The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-20 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON TUESDAY EVENING. AUGUST 20, 1861.

sideration the position of military clerks employed in Royal
Engineer district offices, has approved of the following
alteration being made in Circular 321 :—The restriction in
clause 5, that the third-class clerks only shall be employed
in engineer district offices, will be removed, and clerks of the
Ist and 2d classes may, with duo authority be employed
therein. EDWARD LUGARD."

" Victoria R.

(Circular No. 702.)

" Whereas we judged it expedient by our Royal Warrant
of the Ist of March, 1860, to allow well-conducted soldiers
to receive good-conduct pay after three years' service, in-
stead of after five years' service, as laid down in our Royal
Warrant of the Ist of July, 1848; our will and pleasure
now is that any soldier who may be awarded such good
conduct pay, under the provisions of our said warrant of the
Ist of March, 1860, and who may be permitted to obtain
his discharge from our army before the completion of his
service, shall not be allowed to do so upon more advan-
tageous terms in consequence of being in receipt of such
good-conduct pay than those granted under the provisions
of our previous warrant of the Ist of July, 1848.
"Given at our Court at St. James's this 30th day of
July, 1861, in the 25th year of our reign.
"By her Majesty's command,
" G. C. LEWIS."

(Circular No. 703.)—Foreign Stations.

" Sir,--I am directed by the Secretary of State fcir War
to inform you that, in consequence of the diversity which
exists at foreign stations in the mode of charging expendi-
ture on account of provost prisons and garrison cells, he has
decided that one uniform system shall in future be followed,
and that the Military Accountant shall pay and charge in
his accounts under the head of 'Military Prisons' all ex-
penses connected with these services, which will conse-
quently be altogether removed from the accounts of regi-
mental paymasters. The controller of army expenditure
should enter into all contracts for the supply of provisions
and stores required for the provost prisons, and this duty
will no longer devolve on the commanding officer at the
station. All articles should be provided and accounted for
in the manner laid down in Circular 493, 17th of October,
1859, and the accounts and vouchers, which are to be pre-
pared by the provost sergeants, should be certified by the
commanding officer.
"Where a strictly regimental system of imprisonment is
carried out in the barrack cells this new regulation will not
apply, but the existing system of accounts should be fol-
lowed.

tt I am to request that you will give the necessary instruc-
tions for carrying out the new system from the commence-
ment of the quarter succeeding the receipt of this circular.
"EDWARD LITGARD.
gi The General or other Officer Commanding."

211 E GREAT OUTFALL SEWER AT

BARKING.

