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,1 a
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In a Bull-fight in America for upwards of one hue- to the non-medical reader. We trust that this may not be the Caledonian l9B 198
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Last week but one of the Company in London. 31
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AN AND HIS HABITS.-THIS DAY, at urinary
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ire(
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~. -I- Three and Half-past Eight, Dr. KAHN will deliver any
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Whom and
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CERTAIN RELIEF for the AFFLICTED.—
Dr. SCOTT'S BILIOUS and LIVER PILLS, Pre-
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liver, indigestion, bile, sick headache, giddiness, loss of appe-
tite, lowness of spirits, &c. They can be taken at any time,
without any danger from wet or cold, act mildly on the bowels,
without pain or griping, clear the skin, remove sallowness
and pimples, purify the blood, brace the nerves, and Invigo-
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on the Government stamp.

THE LOYAL 31
MA L

Ist 8.N.1. AND ITS
IGNERS.

On the Ist of July, 1857, the authority of the English
Government in the Bengal Presidency was flickering in the
socket, and seemed just about to expire. On the morning
of that day 173 Englishmen and Eurasian Christians, hay-
ing under their protection 200 women and children, were
shut up in the Fort of Saugor, 200 miles distant from Euro-
pean succour. At three miles distant were 1,566 sepoys of
the 31st and 42d Regiments, and 403 native troopers of the
3d Irregular Cavalry. What must have been the feelings
of that scanty English garrison in the Saugor Fort, when,
after various threatening symptoms, the 42d Regiment of
Bengal Light Infantry, and 100 men of the 3d Irregular
Cavalry, broke out into open mutiny. In that isolated
station, so far removed from aid, and surrounded
by a hostile population, what chance of escape
was discoverable I True, they had been warned
of their danger by the other sepoy regiment—the 31st. But
of these, 46 men had mutinied some days previous, and
little could it be hoped that the rest would not follow their
example. The 31st had, indeed, invited their officers to
take up. their quarters in a body at the mess-room, that
they might be safe from the first fury of the coming revolt ;
but this might well be suspected to be a mere ruse, and the
first shots must have sounded like the death knell of the
Europeans. Their brave hearts, we are sure, did not quail
for themselves, but their cheeks may well have been
blanched when they looked upon that hapless and helpless
throng of women and children, who were gathered around
them.
It is difficult to realise to one's mind the, to all
appearance, desperate and hopeless state of the scanty
European garrison of Sanger when the mutiny broke out.
We have sketched a few of the circumstances ; but only
those who were imprisoned there can truly appreciate the
wretchedness of men who, with wives and children, were
encircled by such an ocean of revolt. In some respects,
even the miseries of Lucknow seem less than those of
Saugor, for on the fate of Lawrence and his companions
myriads of loving eyes were riveted, and for them myriads
of voices were raised in prayer, while the beleaguered band
Sanger, like dead men out• of mind, were unmentioned, and
seemed already wiped out of remembrance. It is, then, for
the gallant officer to say what must have been the grate-
ful feelings of the pent-up garrison when the furious
shouts of the mutinous 42d were answered by
the steady tramp of the 31st advancing to . drive them
from the station. Not a European officer was with
the faithful corps. Alone they advanced, and in a short but
sharp struggle drove off the mutineers in headlong confu-
sion. Then it was that, having given an additional proof of
their loyalty, they received again their European officers,
and under them, for seven long months, through all priva-
tions and all dangers, maintained the fort of Saugor against
surrounding thousands of rebels. Two companies of the 42d
were absent on detachment at Dumoh on the memorable day
of the outbreak. They chose to follow the better example of
the 31st, and separated themselves from their mutinous bre-
thren. Thus for seven long months Saugor was held with
incalculable benefit to the English cause in Central India.
Surely services of this order are not to be forgotten or
slurred over. Yet in this country, except in the co-
lumns of this paper, where has the name of the 31st Regi -
ment ever been mentioned ? So little has the loyalty of that
corps been known or spoken of, that at a public dinner in
this city the 21st Bengal Native Infantry was said to be the
only corps of the Bengal army that had continued faithful,
and that at a time when a body of the 31st had just escorted,
through a country teeming with rebels, a convoy of provi-
sions safely into H. Rose's camp. And now to forgetful-
ness and ingratitude is added calumny, and the 31st are
publicly included among the mutineers. We do hope that
this foul wrong will be repaired, and that instead of obloquy
this noble corps will receive from every Englishman the
praises it deserves. Surely in the Parliamentary returns,
instead of the cold words, " did not manifest a disposition to
mutiny," there should be written opposite the register of
the 31st, " loyal under the most trying circumstances, ex-
pelled a few wretches that were trying to corrupt its fidelity,
drove out the mutineers of the 42d from Sanger, held that
station for seven months against a vast rebel host, and have
been made a light infantry corps in acknowledgMent of
their services."—Homeward, Mail.

