The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-15 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 15, 1861,

THOXF O R D,
6, OXFORD-STREET.
The architectural beauty, elegance of ornamentation, and
brilliancy of lighting of this noble building, render it one of
the sights of London. Open Every Evening. The pro-
gramme is varied, and includes Selections from "La Tra-
viats," "Un Ballo in Maschera," .tc., (by a full company of
principals, powerful band, and chorus). Solos by Miss Bryant
en the Piano Forte, and by Mr. Russell on the Tro themb
Old English Ballad, by Miss Green, icotch Duets by
Misses Stuart, and other vocal and instrumental music of the
highest order. Conductor, Mr. F. Jonghmed ans. Thssrs. e Comic
portion of the entertainment is support by Me M.
Foster (in his " Life Sketches"), Sam Collins, Ha
all.rvey, and
French (the Nerves), E. Marshall shilling. Private Boxes,
, and Vir. Rand Ham
sixpenee ; Balcony and Stalls, one
1011. 6d.

HIGH "WA.TER, AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tau DAY.—Morning, Bh. 27m.—Afternoon, 9h. 10m,
To-mositow.-Morning, 9h. 54m.—Afternoon, 10h. 36m,

THE WEATHER. -SUN OFFICE, AUGUST 15, 1861.
THERMOMETER, IN THR SHADE.
76—highest since noon yesterday.'
57—lowest this morning and during the night.
71—this day at noon.
BAnommTsn-29.88 ; falling.
IVlND—South•Westerly—light ; with dull weather and
slight sprinkling of rain. Very sultry.

4.41? I
1.1(
t
trt
•
/),/

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THE SUN.
LONDON, THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1881.

Elsewhere will be found—upon a scale of pro-
portionate magnitude—the last of Lord BROUGHAM'S
great achievements. It is the latest oration
uttered by the lips of this " old man eloquent." It
is the most recent of the many abundant outpour-
ings of wisdom from the fully ripened and yet per-
fectly vigorous intellect of this more than octoge-
narian. The occasion of its delivery was in itself
marked by circumstances of an unusual character.
Delivered as it was in Dublin yesterday morning, it
possesses the especial interest of being the first speech
delivered by Lord BROUGHAM upon his first visit
to Ireland. Remembering this, remembering Lord
BROUGHAM'S great age and illustrious reputation,
and remembering also the impulsive and impetuous
nature of Celtic enthusiasm, it is no wonder in-
deed that the venerable ex-Chancellor should have
been welcomed with an ardour worthy of being
manifested by a body of Irishmen assembled
together for the express purpose of greeting
a great man like Lord BROUGHAM one
combining in is encyclopmdic genius among
ether lesser titles to fame, the designations (in
their loftiest significance) of Orator, Statesman,
Author, Jurisconsult, Legislator, and Philosopher.
Ranging, as did Lord BROUGHAM'S inaugural
address yesterday in opening the proceedings of
the Fifth Congress of the National Asso-
ciation, over an astonishing variety of themes
moat of them of the very first magnitude, and
of the most startling diversity, it will be as well to
restrict our observations to-day to one particular
theme, selected advisedly from the numerous themes
here prusenting themselves to our consideration ; and,
in doing • this, we light almost instinctively upon
those most suggestive remarks of the ex-Chan-
cellor, a pplied to the actual position of our
foreign rel'ations, more particularly in respect to the
leading Powers among the European part of
Christendom. One by one—this man of large expe-
rience passes th ose prominent " powers that be "
under review; one by one he descants upon the
most glaring peeuliarities of their actual situation
at this present juncture. Following, as Lord
B ROI/GUAM s comprehensive speech does, imme-
diately upon that royal rigmarole, concocted with
a due regard to the eloquence, half of
"rote," half of retimence—for we all know
that there is unquestionably an eloquence even
in silence, in what the wit humorously designated
" brilliant flashes of silence"—following as Lord
BROUGHAM'S speech does immediately upon that
co-called Speech from the Throne delivered by her
MAJESTY'S Commissioners upon the occasion of the
prorogation of Parliament—it is really delightful
to read it. It is positively refreshing and invigo-
rating to meet with something more compre-
hensible, in its way, in reference fo foreign powers
generally, than those words that we have perused
so often under such an immense variety of
circumstances, that Her MAJESTY is
gratified to announce to the Lords and
Commons that she still continues to receive from
foreign pavers generally, evidences of the most
uninterrupted friendship! The bulk of the Royal
Speech, in point of fact, is invariably composed of
so many old familiar sentences that we might
readily- enough, upon each occasion of late years,
have ILitened only to the opening words of the ma-
jority o f the little paragraphs of it, and have trusted
to the accuracy of our memory for the literal and
verbal correctness with which each in turn were
brouglct to a conclusion. This from the exordium
of the speech itself down to the old time-worn, time-
honoured close of it or peroration, if we may apply
BO magnificent a term of rhetoric to a winding up
so everlastingly bald, and dull, and matter of fact
own, we say, to the frayed aud threadbare
close of
it, about the individual members
.a another
sand Commons having each of them
of
ratbo Lords
tive
eolunties:r kind to discharge in their respec-
.Duties, by the way, that the
majority of the said loyal and devoted lieges forth-
with sedulously
taaand to—as in honour bound—by
flying off instanter at a tangent here to the heather
of Scotland, there to the manifold beauties cluster-
ing along the margin. of the Rhine, yonder to the
snowy acclivities and picturesque chalks of the
Tyrol or of Switzerland. Intermediately between
the flourish at the begin Dillg and the flourish at
the termination of the Royal speech, whether
delivered in, person or deli'vered by commission at
the close of every session of Parliament, there comes
as a deed c ertainty the thamks to the gentiemeicot

