The Sun.
London, England, 1859-09-07 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1859.

GREAT. WESTERN RAILWAY.—On Sunday,
Sept. 11th, a CHEAP EXCURSION TRAIN will
leave Paddington, at 7.45 a.m., for READING, Theale, Alder-
maston, Woolhampton, Thatcham, Newbury, Klntbury, and
Hungerford (fares, ss. 6d., 45., and 35.); Pangbourne, Goring,
Walling-ford Road, Didcot, Cuiham, Abingdon, and Oxford
(fares, 6s. 61, 55., and 45.); returning the same day from
Oxford at 7 p.m., and intermediate stations as per hand-
bills.

SAWYER'S FAMOUS LONDON DINNER
will be served on THURSDAY, Bth September, from 2 till
8 o'clock, for 2s. 6d., including Grouse and a fine Haunch of
Venison.—F.'Sawyer, 191, Fleet-street.

HE LONDON. NOTICE.—The attention
T
of Gentlem is particularly drawn to the fine Haunch
of Venison that a dressed daily at THE LONDON, at Five
o'clock.—F. Sawyer, 191, Fleet-street.

THE LONDON.—The attention of Gentlemen
A- is especially drawn to the advantages offered in these
elegant and spacious Saloons, which fulfil all the require-
ments of a West-end club of the most aristocratic and exclu-
sive character.
L'on trouve dans la Salle de Lecture non seulement les
meilleurs journeaux Anglais, mats aussi Allemand, Francais,
et Beige.

F. SAWYER, Proprietor, 191, Fleet-street

THE LONDON.—S AW YE R'S famous
LONDON DINNER, consisting- of two soups, two
fish, two entrees,joints, two sweets, cheese, and salad, at a
fixed charge of 2s. 6d. (attendance, 3d.), is served from Two
till Eight in the spacious Saloon.
In the Coffee-room, Dinners from the joint, with vegetables,
cheese, and salad, Is. 6d. (attendance 3d.), and soup, fish, en-
trees, &c., a la carte, are served from One till Nine o'clock.
Ladies' Private Rooms and Dining Saloons. Spacious and
well-ventilated Wine, Coffee, and Smoking Saloon.
An extensive and carefully selected stock of Rhenish, Mo-
selle, and other Wines, imported expressly for the London
Dinner. Open on Sundays from Four till Nine.
F. SAWYER, Proprietor, 191, Fleet-street.

EVANS'S• MAGNIFICENT MUSIC AND
SUPPER ROOMS. -
In addition to the usual entertainment Mr. WESTER-
DAHL, of the King of Sweden's Orchestra, will perform on
twenty various instruments, with singular excellence, in the
course of the evening.
Mr. Westerdahl's engagement terminates in a week.

Sale of Harness, Serge • Cuttings, Paper, Junk, Clothing,
Great
_Coats, Trousers, Boots, Metal, Tin, Iron, Wood,

and Old Stores.
BY Order of the SECRETARY OF STATE
for WAR.—TO BE SOLD BY PUBLIC AUCTION,
at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, on MONDAY, the 12th of
September, 1859, at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, precisely, the
following stores :—Harness, Junk, Paper, Serge, Clothing,
Miscellaneous Stores, Iron, Wood, dtc.
May be viewed from 10 to 1 o'clock, and from 2 till 5 o'clock,
on the three working days previous to the sale, and Cata-
logues obtained at the War-office, Pall-mall ; at the Tower ;
and Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.

CONTRACT•FOR BALL BAGS, &c., FOR THE ROYAL
MARINES,
Department of the Comptroller for Victualling,
Somerset-place, 3d September, 1859.
THE COMMISSIONERS for EXECUTING
THE OFFICE of LORD HIGH ADMIRAL of the
UNITED -KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN and IRE-
LAND, DO HEREBY GIVE NOTICE, That on THURS-
DAY, the 15th instant, at Half-put One o'Clock, they will be
ready to treat with such Persons as may be willing to Con-
tract for supplying and delivering into her Majesty's
Victualling Stores at Deptiord all such quantities of BALL
BAGS, fitted with Oil Bottles, complete, as shall from tim'
to time be demanded, for the use of the Royal Marines, under
a contract for 12 months certain, and afterwards until the ex-
piration of three months' warning.
Patterns of the articles may be seen at the Marine Office,
New-street, Spring-gardens, between the hours of 1 and 4
o'clock.
Particular attention is called to the recent modifications of
the conditions of the contract, which may be seen at the said
office.
No tender will be received after half-past One o'clock on
the day of treaty, nor any noticed unless made on the printed
form provided for the purpose, and which may be obtained on
application at the said office.
Every tender must be addressed to the Secretary of the
Admiralty, and bear in the left-hand corner the words
" Tender for ," and must also be delivered at Somerset-
place.