ROYAL FREE
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Founded 1828.
The sick poor are admitted on their own application alone.
No recommendation is required.
During the past year (1838) 40,403 received the benefits of
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THE SUN, LONDON, SATUB DAY EVENING, A PRIL 23, 1859.

PEACE OR WAI?.

(From the Morning Herald.)

to Dauphiny. While Austria is present to follow
up her decisive menace by an irresistible attack,
France is only collecting her defensive levies at a
distance from the position of her jeopardised ally.
-Austria is, as we have said, at this moment
mistress of the position. She has an army on the
Ticino before which, if put in motion, the forces
of Sardinia must melt away into the fortresses of
Alessandria and Genoa, or must be hopelessly
scattered. Miracles do happen undoubtedly now
and then ; 40,000 men have beaten 200,000 men ;
but sane men do not reckon on the repetition of
such incidents in the 19th century, and between
regularly disciplined European troops. It would
be fanatical to suggest that Sardinia can hold her
own for a week against the hosts about to he let
loose upon her. The flood of spoilers will sweep
over the land. Turin must be occupied, although
probably not held. The power of the Piedmontese
monarchy will be shut up in the few fastnesses
which Sardinia contains, and the real struggle
will not begin until Austria has struck a
blow which will be heard throughout Italy. As
a belligerent Power she is wise in. her generation ;
but she is not wise in her generation if she
is seeking unnecessarily to become a belligerent
Power. If she believed that there was no hope
of permanent peace, that the French Emperor
was resolved upon war, and that she was only
being kept fainting under the weight of her
arms, waiting till it should suit the conve-
nience of the French Emperor to overwhelm her ; if
she, moreover is willing at this moment, when
her promptitude has given her the choice of an
offensive policy, to make those reasonable retracta-
tions which the interests of humanity and the pub-
lic opinion of Europe require of her—then it will
be difficult to say that she is entirely wrong in
having sought to precipitate a crisis in which she
was bleeding to death. But if this is a first for-
ward step in an aggressive and a defiant policy—
if Austria seeks to enter Sardinia as the armed
apostle of absolutism and of Ultramontane priest-
craft ; if she has taken up her old world mission of
binding the bodies and coercing the minds and
consciences of all human beings ril in Italy, then

