The Sun.
London, England, 1861-05-15 00:00:00

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'O, , • •,\ , • hshment of Credit Banks it was propo e
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the peasant into the actual position
hot--Th'er;--and to sever at once ail eonnectio
tween himself and the proprietor. The Credit'
Banks in each d'partment were to become virtual
proprietors of the peasants' copyholds for the pro-
posed term of 16 2-3 years, paying the landowners
the purchase-money at once in negotiable debenture
' de" gage), with coupons for interest,
and receiving the annual payments, both princi-
pal and rent, from.the tenants. This would have
furnished the proprietors with sufficient capital to
stock their estates when compulsory labour was
abolished, and would have made the peasants free-
holders in a few years by small annual payments,
amounting in all to five-sixths of the real value of
their freeholds, the difference being voluntarily
subscribed by the proprietor.
This is an outline of the scheme proposed by the
Agriculturalguesti o
n.
like
It heo:tciihe,
et
ofyp for the
though
hno
oluuumtgieohrnotuohsfe
they
are
details present
reneineces-
sary which .
sary not
thi s
great
necessaryderteoeten ftreorm a
furtßhuerssiinan
a
com-
munication
point to a complete understanding of its operation.
But t
had it
i s
of view—it was the proprietors themselves, and not
the Government conferring an immense boon on
the peasantry. Now, the Russian idea is, that
whatever good is done, must be done by the Go-
vernment, or else not done at all. It would have
been dangerous, moreover, to have had the Polish
peasantry bound closely to the Polish t gen ry in the
bonds of gratitude and mutual goodwill. M. Mucha-
now's circular, therefore, especially inculcated on the
departmental governors and functionaries the duty
of impressing the peasants with the fact that the Go-
vernment watched over their interests with great
anxiety ; and an idea has since been circulated far
and near among the peasants that the Government
wish to give theme freehold of their holdings,
but that the landowners are opposed to it, Nay,in
some districts I am informed that the peasantry
actually believe the Government fired on the pro-
prietors, then assembled at the annual meeting
of the Agricultural Society on the 27th of February,
solely with a view to force them to adopt the Go-
vernment Measure for peasant enfranchisement. I
do not for a moment suppose that the Viceregal,
Government ever authorised such reports as these ;
but that among a grossly ignorant peasantry, with
no sources of information but rumour, the positive
instructions of the circular, and the conversations
of the soldiers quartered in the villages, should have
proved the foundation for such a superstructure is
no matter of wonder. Nor will the present wiae-
spread spirit of insubordination among the peasants
and their refusal to do their compulsory labour
cause any surprise under such circumstances, The
Committee of Proprietors and others appointed
during the early days of M. Wielopolski's tenure of
office, under the presidency of General Gecewicz,
ad interim Minister of the Interior, still continues
its labours on the solution of the peasant question;
and it is said that a proclamation to the peasants
themselves on the subject of their enfranchisement
is about to appear shortly. That Government will
in some measure adopt the ideas of the Agricultural
Society, and take the credit of them, is not at all
improbable ; but for the material benefit of the
country it is to be hoped it will not make itself n.
partisan of the peasant against the landlord, though
I fear this will be the case.

PRICE 4D. STAMPED, 511,

the aggregate 973,997, agairst 814.762 'n 1851,
giving the enormous increase of 159,205. Onl3 %Jur
boroughs have retrograded—viz., Thorne, Northal-
lerton, Shelf, and Knaresborough, and they are less
than in 1851 respectively by 107, 114, 354 and 31.

STAFFORDSHIRE POTTERIES.
The Census returns show that the district known
as the Staffordshire Potteries has now a isopulation
of upwards of 120,000. The Parliamentary borough
of Stoke-upon-Trent comprises the under-mentioned
towns, which have a population of 99,796 :--Henley,
31,938 ; Burslem, 21,601; Longton, 16,742 ; Tuns.
tall, 11,156 ; Stoke, 10,422 ; and Fenton, 7,937.
'rhe population of the Parliamentary borough has
increased 15,615 during the last decade. In 1138
the population of the Potteries did not exceed
4,000. The population of Newcastle-under-Lyme is
12,636, and has increased 2,336 since 1851. In the
same period Stafford, which in 1851 had a popula-
tion of 13,092, has increased to 15,061. Tamvqorth
has 4,326 inhabitants; Leek, 9,056; Burton-upon-
Trent, 13,675 ; and Stone, 3,592.

