The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-16 00:00:00

ITALY.

The Independance makes the following important
statement :—" According to our last accounts from
the South of Italy, we may expect to see the opera-
tions against the Bourbonian reaction assume a
more serious character, and if we are to credit
what is stated to us from Turin, the day is near
at hand at which the Roman territory will cease
to be, as churches and convents formerly were, an
inviolable asylum for the malefactors whom the
camarilla of Rome has hitherto employed with im-
punity to create disturbances in the Neapolitan
provinces. We are informed that General Cialdini
recently wrote to Baron Ricasoli to declare for-
mally that the extirpation of brigandage will be
impossible. So long as the brigands can obtain
impunity by crossing the Pontifical frontier with-
out being followed by the Italian soldiers,
and that the idea of pacifying the south of
Italy must be abandoned if that frontier is to
continue to be for the Italian army a barrier
which it dare not pass. He, in consequence, soli-
cited authorisation to follow into the Roman
States the bands which may seek a refuge there.
Baron Ricasoli naturally hesitated to give such
permission without a previous understanding with
the Cabinet of the Tuileries, but with his ordi-
nary frankness he represented the matter in its
true light to the French Government, and it is
said that he has succeeded in obtaining from it a
promise that the Italian troops shall not encounter
any opposition from the French army -under General
de Goyon, in the event of the necessities of the war
they are making against the brigands taking them
beyond the present limits of the kingdom of Italy.
Instructions in this spirit have, it is added, already
been forwarded to General de Goyon and General
Cialdini."

The Madrid journals of the 11th do not contain
any political news of importance. The Contem-
poraneo had been again condemned to a fine of
20,000 reals, for publishing a seditious article.

AMERICA.

QUEENSTOWN, AUG. 15.

The Glasgow has arrived with the United States
mail. She passed the Great Eastern on the 13th
in st.

NEW YORK, AUG. 3.

General Pillow has issued a proclamation stating
that he will drive the Federals from Missouri. He
has promised Governor Jackson to send 20,000
Confederates into that State.

The escaped Federal prisoners state that Genera
Beauregard intends to remain on the defensive
and is fortifying Fairfax.
The Missouri Convention has appointed a provi
sional Governor and State officers.

Governor Wise and force have retired from
Western Virginia, leaving behind them 1,000 mus-
kets and kegs of powder in the hands of the
Federals.

Prince Napoleon has arrived at Washington.
Congress has passed a bill levying a duty of 3c.
on cocoa, 2c. on chicory, 1 dol. 25c. per gallon on
brandy, and 50c. per gallon on other spirits; also,
an ad valorem duty of 50. per cent. on wine. The
ad valorem duty on silks has been raised to 40 per
cent.

SOUTHAMPTON, FRIDAY MORNING.

The North German Lloyd's screw steamship New
York, Captain G. Weake, which left New York on
the 3d inst., arrived off Cowes at midnight, and
went on to Bremen, after transmitting mails, &c.,
for this port. She brings 136 passengers, of whom
33 are for Southampton. and Havre, and the re-
mainder, with 1,000 dols. in specie and 1,000 tons
of cargo, for Bremen. The weather on the passage
was very changeable, with southerly winds and
high seas, and, during the last two days, foggy.

The Fulton, steamer, from Havre and South-
ampton, was off Cape Race on the morning of the
2d inst.

The following vessels were spoken by the New
York—Aug. 3, off the battery, the American ship
Hemisphere, just arrived; 7th, in lat. 43.26 N.,
long% 51.45 W., the American ship Kiddy Simpson,
steering to the eastward ; 13th, in lat. 49.45 N.,
long. 16 25 W., the Bremen schooner Georg and
American ship William Frothingham, both bound
to the westward ; 15th, the English ship 2P.
9412, and the Bremen bark Oukel, both bound
to the westward, off the Start.

ARRIVAL OF THE GREAT EASTERN.
LIVERPOOL, AUG. 15.
The Great Eastern arrived at her moorings in
the Mersey at 8.30 this evening.

She left Quebec at four o'clock on the morning
of the 6th inst., and was detained about 12 hours
crossing the bars in the river St. Lawrence.
The Great Eastern brings no news whatever
from the United States. She passed Farther Point
on the offshore during the night.

She has 241 cabin and 125 steerage passengers.