In spite of the menacing aspect of affairs on the
continent, to which we alluded in our impression of
yesterday, hopes of preserving the peace of Europe
are not altogether annihilated. We understand that
when the Austrian ultimatum left Vienna, intelli-
gence of the adhesion of Sardinia to the general
disarmament had not reached that capital. This
fact is, of course, important. An opportunity is
afforded to the Austrian Government to pause ere
n s i b e
provoked,
position.rc,
ok e d
ithvehyenploaieweetltiheemsdeileveiss
cast and anidnd contestaefe
none dare speculate on the issue. That Power
which has hitherto commanded respect by taking
her stand upon existing treaties, and acting purely
on the defensive, will have precipitated if she has
not actually caused the strife. At the moment
when the prospect was growing brighter and a
reasonable hope of a pacific solution of the contro-
versy was again entertained, she will have drawn
the sword and have broken off the negotiations.
There can be no misconception as to the results
that must follow if Austria persists in assailing
Sardinia in the manner indicated by the terms of
the ultimatiim' forwarded on Tuesday last to the
commander.of her Italian army. It will be ac-
cepted at once as a declaration of war. Orders
have been given by the French Government for the
immediate embarkation' at Toulon of 30,000 men.
These troops are. not, however, to sail until further
orders. The divisions at Lyons, Grenoble, Besangon,
&c., have also received orders to be ready to march
at a minute's notice, though they will not move until
further instructions are given. The total amount
of the French force destined to co-operate im-
mediately with Sardinia, in the event of war, is
estimated at 80,000 men. It will be in two divi-
sions—the one commanded by Marshal Canrobert,
the other by Marshal Baraguay d'Hilliers, the
whole being under the command of the Emperor
in person. Thus the chief actors in the drama that
has kept Europe in suspense during the last four
months have at length 'themselves removed the veil
under which they endeavoured to conceal their
real intentions, and now disclose to Europe and to
the world their objects and aims in the demon.:
strations, intrigues, and preparations that' have
caused so much alarm.
From what we have stated it is therefore evident
that Austria may yet avert from Italy and Europe
the horrors of a sanguinary contest. The French
Government, in making final preparations and
ordering the embarkation of troops, seems willing
to pause until definite intelligence respecting the
Austrian ultimatum, the reply
.of Sardinia, and the
immediate results. can be obtained. Whether the
Austrian Government will consider the adhesion of
Sardinia to the disarmament sufficient, and there-
fore countermand the order forwarded to their com-
mander in chief on Tuesday last, or whether the),
will persist in driving matters to extremities, it is
impossible for us to decide. One fact is certain, they
have a glorious opportunity of retrieving an error,
and of proving the sincerity of their devotion to the
maintenance of tranquillity and to the best interests
of civilisation. The crisis is certainly grave, and in
a few hours the question of peace or war must be
determined. Doubtless that Power to whose obsti-
nacy or rashness the outbreak can be clearly attri-
buted will not only incur a fearful responsibility,
but will also excite the indignation of the public in
every civilised state. We believe that the proposals
made by England, and which were at once accepted
by France, Russia, and Prussia, afforded a basis for
a fair settlement of the difficulty ; and we deeply
deplore the conduct of the Austrian Government in
refusing to accept the same. Probably the adhe-
sion of Sardinia to the principle of a general dis-
armament may induce the Austrian diplomatists to
regard the proposition in a different light, but it
would be impossible to deny that by the eagerness
with which they had pressed forward this ultima-
tum a severe shock has been give* to public confi-
dence. People expected different things from a
Power whose position has long been critical, and
who at the close of the struggle in the Crimea was
literally and truly without a friend in Europe.
Their conduct on the present occasion contrasts,
moreover, strangely with the course which they
felt it their duty to adopt during that eventful
conflict.
Throughout these painful and protracted negotia-
tions the whole weight, authority, and influence of
the English Government have been thrown in the
scale of peace. They have not been unmindful of
the various evils and grievances under which the
Italians suffer, but they felt that the substitution of
the yoke of one foreign state for that of another was
not the remedy required. Italy has been too long
the battle-field of contending Powers. She has ever
been the victim of intrusive interference. Since
the fall of the Roman Empire her fairest cities and
her richest territory have been in the possession of
the stranger. France, Germany, and Spain have
always coveted, and at certain periods possessed,
dominion in this unhappy land. To induce. both
Austria and France to withdraw from certain por-
tions of Italy ; to teach the Italians to trust to
themselves; and, while they discountenanced the
dangerous efforts of revolutionary cliques, to foster
that native love of liberty which alone is precious,
was a policy that promised happier results. What
measuretf success such a policy, if carried out to
its legitimate end, might command, we may yet
learn, if the Austrian Government are sagacious
enough to endeavour to retrieve a false step. Their.
ultimatum would only have the effect of driving
matters to extremities when all the parties in the
quarrel have expressed their readiness to trust to
diplomacy rather than to force for a settlement of
their differences. The sincerity of these professions
would, if the English proposals were adopted and
acted upon, be speedily put to the test, and we
hope, that at the last moment the Austrian Go-
vernment may act with moderation, and not incur
the terrible responsibility of having broken off
negotiation and plunged Europe into war.

the fact of her having been the first to commence
this war will be no unimportant item in the great
indictment which will be pressed against her. But,
whatever may be her ultimate intentions, she has
by her precipitancy done the Emperor of the
French this great good—Whereas, three days ago,
all Europe looked upon him as an Imperial robber,
seeking occasion to let loose his prepared armies
upon a peace-loving neighbour, the world will see
in this sudden start and in the hasty and unready
preparations of Napoleon 111. some evidence that
after all his menaces he had not intended to pro-
voke the combat which Austria has now com-
menced. _

