The Sun.
London, England, 1861-05-29 00:00:00

WRECKS AND CASUALTIES IN 1860.

The annual return just presented to Parliament
of the wrecks and casualties on or near the coast
of the United Kingdom from the Ist of January to
the 31st of December, 1860, shows a number of
wrecks and casualties from causes other than col-
lision greater than that of either of the preceding
8 years. The number is 186 above the annual
average for 6 years, or 1,081 against 1,067, in 1859.
Although the number of wrecks and strandings
has been greater than usual, the loss of life has
been less ; the number of lives lost in 1860 being
under one-third of the number lost in 1859, and
264 under the annual average for nine years. The
numbers for 1859 and 1860 are 1,645 and 536. The
great loss of life during 1859 was mainly attribu-
table to the loss of two or three fine passenger
ships, and the decrease in the number of lives lost
in 1860 is owing to the absence of the loss of any
large ships under similar circumstances. In 1859,
870 lives were lost in two casualties alone, viz., the
wrecks of the Pomona and the Royal Charter,
whilst in 1860 the greatest number of lives lost in
number 31. On reference to the table, dstngush-
ii i
i nn g then e
a alt
it is seen that the
number of casualties to ships of the collier class.
cargo
ofy w
theas ships,7p?, and the next
i.e. ships carrying coals, coke, ores, and stone in
an
obulk) is below the number for the last year, al-
though, as is usual, it exceeds the number of
greatest
;
casualties to all other descriptions of ships put to-
gether. The classes of ships to which casualties
most frequently happen on our coasts are those
between 50 and 300 tons burtben, employed in
carrying coal, coke, ores and stone. The expe-
rience of the past eleven years shows that the most
serious wrecks, resulting in the greatest loss of
life, do not happen, as was supposed, on the North-
east coast, but in those seas and channels mostly
frequented by large foreign-going ships. The
total number of lives lost from shipwreck during
11 years has been 6,883. The greater portion of
casualties happen with the force of the wind at and
under 8 (fresh gale) or under circumstances in
which a ship if seaworthy and properly manned
and found, ought to be well able to keep the sea.
At the end of 1860 the number of liteboats sta-
tioned on the coast was 173, against 158 in 1859 ;
91 are under the management of the National Life-
boat Institution, but are subsidised by the Board of
Trade, and 5 are subsidised by the Board direct.
Of the remainder, 19 are maintained by the institu-
tion and 58 by local bodies. During the last six
years no less than 8,205 lives have been saved on
the coast by assistance from the shore. The num-
ber last year thus saved was 1,383, there being 110
lifeboats and 233 sets of mortar and rocket appa-
ratus. The number of lives saved during 1860 on
or near the coasts of the United Kingdom of which
reports have been received was 2,152 against 2,332
in 1859. The number saved, with more or
her
risk, by assistanea from the shore during 186u0,
mber
1,383, or nearly two-thirds of the whPleg. ng_reatly
saved. The lifeboats saved 326 lives.,,ebbeolants during
in excess of the number saved by
olirtar and rocket
the two previous year. And theThemremri
apparatus saved 408 lives.
boats smacks, &e. at
635—were saved by fishing-
tions; of a meritorious
sea, and 14 by individual corer
character.

----trolloway's Pills. Headaches,
f appetite, and lowness of spirits, so fre-
the spring, are all removed by a
billiousness, o_
purifying pills ; which act so mildly, yet
on the different organs of the body, that
energetically.,.
so
er fail in removing the disagreeable symptoms of
quently
indigestion' above enumerated. No noxious substance
they
hinters into the composition of these pills ; hence everybody
pr e vlalesn t in
course of RthlsE:
may take them with safety. They act mildly on the
bowels, strengthen the stomach, and brace the nerves.
They induce a healthy action in the liver, and invigorate
the whole system. In enfeebled, debilitated, and hardly
used constitutions, they at once effect a marvellous im-
provement, which day by day gains ground as the pills are
taken,

