The Sun.
London, England, 1857-09-12 00:00:00

THE LIBERTY OP THE PRESS IN INDIA.

The following is a return to an order of the
Rouse of Commons, dated August 18, 1857, for
copies of any despatch from the Governor-General
of India, stating his reds ens for making the Act
No. 15, 1857, for the restriction of the liberty of
the press, applicable to the European portion of
the population as well as to the native :
" To the Hon. the Court of Directors of the East India.
Company.
" Hon. Sirs,—ln our despatch, No. 54, dated the
11th ult.. your hon. Court were informed that on the
13th idem the Legislative Council, on the motion of the
Governor General, made with our full and unanimous
concurrence, after anxious deliberatiott, passed without
a dissentient voice an act, No. 35 of 1857, whereby the
liberty of the press of India is restricted for the period of
one year from that date. The effect of this law will be to
replace the Indian press during this year very much in
the position in which it was permanently before Sir C.
Metcalfe's Government in 1835 passed Act No. 11 of
that year, whereby complete liberty was given to it.
" 2. Act No. 11 of 1835 was passed in opposition to
strong opinions of many eminent Indian officers, at the
head of whom may be placed Sir Th is. Munro, whose
welt-known minute, dated the 12th of April, 1832, con-
tains what we believe to be the most weighty argument
against the grant in India of the same absolute freedom
of the press, which is one of the principal means of good
administration in a free State, consisting of homogenous
elements under a popular Government. That act was
disapproved by the Home Government as being founded
upon reasons which did not truly apply t a country in
the peculiar position of British India, and the Indian
Government of the day w,1,9 severely censured for having
passed it by your hon. Court, in your despatch dated
the Ist of February, 1336. Your hon. Court, although
abstaining from the .extreme measure of imme-
diate annulment, directed that the act shoul I be
reconsidered, in order to its repeal. Lord Auckland's
Government, however, to whom those instructions were
addressed, represented what they conceived to be the
evils of a revocation of the liberty which had been
granted, and thereupon the law was silently allowed by
the home Government to remain in force.
"3. We think that upon the present occasion the
arguments of Sir Thos. Munro and of the home Govern-
ment of 1836 contain matter worthy of consideration,
although we do not wholly go along with them. But
we desire your hon. Court to understand that it is not
because of any cancurrence in the opinions of which Sir
T. Munro may be con sidered as the representative, or
in Blase by which the home Government of 1836 was
actuated, that we thought it our duty to ask the Legis-
lative Council to pass the temporary Act now alluded
to. Iti taking this step we acted in complete accordance
with the opinion of every member of Sir C. Metcalfe's
Government, which lased, and of Lord Auckland's
Governineur, which a ipported, the Act for the freedom
of the press which has now been temporarily suspended.
If the suspension of that law be objected to, we claim
no more than to be judged by the principles laid down
at the time by the members of the Indian. Government
who passed and supported it.
" 4. In laying upon the council-table the draught of
the law in question Mr. Macaulay, who prepared it, re-
corded a minute contaieing the following passage :
One argument only has been urged in defence of the
present system. It is admitted that the press of Bengal
has 1 mg been suffered to enjoy practical liberty, and
that nothing but an extreme emergency could justify the
Government in curtailing that liberty ; but it is said
that such an emergency may arise, and the Government
ought to retain in its bands the power of adopting, in
that event, the sharp, prompt, and decisive measures
which may be necessary for the preservation of the empire.
But when we consider with what vast powers, extending
over all classes of people, Parliament has armed the Go-
vernor General in Council, and, in extreme cases, the
Governor-General alone, we shall probably be inclined to
allow little weight to this argument. It seems to be
acknowledged that licenses to print ought not to be re-
fused or withdrawn, except under very peculiar circum-
stances_ And if peculiar circumstances should arise
there will be not the smallest difficulty in providing
measures adapted to the exigency. No Government
in the world is better provided with the means of meet-
ing ex raordinary dangers by extraordinary precautions.
Five persons, who may be brought together in half an
hour, whose deliberations are secret, who are not
shackled by any of those forms which elsewhere delay
Leghlative measures, can in a single sitting teaks a law
for stopping every press in India. Possessing, as we do,
the unquestionable power to interfere, whenever the
eafety of the State may require it, with overwhelming
rapidity and energy, we surely ought not in quiet times
to be constantly keeping the cffensive form and cere-
monial of despotism before the eyes of those whom,
nevertheless, we permit to enjoy the substance of free-
dom. It is acknowledged that in reality liberty is, and
sight to he, the general rule, and restraint the rare and
temporary exception. Why, then, should not the form
correspond with the reality ? Why should our laws be
so framed as to make it appear that the ordinary practce
is in the highest degree oppressive, and that freedom
can be enj eyed only by occasioual connivance ?'
"5. Sir Charles Metcalfe, than Governor-General, by
whom the measure had been proposed to the Council,
recorded a minute in which he exsressed his entire agree-
ment with Mr. Macaulty'e reasonints. In this minute
he said, Ido not apprehend danger to the State from
a free press, but if the danger to the State should arise
the Legislative Council has tho power to apply a
remedy.'
"6. Mr. Prinsep recorded a minute of a still more
guarded character. 116 said, `.Tire Governor-General has
summed up so very clearly the arguments for repealing
the existing laws for licensing and restraining the press
that I have only t 3 subscribe my entire concurrence in
them. But Ido not go quite so far as to say broadly and
without,reserveahat I do not apprehend danger to the
State from the press of India being free. I see no im-
mediate danger in the present state of things, nor is the
futu a danger such as the existing laws would provide for
better than laws made specia ly for the purpose when the
danger threatens. Therefore I cordially assent to the
repeal of the laws ; but I think the eye of the Govern-
ment will require to be kept continually upon the press,
an i espec:ally upon the ratty press, for it is capable of
being madesan engine for dest oying the respectinwhich
th Government is held, and so of undermining its power.'
Again Mr. Prinsep said, ' If there were doubts whether
upon the i epeal of these laws tee Government could ob-
tain the registration of newspapers when the occasion for
ist rfering might ache, I should be the last to consent
to any abandonment of what had been gained. But
none of these forms era necessary now, fo as is forcibly
put by Mr. Macaulay, the Legislative Council has but
to decide, and a law suitable to any emergency can be
produced in a day ;' and finally he said that he assented
without scruple to the repeal of the then existing press
laws, leaving future measures, so far as concerns the
security and protection of the Government against the
press to be determined hereafter as circumstances may
arise to call for legislative or other interference.'
"7. Mr. Ross recorded his asreement in the reasons
stated by Mr. Macaulay and the Governor-General,
although he did not participate in certain apprehensions
felt by Hr. Prinsep.
" 8. Colonel Morison went further than his colleagues,
in insisting upon the necessity of retaining the power
of contreliing the press upon an emergency. He would
have retained that power in the hands, not only of the
Legislature, but also of the several local Governments ;
he said, I couid wish, however, that the proposed
draught should provide some means of applyinga speedier
remedy to the abuse of the press in any emergency when
the Governor-General might be absent from his Council,
or when there might be an urgent necessity for the Go-
vernment or any of the presidencies to act without the
delay of a reference to the Governor-General of India in
Council.' Alluding to the minute of Sir Thomas Munro
above cited, Col. Morrison remarked that he was deeply
impressed with the wisdom and foresight of that eminent
person, that he thought his opinions en this subject de-
serving of the gravest consideration. Co'e Morison wrote,
What he (Sir T. Munro) most apprehended was the
effect which would probably be gradually produced by
a free press) on the minds of the native army, and I con-
fess I am not free from the same apprehension.'
"9. On Col. Morison 's suggestion Sir 0. Metcalfe's
wrote as follows The poser of providing for the
safety of the State is inherent in the Legislature and the
Government of every country. It is not probable that
the safety of the State would be eLdaugered so suddenly
by any operations of the press as not to afford time to
the Legislative Council to apply a remedy, but if such an
extreme case of sudden and imminent danger can be
conceived, what Government would hesitate to protect
itself until the Legislature of India could provide for the
case ?'
" 10. When the law, in consequence of the strong die-