The low lying district of the metropolis between
Stratford and Barking Creek at the present
moment is in the possession of some 1,500 navvies,
bricklayers, and masons, who are employed in
building up a sewer, by the side of which the great
cloaca of old Rome dwindles into insignificance.
This sewer, or rather this treble line of sewers, for
they run three abreast, forms the last portion of the
gigantic system of the main drainage of London, for
the completion of which a sum of £3,000,000, raised
upon the security of local rates, is now being ex-
pended by the Metropolitan Board of Works. This
threefold sewer will carry to the Thames the whole
sewage of the three districts, into which, for the
purpose of drainage, the metropolitan area of 59
miles on the north side of the Thames has been di-
vided. Along the left one of these capacious brick
vaults—or iron tubes, where rivers and roads are to
be crossed—will flow all the contributions of the
thousands of smaller pipe drains and smaller sewers
which ramify through the northern and north-
western part of London, between Hampstead and
the River Lea. The middle tube will convey to the
Thames all the 'sewage that will be collected by a
monster brick tunnel nine feet in height, passing
from Kensal-green, under the Paddington-canal,
under the great Weitern Railway, along Oxford-
street, Regent-circus, Hatton-garden, Clerkenwell,
Shoreditch, and thence to Stratford. The right hand
one of this triplet of tunnels will carry from Strat-
ford to the Thames all the sewage that the low level
sewer, which is to commence at Chelsea, to pass
under the proposed Thames embankment, through
the City, the Minories, and Tower-hill, will bring
to Stratford, and which engines of 1,250-horse
power will pump up to the higher level of the great
outfall sewers.
The work of constructing these giant sewers—far
mere extensive than that of making a railway—has
been undertaken by Mr. Furness, for a sum of
£625,000; the length is 51 miles, so that the cost is
nearly £120,000 per mile. In its course the sewers
will cross streams and roads, pass under and over
railways, by bridges and tunnels. It already ern-
ploys ten steam engines and locomotives, and an
rfi~ of 1.500 workmen. We first meet this northern
lying side by side a Dove' gru nu, army. t..vpsvcrs
which a man may ride on horseback: These are the
north and middle level sewers just referred to. Each
sewer keeps in its own independent course ; the
sewage of Hampstead does not mix with that from
Mensal or Tyburnia ; each keeps its line till it is
discharged into the Thames. Beneath these two
sewers are, however, two larger ones of thirteen
feet in height, which are to receive the storm over-
flow. The whole is an immense mass of brickwork,
like four railway tunnels built in a bunch
together, supported at the sides by massive brick
piers or counterforts, and the whole covered like
some huge burrow with earth and turf to the
height of forty feet above the ground. These upper
sewers are to be continued over the River Lea by a
handsome lattice-girder bridge, the two sewers
being iron tubes, eighty-two feet in length, and
nine feet in diameter, resting upon three iron
girders. The arches of the bridge will be eleven
feet above the river, and there will be a roadway
over the top of the sewer. After crossing the Lea,
we next came to a stream called " The Water Works
Feeder," belonging to the East London Water
Works, where there is another bridge. Next comes
the Pudding Mill river, over which the sewer passes
by another bridge, with two side arches for the foot
and carriage way of the Marsh-gate-road. The
next obstacle to the progress of the work is the
Eastern Counties main line of railway, which, at
this
.point, runs on an embankment. The sewer
has just room, with one inch to spare, to pass
through this and under the lines of rails. A
certain height was to be maintained in going over
the River Lea, and it has very fortunately happened
to coincide exactly with the height of the railway
embankment. During the progress of the sewer
the rails will be supported en piles, and when
finished they will be carried by girders resting on
stone piers built on each side of the two sewers. The
upper part of the sewers will be covered by asphalte,
and made water tight, to prevent water coming
through from the railway. Next, the City Mills
river and then the Waterworks river are crossed by
bridges. We have now reached the Stratford main
road, the surface of which happens to be exactly that
of the lower part of the sewers. This involves the
necessity of raising the road 10 feet by a series
of 40 arches-20 on each side. The two sewers
will, however, expand into four at this point for
the purpose of obtaining a reduction in their
height. Instead of two sewers of nine feet in
height, there will be four of six feet, the sewage
being divided by cutwaters into four streams. The
water mains of the Stratford-road will pass in a
covered way five feet in height beneath the sewers,
and in cue of repairs or alterations being require d
to those water-mains the men will be able to get at
them in the covered way without disturbing the
sewers. A short distance beyond the Stratford-
road, the four lines of sewers become two again,
until, at about 200 yards, they reach a meadow of
about five acres, nerthe Abbey Mills, where will
Fberotmhethis
pumping
poin the t stationtripfoler the
ee
lowof h
lreiveekl
sseewweerrs,
commences. Up to this point the line
yfeetdouinbleh—eigahllt,, b
ghraosunbde,enninoenl
.owever, above
and in appear-
ance something of the form of a horse shoe.
S
Albany ,Creek and Channel Riverichßaairle
crossed by bridges. The North Weaoolw
Rail-
way is crossed by a bridge, and as it is intended to
form a junction between that line and the Tilbury
and Southend line of railway, a second bridge is
provided for that branch. At this point it was
necessary to lower the railway three feet in order
to give sufficient headway for the engines, for these
sewers, unlike railways, are most unaccommodating
in their course. The Tilbury line is next crossed
over, and the railway is lowered two feet. There
is then a level run of about a mile in length until
Plaistow is reached. There Balaam-street is raised
above the sewer. On this leyel run the works are
constructed above the ground upon a bed of thick
concrete. The ground here is of a peaty nature,
and it is necessary to excavate to a depth of 15 or
16 feet in order to reach the gravel ; and the whole
of the earth removed, is replaced by concrete. Near
Plaistow this concrete is carried to the height of
about twenty feet above the surface, and upon this
embankment the sewers are to be built. They will
be covered with concrete, and over this again earth
will be placed, having the appearance, when finished,
of a railway carried along at a very great eleva-
tion, the sides sloping at an angle of 2to 1. The
sides and top, especially the southern slopes, may
make a line of nearly two miles of splendid straw-
berry beds. Beyond this embankment, and for the
remainder of the distance to the Thames, the
sewer will be carried upon arches. The great depth
of the peat would make it very expensive to remove
it entirely, and it is therefore only excavated in such
places as will admit of brick piers being erected
to carry the arches. There will be 340 of these
arches, each of 20 feet span, the whole length of
this extraordinary work being about one mile and

a quarter. About two millions of cubic yards of
concrete will be swallowed up in the concrete em-
bankment, and the cost of this material will be very
nearly one-half of the whole expense of this
northern outfall sewer. A cluster of nine " pug"
mills, similar to those used in grinding the clay
for bricks, are worked by steam-engines, and trucks
placed under each of the mouths of these mills
are loaded with the concrete, which, conveyed
by lines of railway, is deposited to form monster
foundations, solid as stone and enduring as time
itself. With the last of the 340 arches the Thames
is reached. The outfall is at the head of a cascade,
called " The Tumbling Bay," and the sewage will
flow over a series of granite steps or arches, and,
after falling twenty feet, will pass away into the
middle of the river. Instead, however, of being
delivered through the three tall arches, the sewage
will pass into the Thames by nine outlets, each
sewer branching off into three smaller ones. The
arrangement for admitting the sewage into the river
direct from the outfall sewer is, however, only a tem-
porary one. A reservoir capable of containing nine
millions of cubic feet of water will be formed to hold
the sewage supplied during the time of low water in
the Thames, and which will only be discharged into
the river at high water, and then at the centre and
bottom of the river, through covered channels buried
under the water, and consequently not exposed
either to the eye or to the atmosphere. When the
reservoir is finally completed the grand cascade at
Tumbling Bay will only be brought into requisi-
tion at the time of heavy storms, and when one or
more of the sewers overflow. A mutual arrange-
ment exists between the three parallel sewers, by
which each of them may give to his neighbour any
surplus of sewage with which it may be charged,
and which it is not able to convey. The system of
sewer reciprocity is selfacting, and when the contents
of a sewer rises to a certain height it overflows into
the next. The work of the sewers is thus equalised, and
the storm waters of Hampstead or Highgate may be
apportioned to different parts of the great system of
main drainage. Contracts for different portions of
the main drainage schemes have been already let
by Mr. Bazelgette to the amount of £1,800,000, and
there appears every probability that the whole will
be completed within the £3,000,000 which it was
estimated to cost. The contracts have in every case
been within the sum fixed by the engineers, and this
affords evidence of the care with which the quanti-
ties were taken out by the engineers who advised
the Board of Works, and who were responsible for
the estimates. The building of the outfall sewer is
going on under the superintendence of Mr. Ander-
son, as clerk of the works, and a number of inspec-
tors appointed by the Metropolitan Board. The
high level sewer for Hampstead is completely
finished. The middle level is in the hands of Mr.
Brassey, and, owing to the crowded portions of the
metropolis through which it will pass, arrange-
ments are being made for pushing forward the
works as rapidly as possible when they are once
commenced, in order that the inconvenience to the
public traffic may be as small as possible. The low
level sewer has not yet been commenced, in conse-
quence of the uncertainty as to its route while the
question of the Thames Embankment was under
discussion.

RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE.

LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN.

The capital account of this company to the 30th
June last shows that the amount received on stock and
shares is £24,605,90.3, on debentures £10,454,392,
on 31- per cent. debenture stock £312,830, and on
4 per cent. debenture stock £1,435,512, making a
total of £36,808,636, interest and dividends upon
the whole of which are charged to revenue. The ex-
penditure on the main line, stations, and works
amounts to £25,524,196, on carrying stock to
£3,596,846, and on lands and buildings
yielding rent to £458,008 ; total, £22,579,050.
To this is added £6,224,286 for lines in which
the company have an interest, and £312,298
for improvement of permanent way, making a
total expenditure of £36,115,632, leaving a
balance of £693,005. The return of working stock
is that there are 926 locomotive engines, 917 ten-
ders, 779 first-class mails and composite carriages,
655 second-class carriages, 476 third-class carriages,
48 travelling post-offices and tenders, 338 horse
boxes, 272 carriage trucks, 335 guards', break, and
parcel vans, 34 parcel carts, trucks, &c., 14,803
goods waggons, 1,417 cattle waggons, 295 sheep
vans, 1,491 coke waggons, 166 carts and lurries,
11,314 sheets and 416 horses. The total charge to
capital, including moveable machinery, tools, &c.,
to 30th June (exclusive of cost of stock transferred
from the Birkenhead Railway), £3,596,846. The
renewal and improvement of road account shows a
total expenditure of £l,26o,o26;including £942,369
on revenue account, and £317,656 on capital ac-

I count.
+ f -111
J Ore- .7i(14. had been received,
including £13,843 for interest on cash balances and
calls in arrear, £26,729 for rents of lands and build-
ing, less repairs; £460 for transfer fees, £1,920 for
Huddersfield Canal Traffic (net), and £62,993 for
dividends from 12 companies in which the company
have an interest.
The working charges, including £41,643 for rates
and taxes, and £29,053 for duty on passenger
traffic, amount to £1,074,868. The interest on loans
and debenture stock amounts to £248,431; chief
rents and interest on land purchases, £7,244; ex-
penses connected with Parliamentary and legal pro-
ceedings, £20,000; Preston and Wye lease, £4,649;
Buckinghamshire, £24,900 ; Cannock Mineral,
£3,217; North Union, £28,079; Chester and Holy-
head, guaranteed dividend and interest on loans,
£61,596 ; Lancaster and Carlisle, dividend and in-
terest, £lOO,BBO ; Kendal and Windermere, £4,197;
Shropshire Union lease, £21,865; Manchester,
Buxton, and Matlock lease, £1,516 ; West London,
£9OO ; Leeds and Rochdale Canal, £1,490 ; Stour
Valley Railway lease, £9,503; Birkenhead Rail-

way lease, £17,740 ; Warrington and Garston lease,
£6,000; Stockport, Disley, and Whaleybridge,
£3,286; South Staffordshire agreement, £24,115;
Depreciation and Insurance of Steamboats, £7,220 ;
Haydon-square depot interest, £2,180; and renewal
I of road, £41,667, making together £640,673, and
leaving a balance of ,E 463,953. To this sum is added
£27,560 from the preceding half year, making a
disposable balance of £491,513. From this is de-
ducted £472,865 for dividends, at the rate of £1
17s. 6d. per cent. for the half-year, and £6,750 for
interest at 5 per cent. per an. on the Coventry and
Nuneaton, leaving a balance of £11,899. It is pro-
posed to make the dividend warrants payable on
Tuesday, the 27th inst. The auditors, Messrs. H.
Crosfield and R. W. Hand, state in their report that
the constantly increasing expenditure for law and
Parliamentary expenses calls for the very serious
attention of the Board. The sum of £20,600, being
double that of the corresponding period, has been
applied towards the liquidation of these expenses.
The auditors deeply regret that the results of the
half year's working are of so unsatisfactory a nature.
They can, however, assure the proprietors that the
revenue account has been fully charged with every
expense which should be brought against it ; and,
having received the usual certificates from the heads
of the various departments, the auditors are satisfied
that the way and works, &c., have been fully main-
tained, and that the efficiency of the rolling stock
has not only been kept up but increased. During
the past half year 22 engines, 73 carriages, and 147
waggons have been renewed, with larger vehicles,
at the cost of revenue, over and above the execution
of a great amount of repairs, which, in conse-
quence of the severity of last winter, has far ex-
ceeded the ordinary expenditure for that purpose.
The report of the engineer states that the whole
of the land for the Edge-hill and Garston branch
has been purchased, and the works commenced a

several paints ; the length of the branch is 41 miles,
and the works are of an easy character. This branch
should be completed in April next. He fully ex-
pects to have the Sutton Coldfield branch, five miles
in length, open for traffic in the ensuing spring.
He is endeavouring to have the viaduct between
Ardwick and London-road station, Manchester,
widened for the passage of trains early in next
spring. Every exertion is being used to insure the
opening of the West London Extension Railway
for the traffic of the International Exhibition of
1862.

