The Sun.
London, England, 1861-09-05 00:00:00

THE ARMY.

Yesterday the Royal Engineers employed on the
field works at the practising ground, Chatham,
under the direction of Major Lovell, C,8., completed
the formation of a large 6 gun earth battery, in ac-
cordance with Vauban's theory. The battery con-
sisted of a sunken, half-sunken, and elevated por-
tion, each mounting two guns. The Royal Engineers
have also completed the formation of a flying sap,
in the front of which, at some distance, they yester-
day commenced breaking ground for throwing up
the works for the formation of a large advanced
battery. Several hundred of the officers and men
of the Royal and Indian Engineers are daily em-
ployed on the practising ground, and at the pontoon
hard, Chatham, in order that they may acquire a
thorough knowledge of the field work instruction
previously to being despatched to the various foreign
stations.

An order was yesterday received at Chatham,
from the Marine-office, directing a detachment of
Royal Marines, under the command of Lieut. C. F.
Daly, to be held in readiness to embark on board
the Malacca, 17, 200 horse power, ordered to be
commissioned at Sheerness.

Yesterday 17 non-commissioned officers and men
of the Royal Marine Artillery, and 22 men of the
light infantry companies left head-quarters, Chat-
ham, and embarked on board the Orestes, 21, screw
corvette, fitting for the Pacific station.
The detachment of the 10th Hussars stationed at
Ipswich is ordered to leave for Aldershott, and the
barracks of the former place will shortly be occupied
by the sth Light Dragoons at Colchester. Col. the
Hon. A. Gordon, C. 8., has resumed his duties as
commandant, after leave of absence. The following
additions to the camp have been made during the
past week :—The 2d battalion of the Ist Royals,
comprising five officers and 200 rank and file, under
the command of Capt. Legge, from Birr ; the 2d
battalion of the sth Fusileers, comprising 110 rank
and file, under the command of Capt. Cubitt, from
Pembroke ; and the 2d battalion of the 6th Foot,
comp.l.:rw 200 rank and file, with Capts. P rotheroe
and Annesley, Rale and Walesley, and
Ensign Collis, from Cork. The depot or tho 37th,
under the command of Captain Pelley, has left for
Pembroke.
Major Field, D eputy-Assis t. Quartermaster-Gene-
ral at Woolwich, has been granted leave of absence
until the 24th inst. The duties of the Quartermas-
ter-General's department at Woolwich will, in con-

fessional gentlemen instructed by the relatives and
friends of the deceased. Capt. Tyler, the Govern-
ment Inspector, was also present.
It is stated that the officials of the company have
made some progress in the settlement of minor
claims for personal injuries inflicted by the acci-
dent:

After our parcel was despatched last night the
following witnesses were examined:—
John Piper, stationmaster at Hassock's-gate,
being examined by the jury, stated that the Ports-
mouth excasion train had tail lamps. He could not
say whether the lamps were lit. It is difficult to
tell in th( daytime whether the lamps of a fast
train are It or not.

Mr. Stuckey—The driver of the Portsmouth (the
first) trail says he left Brighton at 8 28. Was it
possible for him to do so and to be at Hassock's-
gate in eight minutes ?
Witness—No, it was not. I made a special re-
port to the company relative to the accident.
Mr. Pack and Mr. Fryer requested the Coroner
to include this report in the order he was about to
make for the production of documents.
By Captain Tyler—l cannot positively say
whether, in my report to the company, I stated
that the Portsmouth train passed Hassock's-gate at

8350 r 8 36. It was within half a minute-either
way.
William Holman, signalman at the Hastings
Junction, Brighton Station—l was on duty on the
Sunday of the accident. The Portsmouth excursion
(first trait) passed me at 8 29. lam quite sure of
that. I noticed the time from the clock supplied
me by the company, and placed in my hut. I am
placed beyond the ticket platform. The Brighton
excursion (second train) passed me the same morn-
ing at 8 32. The Brighton ordinary (third train)

passed rue at 8 36. Mine is a very good clock, and

believe it was right.

