The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-14 00:00:00

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At certain moments, since the commencement
of Parliamentary labours, incidents, it is true, may
have arisen which seemed not in accord with a calm
and moderate discussion of the different bills pro-
pesed by the King's Government, of the wants and
wishes of the country, and of the principles of in-
ternational policy. But in such a great and rapid
change of things and destinies, and in the con-
course of such different elements in the accomplish-
ment of the deliverance of the country; in the
midst of the fears awakened by foreign intrigues
which fomented and still foment the most brutal
and violent passions in certain provinces ; with
the fact before our eyes of foreign occupation,
which still weighs as a threat on one of the most
tormented and glorious provinces of the peninsula►
we mast pot be surprised that some minds more
ardent and less initiated into the rules of political
life have sometimes allowed themselves to be carried
away by counsels which were neither prudent nor
expedient.
Nevertheless, these incidents, the natural but
transitory effect of a transitory state of things, have
never been sufficiently powerful to shake the confi-
dence of the citizens in their government, either
within the Chamber or elsewhere, and they never
have ended in dangerous resolutions. The proof of
these reflections we have touched upon becomes
evident from the series of parliamentary acts and
the 83 laws voted during the first period of the
legislative session—laws the principal of which it
may not be useless to mention here.
The deputies of the nation have considered it their
first duty and first thought solemnly to confirm the
plebiscite of the people by awarding the crown of
Italy to the august prince whose loyalty and mili-
tary courage had so powerfully contributed to secure
universal sympathy to the destinies of our country,
and to produce the happy events which have made
Italy what she now is. In unanimously voting the
law by which Victor Emmanuel assumes the title
of King of Italy, the parliament has given a guaran-
tee to monarchical Europe, and enabled the govern-
ment to assume among civilised nations the place
which is due to Italy, by notifying to foreign cabi-
nets the formation of the new kingdom, and succes-
sively obtaining from them the recognition of that
kingdom.
The laws relative to the arming of the nation have
been equally fruitful in political results. Beside the
measures relating to the levies of land and sea forces,
the parliament has, in the law which extends the
institution of the active National Guard, sanctioned
one of the most efficacious arguments for the defence
of the country and the preservation of order at
home.

armed, and strong, will be convinced of our right
to possess altogether our territory, and will find a
guarantee of repose and peace by favouring the
restoration of the part which is wanting to us;
for we are convinced that Europe, in learn-
ing to know us better, will become persuaded that
we, a people essentially catholic, understand better
than any other the true interests of the Church
when we ask her to divest herself of the feudal
rights which a barbarous age gave her, and which
are incompatible with civilisation, offering her i❑
exchange independence and full and entire liberty
in the exercise of her holy ministry, and the grali-
tude and respect of a regenerated nation. We well
know that old Europe still looks upon us with a
distrustful eye, and that she reproaches us with the
disturbances which sadden the southern provinces,
and the uncertainty of our internal organisation.
But Europe knows the old origin of those disturb-
ances ; she has, in the Congress of Paris, stigmatised
the depraved system which corrupted and debased
that people. We are now sure that in the sun of
liberty their generous instinct will assume new
vigour, and that Italy will derive her most reliable
support precisely from those facts which now con-
stitute our greatest internal dangers. We will
neither attempt to conceal or affect to diminish their
importance ; but we beg that the old causes which
produced them, and the present instigations which
perpetuate them by misusing a generous protection
granted for the noblest purposes, may be taken into
consideration ; we wish it to be remarked that no
nation has ever seen four different systems of go-
vernment fall, and constituted its unity with fewer
commotions in so short a time.
Thus the examples of civil wisdom and virtue given
by the Parliament are a pledge of the political ma-
turity of the nation, of which it is the legitimate and
faithful representative, and must inspire a just and
entire confidence in the regular process of national
institutions. What now remains to be done is, that
the parts now united in a whole may form a well-
organised and well-constituted body, in which life,
proceeding from a powerful and unique impulsion,
spreads through all the members in. an equal man-
ner, so as to give them movement and vigour. The
Government is preparing for this important work
so as to be in a position, in the next session, to call
for the counsel and the authority of the Parlia-
ment therein. Meanwhile credit has supplied
ample aliment for the necessary vitality ; but we
must now take advantage of it to revive the
sources of national wealth, and establish by an
equitable system of taxation the indispensable ba-
lance of the income and expenditure of the State.
Italy must be completed, and no sacrifice for that
end will appear too great for Italians.
The spectacle of our nation, of the marvellous
moderation of that people, which has just risen
to an independent life of its own, must persuade
every impartial mind that Italy, left to herself,
freed from all the external dangers which still
threaten her, put in possession of all the conditions
necessary for her existence, will be, as our august
King expressed his conviction in opening the first
Italian Parliament, a guarantee of order and peace
for Europe, a powerful agent of universal civilise-

tion.
I authorise you, sir, to make of this despatch
whatever use you may think most likely to benefit
our country.