-
About 7 o'clock on Monday mol g
`fill explosions took place at the Cillevernn—
Gunposi-Tejs Works near Waltham. In order to
trace the origin of the disaster and show its effectn
it is necessary briefly to describe the construction
and mode of working these mills. At the end of the
buildings is the engine-house, where a shaft, run-
ning- under the entire length of the mills is worked.
This, eheft, turn, causes the " runners," or wheels,
or the powder for the purpose of crush-
Lug ea iue " bed plates" upon which the powder is
placed for grinding are, like the runners, made of
iron. Those in the mills destroyed were formed of
two slabs of iron, three inches thick, bolted toge-
ther. The men had been at their work about an
hour, when one of them, it is said, commenced the
removal of the runner in the mill second from the
engine-house, to enable him to sweep the powder
,extinguish
his
from under it. Applying, it is alleged, a crowbar,
or some implement of the same description in order
t 8
sides, seem
‘k,e. hto force the roller out of position, he saw the powder
flash, and remembered nothing further untifound himself being extricated from a stream of
we. t
setr
to into which
had
be arthrown
el
betweenhimselfot
hes.
the
Afterh e a
subse-
quent ot rhee
first c
t explosioniv e. eir ho
n e fi a
-
mbl blown
w penetrated
n
:
in
to
,
wereve
into the three adjoining mills very rapidly indeed,
fth oscarcely amoment h e
explosions. The effect of each was most de-
uall directions, and large pieces were found many
yards off standing in the ground, into which they
had been forced upon descending.
A large number of the workpeople after the explo-
sion repaired to the spot and rendered valuable as-
a
sistance. One unfortunate man named James Wood-
ham,roofs, was found lying in the long grass in front of
the mill, his clothes in one mass of flame. Hi ap-
parel was torn and cut
from his body as rapidly as
possible, but before this could be accomplished he
was so frightfully burnt that his life is almost de,
spaired of. Last evening he was in a most pitiable
condition. His face is so dreadfully burnt that not
a single feature can be distinguished, and he is for
the present, we regret to say, totally deprived of
sight. Three other poor fellows are also badly
burnt. All the sufferers are married men.
As soon as the ruins bad cooled sufficiently to be
inspected avareful investigation was made with a
view of ascertaining the extent of destruction, and,
if possible, the cause of the first explosion, and the
mode by which the adjoining walls were blown
up. The mills were not in work, and it was pre-
sumed there was not more than a few pounds of
powder left in either of them, but the explosion
proved the supposition to have been erroneous.
The mills had been built with thick party walls of
solid brick, which it was believed would have bad
the effect, in the event of an explosion taking
place in one, of leaving all the others uninjured.
The explosion has shown in this respect that the
steps adopted were fallacious. Some persons, who
assume to possess a familiar acquaintance with the
mode of manufacture at the Government Works,
express a belief that the process of grinding had
forced a considerable quantity of powder into the
tanks below the tables, and that, as it was known
several men were at work there with lights at the
time of the accident, the explosion was occasioned
thereby, and the flames rapidly extended along the
shaft to the other mills. Others, and they are the
more numerous, believe that the crowbar with
which the runner was being removed, coming into
contact with the iron plate, caused friction, which
produced sparks and ignited the powder. As the
loss of life might have been great, the matter is
exciting considerable discussion. There were several
very narrow escapes. Some half-dozen men or
more were under the mills making some repairs to
the shaft at the time of the explosion. The smoke
made its way down the " manhole," and had not
assistance arrived some of the engineers would
have been suffocated. Two were in an insen-
sible state when they were dragged up by the
hair and rapidly taken into the air to restore
animation. While the interior repairs were pro-
ceeding it was decided to paint the iron roofs, and
just before the explosion took place a body of
painters arrived to commence this operation. They
had procured a ladder to get upon the roofs, but it
was found too short, and while another was being
obtained the mills blew up. Had the explosion
been delayed a few moments longer the men would
have commenced their work, and would doubtless
been blown to atoms, as scarcely a vestige of the
roofs is left in either ease.

The Board of Ordnance will, we understand,
make a searching inquiry into every circumstance
connected with the explosion.

HEALTH OF LONDON DURING THE WEEK.