the House of Commons for their munificence in voting
adequate funds for the public service; and equally in
its way as a dead certainty (no matter what the
state of matters may be, or may threaten to become,
abroad) that old, old passage already alluded to
about the condition of our foreign relations, and
the interminable duration of our international
friendships. Having just had those well-remembered
phrases dinned yet once more into our ears, and
entertaining as we do a diametrically opposite
opinion ourselves as to the actual state just now
of some of our foreign relations, and as
to the probable future of many other parts of the
complex web, woven ever and ever more or less
intricately according to the skill or blundering of
the wily hands of the world's Diplomatists, we
come with a zest, scarcely to be exaggerated in
the description of its most pleasurable
intensity, to some such words of bold
and outspoken wisdom as fell yesterday (in regard
to our foreign relations) from the lips of Lord
BROUGHAM. Russia and Poland—Austria and
Hungary—ltaly whether in its relation to Pied-
mont or to Naples, to Rome or to Venetia—Belgium
and Holland—Turkey and her newly enthroned
Sultan-Caliph, the reforming and economical ABDUL
A ziz—these and other themes of kindred impor-
tance were successively passed in review under
the lens of that clear and searching judgment, were
brought under scrutiny, each in succession under
the vivid light of that keen and resplendent intel-
lect. A sentence, or but very little more than a
sentence, was sufficient, for each of them,
in its rapid consideration by Lord BROUGHAM.
But—within the limits of each successive sentence—
what a world of animated truth was there not often
comprized ! It was like the subjection to our scru-
tiny of one drop of water after another when thrown
upon the luminous disc of the oxy-hydrogen micro-
:
, scope.