_
RICASOLI,
President of the Council of Ministers and

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

NORTH ITALI.

A letter from Turin, dated August 9, says :
Six-and-twenty degrees above zero in the Conti•
grade thermometer—how much does that come to
in the Fahrenheit scale ? That lam not able to tell
you, but I can give you my word that it makes a
very respectable summer-heat—so glorious a heat,
indeed, that it seems to absorb all human faculties,
and allow a man no leisure or inclination to write,
talk, or think about anything but it.
The climate of Piedmont, and to a great extent
of ail the Subalpine region to the north of the Po,
enjoys a more than Swiss climate for nine months,
and a more than Italian climate for the remaining
three. From late September or early October to
the close of June, and even part of July, it is all
Alpine mist and heavy cloud, drenching, incessant
rain, close, nipping frost, and lingering snow—a
succession of bad weather which might remind one
of England were it not for its more steady in-
clemency. The weather is less inconstant, the
atmosphere calmer, the sky, when swept by
winds or heavy showers, far brighter—indeed, un-,
utterably deep and pure; the transition seasons are,
in spite of the fickleness of the elements and fre-
quent terrific thunderstorms, more enjoyable ; but
the three winter and the three summer months
make England a paradise if contrasted with this
Little Siberia and Little Liberia of the Po valley.
We have here Neapolitans and Sicilians by the
score, men in love with Turin and Piedmont, but
who are panting and dropping from heat as if the
country they came from were Finland or Spitz-
bergen, and they had just issued forth from their
three months' winter night, passing from the moon-
light at the Pole to the vertical sun at the Equator.
From Turin to Naples, or Malta, or Tunis, or, for
that matter, from Genoa, the distance is not great,
but the moment you step a score or so of miles
inland, the moment you place the Appenine wall
between you and the ever-fanning sea-breezes, you
are at the mercy of a sun that is still fiercely and
intensely Italian, and forsaken by that Providence
which girt all Italy with the refreshing breath of
the Mediterranean wave. The summer is short
here, as I already hinted, because gigantic vapours
cling to the crest of the Alps, and rise higher and
higher, all through May, June, and July, the
hotter the sun darts its rays at them, and the
streams from the mountain glaciers flow more
copious and beautiful, the finrcer the air from this
reeking Lombard furnace wafts up to them ; and all
the plain and the hillside is flooded, and the country
blooms, and the meadows thrivp, under the glare
that would blight and parch them ; and the night
is chill, the morning cool, and the evening damp ;
and the sunbeams have to struggle for hours before
they break through the gauze-like curtain of mist,
before they rob the grass and foliage of their glitter-
ing dew diamonds. The North gives long and stout
battle to the summer god in this Subalpine region,
and never falls away from the field without a series
of final skirmishes in the shape of sharp deluging
thunderstorms ; but at last the dog-days (sol-lione,
as it is called here) set in ; the sun carries the
victory, the faint white haze which lingered in
the air clears off, the sky assumes its deep
transparent Italian hues, the mountains are
stripped of the rolling, swelling, and shifting phan-
tasmagory of their heavy clouds, their peaks rear
themselves up in the sky with distinct outlines, as
if carved out of the firmament ; the :lower ridges
stand forth in bold relief, one above another, like
so many stage decorations ; you can co.unt every
cliff and bluff; the distance of fifty or aunty miles
hardly dims an object before your eyes, through the
medium of this thoroughly dried, painfully rarefied
atmosphere. For eight or ten or twelve weeks the
sky is as limpid and radiant as anywhere in Italy,
more so than anywhere else in the world. But if
summer brings its fiery beauty to the north of Italy,
it leaves behind the sweet land and sea breezes
which temper its ardour in the south. We
here boxed in between the Alps and the Apennines ;
those sweet verdant hills of Superga, hem us in up
to the very walls of the first houses of Turin. Down
from the North there is never a breath ; from the
South at times a hot furnace blast of sciroceo ; but
for long, long hours, morning, noon, and night, we
have dead, stagnant air, stifling
us in our very beds.
Turin is an open town, less a town than any town
in the world, with wide open streets, all straight,
at right angles, all open to the country,
all green
at the end, all ready to welcome any Whiff of air

