6.
STOCK EXCHANGE.--The sales are-London and Croydon,
18%-Armagh, Coleraine, and Portrush, 1%-Grand Union,
28s. 9d.-Hull and Barnsley Junction, 425.-London and
Birmingham Extension, 114-London and York, 3% -Not.
tingham, Erewash, &c., 2A-Nottingham, Belvoir, and Gran-
tham, 21%-North Western, 31. ls.-North Staffordshire,
5/. 4s. 6d.

CITY of TORONTO and LAKE HURON
RAILWAY COMPANY.
DIRECTORS.
Charles Franks, Esq., Chairman.
11. H. Berens, Esq. Francis Lloyd, Esq.
Pierce S. Butler, Esq., M.P. F. H. Mitchell, Esq.
John Esthope, Esq. Edward Scard, Esq.
Frederick C. Gaussen, Esq. Alexander Stuart, Esq.
Lieut.-Col. Charles Head Willin Wilson, Esq.
The shareholders in the above Company are informed that the Deed
of Settlement having been approved by the registrar, they will be
shortly required to sign the same, of which due notice will be given. In
the meanwhile the Directors have the pleasure of acquainting the share-
holders that a very satisfactory arrangement has been made with
the City of Toronto and Lake Huron Railway Company, incorporated
by the Canadian Legislature, by which all the powers of the Act of
Incorporation passed in Canada have been made available to this
Company, which is thereby enabled to proceed immediately with
the undertaking.
By order of the Board,
W. T. SMITH, Secretary.

YORK, DEC. 6.
STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—Midland, New, 18%
—Newcastle and Darlington, Brandling, 441/2—York and
North Midland Extension, 25.—Newcastle and Berwick, 9%
—Ditto, New, 6—London and York, 31. 18s. 9d.—Grand
Union, 15/s—Leicester and Bedford, I%—North Stafford-
shire, s—Welsh Midland, 21. ls.

THE CORN-LAWS.
(From the Times.)
If any doubt existed as to the emergency of the case
which has forced upon the Cabinet the inevitable, but
not ungracious, capitulation which we announced on
Thursday last, its solution would be found in the number
of public meetings which it has collected together
throughout the country. Edinburgh, Leeds, Stroud,
Southwark, Bath, and Bristol swell the cry which other
great towns first raised. And this unanimity of feeling
is rendered more remarkable by the exceptional differ-
ences of opinion. Although the speakers did not all
precisely agree in their estimation of the existing law,
or of the benefits to be derived from its repeal, yet the
harmony of their resolutions, and the general tone of
their expression, leave no room for doubting that the
condemnation of the corn-laws is as strongly urged
by the country as by the Government. In this case,
then, the Government has acted as the exponent, or
rather enforcer of the public will. It has anticipated
the fulfilment, in echoing the sentiments, of a popular
demand. It takes those whom it is intended to gratify
by surprise • those whom it disappoints or displeases still
more so. it is a great coup d'tiiat, subject, like other
bold or unexpected manoeuvres, to much criticism and
dissection. If it succeed, the wisdom and statesmanship
evinced in its adoption will draw heavily on the pane-
gyrical powers of the most Ministerial parasites. It will
be pronounced the greatest, wisest, noblest, boldest mea-
sure ever submitted to the deliberation of a Legislature
or the approbation of a people. If it fail, what terms
will be strong enough to express the dissatisfaction of
one, or the disgust of another portion of the community?
Like a deviation from some established rule of military
tactics, it will be praised or censured, not according to
the vigour of conception or energy of decision exhibited
in its design, but simply according to its success. And
that success must be immediate, apparent, and general.
mlsf,eue Theisrltlseteees
n,vtdi
distant,i
tefonrrxl
ieoiepaeTurnlentchedrtieteoamsal, ooiwtpti
pftyaohhpinw
ipeoocashfparty spirit and the eagerness of po-
pulare
ibottpl
hil impalpable
others;
opposition
Ministerialoe btnfa e satisfied
esu
fiotn hmt
tsse some
o country
oTuultriumphant
yir.tsuorwjmywsei
support
phlthl
pan
i onnb ar eto
gentlemen,
yt
etnobheefero sub-
mitted. ui partial,
trsehbeos
all these the Ministry will meet without surprise and
without dismay. But, perhaps, neither they nor the
nation itself are prepared to meet what—we do not, and
would not, predict will be—hut what may be the disap-
apoirtment of the latter. No great political act as yet
consummated ever satisfied the wishes or the expecta-
tions of the people. We need not go far back to test
this historical common-place. Instances will occur to
the minds of all our readers. Who has forgotten the
vaticinations and auguries which ushered in the Catholic
Relief and the Reform Bills? Who will say that either
of them has answered the wishes, or justified the pro-
mises of its friends? Yet the Catholic Relief Act was a
necessary one. The Reform Bill finally became so. The
repeal of the corn-law bears nearly the same relation
to times and events that each of these did. We say
nearly," becouse whatever may be the feeling of
the country as to the present law, there has been no
universal expression of opinion on the various modifi-
cations which lie between it and the annihilation of all
corn-laws. Nor do we think that this exception is of
much importance. There seems no likelihood of any
public man coming forward to interpose any intermediate
state previous to their abolition. The letter of Lord
John Russell and the speech of Mr. Macaulay forbid us
to expect that such a proposition will be made by the
Whigs. The repeated declarations of leading Conser-
vatives preclude the supposition that they will abandon
their devotion to the sliding-scale. From the League
the utmost that can be expected is the patient submis-
sion to a delay of a few weeks. We are therefore con-
strained to suppose that no effort—at least no effort con-
taining any element of success—will be made to retain a
corn-law, even of a different character from the present.
And thus, then, absolute repeal may be ranked ins the
same category as the Reform Bill—viz., as a meaure
which is made necessary by the long-continued rejection
of qualified concessions. And it will be the duty of the
people to remember this feature in its character. This
is necessary in order to prevent their own disappoint-
ment, no less than to ao wow to the Ministers who