Referring to certain recent and assuredly most
remarkable passages in the History of Russia,
Lord BROUGHAM spoke, as we might have felt per-
fectly sure he could not but have spoken upon the
very earliest opportunity , about the great event
of Serf Emancipation. It is but inevitable
that one of the glorious authors in this countryof the
imperishable achievement inscribed upon our annals
as the Act of Negro Emancipation, should look
back to this recent Emancipation of Serfs through-
outthe dominions of the Russian autocrat, his heart
burning within him the while with exultation.
True, the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is a
work even now but half accomplished. Yet
asiord BROUGHAM reminds us, "It must be confessed
that, even if we lament some error in the mode of
proceeding, the EMPEROR is entitled to thelwarmest
sympathy in his great work, and to the highest ad-
miration for the wisdom and the virtue of his conduct.
If," added Lord BROUGHAM very significantly,
"to such a Sovereign his own people may
well be grate ful, let us hope that his
Polish dominions are destined to owe
him equal thanks. It would be an act of magnani-
mity 'beyond all Greek, all Roman fame,' were he to
reestablish a kingdom of Poland, withlits admirable
Constitution of 1793, under a prince of his own
house !" Surely those words open up a magnifi-
cent path of ambition before the young EMPEROR
of all the Russias. Falling, as they do, from a
man of such European repute as Lord BROUGHAM,
we may reasonably hope that they will
come sooner or later to the knowledge of the CZAR.
And, if come they do to his knowledge certain, are
we that penetrate they must and will to his heart
of hearts. GOD grant that the thought thus
expressed by those eloquent and venerable
lips may prove the germ of a 'loftier and
sublimer ambition than has yet manifested
itself in the nature of the Emperor ALEXANDER 11.
And Lord BROUGHAM, it should be remembered,
speaks with authority upon this subject in refer-
ence to the hopes and aspirations of Poland in re-
gard to the duties before GOD: and man, in respect
to Poland, devolving upon the Russian Autocracy.
Does he not ? Why, he himself has reminded us
of the scope and duration of his authority as
a Champion of the rights and a Pleader for
the liberties of Poland when he says, "The interest
which, in common with all the friends national
independence, I take in the fortunes of the Poles
is not of yesterday, Forty-eight years ago, in
common with my esteemed and now lamented
friend the chief of the Polish patriots and
counsellors, Prince CZARTORYSKI, the man who
made far greater sacrifices to his principles than
any who ever lived,—in common with him, and
urged with him, I addressed, through the press
(being then out of Parliament) to my fellow coun-
trymen, and to the allied Sovereigns, " The
Appeal of Poland," which cannot be said to
have had no effect, though far less than was
desired, for it brought the subject of her wrongs
so much into discussiton, especially in England,
that it occupied in no small degree the
attention of the Powers at the Congress of
Vienna." So that it is now actually close upon
one full-half century since there was raised
thus, upon a memorable occasion, in the cause of
Poland the Voice of Lord BROUGHAM, then already
world• famous as Mr. HENRY BROUGHAM of the
outer bar of England, the wearer of a stuff gown
(never as it happened by the way of a silk gown)
and not yet of the robes of a Baron
of the realm or of a Lord High Chancellor !
The grave has scarcely yet quite closed over the
remains of his aged colaborateur, Prince ADAM
CZARTORYSKI. And [upon the margin, as it
were, of the recently-closed grave of that
Polish Prince and Patriot, who, besides
being Prince and Patriot of Poland, was the per-
sonal friend also of the Emperor ALEXANDER I.—
upon the margin of that scarcely closed grave of
Prince ADAM CZARTORYSKI, SO to speak, there it is
that Lord BROUGHAM raises again his eloquent
and venerable voice in behalf of Poland,
in dignified supplication, almost, we might
say, in impassioned adjuration,w
elltoas the
the
reigning CZAR, the namesake as
successor of the friend of Prince ADAM, the present
Emperor of all the Russias, ALEXANDER 11. Had
Lord BROUGHAM uttered no other syllables than
those in reference to tho foreign politics of Europe,
they would have been sufficient—those burning
words, words destined to kindle, we will yet
believe, a brighter Hope for Poland, a nobler
ambition for ALEXANDER.