The great question for us to consider, however,
is not how Austria stands, or at what pace France
hastens, or even how soon Sardinia can be overrun,
but what is the position and policy of England.
Lord Derby has said that, "If war breaks out,
whatever be the consequence, our neutrality, as
long as it may last, must, to a certain extent, be
an armed neutrality, enabling us to take our part
on that side, whatever it might be, which the hon-
our, the interests, and the dignity of the country
may indicate as best deserving our support. "These
words, coupled with others bearing upon the occu-
pation of the shores of the Adriatic, tended to a
scarcely ambiguous intimation that if the events of
the impending war should lead French troops into
the Lombardo•Venetian Kingdom England would
appear as a combatant in the melee. We ventured
to comment upon those words in a tone of remon-
strance. Now that the event appears more pro-
bable, and its preceding circumstances almost
certain, we think it right to reiterate our protest
againit engaging England either by alliance, or
menace, or guarantee, so as to draw her into this
purely Continental quarrel. Sorely we are not
going to commit over. again the faults committed
by our fathers, and to burden ourselves with debts
and obligations too feat for ourselves or our sons
to bear in the pursuit of some chimerical notions as
' to what we should like to see occur among our
neighbours. We say, at all risks anti at all events,
keep England out of this struggle between two
dynastic Powers. What have we, a free constitu-
tional people, to do with a struggle between two
despots, one of whom represents the principles of
absolute power and priestly dominion, and the
other the despotism delegated-by pure democracy ?
If it must be so, let them fight; no English states-
man can suppose that by weakening each other
they can become more dangerous to us.

(baFse
said
ieh
dfe
defeated
Napoleon,
by)
Liberal
not been 18,1.
as Coalitionit,
1 s l 4 butie
succumbed to the might of the people of Europe,
whom their Sovereigns had called to arms in the
name of liberty and with promises of constitutions.
Once more in the history of this century the great
battle of modern civilisation, the contest between
public opinion and material force, is about to be
renewed on the grandest scale. With nothing to
rely on but her armies, not daring to meet her neigh-
bours at the council board, Austria has madly but
wilfully defied the moral power of Europe. After
having represented singly of late years the abhorred
principles of the Holy Alliance, she now, spurning
the advice and over-riding the remonstrances of
States greater and more powerful than herself, pro-
ceeds to carry them into a bloody execution.
The intelligence that Austria had sent an ultima-
tum to Sardinia was no sooner received in this
capital, on Thursday, than it led to the meeting of a
Cabinet Council, and on the same evening the sur-

prise and disapproval of the English Government
was made known to Count Buol. The reply of the
Austrian Emperor was not delayed. We believe
we are fully entitled to describe it as a point blank
refusal to reconsider the responsibility incurred in
commencing war in the heart of Europe. Count
Buol, with formal professions of respect, neverthe-
less declares that his master having taken his course
will pursue it to the end. Thus impiously six years
ago an Emperor and a soldier, to whom Francis
Joseph was but as the mushroom to the oak, set at
nought the earnest pleadings of disinterested friend-
ship, plunged four nations in war, but died miserably
a few months afterwards, broken-hearted at the
frustration of his plans. So may all perish who build
schemes for their own aggrandisement on the ruins
of the peace or liberty of their fellow. men.
The consequences of the Austrian declaration are
rapidly unfolding themselves. It is not easy, and
it will every day become more difficult, to obtain
accurate detailed information of the movements of
the French troops massed at the foot of the Alps.
The llioniteur, yesterday, mentioned for the first
time the existence of such troops, but did so in a
manner which would be unmeaning and morally
injurious to the French Government, unless it were
intended to employ them to prevent the execution
of the announced designs of Austria. A later tele-
gram from Paris informs us, as from an official
source, that a general movement of the French
ferces has taken place on the entire Piedmontese
frontier. If the aid of the Emperor of the French
has been invoked by Sardinia, nothing hinders him
from pouring in troops into Piedmont over the
Alpine passes or by Genoa. Perhaps while we
write the squadrons and battalions are moving
solemnly, amidst the grandest scenery in nature,
in the brightness of this starry night. If there is,
indeed, no chance of preserving peace, if without
their aid the little Sardinian army is, as we are
told, to be " crushed," and with it the head and
heart of Italy, then we cannot bring ourselves to
share the sentiments of some among us who hope
that Louis Napoleon will not make a hasty rush
to take up the glove which s been so rashl
thrown down. It is a question of hours, and they
powerful ally of Sardinia cannot advance too
rapidly.
AVe perceive it has been calculated that the Aus-
trian General, by a rapid march, which, with the
enormous forces at his disposal, would virtually be
unresisted, might reach Turin on the third day after
crossing the Ticino, and there dictate the conditions
on which the kingdom of Sardinia could be per-.
mitted to exist. We believe that this calculation
involves several errors. Unprotected as Turin is
by any places of military strength, it is not likely
that the Piedmontese Government will make the
independence of the kingdom dependent on the
safety of the capital: The Piedmontese are well
aware that great sacrifices may be demanded of
them, and are prepared to meet them with fortitude.
Should the removal of the seat of Government to
Genoa appear desirable for military reasons, it
could be effected instantly, and then the Austrians
would have nothing to gain by advancing on Turin.
We hear much of the technical skill of the Austrian
staff; but, on the other hand, it may be assumed
that the Piedmontese General knows something of
the art of war, and he will doubtless employ every,
resource to gain time and save his troops until the
French reserves can come up. We do not at all
expect that his forces will be crushed before aid
can arrive. It is, indeed, far from certain that the
Austrian General would precipitate himself eagerly
upon Turin. He knows that he will have to
reckon 'with a great Power having full command
of the Mediterranean, and able at a few hours'