CEYLON.
An extraordinary meeting of this company was
held yesterday at the offices, Broad-street-build-
ings;Mr. Stewart in the chair.
mr.
C ° O P
E thatlt the
,t he
meeting w
secretary, read
fbr
convenedthe report,
theh
ighstatedpurpose of receivingthe
hastsent of the proprie-
tors to a deed for dissolving
Thecodmeepd provided
any'scon-
tract with the Ceylon Governmeen t on repayment
to the company of its capital.
for the repayment of the capital by the Gover-
nment of Ceylon on the 21st of August, with inte-
rest at the rate of 6 per cent. to that date, in con-
sideration of which the Government of Ceylon was
to become entitled to the whole of the company's
property, company s
property, assuming all its responsibilities. The
deed was read in extenso, from which it appeared
that the interests of the company were fully pro-
tected. They were to receive 1:297,500 in cash,
with interest up to the 21st inst. at the rate of 6
per cent. per annum.
was
unOannimthoeusly adoptedmotionoft,heanCdirtyird
directors
e et thoer s report
to affix the seal of the company to the
re r e
au-
thorised
deed, which was accordingly done in the presence
of the meeting.
The CHAIRMAN explained that the money would
be available on the 21st inst. to return to each
shareholder his money, with 6 per cent. interest up

to that date. It would require an Act of Parlia-
ment to dissolve the company, which would be ob-
tained at the expense of the Ceylon Government.
The usual ordinary meeting would be held in Oc-
tober next, and there would remain between £2,000
and £3,000 in hand.

A vote of thanks to the chairman closed the pro-
ceedings.

LONDON, TILBURY, AND SOUTHEND.

The report of the directors states that the re-
ceipts for the half-year ending the 30th of June
last amount to £21,462, and the payments to
£14,842, leaving a balance of £6,620. The capital
account shows that £800,628 had been received,
and £794,244 expended, leaving a balance of
£6,384.

- -
THE BUILDERS' STRI KR.