Now that the huge American Republic is
threatening to break its back, straining on the
waves of a revolution, the different coulee of Hun-
gary may well invite special attention. Hungary
tried revolution in 1848, and had a right to try it ;
but the arms of Russia, in Hungary, were thrown
into the opposite scale to that into which France i
threw hers in the American struggle for lndepen- '
deuce, and turned the scale in favour of the old
despotism, just as French aid, and the grossest
Ministerial and military incompetence, turned it
in favour of revolutionary independence in Ame-
rica. With all we have heard, however, of the
necessity of colonies quitting the mother country
as they become adult, it may well be questioned
whether a revolutionary separation is not a real
loss. America might have been a far nobler com-
munity of citizens had circumstances compelled her

to fight, as Hungarians are now doing, through
sound constitutional lawyers rather than through
generals. A strong love of law and right might
have then characterised a nation remarkable, now,
for its impatience of law and strong government,
and for the brag, bullying, and swagger of lads
who have acquired the position of men before they
know how to use it.

The declaration of Constitutional Rights, which
is the weapon Hungary must now resort to, penned
by M. PEAK, contrasts strongly with..., JEFFERSON'S
Declaration of Independence—and in history will
contrast strongly to the advantage of the former.
The theory of the equality of all men, pompously
put forth by u slavehelding people, and the long
fierce attack on the " tyrant" King, are exchanged
for the calm, yet very firm, language of conscious
right, pleading with a Monarch addressed as still
to be honoured, though in the wrong. We hope
many of our readers perused the whole of this long
document. To the lovers of constitutional freedom
nothing can be more soul-stirring. It was the work
of long, careful, and secret preparation ; every para-
graph was read to the house under the fear of the
military interruption ; and the necessary formali-
ties rapidly completed, under the too well founded
apprehension that if SCHMERLING and RECIIBERG
knew what was doing, German bayonets would
have cleared the House.

That danger was averted by speed. Interference
was useless then. A document as important to
Hungary as an army was committed to " the
immortal custody of the Press." The cause of
Hungary is vindicated for the present—vindicated
for all ages. And the Hapsburg of the day has
now the option of repentance, or of eternal in-
famy. This noble paper leaves him no alterna-
tive. With the respect due to a hereditary
Sovereign, but the dignity befitting a nation's
representatives, the address defines the position of
the KING, and of those who, on the conditions
he inherits, are willing to be his subjects. He
had governed twelve years absolutely, and there-
fore illegally ; he had appeared to relax his ab-
solutism ; but it was appearance only. He had
not returned to legality, but merely devised a
scheme of his own for Hungary, to accept which
would be the death of their liberties. He as-
sumed to confer a constitution ; what he did confer
withheld the most important of Hungarian rights
and constitutional guarantees. But even had these
been granted, to accept them as a boon from the
monarch would be to sacrifice their national
right, and to place themselves at the mercy of
any monarch who might see fit to withdraw all.
He might have added in the words of our DENMAN
—that the offers were " a mockery, a delusion
and a snare ;" but if he were aware of that judicial
sentence he refrained from using it. Repeatedly
he shows of each proposal and demand of the
Rescript that it could only be made on the simple
ground of might, not of legality. What was
offered was shown to be offered in a way fatal to
constitutional liberty ; what was withheld to be
withheld in defiance of the clearest hereditary ob-
ligations. The demonstration is complete that
everything denied to the Hungarians is a denial of
she solemn treaty on which alone rests the EMPE-
ROR'S claimto the throne of Hungary. He appeals
to the Pragmatic Sanction—to the Pragmatic
Sanction, says M. DEAK, we will go. And its
decision, beyond doubt, is that FRANCIS JOSEPH
can be King of Hungary only by fulfilling the de-
mands which he and his German STRAFFORDS refuse.
They richly deserve STRAFFORD'S end. Selfish
conspirators against the rights of a whole nation—
nothingl is too bad for them.

