The Sun.
London, England, 1859-09-08 00:00:00

FRENCH RAILWAYS.

M. Perdonnet, one of the directors of the Eastern
Railway of France, has just published a volume
entitled " Notions Generates sur les Chemins de
Fer," in which he gives the following statistical
details :—" The force of the locomotives at work on
the railways in France amounts to 450,000 steam-
horse power, working one day out of three, and
representing 1,900,000 ordinary horses, or 6.360,000
men working ten hours a•day. In the whole world
there is on railways steam power to the extent of
4,160,000 horses, and after the completion of the
lines now conceded, there will be 7,100,000. The
annual distance performed by the locomotives
on the whole globe is 884,790,000 kilometres
(ths of a mile each) or 22,119 times round
the globe and in a few years it will be
2,293,145,000 kilometres, or 57,329 times round
the earth, 6,882 times the distance from the
earth to the moon, and 15 times that from the earth
to the sun. Mr. Stephenson, calculating the num-
ber of passengers conveyed on the English railways,
and the saving of time which results from that
rapid mode of travelling, established that the value
of the time of a man being taken at 3f. 75c. a day,
England profited in one year 50 millions of francs.
M. Perdonnet has made a similar calculation, and
finds that the profits realised in France is
37,500,000 f. The number of persons employed on
the French railways is about 55,000, and in the
whole world it is 600,000. A great number of other
persons are, however, employed either directly or
indirectly by the lines. The number of those who
derive their livelihood in France on the lines may
be estimated at half a million, and there is about
the same number in England. When the complete
French network shall have been completed, the
number will be nearly doubled. As to accidents,
M. Perdonnet proves that railways are of all modes
of communication the least dangerous, and he shows
it by calculations. It results from an inquiry made
on this subject by the French Government that
since the first opening of railways in France, the
number of passengers killed, as compared to the
number carried, is 1 out of 1,955,555, and that of
wounded 1 out of 496,551 ; and that by the dili-
t of
3gses74e6s3,fraoundi ItBh4e6
woundedto
eenBsaosnudt theloifn ovo2k
olulot oesofds
(2
1aN20V907.1:1
propor-
tion ln
Belgium, according to official documents, there was
in thirteen years and a half 1 killed out of 8,861,804,
aGnrdandabnouotehly wofoußnadd
still more in favour of railwaysthfolr
outin six
ef
years' working there had been only
17,514,977 killed, and 1 out of 1,154 33wounded."
Co' A -t

?Isr°.—nrjatrhinfkhriocimht
implamts are received from shareholders of the
Lombardo-Venetian Railway that they are not furnished
with information of its position and prospects. The excep-
tional condition of the country pending the settlement of
the territorial rights of Austria and Sardinia, and of the
financial liabilities which will fall to each, not only as re-
gards the national debt, but also all railway and othergna-
rantees, seems to furnish a sufficient reason for a short
understood
pe-
riod of suspense. Meanwhile the traffic 1
epornostpineuctes:toof presentthe
line
asraet,i satisfactory c to
course,features,;unimpaired.
ai a tn 6
dangersgeneral o f
[ADvEwrisprENT].—The difficulties
overcome by Du Barry's delicious
loves all the little pains
which feeds, strengthens, and removes
to.
bringing up infants by hand o.r.wonest nituerts.seisenhtaaveAbraesbniceanFtioreod,ly
The, Following
and irregularities infants are
School,h uSttenveemnmageei,i
time our F n-
-11e6ttther
Dspene.a,kslBsvoo.lumGeetsl:taret
rn"l
have used Du Barry's Rev, L-
justice to you to state
duringlsw, which it b _ad
h during the previous six months, whilst be. ing
suffered roue
nursed, though every care was taken to prevent it. Hi .d I
nurse.
—plainam,
am, &c,
runeoßaElsnoT.
Athme 2
,zeauvy.,,
known of your valuable food sooner, it would 1 lave
rentsnt has for the
never last
had
afdo four
disordered
months,
howe
sefanyPtlednnsse,nalotyflisan.f6Na nvde.tt; lib., 3s. ; 21b., 58. 9d. ; 51b., 125.„-, 121134
265. The 101 b. and 121 b. tins carriage free, on receipt olSporsta
office order. Du Barry and Co., 77, Regent-street, - bone any
Fortnum, Mason, and Co., 182, Piccadilly; A'Dbis 60,
Gracechurch-street ; 4, Cheapside ; 63, and' 15(3, 0 ;ford-
street; 330 and 451, Strand • 49 and 60, B; sb' opagate.
street ; 85, Tottenham-court-road. Also I At: , thiblin,
Bewley and Draper ; at Edinburgh, Raimr is
and Co.'
at Liverpool, Nixon. and Thew; at Manehest er , Sham an
Scott; at York Raimes, Blanchard, and Cio. ; at Belo- ,_
ampton, Randall and Son,

THEATRE-ROYAL, HAYMARKET
Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buckstone.
THIS EVENING the performances will commence with
NALLOWE'EN.
With THE CONTESTED ELECTION.
After which, OUT OF SIGHT OUT OF MIND.
And ♦ DAUGHTER TO MARRY.
Commence at 7.