The details of the organisation of the n6w Coun-
cils have, of course, not been made public; nor
will they be till they have been approved by the
Imperial Government. Various particulars, how-
ever, have transpired, which do not lead to the hope
that, when published, they will prove at all satis-
factory. All elasticity in their functions, all
expansiveness from within, has been carefully
guarded against. It is said that an enactment
has been appended to them, making it an offence
punishable with imprisonment for a term of not
less than six months, nor exceeding three years, if
any member, whether by the presentation of &
petition or in any other way, attempts to introduce
into the discussions matters of which the Councils
are not respectively empowered to take cognizance
by the Imperial ukase decreeing their formation.
Their composition is also said to be sn contrived
as to give every facility for the elimination of
members from the higher Councils who have
been elected by the proprietors or burgesses to
the lower Councils, in case they evince hostility to
the Government. Enough is known, therefore, to
prevent even the most moderate Polish patriots
from entertaining any very sanguine expectations
as . the practical usefulness to the country of
Councils thus organised, let their names be what
they may.
A matter deserving of mention is the return to
Warsaw of M. Wieczorkowski, the judga sent to
Nlodlin to make the preliminary arrangements for
the trial of those who were arrested on the evening
of the Bth of April. He has divided the prisoners
into two categories, those against whom there are,
and those against whom there are not, prima facie
grounds for judicial proceedings. In the first cate-
gory 11 persons are included, in the second 75. It
remains to be seen what further steps Government
will take in reference to both these classes, and also
in regard to those persons arrested in the town and
in the country since the date above-named. This
week there have been renewed proofs of the impo-

title nature of Government edicts which either can-
not be enforced, or which have no sanction of
inherent justice id people's convictions. On Sunday
the same religious hymns were again sung 'in all
the churches in spite of the second prohibition,
ladies in some instances stepping forward in front

orrCfencelees
citi-
zens, commencing
Wolffpe r theson
persons
ou
accompaniedn
teh ; e a
cemeteryn and on
the Mo- a t
Pfdo ufaonywt someehroean al
slk: ia , cortege
t thousandseahaneede dolfe sas Doofrf. the official
limited the attendance on such occasions to the
immediate family of the deceased. Dr. Wolff had
given much gratuitous advice to the poor, and the
demonstration was purely a personal one. Mounted
gendarmes were present, who tried to cut off the
crowd, but to no purpose, for they joined the pro-
cession again by by-lanes and back streets.
I conclude with the translation of an order of the
' day, published April 20, and addressed to the
troops of the First Corps d'Armee, stationed in
Poland, the head-quarters of which are in the town
of Warsaw :
"No. 54. His Majesty the Emperor has condescended to
order me to express his thanks to General Chruleff, and the
troops under his command on the Bth of April, for having
.
repressed the disorders caused by the crowdopmthogafe
to
taevexbercorl
above
eft
people in the Sigismund-place, Warsaw.
" GORTSCHAKOFF, .
" Commander-in-Chief, Aide-de-
in Imhya voewhnandaannd
so original gtihni as l
is,
printeds,t h
ehrteef ere
hearsay or rumour. To slahnegtroops
who were em-
ployedzens, and then to thank the
surely notnootf
of the name, must be
be worthy
to slaught
different from this. Yet such is
the Russian system 1--. sanctioned, it would.
his Imperial Majesty the Czar Alex-
appear, by. ~
something Government
very
e rtyo G.eneral."
Alex-
ander 11. himself.

Lady Franklin, the widow of Sir John Franklin,
the great arctic explorer, has been visiting California and
British Columbia.

A letter from Pestb, of the 9th, in the Illoniteur,
says :—" A kind of fatality seems to hang over the Hunga-
rian Diet. it commenced its labours by the celebration of
a funeral mass for Count Szechenyi's death; its sittings
were soon after interrupted by the death of its president,
M. Paloczy, and now, on the very day it was to begin the
discussion of the address, the chamber has to adjourn in
consequence of Count Teleki's decease.
[ADvEnTisEmENT.] Pills and medicine invariably ag-
gt avate and perpetuate diseases ; their annoyance, dis-
appointment, and expense may be avoided by persons
in indifferent he
gratis and free by post the "INVALIDS' Owl(
r7al,thßesgeenndti-nsgtreoentlyvirt.h,
on
S. Barry, Esq., eLfraddotesasndtotheLy
:iulliprEe7"iv:r Natural Restorer, without medicine or ex
p'nse, of perfect digestion, strong nerves, sound lungs, and
refreshing sleep, to the most enfeebled, insuring the removal
of indigestion (dyspepsia), constipation, liver complaints.
nausea, epilepsy, paralysis, debility, nervousness, palpitation.
cough, asthma, consumption, dropsy, flatulency, diarrhcea,
dysentery, biliousness, fevers, sore throats, catarrhs, colds,
noises in the ears, rheumatism, gout, impurities, eruptions,
hysteria, neuralgia, irritability, sleeplessness, acidity, Palpi-
tation, heartburn, headache, despondency, cramps, spasm!'
[
sinking, fits, brombitio.--..tjugueotieuably thefialeot (Nide
t 9 health,.',