On the other hand, M. DEAR says, the Diet asks
no concessions. It asks only that the Sovereign
should do his duty as they are willing to do theirs.
They will not surrender the trust handed down to
them by past generations. They are responsible
to their posterity. A nation may suffer many
sufferings and injuries inflicted from without,
but time and occasion may enable it to recover from
them. Rarely can it regain what it has volun-
tarily surrendered. Hungary may suffer, and is
prepared to suffer, but is not prepared to yield. It
will never give up its right to tax itself, to vote its
own military levies and recruits, and to be defended
by its own army. It has never been backward to
lavish its blood and treasure in defence of the So-
vereign's other dominions when attacked, but it
will not place itself in the position to see its
armies and money wasted for purely German
objects. Let Germany look to herself, as
she is well able. Hungary will never send
deputies to a Council of the Empire,
(Reichsrath) nor seknowlege what is done, as legal,
should deputies be procured from her by illegal
means. She will not allow the EMPEROR to pick
and choose among the laws framed by former Diets,
and sanctioned by former Emperors. The joint
authority which made the laws alone can unmake
them. She will never repeal any law till the
deputies from the annexed parts are summoned, and
the Diet thus "integrated," for they were parties to
the enactment and must be to the repeal. Such are
some of the more prominent points and sentiments
of this long address, every line of which is instinct
with the spirit of law and liberty. Its sum is—
though nothing is more respectful than the tone of
it—do your worst ; law, right, and history, make
us a free people; we may be long and lawlessly
oppressed, but we will never bow our own heads to
despotism.

The Address is now before the EMPEROR. It is
useless to expect anything from him and his Mini-
sters. The former has indeed everything to gain,
by frank and unreserved submission, as King of
HUNGARY, to the treaties which give him the
Throne, on condition of fulfilling their terms and
abiding by all the laws sanctioned by his ancestors.
On those terms the Emperor of AUSTRIA need fear
nothing from Russia on the one side,nor France on
the other. But those terms would be as bitter a
humiliation to his German advisers, as they would
be honourable and advantageous to him. Hence
they are blinding the feeble-minded monarch to his
ruin ; and, unless he has the courage to cast himself
on Hungarian advisers in Hungarian matters, many
years may not Elapse before the Emperor of AUS-
TRIA may be but too thankful to settle down as a
German Archduke.

ADELPHI THEATRE.—His Majesty the King of
Sweden will visit the Adelphi Theatre this evening.
THE COM:LT.—To-morrow her Majesty and the
Prince Cboonrnsoerat,nadcepormocpeaendietod
Ibvyindthseor.PriTnhceessitAoyliaclep,
will
leave s
arty
will dine and sleep at Frogmore Lodge on that evening.
On the following day, after luncheon, her Majesty and the
Prince Consort, with the Princess Alice, will return to the
Isle of Wight.
The Duke of Wellington has left Apsley House
for Ireland. The Duchess of Wellington remains in Lon-
don.
The Right Hon. William Cowper, M.P., and
Mrs. Cowper, have left town for Walmer Castle.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer has left Hawar-
den Castle for Penmaenmaur, Conway.
Viscountess Jocelyn and family are passing the
season at Tullamore Park, county Down, Ireland.
Viscount Palmerston arrived in town yesterday
from Osborne. His lordship will leave town to-day or
to-morrow, accompanied by her ladyship, for Walmer
Castle.
The Earl Russell arrived in London yesterday
from a visit to the Queen at Osborne.
The Earl and Countess of Shaftesbury left town
a few days since for Bracket Hall, the seat of Viscount and
Viscountess Palmerston.

IL A ri' E 'T N W

PARIS, AUG. 15.

The Moniteur of this morning announces that,
on account of the National Fete, the Emperor has
either remitted or commuted the punishments of
1,236 prisoners, of different categories, who had
been condemned for civil crimes.