troduce it. The exaggerations which all popular questions
naturally provoke have been so multiplied by the de-
claimers
of the League, and men's minds have I
been so mystified by the haze which vulgar ignorance
veld vulgar credulity have thrown around the subject, as
to lose sight entirely of its real proportiona There is
nothing of which teen entertain such vague and flatter-
ing notions as the power of the Legislature to confer
great and extensive benefits. They forget that it is
oftener the province of Senates and Governments to
correct the influences than to direct the course of events
—to mitigate actual evil than to affect a capacity of open-
ing new sources of prosperity, or of introducing new
means of happiness. In the present instance men's
minds have been distracted with extravagant hopes and
extravagant fears, according to their position and in-
terests. We have already alluded to the groundless ap-
prehensions of the agriculturists, who shrink back with
horror from the vision of redundant importations and un-
remunerative prices. Another party looks forward, with
hopes equally unreasonable, to a golden age of constant
employment and costless wheat. We believe that both
will be equally disappointed. A slight derangement
may trouble the markets at first ; but there is no-
thing in the measure itself—nothing in the aspect of
events—to justify us in supposing that the price of
bread will be long or sensibly affected on the one hand,
or that on the other the advantages to trade will be so
general and so vast as they have been represented. There
ar.e certain known laws which govern both the produc-
lion of corn and the relations of trade, which are not
only independent of, but superior to, all legislative
enactments. The real and permanent good derivable
from the repeal of the corn-law will be twofold—first, it
will remove a potential cause of embarrassment from the
operations of commerce: secondly, it will liberate the
landholders from the painful and often unjust reproach
of selfish and hard-hearted monopoly. We agree with
Dr. Chalmers in believing that this moral effect will be
the chief benefit attainable by so .sweeping a measure ;
and we should conceive it is one to which the landholders
cannot be indifferent. But every great political achieve-
ment involves a loss or a sacrifice. Here there will be a
loss and a sacrifice. We speak not of classes or cliques,
but of the country. And the country, whatever it may
hereafter gain in other respects, will lose altogether
and for ever in point of revenue. Nor are we justi-
fied in expecting that this loss will be solely in
the article of corn. Mr. Cobden very recently informed
a French journal that the League confined its attacks to
the monopoly of corn because its members knew that
this being abolished the aristocracy would unite to sup-
press all others. This means, that if the tildes on
corn are once removed, all other customs' duties will
follow. Is the country prepared for this? Are the
national revenues such as to enable us to dispense with
customs' duties altogether ? Can we afford to lose
twelve or fourteen millions a-year at once? If we do,
how are we to replace it? By direct taxation?. Do the
people of England then seriously prefer direct to indi-
rect taxation? If so, we should like to ascertain from
w
penchant
tmeamy he dated. All these con-
siderations selves on the minds both of
het time this
must
usptenfeohrce themselves
the public and their rulers. That which we prophesied
may soon take place ; a concentrated attack will be
made on all customs' duties. We trust the resources of
the natioa may prove sufficient to excuse their abroga-
tion ; but for our own parts, we confess that we look
back with something of regret to the time when a more
'" qualified concession" than a total repeal of the corn-
law would have at least delayed the assault, and have en-
riched the national treasury.

mer's pamphlet again. Meantime we recommend it to
the perusal of those who have any misgivings as to the
effect of a repeal of the corn-laws upon the," agricul-
tural interest" of this country. For our own part, we
feel assured that " protection " is the " bane" of every-
thing towards which its influence is extended. A pro-
tected country is always weak, a protected class is al-
ways oppressed, and a protected trade never flourishes.
Agriculture forms no exception to other occupations,
and we trust that when the landlords themselves see the
full effect of their protective legislation, on the classes
whom they profess to befriend, that they will no longer
oppose the abolition of a system which, whilst it is im-
mediately and severely injurious to others, can produce
no lasting benefit to themselves.