(From 114 e Registrar-General's Weekly Return,)

The total number of deaths registered in the week
hat ended last Saturday was 1,237, a mortality as
sigh as that of the last week of March, when the

air was many degrees colder than it has been lately.
The average number of deaths derived from the re-
turns of corresponding weeks in the ten years 1851-
60, and corrected for increase of population, is
1,157 ; hence it appears that the number of persons
who died last week exceeds by 80 that which would
have been returned if the average rate of mortality
had ruled.

The deaths from whooping-cough are still nume-
rous : they were 97 in the week, while the cor-
rected average of corresponding weeks is only 56.
Five occurred in the rectory sub-district of Maryle-
bone, 11 in Islington, 5 in the west sub-district of
Mile-end Old Town. Scarlatina was fatal in 31
cases, diphtheria in 13. Sixteen women died after
childbearing ; 10 of which cases are referred in the
tables to metria or puerperal fever. A man died at
the age of 96 years, a woman at the same age ; and
the widow of an author died in Clifford's-inn from
"degeneration of the mucous membrane of the
stomach," whose age is recorded to have been 100
years 8 months. A woman died at the age of 66
years from marasmus caused by the use of opium,
which she had taken for a period of 27 years. A
child, aged 7 weeks, died of eczema of the whole
body.
Last week the births of 892 boys and 934 girls,
in all 1826 children, were registered in London. In
the ten corresponding weeks of the years 1851-60

the average was 1640.
At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean
height of the barometer in the week was 30.009
in. The mean daily reading was above 30
in, on the first four days. The barometer rose to
20.26 in. on Tuesday, and fell to 29.61 in. on Sa-
turday. The mean temperature of the air in the
week was 57.6 deg., which is 3.5 deg. above the
average of the same week in 43 years (as determined
by Mr. Glaisher). The mean daily temperature
was above the average on every day except Sun-
day the 19th ; and this excess is equal to 9 deg. on
Tuesday, and nearly 11 deg. on Thursday. The
thermometer in the shade fell to 36 deg. on Sunday,
and rose to 80.2 deg. on Thursday: The range of
temperature in the week was therefore 44.2 deg.
The mean daily range was 24.3 deg. The differ-
ence between the mean dew-point temperature was
9.4 deg., showing the dryness of the air. The mean
degree of humidity was 73, complete saturation
being represented by 100. On Friday the humidity
was only 64. The direction of the wind was vari-
able. On Thursday, the day of greatest heat, the
highest reading of a thermometer in the sun was
119 deg. The mean temperature of the water of
the Thames was 56.3 deg. Half an inch of rain
fell on Thursday, on the evening of which day, be-
tween 7 and 9 o'clock, a thunderstorm occurred,
when the lightning was very vivid. The tempera-
ture was higher on that day than it has been known
to be in any May since 1858 ; and the maximum
temperature was higher than on any day since
tober 4th, 1859,

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THE SUN.

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 1861.

Sir JOHN WALSII only gave felicitous utterance
in a most epigrammatic form to what has long been
the all but unanimous opinion, both of the House
of Commons and of the country at large, when, on
Monday evening, he spoke of the Prime Minister of
England, in esse, as one having " the head of a
statesman and the heart of an Englishman." But,
while, according to the old classic proverb, there
were indisputably Kings before, there
have been
as indubitably Kings since AGAMEMNON. The
Prime Minister of England, in posse, may lay
equal claim in the estimation of very many indeed
of his fellow-countrymen to that same terse com-
mendation—may be described quite as accurately
as his veteran and illustrious rival in " the other"
House of Parliament, as one having " the head of a
statesman and the heart of an Englislarnau.,,
It is always an egregious absurdity to argue as
though the fortunesof the country were dependent
absolutely and exclusively upon the maintenance
of the power of one political party—upon the pre-
servation of the life of one man. Particularly at
all times is this a most irrational proceeding when
the political Party in power is of a character so
notoriously miscellaneous and heterogeneous that its
principles are being perpetually more or less com-
promised. Particularly when the Man has reached
a period so advanced as to be rapidly verging
towards the age of an octogenarian. We have,
one and all of us, we believe, the sincerest admira-
Von for the genius and patriotism of Lord PALMER-

