The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-21 00:00:00

THE SUN.
I,().NDON, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 21, 1861

England may now sleep in peace. Invasion has
had its day. France is erecting granite monuments
to its memory. Past glories will be henceforth
sufficient ; enough that in one thousand sixty-six,
WILLIAM the BASTARD subjugated England, and
founded the dynasty of which Queen VICTORIA is
the living representative. Once to have established
French rule over the whole of England, an achieve-
ment never performed by England on the other side
the Channel, may well satisfy the aspirations of
French love for military glory. Iron-plated ships
can mean no menace to the throne set up by
WILLIAM the CONQUEROR ; and the British QUEEN,
if we look at things by the light of history, is the
living evidence of the great Frenchman's victory.
Such, we suppose, must be the Manchester in-
terpretation of the ceremony performed last Sun-
day at Dives in Normandy. That was the place
where, eight centuries ago, WILLIAM TIIE CON-
QUEROR mustered his forces, fifty thousand strong,
before they set sail for England ; and there, on
Sunday last, a granite monument, commemorative
of the feet, was uncovered in the sight of an appro-
priate assembly. For a month long lay his army
on that shore; and the orator of the occasion told
the company that the modest column there erected,
on ground given by the public authorities,
would inform inhabitants, travellers, and
sailors of the fact. The greatness of
the undertaking he described in the
words of a speech of M. GUIZOT'S, delivered ten
years ago ;—" Remember," said the great historian
of modern times, our learned and illustrious master,
M. GUIZOT, in his address at Falaise in 1851—
" Remember a fact which has been accomplished in
our own days, before our own eyes, the expedition
to Algeria in 1830. The task to be performed
was to embark and convey to the opposite shores
of the Mediterranean an army of 30,000 men, to
exact a just reparation from a barbarian.
-What immense preparations ! What care,
what energy, what Fos erful means employed
by our powerful civilization ! And all this was
deiemeel necessary. And when the day of trial came
nothing of all this was found superfluous. Well,
in the 11th century, almost on the outskirts of
barbarism, without any of those means which
civilization and scienceprovide, Duke 11T
iv ILLIAM
assembled, embarked and transported beyond the
Channel, and landed on an enemy's soil 50,000 men,
and shortly after landing gained battles and con-
quered a kingdom;"This, gentlemen, is the greatest
fact in our Norman annals. It is glorious for the
hamlet of Dives to have been the point of assem'blage
of that powerful army."
lii the opinion of the French orator, it was glori-
oun for the port of Dives to have assembled in its
F eters the great conquering army. "But," said
le, "What is glory if forgotten ? The great fact I
have just mentioned, and which eight centuries ago
startled the world, is almost ignored to-day, and,
in fact, there is no monument to record it—not
one! We exhaust our resources to embellish ,
great cities, to erect palaces, to construct
'AI streets ; but no heed is taken of locali-
ties of an inferior order, even if they possess a
glorious past. Dives is a proof of this."
The granite monument was to redeem France from
the charge of such unsentimental indifference to its
weatest glories. And then all this is but introduc-
tory to a still greater commemoration of the glory
of France and the humiliation of England. There
is to be yet another gathering. There are to
assemble next year ten thousand persons, in-
Ql'l'dinte, deputations from all the towns,
haanlets, and communes from Upper and Lower
Norm
alhq; to tint t day the orator looked
f~rvraru• almost vt ith rapture, exclaiming,
the monument which :1 this day offer to the coun-
tr
only
and eornplate the preoursor of a more lasting
Toonumet t—" The Golden Book of
the Conquest" will be placed by our care in the'
church of Dives; the
rench Archeological Society
will have en ;raved ea tablets' of marble in the
walls of the church the names of the fami-
lies that accompanied Duke
WILLIAM in
his perilous and audacious
expedition. "Then,
C said our leeeto,
gentlemen," " that is indeed
to be an illustrious day
when we behold
that immense concourse' assembled at Our call to
pay a debt contracted to tLe past; vhen
wet shall
gee artisans with their ban ners, communes with
their flags, warriors, men of science, magistrates,