VALUE OF BUILDING LAND AT TUNBRIDGE-
WELLS.—The forty-fifth land purchase of the Conservative
Land Society, being the fifth in West Kent, has just been
made at Tunbridge-wells, The increasing demand for
houses (Tunbridge-wells by the new railway communications
being within a shorter run of the metropolis even than
Brighton) has induced the society to acquire this eligible
building property, which adjoins the Woodbury-park estate,
belonging to the same society. It has a large frontage to
the New Queen's-road, is close to the church of St Jelin,
built on a site presented by the society, within a short dis-
tance of the railway station, and immediately adjoining the
most picturesque promenades of Tunbridge-wells. The
Woodbury-park estate was one of the earliest purchases of
the society, and has proved one of the best, completely
establishing the advantage of holding properties over for a
certain number of years with the certainty that the building
time roust come round. Of that large estate but a small
quantity now remains unsold. In the present year two
allotments have taken place, and the land has been pur-
chased with the greatest avidity. Fresh communications
have been opened all through the estate with an excellent
system of drainage, connected with that formed by the town
commission. The value of land at this pleasant watering
place has quadrupled in the last ten years.

AUSTRALIA.

PLYMOUTH, FRIDAY, 10 A.M.

The ship Suffolk, 1,100 tons, Commander J. B.
Martin, belonging to Messrs. Money Wigram and
Sons, of London, from Melbourne May 30, was off
Start Point at 5 p.m. on Wednesday evening,
bound to the Thames. She has on freight 10,00 )
ounces of gold, valued at £40,000, a full cargo of
copper, hides, wool, and tallow, and 215 passengers,
viz., 35 cabin and 180 steerage, who have among
them about 500 oz. of gold.
The Suffolk rounded Cape Horn June 23, and
crossed the Line July 18 ; from the north-east trades,
very light winds, and calms prevailed.
She spoke June 15, lat 49 37 S, long 143 21 W,
the Aurora Australis, 21 days from Hobart Town
for London ; 17th, lat 5 31 S, long 22 30 W,
the ship Golden Rule, bound southerly; 18th,
lat 1 13 S, long 23 43 W, the British ship Robert
Peelsford, 97 days from Calcutta, for Liverpool ;
20th, lat 7 13 N, long 24 W, the Hamburg ship La
Rochelle, 90 days from Akyab, for Falmouth ; 20th,
lat 7 13 N, long 24 W, the Dutch ship Nova Zembla,
bound southerly; 23d, lat 13 29 N, long 24 32W, Nor-
wegian barque Celeritas, 28 days from Hamburg for
Bombay; 27th, lat 22 27 N, long 3436 W, the British
ship Chickwickbury, 108 days from Bombay, for
London ; Aug. 3d, lat 33 55 N, long 39 50 W, the
British brig Falcon, bound northerly ; and 4th, the
American ship Bonsteid, 142 days from California,
for London.

The Alfred, Captain Dickenson, sailed from Ply-
mouth Sound last evening, and the Copenhagen,
Godfrey, on Wednesday evening—both for Mel-
bourne.

NEW ZEALAND.

(From the Correspondent of the Times.)
MELBOURNE, JUNE 25.

Within the last few days very serious intelligence
has reached us from New Zealand, placing the com-
mencement of war in the north almost beyond a
doubt. The Waikatoes had a large meeting of
chiefs and others, adherents of the Maori King
movement, at Ngaruanhia, which is in the northern
part of the Waikato country. To this meeting of
chiefs and people so assembled Governor Browne
has addressed a proclamation in the following
terms :

" I can now only look with sorrow and displea-
sure on what has been done in the name and by the
adherents of the native King.
" 1. An authority has been set up inconsistent
with allegiance to the Queen and in violation of the
treaty of Waitangi.
" 2. A large number of the adherents of the na-
tive King have interfered between the Governor
and other native tribes in matters in which they
had no concern; they have levied war against the
Queen, fought against her troops, and burned and
destroyed the property of peaceful subjects.
"3. Other adherents of the King have assisted,
encouraged, and harboured men who have committed
these outrages.
" 4. A war party of several hundred men some
time since assembled and advanced within 40 miles
of Auckland, for the purpose of interfering with
the due course of administration of justice.
" 5. Her Majesty's mail has been stopped, juris-
diction been usurped over her Majesty's European
subjects, and other offences have been committed,
to the subversion of her Majesty's sovereignty, and
of the authority of law; at this very time the ad-
herents of the native King are using most strenuous
efforts to possess themselves of arms and ammuni-
tion, for the purpose of effecting their objects by
intimidation and violence.