Captain Tyler—That was an interval of three
minutes between the first two, and four minutes
between the second two. Was there anything un-

usual in that ?

Witness—lt was rather quicker than common:
I never knew three trains to leave the Brighton
station at intervals so short, although I have known
two trains start at intervals of three or four minutes.

I would stop a second train at an interval of two
minutes, but not at three minutes, because they,
then get clear of the station. I have been 14 years
at this station. To a certain extent, as the traffic
has increased, I have been obliged to let the trains
pass at shorter intervals. It has therefore occurred,
not commonly, but occasionally, that trains have
been sent out of Brighton at quicker intervals than
five minutes. The rule is not to allow one train to
succeed another in less than five minutes.

By the Jury—l considered that my superior officer,
,he Brighton station-master, was responsible for
the time and frequency of starting the trains;

therefore I did not report myself for breaking the
rules. I have allowed trains to pass at a distance
of a mile apart. The engine-drivers see every
train start, and they therefore know where a train

is likely to be when they start. I should think the
Portsmouth train was about a mile and a-half ahead
of the Brighton excursion when the latter started.
By Mr. Reed—Oa such a morning as that of the
accident, I think a train would get into good
travelling speed in a mile and a-half.
By Mr. Pook—The times of the departure of the
trains was 8 20, 8 32, and 8 36. I give these times
from the same clock, so that the interval was cor-
rect, whether the clock was right or not.
By the Coroner—l have known a train start from
the Brighton Station and enter the Patcham Sta-
tion, a distance of three miles, in three minutes. I
do not think it possible that the Portsmouth excur-
sion was leaving the ticket platform when the
Brighton excursion was leaving the station.
By Mr. Faithfull—l did not compare my clock
with the clock at the station. I noticed the trains
starting. The Portsmouth excursion was north of
my junction—as far as the junction at Lover's-
walk—before the Brighton excursion started,
Mr. Frederick Slight, secretary to the London,
Brighton, and South Coast Railway Company, was
sworn.

The Coroner (to Mr. Slight)—l told you on Mon-
day night I should require you to produce the five
following documents :—Scott's report of the journey,
Scott's daily return, Boynett's statement taken
down by one of the officers of the company, the
statement of William Butcher, the guard, also
taken down by one of the company's servants, and
the report made by Hackman to Vaughan. Have
you those documents now in your custody ?
Witness—l have not.
Coroner—Have you any of them ?
Witness—None of them. I delivered them to the
custody of the company's solicitor, Mr. Faithfull.
I understood you to ask for five documents. I had
them collected, and I handed them to Mr. Faithful!.
At the time you asked for them I had, I think,
Scott's report in my custody, and another of the
five papers. I understood you wished them to be
collected, and I collected them and handed them to
Mr. Faithful).
Coroner—Have you the ability to get them into
your custody now, if you choose ?
Witness—l may ask Mr. Faithfull for them, and
he may refuse to give them to me. I cannot get
them by force. I shall act as he instructs me. It
is my duty to do so.
Coroner (to Mr. Faithfull)—Will you hand these
documents to Mr. Slight ?
Mr. Faithfull—l decline to do so. I have not got
the documents Mr. Slight mentions, but I tell you
what I have got. I have received from Mr. Slight a
statement made by Gregory, to one of the company's
servants, and taken down by the latter. I have also
a statement in writing taken down from Finch, one
of the company's servants. I have also in my cus-
tody a statement in writing made by Scott, and
taken down by one of the company's officers, also a
statement of Dudley. I have also a statement from
Butcher, taken down by one of the company's
officers. A similar one by Boynett and Webb.
Those are in my custody.
The Coroner—l read to you the other night a
list of what I wanted, and you said they should be
forthcoming. You said you would have them in
your custody. I only ask for the five I have enu-
merated, and those five I shall have, I think.
Mr. Faithfull said he wished to assist the Coroner
by giving him a correct description of the documents
that Scott stated he
ney. He also said hheadhamda
heTwhaencteodroner (turning to Scott's evidence) said
.
the working of the engine mtdoea
tdaheer
ae
fpoor
dailyre tm oafn. this
o fMr, Faithfull—Scott made a verbal statement of
the journey to one of the company's officers. That
statement was taken down, and is in my possession.
Some papers were here handed to the Coroner,