V IS EWSPAPER
that Provide send ; but nii;:ig.rillo. !' • -*..\,.a.
'i\ax..‘a,
people dra selves along at ft ~.snatlTTa, Trr,, \t,.;7.:
areder the porticoes, the coolest spcSt, and:Willifrial'i:e
miles out of the way to avoid a sunup:ei.,,gats- Jig :44 it ',,,i;,4-'
tel...il<
twenty yards' length. Step from shan'tolgiff a '?1,
and the fiery glare swallows you up, •ralair'' 43:tfre` - - ---; /...
you feel as if you had plunged into a caldat4, aa, S
your eyes are blinded, every pore in your skin
tingles, all your poor brain is in a blaze. Linger
on the Place d'Armes till 8 or 9 o'clock in the even-
ing ; over all that vast level-place, from all that
lofty mountain circle, there is not as much wind as
a bird would raise by flapping its wings, Go back
to-morrow to the same spot, at five, at four, any
time before sunrise, and earth and sky are still
equally unmoved, equally immovable. The granite
bench you sit upon preserves still the latent glow
from yesterday's sun, the huge blocks of houses in
your rear still radiate yesterday's heat. Ana to-
day's heat will add to yesterday's and the day's be-
fore ; layer upou layer, the heavy air will weigil
upon us, till, as the Italians say, the heat will burst
(crepa it caldo), and the seasons, which seem to be
at a standstill, will go their round again.
Meanwhile how do people live under these trying
atmospheric circumstances ? Why, to bear the heat
is business enough for most men. They drag them-
selves, I said, at their own snail's pace, under the
porticoes; 101 l upon stools before the cafe shop-
door, they call for mote ice and iced water, and talk
of the blessings of ont-of-town existence. Out of
town all is not paradise, either ; there are musty,
fusty railway carriages, slow diligences, roads with
the dust fathoms deep, an aggravation of misery in
all endless varieties. The luckiest mortals run up
to the hills and lakes, to the hydropathic establish.•
meats at Pesio, Oropa, the baths of Valdieri, the
rugged homes of Viu, the sea watering places at
Sestri or Spezia. But the very sea, that tideless
inland sea, has no coolness, and the valleys are
hotter than the plain. Summer will reach up to
the very Alpine summit, though it be but for a
short spell, and then our fugitives must go further
back from the Italian to the Swiss Alps, often froth
an oven to a furnace, from the frying-pan into the
fire. I crossed Mont Cenis a few days ago, and we
had no relief by night. I drove from Como, over
Varese, to Laveno, across the leafy, humid, luxu-
riant region, from laiirtcr lake. Tawas up at day-
break, sat out till late- at night, girt the air never
caoled. It is God's pleasure that the Italians should
swelter in heat for a time, and I have no doubt it is
intended for their good.
So far as my experience goes, I think excessive
heat greatly beneficial to the human frame. It
must be fought, I believe, by the same weapons by
which cold is overcome—by strong, manly exertion.
If I give in to it, like most of my neighbours, I am
soon languid, listless, and so utterly prostrate as
hardly to have strength to lift the cooling ice to my
lips ; but if I drink no ice, eschew water, take my
meals regularly without consulting appetite, then
move about at my usual brisk pace, take the sunny
or the shady side of the street indifferently—if I
determine not only not to mind but to despise
the heat and defy it, a new life seems to rise
within me. Nor am Iby any means an excep-
tion, or only in so far that my battling with the
summer is matter of choice with me ; but I see
men splitting stones along the sunny highway,
I see carters walking stoutly beside their teams,
I see troops, both foot and horse, marching across
the Piazza d'Armi at their wonted pace. They
seem, all of them, as strong and merry as in De-
cember, only a little more flushed; and one may
wager they are all healthier for being somewhat
leaner and lighter. The Bersaglieri were at drill
yesterday in their usual ground fully an hour before.
sunset. The whole plain between the trees that
bound the Piazza d'Armi and the Alps was ones
great ,fiery cload of dust raised by their thun-
dering feet. There is not one blade o: grass on
the Piazza d'Armi but is burnt up to tinder ; but
the fields beyond are under water at their owner's
pleasure, and the dust seems only to enrich their
soil and intensify their green. Between this and
the Alps the drought can do little or no mischief.
Would it were so on the other side of the Po, along
the Apennines, everywhere else in Italy ! There
the Indian corn is withering; the grapes are
stunted in their growth, the earth is cracking, wad
the fountains are drying up. The Riviera of 0 enoa
is all white and hoary with dust, as other to ads are
with snow in the winter time.
The priests put up endless prayers for rain ; tiler
are sure to get it—if they wait.

HEALTH OF LONDON DURING THE WEEK.