appr )val of the Home Government, came to be reconsi
dered, Lord Auckland recorded a minute, in which the
following passage occurs :--4The strong arm of authority
might
to checkanyhtbeforethe passing of this act have been put for-
a excess, and now, should the safety of
the State ever demand such a course, in a single hour a
law may be passed to stop or to control every press in
Tndia ; nothing has been lost of useful power.'
"11- Sir Harry Fane, the Commander-in-Chief of that
day, recorded his full concurrence in the opinion ex-
pressed by Lord Auckland in the paragraph from which
the above quotation is made.
" 12. In the course of these discussions the opinion of
Lord W. BeLtinck upon the question of the Indian press
was alluded to with approval. That statesman, whose
liberal sentiments are well known, in a minute upon this

question, written when the licensitr; law w, s in force, on
an occasion when he exercised the power of, control given
by that law, wrote as follows :--` I retain my former
cpinion, that the liberty of the press is a most useful
engine in promoting the good administration of the
country, and in some respects nupp'ies that lamentable
imperfection of control, which from local position,
extensive territory, and other causes, the Supreme
Council cannot adequately exercise. But I have always
said and thought that as well with the liberty of the
press as of the subject it is indispensable for the safety
of the empire that the Governor-General in Council
should have the power of suspending the one and of
transmitting the other, whenever the safety of the State
should call for the exercise of such authority.'
"13 We apprehend that your hon. Court will per-
ceive, from the min'jtes above cited that the possibility
of a time of danger occurring, when some measure giving
the Government a power of extraordinary control over
the press might becoms necessary for the safety of the
State, was steadily kept in sight by this fr amers and sup•
porters of Sir C. Metcalfe's law, and that these gentle-
men, even when arguing to the best of their power in
favour of the liberty of the press in India, in the ordi-
nary state of things, were careful to recognize, not only
the right, but the' bounden duty of the Government to
suspend that liberty on the occurrence of drain emer-
gencies. -
" 14. We cannot doubt thatyonr hon. Court will see in
the present critical state of affairs an emergency of the
nature contemplated by the Governments of Sir Charles
Metcalfe and Lord Auckland : and one, it may be con-

