The Sun.
London, England, 1861-07-02 00:00:00

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This morning, at 11 o'clock, the German who has
given the name of August Saltzman, but who is
supposed to be Johann Carl Franz, was charged,
before a bench of magistrates sitting at the Town-
hall, with being concerned in the murder of Martha
Halliday, at the house of the Rev. Samuel Barnard
Taylor, the incumbent of Kingswood, on the night
of Monday, the 10th ult. The magistrates were
Mr. J. C. Sherrard (Chairman), Mr. W. Phillips,
and Mr; J. Hackblock. The proceedings excited
the greatest possible interest, and the Town•hall
was crowded to excess.

PRICE 40. STAMPED, SD.

FRANCE AND ITALY

If the language of diplomacy is still somewhat
pedantic and obscure, it is no longer withdrawn
from the reach of popular criticism. There is no-
thing occult or esoteric about the negotiations now
in progress respecting the temporal dominion of the
Pope, and every one who reads the papers is quite
as well informed as to the merits and prospects of
the Roman question as Cardinal Antonelli himself.
The excessive candour of Victor Emmanuel and his
advisers would be amusing, if it were not quite
serious, and withal in harmony with public opinion.
They talk of the approaching catastrophe of Papal
power, and of their own expectations or rights, as
they now venture to call them, before all Europe,
without the least delicacy or reserve. They do not
pretend to say that anything but the French occu-
pation of Rome prevents their annexing that city
forthwith, and they allude to the future in terms
which can mean nothing but that they expect this
obstacle to be removed on the death of Pius IX., if
not earlier. This was the spirit of all Count Ca-
vour's later speeches and despatches, and is cordially
adopted by Baron Ricasoli. The French Govern-
ment, on their part, by no means discourage these
hopes, but confine themselves to a justification of
their own attitude at Rome, and general expressions
of leXalty to the Pope. In this respect, the letter
of M. Thouvenel, recognising the new Italian King-
dom, is a fit pendant to that in which he declines
the overtures of Spain and Austria. Both these
documents are conciliatory, and represent, with a
measured vagueness which our neighbours call pre-
cision, the double aspect of French policy in Italy.
Both intimate that the honour of France is pledged
to the defence of Rome for the present, and that no
evacuation will take place till " sufficient guaran-
tees" are given for the protection of those interests
which the Emperor is engaged to defend. But nei-
ther defines the nature of those interests or of the
securities referred to, and we can conceive several
ways in which the Imperial conscience might be
satisfied on this score, short of perpetuating the
Pope's sovereignty over Rome and the few suburban
districts now attached to it.

rteheeb,
The prisoner was brought from the station in
custody of Mr. Superintendent Coward, of the
&Rnnhinietseornp,reatterth.
Surrey Constabulary, and upon being placed at the
bar glanced round the hall in a furtive manner, and
then assumed a serious demeanour, which he pre-
served throughout the examination.
Greece,
e ns oclhi c
ti thoart,
hoef Ra
tet
edn- hdi
el ld,
wwiat sh sworne a
na
ts
e request of the Commissioners of
Inspector Whicher, of the London detective force,
informed
Pstoaltiecet,htaot asssiirstninichtheredinßineyiryn,e
ctohpei erso
oomf t hwe h ve
raer iotus se entriesr inw
athe
ebropoek_
aatupeand
andhed h
caused
u wishedsedphottoo-
iie
ton be taken, and fac-similes of other docu-
gttorro
ments prepared, for the purpose of forwarding them
to the authorities at Dresden and other places, with
a view of facilitating inquiries which were being
made respecting the owner of the book, so as to
prove it having belonged to the prisoner. He
begged also to mention a most important fact to
the bench. The prisoner was traced to a lodging-
house in Wentworth-street, Whitechapel, where he
arrived the night after the murder, and on the fol-
lowing day he confided to the care of Mr. Gal-
looney, the proprietor, a checked shirt which an-
swered in every particular the description of that
worn by one of the foreigners seen at Reigate and
in the neighbourhood of Kingswood. The bundle
containing the shirt was bound round with a long
piece of new cord exactly similar to that sold to
one of the foreigners by Mrs. Pitcher, of Reigate,
on the day the crime was committed, and also to
that which was found tied round the hands and
feet of the murdered woman. When apprehended,
the prisoner was searched and various papers were
found upon him. These included the following
letters :

" Sir,—Alone in the world and in a bad position, and
for two days without a piece of bread, andnearly the whole
of the week without a lodging—the blue heavens as a shel-
ter, I find myself in a position with which words I cannot
describe. lam a native of Dresden, and have been these
two months without work, and this is the reason of my hor-
rible position. I hope you will, therefore, have pity on a
fellow-countryman, who, like a lost sheep, travels about,
and shall starve if some kind-hearted friends do not take
pity on me.—With my respects,
" AUGUST SALTZMAN."