(From the Correspondent of the Times.)
FLORENCE, SEPT. 2.
Even under penalty of being voted a " bore," I
must revert to the painful subject of the armament
of Central Italy. Nor do I think I need many apo-
logies if I am rather lengthy and diffuse in my ob-
servations. I have no direct means of speaking my
mind freely to the Italians ; I believe my warning,
even in the roundabout way of an English journal,
may prove t 3 be timely and beneficial to them.
It has been everywhere confidently stated that
the forces of these revolutionised States amount to
40,000 or 50,000, men. I have myself repeatedly
echoed the assertion I must, however, add that
this number is only realised on paper. The utmost
strength of the troops which could now be brought
into the field would not exceed 20,000, or at the
utmost 22,000 combatants. The Tuscans now under
the orders of Garibaldi may perhaps be reckoned
at 10,000. between regular troops and volunteers.
I see a letter of that brave and good man, dated
August 30, in which he contradicts the statement
of those journals which asserted that those troops
had been demoralised and disorganised by their
former Commander-in-Chief. Garibaldi winds up
by an expression of his conviction that, "judging
from their present spirit, discipline, and martial
aspect, he thinks those soldiers would have fought
with honour by the side of the conquerors at Ma-
genta and Solferino." But of their bravery and
warlike-bearing no doubt ever *as, so far as I know,
entertained. All complaints turned on the subject
of their insubordination and imperfect training to
the hardship of long marches and the fatigues and
privations to which they were exposed. I have no
doubt they are now in better, hands, and they will
soon be able to clear themselves of all unfavourable
imputations. They are as yet untried soldiers ;
still they, aril, soldiers, and not impossibly they
may be 'made to behave as veterans. The
little Tuscan army, such as it is, however, is
not a new creation. With slight modification,
it is the heritage that the late Grand Ducal
Government bequeathed on its successors—an in-
strument intended for its defeilce, which, as a judg-
ment upon its folly and improvidence, has been
turned against it.
Besides the Tuscans, Farini has organised a Mo-
dena brigade, a Reggio brigade, and is now busy
with the formation of a Parma brigade. Regular
troops, ho'wever, are far more difficult to be made
ready fcr active operations than to be merely pro-
jected in a decree. The Romagna division under
Mezzacapo was not ready for two months after the
enlisment was opened, and the ardour of Italian
volunteers was unavoidably damaged by the first
announcement of the peace of Villafranca. My
last certain news from Parma assured me that in
that city no more than 500 volunteers,-chiefly made
up of men dismissed from the Piedmontese ranks,
had been induced again to join the standard by the
bait of an absurdly large pav, which "bid fair to
make them a drunken and disorderly set." It is
not likely thatesthe case may be much different with
the brigades of Modena and Reggio. UnqUestion-
ably Garibaldi is the man to do wonders, even with
the poorest elements ; the raw recruits he took with
him to Lombardy under the appellation of Chas-
seurs des Alpes were by his influence improvised
into a heroic legion. But this was under the excite-
ment of immediate action and of ready and constant
success. What I fear for the Italians is not open
war, but long wearing inaction and the corrupting
life of the cities. I have no doubt that Garibaldi,
aware as-I am of the danger of his Capuan repose,
will take care to keep his Modenese and other troops
in a state of constant employment, precisely as he
found it necessary to do with the Tuscans. At any
rate, however, I do not see any of these troops of
the minor Duchies mentioned as actually in being;
all the decrees speak in the future tense, and as yet,
I take it, only the embryos and cadres of the three
above-mentioned brigades have been arranged, nor
do I feel confident that many hundred men could
at the present moment be produced.
In Romagna the Mezzacapo division has been
greatly interfered with. New corps have been pro-
jected under General Rosselli and Colonel Pinelli,
which, together with the release of such volunteers
as were unwilling to serve, have greatly thinned
the ranks of the original Romagnole force, so that
the utmost number alleged to be at the present
moment under Mezzacapo is computed at 8,000
It is possible that to these we may add 3,000 men
under Rosselli. The whole of this mass, both at
Modena and Romagna, consists of men the majo-
rity of whom have never seen fire. The Tuscans
have, 1 believe, four and a-half or five batteries of
eight pieces each ; in Romagna the artillery num-
bers twelve cannon. In Tuscany, besides the 10,000
men now in the field, there may perhaps be a re-
serve of 10,000 men ; but we must reckon among
these 2,400 excellent gendarmes, the Customs and
Coast guards, and other troops who are not ex-
pected to leave the country ; the remainder are re-
cruits. If time be allowed, unquestionably the
present efficient force of 22,000 men for all Central
Italy may be raised to double its actual amount.
Farini obtained a decree from the Assembly at its
adjournment to open a loan of 5,000,000 f.
Central Italy, if we include the three Duchies
and the Romagna, makes • up a population of
4,000,000 to 5,000,000. The men axle to bear
arms at a pinch should not be less than 500,000.
When all the present arrangements are complete
the soldiers will be something like 1 to 100 alle-
bodied men,—not an unfair proportion for a State
in times of profound peace and security.
It strikes me, however, that Central Italy is not
exactly in a state of perfect safety and tranquillity,
and it is the duty of every man, at least among the
patriots, to see to what extent he may, by his person
and means, contribute to the defence of his country,
Every man who is not a paid soldier ought at
least to be an amateur soldier. The organization
of a well-managed national guard ought to place
the country in a condition to double and treble its
active force at a moment's warning. Turin mus-
tered 8,000 of this militia as early as 1848, and its
number never grew less, although the Government
never knew how. to Cum those excellent soldier-
citizens to any good purpose, and by their organiza-
tion, after the foolish French fashion, they seemed
intended rather for show and idle parade than for
actual warfare. In the late war, nevertheltss,
some of those battalions did good service, at least as
garrisons to the strong places. At Novara, Ales-
sandria, and other Piedmontese towns, the national
guard was also to some extent a respectable insti-
tution ; but at Genoa, and throughout the Riviera,
it never was taken up in good earnest, add never
cast very deep roots.
As to Central Italy, the Duchies of Parma and
Modena displayed great though indiscriminate zeal
in the general armament of the people. The lower
classes have arms, but the rulers, at least at Parma,
are almost afraid to allow them the use of them.
In Tuscany I/heard prudent men say that " among
other silly things that had been done, the egre-
gious folly of a national guard hae not been com-
mitted." We had here 119 such militia, indeed, till
after the peace at Villafranca. At the present mo-
ment I should think about 500 young men of the
middle classes, fine and brave looking men all of
them, are under arms, and a few scanty pelotons
may be seen at their in the squares of Flo-
rence in the cool of the evening. But the national
guard is not an " egregious folly" in a country in
want of a national armament, Every man should
own a gun and make himself acquainted with the
use of it. There is nothing under the sun more pro-
dig ous than Italian idleness. I could descant.upon
this odious, melancholy theme from morning till
night. The Italians were idle under their absolute
rulers, because the " hard times" took away the
very breath necessary for useful employment. They
are idle now—more idle, if possible, under the new
state of things, because " the excitement of these
portentous events leaves them no mind for any pro-
fitable occupation." Even this great curse of idle-
ness might be turned to a blessing if they would
only join into fusilier bands, or muster up into rifle
companies or artillery clubs. lam told shooting
galleries have been opened at Parma and through-
out its rural districts, with very encouraging
success ; but in Tuscany no man's ears are ever
disturbed by the crack of a rifle. In Piedmont
they have, and have had for several years,
rifle clubs, some of which are honoured every year
by Prince Humbert, the young heir of the throne,
who disputes the palm with the oldest and best
shots. In Tuscany, nothing of the kind has been
attempted or even dreamt of, either publicly or in
private. The idleness of their degrading cafe life
has been only aggravated by all this stir of eman-
cipation and freedom. The eternal, frivolous,
blackguard cafe talk has been uttered certainly, but
is still
nothing but talk. The yawning youth who
used to' spend hours and hours discussing the legs of
a new dancing-girl, or the last scandal of the reign-
ing beauty, are now no less wearily weighing the
chances of Napoleon 111. preferring to swindle Aus-
tria rather than jockeying themselves, or of Prussia
or Austria, or the Emperor of Cathay, stepping for-
ward as the champion of the Italian cause. There
is not one standing up in that emasculated crowd
and bidding his boon companions to be men, remind-
ing them that the'eause 'of Italy is the business of

