The Sun.
London, England, 1859-11-02 00:00:00

Kong so immediately after my arrival as to draw
on myself the censure of one of the Hong Kong
journals. The Chinese had themselves forced us
into our present position, their commissioners at
Shanghai having insisted upon my waiting for the
English and French Ministers and coming with
them. In consequence of this we had been inces-
santly receiving from them acts of courtesy and
kindness. Now, should they be successful, we should
profit by their success. In opening the road to Pekin
to their own Ministers they would also open it to
us. In view of all these reasons I could not hesitate
to say to Commodore Tatnall that while we had no
right to fire a gun in their defence, or to give them
a man to aid in the attack, we ought to render the
required assistance to relieve the Admiral from his
position, and that accordingly his desire to tow up
the boats received not only my assent, but my un-
qualified approbation, and was, indeed, in strict
accordance with my wishes. He then insisted that
I should leave the steamer with my suite and goon
board one of the junks, as he said a vessel towing
up the English reinforcements was no place for the
American Minister, -when the British and French
Ministers were ten miles off. Feeling the delicacy
of my situation, and that there was force in what
he said, I yielded reluctantly to his wishes and went
to the lank, but I could not long remain there, for
while I felt that the most dignified position for me
would have been on board the Powhattan, the Toey-
wan was my present home. By ae.. accident the battle
had been commenced while I was in her and over the
bar, and she was going into danger with my fall as-
sent. I therefore determined to return to h er, and
availed myself of the first opportunity to do so,
which was in the gig of Capt. Willes, one of the
English officers. My brother and Messrs. Heard
and Learsman, of my suite, returned with me.
think the Commodore thought me wrong a.s Mini-
ster, but was glad to have me on board with hi.m.
At all events it made me share the responstbility
with him, which I was more than anxious to do ;
and while it may be said that strict neutrality was
his duty, he did more that day to illustrate the
gallantry of the American navy in the eyes of the
world than 20 successful engagements would have
done. As soon as he heard of the Admiral's posi-
tion he went in his open barge, through one of the
hottest fires that fell from the forts, alongside of
the Admiral's ship, which was and had been the
target of all the forts—not to assist him in the fight
—not to win glory by victory—but to give his
sympathy to a wounded brother officer, whom he
saw about to suffer a most mortifying and unex-
pected defeat. I regret to say that his coxswain
was killed by his side, just as he reached the Ad-
miral's vessel, by a ball that struck the boat with
so much force as to throw him and Lient.Trenchard
out of their seats. For a little while the lieutenant
was stuncei, but neither of them were hurt. "
Between 6 and 7 p.m., the Commodore having,
rendered all the assistance in his power, the Toey-
wan came to an anchor between the French gunboat
and the Coromandel. There the shot flew thick
and fast ; and, finding ourselves directly in the line
of the fire, the Commodore ordered the position of
the steamer to be changed, and we moved about 100
yards, after having been there about two hours,
during which time a ball passed under the awning,
between it and the deck, within five feet of the spot
where Capt. Pearson and I were standing, watch-
ing the landing of the troops for the attack.
"This was the most terrific sight of the whole
battle. As the boats approached, the forts and
all the water batteries opened a most deadly
fire, and we could see the men fall in the
boats. They moved steadily on to the landing-place,
where, as they touched the shore, the fire again
opened upon them, and the poor fellows were seen
to fall in crowds. It is estimated that, of the 600
composing the storming party, 100 at least had
fallen before they reached the shore. There the most
terrible fate awaited the survivors. Landing, at the
approach of night, upon a shore of which they were
entirely ignorant, at low water, but with a fast-
rising tide, they soon found that they were separated
from the forts—first by mud and water waist deep,
second, by a ditch filled with water, which no man
could cross without swimming ; and, third, by
another ditch filled with sharp iron spikes. The 500
survivors saw there was no safety but in retreat.
One of the officers told me that by the time they
had crossed the first ditch there was not a weapon
that would fire, so wet had become their ammuni-
tion. Their retreat was as fatal as their landing.
The Chinese sent up fire-rockets, and by their light
shot down the men, who could not return the fire.
