The Sun.
London, England, 1861-05-14 00:00:00

disease.

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(From the Special Correspondent of the Times )
CHARLESTON, S.C., APRIL 21.
I find some consolation for the disappointment
of not arriving in time to wi.ness the attack upon
Fort Sumter in describing the condition of the work
soon atter Major Anderson surrendered it. Already
I have upon my table a pamphlet entitled " The
Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the
Southern Troops," &c., several poems, and a variety
of versicules, songs, and rhetorical exercitations
upon this event, which, however important as a
political demonstration, is of small value in a mili-
tary sense, except in so far as the bloodless occupa-
tion of a position commanding Charleston harbour
is concerned. It may tend to prevent any false
impressions founded on imperfect infarmation to
state a few facts connected with the fire in the
work and its effects, which will interest at least
some military readers.
In the first place, it may be well to admit that
the military preparations and positions of the South
Carolinians were more formidable than one was
prepared to expect on the part of so small a State,
without any considerable internal organisation or
resources. This comparative efficiency was due
mainly to General Beauregard and his assistant-
engineer, Major Whiting, who are both professional
engineer officers of the United States army, and
who had capacity and influence enough to direct
the energies of the undisciplined masses in the
proper direction, instead of allowiag them to rush
on their fate in the perilous essay essay of an escalade,
as they intended. The State of South Carolina
had for a long time past been accumulating arms
and munitions of war, and it may be said that
ever since the nullification contest she had per-
mitted herself to dwell on the idea of ultimate se-
cession, to be effected by force if necessary. When
General Beauregard and Major Whiting came here
the works intended to resist the fleet and to crush
the fort were in a very imperfect state. Major An-
derson and his officers had a true professional con-
tempt for the batteries of the civilians and militia-
men, which was in some measure justifiable. One
morning, however, as they took their survey of
their enemy's labours for the previous night, they
perceived a change had come over the design of their
works. That " some one who knows his business
is over there" was evident. Their strange relation-
ship with those who were preparing to destroy. them
if possible, however, prevented their recourse to the
obvious' means which were then in abundance in
their hands to avert the coming danger. Had
Major Anderson maintained a well-regulated fire
on the enemy the moment they began to throw
up their batteries and prepare Fort Moultrie against
him, he could have made their progress very slow
and exceedingly laborious, and have marked it at
every step with blood. His, command over the
ground was very decided, but he had, it is to be
supposed, no authority to defend himself in the
only way in which it could be done. " Too late,"
—that fatal phrase,—was the echo to every order
which came from the seat of government at
Washington. Meantime the South Carolinians
worked at their batteries, and were soon able
to obtain cover on the soft sandy plains on which
they were planting their guns and mortars. They
practised their men at the guns, stacked shot
and shell, and furnished their magazines, and
drilled their raw levies with impunity within
1,400 yards of the fort.. We all know what im-
punity is worth in offensive demonstrations. It is
a powerful agent sometimes in creating enthusiasm.
Every day more volunteers flocked to the various
companies, or created new associations of armed
men, and the heterogeneous and motley mass began
to assume some resemblance to an army, however
irregular. At the present moment Charleston -is
like a place in the neighbourhood of a camp where
military and volunteer tailors are at work trying
experiments in uniforms, and sending in their
animated models for inspection. There is an end-
less variety—often of uglihess--in dress and equip-
ment and nomenclature among these companies.
The head-dress is generally, however, a smart cap
like the French kepi ; the tunic is of different cuts,
colours, facings, and materials,—green with gray
and yellow, gray with orange and black and white,
blue with white and yellow facings, roan, brown,
burnt sienna, and olive,—jackets, frocks, tunics,
blouses, cloth, linen, tweed, flannel. The officers
are generally in blue frocks and brass buttons,
with red sashes, the rank being indicated by gold
lace parallelograms on the shoulder straps, which
are like those in use in the Russian army. The arms
of the men seem tolerably well kept and in good
order. Many, however, still shoulder " White
Bess"—the smooth-bore musket with unbrowned
barrel. The following is an official return, which I
am enabled to present to you through the courtesy
of the authorities, showing the actual number of
men under arms yesterday in and around Charles-
ton :