ROYAL STRAND THEATRE.
Lessee and Directress, Miss Swanborough
THIS EVENING, THE GOOSE WITH THE GOLDEN
EGGS.
And TO PARENIS AND GUARDIANS.
After which, TRYING IT ON.
Followed by THE VERY LATEST EDITION OF THE'
LADY OF LYONS.

Commence at 7 o'clock.

VERDI'S OPERA OF MACBETH. The
whole of the first Act of this Opera, now produced
for the first time in this country (the remaining three acts
De ing in course of rehearsal), is sung nightly at the CAN-
TERBURY HALL CONCERTS.

THE DELEPIERRE FAMILY,
aonsisting of three Juvenile Violinists, viz., Jules, Juliette,
and Julia Delepierre, aged, respectively, FOUR, SIX, and
MIGHT years.
The perfect execution by these Lilliputian Artistes of some
of the most difficult and brilliant Solos, Duets, and Trios ever
written for the violin, has excited mingled wonder and admi-
ration in Continental Musical Circles, and drawn forth enthu-
siastic tributes of praise from the Public Journals of France
and Belgium.
They will perform TWICE EACH EVENING, in addi-
tion to the usual Entertainments.

THE WEATHER.—SUN OFFICE, SEPTEMBER 8.
THEENOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
68—highest since noon yesterday.
67—lowest this morning and during the night.
70—this day at noon.
BAnomErzn-30.5, rising.
WIND, South-Westerly ; light, with fine weather, bul
cloudy.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tins DAY.—Morning, 11h. 28m.—Afternoon, —h.
To-Mointow-Morning, 12h. 4m.—Afternoon, 12h. 31m.

The present crisis—and, when we speak of the
crisis, every Englishman understands by it the
Italian crisis—is one in which we for once place full

......
confidence in the wishes of our Ministers. The
three leading men in the Cabinet are all pledged,
by their antecedents, as well as by their sincere
public language, to do their best for Italian liber-
ties.iThe most conservative, avowedly, of the three,
Mr. GLADSTONE, was the man who aroused all
Europe to the atrocities of the late King's admini-

strabon at Naples, and to the wretched conviction and
torture of POERIO and his companions, by his cele-
brated letter to Lord ABERDEEN. We have, there-
fore, three statesmen of the highest standing in
Europe as well as in this country, three statesmen
whose abilities are confessed by all parties at home
and abroad, and all of them favourable, earnestly
favourable, to Italian liberties. These statesmen,
too, possess, and have a right to possess, the ear of
the French Emperor. They were the most prompt
of all the statesmen of Europe to accept, indeed to
approve of the coup d'etat, and even to lecture the
press of their own country for its indignant denun-
ciation of the deed. They have done not a little to
secure for Louis NAPOLEON his present position in
Europe, and they may still (the greatest motive to
political gratitude), may still do him service.
We may expect, therefore, that three such able
men, with such claims on the victor of Solferino,
must be able to exercise on him no ordinary in-
fluence. _ _ .

But the Emperor of the FRENCH himself—what
of him? Pledged to the restoration of the Dukes
he cannot be ; Austria would soon have told us if
the stipulations at Villafranca had secured their re-
placement on the thrones they had deserted. We
may confidently assume, therefore, that that was
not the case. Equally may we be sure of it, if the
French EMPEROR'S intention was to secure a king-
dom of Central Italy for his cousin ; since, in that
case, he could not have bound himself to defeat his
own real object. It may be unjust to the EMPEROR,
still the latter is the general supposition. One thing
at least is certain—it could not be displeasing—it
must be agreeable to the Emperor of the FRENCH,
to see one of his family on an Italian throne, while
it could not be supposed that the King of SAR-
DINIA would pertinaciously object to having the
husband of his daughter for his neighbour Italian
monarch. Some Italians, indeed, have talked of
inviting the Piedmontese Princess to become Queen
Regnant, giving her husband the position assigned
to Prince ALBERT here. We may be pretty sure,
however, that no Bonaparte will consent to be King
Consort, or H.R.H. only. It is quite possible that
the recollection of the last Emperor, and the appa-
rent congruity with Napoleonic ambition may be
the only source of the prevalent opinion ; still we
must deal with Louls NAPOLEON as having this
chance on his cards. It is laid down that force shall
not be employed to restore the dukes—they are ex-
cluded by the national votes. If Austria declines
to sanction the annexation to Piedmont, then,

