The Sun.
London, England, 1857-06-03 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNSDAY
E EVENINO, JUNE 3, 1857,

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Closing Priced
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Business done
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/001

111
101 i

e 3 i

12i
12i
20
St.

50
50
50
25
121

263
13A
20.
St.

St.
12i
12
1211
St.l

1.0.61

100
all
all
all

all
100
100
100
100
100

100
1100
100
100
all
all
15
, all

12/ 12

11/3

16/15

1.256,

lil is;

Ln.&N.W.
.;alcdon
E.U.dtE.O
':4t.Northni
E. Count.
Caldonian.,

93 95

11 - 13

ii 1- ii

Do
Rt. Westn
Y. & N.M
Do
Do

166 := 108

S. Eastern
Do

121 -- 12/
223 -- 234
4ot -- 106
P
88 2f
2s'
Ed - P
E 4 5

Peto &Co
Do

La. &N. W.
dz Midld.
Midland...

E. Count..

Do

Do
Do
L. &N. W '
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T. Brassey
M. Meleau
Stk.&Dar
Do

130 - 133
8 - 9
9 - 9}

314 -
88 -

Gt. W 4

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Business
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Pm
55

TIIE DISCOTERFiIt OF COLLODION.

The subjoined deeply interesting account of the dis-
covery of Collodion will be read, we doebt .not, with
peculiar, because very melancholy satisfaction, now that
the discoverer, Mr. Scott Archer, has breathed his last
so very recently and so very prematurely. We extract
the passages here following from the really charming
essay upon Photography adorning the newly-pub-
lished - number of the Quarterly Rcvicw. And
we do so the more eagerly because, apart from the
attractiou of the subject itself, it may serve, practically
serve, by-means of this separate quotation,.materially
to forward the subscriptions now being raised in behalf
of the young family left behind him by this gifted and
lamented gentleman, A subscription list, generously
headed by her most gracious Majesty with a donation of
twenty guineas ; and to• which another donation of 50/.
has already been added by the Photographic Society of
the Metropolis. The Quarterly reviewer observes :
" The world was full of the praise of the daguerreo-
type,.-but Mr. Cundeil stood forth as the advocate of
the calotype or paper process, pointed out its greater
simplicity and inexpensiveness of apparatus, its infinite
superiority in the power of multiplying its productions,
and then proceeded to give those careful directions for
the practice, which, though containing no absolutely
new element, yet suggested many a minute correction
where every minutia is important. With the increasing
band'ot experimentalists who arose—for all photogra-
phers are such—now ensued the demand for sonic mate-
rial on which to receive their pictures less expensive
than the silver plate, and less capricious than paper.
However convenient as a medium, this latter, from the
miscellaneous nature of. its antecedents, was the prolific
parent of disappointment. Numerous expedients were
resented to render it more available—it was rubbed,
polished, and waxed, but, nevertheless, blotches and
discolourations would perpetually appear, and that at
the very moment of success, which sorely tried the pho-
tographic heart. The Journal of the Society sends ap
at this tithe one vast cry of distress on this subject, one
member calling unto another for help against the com-
mon enemy. Under these circumstances many a long-
ing eye was fixed upon glass as a substitute ; and nume-
rous experiments, among which those by Sir John
Herschel were the earliest and most successful, were
tried to render this material available. But glass itself
'was found to be an intractable material; it has no powers
of absorption, and scarcely any affinities. The'one thing
evidently needed was to attach some trafsparent neutral
coating of extreme tenuity to its surface, and. in due
time. the. name-of Niepce again appears -supplying the
intermediate step, between failure and success:' M.
Niepcei de St. Victor, nephew to the inventor of 'helio-
graphy, is known as the author of the albumen
process, which transparent and adhesive subitance
being applied to glass, and excited- with the same
chemical agents as in the calotype process,- is found to-
produce pictures of great beauty and finisb.' But, inge-
nious as is the process, and often as it is still used, it fails
of that unsurpassable fitness which alone commands_
universal adoption. The amalgarriation of the substances
is tedious and complicated, and the action of the light
much slower. The albumen process was a great step, and
morever a step in the right direction ; for it pointed on-
ward to that discovery which has reduced the difficulties
of the art to the lowest sum, and raised its powers, in
one respect at all events, to the highest possibility, viz.
to the use of collodidn. The Daguerre to this Niepce
was a countryman of our own—Mr. SCOTT ARCHER—
who is entitled to fame not only for this marvellous
improvement, but for the generosity with which lee threw
it open to the public. The character of the agent, too,
adds interest to the invention. The birth and parentage
of collodion are both among the recent wonders of the
age. Gun-cotton—partly a French, partly a German
discovery—is but a child in the annals of chemical
science ; and collodion, which is a solution of this com-
pany in ether and alcohol, is its offspring. Its first
great use was, as is well known, in the service of sur-
gery ; its second" in that of photography. Not only did
the adoption of.this vehicle at once realise the desires of
the most ardent photographer—not only, thus applied,
did it provide a film of perfect transparency, tenuity,
and intense adhesiveness—not only was it found easy of
manipulation, portable and preservable—but it supplied
that element of rapidity which more than anything else
has given the miraculous character to the art. Under
the magician who first attempted to enlist the powers of
light in his service, the sun seems at best to have been
but a sluggard ; under the sorcery of Niepce he became
a drudge in a twelve-hours' factory. On the prepared
plate of Daguerre and on the sensitive paper of Fos
Talbot the great luminary concentrates his gaze for a
few earnest minutes ; with the albumen-eheathed glass
be takes his time more leisurely still ; but at the. delicate
film of collodion—which hangs before him finer than acy
fairy's robe, and potent only with invisible spells—he
literally does no more than wink his eye, tracing in that
moment, with a detail and precision beyond all human
power, the glory of the heavens, the wonders of the deep.
the fall, not of the avalanche, but of the apple, the most
fleeting smile of the babe, and the most vehement action
of the man.