the Italians, and. that every man with a good sound
pair of arms and, legs willing to sit there and do
nothing, is a greater traitor to his country than the
Emperor Napoleon is ever, likely to be. I have
often spoke of the squadron of 150 hussars whom
the Government wished to enlist among gentlemen'
of birth and fortune, who were to mount and equip
themselves at their own expense. lam told they.
rose to the number of about 60 during the war, and
dwindlid to 25 after Villafranca'. So much for any
chance that men of birth and wealth may be in=
duced to pay with their person and purse the price
of their country's' independence ! Those 25 'do-
nothing hussars are still walking, more frequently
driving, about the streets of Florence, though they
have absolutely no military duties to perform. We
hate plenty of min here in laced coats, mere carpet
"soldiers, who wear that costume because they think
they look well in their uniform, and are fond of
dragging a ponderous—too ponderous—sword,
rattling and clattering after them, though- they
know they will never be called out for active ser-
vice, and, what is more, would be sure neyer to.
hear if they were called.
Not a very flattering picture this ! But I should
be very sorry if this culpable' laziness of the
Italians were imputed to want of courage and un-
willingness to meet danger and death in case or
need. The vices of the Italians must be traced to
the condition the country was in for so many cen-
turies. As they are, these people may be pro-
nounced infinitely better than, under circumstances,-
they could be expected to be. The Italians have
lively impulses and generous instincts. They
should be taken at the right moment. When the
first rumours of war electrified the country,
three months ago, it was perfectly easy to
move hundreds of thousands of Italians froni
those- &Iles which are their homes. - In April
last Piedmont received many more volunteers
than it was able to turn to good account. 'Even
at the present moment, were Garibaldi', to run
over Tuscany, from town to town, calling the youth
to arms, he would be followed by scores of thou-
sands of volunteers. The Italians are in no -fear of
fighting; they do not shrink from fire and steel
when their blood is up ; but they are ill-suited to
the drill and the march. They hate soldering unless
they see good cause for it. Since Villafranca they
have fallen into a torpor which is half-confidence,
half-despondency. The Emperor of the French
gives them every assurance that no armed foreign
force shall interfere with them. The whole Italian,
French, and even English press repeats that Europe
will not stand by and see a single hair turned of a
people who behave with such exemplary decency,
dignity, and unanimity. If France andi Austria
keep aloof, " where is the use," they say, "of our
getting a headache and sore feet in long profitless
marches, or of stiffening our limbs in useless
parades ? Against our Dukes and the Pope the men
we have already under arms are more than sufficient;
and if France do not keep her word, and she, or
Austria, or both, come down upon us, what will all
our warlike preparations avail ? To fall' sword in
hand and ennoble our ruin by some deed of iilespair !
But the courage of despair hardly needs any arms
or military training. Florence fought bravely against
Charles V. in 1529, although she had only unwarlike
citizens, headed by Francesco Ferruccio, to meet the
veterans of the Spanish and German armies ; and
Rome and Venice, in 1849, sold at 'a high rate
the victory to the French and Austrians, although
hardly any of their volunteer combatants knew
whetherthey should march with the left or the right
foot foremost. _ _