fidently assumed, very much graver than was thought in
1835 to be within the range of probability. '
" 15. -Upon this point agreeing entirely with Lorl
William Bentinck, and the -members of those Govern-
ments among whom were statesmen of, great eminence,
remarkable for the liberality of their general views, and
others of long experience and high reputation in Indian
affairs ; believing that the unregulated freedom of the
press at the present crisis was tending strongly to the
extension of revolt and the weakening of the British
power ' • and being confirmed in this belief by the opi-
nions of officers of the highest character engaged at the
moment in distant provinces in supporting the British
cause, we could not hesitate to ask for such a law as
had been in a manner preconcerted, when the Indian
press was freed, for extraordinary occasions, such as that
which has now too certainly arisen. We are well aware
of the angry and unreasoning opposition which a reetric-
Live measure of this sort will always cell forth ; but the
salty of the country is the one great object we have to
look to at present, and to this all other considerations
mu-t give way.
" 16. The conditions which wo prescribed to the press,
while this temporary Ant is in foece, are, we believe, as
mild as is possible consistently with the object in view.
" 17. We thought it right to attempt no make no dis-
tinction between the English and the native press. We
agree with Sir Charles Metcalfe, who in the course of
the discussion of the press question in 1835 wrote ;---' I
think that in all our legislation we ought to be very care-
ful not to make invidious distinctions between Euro-
pean and native subjects.' We do not cleaily see how
any distinction of the sort could be really carried into
effect, for there are now more than one newspaper in
the English language written, owned, and published by
natives, almost exclusively for circulation among native
readers ; and although we have no fear that treasonable
matter would be designedly published in any English
newspaper, we have to guard in these times against
errors, indiscretion, and temper, as well as against in-
tentional sedition.
"18-,Tne quarter of a century which has passed since
the Press Law of 1835 was enacted has made a remark

able change in respect not only of the number of native
newspapers published, but also in the effect, direct and
indirect, upon the natives of matter published in the
Englrsli papers, when the subject interests their passions;
they make little or no distinction between sentiments
affecting teem published by independent Englishmen in
English papers, and the sentiments of the
_English
governors of their country. Where their fears are ex
cited or their feelings offended by such puhUcations the
hatred thereby excited turns upon the English Govern-
ment : and even if it could be right at any time to die-
regiird such results, it would be madness to do so at this
moment.
"19. The interest which. matter published in English
newspapers excites even in foreign native Courts is, per-
haps, not so fully known in Eng Lind as it is in India.
Our connexion with the Burmese Court is not of •long
standing, rind the King of Ava would seem to be as far
out of ' the way of the press as any potentate
with whom we have any relations et all. Yet
not many months ago a gentleman in our !inte-
rest at Ava complained that he had been compromised
by an article that had been published in a Ca'cuttl news-
paper ; and it then appeared that. his Burmese Majesty
had the Calcutta papers regularly exunined, and matter
of interest therein contained regularly explained to him.
•' 20. To show that the necessity of controlling the
English as well as the native press is not ►newly imagi-
nary, it will be enough to state that the trea.onable pro-
clamation of the King and mutineers of Ds h;, cunningly
framed, so as to inflaine the Mahomedan population as
much as possible against the Briti,i Government, and
ending with the assurance that the multiplication and
'circulation of that document would be au act equal in
religious merit to drawing the sword against us, was
published in a respectable English newspaper of this
town without comment. Foi da tig the very same thing,
with, comments having the outw trd form of loyalty, the
publishers of three native Mahomedan papers in Cal-
cutta have been committed to the Supreme Court to
take their trial for seditious libel,

"21. In connection with this subject we have the
honour to request the attention of your hon. Court to
the communications from the Madras Government, em-

bracing minutes by Lord Harris and other members of
the Madras Government, touching, among other things,
up-m the expediency of restricting the existing license
of the press in the Madras Presidency, both English
and native,

" 22. Having taken this opportunity of explaining ge
neraly and at length the reasons for which we think the
temporary Licensing Act necessary, the objects which
we bad in view when the Act was passed, and the spirit in
which we propose to carry it into execution, during the
present critical state of affairs, we proceed to report
two cases in which we have thought it our duty to act
under the authority which this Act gives ue.
" 23. The first of these is the case of the Friend of
India newspaper. This paper, after the conditions im-
posed upon toe press had been promulgated and a license
subject to those conditions had been granted to it, pub-
lished au article which, in our opinion, infringed every
one of those conditions. The position of affairs at the
time was most anxious. The Bengal Native Army was
in mutiny ; the North-Western Provinces were for the
moment lost; the King of Delhi and our treacherous
Sepoys were proclaiming a new empire ; small bodies of
gallant Englishmen were holding out for Government in
isolated stations against fearful odds ; the revolt was
still extending, and the hearts of all Englishmen in India
were daily torn by accounts of the massacre of their
brethren, and the massacre, and worse than massacre, of
their women and children. Of this disastrous and extra-
ordinary revolt the only one of the causes that is quite
certain is what appears to us almost au insane, but what
is not the less a rooted and universal, persuasion in the
minds of the Sepoys aad the people of the North-Westrn
Provinces that it is the fixed design of the British Go-
vernment to interfere by force with the relgious liberty
of the people. In this position of affairs it appeared to
us that we should fail in ourduty if we permitted a news-
paper to inflame men's minds against the British Go-
vernment, to excite suspicion and unfriendly feelings in
the minds cf native chiefs in relations with us, and above
all to jute' a fy the prevalent and fatal delusi.in as to de-
signs on the part of the British Government to destroy
caste and to convert the natives of India by force and
fraud. We therefore warned the publisher of this
paper that a repetition of such breach of the con-
ditions would be followed by the revocation of his
license. Instead of profiting by this warning, the
next issue of the paper contained an article repeating,
but in offensive and defiant terms, the substance of the
article originally objected to. We were on the point
of recalling the license of this newspaper, when we
rec ived from the friends of the proprietor an assurance,
in which we placed reliance, that arrangements had been
completed under which in future the paper would be
conducted in conformity with the prescribed conditions.
As our object is to obtain the necessary security with
the least possible injury to private interests, we
have on this assurance abstained from the withdrawal
of the license.
"24. We have revoked the license granted to the
proprietor of a lithographic press in Calcutta, and di-
rected the seizure of all the printing materials, &c., be-
longing to it. Our reason for taking this step is, that
in the Gulshuni Nau Behar, a Persian newspaper pub-
lished at the press in question, there appeared on the
21 t ult. two articles of a grossly seditious eiaracter ob-
viously designed to excite disaffection towards the Go-
vernment and to encourage resistance to its authority.
A translation of these articles will be found in the co'
lection.