Further than this the powers of photography can
never -go ; they are already more nimble than we need.
Light is made to portray with a celerity only second to
that with which it travels ; it has been difficult to con-
trive the machinery of the camera to keep. pace with
it, and collodion has to be weakened in order to clog its
wheels."

As we briefly intimated in our impression of Monday,
the Committee Room of this nobly deserved Testimonial
[mark the words we have printed in italics in the above
quotation is at No. 226, Regent-street, where Sir
William Newton, R.A., has generously undertaken the
office of treasurer.

THE COOLIE TRADE.-EXTRAOBDIN.ARY

VERDICT.

(From the China Mail of April 15 )

Horrors 'connected with the disgraceful coolie trade
have of late proved a fertile source of animadversion
for the press in China ; and not the least atrocious of
these was the holding "in durance vile" of 240
miserable wretches, cooped up in four small rooms
at West Point. The discovery of the confinement of
these men, and the investigations into the cruelties
inflicted on them, led to the committal for trial
before the Supreme Court of Mr. Y. J. Mor-
row, one Malay, and five Chinese, on charges of false
imprisonment, assault and battery, and nuisance. The
trial took place on Monday and Tuesday last, and ex-
posed details eo disgusting, that but for the purpose of
enabling our readers to arrive at a true estimate of the
facts, we would hesitate to admit them into our coluran,,.
Here is a description of the premises, and state of the
unfortunates when discovered :--

Dr. R. Caldwell, pr lector of Chinese—On Sunday,
the Ist of March, I was passing the door of the E-wo
establishment., the property of Mr. Tarrant. In e ,nse-
(pence of seeing a placard I had the door unlocked. I
could not see my w.y at first, it was so dark—this was
between one and two in the daytime. I found the
house full of coolies. I first found three or four in an
outer room. I bad to lay bold of the man who let me in.
That man was the first prisoner. There is no means of
light from behind ; the room faces the Queen's road, and
there were no windows in it. This was the ground floor.
The prisoner led me up stairs. He led me willingly, I
think. At the top of the stairs I saw a great many men
lying on the floor. It was an open room, like all
Chinese houses, about 50 feet long by 7 or 8 wide.
There was an open bamboo fl.mring about six feet from
the floor. On the floor itself there were about 30. and
about Bor 10 on the temporary floor. There were
windows on that floor. They were closed, and the back
door locked. The only ventilation was through the
crevices of the venetians and of the door. I then
went to another room—through a door in a party
wall ; the windows of this room were also shut, but
the back door was open—it opened on to a terrace ;
there were two terraces, one to each room. Through
the back door I observed that the terrace was used
as a privy ; there was a temporary house on one used
as a watchhouse ; the other was used as a privy, all
the ordure lying on the tiles. There was a wall be-
tween the terrace and:the room ; the terrace ended in a
blank wall— way.
There were no means of egress that
There was a very large collection of excrement, in some
parts 18 inches deep, the collection of many days. The
second room-Was alio dark, except from the light that
came through the back door. The smell was very offen-
sive, so much that I intended to report upon it. The se-
cond room was of the same size as the first. I (lid not go