Morris Island-17th Regiment, 700 men; Ist Regiment,
950 men; 2d Regiment, 975 men; total, 2,625 men.
an's Island-sth Regiment, 1,075 men; detachment
of Bth Regiment, 250 men; detachment of 6th Regiment,
200 men; cavalry and others, 225 men ; t vial, 1,750.
Stone and other points, 750 men; Charleston, 1,900 men;
Columbia, 1,950 men.

Men.
Morris Island 2.625

Sullivan's Island
Slime and other points 750

545
Columbia • 1,950
Charleston

8,975
In field at the time of report

Total
The regiments mentioned here are composed of
the various companies raised in different localities
with different names, but the State regulars are in
expectation that they will soon be made portions
of the regular army of the Confederate States which
is in course of formation. There are, I believe, only
55.000 registered voters in South Carolina. The
number of men furnished by them is a Pir indica-
tion of the zeal for the cause which animates the
population. The phys,que of the troops is undeni-
ably good. Now and then undersized, weakly men
may be met with, but the great majority of the com-
panies consist of rank and file exceeding the average
stature of Europeans, and very well built and mus-
cular. The men run very large down here. Nothing,
indeed, can be more obvious when one looks at the
full-grown, healthy, handsome race which develops
itself in the streets, in the bar-rooms, and in the
hotel halls, than the error of the argument, which
is mainly used by the Carolinians themselves, that
white men cannot thrive in their State. In limb,
figure, height, weight, they are equal to any people
I have ever seen, and their features are very regu-
lar and pronounced. Thy are, indeed, as unlike
the ideal American of our caricaturists and our
stage as is the milor of the Porte St. Martin to the
English gentleman. Some of this superiority is due
to the fact that the bulk of the white population
here are in all but name aristocrats, or rather oli-
garchs. The State is but a gigantic Sparta, in which
the helotry are marked by an indelible difference of
colour and race from the masters. The white popu-
lation which is not land and slaveholding and agri-
cultural is very small and very insignificant. The
masters enjoy every advantage which can conduce
to the physical excellence of a people and to the
cultivation of the graces and accomplishments of
life, even though they are rather disposed to neglect
purely intellectual enjoyments and tastes. Many of
those who serve in the ranks are men worth from
£5,000 to£lo,ooo ayee rivapr—aattle feedseastso hisl
was
told—and
men were pointed out to me who were said to be
on
worth far more.companyon
French pates and Madeira, another provides his
comrades with unlimited Champagne, most grate-
ful on the arid sandhills ; a third, with a more sol-
dierly view to their permanent rather than occasional
efficiency, purcintso for the nun ct hie" Quivd"