STON. As was emphatically said of the Premier
years ago by que, having au ,toety to speak in the
name of the people or Englan inasmuch as he
himself has been declared by the severest of all his
critics to have been the greatest Member of Parlia-
ment that ever lived—as was truly and strikingly
said of Lord PALMERSTON by Sir ROBERT PEEL,
"We are all proud of him." Never was
panegyric more eminently well deserved. And this
is now, if that be possible, more than ever the na-
tional sentiment in regard:to Lord PALMERSTON.
We are all of us still, without any pretence what-
ever, cordially and earnestly—proud of him. He is
in himself one of the noblest epitomes of what we
exult to think are among the most conspi-
cuous of the national characteristics. And the
Premier's age lends, as it were, the crowning grace
to his many radiant gifts as the Leader of a Party,
as the foremost of our Administrators, as the re-
sponsible chief of the Government. Against Lord
PALMERSTON, we do conscientiously believe, that
there is not any feeling whatever of antagonism in
the heart of the Opposition. When his Ministry
falls to pieces, the blame of its disruption will never
be attached to the Prime Minister individually.
As indicative of what are the real causes of peril
to his Cabinet, the ugly breaker now visible a-head
may be regarded as perfectly sufficient in the way
of illustration upon that point ! To-morrow even-
ing the House of Commons will be called upon to
decide, for once and for all, whether the Paper
Duties shall be abolished after the Ist of October.
Supposing the decision of the majority of the House
to be perfectly satisfactory upon this point, sup-
posing the Commons to decide affirmatively, to
declare again positively that the Paper Duties shalt
be abolished at the time stipulated—well and good,
the risk will have been passed through at the cost
of a deplorable delay it is true, but still delay or not
delay, it will have been passed though in the teeth
of a very formidable Opposition. But—supposing
the result of the next Division to be the very re-
verse of this, to be distinctly adverse to the
revived notion of the Paper Duties abolition—and
this remember is possible, nay is more than pos-
sible, is really and truly probable [it was a matter
of exceeding probability, of all but certainty, on
Monday evening had Mr. KER SEY3IER'S amend-
ment been pushed then resolutely to a division]—
supposing we say, and it is not such a very extrava-
gant supposition under the actual circumstances of
the moment—supposing, for the mere sake of argu-
ment, that Clause Four of the Customs and Inland
Revenue Bill should be struck out of that bill in
Committee—what would be the inevitable
consequence ? Why, it would quite plainly be
an alternative whether Lord PALMERSTON should
Appeal to the Country, or at once tender his
resignation, and that of his Ministerial colleagues,
to his SOVEREIGN. For the which alternative the
country would have to thank, not the rashness of
Lord PALMERSTON, but the obstinacy of his Chan-
' cellor of the Exchequer. Let it not, at this crisis
in the fate of the Liberal party, be for one instant
forgotten that, but very shortly indeed before Mr.
GLADSTONE made his last great Budget Speech,
the Premier had himself distinctly and delibe-
rately assured a deputation, connected with the
paper duties, that there was not the slightest
probability of those paper duties being interfered
with in any way for another year at least. Yet
almost upon the very morrow of that positive
declaration from the lips of the Prime Minister,
Mr. GLADSTONE insists, first of all in the Cabinet,
and then in the Comm ins, upon forcing this parti-
cularly "vexed question," without any further
delay whatever, upon the consideration of both
Houses of Parliament. Supposing he succeeds
after all in carrying his point, in spite of the
original indifference felt in its regard by his poli-
tical chief and by not a few of his Ministerial
colleagues, in spite of the resolute antagonism of
the Opposition in the House of Commons, and
finally, and to crown all, in defiance of the irritation
of the House of Lords in having this bitter pill
crammed down its throat without the flimsiest
gloss of gilding upon it—well and good so far, it is
true, though so much of the session will have been
consumed in pushing the fortunes of an overloaded
Budget. Yet—in that happy contingency—it must
doubtless be allowed that Mr. GLADSTONE will
have especial cause for self-gratulation. Supposing,
however, as we have said, that the result should
turn out after all to be exactly the contrary of what
ho has all along been anticipating—upon him, far
more than upon his political leader, will devolve the
onus of the responsibility. Mr. GLADSTONE'S
will be the blame for the imperilling of the power
now held within the grasp of the Great Liberal
Party, for the jeopardising of the fortunes of Lord
PALMERSTON'S Administration. Even, then, how-
ever, with the worst come to the worst—there is
yet one other man, we will hope, to whom might
be quite as directly applied the full meaning of those
words in which Sir JOHN WALSH pronounced that
noble and well-deserved panegyric upon Lord PAL-
MERSTON, there is yet, at least, one other man, we will
hope of whom it may be said quite as truly that
he has the " head of a Statesman and the heart of
an Englishman." So that even supposing the
Paper-sail that has now been spread with so much
temerity by Mr. GLADSTONE'S hand should per-
versely carry the vessel direct upon that breaker
of an adverse division, we will yet hope and trust
that somehow or another means may even then be
found for carrying on her MAJESTY'S Government