into a third room an this occasion, but left the premises
without communicating my intentions in the matter to
any one. I reported the matter to Dr. Bridges en Tues-
day morning. We were out together, with the super-
intendent of police in company, and I thought it a good
opportunity to show them the place. Mr. Walker, the
surveyor general, was also with us. On this occasion
we first went into the rooms I had at first visited, and
found them in exactly the same condition—the door
locked, and the venetians closed. The venetians I
found were nailed ; I broke them open myself. The
terrace was in the same state—the filth
Whae went d not been
removed, it had certainly increased.
into the street, and went into two other houses and a
passage connecting the houses together; I there saw
similar rooms and orlOp decks—the rooms the same size
about 7 feet by-20. The outer door was locked ' • we had
to go in through the kitchen to get at the door. In these
two rooms and passage I found double the number of
Chinese that there were in the first two rooms. There
was also a terrace to these houses—on which there was
a much larger collection of filth than in the other, and
also large jars overflowing with urine. There were up•
wards of 200 persons in the four homes—not more than
250 I suppose 230 or 240. On this occasion I
spoke to the coolies, in my official capacity—told who
we were, and what we bad come for. Some said they
were goiug to foreign countries some to the gold
country—some did not know where they were going
to ; but they were all anxious about four dollars each,
which had been promised them, and which they had
not received. I asked them if they wanted to go
out ? They laughed, and said they dared notthey
would be flogged if they attempted to do so ; and one
man was brought to me who had been flogged for
attempting to get out. I showed them the staircase, and
told to gd daft ; they would not
until the doors below'', Which were barred, were forced
open, when a large number, upwerds of 100, rushed into
go.—they were afraid
the street and shook their hands, saying they were no
willing to go to Havannah. Some went avrtlY• and some
stood there. Many said, " I'm not willing, to go
I'm not willing to go ! " Those who rush _ nutth
escaped. I searched for them next day aloug with e
Tepo of the district, but could not find them, and be-
lieve they have left the colony. I saw the first prisoner
on the first occasion, and I think the second ; he was
sitting at a table in the lower room, where the man
who kept charge of the coolies lived. On the second
visit I saw the first four prisoners ; they were in a lea er
room of the tenement, and seemed to be guarding the
door. The statements made by the coolies were made

in the presence of the prisoners, and the coolie
who bad been flogged pointed to the second prisoner as
the man who bad flogged him ; the prisoner raid "No."
Others of the coolies pointed to the fourth prisoner (a
Malay) • as the man appointed to flog them if they tried
to go out. The prisoner laughed, and said he had only
given them two or three cuts to keep them quiet and
prevent them going out ; adding he was there
to keep guard, and bad been appointed by Mr. Mur-
row's comprador. I sent for the comprador, but he
did not come. I asked who was the headman. They
_
panted to the recond prisoner. They also stated that a
matt named Foo-Ayee (the fifth prisoner) was a head-
man. He was not there are the time, but I caused him
to he put in the dock up at the police-court. The third
prisoner at the time said what he was, but I forget the
exact words—it was to the effect that he was looking
after the business. Mr. May may have been in the
room when I kicked open the windows, but I am not
sure. A number of the coolies, and especially those in
the - passage, were sickly and weak. There were no
police there until after 1' had released the coolies. The
ace sera thus given me were not in reply to any sugges-
tions made by me to them—butvoluntar ly, in answer
to my question what they were doing there. (A Chinese
produced.) I recognise him as one of those who spoke
to me on the fiat occasion—ha was one of the coolies—
I recollect him more particularly, as he speaks the Can-
ton dialect very wed.
Such was the evidence of Mr. Caldwell, corroborated
by the surveyor general and the superintendent of police;
yet notwithstanding no attempt whatever having been
made to disprove a single statement made by him, and
the fact of the coolies having been detained in durance
of the most disgraceful kind, in premises disgustingly
Slily, guarded by men appointed to.fleg such as might
attempt to escape, and employed by the European pri-
soner, who did not deny a fbll knowledgeof their crowded
state, or the condition of the premises—from which it
must have been inferred tbat all was performed with his
full knowledge and concurrence, if not approval—not-
withstanding- all this he was onlyconsicted of simple
nuisance, and fined five dollars;While five of the Asiatics
paid by- him and -acting under his orders, were found
guilty of the full count, and sentenced to six months'
imprisonment with hard labour.