the whole population, in fact, rendering homage
to the illustrious Normans of the 11th century, we
may say with confidence :—‘ Patriotism i 3 not ex-
tinct in France, as has been asserted, and though
it may smoulder it will always blaze up when the
proper moment arrives."
All we can say is, may France henceforth be con-
tent with past glories. It is far cheaper, far less
disturbing to the peace of Europe, to build monu-
ments to the memory of successful expeditions, and
to deposit golden books in churches, than to build
frigates in rivalry with the once conquered coun-
try, and to assemble armies by the half million in
camps and garrisons. We can be content to forget
Cressy, and Agincourt, and even Waterloo, if
France will but be content with her WILLIAM
THE CONQUEROR. Very harmless will such trophies
be if they be but rightly interpreted ; and let the
interpretation be, if so it pleases France, that when
she sent us over the Norman she rendered us invin-
cible against all future invaders. That we can
assure her is our interpretation of this monument
and its inscription. We angrily, at first, accepted
the ruthless' conquerors; in the course of the eight
centuries we have thoroughly amalgamated
them. Saxon popular freedom, and Nor-
man feudality are now harmonized in the
social life and the Legislature and Government
of the country. We are the better for the fusion ;
and looking to the modern representative of Dives
—to the Docks of Cherbourg—we confidently tell
the would-be WILLIAMS of this age that their
day is gone by. The expedition from Dives was
the parent of counter •expeditions which we need
not, enumerate ; and we only hope that the age
of monuments will be the age which shall give
occasion to no more.

~ All work and no play—makes JACK [supposing
we read it JOHN BULL] a dull boy." It is an old
saying, and a very true one. It is pleasant to know
now for certain that the wisdom latent in it is being
every day more and more widely recognised. Of
this we have abundant evidence about us. There
is the early closing movement, to begin with. The
more widely that system is applied in the trade of
this industrious country—this land, as NAPOLEON
called it, of shopkeepers—the more clearly does it
prove to be really and truly to the advantage of
the employers. During the diminished hours of
labour the employees are found to do quite as much
work, if not even more, and to do it more energeti-
cally. The compromise brought about in a lower
class, that is, among the bricklayers, &c.—a com-
promise securing to those wielders of the trowel
and their attendant bearers of the hod
the advantage of a Saturday half-holiday,
without any diminution of the week's wages—
tends satisfactorily in the same direction. An
excuse for the more general arrangement of this
Saturday half-holiday among all classes of the mer-
cantile and professional community—rather than
a simple excuse, perhaps, we should say a good and
valid reason—has been furnished opportunely of
late by the consolidation of the Volunteer Move-
fnent. For the purpose of securing to the Volun-
teer Riflemen, whether employers or employed, the
certainty (so far as anything can in this way be
rendered certain) of a weekly drill together in their
respective corps, the Saturday half-holiday has come
to be generally recognised as a patriotic no less
than a sanitary necessity. The argument for the
half-holiday movement all along still remaining
in its way good and valid likewise. That argu-
ment being one in favour of affording the employed,
particularly the younger members of the employed
class, the opportunities at pleasure of self education
or of rational amusement. By abbreviating the du-
ration of office hours, by closing just a trifle earlier ,
the shops and manufactories, those hitherto
" cribbed, cabined, and confined," at the desk or
behind the counter, almost uninterruptedly during
their waking hours (saving for the mere snatch '
of meal-time) might it was felt be afforded the op-
portunity—it was a secondary matter whether they
used it or not—might at any rate be afforded the
opportunity of making their nightly choice between
the allurements to study and the allurements to
innocent recreation. It is now some years since the
question here alluded to was gradually (after long
argument in its favour) brought into a state of some-
thing like systematic organisation. It has been in
operation now, for a long while, far and wide,
throughout the country—not everywhere it is
true, as yet, but in a vast number of localities.
And that aggregate of localities, we are glad
to know, is steadily multiplying. Nowhere has it
been found to result in disadvantage to the employer
—never with inconvenience to the public—always
with more or less appreciable benefit to those who
have obtained this opportunity for relaxation, or for
self-education. It has advanced so well and so
advantageously for all parties as a system that we
can no longer have any anxiety about it. We can
never dream of the chance of its abandonment. It
has gone on too excellently, it has been diffused too
widely for that. The Early Closing Movement has
taken its place for good and all (in every sense of those
words) among the number of our national and
popular "institutions." There is no more left for
one moment's fear in its regard. As well expect
the current of the Thames to flow back upon its
course, not by the simple tidal rise, but altogether
flow back upon its course past Fulham, past Rich-
mond, back through all its windings to its fountain
head at the " Seven Springs," in Gloucestershire,
there to be swallowed up like the river in the
"Arabian Tales," or like that other river in the old
classic mythology ! The responsibility of carrying
on the good movement is past and gone. It advances
now by its own impetus, by the momentum it has
already attained : and it would be just fairly impos-
sible, we believe, for anyone, either now or hence-
forth—even temporarily—to impede its progress.
In the metropolis and in the provincial towns all
through the country the Early Closing Movement,
, we repeat, has taken its place now among the most
practically beneficent of our national institutions.
;thoroughly
It has already become, so to speak,
acclimatised. Brought down amongst us from the
" empyrean" of abstract reasoning—it has been
taken home (even in this hard, practical age) as
BACON aspired to have the truths incul-
cated in his Essays taken home—" to men's
businesses and bosoms." Added to the daily
benefit accruing to the industrial masses from the
operation of the Early Closing Movement—comes
the weekly benefit resulting from the system of the
Saturday Half-Holiday. And that, as we have
said, has latterly had secured to it the additional
reason, the additional inducement, of furthering in
a most effectual manner the better discipline and
completer organisation of our National Guard,
now from 100,000 to 200,000 strong, our supple-
mentary army of Rifle Volunteers.
In connection with the subject involved in all
this, we are glad to see that the importance of a
larger amount of physical education in our public
schools has been recently insisted upon by.Mr.F.DwiN
CHADWICK, in one of the papers contributed by
him to the recently-published bundle of Blue-books,
upon the subject of National Education. It was
only the other day that Lord BROUGHAM took
occasion, at Dublin, to eulogise the labours of Mr.
CHADWICK, and inferentially to commend his own
(Lord BROUGHAM's) discernment, in having years
and years ago pronounced the efforts made by Mr.

