The Sun.
London, England, 1859-12-20 00:00:00

EAST INDIA AND CIIINA MAILS.

The Peninsular and Oriental Company's screw
steamship Ceylon, -Capt. R. W. Evans, arrived at
Southampton yesterday morning with the heavy
portion of the above-named mails, in charge of Mr.
Fisher, of the. General Post-office. She brought 96
passengers (47 first-class, 40 second, and 9 children),
among whom was the Earl of Portarlingtom, from
Gibraltar. The cargo comprised 1,412 bales and
114 cases of silk, 58 packages of elephants' teeth,
158 boxes of oranges, 101 boxes and 10 bags of
almonds, 165 casks of dates, 85 cases of gum, 12
bags of nutmegs, and 159 packages of general mer-
chandis

Th2Ceylon left Alexandria on the 6th inst., Malta
the 10th, and Gibraltar the 14th. She experienced
very strong head winds from Alexandria to Malta,
thence to. Gibraltar fine weather, along .the coasts
of Spain and Portugal to Cape Finisterre very
strong head winds, across the Bay of Biscay vari-
able winds from north-west to n.orth, and up Chan-
nel north-east winds.

At Alexandria were the usual Egyptian squadron
and the French war stea:nier.Sentinelle.

Her Majesty's ships Hibernia, RenOwx Racoon,
Argus, Scourge, Osprey, and Intrepid were at
Malta.

Her Majesty's ships Marlborough, Orion, Bruns-
wick, Neptune, Doris, and Mohawk were.lying at
Gibraltar, and five French line-of-battle ships. The
screw strain corvette Scylla left for Malta, with
the steam dredger in tow, on the night of the 12th,
and the Firebrand returns to England. The Vul-
ture was under orders to tow as far as Oran the
vessel chartered by the Hebrew Committee for the
conveyance of the poor Sews who desired to emi-
grate to Algeria. "We understand (says the Gib-
raltar Chronicle of the 13th) that the vessel carries
upwards of 200 men, women, and children, of those
who have been encamped on the North Front since
their arrival here from Barbary, and that they will
embark to-day from the new stone jetty."
On the Bth inst. Captain F. A. Campbell took
his leave of the officers and ship's company of
her Majesty's steamer Vulture, which vessel he
had commanded for three years and a half. Be-
fore leaving he addressed his old shipmates in a
very feeling manner, and expressed his sorrow at
parting with a crew of whom any captain might be
proud. The officers and ship's company reciprocated
the feeling, and, by repeated rounds of the most
hearty cheering, testified the respect and esteem in
which the gallant captain was held. Capt. Camp-
bell has taken command of her Majesty's ship Nep-
tune.

The war steamer Tripoli, Commander Boyle, sent
by the Sardinian Government to protect the inte-
rests and subjects of that nation during the conti-
nuance of hostilities between Spain an Morroco,
arrived at Gibraltar during the night of the Sth
inst. The Tripoli saluted the garrison at 10 a.m.
on the 9th with 21 guns, and afterwards the flag of
Vice-Admiral Fanshawe with 15 guns. These salutes
were duly returned by the guns of the fortress and
by those of her Majesty's ship Marlborough.
The Peninsular and Oriental steamship Delta,
Capt. Black, from Southampton on the 4th inst.,
arrived at Gibraltar on the 11th ; she experienced
a succession of heavy adverse gales on the outward
voyage, and her machinery sustained some slight
derangement, to repair which the Delta was de-
tained until 5 p.m. on the 12th, when she resumed
her voyage to Malta and Alexandria.