The grumblers about the forfeiture of the
Galway Contract have got their answer from Lord
PALUERSTON. The OTONOGIIITE took upon him
to ask whether it was the intention of the Govern-
ment to carry out the views of the Postmaster-
General, as expressed in a recent letter, and annul
the Galway Contract. Without a moment's hesi-
tation Lord PALMERSTON informed him that the
communication of the Postmaster-General was not
a decision of the Post-office, but was " the corn-
munication of a decision of the Government."
Parties concerned could make any representation
they saw fit in regard to the communication, and
it would be for the Government to consider such
representations ; at the same time he intimated
that it would be better to wait till the whole cor-
respondence on the subject had been laid before
the house, when the house could of course better
form its judgment on the subject.
Rather cavalierly this for The O'DoxoGuun, the
night but one before
hangs theeforeanlm
fate of theperialdiviiloi
division was be
taken, on which
of this Parliament, or of
obN asothw;yerti,gh. Not only
because matter of
PALMERSTON policy, Lord AL_vsT
because the Galway company was undeniablyfoar
boldness was more
political job—a very costly
the nation, but because cos job, too,
likely to serve his cause to-morrow night
than to injure it. " We've done right and we stick
to it" was far better answer than a long defence
full of evasions' and concealments. That PALMER-
STON should "show no fear," is .a very convincing
argument with many waverers, stronger than any
constitutional precedents, or financial calculations
about a surplus. If Lord PALMERSTON can uncon-
cernedly send all the Galway malcontents to Coven-
try the inference is he does not fear them, And if he
does not fear them, he has made up his mind to win ; ,
and then, why we may as well be 04 the 'winning

side. Besides he knows he shall win by dissolving,
if in no other way—they will vote, therefore, for
PALMERSTON because he means to win either in
the House, or in the country.

From the intelligence brought by the City of
Baltimore, up to the 18th, we learn that great prepara-
tions are making by both sides, but that no conflict
has yet taken place. Characteristically, the North
is displaying its pecuniary superiority ; the Massa-
, chusettsLegislature having offered partly as a loan,
partly as its contribution to the war, a sum of more
than £2,000,000, while the Boston banks offer to
take £1,000,000 of the Federal loan. On the other
hand the boastful accounts from the South that their
loans were readily "placed" prove to be entirely
false; and Georgia has taken the short course of
forbidding the payment of debts to the North; the
Government demanding the money for itself, and
fixing seven per cent. for the use of it. It is said
the South owes the North not less than £5,000,000
of which, if the war seriously injures the South, the
North will never see more than a small part indeed.
Reason enough this alone, why it may be much
cheaper for the Free States to collect an overwhelm.
ing force, and make short work of the quarrel.
Practically the Federal Government has con-
quered Maryland. After all its secession bluster,
after its voting for it by a large majority, not only
is its capital, Baltimore, occupied by Pennsylvanian
troops, but the Governor has called for four regi-
ments to "support the Federal Government within
the limits of Maryland," or to defend Washington.
That is, it will not invade the South, but it proposes
to embody in arms those of its citizens who are
favourable to the Union. The meeting at Wheeling
of the Western Virginians, of the delegates of
twenty-five counties, has not acted so decidedly as
seems to have been expected. They refused to pass
an ordinance for the division of the State of Vir-
ginia, but have called a general convention for the
11th of June. Their reason, however, might very
likely be to act with more efficiency. Their aid
from their position between Pennsylvania and
Ohio would be very important to the Free States.
The Secessionists have threatened Fort Monroe,
but were obliged to withdraw. They are also
bringing up ammunition and heavy ordnance to
Harper's Ferry, which is to be one of the first
objects of Mr. LINCOLN'S attack, but we do not hear
of any other move. Kentucky, by the vote of its
Legislature, has sustained the Governor's proclama-
tion of neutrality, which is, however, itself rebel-
iion, since it is shown by refusing to obey the order
to send troops to the support of the President.
Many, however, have gone spontaneously. The only
important success of the South has been with the
troops, 2,000 in number, which were long left in
Texas unsupported by the Government, and having
been deserted by their officers, were obliged to sur-
render. The real advance is, however, still
with the North. Tho blockade is now
complete; even British ships have been re-
fused admission to Charleston harbour, where the
Niagara is stationed ; while the Minnesota is already
in the entrance of the Mississippi. With the guard
kept at Cairo, in Illinois, the North would now
appear to have shut up the South to itself, and to
have thrown it on its own resources ; as it has
lately grown little food, we should not be surprised
to hear that it is sorely pressed for that essential
to poor humanity, to say nothing of less necessary
articles of commerce.