EDWIN CHADWICK in the public interests to be
worthy of praise. The encomiums lavished
upon this veteran public servant would
have found fewer dissentients, we cannot
but think, however, had these efforts of his in
the public cause been always as much to the
purpose as in the instance here referred to. We
earnestly trust that the wise and judicious rea-
soning of Mr. EDWIN CHADWICK, upon the im-
portance of paying more sedulous attention to the
subject of physical education, will be taken seri-
ously into account by those entrusted with the
mental and moral training of Young England.
Elsewhere we give the argument of Mr. CHAD-
WICK in its condensed form, and we commend it
heartily to very general consideration.

Before another twelvemonth shall have elapsed
there will come into operation that Treaty between
France and England, recently concluded between
the two Governments, for the free emigration of
coolies from the shores of our Indian empire to Re-
union, Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. It
was only on Monday that the text of this Treaty
was published in the columns of the 111oniteur. It
is to come into operation on the Ist of July, 1862.
It will thenceforth be in operation for three years
and a half—namely, until the new Tear's day of
1866. Supposing, however, what is called the denun-
ciation of the treaty does not take place previously
to the end of the third twelvemonth, that is to say,
in the July of the year 1865—it is so arranged that
the Treaty may thenceforth be renewed from year
to year as an annual undertaking. How this may
be decided, it were, of course, impossible to predict
at the present moment with any confidence. The
decision, in fact, is avowedly to be one dependent
upon a contingency. England and France will
agree then as to the future in the matter of coolie
emigration from our Indian possessions to the
French colonies coming to their decision at
that stipulated period by the light of the expe-
rience in the meantime gained. Supposing the
treaty to have worked well during the previous
three years, it will be renewed, as w 3 have said,
annually, twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Sup-
posing the reverse—or, supposing the advantages
arising from the operation of the Treaty to be in
any way dubious or equivocal—according to
arrangement—from the Ist of January, 1866,
that Treaty of three years and a half
will finally cease and determine. Whether
its operation is to be merely thus temporary, or
whether it is to be rendered in a manner permanent
by renewal upon renewal, time alone can show.
Meanwhile, it is satisfactory at any rate to know in
regard to the Treaty itself that every reasonable
security for the freedom of the coolies has been as-
sured to them through this Treaty by the agreement
of Earl COWLEY and M. DE THOUTENEL, the two
distinguished plenipotentiaries by whom it has
been negotiated. In itself, however, it is pleasant
to regard The Treaty as another visible fruit of the
intimate alliance between the two Governments.

Mr. BOWYER'S clients are receiving their due
from the counsel for the prosecution of brigands,
Generals CIALDINI and PINELLI. The atrocities
perpetrated by the wretches would baffle all con-
ception were they not reported on too good autho-
rity. They put on frequently the old Bourbon
uniform that they may pass, if caught, for rebels only
but their practice is not merely to ransack
houses for plunder, but to kill men
and women, too, if known to be Liberals,
with every device of cruelty and indignity.
One man, we read, who was attempting to escape
from their hands, in order to alarm the neighbour-
ing villages, was dressed up by them as a woman
and burnt alive in the public square. These fiends
arc cowards enough if danger approaches, and they
flee at once on the approach of any regular troops.