The British merchant steamer Gothenburg, Capt.
J. Mullett, 10 days from London, with a general
cargo, arrived at Gibraltar on the 11th.
The ship Lisbon, from New Brunswick, bound
for Hull, laden with timber, became waterlogged
and was abandoned off Cape Finisterre. The crew
arrived on the 10th inst. at Gibraltar from Algeci-
ras, where they had been taken by a French barque.
Last quotations of exchange at Gibraltar were as
follows :—London, 90 days' date, 511 ; Paris, ditto,
Of 33'3; Marseilles, ditto, 5f 32c ; Genoa, ditto, 5f
37c ; Madrid, eight days' sight, 3 dis. ; Cadiz, ditto,
dis. ; Malaga, ditto, dis.; Seville, dis. ; Ali-
cante, Y dis. ; Valencia, -} dig. ; Barcelona, par.
Spanish pillared dollars 3 per cent. premium, none
and no demand.
Freights to Brazil and River Plate, 12 dols. per ton,
and 10 per cent.:; Gulf of Mexico and Havannah,
12 dols. per ton, and 10 per cent.; Malta, Leghorn,
Genoa, and Marseilles, 4 dols. to o dols. per ton,
and 5 per cent. ; lead at less.

RAILWAY ACCIDENT.—On Saturday morning a
goods train, which had arrived late, was standing at Little-
borough station while the engino-driver was fetehing some
goods trucks from a siding. At that time another goods
train was due for Manchester, from Yorkshire. William
Lord, the night watchman, went to put on the signal, when
he found it frozen fast. lie ran back to put a fog signal on
the lino, but could not get far enough. The second train
came up and ran into the standing carriages, of which five
or six were smashed A large quantity of our and other
goods was damaged and spread about upon the line. No
lives were lost.

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HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
THIS DAY.—Morning, 10h. 25m.—Afternoon, 1111. Om.
To-monuow.-Alorning, 11h. 32m.—Afternoon, Oh. Om.

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THE SUN.
LONDON, TUESDAY, DEC. 20, 1859.

It is well known that the late Duke of WEL-
LINGTON—the Great Duke of WELLlNGTON—re-
garded the National Defences of his country,
towards the close of his long life, with profound
and peculiar solicitude. That he did so, is not
mere matter of conjecture, is not mere matter of
rumour—it is matter of absolute notoriety. It might
almost be said, without exaggeration, that the
l.osing period of that prolonged and prosperous
career was embittered by the Duke's vivid and
painful sense of the liability' of England to the
horrors of some sudden and overwhelming catas-
trophe. And whatever else we may think of him,
we-may be quite certain of this that the victor of
Waterloo was, constitutionally, no alarmist. We
may go further, and say with confidence, that had
Lord NELSON survived to the same epoch, that
he, too, must infallibly have partaken somewhat
of that rational anxiety expressed by the Duke as
an octogenarian. For common sense tells us at a
glance that even the dauntless valour of the
mightiest sea-captain that ever trod the deck of a
line-of-battle ship would have been of no avail—
must necessarily and quite obviously have been of
no avail—without a fleet to lead on against the ar-
maments of an invader. At the time at which the
Duke raised his voice in remonstrance against the
apathy of the country and the indolence of the Go-
vernment, we actually had no Channel fleet what-
soever ! Until yesterday, as it were, we still had
no Channel Fleet. We have one now, it is true,
once again, as we had in the days of NELSON
—we have one now again, thanks neither to the
parsimonious Whigs nor the cheese-paring peace-
at-any-price economists of Manchester, but thanks
to the- patriotism of the Tories, thanks to the
energy of the Conservatives, thanks to the resolu-
tion and the civism of that great party (so long
abused and so long banished from power by the
jealousy of the great Whig families), that party
which has thus again earned for itself in a nobler
sense than of old their pristine title of PROTEC-
TIONISTS ! [Thus applied to them anew, it is a
word, in truth, of good omen. For never was Eng-
land more powerful, more safe from the chance
of invasion than when under the guidance of
a Lord Protector.] Once more then, thanks to the
late Government, England has her Channel Fleet
cruising hither and thither, always in trim, ever on
the alert, "Ready, aye Ready," between the cliffs of
our " Snug little Island" and the confronting
coasts of the Continent. Again, too, thanks in a
very great measure, to the encouragement of the
ex-Cabinet, the National Guard of England is rising
far and wide all ,over the land, as it did the last
time now fifty-six years bygone, as it did in 1804 !
When the first Imperial ruler of France had
mustered his legions near Boulogne, under
those eagle banners that through his wondrous
guidance had already so often conquered, and
were again so very frequently afterwards, to con-
quer so very many of the great Powers of Christen-
dom! Could the warrier Duke but now revisit once
more " the glimpses of the moon," like the Royal
Dane in SIIAKSPERE'S tragedy, he would find his
old anxieties in a fair way of being utterly and
effectually dissipated. Already even, though we
have as yet, as it were, but just commenced our de-
fensive armaments already England is not by
any means in that precarious plight, the vivid re-
cognition of which awakened the solicitude of a re-
solute and powerful intelligence, like that of the
late Duke of WELLINGTON.