" The Governor cannot permit the present state
of things to continue, No option now rests with
him ; he has been commanded by her Majesty the
Queen to suppress unlawful cominations, and to
establish beyond question her Majesty's sovereignty
in New Zealand.

"The Governor states specifically what his de-
mands are,-1, From all submission without reserve
to the Queen's Sovereignty and the authority of the
law; 2, From those who are in the possession of
plunder taken from her Majesty's European or
native subjects restoration of that plunder; 3, From
those who have destroyed or made away with pro-
perty belonging to her Majesty's subjects, European
or native, compensation for the losses sustained."
By the last mail I was enabled to communicate
the views expressed by Tanukuna (Thompson),
the "King-Maker," as to the character of the
King movement. He denied that it was intended
to set up an authority in opposition to the sove-
reignty of the Queen, but that they desired an
authority subordinate to it. It may be admitted
that by taking this step themselves they clearly
bring themselves within the lawyers' definition of
rebellion; but, taking this as a local agitation for
local self-government, I say that the Government
of the colony ought to have seized the opportunity
of establishing some local Administration, under
the solemn sanction of the Legislature. This King
movement has been agitating the native mind in
the North for more than four years, but long before
that the natives complained that no law was estab-
lished among them. The Pakehas, they said, are
well cared for by the Queen. They have magistrates
(kai wakawa, or persons to inquire) among them,
while we are left without, Faint -murmurs to this
effect grew into loud complaints before the King
movement was heard of, and when Te Whero-
whero, or Potatau, was invested with authority it
was expressly stated that it was to supply that pro-
tection which the Queen extended to her European
subjects, but denied to her Maori subjects. In 1860
a report by Mr. Fenton, resident magistrate, "as
to native affairs in the Waikato districts," was
printed, and from its full and complete information
on the state of feeling among the natives it has pro-
bably been reprinted in a Parliamentary blue-book.
He says :

" The feelings and desires of the Maori popula-
tion with respect to their present social position
may be succinctly stated, as they are entertained
almost with unanimity, although the plans by
which these desires are proposed to be effec-
tuated are various and conflicting. (The King
movement was one of these plans.) Recognising
generally the advantages derived from the Euro-
pean connexion, they are conscious that they are
gradually losing ground before the greater indi-
vidual energy and more complete social orga-
nisation of the whites ; and they are anxious
to arrest their downward progress before the
disproportion of the races shall render the
attempt hopeless. They observe that the Govern-
ment of the country is more anxious to obtain
possession of their lands for the augmentation
of the intruding body than to elevate the present
possessors, and admit them among themselves as
a component part of our people, and they desire,
theretbre, to devise measures which shall tend to
advance them in civilisation, and entitle them at
some future period to demand the rights of citizen-
ship on terms of equality. They perceive that Go-
vernment is unable or unwilling to prosecute and
elaborate any scheme by which law and order may
be introduced and enforced in their villages, and
they now seek by their own intelligence and ac-
tivity to discover some means by which these de-
sirable objects may be attained.

" They know that when an assault is made or a
murder committed a reprehensive article is written
in the Maori .Messenger, or a letter is despatched
from the Native Departments, pointing out the
sin of what has been done, and urging the Maories
not to do so again ; but they have failed to observe
that punishment follows guilt. . . . Believing
that the cause of the regular success and the origin
of the imposing position of the Europeans exist in
a perfect concentration of action, resulting from
order and organisation, they have resolved to use
their utmost efforts to introduce those prime requi-
sites among themselves."
Now, this may appear to put European notions
of " civilisation," order," " organisation," and so
forth into native heads—but the fable of the bundle
of sticks was invented by men ruder than the
Maories, and their speeches at their runanga (or
meetings to deliberate) or filled with illustrations
that such things are in their minds, and the whole
of Mr. Fenton's report was a warning to the Go-
vernor of the intense agitation of the native mind
in favour of what I venture to call by the well-
known phrase local self government." This re-
port, though only brought to light in Aug. 1830,
was presented to the Governor in March, 1857, an d
I believe that any reasonable steps to satisfy the
wants of the WTaikatoes would have prevented the
King movement altogether, and when it did com-
mence it might have been regulated and directed
to beneficial ends. Every succeeding Governor
seems to have thought that smooth words and
polite demeanour were ail that was needed to amuse
and placate savages. A speech of Tarahawaiki, a
cousin of Potatau's
, delivered on the 9th of March,
1857,
expresses this :