MONEY MARKET and CITY NEWS.
CITY, SATURDAY EVENING.

TIMES.—The Manchester and Leeds and Leeds and
Bradford Companies have amalgamated, and the conse-
quenee is that Leeds and Bradford, and Leeds and Brad-
ford Extension shares are to become Manchester and
Leeds stock to the extent of their share of the capital
—viz., 900,000/. The Leeds and Bradford Proprietors
are also to have 75 per cent. additional on the 900,0001.,
which per tentage is\ to be issued as follows, viz.:-
300,0001. in 201. shares, which will realise, when paid up,
the amount authorised to be borrowed by the Leeds and
Bradford. The remainder of the 75 per cent., viz.,
375,0001., will subsequently be issued to the Share-
holders, .subject to a call at the time of 2L per share, in
addition to the calls of 51. on the original shares, and
10/. on the Extension shares now due, which will make
20/. paid up on each; it is intended to call for a further
sum of 21/. per share in the course of next year, which
will then make the paid-up capital 411. per share. But
the old and the new shares are to remain unproductive
till the opening of the railway, when they will begin to
receive dividends in proportion to the extent and cost of
the lines that'shall be in operation.
The Brighton and Croydon Railway Companies, it
appears, have quarrelled with respect to their prelimi-
naries of amalgamation. The Croydon proprietors have
held a meeting on the subject, at which the shareholders
deprecated the course of conduct pursued by the Direc-
tors. The Brighton shareholders are about to hold a
meeting on the same subject, when there will be an op-
portunity of hearing both sides of the question. A.
breach also seems to have occurred between the South-
Western and Great Western Companies respecting the
Exeter projects of these lines, which is not likely to be
settled before the matter is brought before the Board of
Trade. An arrangement is stated to have just been
effected between the Directors of the Dublin and Kings-
town Railway and the provisional committee of the Dub-
lin, Wicklow, Wexford, and Waterford Company, the
latter having agreed to take a lease of the former at a
fixed rent of 34,0001. per annum, and one-half of the
gross receipts of the company over 55,0001. per annum,
which has been the assumed gross rental for the next
year, and on which all the calculations have been
founded.

Having stated the case of the bankers against the
lawyers in the matter of subpcana, we give that of the
lawyers against the bankers, from a letter written by a
member of the profession. At the same time we can
hardly consider it as an answer to the complaint from
the other side:—

" May I be permitted to question the justice of some re-
marks which appear in your City article of this morning re-
lative to the attendance of bankers and their establishments
in courts of law as witnesses?

" I cannot think an attorney would desire to subpoena
every individual connected with a bank if it were net abso-
lutely necessary for him to do so, and I know from my own
practice, that bankers, like most other persons, are very
anxious not to attend themselves, or to allow their clerks
to attend as witnesses, if it can possibly be avoided. Hence
impediments are thrown in the attorney's way, aid being un-
able to learn with certainty who the party is that he re-
quires, he is driven to the unpleasant resource of summoning
the whole establishment. lam not aware that this has ever
occurred in practice, I•ut it is no doubt often held out as a
threat in order to obtain information.
" Plaintiffs are frequently nonsuited in actions which re-
late to cheques and bills of exchange, in consequence of
bankers sending wrong persons to prove facts connected with
these documents.
" Lord Abinger, Baron Gurney, and other Judges, have
recommended from the bench, that parties should summon
every person connected with a bank when the bankers refuse
to give such information as would insure the selection of
the right individual."