Witness—l can hardly answer that question. I
can ask Mr. Faithfull before you.
Coroner—l will have an answer.
Witness—Clearly, because Mr. Faithfull does not
sanction my producing them.
Coroner—You will be kind enough to wait while
I make out an order for their production, and if
you do not produce them it will be my duty to com-
mit you to prison.
' Witness—Very well. I shall do as Mr. Faithfull
advises me.

Coroner (to Mr. White, chief constable)—Mr.
Slight must not leave this court. If lam wrong he
has a legal remedy.
The Coroner then made out his warrant to Mr.
Slight, charging and requiring Mr. Slight to appear
before him at 2 o'clock, and then and there to give

evidence, and be examined, and to produce and give
in evidence the documents following—namely, the
statements made by Scott, the driver, William Boy-
nett, railway guard, and by W. Butcher, railway
guard.

- Witness—Am I in custody ?
Coroner—You are under examination, and you
are not to leave the court. You may communicate
with Mr. Faithfull as much as you please.
Mr. White, chief constable, served the warrant
on Mr. Slight at six minutes to 2 o'clock.
The Coroner—• Will you now produce the docu-
ments ?

Witness—l have already explained that lam
acting only in a ministerial capacity and under ad-
vice. I understand that you in this paper have
directed me to produce two documents, or memo-
randa, which you say are now in my custody. That
warrant has been served upon me, although before
it was served I stated to you that they were not in
my custody, and the gentleman on your right (Mr.
Faithfull) admitted that they were in his custody.
Of course, I have no knowledge that such state-
ments were made by Butcher and Boynett, and
taken down by Turner. But a day or two ago at
the close of the proceedings you stated to me pri-
vately that you would like to have these documents
got together, and you required them to be produced
with a view to assist you in this inquiry. I had not
then got them, but I asked for them, and one of the
office's of the company handed me some pieces of
paper which I have not read, and which I handed
to Mr. Faithfull, who has told you that he has got
them. You are therefore asking me to produce
documents when, as you know, it is utterly out of
my power to produce them.
The Coroner, after cautioning Mr. Slight that he
was on his oath, asked him if he had not just now
said that he declined to produce these documents
because Mr. Faithfull did not sanction their pro-
duction ? (Mr. Slight explained.) He again put
it to Mr. Slight whether he refused to produce
the documents because Mr. Faithfull did not sane-

tion it, or because he could not produce them?
Witness—l c3uld not produce them until Mr.
Faithfull handed them to me. You have it on oath
that I have not got them.
. The Coroner intimated that if Mr. Slight refused
tosignthedteo commit him forwhatpositionsof h
contempt ehadst
faotedcioturwouldcourt.
be his duty
Mr. Slight said he would not sign what was not
correct.

The Coroner—Do you mean to tell me that it is
not in your power to produce these documents ?
Witness—l was going to offer to ask you to ask
Mr. Faithfull whether he would hand them over to
me to produce them. I act as the company's sec-
retary, under the advice of Mr. Faithful!.
Coroner—That is no excuse for not producing
them.
Witness—l am ready to ask Mr. Faithfull to pro-
duce those documents. (To Mr. Faithfull)—l ask
you whether you will hand those documents to me
for the purpose of being produced to the coroner's
order in court ?
Mr. Faithfull—No, I decline to do so.
Mr. Slight—You see I am not able to produce
them. I have no power to order a solicitor con-
ducting the company's case to give up documents.
Acting here, as I am, in a ministerial capacity, I
cannot produce anything but what he instructs me
to produce, whatever may be the consequences to
me. He says he has got them, and won't give
them to me. Mr. Faithfull made that statement
before you made an order upon me to produce
these documents.
The Coroner—Then, you mean to swear that be
sides the want of Mr. Faithfull's sanction you are
unable to produce them because you have not got
them.
Witness—Yes; there sits the gentleman who has
got them. I swear I cannot produce them, because
I have not got them.
The Coroner, addressing Mr. Faithfull, said-