It is not easy to reason with men who make so
light of man's duties. The Government here, well
aware of the people it has to deal with, sends forth
from time to time well-turned, elegant, sentimental,
patriotic exhortations, calling upon old and new
volunteers to join the army. To impress them, or
to fill the ranks of new *battalions by conscription,
is a task which seems to exceed their powers or to
transcend their resolution. They must not attempt
unattainable things, and their somewhat excessive
zeal for the preservation of order renders them ei-
tremely jealous of any person who would venture,
either by speech or writing, on a more efficient
appeal to the patriotic feelings of the multitude.
Perhaps there may be wisdom in their conduct, and
the course of events may be so shaped that the Tus-
cans may never be put to the test of a desperate
defence. Unquestionably, their own Grand Duke
or the Pope, or he of Modena, will never have the
power to rouse them from their happy ease. Per-
haps their votes may be respected and their annex-
ation to Piedmont effected without strife; but, at
all events, they recommend the justice of their
cause to the great Powers, and will not make ready
to offer any desperate resistanoe to their ultimate
decision.
P.S.—Here is an important piece of news indeed.
The French Minister, M. la Ferriere, has been re-
called from Florence. The order has been so sna-
il en that at nine o'clock this morning the bead of
the Tuscan Government, Baron Ricasoli, had not
heard one word about his departure, and the leave-
taking was so mneh of a French leave, that Sal-
vagnoli and other Ministers received no other inti-
mation of it than a card with a P.P.C. to it. May
be M. la Ferriere betrayed greater interest in the
success of Prince Napoleon as a candidate for the
throne of Central Italy than suited the present
views of the cautioua and temporising French Em-
peror. .Et, surtout, point de zele, Monsieur 1' Ab,as-
sadeur, point de zele !

THE MOORS AND FORESTS.