complete equipment of Enfield rifles. How long the
seal and resources of these gentlemen will last it
may not be easy to say. At present they will prove
formidable to any enemy, except a regular army on
the plain and in the open, but they are not provided
with field artillery, or with adequate cavalry, and
they are not accustomed to act in concert and in
large bodies.
Yesterday morning I waited on Gen. Beaure-
gard, who is commanding the fords of South Caro-
lina. His aides de-can p, Mr. Manning, Mr. Ches-
nut, Mr. Porcher Allies, and Colonel Lucas accom-
panied me. Of these the former has been Governor
of his State ; the next has been' a senator, and
the third a member of Congress., They are all
volunteers and are gentlemen of position in the
State, and the fact that they are not only content
but gratified to act as aides to the professionalsoldier
is the best proof of the reality of the spirit which
animates the class they represent. Mr. Lucas is a
gentleman of the State, who is acting as aide-de-
camp to Governor E;ckens. Passing through the
dense crowd which, talking, smoking, and reading
newspapers, fills the large hall of Mills's house, we
emerge on the dirty street, sufficiently broad, and
lined with trees protected by wooden sheathings at
the base. The houses, not very lofty, are clean and
spacious, and provided with verandahs facing the
south as far as possible. The trees give the streets
the air of a boulevard, and the town has somehow
or other a reminiscence of the Hague about it which
I cannot explain or account for satisfactorily. The
head-quarters are in a large, airy public building,
once devoted tquan insurance company's operations'
or to the accommodation of the public fire com-
panies. There was no guard at the door ; officers
and privates were passing to and fro in the hall,
part of which was cut off by canvas screens, so as to
form rooms for the departments of the Horse Guards
of South Carolina. Into one of these we turned, and
found the desks occupied by officers in uniform, writ-
ing despatches and copying documents with all the
abandon which distinguishes the true soldier when he
can get at printed forms and Government stationery.
In another moment we were ushered into a smaller
room and presented to the General, who was stated
at his desk. Any one accustomed to soldiers can
readily detect the " real article" from the counter-
feit, and when General Beauregard stood up to wel-
come us it was patent he was a man capable of
greater things than taking Sumter. He is a squarely
, with broad
ese, of middle
built,shoulders
u dleerasn
andm a nl,e is*
made
uatd4oot
oy years
ao fhaogr
height, and his head is covered with thick hair,
cropped close, and showing the bumps which are
reflective and combative, with a true Gallic air at
very high
the back of the skull ; the forehead broad and well
darkde eyes;veloped ptih-oojefeatosesoismevwerhyatrhoivz
withthe keen, eager
cheek bones, a well shaped nose, slightly acquiline,
large,and
fullfiaghtiog In
sharply-cutevent of any importany-cut mouth, set above a
operations taking place, the name of this officer wil

I feel assured, he heard often enough to be my ex-
cuse for this little sketch of his outward man. He
was good enough to detail his chief engineer officer
to go with me over the works, and I found in Major
Whiting a most able guide and agreeable compa
nion. It is scarcely worth while to waste time in
describing the position of Charleston. It lies as low
as Venice, the look of, which it rather affects from
a distance, with long sandy islands stretching out
as arms to close up the approaches, and lagunes
cutting into the marshy shores. On a sandy island
and spit on the left hand shore stands Fort Mogi-
trie. On the southern side, on another sandy island,
are the lines of the batteries which, probably, were
most dangerous, from their proximity and position,
to the unprotected face of Sumter. The fort itself
is built in the tideway, on a rocky point, which
has been increased by artificial deposits of granite
chips. Embarked, with a few additions to our
original party,- on beard a small steamer called
the Lady Davis, we first proceeded to Morris
Island, about 34 miles from Charleston. Our
steamer was filled with commissariat stores for the
troops, of whom 4,000 were said to be encamped
among the sandhills.. Any one who has ever been
at Southport, or has seen the dunes about Dunkirk
or Calais, will have a good idea of the place. Our
landing was opposed by a guard of stout Volunteers
with crossed firelocks ; but they we're satisfied by
the General's authority, and we proceeded, ankle-
deep in the soft white sand, to visit the batteries
w-ich played on the landward face of Sumter.
They are made of sandbags for the most part, well
placed in the sandhills, with
ise good traverses, and
v
11 protected magazines, the embrasures being
faced with palmetto logs, which do not splinter
when struck by shot. It did not, however, require
much investigation to show that these works would
be greatly injured by a fire of vertical and hori-
zontal shell from the fort, and that the distance of
their armament would render it difficult to breach
the solid walls which were opposed to them at up-
wards of 1,200 yards away. However, there were
two powerful teortar batteries, which could have
done great damage if they were well served, and
have made the terreplein and
parade of the fort a
complete "shell trap" unless the mortars were
injured. The civilians and militiamen set greater
store on the Iron Battery at Cummiss-point,
which is the part of the island nearest
to the fort, but the fire of heavy guns would have
soon destroyed their confidence. It consists of
yellow pine logs placed as vertical uprights. The
roof, of the same material, slopes from the top of
the uprights to the sand facing the enemy—over it
are dovetailed bars of railroad iron, of the T pat-
tern, from top to bottom, all riveted down in the
most secure manner. On the front the railroad
iron roof and incline present an angle of about 30
degrees. They are three portholes with iron shut-
ters. When opened by the action of a lever the
muzzles of the columbiads fill up the space com-
pletely. The columbiad guns with which this
battery is equipped bear on the south wall of
Sumter at an angle. The inclined side of the
battery has been struck by six shot, the effect of
two of which is enough to demonstrate that the
fire of the guns en barbette would have been
destructive. The columbiad is a kind of Dahl-
gren—that is, a piece of ordnance very thick in
the breech, and lightened off gradually from
the trunnions to the muzzle. The platforms
were rather light, but the carriages were solid and
well made, and the elevating screws or hitches of
the guns were id good order. The mortars are of
various calibres and descriptions, mostly 8-inch and
10 inch; and it is said there were 17 of them in
position and working against the fort and that 35
guns ware from time to time directed against it.
Shot and shell appeared to be abundant enough.
The works are all small detached batteries, with
sandbag merlons, and open at the gorge, and they
extend for four miles along the shore of the island.
The camps are pitched most regularly between the