THE TRUE MEANING OF
" PROTECTION."
(From the Derby Reporter.)
The word " protection" has its two-fold meaning—
its literal, and its historical sense. It may bear a
kindly and a magnanimous import in the dictionary, but
it has a very different meaning when read in the past or
present doings of mankind. To defend or succour, may
be its lexicographical—to oppress and injure, is its veri-
table definition. Our predecessors, the ancient Britons,
were protected" by the Saxons; and the consequence
was, that they were despoiled of their patrimony, and
the badge of their protection was seen in the brass collars
that were fastened round their necks by those who pro-
tected them. Ireland has for centuries been " protected"
by this country; and the benefit of that protection is
whole
oljeus yteo ar one
rout
.d remove
on m
s rf oroot.
displayed -in our relieving them of their cattle, eggs,
poultry,actual
st
aarnvda
ipork,onto
, leaving
feastthe
th
India—that land of gems and spices, the very name of
which is associated with all that is fertile and magnifi-
cent—has been " protected" by Great Britain; and the
fruit of that relation has been exhibited in those mon-
strous extortions and monopolies which have produced
famines and pestilences that have swept millions
from the face of that luxuriant land. Otaheite and
Algeria are now "protected" by France ; hence
the confiscations and cruela.s endured by the na-
tives in the former place, and the extirpation of whole
tribes by fire and sword in the hitter. Unfortunately,
the true nature of " protection" is exhibited nearer
home. We have the same principle, but under another
form. The military form of protection would be un-
suited to the condition of things in this country in the
present age ; therefore, in order to meet the genius of
the times, " protection" assumes the legislative shape.
To brand the bodies of the cultivators of the soil with a
mark to indicate their villeinage, would be unsuited to
the present state of things. The badge of their servi-
tude now is stamped in the statute-book ; and if not
bound as of yore by galling rings of brass, they are al-
most equally fettered by Acts of Parliament. British
farmers and farm labourers are professedly a " pro-
tected" class, and the evidences of protection are manifest
in their condition. The worst paid, and the most
miserable race of men in this country, are the be-
friended cultivators of the soil ; and the only set
of capitalists that are not prosperous, are the tenants
who recline under the shade of lordly patronage
and protection. Mr. Cobden, in his celebrated speech
in Parliament during the last session, declared " protec-
tion" to be a system of mutual plander, under which
the growers of the different descriptions of agricultural
produce rob one another. This system has undergone
a very rigid examination at the hands of Mr. John
and the result
Morton and Mr. John Trimmer, of their
elaborate and • conclusive calculations is given to the
world in the form of a pamphlet. They estimate on
one hand the extent to which the farmers' receipts are
increased by protection; and on the other, to what ex-
tent his disbursements , are augmentedfrom the same
cause. As an instance, they take the case of a farmer
holding 400 acres of light land in Norfolk. They esti-
mate that the price of wheat in the Channel Islands,
where importation is free, is a criterion of what the
price would be in this country if the corn-laws were re-
pealed. "By a Parliamentary return, it appears that
the price of wheat in Jersey during the ten years from
1832 to 1841 averaged 48s. 4d. the quarter; the average
price in England for the same period was 565. Bd.;
being a difference of Bs. 4d. the quarter. But it will at
once be conceded by all who are acquainted with the
subject, that a constant demand from England under a
free trade would have raised the level of foreign grain
at the very least 2s. to 3s. the quarter, and thus bring the
price up to within ss. ori6s. of our average, which corro-
borates our estimate of the protection at ss. 6d the quar-
ter." The amount of protection on barley is estimated
at 4s. Bd. the quarter, and the gross amount received in
consequence of protection duties by a Norfolk farmer
holding to the extent already assumed, would be on his
entire produce, 2261. 13s. 4d. Against this is to be set—
first, the increased value of all agricultural produce con-
sumed upon the farm, for the farmer being a consumer
as well as a producer, he only receives the benefit of the
increased price on the produce which he actually brings
into the market, after feeding his horses, reserving for
seed; &c. Another item to be deducted is the enhanced
wages to be paid to his labourers, as an equivalent for
the provisions they purchase for the consumption of them-
selves and their families. To this item there possibly
tray at first sight be some objection. It is certain, how-
ever, that either the labourer has returned to him, in
the shape of enhanced wages, the amount of protecting
duty he pays on what he consumes, or to that extent
the system robs him. Another item to the debit of the
farmer's account is the increased charge on tradesman's
bills. The blacksmith, wheelwright, and others, have