The pertinacity with which M. Thouvenel insists
in the newly-invented doctrine of non-intervention,
and the gravity with which he throws on the Italian
Government the whole responsibility of past and
future aggressions, is calculated to provoke a smile.
Yet it is only one out of many instances of the con-
fusion of names and ideas which Thucydides men-
tions as a characteristic of revolutions, and which
we now know to be inseparable from a movement
so complicated as the Italian. To intervene up to a
certain point—that of driving a rival from a terri-
tory so long the darling object of French and Ger-
man ambition—and to proclaim the freedom of Italy
from the Alps to the Adriatic, and then to stop
short and warn the Italians in a lofty, but equivocal
tone, against carrying out the rest of the programme
is certainly not non-intervention, whatever other
title it may merit. Nor can the presence of a
French force at Rome for the avowed purpose of
propping up a Government which must otherwise
fall to pieces be easily reconciled with this prin-
ciple. In short, non-intervention in the French
sense is quite a different policy from that which
Great Britain has steadily maintained towards
Italy. We abstained, however reluctantly, from all
attempts to disturb the status quo when Austria
was in the ascendant, and we now abstain, much
more willingly, from interference with the rising
liberties of Italy. The French have claimed
throughout two incompatible things—the right to
intervene at discretion, and the benefit as well as
the credit of consistent non-intervention- Ever
since her Ambassador, acting without instructions,
undertook the protection of the Pope, France has
been placed in a false position in Italy, and the
suppression of the Roman Republic by the arms of
Republican France was the earliest step in that
grand political error which has led to the con-
querors of Magenta and Solferino being emp:oyed
as the garrison of Rome.
If, however, we consider the relations of France
with Italy without reference to the past, or
the motives which may have actuated the Em-
peror when Italy was still a " geographical
expression" and the highest idea of Italian
unity was " unification" under a Confederacy
of Princes subject to foreign influence, we ought
not to judge his conduct too harshly. As neutrals
from the first, we can hardly appreciate the diffi-
culty of deserting an ally whose misfortunes com-
mand the sympathy and excite the indignation of
half Christendom in this his extremity. As Con-
stitutionalists, we cannot measure the value of that
secret and perhaps venal support which a despotic
Administration may receive from a despotic
hierarchy, and the danger of alienating the Galli-
can Church from the Empire. As English Pro-
testants, we cannot enter into the feelings with
which Catholics would regard the loss of that
dominion which history and reason may prove to
be separable from spiritual supremacy, but which,
as they know but too well, has grown to be a vital
part of their system. It is in vain that Baron
Ricasoli assures the Emperor that in " restoring
to Italy her glorious capital" he is determined to
"leave unimpaired the grandeur of the Church and
the independence of the august Head of the Catho-
lic religion." The "independence" here promised
is not what the Emperor wants; it would leave the
Pope more open to Italian prejudices and less
subservient to the Eldest Son of the Church, and
meanwhile the glory of the Papny would have de-
parted. When the patrimony of St. Peter shall
have been secularised, when the whole chain of
genuine and fictitious title deeds by which the
Patriarch of Rome became the greatest of earthly
potentates shall have been cancelled, when the
work of the Gregories and the Innocents shall have
been undone, and the Court of Rome shall have been
reduced to episcopal proportions,can any one doubt
that its prestige will be weakened, and that the
faith of many will wax cold ? When there is no
longer a French, an Austrian, and a Spanish party
at Rome, but the Pope is surrounded by patriotic
Italians, when the intrigues of the Conclave
are exposed to the scrutiny of a national Parlia-
ment and a free press, when commerce and educa-
tion teach the lower classes to despise as well
as to hate priestly tyranny, it is possible that the
thunders of the Vatican will lose none of their
effect on Italy and, through Italy, on Europe ?
Even if he has relinquished all selfish objects in
the occupation of Rome, the Emperor is too cau-
tious a man not to pause before he ventures on
such an experiment.
The present condition of the Papacy, and the free-
dom with which its destiny as a temporal Power