what next ?
We reply—whether by a congress, or by ordi-
nary diplomatic representatives, for this country to
assert the rights of the Italian States. We may
be quite sure that Austria will never allow that
annexation to take place except under compulsion ;
we do not mean the compulsion of another actual

war, but of such an unanimity among all the other
Powers as shall render it at least respectable to
yield to them. Now what is the case of our states-
men, as counsel for Italy, with all the Powers of
Europe? First, they have to plead with all of them
the confessed legality of all that the Duchies have
done. The Legations, to whom, for their good
order and ability, praise is equally due, may be
technically rebels ; for the POPE, thanks to a French
garrison at Rome, has not this time run away. But
if aver the grossest maladministration by a ruler

contrasted with the most able administration by

subjects of their own affairs could warrant the
latter in voting the decheance of the former, the
delegates at Bologna have acted as legally as those
at Florence, Modena, and Parma. England can
say to all—on the same ground on which you ac-
knowletlge our QUEEN and the Kings of SWEDEN
and BEL(UUM, all heirs of revolution, on the same
ground on which you acknowledge the Govern-
ment of Fra that ground acknowledge the
right of the Duchies and the Legations to exclude
hostile and hated rulers, and to select a Sovereign
by their own free choice. It is inconceivable, as
the clever ansver of the Sardinian monarch ob-
served to the Tuscan deputies, that the Powers
of Europe should ,demur to rendering the same jus-
tice to Tuscany as they have done to so many other
small States. No pretext of the " balance of
power" is at stake, since if Sardinia embraced the
whole of northern Italy she would even then be no
match for her northern and western neighbours.
Bit the soundest reasons, we too well know,.are
Political
not tl to most weighty ones in diplomacy-.
inter& •t is the great power. Austria, of course, has
the int erect of pride in replacing her Viceroys ill
Centraz 1. Italy ; of hope, since the reversion by legi-
timacy of the States is hers ; of military advantage,
since they would be an extension of the quadrangle.
But Lours NAT- 3LEON, we must not say France,
has two conflicting interests ; to place a rela-
tive or ► tbsifr throne, or to stand forth in history as
wing ; dome, by his victories, if not all he talked
-of, ys t something substantial for the liberation of

Italy. It could but be agreeable to him, if the
Duchies voluntarily relieved him of a troublesome
relative, whom he would rather send to the other
side of the Alps ; but, if they cannot be got to do
this, except by so much underhand work, or so
much constraint as to render the Duchies reluctant
subjects, and to taint the honour of " the Liberator
of Italy" with selfishness for all time to come, it
will be the real interest of Louis NAPOLEON to
sacrifice his hopes for his Cousin, and to keep his
glory. It is for England's friendly statesmen to
say to the EMPEROR—" Snatch not at a present
family advantage, at the sure sacrifice of your pre-
sent and historical name." To be the creator of a
substantial free power in Italy is enough for the
reputation of one man. Louis NAPOLEON, if he is
wise, will not sigh over the disappointment of his
cousin. In truth, over and above the desirableness
of forming a stronger kingdom in Northern Italy,
the said cousin is an article not in demand.

If France and England, then, should, for the
best reasons, combine to ratify the acts of the
Duchies, they might defy Austria and all
Europe to touch them at their peril. But
there would be no need of this. Prussia
could hardly separate herself from England
on this question. Her love for Austria or the Pope
would not lead her to do it ; and Central Italy, at
least, is no outwork for the defence of Germany.
Russia, too, both hates Austria and is on the best
of :terms with France, on better terms even than
with us ; but in Sardinia she has found an accom-
modating friend, and desires to retain that friend-
ship to strengthen her interests in the Mediter-
ranean. While Russia cherishes, and that will be
for long, her present views in regard to that sea, it
will be for her direct interest that Sardinia should
be strong. Austria, therefore, may well dread a
Congress. It must outvote her if England can but
secure the adoption of her views by France. With
our statesmen's cordial interest in Italian freedom,
and their natural influence with the Ruler- of
France, we do not see why we should fail to enlitt
him on the side of his own glory, even if it does in-
volve a renunciation of his family interests. Louis
NAPOLEON is not the man to despise either the
praises of England now, or the praise of history
and posterity.