to pay a protected price for the agricultural produce
they buy, and they must charge the amount of protective
DEATII DT FIRE or AN AGED LADY.—On
duty they pay back upon the farmer, or they too are
day morning an inquest was held before William Carter,
robbed of that sum. Again, the amount of protective qti,leahtotdhe residenceo of Mr. Rogers, of Woodside, Croydon,
duties on the bread, butter, cheese, &c. &c., consumed ons body of
Woodside, was
Bashford, aged 96. Mrs. Mary
by the tenant, his wife, children, household servants and Carpenter, was sworn, and deposed that the
guests, must be taken into the calculation. Further, in deceased
lady was her mother. On the afternoon of Wednes-
consequence of protection, the farmer has to pay an in- day week, between the hours of two and three, they were
creased rent. Rents are calculated on the supposition sitting together by the side of the fire in the parlour,
when
that an average price of 565. can be obtained for wheat, witness, happening to turn her head towards
the deceased,
whereas the average does not range above 505. ; discovered that the whole of her dress was in flames. She
the difference must be included in the outgoings screamed for assistance, and Mrs. Richards, who was in the
on the score of protection. Now, when these house, came, and as quickly as they could they tore the
various items are carefully estimated and summed clothes off, but this occupied some time, as the fire was
burning very fiercely. The deceased was much burnt about
up, they are found to exceed the amount received by the the head and face, neck, arms, and chest. As well as they
farmer as the proceeds of protective laws to the extent of wereta able they. dressed the wounds with linseed oil and po-
-761. 18s. 11d. And this is not the whole loss. On such
,untwdhothtzeanrrtioso,akl
theof Mr.dece Boetdtomley, the surgeon of
a farm as the proposed one now under consideration, Croydon,t7s deceased
thuendeerrihoids
07hnerchdaearfiel,
Messrs. Morton and Trimmer calculate that 2001. has and in attendance upon her u
to be expended in artificial manures—such as rape cake, which took place on Tuesday. 11fr. Carterl asked the witness
bones, and guano. " If, by the removal of restrictions on j if she could form any opinion of the manner in which the
the importation of corn, he (the Norfolk farmer) were unfortunate lady's clothes had caught fire. Mrs. Carpenter
enabled to purchase oats weighing forty pounds the said that a short time before the deceased missed her hand-
bushel for fifteen shillings the quarter, the 2001. now kerchief, which was lying inside the fender, and she (wit-
ness) supposed that while there a spark had fallen on it, and
expended on artificial manures would buy 266 quarters that by putting it in her pocket it had smouldered until it
of oats, which would enable the green crops to fatten 70 i burst into flames. The Coroner and jury expressed their
sheep and 17 beasts more than the farm carries at
pre- surprise and regret at the melancholy occurrence, and a ver-
sent. The manure produced by them would be more I diet of "Accidental death" was returned.
beneficial than the bones, rape cake, or guano, which could i H
ONOURS TO GEOLOGY.—The Emperor of Russia
be bought for 2001. If we suppose only the moderate has appointed Mr. Murchison, an effective member of the
profit of three shillings each on 170 sheep, and thirty Academy
of Sciences of St. Petersburg,
with the privileges,
imperial pertainingtothat office,
shillings each on the 17 beasts to be made above their rank, &c., in the service,
prime cost and the cost of their corn, it would and has conferred on him the Grand Cross of Stanislaus, as a
amount to 511., which, added to the 2361. 18s. recompense for his geological labours in the empire, and the
11d. of the last paragraph, will give 2871. 18s publication of hisopew work, "Russia in Europe, and the Ural
"
11d., or fourteen shillings and fourpence per acre fountains.
AituusEmENT •] —ICINGS EVIL OR SCROFULA
Such would be the gain which the cultivator of 400
EFAWUALLY CURED BY HOLLOWAY'S PILLS AND OINT.
acres of light land in East Norfolk would derive from atrwr.—Very lately svomeeeonf
made by
most
tstilierprioswingnulrvertionetehoisf
the repeal of protecting duties on agricultural produce ;
and such would be the gain under similar circumstances ttehrereiebleunciovmerpelelinint
If space would admit, the par-
upon a farm of the same size, upon similar soils in titulars of some few cases might be cited, which would no
Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Wilts, Rants, and Dorset, and doubt astonish our greatest medical men. Suffice it to say,
every county in the country where turnips are con- that many who had been cripples for years have been restored
sumed upon the ground,. if the hkter system were to the use of their limbs, their wounds being completely healed;
adopted of drawing a portion of them to be consumed while perfect health, by means of these pills, has been the
b by
portion or blessing of all who have been so fortunate as to tise
these admirable medicines. Sold by all druggists, and at Pro-
We may probably return to Messrs. Morton. and Trim- these
Holloway a Establishment, 244, Strand, London.