(From the Times.)
Good Friday of 1859 will be hereafter the epoch
of departure whence veterans, now only youthful
conscripts, shall commence the story of the
great Austrian War. Just as we look back upon
the blood-spilling contest of principles and
passions which divided Europe in the last ten
years of the last century ; just as we note the par-
ticular points of difference which grew and widened
and smouldered and flamed till the world was
wrapped in the roaring fires, and the vision of all
men was darkened by the smoke—so, as there is
too much reason' to fear, will the men of the suc-
ceeding age scan those acts of State which, winged
by a swifter agency than our fathers knew, are
passing momentarily before our eyes, and deduce
how rapidly arose the great unnecessary war
which lasted—what prophet shall dare to say how
long ? The solemnities of the Holy Week are
neglected for the hurrying away of armed men to
meet others upon an appointed spot for slaughter.
The festivities of Easter will possibly be checked by
the cries of men in conflict, and by the sorrows that
wait upon victory as well as upon defeat. In our
secure and secluded island we listen only to the
echoes of instant preparatiou that are now passing
like the Fiery Cross through the other countries of
Europe. " The French army is in full march to
the frontiers of Piedmont." General Della Marmora
telegraphs from the banks of the Ticino that the
Austrian army has made a significant movement
on the strategical line of the Ticino, and that an
attack at any moment may be apprehended. The
Court of Vienna, so late as yesterday, reiterates
its declaration that all other proposals must
be 'subordinate to the summons already addressed
to Sardinia. The Imperial manifesto which is to
accompany the declaration of war against Sardinia
has already been prepared. Austria, mistress of
the position, is ready by act of State and deed of
war to initiate the sanguinary drama upon which
the curtain is about to rise.
How completely a few days have cbangsd the
positions of the parties to this mighty difference !
So late as Monday last, when Lord Derby from his
place in the House of Lords directed such bitter
remonstrance against the Emperor of the French,
it was believed that it was France who was pois-
inc, the thunderbolt, and that it was from her only
that we had occasion to fear lest the sound should
come and the fire should fall. But now, within
the last 4> ~,hours, Austria has occupied the eyes of
Europe, striding forth as the aggressor and the
challenger, occupying the arena marked by tacit
consent as the spot of conflict. Austria, whether
in prudence, or in ambition, or in obduracy, has
shown herself more ready for the fray even than
the Power which was the origin of the quarrel.
France seems to have been taken by surprise.
Whether it was that the Emperor believed that all
he desired would be obtained from Austria's fears,
or whether he trusted to his own fertility, in peace-
ful assurances and to the agency of the Moniteur to
delay the conflict to a more convenient season ; or
whether he has calculated ill, or has been negligently
served, it is impossible now to say ; but ceitain it is
that Austria has the start, and France is strain-
ing to overtake her. While Austria is manoeuvring
on the Ticino, France is still only sending troops