The itoniteur also publishes a numerous list of
appointments to the Legion of Honour, and an-
nounces the arrival and warm reception of the
Emperor at Chalons.

CRACOW, AUG. 15.
An important popular demonstration took place
at Lublin (Russian-Poland) on the 12th inst.
The Military Commander, by the energy, how-
ever, suppressed the conflict without any more
serious consequences than that a certain number of
persons were wounded.

PARIS, AUG. 14.

Prince Metternich has had an audience of the
Emperor, in order to take leave: The Emperor
afterwards set out for Chalons.
General Fanti has arrived in Paris. He will
shortly proceed to Chalons.

TURIN, AUG. 14.
It is reported that General Della Royera will
enter the Cabinet as Minister for War.

MILAN, AUG. 14.
The Perseveranza of to-day has the following

news from Rome :

" Cardinal Andrea, President of the Congrega-
tion of the Index, has tendered his resignation, on
account of having declared Mgr. Liverani's work to
be heretical without the concurrence of the Congre-
gation."

PESTH, AuG. 14.
The following telegram has been received here

from Vienna :
"The Cabinet Council demands that the Hun-
garian Diet should be dissolved, and that an im-
perial manifesto should be addressed to the dif-
ferent peoples of the Austrian empire.
" The Hungarian Ministers violently opposed
the latter proposition."

VIENNA, AUG. 14.

To-day the Emperor received the address of
the Hungarian Diet, to which he replied by a
short speech couched in general terms.
The Emperor's resolution may be expected on
Saturday next.
The dissolution of the Diet appears quite certain.

THE BRAZIL MAILS.

LISBON, AUG. 14.

The Messageries Imperiales steamship Navarre,
with the above mails, arrived here at noon to-day.
At Rio, on the 25th July, exchange on London
was quoted 25/, 251; on Paris, 377, 385.
Coffee, good first, 5,600 to 5,800 milreis per ar-
roba. The shipments of coffee since the last mail
amounted to 84,620 bags, of which 39,100 were
for the Channel. Stock of coffee, 110,000 bags.
Freight, 50s.

BAHIA, JULY 29.

Exchange on London, 251.
Sugar, 2,600 to 2,800 milreis per arroba.
PERNAMBUCO, JULY 31.

The Royal Mail steamer Magdalena, from South-
ampton on the 9th of July, arrived here on the
29th of July.

FRANCE.

BOURSE, August 14.—Sales for realisation have
checked the upward movement of yesterday, and
again brought back prices to what they were on
the day before—Threes, for the Account, being
now at 68f 45a. Railways quiet, but firm.
The following are the last quotations :-
41 per per Cents ... 97 85 Credit Foncier 1295
Do end month.... 97 95 Belgian 4i lOOl
3 per Cents
Do. end month 6B 471, Roman
Bank Shares 2900 —• Austrian
Credit Mobilier.... 733 75 ! Spanish Threes 4B
Do. Account 735 —; Home Debt .. 47k

INDIA.

By the arrival of the overland mail we receive
advices from Calcutta to July 8 ; Madras, July 14.
The creation of the order of knighthood has been
announced in a royal notification, of which the fol-
lowing is the preamble :
Whereas, taking into our royal consideration that it hath
been the custom for princes to distinguish merit, virtue, and
loyalty by public marks of honour, in order that eminent
services may be acknowledged, and to create in others a
laudable emulation, and we, being desirous of affording to
the princes, chiefs, and people of our Indian Empire a
public and signal testimony of our regard by the institution
of an order of knighthood, whereby our resolution to take
upon ourself the government of our territories in India
may be commemorated, and by which we may, at the same
time, be enabled to reward conspicuous merit and loyalty :
Know ye, that we, of our special grace, certain knowledge,
and mere motion, have instituted, erected, constituted, and
created, and by these presents do institute, erect, consti-
tute and create, an Order of Knighthood, to be known by,
and have for ever hereafter the name, style, and designa-
tion of " The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India."