RUN ON THE WESTERN BANK.

Yesterday morning the public of this city were startled
by hearing that a run for gold was making on the
Western Bank. Nobody possessed of the slightest
knowledge and judgment hesitated instantly to ascribe
the occurrence to soma monstrous folly or still more
monstrous wickedness, yet throughout the entire day the
bank was besieged by persons hurrying to it with notes
for which they demanded payment in specie. These de-
mands were promptly complied with, and in the course
et the day somewhere about 9,0001. was paid in sove •
reigns. So far as we have heard, however, not a single
individual of the least mercantile standing in the city
partook in, or gave the slightest countenance to the run.
We hoard of one gentleman, indeed, who, being a• com-
parative stranger in Glasgow, seems to have been affected
with the vulgar alarm, and was extremely anxious to
withdraw a deposit of several hundred pounds he had in
the hands of the bank. But the expostulations and expla-
nations of his friends re-assured him, and he allowed his
money to remain where it was. All other demands, we be-
lieve, were for sums of trifling amount, showing that the
panic existed only among persons who were incapable of
judging of the propriety or impropriety of what they
were doing. The smallness of the amount of gold with-
drawn, too, compared with the circulation of the bank,
which exceeds 300,0001., is an additional evidence that
the alarm was confined to ignorant and insignificant
parties. The original cause of the panic, however, is a
different question. Amidst the universal feeling of con-
fidence in our banks which so justly prevails in Scotland,
and looking also at the known strength and prosperity
of the Western Bank, it is difficult to conceive of any
accidental circumstance which could avail to produce it.
We are, therefore, naturally led to suspect malicious in-
tent ; and some circumstances have been mentioned to
us which present indications of plan and design. We
have also heard rumours of a person who had been dis-
appointed of certain discounting accommodation he had
expected from the bank, having been very busy selling
its pound notes at 17s. We cannot say what truth there
may be in this. There is no doubt, however, that notes
were selling here and there throughout the suburban
parts of the town at a considerable discount—the parties
receiving them probably knowing very well that they
were making a capital bargain. We heard of au
ingenious grocer, who took some pains to let his
neighbours know that he would take Western Bank
notes in payment of goods, and who, in conse-
quence, had, for a night and day, the best stroke of
business he ever did in his life. From whatever
cause the alarm may have originated, the run, if run
there was to be, could not have happened at a better
time. To-morrow the regulations relating to Scotch
banks, enacted by Sir Robert Peel's Bill, come into ope-
ration, and as a matter of course, every bank whose stock
of gold was previously under the amount required by
the Bill must have been making up its deficiency. Sup-
posing, therefore, that the run had hem one of a serious,
instead of being, as it has been, of a trifling character,
circumstances could not have been more favourable for
successfully meeting it. Had the demand outrun the
specie of the Western Bank, the other banks would have
been abundantly able as they would have been very
willing to give it aid. In the actual circumstances,
however, aid was neither needed nor given. If the run
has arisen from the concerted effort of any evil inten-
tioned persons, we sincerely trust they will be discovered
and visited with the reproach and punishment which
their wickedness deserves. In the mean time we would
suggest to our intelligent readers the propriety of dis-
countenancing among their less informed neighbours
and dependents all such needless alarms as that which
we have above described. Various circumstances have
recently occurred to weaken the general feeling of con-
fidence in connexion with monetary affairs, but there
are undoubtedly no causes fitted to produce such an effect
connected with the circumstances of any of our Scotch
banks.—Glasgow Chronicle.

HARBOURS OF REFUGE.

(From the Times.)
Some attention has been excited, not only in France
but in our own country, by a paper recently read before
the French Institute on the report of the British Com-
missioners appointed to consider the formation of Har-
bours of Refuge on the South-eastera Coast. We frankly
acknowledge that we wish the picture drawn by M.
Charles Dupin of the unremitting activity of the
English Government in the promotion of this great
national object, was more correct than it is ; but the
learned gentleman has, we are sorry to say, mistaken
projects for facts, and the opinions of a board of special
commissioners for the resolutions of her Majesty's
Government. This report was presented to the Lords
of the Treasury on the 7th of August, 1844. The sub-
iect had already been fully considered by a former com-
mission, which arrived at similar conclusions in 1849.
In short, the question has been fully investigated with
the exception of a doubt as to the movement of shingle
on the coast at Dover. Yet in the course of the last

session of Parliament, with an overflowing revenue in
the Treasury, the Government took no steps for appro-
priating the necessary funds to any one of these great
public works, except a small vote for Harwich, which
was absolutely necessary to preserve that purt from de-
struction. We deserve, therefore, to be blamed fur our

sluggishness, rather than applauded for an excessive
zeal in providing for our national defences ; and we can
only hope that M. Dupin's observations will remind the
Government that the eyes of other nations are fixed
upon it in a matter so intimately affecting the security
of this island. It is desirable, however, that these

works should not be misconstrued by the rest of Europe ;
and the tendency of M. Dupin's paper is to give a very
erroneous impression of the relative importance of the
several purposes which we have in view in recommending
the speedy adoption of the Commissioners' report. At
the French Institute these harbours are described and

regarded as so many " centres of aggression, capable of
containing five naval armies," at all times ready to
pounce upon the French coast in less than seven hours,
perhaps in an hour and a half. But it is needless to ob-