About 11 o'clock p.m., the survivors, with such of
their wounded companions as they could assist, began
returning to the ships. F. om that time till daylight
officers and men were coming on board the Toey-
wan, where they were furnished with refreshments
and provided with a resting-place. As you may ima-
gine, we did not sleep much that night. When the
day dawned the portion of the squadron engaged in
the fight was a perfect wreck. Random shots had
been kept up during the night, and many of them
had taken effect. Less than half of the land force
had escaped unhurt. It is estimated that 300 of
them had been killed. On board the ships eight
officers had been killed and 23 wounded. The num-
ber of the men has not yet been ascertained. All the
vessels were more or less disabled, and three of the
gunboats—the Lee, the Plover, and the Kestrel—
were entirely destroyed. The Cormorant, the tender
?f the flagship, was found to be so disabled that it was
impossible to remove:,her. Commodore Tatnall
visited the Admiral in the morning and tendered
his services to do all in his power for the wounded,
or to assist him with his disabled vessels. They
requested that he would take the wounded
men over the bar to the vessels lying outside,
About half-past nine o'clock, as many as could be
placed in two large launches were brought to the
stern of our steamer, and we towed them out, tak-
ing these sad mementos, with the first tidings of
the fight, to the French and English Ministers. The
Admiral, though severely wounded, still remains
about the forts, attempting to destroy the four ves-
sels that could not be removed, to prevent their fall-
ing into the hands of the Chinese. I have no doubt
he will succeed, though the forts have been inces-
santly firing upon them. It is now Thursday, and
the firing still continues.
" As soon as the first gun was fired I felt that, if
the English were unsuccessful, I could have little
hope of further negociation with the Chinese; yet,
as I would do everything in my power for the fulfil-
ment of my mission, I determined to make the effort,
and as soon as possible I sent a letter to the Gover-
nor-General of this province, who was said to be
somewhere on the coast about 10 miles from the
forts. Yesterday I despatched. my brother, with the
interpreters, in search of the place and the man.
They left this anchorage in the Toey-wan about 11
a.m., carrying my letter, in which I informed the
Governor-General that I was here under the treaty,
and by the invitation of the commissioners at Shang-
hai ; that I was charged with an autograph letter
from the President of the United States to his Ma-
jesty the Emperor, and asked him to provide me
with the means of conveyance to Pekin. The Toey-
wan returned at eight p.m.; and my brother tells
me that after going north-west along the coast,
about 10 miles from this anchorage, they discovered
aninlet near a village which was strongly fortified.
The To ey-wan could not approach nearer than four
miles, in consequence of the shallowness of the water.
My brother, Mr. Martin, the interpreter, and Mr.
Merchant, a midshipman, went ashore in the boat
of. the Toey-wan. At the approach of the boat the
villagers began to fly. They succeeded, however,
in holding communication with two of the Chinese,
who stated that the Governor-General had gone
over to the forts at the mouth of the Pciho, and said
they would deliver, the letter to him. These
men said they had never heard of the United
States of America, and warned the party that they
had better return to their boat, as a large body of
cavalry had been sent for, who were Tartar soldiers,
and -recognised no distinction among foreign bar-
barians. While they were conversing with the
Chinese a large body of cavalry, well mounted, ac-
tually appeared in sight, rapidly advancing towards
them, and, as they returned to their boat, followed
them to the water's edge."

(Fro;n the Times.)
A quasi private letter from Mr. Ward, containing
his account of the Battle of Taku, has been printed
by the New York Times, and completes the Ameri-
can history of the ill-starred operations at the Peale.
Commodore Tatnall's despatchcontainel the details
of the engagement as they appeared to an intelli-
gent seaman, who, although watching with strong •
interest the course of the struggle, was yet, while
the victory was doubtful, but a spectator of the
contest. Mr. Ward's less official, but not less care-
fully prepared account, adds some few touches to
what was already a strikinr, picture, and especially
elucidates the policy which prompts the diplomacy
of the United States iu their dealings with
.China.
At this distance, and in the absence of perfect
knowledge as to the appearance of the Peih3 upon
this second occasion, we cannot safely criticise the
operations as we read. We may wonder to see that
the removal of the booms and chains, partially suc-
cessful at night, was not nightly persevered with.
