The Sun.
London, England, 1857-09-21 00:00:00

AMERICA.

LIVERPOOL, SUNDAY.
The America arrived this afternoon, bringing 42
passengers and 550,000 dole. She left BoAen on
the 9th, Halifax on tile night of the 10th. The
steamer North America arrived at Quebec on the
oth ; the Kangaroo and Arago at New York on the
7th ; Europa at Halifax on the 9th. The Arago was
boarded off Newfoundland. The news telegraphed
thence to New York. The panic at New York has
completely subsided, but numerous additional fail-
ures are reported, and stocks continued depressed
and money very tight. Amongst the new failures
are L. W. Kirby and Co., dry goods jobbers, liabi-
lities 500,000 dols., assets in excess ; Stillman,
Allen, and Co., extensive madiinists ; Caffin and
Haydock, auctioneent, all of New York, and others
.)f less note. Ontario County Bank and Bank of
Orleans both in New York state, also failed.
Saroni and Goodheim, clothiers, Boston, suspended,
liabilities 500,000 dole.
The Washington correspondent of the New York
Times says if the final action of England on the
Dallas-Clarendon treaty is not received before Con-
g.ess meets a new treaty will bo negotiated. A
treaty adjusting New Granada difficulties was being
agreed upon. It covers only claims of American
citizens. Postal and other matters had been post-
poned till a future opportunity. The new minister
from Nicaragua was still waiting at Washington to
be recognised. Government said it lacked suffi-
cient information to recognise him. The Americas
consul at Hong-Kong has written to Washington,
denying that ho took any part with the British in
the attack on Canton, and declared his position was
perfectly neutral. It is affirmed that the back of
the new frigate Roanoke was certainly briken in
launching. There are reports of damage to the
cotton crop in Mississippi from heavy rains, and in
Alabama from the ravages of the boll-worm. Sup-
plies of the new crop were slowly finding their way
to market.

An accident had occurred on the Camden and
Atlantic Railway, New Jersey, by which four were
killed and 11 wounded.

The notorious MnA. Cunningham has been ad-
mitted to bail in 5,000 dollars.

Recruiting for a new foray on Nicaragua waS
going on in Texas, and it was reported that Majo-
r 11I‘Ctillock would join General Walker in
the next expedrtion.
In a Montreal paper there is a rumour that the
Governor-General of Canada is about to return,
and that Sir William Eyre, acting governor, would
go to India to assume a command.

Havannah dates to the 3d are unimportant ;
business not recovered.

NEW YORK, Sept. G.—Pressure for money con-
tinued, but the position of the banks was getting
stronger ; specie reserve increased, and loans largely
diminished ; sterling exchange dull and irregular.
Bankers' bills 108 to 84 ; stocks depressed and
tending downward?. Erie Railroad, 21 ; Illinois
Central, 90 ; New York Central, 74g.
The produce markets are very sensibly affected
by the money pressure. Cotton easier and tending
downwards ; ashes steady ; flour much lower, say
30e. to 60c. ; wheat declined sc. to 15c. ; corn un-
settled, 70c. for mixed ; provisions dull.
Latest by tel graph to Halifax
NEW YORK, Sept. 10.—Money firmer and very
active—cotton rather easier, particularly inferior
grades.

- The following ships arrived here from England--'
11/I,thhattan, Compromise, New York, and
Eastern Queen.

NEW ORLEANS, Sept. 9.—Cotton quiet. Enropt►'S
advices, producing no effect. Sterling exchange)
10i promlum.

AUSTRALIA.