Several excellent speeches have recently been
delivered by men of mark). in furtherance of the
great movement leading in all directions to the
formation of corps after corps of Riff, Volunteers.
Perhaps the most admirable among; all these recent
speeches was the one delivered on Friday afternoon
to the rifle corps for the district of Sovcnoaks,
by that accomplished peer and man of letters,
the Earl STANHOPE. " I take it," said Lord STAN-
HOPE, at the outset of his remarks, "that we are
here animated by the most sincere love of peace;
we are determined that we will never,, without
the most just cause, either suffer ourselves, or in-
flict upon others, the dire calamities of war. We

will go further and say, that whatever influence we '
possess—whether as members of one or the other
house of Parliament, or whether as electors of those
who represent us in the one House of Parliament
—we will use that influence decidedly to oppose
—if it could be supposed to exist—any aggressive
or encroaching spirit, or anything inconsistent
with the sincere desire for the general tranquillity
of Europe. But," said he, in continuation, " I say
it is perfectly consistent with these sentiments to
feel the necessity of a more extended system of
national defence;and I'would in no degree trace that
necessity to any recent feelings, or any recent
events. I ascribe it entirely to the complete change
which has been produced in the system of warfare
by the introduction of steam navigation. It does
not arise from any other feeling than an ardent
love of peace, not from any reference to recent
alarms, or to recent differences, but entirely
from this fact—that where the system of war-
fare must of necessity be different, there also
must be a difference in the means of national
defence." Earl STANHOPE went further than this
—he observed, " For my own part I am not one of
those who apprehend the invasion of this country.
I am persuaded that in neighbouring countries the
advantage of a friendly understanding with this
country is felt and appreciated as it ought to be.
I believe that there is no idea of an invasion of this
country, and that no such danger threatens us at
the present time. But does this in any degree
prove that we ought not to provide against it, if in
future times such necessities should arise ? I
should give the same advice upon this subject as I
should to a person in private life,whose doors should
be open, and who should imagine that his house
was in danger of being attacked ; I would not say
to that person, I do not believe any one intends to
assail you ; there is nobody in the neighbourhood
with that design; but I would rather say Put bolts
and bars to your doors, and dismiss the subject from
your mind ; then mind your other business." Now
all this, we do maintain, is perfectly logical ; it is
manly, frank, rational, unanswerable. It leaves no
room for dudgeon even to the most captious
and sensitive of foreign potentates. It leaves
no reason or plea for future misapprehension.
It tells the whole world beyond our shores
that we are arming within those shores,
purely and simply for defensive purposes. And
having proclaimed that fact, it is enough—let
us go on arming until our system of national de-
fences shall have been perfected so far as anything
human can be perfected—at any rate, until such
time as it shall be completely and thoroughly orga-
nised.