We may feel surprise to see an attack in shallow
waters made during a strong ebb tide, and to find a
landing attempted at low water and upon a muddy
shore at closing day ; but we are without the means
of judging at present to what extent these disad- 1
vantages were forced upon the Admiral by other
circumstances. Neither the Commodore's despatch
nor the Ambassador's letter contains any hint of an
opinion that the Admiral's dispositions were injudi-
cious ; nor is it to condemn Admiral Hope, whose
heroism was so conspicuous, that we recall what
happened upon a former occasion. Then the same
Cormorant despatch-boat, which was sunk by these
he front of the same
Chinoe:guns, steamed_ along t

forts, delivering her fire without the loss of a man,
and the Nimrod, under Captain Dew, following
more deliberately, silenced each fort as she passed ;
then Captains Sherard Osborn and Sir Frederick
Nicholson, landing with a handful of blue-jackets
and marines, put to flight a large encamped army
which had been drawn up to support the forts,
and the victory was gained with so little loss
that the English public rather despised it as a too
facile success. There is a considerable difference
between that almost forgotten operation and this
the history of which is now before us, and the re-
sults whereof are so bitter to our pride.
[ We contrast the two events; not for the sake of
the past, but for the sake of the future. That me-
lancholy list of victims which gave mournful inte-
rest to our columns of yesterday must be still
present to every English mind, and it will be long
before the impression it made fades away. There is
evidently a great change in the character and
audacity of our enemy. Some men who know
China will attribute this to the habit which has
grown up during the recent war of allowing the
Chinese to escape without any loss. During the
war of 1842 a victory was a great slaughter, and
the lessons learnt at Amoy and at the mouth of the
Shanghai River were long remembered with good
effect in those localities. Latterly war with the bar-
barians has lost its terrors, for the Chinese have
been allowed to fire from their open forts until
the place was stormed, and then to run away in
peace. That Mongol army which has sunk our
ships and killed our sailors might have been all cut
off in the same place last year, but was allowed to
march away without a shot being sent among them.
Our merciful way of pinking war has encouraged
the Chinese Emperor to think there was no risk to
hiniin trying the chance of arms once more. If
hewere successful, good. If fortune were again
contrary, the English, he might well believe, would
be too satisfied with their success, to be unappeas-
able in respect of the " mistake" which caused them
to be fired upon. Another theory has been that
the Russians have taught the Chinese how to for-
tify and defend fortifications. This is quite in
accordance with the interests of Russia ; it is con-
sistent with the assertion of the Chinese during the
negotiations, that the Russians had promised the
Chinese Commissioners to teach them how to make
the Peiho impassable to Europeans ; and it accords
with the altered appearance of the forts, which
upon this occasion had all the appliances of
slanted embrasures, mantlets, and spare guns,
such as we were accustomed to meet with at
Sebastopol. Perhaps both the reasons we have
repeated !ray have had their influence ; but that
there is any material difference between the men by
whom we have been repulsed and the men whom
we have so often put to flight we do not believe.
These are the same Tartars who cannst put down
the rebellion, and who daily with a faction by who ai
no man or woman or child of Tartar race is ever
spared. They havt grown to trust to our mercy as
a habit or a principle which will live against any
provocation ; they have felt secure behind their
mantlets ; and they have laid their guns accurately
for the exact spot where they expected us to attack.
This, added to the fact that for the first time we
have justified the expectations of the Chinese as to
the mode and point of attack, will account both for
the resistance and for its success.
Mr. Ward has since the date of the 30th of .Tune
succeeded in reaching Pekin; but we doubt
whether Mr. Ward will look upon his journey to
Pekin as a success. Judging him by his conduct
and his letters, he must be a man of too much spirit
and independence to digest with comfort the petty
indignities of which he has been made the object,
and, as he was not allowed to see the Emperor, he
might just as well have exchanged his ratifications
at Shanghai, as he very sensibly offered to do, as to
receive them from the same hands at Pehkang. At
'Pekin he was reproached by some of the Mandarins
for the assistance he gave the English at Taku, and
the Chinese impression seems to have been that the
Americans formed the landing party which was so
terribly cut up. It -is said, also, that both Mr.
Ward and hisCosamodore have received an intimation
from their Government that his towing our boats
up was an act rather to be excused than justified.