(From the Times.)
The law of blockade is one of the most arbitrary
and questionable of belligerent rights. It has lately
been strictly limited to the single case in which the
blockade is " effective," and it seems probable that
this construction will be rigorously applied to any
questions that may arise out of the present war in
I America. The reason why neutrals have been spe-
cially impatient of the exercise of this right is plain
enough. Not only is it a serious encroachment on
the general freedom of neutral commerce, but it vir-
tually makes the neutral power an instrument in
the hands of the blockading squadron, and thus
gives an unfair advantage to a belligerent nation
which may happen to command the sea. Now this
extreme and exceptional right, which can only be
justified in international law by the paramount
necessity of curtailing the horrors of warfare, is
just what the workmen now on strike claim to en-
force against the public, and that, too, in the form
which has been strenuously repudiated by neutral
States. The Trades Unions have proclaimed a paper
blockade of their employers' works, and call upon
the Government to aid them in reducing their ad-
versaries to extremities. A short time ago their de-
legates waited on Sir G. C. Lewis and demanded
the withdrawal of certain Sappers and Miners from
the new barracks now being erected under a Go-
vernment contract at Chelsea. Mr. Higgs,the con-
tractor, was among those who had adopted the sys-
tem of payment by the hour, and the masons and
carpenters who had struck against this system pro-
tested against any "interference" on the part of the
War-office which might enable him to "disregard
the claims of the workmen." In an evil hour Sir G.
C. Lewis yielded, without even exposing the tran-
sparent fallacy on which the application rested, and
of course the most has been made of this injudicious
concession. The builders have nokv gone a step fur-
ther. In the case of the Chelsea Barracks it was
admitted that soldiers had been substituted for
regular workmen, instead of rescinding Mr. Higgs's
contract, with a view of expediting the completion
of the building. The new grievance is infinitely
less plausible. Mr. Myers has a contract for the
execution of a range of Artillery stables at Alder-
shott. "On this job, where there has been no
strike, it being out of the limits in which the dis-
pute exists, no workmen are employed but soldiers.
There are 24 bricklayers and about 100 of other
branches and labourers belonging to the following
Regiments—viz., the 10th, 25th, 32d, 72d, 84th,
Rifles and Sappers. The employment of the sol-
diers at this job has a more serious effect upon the
existing dispute as against the men than even the
employment of the Sappers at Chelsea Barracks, for
by this means Mr. Myers is able to keep the brick-
layers he has working for him at his London jobs,
and thus to hold out longer."
We have stated the case exactly as it has been
stated on behalf of the men, and we ask any one
capable of looking at the two sides of a question
whether a more extravagant pretension was ever
started. The jealousy of the old guilds was not
half so unreasonable or suicidal. It is not only
that the right of the Government is expressly de-
nied " to place soldiers in competition with regular
workmen, who have families to support,"—as if
there were anything to prevent a Sapper from
having a family to support, and as if the screw were
not mercilessly applied by these very men to their
fellows, however large their families ;—it is not
only that by entering into these controversies, and
regulating their patronage by an official report on
the merits of each case, Government would set a
precedent far more damaging to the rights of labour
and to the independence of the English workman
than these misguided men are able to perceive ; the
really monstrous characteristic of the hypothesis is,
that it leaves the rights and interests of the public
altogether out of the account. Any loss to the
nation in time, money, or efficiency of work is to
go for nothing if the employment of our own
trained and paid artificers would " spoil the
sport„" and prssmt„4 eaThydtp between the two
have i6On`glicilint some part onr_
diers might be devoted to manual labour with bene-
fit to themselves as well as to the public purse, and
that Shorncliffe and Aldershott might gradually
become schools of military, as our ships of war have
always been, more or less, of naval construction.
But here the builders assert a private right, and the
Crown must not violate fair play, or disturb the
prescribed rate of profits, by employing its own
troops to build the lodgings for themselves in its
own camp. Of course, it follows that the Govern-
ment have no right to have the biscuit for the navy
prepared by machinery at Portsmouth, instead of
in the ovens of regular bakers. By and by the prin-
ciple will be extended to amateurs, and a gentle-
man with a turn for carpentering will not be allowed
to use his own hammer and nails, lest he should
interfere with the privileges of some carpenters on
strike. There is only one theory of property with
which these claims can be reconciled, and that is
the one expressed in the terse maxim, "La pro-
priete c'est le vol." Jack Cade, himself a brick-
layer's son, would have had something to learn
from these modern craftsmen ; for he only decreed
generally that seven halfpenny loaves should be
sold for a penny, and that the three-hooped -pot
should have ten hoops, whereas they prescribe the
means whereby prices shall be kept up to an artifi-
cial standard.
It is the less necessary to mince matters in dis-
posing of the issue now raised, because it is quite
separable from the principle of the strike. If politi-
cal economy and common sense were ever so much
on the side of the men, the injustice of this mock
neutrality would be equally clear. Though we can-
not but consider the last move of the masters as a
measure of self defence against an organised
attempt to raise wages under colour of shorten-
ing the hours of work, and though we agree
with Sir S. Polo that the hour system is the
sounder and fairer of the two, we have never said
a word against the right of the men to back their
demands by combination. It is perfectly true that,
man for man, an artisan is no match for his em-
ployer, for the simple reason that labour cannot
be hoarded like capital, and that a reserve of labour,
not being so exchangeable as capital, cannot be
counted upon to support life till the experiment
has been tried out, and the balance between supply
and demand restored. Combination is the natural
means of compensating for this natural superiority,
and if combination were to take the form of asso-
ciation for the purpose of competing with the mas-
ters, or even of mutual support pending the dispute,
it might not seriously disturb the laws of trade. Un-
happily, though it may begin with these objects and
no more, it seldom ends there. To look on while
other operatives, or, as in this case, the Government,
are pursuing their own interests, and to rest satis-
fied that it is only by the free play of these various
rival interests that the rights of the question can
be fairly tested, is a degree of self restraint of
which an ignorant or undisciplined mind is scarcely
capable. It seems so much simpler to give the
pendulum a shove—of course, in the right direction
—to exercise a slight pressure on the indicator—
to pack the jury judiciously, lest they should
give a wrong verdict. Then follows, as a matter of
course, all the mischievous machingry for agita-
tion, the gradual growth of a class of men whose
element is discord and who pine and gasp in any
other atmosphere, who degrade union into conspi-
racy, and, grasping the one-sided truth that the fear
of Strikes is quite as powerful a weapon as actual
Strikes, adopt terrorism in theory, if not in prac-
tice. O'Connell, the greatest agitator of modern
times, did not shrink from denouncing Trades
Unions, not because he had much sympathy with
the class against whom they were directed, but be-
cause he had seeh that the lengths to which they
would go in obstructing industrial progress were
only limited by the conscience or education of their
leaders. We will not do the existing Unions the
injustice of comparing them with the Luddites, the
frame-breakers, and the mill-burners, against whose
senseless prejudices even O'Connell protested, hut
we cannot help seeing that the spirit in which
they are now actionis equally tyrannical, though
less atrocious. 'We can make great allowances
for men exasperated by real "lock-outs" into
open defiance, or even for the temporary irritation
produced by the present trial of strength on the
hour system. We cannot expect them to admit that
they have brought this crisis upon themselves by
the vain attempt to serve two masters, dictating
terms to the one, and executing the most capricious
behests of the other. But we warn them once more
not to take Sir G. C. Lewis's ill-advised act as an
indication of public opinion. A " strike" would
indeed be a hollowafl'air if the public were in league
with the men to starve out the masters. This would
be " compulsory arbitration" with a vengeance, and
from that moment, instead of capital employing
labour, labour would employ capital—that is, such
capital as could he retained in the country under so
tyrannical a repine.

ASSIZE INTELLIGENCE.