" We have, &c.,

"CANNING.
"J. A. Doßnr,
" J. Low.

" J. P. GRANT,
"B. PEACOCK.

" Fort-William, July 4, 1857."

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(From the Times.)

We republish this morning a document which,
under any circumstances, would be deserving of
public attention, but which recent occurrences have
invested with singular interest. It contains the views
of Brigadier-General Jacob—better known, per-
haps, as Colonel John Jacob, of the Scinde Horse
—upon the constitution and discipline of the Ben-
gal Army, and a sketch of the reforms which, in
his opinion, were required to impart a more desir-
able character to that force. It must be understood
that the remarks in question were penned some
time ago, and it will, of course, be seen that the
evil has now exceeded the scope of ordinary treat-
msnt ; but the opinions of such an authority still
possess great value both in explanation of the past
and instruction for the future.

Two points will strike the reader as not a little
remarkable—first, that Col. Ja-i.ob, while probing
to the bAtom every defect in the Bengal Army,
omits all allusion to the withdrawal of officers from
their regiments on Staff or political employment ;
and, secondly, that he actually ascribes to the offi-
cers as a body many of thole Asiatic habits which
in the present day they were presumed to have
lost, and which one of our c3rrespoulents so ably
justified them for discarding. It would, indeed,
be unfortunate if Europeans in the Bengal Per-
vies adapted themselves to the ways of Hin-
dostan in those -respects exclusively where tha
assimilation could be productive of nothing.
but dstriment; and we may hope that the de-
fects alluded to were always partial, and did
not prove permanent. As regards the abstraction
of officers from their regiments—a subject on which
there can be little doubt either as a question of fact

or a question of expediency, it is possible that Col.
Jacob in ty been less struck with proceedings which

were common to his own service also. As— a Bona-

bay officer, he contrasts with his own experience
whatever is peculiar to Bengal, but overlooks, per-
haps, arrangements which, though manifestly ob-
jectionab'e in themselves, were not more disadvan •
tageous to one army than the other.
The substance of the document, as might be ex-

petted, tends rather to the confirmation a opinions
already preYai'in4 than to the introduction of any
new theory. Eight serious defects are specified as
damaging the efficiency of the Bengal Army, five
of which relate to the position of the officers, two
to the character of the soldier, and one to the very
comprehensive result of the whole. Besides the
Orientalism of tone above noticed, Colonel Jacob—,
speaking, no doubt, with the peculiar sensitiveness.
natural, on such a point, to a Commander of Irre-
gulars—deplores and condemns the curtailment of
the authority which should be lodged with regi-
mental commanders, the want of cordiality and fra-
ternity which should exist among the officers them-
selvei, and the "entire absence of a proper "con-,
fidenco" between these officers and the native
troops. This last remark may appear somewhat,
strange after the striking examples we have
ret•ntly seen of the trust which was almost
invariably placed by Europan officers in the loy-
alty of the Sepoys up to the very moment of mu-
tiny ; but, wi.eu Colonel Jacob proceeds to ext.lain
himself, his obs-rvation is found to point only to
the very facts which we are at this moment wit-
liming. There is confidence enough in the case,
but it it is not a " proper" confidence, not a confi-

deuce that is well grounded or justified upon trial.
Officers iu the field imagine that they are followed
by their men, and suddenly find themselves unsup;
ported—examples of which desertion occurred
more than once in the Sikh campaigns. They kuo w