" When the Pakehas first came, the Governor said

Tena koutou ? (how are you all ?) and made friends
with us, and thFn we said Tena koe e kawana
(how axe you, 0 Governor ?) and made friends with
him. Then the second Governor came and said
Tena koutou e hoa ma ?' (how are you my friends ?)
and made friends with us, and we did to him es we
had done to the other. All the Governors said
Tena koutou ?' and we said ` ?ena koe ?".I'hen
this Governor (Browne) came and said Tenet
koutou ?' and we said' Tena koe?'
and now we are
trying to discover what it means. When we have
found it out then we shall know."
It has been the constant effort of Governor
Browne and his advisers to confuse the boundaries
of this King question and of his own war at Tara
naki. Naturally enough, Wirimu Kingi sought
aid from the Maori King party, and they watched
his proceedings with great interest ; but the Tara-
naki question was a distinct issue, not so much for
the paltry bit of land as Wirimu Kingi's claim asi
chief—the tribal right, as it has been called. Again
in the proclamation given above the Governor seeks
to confound the two questions simply because a feW.
hundred Waikatoes aided Wirimu Kingi. But this
is a new war on a new issue, and I fear it will be
much more disastrous, protracted, and costlY-
However, it seems too late now to recede, and
whether this course might or might not have heel'
prevented by a more statesmanlike policy—whether
her Majesty's command has been brought forth by
erroneous information or not—the war must be pre-
secuted with effect.