. .
serve that the actual investigations of the Commissioners
were directed to very different objects, and governed
by totally opposite considerations ; for it is obvious
that in the preparation of naval armaments for the

purpose of attack, the only important positions must be
those in which secure ports are combined with exten-
sive arsenals, and that Portsmouth and Deronport are
amply sufficient for these purposes. Probably M. Dupin
thought that he displayed his penetration by treating as
comparatively unworthy of notice the primary object of
these harbours • for he barely condescended to inform

the learned body he was addressing that they are es-
sentially needed as harbours of refuge. The Treasury
minute which appointed this commission and defined the
objects to which its attention was to be directed ex-
pressly pointed out, in the first place, the formation of
ports of refuge for the safety and convenience of vessels
navigating the British Channel; and recommended, se-
condly, that these should be calculated to become, in the
event of hostilities, the stations for ships of war. Without
at all underrating the importance of the second of these
objects, under peculiar circumstances, such as the threat
of an invasion, or the great efforts of naval war-
fare, the English people will not be apt to lose sight
of the first and most constant service which such
ports would render to the shipping of the country, and
it is as harbours of refuge that they most imperatively
claim a share of the public money. Between Ports-
mouth and the Thames there are none but tidal harbours
along the coast, and none at all accessible to large
steamers; and when we consider the immense amount of
the shipping from our own northern ports alone and
from London which passes the straits of Dover in
sailing down Channel, it is inconceivable that the
south-eastern coast should so long have remained
without a place of secure shelter for so great a
' distance. The roadstead at Dungeness, which is re-
markable for its good holding ground, is the best
natural shelter of the kind, and there the majority of
the Commissioners propose no artificial works. At Sea-
ford they recommend a breakwater one mile in ex-
tent in seven fathoms water, which would shelter an
area of 300 acres; but it is preposterous to compare
such a work as this, for which the estimate is
1.250,0001., with the colossal structure at Cherbourg,
which has been going on for half a century, and has
cost nearly ten times that sum. The work proposed at
Portland would have more of a military, and less of a
mercantile character, from its position on the coast, and
from the natural advantages for defence of that spot;
but this undertaking stands last in the order of those
the Commissioners have recommended. In the event of
war, all these points would doubtless contribute to the
effectual protection of the towns upon the coast, and
they are especially important as forming part of a system
of national defence. But to a country whose fleets are
accustomed and expected always to keep the sea, and to
preserve their own communications with every part of
the coast, without fear of the enemy, it does not appear
that a multitude of minor fortified harbours would bring
any considerable increase of aggressive power. Nor do
we believe the matter has ever been viewed in that light
by the ablest officers who have considered it. Thirty
years of peace, preceded by ten years of undisputed naval
superiority during the last war, have engendered in this
country not only an excessive confidence in our own re-
sources, without much knowledge of what they now
really consist of, but also an unwise contempt of the
power of our rivals and the chances of fortune. Since
Caesar landed on the shores of Britain we believe that so

~_ i _~-~-

-,-._.t_e•)\

DEC.

IRE

'AND.
Lieutenant and magistrates of
Westmeatitation of their Tipperary brethren, have
published their memorial to Government, praying for the
application of coercion as a means of putting down " the in-
surrectionary spirit" which pervades that county.
In reply to the memorial, the following answer from his
Excellency the Lord Lieutenant was received yesterday
"Dublin Castle, Dec. 3, 1845.
" My Lned,—l have the honour to acknowledge the receipt
of your Lordship's letter of the 26th ult., forwarding an
address to the Lord Lieutenant, from the Lieutenant and forty-
seven magistrates of the county of Westmeath, and beg to
inform your Lordship that your letter and accompanying
address have been laid before his Excellency.
"The Lord Lieutenant has heard with much regret of the
late atrocious attack on Sir F. Hopkins, and of the increase
of outrage in the county of Westmeath, and that your Lord-
ship and the magistrates are of opinion that the measures
taken by the Government for the suppression of agrarian
outrage are inadequate for the protection of life: his Excel-
lency will give every aid and support that the law affords to
the exertions of the magistrates to preserve the peace, pro-
tect the well-disposed, and make amenable to justice those
persons who have engaged in crime, and outrage the laws
of their country; and will bring under the notice of her
Majesty's Government your address, representing the in-
sufficiency of the existing laws for the preservation of life
and property.
" The acting Crown-Solicitor of the circuit has been sent
to Mullingar, to inquire into the several cases at present fur
trial in the county gaol, and the probability of convictions
in them, in order that he may make such reports upon them
as may enable his Excellency to decide whether it be advise-
able that a Special Commission be issued for the trial of
these prisoners at present in gaol, as suggested by the ma-
gistrates. I have the honour to be, my Lord, your Lord-
ship's most obedient servant,

" RICHARD PENNEFATHER.
The Marquis of Westmeath, &c. &c.
Lieutenant, county of 'Westmeath."
REPRESENTATION OF ANTRIM.
The Antrim election, which was fixed for Thursday at
Carrickfergus, has not " come off." At twelve o'clock, the
hour specified for holding the election, the reporters from the
press were in attendance at the County Court-house, but
neither sheriff, candidate, proposer, seconder, or elector were
to be seen.