cothing .of mutinies hatching under their very
eyes, and believe in the fidelity of their troops
until they find them in open rebellion against au-
thority. This is precisely what has happened now;
though on such a scale and with such characteris-
tics as probably Colonel Jacobin his most despond-
ing mood never dreamt of anticipating.
'lt is in the. description, however, of the Bengal
Sepoy that the document before us is most in-
structive, and after I erasing it we can only
wonder, as the air her himself did, how "even the
outward semblance of an army" could ever have
been maintained while such customs prevailed.
Everything in the Bengal Army turned upon caste.
High-caste men almost exclusively were enlisted,
and they were permitted to set their caste and its
requirements above every consideration of disci-
pline or duty. The "lazy and insolent Brahmix4"
who filled the ranks of the army refustid
to dig, to build, or to perform any ono of the thou-
sand services as needful in a campaign as fighting
itself. A regiment of cavalry on arriving at its
halting-ground would decline to picket, unsaddle,
or groom its own horses, and would wait for hears
in conceited indolent; till servants a subordimite
caste came to do the work for them. Another
story told of -these fanatical coxcombs is so &it-
rkeaus, that it reads like one of the best American
exagget ations. At the quarter-guard of a battalion
on duty is kept a gong, which is struck for signals
according to regulations, but a Bengal sentry
would not demean himself by touching the ins4u-
ment at his very elbow, and the gongs v4re
sounded by men kept and paid for the purpose !
But this part of the tale has hitherto been °illy
half told. Colonel Jacob admits us to a vies of
the case which places the point in a light far mre
significant than before. Assuming that a Hin oo
has imbibed all these conceits so thoroughly that
they have b:.came inherent elements of his visry
system, it of course follows that if we engage the
services of high-caste natives we must do so with
the necessary obligaii'mz, and take the men with
their drawbacks as well as with their recommenkla-
lions. Colonel Jacob, however, expressly tells 'nil,
and upon authority which no one can impeach, that
this assumptihn is utterly unfounded, and that the
incredible pretensions of the Bengal Sepoy ,are
based, not upon the inexorable precepts of his reli-
gion, but simply upon his own subtle and design-
ing policy. Those men can forget their caste when
they please to do so, and are glad enough, indeed,
to put it out of the way when they see that it
brings disparagement rather than indulgence. iln
the Bombay army such pretensions are never heard
of, whereas there is no doubt about the identity of
the' two cases. In that army, says Colonel Ja ob,
" hundreds and thousands of men from Hindos au,
from the same villages, of the same caste, and. en
of the same families, brothers; by the same fathers
and mothers as •the fine gentlemen of the Bengal
army, are seen in the ranks, shoulder to shoulder
—nay, even sleeping in the same tent, with: the
Alahratta, the Dhor, and the Purwarree, without
scruple or thought of objection." Afterwards, too,
we are told that the Bombay soldiers will build
houses, manufacture bricks, and, in short, " turn
their hands: to any labour which they may be or-
dered to execute," without any talk of defilement
or degradation..
Clearly, therefore, the evil has lain less in the
system of caste itself than in the system by which
castes were unnecessarily recognised. It is impos-
sible, indeed, to give a more complete or com-
prehensive explanation of the whole case than is
contained in the author's simple remark, that the
Bombay Sepoy prides himself upon being a sol-
dier, the Bengal Sepoy upon being a Hindoo
Let the reader but consider what a world of error
has been involved in the policy thus expressed.
We have not been maintaining a military force
in Bengal ; we have been preserving a hotbed
of Hindooism. We have taken the very preju-
dices most obnoxious to civilization and authority,
and pampered them with extraordinary solicitude.
We have enrolled Hindoos on terms of their own
dictation, recognized them as Brahmins while we
paid them as soldiers, given them au organizationl
which they would never have acquired of themse yes,
and placed arms in their hands, so that they_om ht
feel their ow„nsesptroeynpihsaandterrify theiroeumrpßl
tynlegc,ras.i
The word
Armmeyncwonhsoistgeodi,dendotthoefisrolodionedrso,.o
butnot misnomer.
eo
tf b y Brahmins—
ofthe rules
pretension'sof
otfhßeirrachrmeeidn.-
eft twhaessaeiriviincse4tubutitonb
by pretensions
the elevation. .
exaggerated picture. .
Brahmin-
ism and the preservatiocnoolofncealsteiaoTohbishiismrseeallflyrneo.
tot, that "a native soldier in Bengal is far more
afraidar of an offence against caste than an offence
,against the _4rtic'.es of War," aid he relates an
anecdote of the Sepoys of a regiment demanding,
and obtaining, the dismissal cif a comrade who,
though an excellent soldier, fell short of the
Brahminical standard of purity. After this, we
can certainly wonder no longer that in the Bengal
Army there should have been "in entire absence
of proper discipline," nor will it be otherwise than
favourable to the work of re-organization that the
old framework of such a force has been annihilated
altogether.

FOREIGN Wm.—The quantity of foreign ord:na y
wine imported into France from the 30th Akg., 1854,
when the import duty was first reducod, up to the 30th
June last, amounted to 1,305,887 hec., that of liqueur
wines to 47,072, and of brandy to 687,729. The quan-
tities imported in the month of Tune last were respcc.
Lively 55,700, 2,491, and 49,711 hectol:tres.