There are now nearly 5,000 troops of all arms in
New Zealand. A regiment is expected from Eng'
land and another from India, and by the middle or
end of July the land forces will amount to 7,00(1/
men. There will be also four or five ships of war'
General Cameron is said to be a good soldier, but
without experience in Maori warfare, and rather
disposed to undervalue such experience. He will
be ably seconded by Colonel Warre, from India,
every inch a soldier. He is believed to have been
mixed up with the design entertained in March last
to proclaim martial law and carry the war into the
Waikato country—a design which was defeated
as mentioned in my last. What is now to be dreaded
is the slaughter of numbers of outsettlers by war
parties of the natives. The authorities in Nevr
Zealand call these "murders," but the natives have
no distinction among themselves between combat-
ants and non-combatants. It would not surprise
me if the settlers should organise parties to retaliate,
and they will soon become as skilful and unscrupw
lous in the bloody work as the natives themselves'
In New South Wales and Port Phillip the early
settlers were forced to become murderers, in self
defence. Thus the war will become a war of
termination. Suffer, the Europeans must, but in
the end the natives are certain to be subdued, and
then to be neglected and illtreated until they die
out. Ido most firmly believe that if the adminie"
tration of native affairs had been handed over to
the general Government and Legislature of the
colony this dreadful crisis would not have hap"
pened, but the theory of the Colonial-office, sup'
ported by missionary and aborigines protection
societies, always has been that the settlers were
prone to oppress the natives, and were not to be
trusted ; and now we reap the fruits of that theory'
If hostilities commence in the 'Waikato district'
they are very likely to be renewed at Taranaki'
but on the new and larger issue. Most of the news-
papers of late have admitted that the natives were
humbled, and the turbulent natives south of Tara"
naki, not many in number, would easily have been
put down, especially as they were discountenance'
by the friendly chiefs at Wellington. But it is lie°
said that Wirimu Kingi will return to Waitara to
organise the natives there. He will be accompanied
by a body of Waikatos, and the Maori flag will be
raised, and the principle of the organisation is to be
resistance to the Queen's authority. This rumonf
comes from Wellington. The East Coast natives
also report that Naylor of Wangoroa, a staunch
Government man, has declared in favour of the
King movement, and certainly this movement itselft
has lately assumed a more consistent and substantial
character than at first, for the King has established
four regular mails from his head quarters. The
contractor, as he may be called, has £3O for each
mail and 6d. for each letter. One goes down the river
Wanganui, to the town on the left bank of that
river ; another down the Rangitikai, to an impor-
tant pastoral district, a third to Akuriri (Napier),
and the fourth to the Bay of Plenty.
Governor Browne and the Waikatos have alwaYs
been suspicious of each other. They were alarmed
at his war against the " tribal right." What wag
Wirimu Kingi's case to day might be theirs to'
morrow. The governor has never been sufficientlf
open in his communications with the tribes in 1115
own neighbourhood. He scarcely took the trouble
to say " Tena koutou," and receive their " Tads
koe." He has never comprehended the King we've;
ments. In his eyes it is simply an attempt to sea
up a sovereignty adverse to that of the Queen, an
under his management it must become what ",
makes it. No doubt he has been able to make gee
his own views to the Secretary of State by quetvi
tions from Maori speeches and references to Meer
acts, and hence the Queen's command to put don,. ;
the King movement. There is plenty of evidence
the other way, and it was certainly incumbent eri
him to institute an analysis of Maori feeling on the
subject with, if I may so speak, almost chertic
accuracy. There are many men in this colony frog
whom he might have received important assistaneo
—men who have studied the native character fer
years. Ido not mean that he should yield up
judgment to such men, or, indeed, to any men; bid
he should have used them as witnesses, he shoo
have compared their testimony one with another'
testing the whole by his own observation. Sole
of these men, and these not the least able, beco ;
opposed him on the land question ; and, regartliia,
them as hostile, he has rejected their evidence alto
gether. Let it be granted that they are hostile to
his policy, they are unimpeachable as witnesseo,
and, if he rejected their advice. he might at less e.
have listened to their opinions and their evidene
fas est et ab poste doceri.
At the close of last session the Ministry IfCit:
repeatedly beaten by the Wellington party, Wb„',,co
is favourable to native rights. On this quesil'ai
the Ministry has been beaten at the gene,_re
election. The Governor may think that 10
have supported his policy, whereas he has bee,
merely working out theirs. It is just possible t11,,e:
this new war may keep the Stafford Ministrls
beaten generally on the hustings, in power. It
vser
just possible that the keeping this Ministry in Pe
0,
may have had some influence in causing this Pio
clamation to be issued. If so, Great Britain II ,
have to pay some millions and sacrifice many
to keep a colonial Ministry in office under the sY'
of Parliamentary Government.
Ite will be a majorityhinkthere isyets
in the H
some hopeoofubse oettferßep
counsels'
There
theta ti ve sin
Queen's
favour of
authority.
*p
Theace, without
kcnooz npm
w that,ro sal eo:gat
if some of the best of these men get into power
mwialiln a powerfulhaveagreat
Oppositioneffect on th et
hneayt vmeay carry s_. If they
:tie;
'
' sures to establish some native administrative allthe g
to;
rity Ministers, and cause the 1-iifit
in spite of
movement to die out. Whatever may be the eve too
of this new war, I believe that it will never be of
late to put an end to it by a wise organisatioult
local native authority. Of course we cannot truia
with men who have arms in their hands. I sveuto
not treat ; I would act, and act in such a waY. '`„)10.
ing nine
-tenthstofthe natives back to their slat
is glance.to I knowbe done, hem
and I believe
well and I
Ministry
a
found with both the will and the ability to acetio
push it ; but then " the administration of natioti
affairs is reserved to her Majesty ;" the settlersor
feel
tol o
o,
their representatives are nut to be trusted, ~h
might involve us in a native war at any time ; the
Governor can alone keep the peace between
04
settlers and the natives —a fine theory, which
cost England a million or two.

SOUTH LANCASHIRE ELECTlON.—TheVellfeci
Courier, a Conservative paper, yesterday evening puby7bot
a second edition, alleging, on " reliable authoritYy, ,00
Mr. Cheetham, disappointed with the results of the calnio,
on his behalf, had determined to withdraw from the
ti,,
test, so as to save the expenses of polling booths, clerl‘s,
This preposterous fiction was promptly contradicted Vat
liberal committee, who designated this statement a 5 -ors
only untrue, but as a decided sign of weakness on tliciiP
of the Conservative interest. On 'Change, too,
sA
feeling was engendered by this st dement, especially flog
of the other daily papers had vouchsafed to aotice
rumour,