Although I have a strong-opinion that on this evi-
dence of Mr. Slight we may safely treat the cus-
tody of those documents as with him, yet I will not
run the risk of being turned round upon by a
mere juggle upon a point of form, and I shall take
other means to procure these papers. You may
easily imagine what those means are.
Mr. Faithfull—No, I cannot.
The Coroner—Then you will see.
The Court then adjourned for a short period for
refreshment.
When the Court re-assembled,
The Coroner asked Mr. Slight whether he had
any objection to submit the question of the produc-
tion of the documents to the directors at their
meeting on Monday next ?
Mr. Slight said that if the Coroner made any re-
commendation on the subject he would bring it be-
fore the directors.
Mr. Faithfull said he had no objection to the
matter being remitted for the decision of the direc-
tors.
Mr. Slight begged to say he thought it unlikely
that the directors would interfere with their legal
advisers.
The Coroner then inquired the address of the
Chairman, Mr. Leo Schuster, and the Vice-Chair-
man, and the matter then dropped.
Mr. Thomas S. Ellis, examined-4 was acting
house surgeon for the County Hospital, during the
temporary absence of Mr. Rogers, on Sunday, the
25th of August. Anthony Kean was admitted on
that day. The injuries he received from the acci-
dent were the cause of his death.
John Denyer, porter in the service of the com-
pany, said he put the red tail lamps on the Ports-
mouth excursion (first) train on the morning of the
accident. He lit them himself about five minutes
past 8.
Another porter was then called, who proved that
the Portsmouth train had the tail lamps on when
it arrived at London-bridge.
Captain Tyler, Government Inspector of Rail-
ways, was then examined. He said the impression
left on my mind is that the primary cause of the
accident has been the want of efficiency in the
system on which the line between Brighton and
Hassock's-gate has been worked. This piece of
line is one on which the view of the enginedriver is
much obstructed in consequence of the curves,
cuttings, and bridges over the railway and the
two tunnels which it contains. I consider that
in order to work a line of this descrip-
tion with safety it is necessary that an
interval of space instead of an interval of
time should be preserved between the trains. The
only security that was afforded was an interval of
time, and that interval appears in many cases, and
in the present instance, to have been insufficient.
One tunnel on this portion of the line was protected
by a telegraph, but only one telegraph needle was
used, and it was, therefore, not possible to employ
a system of blocking the needle over to " line
blocked" when the train was in the tunnel, which
affords the beat means of safety under such circum-

they differ is the more important one. The signal-
man at the north end alleges that he received no
message from the signalman at the south end until
the one message was sent to him in the latter part
of which the collision was reported, although he
admits that in the first part of that message he un-
derstood a question to be asked as to whether the
train was out of the tunnel, which he believed to
apply to the first train while the second train was
in the tunnel, and after he had already reported
the first train to have gone out of the tunnel. The
signalman at the south end states, on the other
hand, that before he admitted the third train into
the tunnel he inquired from the signalman at the
north end whether the second train had passed out
of the tunnel, and received a reply in the affirma-
tive, which induced him to turn his"distance signal
to " all right" for the passage of the third train.
And I think it important to observe that the evi-
dence of the signalman at the south end of the
tunnel has been confirmed to some extent by that
of the lad who saw him waving his white flag at
the mouth of the tunnel, and by that of the under-
guard of the second train, who saw his distance
signal turned to danger as he passed it. Some
tunnels are protected more efficiently than the
Clayton tunnel, but in others ti,e protection at all
of the tunnels in this manner has not been observed.
Some tunnels are protected by the system of block-
ing the needles over of "Train on the line," instead
of trusting to the memory of the signalmen. It is
usual for such men to work 12 hours, but I am
sorry to say men are frequently worked more than
12 hours. Five minutes is the usual interval on
most lines between the passing of trains, but that
rule has many exceptions. Where a line is so much
obstructed as this line from Brighton to Hassock's-
gate, if the line is worked by intervals of time
five minutes is quite little enough to allow. And
perhaps I may observe here,- sir, that in working
this portion of the line between Brighton and.
Hassock's-gate, it is very desirable that, in-
stead of having signalmen at the two ends of
the tunnel there should be one signalman at Has-