"My dear Sir,—l hope you will forgive the liberty I
take by addressing these few lines to you. lam a poor
workman from Shandau, in Saxony, and have been one
month in London, but in such a position, words are too
poor to describe. For some days I have been without food,
and the blue heavens for my lodgings. I beg of you for a
small donation, and may the Lord Almighty return it the
thousand fold to you.—l remain, most respectfully,

" AUGUST SALTZMAN."
Both these letters were written in the German
language, and neitherof them contained an address.
Among the papers found in the room where the
murder was committed was a similar begging letter
addressed to Mademoiselle Tietjens, and it would
also be remembered one entry in the official book,
accidentally dropped by the murderers, stated that
the owner was a native of Shandau, in Saxony, the
same place to which reference was made in the second
letter made public.
William Halliday (deceased's husband) was the
first witness examined.

Prisoner (upon being asked through the interpre-
ter whether he wished to ask the witness any ques-
tions) said,—l know lam charged with murder,
but I don't know of whom.

The Clerk.—You are charged with being con-
cerned in the murder of Mrs. Halliday. Do you
wish to ask any question of this witness ?
Prisoner.—l know nothing at all about it ; and
therefore why should I have any questions to put
to this man ?

Mr. William Bankford, the parish constable, and
a grocer of Chipstead, was nest sworn.—He stated
that he was in the Cricketers Inn, opposite the
Reigate police station, on Monday the 10th ult.
The prisoner and another foreigner was there. They
appeared to be in company, and when they spoke
together they conversed in a foreign language.
One of them left. The prisoner remained, and
witness was with him for about an hour, and could
not be mistaken as to his being the person.
The Clerk.—You are positive this is the man you
saw at the publichouse P
Witness.—Quite positiv.%
The Chairman.—Let the prisoner turn round.
Now, witness, are you still certain that the prisoner
is the man?

Witness.—" Yes, Sir ; quite certain." Witness
proceeded to say that he was called upon to go up
to London, and see if he could identify the pri-
soner in Newgate ; and although he (prisoner) was
placed among 12 or 14 other persons, he had no
difficulty in pointing him out immediately.
This evidence, like the preceding, was translated
to the prisoner, who was asked whether he wished
to put any questions to the witness.

Prisoner.L.l don't know that I have any ques-
`ions to put, for I don't know whether I was ever
.n Reigate before in my life. _

Mr. Superintendent Coward was the remaining
witness. He stated that he had apprehended the
prisoner upon a warrant signed by Mr. W. Street.
Although he had given the name of Augustus
Saltzman, he had every reason to believe his right
name was Johann Carl Franz, that he was the
owner of the book found in the room where the
murder took place, and that he was concerned in
the committal of the crime.

Mr. Coward then produced the book.
It was noticed that the prisoner at once became
exceedingly pale, and after looking at the book
hung down his heaa, and apparently remained
absorbed in thought for several minutes.
The usual questions having been put as to
whether he desired to cross-examine witness,
Prisoner (through the interpreter) said —I should
like to know from what reason he thinks I ought
to be the possessor of that book.
He was told that the description in the book
strongly favoured that impression, because he re-
sembled the person therein described.

Prisoner.—lt has not any reference to me; and
among so many Germans about here I think it
very possible one German may be very like
another,

The Chairman.—Do you wish to ask any more
questions?

Prisoner.—No, no more.

Mr. Superintendent Coward then applied for a
remand. Ho said he had every reason to believe
that by the next examination he should be in pos-
session of important information which would
establish the identity of the prisoner as the owner
of the book.
The Bench then consulted together, and
The Chairman said—This is a most important
case, and we think it highly desirable that the re-
mand asked for should be granted.
number
The prisoner was then remanded, and a
of persons hastened to the doors of the hall to gaze
upon him as he was conveyed back to prison-