Mr. Ward,- however, seems to have felt that after
the conduct of the Chinese Commissioners at,
Shanghai he could hardly consider himself as repre-
senting a neutral Power. So long as the treaties with
England and France remained unratified he could
not, indeed, stand upon the right which these
treaties give to proceed unmolested through the em-
pire, or to claim a passage to Pekin and a residence
there ; but his right to travel by the accustomed
way—by the way which his predecessor had used
in order to negotiate the treaty of which he was
now the bearer—to Pekin was unquestionable ; and
when the Commissioners compelled him to remain
until a time beyond the period fixed, and attempted
to amuse him by flimsy pretences, he was by their
act thrown back upon the other civilised Powers,
and driven into a companionship which almost in-
volved the obligations of an alliance. Mr. Ward
very reasonably doubted whether—considering that
he had been thus forced by the Chinese into his pre-
sent position, and considering, also, that if the ope-
rations which were now failing before his eyes had
been successful he would have profitedby their suc-
cess—the Americans would be regarded strictly as
neutrals. Whether the Commodore be correct in his
recollection when he says that the English officer
who came on board his ship spoke not of aid, and
expressed his hope only by an anxious glance at the
boats, the Admiral, and the steam power of the
Toeywan ; or whether Mr. Ward is more accurate
in believing that the aid of the steam power to tow
the boats was actually asked, is not of much impor-
tance. The aid was wanted and it was given—not,
we will insist upon believing, in accordance with any
deliberate reasoning upon points of international
law, but because the United States' Ambassador and
the United States' Commodore saw the English
being slaughtered by enemies whom they could not
get at, and because they felt at that moment, in the
words which some of the American officers are said
to have used, " that blood is thicker than water."
Out of this disaster let us pluck what satisfaction
we can. The reverse will soon be retrieved with
sufficient eclat. If there be any virtue in our new
rifled cannon we shall shell these barbarians out of
their nests without giving them a chance of any
similar success in the future ; and, if the French are
with us in equal force and with their modern wea-
pons, they at least will not fight this fight with padded
gloves. But whether the French are resolved to go
with us in strength or not, we must not delay. If we
are at the landing-place by March we can do the work
well in one year; if we are later than April we are
almost certain to take two years about the busi-
ness, and to double our risks and our expenses.
We hope that no desire of French co-operation
will induce us to carry our politeness to so expen-
sive an extent as to wait for them. If they should
not be ready to go with us, we can divide the task
with them and meet them at Pekin, or expect them
at Tientsin. Perhaps, also, we may meet the Ame-
ricans out there. If private American letters from
China speak truth—if Mr. Ward was, with studied
intent to ridicule him, drawn 0 Pekin by a mule
and a donkey, tandem fashion—if his complaints of
the incivility of his Chinese attendants were re-
jected with impertinence—if his request for horses
was directly refused, and if his ratified treaty is
found to be destitute of the only useful stipulation
the draught contained—that is to say, the regula-
tions for trade and tariffs—then we conceive that
the Americans may by this time have concluded
that their humility has not answered. We, how-
ever, want no help. We would rather do this act
of justice to our massacred countrymen ourselves.
But the conduct of Mr. Ward and Commodore Tat-
nail during the day of disaster comes home to us all.
When that act of perfidy has been punished and
forgotten, NA' e hope that the friendly feelings and
cordial companionship which united Englishmen
and Americans in the waters of China, end the na-
tural sympathies which burstlorth at that moment
of disaster, may be remembered. Whether the
people of the United States choose to believe it, or
choose to acknowledge it, or not, there is al .vet's on
this side of the Atlantic a strong kin•l:ke feeling
towards the people of our own blood who dwell on
the other side. We are jealous of their affection, and
hurt when we find their sympathies turned from us,
perhaps to be lavished upon despots with whom
they have nothing in common, and barbarians who
have one word of scorn for them and for us. We
are irritated also when they are querulous and
quarrelsome and tetchy with us, and when, having
abundance of gentlemen to choose from, they set
the most ill-bred swaggering adventurer they can
find to insult us and wrong us. But we are never
happier as a nation in our relations with the Ame-
rican people than upon those rare occasions when
we are going cordially together, never better pleased
than when we have some act of courtesy, or, still
better, some act of kindness, to thank them for, as
in this affair of the Peiho.

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A FIRST VIEW OF YEDDO:

(From the Correspondent of the Daily Kews.)