sock's-gate, and one or two, according to the extent
of the traffic, between Hassock's-gate and Brighton,
in order that the line may be worked by telegraph
and an interval of space secured between the trains.
I may add that, in order to work a tunnel for a
portion of railway efficiently by telegraph it is de-
sirable that three needles should be employed where
the line is double—one needle to be blocked over
independently for each line of railway, and one to
enable the signalmen to communicate with each
other in regard to the description of the trains, or
for any other necessary purpose.
By the Jury—l do not think it possible that the
Brighton excursion train was stopped in a distance
of 300 yards. Ido not suppose it stopped in less
than 700 yards. The driver states that he only
shut kis steam off as he entered the tunnel. I exa-
mined the distance signal at the south end of the
tunnel. It was in tolerable working order, al-
though it was in such a state that I could under-
stand that it worked generally very well, and then
suddenly ceased to work, and it was not a descrip•
tion of signal that ought to have been left without
periodical oiling and looking after. I saw nothing
about it to prevent a man turning it on with his
hand. II ;do not see what should have agitated
Killich :and prevented him from performing his
duties. He was no doubt confused at finding that

the signal did not work as it ought to have done,
but he could turn it on by hand. If he had been
unable to do so, I can then understand that he might
become confused. Scott backed the train in the

tunnel without taking such precautions as were
absolutely necessary for safety. No doubt he
thought he was prOtected by the telegraph, but he
ought to have sent his guard back. Te instant
,he
begins to back he is moving on the wrong line.
By Mr. Faithfull—So far as I know, from July,
1841, upon the London and Brighton Railway, to
August, 1861, there has been no accident that the
Board of Trade has inquired into on that line.
Mr. Faithfull—ls that any test of the efficiency
of the working of the line between Brighton and
Hassock's gate ?
Witness—lt would seem not, from the intervals
between the trains and the provision for working
the traffic. The best provision for working a tun-
nel is on the London and Birmingham Railway,
where there are three needles. That has been at
work since 1858. A similar system prevails on dif-
ferent sections of the London and South-Eastern
Railway. I have always looked on the Brighton
line as a very well signalled line, and have always
thought that great care was taken with the signals.
Mr. Scott, vice-chairman of the London and
Brighton Railway paving shortly before entered the
room, addressed the Coroner, and stated that he had
left London for Brighton on seeing a statement that
afternoon that the Coroner had committed Mr. Slight,
the company's secretary, to prison. (A laugh.)
The Coroner said he was on the point of doing so
when Mr. Slight told him he had handed the docu-
ments to Mr. Faithfull, and was therefore unable to
do so. He had therefore asked for Mr. Scott's
address, with a view to his being subpoenaed.
Mr. Scott said he was surprised the Coroner had
made this a question of subpoenas. He had been
two or three times present at the inquest ; the di-
rectors had authorised their servants to render every
assistance to the Coroner and jury ; and there was,
therefore, no necessity to issue a subpoena for his
attendance. Mr. Faithfull's instructions were to
conduct the case, and to give the jury every infor-
mation, with a due regard to the interests of the
public and of the company.
The Coroner said that unless these documents
were produced the jury would not have before them
the evidence they considered necessary.
Mr. Scott had never seen these reports, and could
privileged or not. He
cnooutldsanyowt whether
override the discretion. of
the solicitor, and take the conduct
dheerrtathkeeytowere
of the case out
of his hands.
Mr. Scott was then sworn_
The Coron.r, having described the documents,
asked Mr. Faithfull whether he would hand them
to Mr. Scott, that he might inform himself of their
contents.
Mr. Faithfull declined to do so.
Mr. Scott said the documents must be produced
by the action of the board at large. It was not in
the power of any individual director to make an
order for their production.
The Coroner—Yon have no power to cause these
documents to be produced by Mr. Faithfull ?
Witness—Not the slightest. He has general in-
structions to render every assistance, but these par-
ticular documents are within his discretion.
The Coroner wished to know whether, if he ad-
journed the inquiry until after the next board
meeting, they would then give him an answer as to
their intention to produce the documents or not. He
had no public funds to try the question, and could
only do so by the committal of the person in whose
custody the documents were, which measure he was
unwilling to take. Would Mr. Scott convey his
wish to the board that they should cause one of
their officers to take charge of the documents and
attend with them, and his wish also that this officer
might not be Mr. Faithfull, the company's solicitor ?
The witness said the board would give the coro;
ner an answer as to the production of the docu.n.te
at their next meeting. He could not answer for e
sutag_
adoption of the other part of the coroner's
gestion.
The inquiry was then, at 7 o'clock) again ad-
journed.