is discussed by the Cabinets of France and Italy, is
a striking sign of the times. It shows that the
most venerable of earthly dynasties must in these
days give a reason for its existence, and submit to
be judged by the standard of public utility. The
Pope has at least as good a title to the States of
the Church as the Sultan can show to his European
territories, and the government of priests can
hardly be worse than the government of Pashas.
Yet it seems probable that the Ottoman Empire
will survive the Papal sovereignty. The reason is
that the one is recognised as a political necessity,
while the other is found to be an obstacle to an
object which the most enlightened nations of
Europe have at heart. Nor can it fairly be said
that the last successors of St. Peter have sacrificed
the powers delegated to them by their own un-
worthiness or infatuation. The present Pope is,
perhaps, as enlightened as a monk can be. It is
not his personal inferiority to others who have worn
the tiara in perilous times, but the unchangeable
nature of the Papal despotism—the boasted in-
flexibility of the system—that will prove its ruin.
s
The arts that suffice to impose on earlier_m
genera-
tions, all
the subtle statecraft that put to h
the finesse of secular diplomacy, the condescension
sacension
and liberality that were once a successful
substi-
tute for freedom and justice, have lost their efficacy.
The scandals of the modern Court of Rome are as
nothing beside those to be found in the pages of
Gibbon ; the indignities from which Napoleon HI.
has saved Pius IX. are trifling compared with
_
those offered by Napoleon to one of his pre-
decessors, or by Philip the Fair to Boniface VIII, ;
the late misrule of the Papal States, by men
who have no children," has probably not been a
whit greater than it was when Philip de
Comines pronounced "the territory of the Church
one of the best habitations for the subject in
the world . . . for the Popes are always
"wise, and have good counsel about them." Yet the
temporal dominion of the Papacy is doomed, and
the prophecy of its downfall, once embraced by
Europe, is struggling with terrible rapidity and
regularity to fulfil itself. Superstition is more than
a match for force, but it is no match for intelligence
and liberty. The ideas which came into being in
the sixteenth century have proved too strong for
tradition ; ecclesiastical statesmanship has been
fairly worsted by modern civilisation, and jesuitry,
as applied to the government of a people in the
nineteenth century, has at length been weighed in
tne:,balance and found wanting,-2"iniee.

IRON-CASED SHIPS.—The following return has
just been made to Parliament respecting iron-cased ships
as to date of contract, time of completion, and penalties :
Warrior—Builders, Thames Shipbuilding Company; date
1860 ; time fixed
completed and ready
of contract, Sept. 13, 1859; time fixed for launching, April
for completion,
1860 ; dat e whenjuly
Ilar
lsm
ehed(„tobe
Dec.. 29
for sea, except mastings, and portable cabin furniture) ;
Oct. 10, 1860 . Oct.
probable time of completion, July, 1861; penalty for non-
completion within contract time, Z 50,000. Black Prince
Builders, Messrs. Napier and Sons ; date of contract,
fixedb.
27, 1861;
118a6u1n;eltiiimnge,
fixed for ' ' date
completion,
Oct. 10, 1860, except as regards such works '
w6'helnBsl9aun; launched, Fe
as cannot be
finished before the engines are put on hoard, which are to
be done while the engines arc being fixed ; probable time
of completion, August, 1861,
within contract time, £50,000. Rpenalty for non-completion
esistance—Builders, Messrs.
Westwood, Baillie, and co
1859; time fixed for launch: ; date of contract, Dec. 14,
mg, Dec. 14, 1860; date when
launched, April 11, 1861; time fixed for completion, Dec.
14, 1860, except as regards such works
which are to b
rks ascannot b e finished
before the engines are put on b
while the engines are being fixed r ;
probable
time of be done
done
com-
pletion, October, 1861; penalty for non-completion within
i ontract time, £40,000. Defence—Builders, Messrs. Palmer
t
: Brothers ; date of contract, Dee. 14, 1859 ; time fixed for
launching, March 14, 1861; date when launched, April 24,
1861; time fixed for completion, March 14, 1861, except as
regards such works as cannot be finished before the engines
are put on board, which are to be done while the engines
are being fixed ; probable time of completion, end of July,
contract time,
£40,000.
penalty for non-completion within • ,
440,000.
The workman who was injured by a fall from the
rope up which he was climbing a few days back at the
Crystal Palace has been discharged from the hospital.

The flowers in Covent-garden surpass those of every other
country, for the reason that every improvement in their cul-
ture is instantly adopted. From the same cause Herring's
magnetic brushes and combs surpass every other means for
restoring grey hair to its original colour, and curing the most
inveterate cases of neuralgia and nervous headache. They
do this with almost undeviating certainty. N.B.—Counter-
feits are being made. Offices, 32, Buil:101414U eet, 1,944034