(From the Registrar-General's Weekly _Return.)
It is satisfactory to find that in last week (end-
ing Saturday, the 10th inst.) there was a decrease
in the mortality of London, as compared with that
of two previous weeks. In the third week of Jul'
the deaths were 1,171; in the two following tl.,ev
rose to 1,207 and 1,225 respectively ; last w.reeii
they again declined to 1,172. The mean tempera-
ture of the air has been above 60 deg. in each of the
last nine weeks, with the exception. of the first
week in July, when it was 59.7 deg. Last week it
was as high as 64.4 deg.
The average number of deaths, as derived from
the returns of corresponding weeks in the 10 years
1851-60, is raised to a certain extent by the cholera
that prevailed in this month in 1854. If the
deaths from the epidemic of that year are excluded,
and the average corrected for increase of popula-
tion, it will be seen that the number returned for
last week is less by about 60 than that obtained by
calculation.
Diarrhoea was fatal last week in 177 cases, of
which 161 occurred to children, chiefly mfe.nts.
Cholera or choleraic diarrhoea was also fatal in 13
cases, 6 of which occurred to children less than 3
years of age. A female servant, aged 37 years, died
at 56, Packingten-street, Islington, of " diarrhoea
(two days), true cholera (one day) I a chaser-master,
57 years, at 8, Woodbridge-street North, Clerken-
well, from what is described as genuine spasmodic
cholera (45 hours). There were 11 deaths from
diarrhoea in Islington, 6 in the sub-district Chelsea
South, 5 in that of. Christ Church, Mary I ebone
in Somers-town, sin St. Leonard, Shored itch, 5' 4
in
Poplar, 7 in St. Peter, Walworth.
Typhus exhibits an increase, for the deaths re-
ferred to it, which hardly exceeded 20 in the two
previous weeks, rose to 43. Of these , 5 were re-
turned in the sub-district Haggerstone West. The
son of a general labourer, aged 5 yea-rs, died at 18,
John's-place, Grange-road, Bermon&s'ay, of " scarla-
tinamahgna (13 days) ;" and it ifi reported by the
medical attendant that four children were suffering
from
the complaint in a room about 10 feet square,
which is used for all purpose%
Two widows are returned as having died at the
ages of 96 and 98 years respectively. The husband
of the elder of the two women, who was a coal-
whipper at Bluegate-fields, St. George-in-tlie-Eastf
died 12 days before his wife, at the age of f)1. i
Last week the birth of 881 boys and 878, girls, n
all 1,759 chilren, were register ed in London. In the
ton corresponding weeks of the years
average number was 1,577. 18.51-60 the
At the Royal. Observatory, Greenwich,,
.the mean
height of the barometer in the week NV as 2 0
in. The readings rose to 29'95 in. on Tuiesday and
Saturday, and fell to 29-53 in. on Thursday. The
mean temperature of the air in the wee h: was 64.4
deg., which is 2.5 (leg. above the aver tige of the
same week in 43 years (as determined by Mr.
Glaisher). The mean daily temperature rose to
66.1 deg. on Mouday, and 68.2 deg. oil Saturday,
which are respectively 4.1 deg. and 64 deg. above
the averages. 'The greatest elevation of the thermo-
meter in the shade was 81.3 deg. on Saturday ;
the lowest night temperature was 50.7 deg. on
Wednesday. The range of temperature on Wednes-
day was 27.6 deg ; on Thursday it was
only 11.9
deg. The mean daily range was 21.2 deg. The
greatest heat in the sun was 135 deg. on Monday.
The mean temperature of the water of the Thames
was 65.3 deg. 'nit difference between the meant
dew-point temperature and air temperature was i.l
m
deg. The
—eau degree of humidity of the air was
80, complete saturation being represented by 100.
The general direction of the wind d was south-west.
Rain fell to the amount of 0.32 in., nearly all of it
on Thursraay.
A brilliant meteor was observed at
9h. 5%3. p.m. on Tuesday ; meteors were also ob-
served on T ayhursd ,
Friday, and Saturday.
are

CONSUMPTION OF SPIRITS.--A Parliamentary
return just issued shows that the quantity of spirits charged
with duty for home consumption fell from 28,661,674
gallons in 1859 to 26,863,361 in 1860. In that year the
duty on home-made spirits was raised to 10s., and the de-
crease in the quantity was in these, and almost •wholly in
Ireland and Scotland. The quantity of British spirits
charged with duty for home consumption wa5:3,729,026
gallons in 1859, and 21,338,448 in 1860. In the -first three
5
months of the present year the quantity of b.ome-made
spirits used for home consumption was only 4,67007
gallons,