The Order is to consist of the Sovereign, the
Viceroy as Grand Master, and 25 Knights, with
" any princes of the blood royal, being descendants
of his late Majesty George the First," as extra
knights, and any foreign princes as honorary
knights. The seal of the new order is to have en-
graved on it—Azure, a star of five points ; Argent,
impaled with the Royal arms, with this circumscrip-
tion, " The Seal of the Most Exalted Order of the
Star of India." The Grand Master is empowered
to confer the title, degree, and honour of Knight
Bachelor on such persons as the sovereign shall
nominate, and to invest such with the insigaia of
the order. A secretary and registrar are attached
to the order, and statutes will be immediately pub-
lished defining the duties of all the office-bearers,
and the qualifications requisite for knights. It is
said that a majority of the 25 knights will always
be natives, and the honours will be so conferred on
Europeans that at least a third of the English
knights will always be present in India, to give
dignity and eclat to the Order.
The sittings of the Calcutta commission for
arranging the details of the amalgamation of the
armies, suspended for a time on acco•xnt of the
statements by Sir Charles Wood in the House of
Commons, have now finally closed. The members
have drawn up a report on the formation of the
staff corps, which is now before Lord Canning, and
a series of answers to 150 questions started by the
Amalgamation order of April 10, which will autho-
ritatively set all doubts at rest. Meanwhile, the
new staff corps has been formed. But the majority
of Indian officers of twenty years' standing hang
back till the decision as to the amount of pension
bonus to be offered for their retirement is made
known.

As to our prospects of a supply of cotton from
India, the _Friend of India has the following:—
The Imperial Government has not been idle in collecting
from subordinate officials information regarding the pro-
vinces of India best suited for the cultivation of cotton. In
Bengal the result is far from satisfactory. The Board of
Revenue report that in the five divisions of Rajshahye,
Nuddea, Chittagong, Arracan, and Burdwan no cotton
worth mentioning is grown even for local consumption. In
Bhaugulpore, Dacca, Assam, Chote, Nagapore, and Cut-
tack some cotton is grown in the plains for local use, and
from the last two a small quantity is exported to other
parts. The Lieutenant-Governor thinks that a rise of price
would draw from the populated plains and table land an
almost unlimited supply of short staple cotton, but none can
be expected fur export at or about present prices. Palamow
in Chota, Nagpore, Sumbulpore and Ungool in Cuttack,
and the hill country of Chittagong, known of old as the
Cotton Mehals, are the most promising places. But at pre-
sent cetton sells in Calcutta at as high a price as it fetches
in Liverpool, or sd. per lb. The only practical result of the
Bengal inquiry is a promise to construct cart roads from
Chattra to Chumpasum in Palamow, and from Singbhoom
to the railway. The conclusion is the old story—there will
be no cotton till higher prices are offered. But if good
roads saved a penny a pound in the price, would not the
produce be abundant ? Roads, roads, roads should be the
cry of Lancashire, and capital to help in making them
should be liberally poured out. Government acts wisely
in resolving not to interfere with private enterprise, but
has shown equal wisdom in departing from that principle
in the case of the savage Kookees who inhabit the hilly
districts on the frontier of Chittagong. These Kookees
have been notorious of late for their murderous raids intn
our territories ; and from the difficulty we have in entering
their country they have escaped with almost impunity.
The Lieut,-Governor has accordingly been asked to consult
the local officials on the subject of establishing factories in
the Chittagong district for buying, cleaning, and screwing
cotton. The political object is as important as the com-
mercial.

The most hopeful element in the prospect of the supply
of cotton to England is the progress of the railways and of
branches and roads to feed them. Of the latter little can
at present be said, but a most important bill has been intro-
duced into the legislature by Mr. Seton-Karr, the member
for Bengal, " to provide for the construction by companies
and by private persons of branch railways, iron tram-roads,
common roads or canals, as feeders to public railways."