A blue-book of about a hundred pages appeared on
Saturday last, giving us, so to speak, the guage of
the strength, the wealth, the vitality, the energy,
the daring enterprize, and the indomitable perse-
verance of the great Anglo-Saxon race. Rather,
perhaps, we should say, of the nucleus from which
that now vast and scattered aggregate has radiated.
The document we refer to is more even than this--
it affords the world a notion of the price paid down
by England for her liberties, of the actual money
value of her Constitution. An epitome of the con-
tents of this remarkable blue-book we published
in our columns on Monday evening. And
those who read that synopsis of the State papers
comprised within the comparatively narrow limits
of a single volume will remember that it was a
volume resulting from the motion made in the
House of Commons as far back as the 11th of May,
1857, by the now Earl of RIPON, then Viscount
GODERICH, " for certain returns of the whole
amount of the national debt of Great Britain and
Ireland (including any foreign loans which
have been considered as forming part of
the national debt of Great Britain), funded
and unfunded ; also of all annuities for
terms of years, and also of the charge for
management of the national debt from the year
1691, to the sth of January, 1857." After immense
labour in their accumulation, and extraordinary
care in their arrangement, these returns have at
length, as we know, made their appearance. And
this publication, as but just remarked, took place
as recently as last Saturday. The revelations
here made in divers ways, it must certainly be added,
are in some respects truly astounding. Within
very little more than a century and a half the funded
debt of this country has increased and expanded
to its present preternatural dimensions. In 1691

it is like looking back into the Arcadia of SIDNEY,
into the Utopia of MORE, into the Flying Island of
GULLIVER—as recently as that year of grace and of
national non-indebtedness, there was no funded
debt at all either in Great Britain or in Ireland.
Happy age—so far—fortunate grandsires ! But at
that period, in that year of grace, 1691, there was
a modest little unfunded debt, amounting to
no more than £3,130,000, the merest bagatelle !
What was,! in fact, the other day, but the
extent of the deficiency of one single financial year
—a deficiency readily made good by an odd two-
pence or so superadded to the income-tax inflicted
upon us, like the thumb-screw on the scavenger's
daughter, by that modern torturer the Chancellor
of the Exchequer ! Well, then, in 1691 there was
no funded debt at all, and there was an un-
funded debt amounting merely to the "ridiculously
small amount," as MONTAGUE TIGG would say,
of £3,130,000. That little aggregate of £3,130,000
represented in effect the residue of the loans raised
by the Sovereign in anticipation ofduties receivable
by the Crown. The residue of such loans we say—
for of course other loans had " many a time and
oft" been raised by the King or the Queen Regnant
in these realms, which loans had been duly reim-
bursed to the capitalists by whom they had been
advanced. Among these capitalists appearing Such
men of mark, for example, as GEORDIE HERTOt,
familiar to the readers of the historic romance
of the " Fortunes of Nigel," or as that far mote
renowned Merchant Prince glorified generation
after generation in the dear old nursery song—
dusty urchin listening to the sound of Bow bells
from that milestone on Highgate-hill—London
'Prentice, owner first of all of one cat, and after-

wards of we don't know how many "ponies"—and
then eventually " thrice Lord Mayor of London"—
good, honoured, beloved, munificent, and magnifi-
cent Sir RICUARD WHITTINGTON. There actually,
for example, among the State papers comprised in
the official blue-book published as recently as last

Saturday, there may be found duly notified
among the sums borrowed by the Sovereigns
of England, how, on the 22d of November,
1420, otherwise in the seventh year of the
reign of King HENRY V. came this matter-of-
fact memorandum :—" To RICHARD WHITTING-
TON, citizen and alderman of London, in money
paid to him by the hands of RICHARD KNYGHTLEY,
in discharge of 2,000 marks which he lent to our

Lord the King at the receipt of his Exchequer on
the 12th of June in the sth year, as appears by the
roll of receipts, &c., £333 6s. Bd." A very
cheering and a strictly legal payment it
sounds altogether—with those " three times
three," flowed by that six and eightpence !
We feel grateful to the official volume, however,
for the revival of the record—it is like opening a
blue-book at a page marked with a flower-leaf from
fairyland ! This mention of actual money dealings
between SHAKSPERE'fi HARRY the FIFTH and that
hero every Englishman's childhood, DICK
INr
iTTIof NGTON ! If but for this single ‘, item" alone
the blue-book under consideration would be heartily
welcome. But it is welcome to us for far more
a delightful
peculiarly,
ballad.pleasa pleasant
Itc comment mweenl tc
muep ot nu
us
tnhuarns e r
ya
_ because it enables us to feel the pulse of the nation,

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THE SUN.
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1859.