The generals appear, however, to understand their
work well. All of the brigands cannot run fast and
far enough to get under the wing of his Holiness,
and the French, but are overtaken by their pur-
suers and killed, or captured, or have to surrender
at discretion. They are met with in small
bodies, who descend from the mountains
if they think the soldiers are at a
distance, and plunder, burn, and shoot more
apparently from brutality and revenge than for
the booty of which they can make sure. They
fire for instance at railway trains, and attack help-
less villages. One CHIAVONE, the Lieut.-General
of FRANCIS IL, as he seems to be called, is
the chief leader, and has a large number with
him. He has no means of resisting, however,
successfully, the regular troops, and but for the
mountain difficulties, would soon be killed or taken.
We read of one case in which the insurgents num-
bered 400—but they fled, leaving 100 prisoners,
and 35 dead. They were well supplied
with arms and ammunition ! In one case
150 men wanted to surrender if assured of immunity,
but the answer invariably made to all such offers is
you will be tried by the tribunals, and acquitted
if guilty of rebellion only,but condemned if you have
made rebellion a pretext for robbery and murder."
The insurgents are but poor fighters, the Italian
losses in engagements with them being very small.
It is really time that these savage wretches were
deprived of the only countenance which supports
them. They can be of no use to the fallen
monarch. To permit him and Rome to continue
this devilish kind of revenge, out of mere malice,
on the innocent, is a disgrace to civilisation, and
we hope Lord PALMERSTON will be able to
convince his friend the EMPEROR of this. Italy
will never be at peace till Rome is in its power.

Her Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge has
arrived at the Chateau of Tumpenheim, near Frankfort,
on a visit to his illustrious relatives. Her Royal Highness
the Duchess of Cambridge and the Princess Mary have
already joined the family circle assembled at the chateau.
Married, yesterday, at St. James's Church, Pic-
cadilly, by the Rev. Lord John Thynne, uncle of the bride-
groom, the Marquis of Bath, to the Hon. Fanny Vesey,
eldest daughter of Viscount de Vesci. In consequence of
the recent death of Lord Herbert, uncle of the bride, the
marriage was celebrated in the most private manner, none
Imt the nearest relations being present. The following
young ladies acted as bridesmaids on the occasion :—The
Lady Louisa 'I hynne, the Hon. Georgina Vesey, the Ilan.
Beatrice Vesey, and the Lady Constance Murray.
The majority of the Marquis of Tullibardine,
( only son of the Duke of Athole, has just been celebrated
with great rejoicings on the family estates in Perthshire.
Married, yesterday, at St. George's Church,
Hanover-square, Mr. Francis Houlton Hartwell, eldest son
of Sir Broderick Hartwell, Bart., to Emma Jane Dymoke,
only child of Sir Henry Dymoke, Bart.
FOLKESTONE, Tuesday.—Her Majesty Dona
Maria Christiana, Queen Dowager of Spain, accompanied by
her husband, the Duke de Rianzares, left the Royal Pavi-
lion Hotel this morning at ten o'clock, and proceeded by
the Lord Warden, Captain Paul (South-Eastern Railway
Company's passenger-boat), to Boulogne. The Countess de
Kinto, M. Feria (Maria Christina's confessor), and a
physician, were in attendance on her Majesty. The Spanish
Ambassador and M. Merre (secretary of legation) accom-
panied her Majesty from London, taking leave as the Lord
Warden was ready for steaming out of the harbour.
THEATRICAL LICENSE FOR THE FREE TRADE
MAN ESTER.—Mr. U. B. B. Cobbett, solicitor,
applied to the magistrates, at Manchester, yesterday, en
behalf of Mr. 11. B. peacock, for a license to enable that
gentleman to give stage-play performances at the Free;
trade Hall. The application was opposed by the lessees of
the two existing theatres, Mr. Knowles and Mr. Egan, but
the taisgistrates decided, after a very brief consultation, to
grant the license.
The Opinione gives some statistical details con-
cerning the city of Milan, from which it appears
that the population, which was 176,052 inhabitants
in 1851, is now 211,674. The daily floating population is
calculated at 2,000. The garrison is not comprised in these
numbers.