/ 7-7',''''rr=-'-f ,•',.('S 't
'• , ': 4,&,:;., \,
TILE BRIPISIT PeETIAGg ~/-I,Arap..Efft_ .-, 4
MA,TESITS ACCESo -1)Y.::-A t*:'l
- • 7-- ---2---
----:
• (7). g 94ly
'
While the public are interere ed irL.t t-1 ,_,.
-
of Mr. Macaulay and L sal R. Grosti'eux to Ile s
peerage, it may not be out of pace to lay before
our readers a brief resume of the titles thus far con-
ferred since her Majesty's accession.
On the 21st day of June, 1837, Queen Victoria,
on coming to the Throne, found the House of Peers
compos d of about 450 members, exclusive of the
spiritual lords and the Sc itch and Irish represent s-
tiyi.s. Her Majesty's fist act was to give an Dig-
livli title to the Scottish Duke of Roxburghe, then
just of age, by creating him Earl Innes, and to ele-
vate to the Earldom of Leicester the laLe frOher of
the House of Commons and f: ien I of herfa' her, Mr.
T. W. Coke, of Holkham, who had often refused the
inferior dignity of a ba-on. At the coronation in June,
1838, Mr. Ponsonby, the ex-meauber fo •• Derbyshire,
Mr. Hanbury-T: acy, for Tewkesbury, Sr J. WI o:-
tesley, for Staffordshire, and Mr. P. Methuen, for
Wiltshire, all of whom hid lost their se .ts at the
previous general election, were advanced to the
English baronies of De Manley, Sudeley, Wrottee-
ley, and Methuen. At the same time her Majesty
conferred English baronies on the Irish Lords L's-
more and Carew, and on the Scottish Earl of Kin-
tore, advancing Lords King and Dundas to the
earldoms of Lovelace and Zotland, and the Earl ( f
Mulgrave to the Ma•quisite of Normanby, and
summoning the present Duke of Ie ede to the Upper
House as Lord Osborne. In the course of the same
year the title of Lord Vaux of Harrowden was re-
vived in the person of Mr. G. Mostyn. In the course
of the following year Lord Melbourne elevated to
the Peerage a " batch " of his own mote immediato
friends and supporters, including his own brother
Frederick, long ambass k dor at Vienna, who became
Lord Beauvale ; Col. Talbot, many years the Libe-
ral member for the county of Dublin, as Lord Fu r-
nival ; Sir J. T. Stanley, as Lord Stanley of Alder-
ley ; Mr. V. Stuart, as Lord Stuart de Decks ;
Mr. C. Brownlow' who had long sat for the county
of Armagh, as Lord Lurgan ; and Mr. Beilby-
Thompson, as Lord Wenlock, —a title which lead
for a short time been enjoyed by his brother, the
late Sir F. Lawley ; while Mr. A. French, the
veteran M.P. for Roscommon, accepted the title of
De Freyne. At the same time iu Mr. C. Leigh the
ancient barony of Leigh was revived, and Mr. R.
Colborne, who had sat for many years for Wells
and other places, became Lord Colbo: ne, the first
and the last of that title. In the same year the late
Lord Ponsonby, then ambassador at Constantino-
ple, was promoted. to a viscountcy which has since
expired with him ; Mr. Abercromby, after a four
years' tenure of the Speakership, was advanced to
the title of Lord Dunfermline ; the ancient Camoys
title was also revived in the person of Mr. T. Stonor,
who had sat for Oxford for a few weeks in the fitot
reformed Parliament. About the same Mr. S.
Rice, on resigning the Chancellorship of the Ex-
chequer, became Lord Montengle of Brandon ; Lord
Auckland, the Governor-General of India, was ad-
vanced to an earldom ; while the titles of Lord
Keane and Lord Seaton were conferred on two gene-
ral officers who had seen more than the ordinary
shave of military service. In 1840 Mr. M. St spletou
obtained in his favour the revival of the ancient
Barony of Beaumont, and Sir J. Asley, the ex-
member for Norf&k, that of Hastings. In 1811
another "batch" of elevations were gazetted just
before the retirement of the Melbourne Ministry.
English baronies were then conferred on the Scotch
Earl of Stair and the Irish Earl ef Kenmare, while
Sir J. Campbell became at a leap Lori Campbell and
Load Chancellor of Ireland • Sir H. Vivian and Sir
H. Parnell were made respectively Lords Vivian and
Co u gleton, the late Duke of Norfolk and the present
Earl of Gosford at the same time being called t ) the
Upper House in their father's baronies, and Lords
Barham and Segrave being advanced to the Earl-
doms of Gainsborough and FitzHardiuge. Not long
afterwards Mr. P. Thompson, then Governor-
General of Canada, was created Lord Sydenham,
but the title, we believe, became extinct within the
year. In Aug., 1811, Lord Melbourne resigned,
having conferred no less than 42 coronets in four
years. It is but justice to his successor, t4e late Sir
R. Peel, to state that he discontinued the established
practice of conferring the honours of the peerage
with a lavish hand. On taking office he found that
there were two gentlemen whose services he re-
quired in the Upper House. They were the eldest
eons of peers, and had long enjoyed vats in the
Commons. These noblemen her Majesty was pleased
at once to call to the Upper House in their fathers'
baronies, and they are now the Earls of Derby and
Lonsdale. At that time the late Lord Hill, the Com-
mander-in-Chief at the Horse Guards, was advanced
from a barony to a viscountcy. Sir R. Peel remained
in office till the close of the summer of 1846, just
five years; but during that time the only other
English peerages conferred were the Barony of Met-
calfe (since extinct) on the late Sir C. T. Metcalfe,
the E trldom of Ellesmere on Lord F. Egerton, and
the Viscountcy of Hardinge on Sir H. Hardinge,
besides the advancement of Gen. Gough to a barony
and of Lord Eilenborough to an earldom, for their
Indian careers. On their return to office in Sept.
1846, the Whig party renewed their practice of in-
creasing the Peerage. In thefire yearsduringwli'cli
Lord J. Russell held office we find the Earl of Dal-
housie advanced to a marquisate' Lords Stratford.
and Cottenham to earldoms, and Lord Gough to a
viscountcy, while the baronies of Dartrey, Milford,
Elgin, Clandeboye, Eddisbury, Londesborough,
Overstone, Truro, Cranworth, and Broughton were
conferred respectively upon Lord Cranorne, Sir R.
B. Phillipps, the Earlof Elgin, Lord Dufferm, Mr.
E. J. Stanley, Lord A. Conyugham, Mr. Jones-
Loyd, Sir T. Wilde, Sir R. M. Rolfe, and Sir J.
C. Holahouse. Mr. Byng, too, was called to the
' Upper House as Lord Strafford. It was the boast
of Lord Derby that during his brief Ministry of
1852 he had advised her Majks'y to raise t) the
Peerage three indivi heals, and three only—Sir. E.
Sugden, Lord F. Somerset, and Sir S. Canning,
since better known to our readers as Lords St.
Leonard's, Raglan, and Stratford de Redcliffe.
Lord Aberdeen did not avail himself of his Pre-
miership from 1852 to 1855 to confer a single
Peerage on his friends. The first English corourt
bestowed by Lord Palmerston was the unhappy
He Peerage which lit upon the head of Baron
Parke, but subsequently exchanged for ono with a
less questionable title. Since then Sir G. Heath-
cote has been made Lord Ave!aud ; Sir E. Lyons,
Lord Lyons ; Mr. E. Strut+, Lord Belper • and
the late Speaker, Mr. S. Lefevre, Viscount Evers-
ley. Lords Kenmare and Talbot de Malahide have
been honoured with English baronie,, and Lord
Shelburne has been called to the Upper House in
his father's barony of Wycombe ; and now, last of
all, we chronicle this day the elevation of Lord R.
Grosvenor and Mr. Macaulay to the coronets of
English barons.