Then w.e had a sample of the crimping system —the
mode in which the victims of' the coolie slave trade are
procured. The principal witness deposed as follows, and
his manner carried a conviction of the truthfulness of his
words to the minds of the :majprity of those present,
though among, the minority
.ate: t) be ranked the six
gentlemen 'of the jury,..who Py..their,fiat declared,. his
statenient false,atidliberated'the scoundrel whom he ac,
cused of kidnapping and robbing him :

Tarn aba, grna.ps-cutter to the—Tuck-ee milk-shop.—l
remember the-sixth prisoner coming to me, and asking if
I would like to go to the new gold country. I would
get $3 a month wages, and if I wished to go he would
take me. Passage-money would not be required ; only
a few dollars to buy provisions with. This took place in
prix ner's house. Prisoner pulled me in as I was passing
by, after having received my wages—s3—from my mas-
ter. He said I would not want the dollars when I got to
the gold country, and took them from me by force. I had
promised before this to go to the new gold country. The
prisoner told me to sleep in his house that night, and
next morning ho would take me to see the master. I did
stay that night, and was taken to E•wo House, where I
was stripped of my good clothes by the prisoner, who
gave me some rags to put on, and then plashed me into a
dark room. I was not allowed to go out from that day
until I was released by Mr. Caldwell and others. I was
detained against my will the whole time. We were all
confined alike—more than 200. I recognise the first,
second, and fifth prisoners. Did not see Mr. Murrow
there. Never saw the third prisoner, but have seen the
fourth ;he kept watch with a gun. The first prisoner
kept the keys of the door; the second and fifth also
kept watch. The first, second, and fifth had a gun by
them, but did not hold it in their hands. They had knives
also. Have seen the fourth prisoner beat the people with
a rattan to keep them quiet and prevent their talking.
By Mr. Day—The first prisoner said nothing to me
before dragging me into the house. He then asked me if
I should like to go to the gold country. I had known
him before. I thought the prisoner bad some friend who
would advance my passage. Do not know wby he dragged
me in. I met the prisoner in the street, but close to his
house, at a distance of 40 or 50 covids (a covid is 14
inches). He dragged me that distance, and after I was
in he shot the door. I had known him before. I did not
think anything wrong when he pulled ma along. When
prisoner proposed to me to go to the new gold country,
I said, "Ye 4, I would be very glad to go if any one would
pay my passage." Prisoner said that was all right—he
would provide for that. I told him 1 bad $3 about me.
I had all my baggage with me, having left tne Tuck-ee
shop to join my brother in the Kwang-yii market to
assist him in ins shop.
And more he deponed to the same effect—the trifling
discrepancies being-easily reconcileable to those having

a knoWledge of the Chinese character, and manner of
giving evidence.
And, as a wind up to the whole, we have proofs of
deceit practised on the emigration officer—the English
version of the agreement furnished to him stating the
term of bondage to be five years, while the Spanish and

Cbineie versions make it eight ; and three years, our
readers must remember, is the average of life in the cop.
per mines of Cuba, to which, doubtless, a portion of the
poor wretches were destined.