We extract the following interesting sketch of
the character of the husbandry in sample districts
in all four provinces of Ireland from a letter dated
Lismore, Waterford, Aug. 31:—
Passing through Carlow and Kilkenny, with their light
Landry, dgrgaravzeilnsg, and dairying;fertileandstrong leaving w
their tillage,
on theage,laus-.
left, with its stiffer soils, on which beans and peas are
grown, its south-western district of good farming, anciently
settled by a colony from South Wales, and missing a sight
of the important reclamations in Wexford harbour, we reach
Waterford—the first seaport in Ireland for shipments of raw
produce, corn, cattle, butter, bacon—its thriving business
streets smelling of trade in provisions. The eastern end of
the county is under poor management ; with fine exceptions,
however, as on the estates of the Marquis of Waterford, Sir
Robert Paul, and several improving proprietors. Properties
are much divided, and small holdings prevail ; 100 acres
being a large farm, but 20, 40, or CO acres much more com-
mon. There are many leases of 30 or 40 years, with fines
payable for entry, though most farms are held from year
to year ; sub-letting exists to a considerable extent,
and there is a complaint that owners should more
generally reside on their property, and themselves
deal directly with the tenantry, instead of leaving
too much to agents and middlemen. Much land is high
rented, 20s. to 255. per acre being general, though the soil
is of inferior quality. A " running gale" of half-a-year's
rent back is always allowed, the tenant being liable to dis-
missal in case of default for a whole year, whether he have
a lease or not. The prevailing state of things with regard
the smaller farmers is described as " the landlords
taking the heart out of the tenants, and the tenants taking
the heart out of the land ;" and if the former chaise
may be true to some extent; the land itself evidences
to the eye that the latter has been accomplished long
ago. Very slovenly furze fences upon stone and sand
banks divide foul Toady fields of rough pasture
and miserable grain crops into very small enclosures.
Eight or ten acres torm a considerable field, while on the
-class of smaller "takes," fields of one to four or five acres
are more usual—these being neee,ssary, indeed, for separat-
ing the crops on holdings which are divided and redivided
as the sons marry and require portions of their father's
farms. Some of these little men, when industrious, cer-
tainly manage fairly, and get a good livelihood. We saw
a farm of 16 statute acres, rented at 365. an acre, on which
a hard-working man keeps nine milch cows. About six
acres are under wheat, oats, barley, swedes, mangold, and
potatoes, the rest grass for hay and grazing. The crops
look well with the tillage of two horses, and the fences are
tolerably tidy.
For 20 miles west of Waterford, this poor slaty and
gravelly tract of country, having occasional patches of
hedge-row timber, but few plantations, to relieve its bleak-
ness—produces thin light crops; often not more than 60
to 80 stones of oats per statute acre ; while 140 to 150 stones
is thought a very good yield under the most favourable cir-
cumstances. Now, compare this with the specimen of bet-
ter management exhibited on Major Quentin's little farm
of 25 acres, at Old Court, near Waterford—similar light
loamy land with a large admixture of small atones, and
strong subsoil in some places. We have here deep tillage
and high farming on a scale of husbandry most prevalent
in Ireland. The rotation is a four-course, with variations,
the high management enabling stolen crops to be taken be-
tween. An oat stubble will be broadshared and cleaned
(the weeds saturated with liquid manure making first. rate
compost), a portion sown with rape with guano; in spring
this is cut for soiling dairy stock, and the ground then
grubbed, ridged, &c., subsoiled 15 inches deep, and, with
a heavy dressing of farmyard manure and guano, sown with.
mangolds. Another portion of the oat stubble is prepared
with farmyard manure and guano, and sown with vetches
and rye, which in spring is prepared in a similar manner
for swedes. Other portions of the oat stubble are prepared
with manure respectively for cabbage, parsnips, carrots,
and potatoes, which are not followed, like the rape and
vetches, with other crops the same year. Wheat,
planted by Sigma's dibble, manured when required,
and horse-hoed, follows the green and root crops. Rye
grass, clovers, &c., are sown on the wheat, part to be cut
for soiling, and part for hay, the second cut of hay being
generally thrashed for seed. Oats succeed the wheat. The
grass land is dressed every three years with superphosphate,
or lime and clay compost, and the ryegrass, after the first
cutting, has guano and nitrate washed in with liquid ma-
nure. The produce is, of course, very heavy—mangolds, 40
to 50 tons ; swedes, 30 to 40 tons; carrots, 25 to 30 tons ;
parsnips, 10 tons, per acre; the parsnips realising in 1859
£3O per acre. The wheat averages about 230 stones, and the
oats 190 stones per acre—double the yield of the crops
generally on ordinary farms. The hay this year is estimated
at 70 tons off about 71 acres, four of which have been mown
twice, but ordinary farming in this country gets 2} to 3 tons
of hay at a cutting. Eleven cows are kept in milk, and as
both bull and heifer calves are roared, the amount of stock
on this small holding is very large. Three horses are needed
to perform the tillage, and five or six men and three women