:lig
gcrrfNiarnnoc -p
ger
from
aiot
crhFßDem
Rotterdam,
otsutss SegsareTgodnEefaAe
mtwslihs,:-ess upi P AND LOSS OF LIFE.
u tc postedh screw
eLwl yesterday,osyteda'smers opi
,ie
afterw hic which founderedeieg ie ee l
lei
eairol
ey
with that
of
hlnoeSnatreallNiudei William
of life. The Sophie wag a first-class vessel, and belonged
to some merchants at Rotterdam. It is reported that
she left that port on Wednesday night, and about one
o'clock yesterday morning she was a few miles off Dun-
geness, making her way down Channel for Bristol, when
she came in contact with the William Hutt. She
immediately began to fill, and in a comparatively brief
period she went down in several fathoms, carrying with
her the captain, ten of the crew, and two female passes;
gers. The survivors of the crew, 11 individual, were
the
dup byef thethe NVemilrletaigmeH. utst,e
eained
elfantdheed
paeterD ofeviel
or
wine
course
when rescued were in a very exhausted condition. They
received every attention from the Dutch Vice-Consui of
the port. Several boatmen have gone to the vicinity of
the sunken wreck to save what property may be cast
She
he w detained state,
was
seized,
e wasiatz e lost(33Lri as lasttndi forhera year.
o breachi Tnr
rtce 'e
s
a
up. The morning was dark aid stormy, with r sin.
Whether bath ships exhibited the usual lights remains
to be rvcertained. The Sophie was a sister ship of the
Sophie
d crew, amounting in all to 20, were arrested upon
the
hadhic singular
recently
s. been
to
some charge of smuggling. Through the intervention of
Mr. May, the consul in London, the vessel was released
Maas
wCustomsh
sod mannedwriie m freshbllytt a,
She resumed her station.
w crew,
which sustained damage, continued
Thelie
her voyage

LADVERTISRMENT.I—Among the numerous extraordinary
cures without medicine effected by Du Barry's Delicious
Ilealth-Restoring Revalenta Arabica Fool of Indigestion
(Dyspepsia), Flatulency, Constipation, Nervous, Bilious, anti
Liver Complaints, Cough, Asthma, Consumption, and ,Debi-
lity the following are not the least remarkable: 1g
es
indio.es
street, Perth, May 2, 1848.—Thirteen years' coup ,
excellent Revalenta Arabica Food.— Jam
to inform you
tion, and general debility have been removoesd birm-Dtotri.BaHrruyn'a.
Hun-
ton, 22d Nov., 1850.—Dear Sir,-
0. the last eight
accumulation of
for
ad ben tried in vain. My
au incredible
that
years, yourall kinds excellent
offood
medicinessuffering, has
which, relievedi am
mdeuhnfa. from
byienuorusfonoodss:veraefftehoo-
ffeoellloilw' —lndigestion,
tious of the e 1712cidneys, costiveness, palpitation
feelings and sufferings
previous
nervousness, takingss,
liver and
the cars, pains in almost all the
general debility, loss of memory, obfodthye,
hleoavirt, spirits,thoughts of self-destruction. , MaryGodsmark.
testimonials from the celebrated Professors ct
Supported by
y ;
Dr. Campbell ; Dr. Gattiker ; Dr. Wurzer ; Dr. Ingram ;
Chemistry, Dr. Andrew Ure ; Dr. Shorland ; Dr. Harvey
Lord Stuart de Decies; the Dowager Countess of Castle.
wretchedness, .
art; Major-Gen. Thomas King, and many other respects' 10
persons, whose health has been restored by it, after all other
in sans of cure had failed. Suitably packed with full in-
structions. In canisters, 11b, 2s. 9d. ; 21b, 4s. 6d. ; 51b,
lis ; 121 b, 225. The 121 b canisters aro sent carriage free,
on receipt of Post-Office order.—Barry Da Barry, & Co.,
77, Regent-street, London. IMPORTANT CAUTION against the
fearful dangers of spurious imitations :—The Vice-Chancel.
for Sir William Page Wood granted an Injunction on the
10th March, 1854, against Alfred Hooper Nevin, for imitating
" D 4 Barry's Revalenta Arabic& Food.

HER MAJESTY'S THE ATRE E.
Two Extra Performances only, at Reduced
Prices, on Friday, September 18, and Saturday, September
19, with Piceolomini, Spezia, Ortolani, .Giuglini, Violetti,
P,neventano and Belletti, when will be presented
LA. TRAVIATA and IL DON GIOVANNI.

--- ----
PRICES :
Poxes to accommodate four persons,
Grand Tier, Pit Tier, and One Pair' 22 2 0
Two Pair 1 1 0
Three Pair 0 15 0
Pit Stalls 0 10 6
0 3 6
Pit
Gallery Stalls 0 3 6
Gallery

fifiREATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
Lessee—Mr. J. B. Buckstone.
rins EVENING, to commence at Seven o'clock, with
shxke:peare's Comedy of MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING.
J3catric? Mrs. Catherine Sinclair (her 6th appearance in this
country) ; Benedick (6th time), Mr. Howe ; Dogberry, Mr.
Compton ; Hero, Miss M. Oliver.
After which, the new and successful Comedy, entitled
VICTIMS, in which Mr. Buckstone, Mr. Howe, Mr. William
Farren, Miss Reynolds, Miss Emma King, dze., will appear.