sandhills--tent; of all shapes andsizes, in the
ena
fashion called higgledy-piggledy, here and there in
Iknndoitasn and
rgtreornmpass t
ei nr.
ga w
eary that would drive anl
mad. Bones of beef
and mutton, Champagne and wine bottles, ob-
structed the approaches, which were of a nature to
'Neill most afflict Dr. Sutherland and Sir John m

bitterly, and to suggest the reflection that the army
which so utterly neglected sanitary regulations
could not long exist as soon as the sun gained full
power. They say, however, the men are not sickly,
and that these sandhills are most healthy spots
about Charleston. The men were occupied as sol-
diers generally are when they have nothing to do—
lounging or lying on the straw and plank carpets,
smoking, reading, sleeping. The owners of the
wThhiech " The
Ea
gles'
Nest," give
pen
,t"h
he variousTigers'
rnames, r
Nest," " Mars' Delight" are fair specimens, and
these are done in black on the white calico. In one
which we visited the hospitable inmates were

busily engaged in brewing claret cup, and Bordeaux,
lemons, auger, ice, and Champagne, and wade were

Having satisfied our curiosity as well as time and
a sandstorm permitted, we got into a row boat and
proceeded to Sumter. At a distance the fort bears
some resemblance to Fort Paul at Sebastopol. It is
a truncated pentagon, with three faces armed—that
which is towards Morris Island being considered
safe from attack, as the work was only intended to
resist an approach from the sea. It is said to have
cost altogether more than £200,000 sterling. The
walls are of solid brick and concrete masonry, built
close to the edge of the water, 60 feet high, and
from 8 to 12 feet in thickness, and carry three tiers
of guns on the north, east, and west exterior sides.
Its weakest point is on the south side, where the
masonry is not protected by any flank fire to swee:3
the wharf. The work is designed for an armament
of 140 pieces of ordnance of all calibres. Two tiers
are under bombproof casematest and the third or
upper tier is en barbette ; the lower tier is intended
for 42-pounder paixhan guns ; the second tier for
8 and 10 inch columbiads, for throwing solid or
hollow shot, and the upper tier for mortars and guns.
But only 75 are now mounted. Eleven paixhan
guns are among that number, nine of them com-
manding Fort Moultrie. Some of the columbiads
are not mounted. Four of the 32-pounder barbette
guns are on pivot carriages, and others have a sweep
of 180 degrees. The walls are pierced everywhere
for musketry. The magazine contains several
hundred barrels of gunpowder, and a supply of shot,
powder, and shells. The garrison was amply sup-
plied with water from artificial wells. The war
garrison of the fort ought to be at least 600 men.
but only 79 were within its walls, with the labourers
_ _