Elsewhere, in furtherance of the same patriotic
scheme, will be found reported in our impression
of this evening the earnest and patriotic
speeches of Sir HAMILTON SEYMOUR and
of Sir JOHN PAKINGTON. In glancing
through which speeches, by the way, let it
not be forgotten, that England owes to the
shrewdness of Sir HAMILTON SEYMOUR the fact
that her diplomacy (prior to the Crimean war) was
not for one instant cajoled by the wily arts of
the late CZAR of all the Russias—and that upon the
other hand England owes her being in the possession
once more at this moment of a powerful and efficient
Channel Fleet, directly, almost personally to Sir
JOHN PAKINGTON, to his skill, daring, resolution,
and perseverance as the first naval administrator of
this country under Lord DERBY'S Government.

It has been one of the prime articles of the Aus-
trian creed that " Italy is but a geographical ex-
pression"—a creed like many another originating
in the wish. At all times, in modern history Aus-
tria has been truly enough but a geographical ex-
pression—a word to denote an unamalgamated as-
semblage of diverse states, diverse in language,,
civilization, religion, manners, municipal govern-
ment—in everything which could separate one
people from'another people. And most remarkable
is the retribution of history—Austrian statesmen
have been labouring for this last half century espe-
cially to compress all these diverse states into one—
to bring them all under the centralized despotism
and bureaucracy of Vienna; but the more they have
coerced, and persecuted, and afflicted through task-
masters sent from Vienna, the more they have alien-
ated in heart those whom they combined into an
apparent systematic unity. Austria is less one
than she was when KOSSUTH held the Crown
of the Hapsburgs in his hands, and when,
with the generosity of genius and nobility, he
returned it to brutal and perjured meanness.
Meantime, the Italy which Austrian lieutenants
and the POPE dismembered is evincing its real
unity. With one language, one religion, one
hatred of priestly government, one detestation of
Austrian interference, one demand, to be one
united Italy—it is fast moving onward to a political
position corresponding to its real character. Rea—
lities, indeed, are triumphing over artificialities.
Italy is one, and is assuming the form of unity.
Austria is many and diverse, and is falling into
her component parts.
Hitherto she has continued to play off the races
one against the other. Every one remembers how
she perjured herself by employing the savage villain
JELLACHICH with his Croats to attack the Hunga-
rians, while denouncing him to them. But the
Croats, deceived like all others, now turn' against
her. The Transylvanians—Saxons most of them
—have not hitherto joined the Hungarians readily.
They now, as the Klansenberg Museum demonstra-
tion was Wended to show, declare themselves one
people. And turn whichever way we will, Bohe-
mians, Servians, and even Tyrolese, all burn with hos-
tility to the hated central rule. What will, what
can, Austria do ? Without a costly army the iron
,hand which clamps all together is gone. With a
vast army she is beggared, and lives only by forging
State bonds and coupons !
Bat above all Hungary is her difficulty. She is
nothing without Hungary, and she cannot humble
herself to dealing honourably with the most power-
ful part of her Empire. More than once in her
history the Hungarians, like the Poles, have saved
her, to be rewarded, like all her benefactors down
to the Czar NICHOLAS, with shameless ingratitude,
and,if possible, with perfidious violence. In 1848 her
treasonable conspiracy with JELLACHICII compelled
the Hungarians to depose their faithless Emperor.
NICHOLAS, aided by GEORGEY'S treachery, tram-
pled them again under his feet. Her butcher
HAYNAU compelled. KOSSUTH to flee, and hanged
and flogged every patriot, male or female, on whom
he could lay his hands, imperfectly expiating his
brutalities in the dust-bins and under the cart-
whips of Bankside. But he and the Austrian
Government abolished the Hungarian constitution
both in Church and State; and this perfidy it is
which is now troubling its perpetrators.
Smitten and humbled in Italy ; saved only
by the peace of Vitlafranca from the yen-
/geance of a Hungarian armed revolution, the
weak-headed boy EMPEROR and his old and
crafty advisers thought they must do some-
thing. Cunning is the resource of defeated
cowards, and the vanquished in Italy tried to cheat
Hungary with apparently liberal offers. A patent
was issued seeming to establish the Protestant
churches on' a liberal foundation—even Prussian
Protestant papers did not see through the juggle,