are employed as labourers. So that this system of intensive
culture tends amazingly to increase the amount of hand
labour required for a given area, notwithstanding the use

of improved implements and machinery. For Major Queti
tin employs Burgess and Key's reaper and grass mowmx,
Barrett's haymaker, horse rake, Sze. (so that in hay
making horses do all but get into cock) ; he uses
also Hornsby's plough, Bentall's pulper, chaffcritter,
cake .breakers, &c., and has also Turner's small portable
steam-engines and thrashing-machines, which ho !fete out
to farmers.
But we must hasten westward. Close to Watevford is a
reach of boggy ground in a valley, now grazed by the front-
age occupiers, little better than a waste, yet easily drainable
by lowering a stream that wanders through it. This drive
a watermill of little value, which can work only in those
hours when the tide is low in the harbour, and might be
purchased. But the acquisition, at very little expens(3, of a
large extent of ground is prevented apparently becalase the
drainage of the lower portion of the valley by on,e, willing
proprietor would still more benefit the higher land of another
owner.

Traversing the badly-farmed district already alluded to,
we meet by the way numbers of carts hi. which farmers from
as many as 30 miles inland are bringing their kegs of salt
butter and fatted bacon pigs for sale and export—not tha
old flat-sided, lop-eared Irish hog, but the more comely and
economical cross with the Yorkshire breed. The Marquis of
Waterford's property, stretching north of one part of the
coach-road to the Comeragh mountains, displays a better
class of husbandry, better crops (all but the latest no w cut),
and stubbles less than usual like rough pasture. Ar 'preach-
ing Dungarvan—a wealthy business port, but witl i a lower
class of squalid half-clad wretches who can have but a re-
mote notion of what meat is—we come upon a sup( Tier lime-
stone soil, with good grass lands, improved corn crops ; rent
355. per statute acre (hereabouts used instead of the Irish
measure). Up to Cappoquin, on the BlP.ckwater river,
large dairying is common—herds of 120 imilcb, cows—all
crosses of the native cow with the shorthorn,
Lismore Castle—its towers almost overhanging the preci-
pitous brink of the Blackwater, commanding a view 'of
lovely sweeps of lawn, and clumps of fine ti mbei:, with dense
woods ascending, and the bold dark ones of the Knock me-
ledon mountains rising beyond—is the ?eat of the Duke ,of
Devonshire, who, with Lord Stewart. de Decies, owns th 0
largest estates in West Waterford and the East Riding of
Cork. It is quite a tillage district, though, owing to the
rotation of cropping commonly pursued, about a third of
every farm is under grass laid down for several years.
There is permanent pasture in the river valleys, but else-
where the entire farm gets ploughed in turn. The ley is