KANAGAWA, PORT OF YEDDO, JULY 20.
My previous letter will have given you not only
a passing review of our relations in China up to
the time of Mr. Bruce's departure, with the squa-
dron for the Peihe, now some two months ago
nearly, but also a cursory glance at the past and
present of Japtn, a country with which Western
nations have begun to renew their intercourse,
after an interruption all but absolute of two cen-
turies. "Ily first impressions of Japanese life and
manners'l sent yOA from Nagasaki ; and I now re-
sume the thread of my story, after having seen
great part of Yeddo, the capital of the Tycoon, or
sovereign-de facto; while the Mikado (miscalled
the " spiritual emperor" by certain European
writers on Japan) is the only sovereign de jur© re-
cognised still by the Japanese. True, the Dairi or
Mikados have been shorn of much of their power
since Yoritomo, in 1143, profiting by civil commo-
lions among the princes of the land, and armed
with power as Generalissimo to humble these tur-
bulent chief's, only suppressed the troubles to arro-
gate to himself greater part of the sovereign power,
under the. title given by a grateful master of
Ziogan. Another Pepin d'l-T ristal and Mayor of
thePelaee, he did not care to dethrone the descen-
dant of an illustrious line of emperors, and was
=tent with holding the reins, and transmitting
the same privilege to his descendants, And so tho
power continaed divided in great degree, the sha-
dow from the substance, until later, towards the
close of the sixteenth century, a peasant's son and
favourite attendant of the actual Generalissimo
raised' himself by great abilities to the seat of
power, on his master's death, and stripped the
reigning Mikado of the last remnants of secu-
lar power. Since that time the successive Emperors,
or Mikados, are brought into the world, and live and
die within the precincts of their court at Miaco—
the boundaries of which he never exceeds during
his whole life. Is it possible to conceive a less de-
sirable destiny ? But the Ziogans, or Tycoons as
they are now called, have long been undergoing a
somewhat analogous process, under which all sub-
stantial power is being transferred from them to the
principal Dami or princes, who form a great coun-
cil of state, and whose nominee the Tycoon himself
has become, as well as all his chief ministers or coun-
cillors. They claim the right of dethroning or dis-
placing both Tycoon and ministers, and a voice
potential in all affairs of state. For legislative
changes even the almost forgotten Mikado must
give his consent—never of course refused when any
unanimity prevails. But when the treaty with
America was concluded, of which I shall have more
to tell you by-and-bye, many things took place
highly illustrative of the times and the men in
Japan. A large party among the vassal princes and
chief Dami were vehemently opposed to any depar-
ture from the long maintained system of exclusion
and isolation, and hostile to all measures tending to
any change. This party enjoys the soubriquet among
the more advanced or progressive of their own coun-
trymen of "toads in the well," because they can only
see immediately over their heads and what is under
their nose. The result of their activity was a great
commotion,threatening a revolution and the lives of
the ministers, who were instantly disgraced, and,
although their successors have had to sign many
treaties since, they still continue under a cloud with
their secretaries, interpreters, and everybody con-
nected with their ministry. The hostile party to
foreigners is still in office, therefore, which does not
tend to make things more pleasant for European
prospects or diplomatic agents.
But to return to the feudal reproduction, in this
isolated and far eastern land, of forms of govern-
ment and types of men and things, of which the last
trace has nearly passed away now from the soil of
Europe, where they once flourished ; it is curious to
note the coincidence sometimes carried into points of
detail. Whoever wishes to study in the life phases
of the feudal state which only existed in the Western
world in the sixth century, or an oligarchy such as
Venice produced in the middle ages, need only come
to Japan. The Mikado of the day is the exact type
of the last descendant of Clovis, sitting sad and
solitary, effeminate and degenerate, doomed only
to wield "a barren sceptre" and sigh away a
burdensome and useless existence of mock pagean-
try ; never permitted to pass the gates of his prison
palace. It is related that some years ago one of
those fearful and all-devouring fires for which the
great imperial cities of Miaco, Osaca, and Yeddo
enjoy a most unenviable reputation, drove the in-
mates even of the Dairi out of the sacred precincts,
the only choice being that of the celebrated King
of Aragon, of moving or being burned alive. Rigid
as the etiquette of the Dairi is held,to be, it appears
that it melted before the fire of a vast city in flames ;
and his sacred majesty after escaping to one temple
in the environs had to flee to a second, and on his
way to cast himself from his bullock car and take
to his feet under penalty of being burned after all.