WESTERN CIRCUIT—BRIsToL, Aug. 19.
(Before Mr. Justice Byles and a Common Jury.)
THE QUEEN V.l MATHIAS.
Mr. Karslake, Q.C., Mr. Stone, and Mr. Prideaux
were counsel for the prosecution, and Mr. M. Smith,
Q.C., and Mr. Edlin for the ,defendant.
This case excited great interest in Bristol. It was
an indictment preferred against a Mr. Mathias for
an assault which he had committed on a lady named
Mais on the 12th of April. There has for years
been a vexed question as to a right of the public to
have a path between Victoria•square and Clifton,
and there have been many kinds of disputes between
Mr. Mathias and the citizens of Bristol. On the
12th of April last Mrs. Mais was passing along this
road, pushing before her a perambulator containing
her child. The defendant was standing there, and
told Mrs. Mais she should not pass with the peram-
bulator. She said she had a right to go that way,
and she should pass on. The defendant insisted
upon it that she should not pass, and placed his
hand upon her shoulder. The lady, however, was
too nimble for him, he being an old gentleman, and
she picked up the perambulator and child, and car-
ried it over the disputed line. A summons was
then obtained against Mr. Mathias for the assault.
The parties went before the magistrates, who
thought it was a question of right and directed
these proceedings,
Upon Mrs. Mais being examined, she was asked
if she had preferred the indictment. She said she
did not know much about it. She had seen some-
thing about it in the papers that it was the Queen.
The learned Judge--The lady looked in the
papers, and instead of seeing her own name she saw
that of the Queen.
Mrs. Mais said the perambulator was a very small
one.

The Judge asked if it was in court, " because,"
said he, " by all means let the Court see it."
Other witnesses stated that Bath chairs were
continually driven or pushed along this road, and
the public had used it from time immemorial.
The Judge said the question would be whether
there was a footway, and whetlvr that being a
footway, authorised the use of the footway by a
perambulator.
Mr. Smith admitted there was a footway, but he
contended that it was only for feet, and not for a
perambulator. The way was four feet wide.
The Judge asked if that was before crinoline or
after ?

Evidence wos given to show that walls had been
built up and had been pulled down. Stop-posts had
at one time been put up. Bath chairs could not go
along when those posts were up. There had been a
wicket gate through which no carriage could pass.
The perambulator was here put upon the table.
It was a little wicker one.
Mr. Karslake asked if Mr. Smith wanted the
baby put into it.
Mr. Smith said he thought the baby and Mrs.
Mais ought to be put in position.
The Judge—You cannot expect Mr. Karslake to
put them in position himself.
The Judge and Court were convulsed with
laughter on the production of this little appur.
tenance, which was about one-sixth of the width of
a lady's crinoline.
Mr. Poole, who had been waywarden in 1330,
had ordered the erection of a dwarf wall near this
spot. There was a wicket gate and an agricultural
gate. _ _

Mr. Smith submitted that there was no case. It
was plain the assault was committed by the de-
fendant, who thought it was an improper use of
the right. There was at one time a wicket gate,
which showed that Mrs. Mais was using this way
in a manner she had no right to use it. To use it
with carriages, wheelbarrows, or perambulators
was an excess in the use of the right of way.
The Judge asked Mr. Kerslake if he had any
authority on the subject.
Mr. Kerslake said there was a commentary in
" Gale on Easements," on Lord Coke.
,The public
way arose on dedication ; here was a way four feet
wide, and persons had a right to use it t that ex-
tent. A perambulator was not a carriage, it could
be wheeled on the road or taken up and carried.
Such a user would not be evidence to make it a
carriage road. Perambulators were now used
everywhere.
The Judge said he could know that judicially
without proof. He would call back Mrs. Mais—
Have you been in Clifton, Bath, London, Liver-
pool, and other places, and have you seen peram-
-Isulatore in those places?—l have.
,s,tlth said a footway was for persons on
foot, and not for c..tricigNa on. Wheels. By the High-
way Act no person on horseback or in a r.arria gp
should use any footwfootway-.vas to be the deti-
niti,,. yr a. mot way but for persons to use it on
foot ? This carriage was not intended to be carried,
but to be wheeled on the ground. Suppose a per-
son drawn into a place by his constituents, that
was not a carriage drawn by beasis of burden.
The Judge said it was a mixed question of Jaw
and fact; could he put it in any way for decision ?
It was a criminal proceeding.
Mr. Kerslake said it might be done by consent.
The Judge—You arc not yet Attorney-General,
Mr. Kerslake, although I have no doubt you will
be. There must be the consent of the Attorney-
General.
Mr. Smith then addressed the jury for the de-
fendant. They had all heard of great cases. There
was the Queen's case, the Six Carpenters' Case, and
this would go down to posterity as the Great Peram-
bulator Case. Here there had been a dedication of a
footpath, but that was never intended for persons
to use it with carriages, whether carrying babies
or butchers' meat. Where were they to draw the
line ? There was no English law that authorised
any such use of a footway. This was a basket car-
riage ; but supposing they had twins, or if they
should be afflicted by having three at a birth, then
it must be a much larger carriage. If a crinoline
met a perambulator--
The Judge said—Pardon me, the meeting a
perambulator is not so formidable as meeting
another lady.
Mr. Smith confessed that, for his own part, he
would rather meet the lady. This perambulator
question was only the thin edge of the wedge.
Mr. Justice Byles, in summing up, observed that
this was an indictment against Mr. Mathias,
which charged him that he had made an
assault upon Elizabeth Ann Mais, in the peace
of God and of our Lady the Queen then being.
He had pleaded " Not Guilty," which meant that
he had sufficient justification for what he had done.
He had come to the conclusion that it was not a
question for him, but for the jury. Some observa-
tions had been made on Mr. Mathias's conduct. He
did not think he intended to maltreat this lady. It
was imputed only that he was somewhat rude and
ungallant. If the defendant had a right to prevent
the passage of perambulators it was to be regretted
that he stood so much upon his rights, for in phss-
ing through the world to avoid the angles and cor-
ners of the passages no policy was wiser than for a
man not to stand too strictly upon his rights; if he
did he would be in hot water all his life. This was
a case involving the mode of using a footway, and
he could see no ground of imputation against the
magistrates, for they represented the whole body
of the community here residing. It was a question
of very great importance, and one that applied to
all the footways in the kingdom. The real question
was this—was the perambulator a vehicle the use
of which would justify the defendant in removing
it ? This perambulator was 141 b. in weight, and
18 inches in width. Had the defendant in remov-
ing it a right to commit any trespass or assault ?
He remembered at Salisbury seeing a carriage
drawn by an elephant as wheeler and by a camel
as leader. It might be a question whether an
elephant had a right to parade up and down Park-
street, but it might be that the public had no right
to remove it. They had heard of the old riddle,
" What thing is that that goes on four legs in the
morning, on two legs at noon, and on three legs at
night ?" A child first went on four legs, its knees
were its legs ; then we walked upright upon two
legs, and without the aid of a stick ; and then, in
the downfall of life, we used a stick, or perhaps two
crutches. A child, then, with its four legs might use
a footpath, so might a man with a stick or with
crutches. There formerly was a Thing which was not
now very common—a child's go-cart ; that was a car-
riage on wheels. They might be of opinion that a
child might use that. Then, instead of a child
being pushed along in a standing position, might it
not be pushed along in a sitting position ? It was
proved that a perambulator went on wheels, so did
a go-cart. There was the case of a child drawing
a little cart or a little horse. Might the owner of
the soil prevent their use on the footpath ? He
would not undertake to say. It would be a ques-
tion for the jury. No doubt a woman might carry
a child along a footway ; then, might she not put it
in a ge-eart or a perambulator ? Now, the real
question he should leave would he this :—The owner
of the soil might remove anything that encumbered
it, except things which were usually the accompa-
niments of foot passengers, being so small and light
as not to be a nuisance to other passengers or inju-
rious to the soil. It was very difficult to draw the
line. What did they say to the stick a man carried,
or an umbrella, open or shut, or a go-cart, or a
child's horse or cart, or the parcel a man carried ?
The line to be drawn was so fine that he believed
no man in England was wise enough to determine