little attention has never been paid to the military force
of this country at home as from 1815 to the present
time. The whole ancient system of defence
has crumbled away, and, as we are called upon to re-
place it, we have the benefit of all the improvements
that modern science can suggest, by steam, magnetic
electricity, and the prodigious amelioration of projectiles.
Great exertions have of late been made to repair this
weakness. All the other nations of Europe have been
spending the last quarter of a century under the burden
of standing armies and military works, scarcely inferior
to what were required at no very distant period by a
state of war. The public money of England has been
little wasted in this wise ; but we have allowed our-
selves to rely on our ocean barriers to a degree which
would amount to excessive hardihood if we persisted in
it. On the other hand, the effort which may be required
to put the country in an ordinary state of defence, to
restore even the framework of our local forces, and to
adapt them to the improved system of locomotion which
happily exists in the country, will no doubt excite some
surprise and occasion some misapprehension amongst our
neighbours. It is perfectly true that when a large army
is likely to be engaged in active operations in India, and
when an adequate detachment is required to protect the
frontier of British North America from the chance of
aggression at a time of hostile excitement in the United
States, a considerable addition to the army may be ur-
gently required. On the North American lakes it may
also be wise to have in preparation at least the mate-
rials of a sufficient armament, for the lesson of 1812
must not be lost in that quarter. At home the
application of the screw-propeller to a considerable
squadron of line-of-battle ships will, ere long, have
provided us with efficient floating batteries, able to
take up their own positions under any circum-
stances, and on any part of the coast. And we
trust that not many weeks of the approaching
session will be allowed to pass without decided steps
being taken for the execution of some portion at least
of the scheme for the harbours of refuge which has
called forth these remarks. At the same time, we can-
not too earnestly repeat that these are all precautions of
defence, which this country cannot postpone without a
culpable neglect of its first interests, but which have no
connexion whatever with any hostile or aggressive de-
signs against our neighbours in any part of the world.
Even when these measures are completed, we shall still
have a smaller force on foot—that is, a smaller number
of men ready for active service by land and sea in pro-
portion to the wealth and extent of this empire, than
any other state in Europe. No part of the military or
naval establishment of England is large except her
stores ; and it is a wise and dignified policy to be well
prepared for an emergency rather than to make a con-
tinual parade of strength. But the harbours of refuge
anti defence, which require the labour of years, cannot
be deferred ; and they will be fortunately even more
serviceable to our merchantmen in peace than to our
navy in war.

THE WONDER OF WONDERB.----AIR enormous bear
fed upon bread for the last twelve months, challenges com-
parison with any of the prizes at the Bazaar. This animal
will be exhibited dead and dressed, so as to show the depth
of fat, during Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday,
the four days of the cattle-show, in front of Mr. Ray's pre-
mises, No. 8, King-street, Baker-street, two doors only from
the Bazaar, and was fattened by those celebrated perrequieirs,
perfumers, hair-cutters, and hair-dyers, Messrs. Ross and
Sons, 119, Bishopsgate-street, London, of whom only can the
genuine bear's-grease be obtained.
Nothing could be better devised than Nicoll's Re-
gistered Paletot to suit the ever-varied nature.ze of our
climate,
non of the
forming, as it now does, not only the s 7 qat
railway traveller, but is equally so adapted ifor any gentleman
taking out-door exercise. It may be said distinctly to mark
the costume of the nineteenth century, if that is rightly
called marked which is only conspicuous for an unpretending
and graceful bearer, the wearer feeling so much at case. i
Certainly as an over-coat it s patronised highly, and is also
a general public favourite, being so peculiarly English, and
avoiding all foreign extravagance of style. It must be ac-
knowledged as a vast improvement over the old great coat,
associated in our remembrance with an uncomfortable sensa-
tion of tight buttoning-s, which, from its very clumsiness,
defeated its object, the warmth of the person, as interfering
with the proper circulation of the blood. The principal hues
are black, blue, brown, and olive • also the clerical mixture
called Oxford, and can be had Of the patentees, or only of
the most respectable clothiers out of London. Every winter
paletot is three guineas, and is stampted in the lining with
the words, " Registered 6 and 7 Vic., cap. 65. H. J. and D.
Nicoll, 114, Regent-street, London.
TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF THE LATE SID-
NEY BERNARD.—The Admiralty, to mark their sense of the
services this gentleman so nobly and self-devotedly rendered
to suffering humanity on board the fever-stricken Eclair,
took the first opportunity, after the report of Mr. Bernard of
the state of the vessel, to promote him to the rank of sur-
geon ; but, alas ; these honours were lost on the " dull cold
car of death," for this gallant officer was numbered with the
last victims". Anxious to pay some tribute to such departed
worth, the Admiralty, in the only way they had to confer it,
have promoted to the rank of surgeon Mr. Robert 13erFard,
assistant-surgeon of the Pique, 36, in the West Indies, a
brother of the d'eceased.-11-ampshire Telegraph.