.
To cmclnde with THE GLEANERS.
Orchestra Stalls (which may be retained the whole of the
evening), 6s. each. (No charge for booking.)
First Price. s. d. Second price. s. d
Drag Boxes
Cpper Boxes ... 3 0 Upper Boxes 2 0
it . .. .
over Gallery 1 0 Lower Gallery .. 0 6
Upper Gallery - 0f No half-price to Upper Gallery.

THEATRE ROYAL, AD EL PHI.
Lessee—Mr. Ben. Webster.
THIS EVENING, will be performed the new Comic
piece, called URGENT PRIVATE AFFAIRS.
After which, Douglas Jerrold's drama of BLACK-EYED
SUS kN. William, Mr. T. P. Cooke.
Followed by MY PRECIOUS BETSEY. Mr. Wright,
.P. Bedford, Mary Keeley, &c.

STRAND
THEATRE.—Lessee, Mr. T. Payne.
—THIS EVENING will be performed
THE MARRIED BA.".HELOR. Mr. J. Kinloch, Mr. J.
Howard, Mr. G. Bolton, Miss E. O'Brien, and Miss M. A.
Followed by THE 'WATERMAN. Tom Tug, Miss Harriet
Gordon.
After which, the highly-successful and original burlesque,
written by Leicester Buckingham, entitled LA. TRAVIATA;
or, THE LADY CAMELEON. Miss Craven, Miss Victor,
Mr. F. Charles, Mr. G. Bolton, Mr. J. Howard, and Mr. J.
Clarke.
To conclude with DON'T LEND YOUR UMBRELLA.
Commence at Seven. Stalls. 3s. ; Boxes, 2s. ; Pit, ls.;
Gallery, 6d. ; Private Boxes, 1/. ls.

It OLY A L,
m 0 L 7FPRI Obso
nT HdEEA Td Rn E.
esseesessTHlS EVENING, will be performed the now drama of
THE LIGHTHOUSE.
After which, the comedietta, entitled A SUBTERFUGE
Mrs. Stirling, Mr. G. Vining, and Mr. G. Murray.
To conclude with the original Extravaganza, by Bober'
B. Brougb, Esq., called MASANIELLO. Messrs. Rob.
son, Cooke, Danvers, dm. ; Misses Swanborough, Thirlwall
Hughes, Bromley, and Mrs. Melfont.
Commence at half-past Seven.

14 OYAL SURREY THEATRE.
.a.ki.) Lessees, Messrs. Shepherd and Crsswick.
THIS EVENING, CIIRISTY'S MINSTRELS will appear
After which, will be performed THE SURPRISE, in
which Messrs. W. Smith, T. Robertson, Butler, and Miss E.
WQhsttr, will appear.
With other attractive novelties.

4S T LEY'S ROY AL AMPHITHEATRE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. W. Cooke.
Under the patronage of her Majesty an&flis Royal Highness

Prince Albert.
Complete and unexampled Success of the Grand Oriental
Spe,Aaele of EL RYDER. Mr. Wm. Cooke announces with
great satisfaction another Triumph. The intensely interest-
in!, and thrilling Equestrian aid Dramatic situations with
which this splendid Hippodrama abounds have been nightly
received with increased delight and enthusiasm. _ .

THIS EVENING, and during the week, the entertainments
vs ill commence with the Grand Equestrian and Oriental Spec-
tacle, in 2 Acts, entitled EL HYDER ; or, THE CHIEF OF
THE GHAUT MOUNTAINS. El Hyder, Mr. James Hol-
loway. Introducing Mr. W. Cooke's magnificently Trained
Horses.
fter which an unapproachably brilliant series of Mr.
William Cooke's inimitable SCENES IN THE ARENA, sup-
ported by the popular and talented Artistes of the establish.
men t, including Madlle. Mililos.
To conclude with TEKELI, with Equestr:an effects.
Co:nu:mace at seven o'clock. Dress Boxes, 4s. ; Upper
Boxes, 35.; Private Boxes, from 21s. no charge for booking;
Pit, 2s. ; 'Gallery, ls. ; Upper Gallery, 6d. Half-price at
half-past Eight.
11,x-otllce open from Eleven till Four. St4e Manager,
Mr. W. West. Equestrian Director, •Mr. W. Cooke, jun.

A_NTERBURY HALL, Westminster-road.—
OPEN EVERY EVENING.—The follow-
cortpany of Vocalists are engaged for the performance of
S •locfcions from all the popular OPERAS, MADRIGALS,
CHORUSES, GLEES;DUETS, dm., viz.: Mrs. Palmyre, Miss
E. Scott, Miss Brunell, Mrs. Le Jenne, Miss Leslie, and
Madame Marietta ; Herr F. Jonghmans, R. Grover, T. Far-
real., S. Jonen. J. Barker, W. Melling, P. Corri, Senor An-
tonio, E. L. Rime, and Mr. St. Alva ; Master Corri ; Messrs
Sam. Collins, and E. Macknoy. Pianoforte, Mr Cecil
Hicks ; harmonium, Master Williams ; Director, Herr F,
Joughanws Commence at Seven o'clock precisely. Si
von:, 4e., until twelve o'clock.—Signor PICCO will perform
at f-past Eight and half-past Ten, every Evening.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
THIS DAY —Morn., 29 min. aft. 7—Even., 12 ccOn aft. E
To-Monztow--3lcrn., 3 min. aft. 9--Even., 54 min. aft. 9

TUE WEATHER-SUN OFFICE, SEPTEMBER 12,

THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
Cl--highest since noon yesterday.
5--lowest this morning and during the night
63 --this day at noon.
Barton ETER. 29.72.
WIND, S.W. ; light, with partial showers, but fine.

=, er-
fq
4 (-- 4-1