it. They were to say which way the verdict should
be. Was a perambulator one of the usual accom-
paniments of a large class of passengers, so light
and so small as not to be a nuisance to other pas-
sengers or injurious to the soil?
The jury retired for some time, and then were
sent for.

Upon their coming into court they said they were
not agreed upon their verdict.
The Judge—Then, gentlemen, you must again
retire. Ido not intend to discharge you. The par-
ties have come hero at a great expense, and have a
right to your verdict. I shall go to Clifton, and if
you decide before-dark I will put myself into corn •
munication with you on the same to-morrow morn-
ing.

A Juror—Some of the jury object to the word
" nuisance ;" they wish the word explained.
The Judge—l may simply tell you that a nui-
sance to the way is that which prevents the use of
the way by passengers. He would put the matter
in three propositions :—First, were perambulators
the usual accompaniments of a large class of foot
passengers ? Secondly, was this particular per-
ambulator so small and so light as not to be a
nuisance to other passengers? Thirdly, was it a
nuisance to the soil ? As he would leave the fact
entirely to them, he supposed they would take the
law entirely from him. If it was such a usual ac-
companiment as he had described, then the defend-
ant had no right to object to it. That was a ques-
tion of law for him, and not far them. They would
now retire.

A Juror—Will your Lordship allow us to have
beds at some inn ?

The Judge—No, gentlemen ; you can have
nothing more than the room affords.

Shortly after 8 o'clock the jury, being unable to
agree, were discharged by consent of both parties,
and the business of the Western Circuit concluded.

NORTHERN CIRCUIT.—LIVERPOOL, Aug. 19.
THE ROYAL EXCHANGE ASSURANCE FORGERIES.
Edward Williamson having been called up for
sentence,
Mr. Edward James, Q.C., addressed his lordship
for the prisoner.
Baron Martin, in passing sentence, reviewed the
principal features in the case, remarking that if the
prisoner had not been an old man he should have
found it his duty to have imposed a more heavy
punishment than he was about to do. The sentence
was that he be sent to 15 years penal servitude.
The prisoner bowed his head and was led down-
stairs.

AWFUL MATRICIDE IN CAMBRIDGE
SHIRE.-ATTEMPTED TRIPLE MURDER.