broken up for oats ; then green crops or potatoes, followed
by oats, sometimes with wheat afterwards. The grass laid
down with the last grain crop is mown the iirfit year, then
grazed two or three years more. There is much dairying,
aksnt an
with milkers of the shorthorn or Ayrshire cross ; a great
deal of butter being made, though there are few large
dairies, everybody keeping some cows, and packing salted
butDterunignarfivanrkinosr ready for easy carriage
it isal
tosaa
the
pigseaports
co
coun-
try, n -
of
who
shwo well amsubnedef
to
oeitnhge
butchersdealof por
d ore t bacon
cattlelaeerosn being largely disposed
t variousry boughta b great
homesteads;y
of at the fairs for the graziers and for export to England.
The neighbourhood would make good sheep land if thrown
into sufficient large occupations, and, as it is, there are
several regular sheep and turnip farms to be found, though,
as a rule, a flock i.. rarity.
The average size of holdings is from 60 to 100 acres,
sow under 20 or 30, and many of 200 acres. The buildings
' are not of the tumble-down, dirty, thatched hovels one may
see in many districts, but have generally substantial well-
built walls, neat slated roofs, and suitable doors and win-
dows ; only a few farm-offices, houses, and labourers' cabins
remaining on the Duke's property to be supplied with slate
in place of thatch. A barn, a cow -shed, with stalls and a
stable, are the usual erections upon a small farm, to which
on the better class of holdings, are added open sheds for
carts and implements, loose boxes, chaff-houses, granarYt
&c. The Duke does not put all now buildings, or repair or
improve the old, neither does he follow the too prevalent.e
custom of leaving the essential part of a landowner's duties
to to the tenant. His Grace bears half the cost, or orrang
t a nume
to roof it while the tenant pays for the erection of walls.;
this plan being found to answer where there is no 0
19.rn)
rous class of tenantry, from whom (we are
.h t
their farm premises.
there is a great pressure of applications for imapPrP;onients in

[ADVERTISE T.]—HollowaY'
—Confusion s andiii3
p
1w y P
------_____
T. —Holloway's
palpitations and un-
Fce pal illry s:
n
I Pains of the Head.—These Premonitory signs of coming
eilalsnyesfseeslhinougsldahbaovuet
tebarelyboaattttenwtwion;
edd be followed
in their turn by more serious symptoms.
display their most constant and happiest effe t
c .11 in dispel-
ling these disagreeable feelings, Clearing the
nursing the torpid bowels, and removing furred tongue,
flatulency so oppressive after taking the languor and
so well calculated to restore the food. No medicine is
potent to soothe the nervous digestive fu,nctions or so
taking these purifying Pill system. The dyspeptic, by
and once more renew • s, will substitute ease for pain.
rekindle A healthyvigour in the wasting body, and
mind,
elasticity in the d espoudit at or exhausted