MELBOURNE, JULY 22.
We have now about 45,000 or 50,000 Chinese in
the colony, out of a total population of about
420,000. They encamp themselves in bodies at the
principal diggings, have hitherto conducted them-
selves in a very orderly manner, are extremely in-
duArious and saving, and they chiefly occupy them'
selves by washing the earth after the European
diggers have done with it—tailings it is technically
called. They airn• very sober, though many of them
indulge in opium smoking. On the whole they are
us€ful producers, and as they are extensive cus-
tomers of the storekeepers they are not unpopular
with the trading part of the community. But the
diggers do not like them. They say the Chinese
spoil the water, that they are dirty in their habits,
and great pilferers. The last accusation is not sup-
ported by the returns of the courts of justice, and
I believe all the other accusations are exaggerated.
On the 4th of July the diggers of the Buckland
raver, ne,r Beechworth, had a merrymaking on the
oesasioi of the great American holiday. A large
number of diggers were assembled, and upon some
Impulse, the immediate cause of which did not
appear, about 300 of them made an attack upon
the Chinese encampment, and drove some 1,550 of
the in.fortunate Chinese before them into the bush.
Many of the retreating panic-stricken vicims were
beaten and ill!rea'ed, and it is reported that two
or three have since died from exposure. Having
driven the Chinese away from their homes, they
fired the tents and destroyed the property. Some
of the "rowdies" are in custody, and the law
will
be put in force against them.
This occurrence indicat, s the real danger we have
to apprehend from the presence of large bodies of
Chinese at the several diggings. It is not that
the Chinese are likely to attack the Europeans,
but that the Europeans cannot be restrained
from attacking them. If the Government cannot
put clown and putish this and similar attacks a
habit of insubordination will be generated highly
dei rimental, if not fatal, to coon order.

The first Parliament of Victoria under the nevr
Constitution, met on the 21st of Nov., and is still
in se,sion, without having completed much work,
and with heavy bills of the paper which will take
considerable time to work through committee.
There is a large amount of effective labour in
this colony e hich is not hireable, and whioh it is
the business of the statesman to render available 90
an instrument of preduction,—small farmers, gar-
deners, and many of higher degree who have no
objection to the exercise of their muscular strength
in useful productive employments, but not in the
position of menials. We have here officers in the
army, gentlemen of no calling, attorneys, graduates,
barristers, who have tried their fortunes at the
diggings. In other colonies I have known man/
labour effectively on their own farms, and even
make little, and in some cases lerge fortunes, who
could not have so laboured as the hired servants of
others. Women of condition, and even of education
and accomplishments, turn to useful labour with
much more facility th.n their husbands. I have
rknown women of considerable refinement manage
their own dairy, make butter and cheese for ne4r-
ket, and even milk their own cows and bake their
own bread, and moreover do all these things better
than many of the rustics who have been at it all
their lives. Women of this class would feel them-
selves degraded, and would be degraded, by per-
forming these labours for an employer at "high
wages." Fr en the great variety of persons who
have been attracted to this colony by some vague
notion that they could not fail to do well in a coun-
try where a few hundred thousand people share
many millions of gold annually among them, I am
convinced that the amount of labour not menial
which we have among us is far greater in propor-
tion to population than in any of our colonies.
Now, to this class the possession of land in con-
venieut situation is the only available recourse open,
and the industrious and sober labourers who have
saved some money swell their ranks. In the mode
of submitting land for sale, in the mode of promul-
.gating noiices, in the mode of selecting localities,
this numerous class has been wholly ignored. Even
the simple expedients of lots or various sizes
"lots to suit purchasers"—hasnot been resorted to.
It seems to have been assumed also that if lots of
t 100. acres are " open for selection" after one trial by
auction, any " uuhireable" labourer has no ground
of complaint. "Here we offer land," says the Go-.
verement, "if you have money you can buy it, if
you have no money, you have no more right to any
laud than you have to a coach and six."
But my " miserable" friend loo'is around him and
does see that, in fact, a few hundred favoured squat-
ters do get 42,000,000 acres without money, or pay-
ing a sm 11 annual rent ; and what the small
capitalist really wants is, iu a few words, a share of
the grass ; that is, he says "a hundred acres
are of little use to use if I am to be confined within
my own fenees ; what I want is a little pasturage in
addition to my arable." There are, no double some
eifficuldee in the way of a practical solution, which
would be of no interest to your readers', but I do
not believe they are very gi eat. The squatter's aim
is to gat as much unstocked land as posdble to
admit of indefinite increase ; and there is no doubt
a great deal of unstocked land now monoi olised by
the squatting lords. Humble claimants are always
moderate in their demana at first. It would be,
think, greatly to the interest of the Ministry and
the squatters to yield these demands ' • if they do
not, I am very certain they will have to give up
more. In a former letter I described the plan of
the Laud League. Resistance of just and fair de,
mands will be very likely to end in the forced ador
tion the Land Lea"ue plan—" free selection for
purchasers over the whole country, and open pas-
turage.'
Tee discovery of some rich and well-watered
laud, with a fresh water lake, either part of Lake
Torrens or its neighbourhood, has raised opiuieus
and expectation as to the state of the interior of
South Australia,. There • seems to be little doubt
that the account is authentic.