A cold-blooded murder was perpetrated at Fen
Ditton, a village about three miles from Cambridge,
on Saturday night last. The poor woman who has
thus been hurried into eternity was the widow of a
publican at Ditton, who for years kept " The
Plough," at the river side, a house well known to
boating members of the University. On the
decease of her husband, who had acquired a
small competency, and the respect of all who
knew him, Mrs. Harvey retired from the occu-
pancy of the inn and took a house immediately
facing the church, where Mrs. Witts lived with her
in the double capacity of lodger and friend. In this
house Mrs. Harvey met her end at the hands of her
eldest son. As may be supposed, the village was a
scene of great excitement. On Sunday, Mrs. Har-
vey's corpse was lying on a door in the cellar. The
descent into the cellar was by a flight of steps, 17 in
number, and at the foot of them was a pool of blood,
that marked beyond all mistake where the first
fearful assault was committed. Mrs. Witts is at pre-
sent in such a condition as to render it unadviss ble
to question her.
An inquest was opened yesterday before Mr.
Barlow, coroner for this division of the county, and
the following evidence adduced :
Louisa H. Harvey deposed—l am the wife of
Richard Sturges Harvey, son of the deceased Ann
Harvey, whose body is now lying at her house. I
reside in London, but was visiting at my mother-
in-law's. My address is 7, Queen's-terrace, Ad-
ston. I came down to Ditton on Saturday week.
I was in deceased's house on Saturday evening be-
tween 8 and 9. I, the deceased, Mrs. Witts, and
Mr. Shadrach Jacobs were there. We were all in
the back kitchen. The deceased, taking up a ham
from off the kitchen table, said, " I'll take this ham
down into the cellar now." Deceased was accus-
tomed to speak very loud, and did so on Saturday
night. Mrs. Witts said, " Shall I show you a light,
Mrs. Harvey ?" and followed with the candle, Mrs.
Harvey having replied, " You may if you will,
Mrs. Witts." As soon as they started I saw a man
rush from behind the water-tub, just outside the
garden-door; he entered the house and rushed down
the cellar. I thought it was Thomas Harvey. I
saw him distinctly. Thomas Harvey is a son
of the deceased. I heard a voice say,
" Oh, I've got you now," and directly after a
fearful cry of 1. Oh !" 1 said, " Oh, that's Thomas,"
-
street, and called "Murder." Had heard that
Thomas had abused and threatened his mother, and
that the mother's door had been kept locked in con-
sequence. He had been to the house late at night,
and abused and threatened her. Rushed into a pub-
lic-house, close by, and said, " For God's sake coma
in, poor Mrs. Harvey is being murdered." When I
got back there were several people in the house, but
I saw no more of Thomas Harvey. I heard dreadful
screams—a woman's screams—before. I left, but
heard no blows struck. I went down towards the
cellar on my return, and saw Mrs. Harvey's body
lying at the bottom of the stairs. Mrs. Witts was
sitting in a chair at the back door, supported by
several persons; she was dreadfully injured on the
head and face. Jacobs was walking in the room, he
was dreadfully wounded in the head. Understood
that Mrs. Harvey was dead when I went back. Was
last here last year, about August ; there were quar-
rels going on then. They were a dispute with re •
gard to a small piece of land near where Thomas
lived. That land belonged to Mrs. Harvey, but
Thomas wanted it, and had taken possession of it
two or three years ago. Thomas was always friendly-
towards me, but had threatened to shoot my hus-
band. My husband is in Ditton now. Thomas Har-
vey is a married man with a family. The deceased
Mrs. Harvey was 69 years of age.
Mr. James Carter, surgeon, of the Petty Cury,
Cambridge, deposed minutely to the nature of the
wounds inflicted on the deceased and the injured
persons.
Shadrach Jacobs, brother of the deceased, said
that Thomas's violentconduet had commenced since
his father's death, but ho never proceeded further
than words before.
John Peachey deposed—l live at Fen Ditton. On
Saturday night, a little past eight, I saw Thos. Har-
vey in the orchard, walking towards his mother's
house, as though from the Horingsea-road. In
about a quarter of an hour or tweiity minutes after
I saw Harvey 1 heard the cry of " Murder." It
was from Mrs. Richard Harvey, who came into the
King's He d, where I and others were. I went to
the house of deceased and found she had been
murdered.
William Collier said—Hearing the cry of " Mur-
der" on Saturday night, I, Turner, and George
Muggleton went down into the cellar--a candle had
been fetched from Richard Collier's, next door to
deceased's. When we got down we found poor Mrs.
Harvey lying on the bricks, nearly dead, in a pool
of blood. The back of her head was smashed in, and
the back of her right hand cat. She never spoke,
and died in about ten minutes. Have frequently
heard Thomas Harvey say during the last two years
that he would "do away with some of them, and
then make away with himself." He has said that
before as many as from 15 to 20 people.
Thomas Hancock, labourer, having given cor-
roborative evidence,
Richard Sturges Harvey, of Dalston, tailor, said
—I am the brother of Thomas Harvey, and executor
to my father. My father left a piece of garden
ground to my mother for life, and at her death to be
sold, and the proceeds to be divided among all his
children except Thomas. There are seven others.
Thomas had his share left specially under the will,
but he occupied a piece of the land. He had taken
forcible possession of it and dared any one to take
it from him. He always said my father promised
to leave him the whole, but Ido not believe it. I
presume the land was a portion of the occasion of
the quarrel. I believe he thought my father would
die without a will, and that he would have the
whole. I believe he had a spite, because my mother
sent for me and got me to come down and get my
father to make the will. A better mother no man
can have.

The Coroner having carefully summed up,
The jury, without any hesitation, returned a ver-
dict of wilful murder against Thomas Harvey.
At the time our reporter left Ditton (about half-
past three), Mrs. Witts's life was trembling in the
balance, she was not expected to live an hour. The
murderer had not been heard of dead or alive,
though the river Cam had been searched and
dragged, and the country scoured by the police and
other willing aids in various directions.

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