On one point the North appears to be acting very
foolishly, a.s well as unworthily. It sends back
instead of using the fugitive negroes, who hoping
that the battle between the Free States and their
masters must have their liberation in view, seek
employment in what should be the liberating army.•
In Maryland this hasbeen the case. A letter, how-
ever, from the Governor of Massachusetts, to Gen.
BUTLER, the commander who offered aid in suppress-
ing a threatened servile insurrection in Maryland,
takes a thoroughly common sense military view of
the matter. From that point of view, the slaves
are surely one source of weakness to the enemy,
and it is simple folly to throw away such a valua-
ble assistance, as their insubordination will prove.
Governor ANDREW would confine assistance in re-
pressing a servile war to those Slave States which
retain their loyalty to the Federal Government.
This would be, now, to :give it to none, since the

neutral States cannot be termed loyal when they
refuse their aid towards putting down rebellion.
In Kentucky, as in Maryland, many negroes began
to escape, yet the adjoining free States had the folly
to restore them, and even to send troops to aid
in keeping down insurrection. In the same
spirit the ail of fre'b coloured men is refused in the
North. They, however, notwithstanding, are arm-
ing and training themselves for the service which
they yet hope will be required of them.
The North will not surely imitate the cruel imbe-
cility of our statesmen in the Crimean war ; when,
in tenderness to Austria, they refused the services of
a Polish Legion, which would have been worth
any two others from its national hatred for
Russia.. If the North refuses the aid of free

coloured men in • a cause so eminently their

own, and in which they would be so
efficient, they well deserve a doubly prolonged con-
test, and even to lose. We object, indeed, to the
Free States offering to suppress servile insurrections
even in loyal Slave States, did such exist ; but a
proclamation to them that in every State which
resisted the Federal authority the aid of the slaves,
would be sought, would alarm the seceders far more

than a blockade. We expect that here will be
the great blunder, the intentional blunder of
the North. It desires the extinction of
slavery as a bad political institution, but it has no
sense of the negroes' right to immediate emancipa-
tion. It is willing to choke and suffocate slavery
by confining it to the present States, but not to
confer on the slaves the personal liberty which is
the first of human rights. Hence it deprives itself
of one of its greatest sources of strength, and de-
prives itself also of what would form its noblest
distinction in the eyes of Christian civilisation

From the day of their rebellion all the rebel

States cut themselves off from any right to

demand respect on the part of the Federal Govern-

went to their slave institutions ; and had this been

openly declared by the Government, secession wee
imagine would have but a limited range indeed.
Enslaved Our best wishwishfor the North is, that it may never
succeed till it hoists the flag of "Liberty for the
ed
IVe should noti fi t
North to this.grudge
a
victoryslav or African."
twicaon. t."O the South, the