One cannot help feeling that in all probability this
escape, with all the change, movement; and excite-
ment, must have formed by far the pleasantest, if
not the only, hours of life he knew throughout his
whole existence. How his august person, too
sacred to be exposed to the vulgar gaze of his sub-
jects, was restored to its pristine sanctity after that
midnight rush and long tramp along the dusty
roads, Japanese writers have, not told us.
This double machinery of a titular sovereign who
only Aigns, and a lieutenant of the empire who
only governs and does not reign, from generation
to generation, is certainly something very curious;
and by long continuance it seems to have led to a
duplicate system such as never existed in any other
part of the world, carried out to the very minutiae
of existence. Every office is doubled, every man is
alternately a watcher and wiatched—not only the
whole administrative maehinbry is in duplicate, but
the most elaborate system of check and counter-
check on the most approved Machiavellian principle
is here developed, with a minuteness and perfection
as regards details difficult at first to realise. An
interpreter engaged to come at a certain hour to
see me. He was late, and when reproached, said
quietly in Dutch, " that he could not come without
his shadow," by which he described his double—in
other words, his spy or watcher ! As upon all this
is grafted a system of more than Oriental mendacity,
one feels launched into a world of shadows
and make-believes, hard to grapple with in the
practical business of life. Of their mendacity,
and e iews of it, I heard an amusing illustration
the other day. One of these official gentry, upon
a particular occasion, having been found in deli-
berate contradiction with himself by a foreign
minister, was asked, somewhat abruptly perhaps,
how he could reconcile it to his conscience to utter
such palpable untruths ? With perfect calm-
ness and self-possession he replied, " I told you last
month that such and such a thing had been done,
and now I tell you the thing has not been done at
all. lam an officer whose business it is to carry
out the instructions I receive, and to say what I am
told to say. I have nothing to do 'with its truth
or falsehood." This must be pleasant hearing to
those whose business chiefly lies with officials ; but
perhaps the chief difference in the manners and cus-
toms of officials and diplomatists at the two extre-
mities of the great Continent may be after all more
in forms than in things. In Europe official un-
truths are. also told now and then or sstematically ;
and unblushingly enough too; but it.is not consi-
dered right to avow the fact with the same synical
indifference to what may be thought of either the
act or the avowal. If practised politicians and
diplomatists ever blush in the western world it is
at being found out—not at the consciousness of
having tried to deceive. And this, by the way, is
very much the case in China. A Chinese lies habi-
tually, and I believe more naturally than he speaks
the truth under any circumstances ; but I have
seen him colour and look confused when convicted
in the act, at his own stupidity or clumsiness no
doubt. But it would seem, by a great many illus-
trative anecdotes and some practical examples be-
fore my eyes since I entered the country, that the
Japanese is a Stoic, signally above a sense of shame,
whether deception or detection is the result of his
labours.
But to return to the Tycoon and the government
of the early middle ages, with its suzerain and feuda-
tory fiefs, and a phantom king, with hereditary
mayors of the palace, and chiefs with 10,000 re-
tainers, 'each holding himself as goad as the Tycoon,
who always seems to live in dread of open revolt or
secret assassination—a pleasant state of being. Each
of these territorial potentates or great Damios is
absolutely independent of the Tycoon when within
his.own territory, with powcc of life and death
over all his subjects and dependents. An imperial
passport will not secure an intruder's life, and each
is capable of giving the answer Hugh Capet pro-
voked by reminding a disobedient vassal of his duties
and asking " who make him count ?" " Who made
you King ?" was the proud reply ; and therefore, to
keep such bold and independent lords in some sub-
jection, the Tycoon insists on their spending six
months of every year in his capital at Yeddo, where
they arc under his jurisdiction (though limited even
when within his moated city) ; and when they re-
turn to their territories lie keeps their wives and
children hostages. Thus it seems a fart her pleasant
state of mutual love and confidence must be perpe-
tuated between the rival powers—hereditary Tycoon
and hereditary feudal chiefs and princes. And thus
is explained the enormous extent of the official
quarters of the city within a double enceinte of
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oee
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those which are e