The Sun.
London, England, 1861-03-30 00:00:00

41). STAMPED, 51)

TRE BOMBAY MALL'S.

The Peninsular end Oriental Company's screw
steamer Ellora, Capt. J, K. Joy, arrived at South-
ampton yesterday at 7 a.m., bringing the heavy
portion of the above-named mails, in charge of Mr.
Romayne, of the General Post-office. She left Alex-
andria' on the 14th inst., Malta on the 19th, and
Gibraltar on the 23d. Between Alexandria and
Malta she experienced a very heavy gale with a
high sea ; between Malta and Gibraltar a very strong
northwesterly gale, with a heavy head sea ; along
the coasts of Spain and Portugal a strong north-
easterly gale, with a heavy head sea ; across the Bay
of Biscay light south-westerly winds with rain ; and
up Channel north-westerly winds and fine weather.
The Ellora brought 57 passengers (viz., 22 first-
class,ls second-class and servants, 13 children, and
7 deck), and on freight 8 boxes of specie, value
£1,690 sterling, 1,839 bales and 12 cases of silk, 42
cases of shawls, and 365 packages of miscellaneous
merchandise.

The only ships of war at Alexandria were two
Frencb transports.,
Tee British fleet at Malta when the Ellora left
comprised the Neptune (flag of Vice-Admiral
Martin), Hannibal (flag of Rear-Admiral Mundy),
Cressy, Renown, James Watt, Assurance, and Liffey.
The Malta Times says :
" It seems to have been determined to distribute
the British fleet in the Mediterranean into three
divisions—the first to be stationed at Malta, under
the immediate orders of the Commander-in-Chief,
Vice-Admiral Fanshawe Martin ; the second, for the
coast of Syria, under the command of Rear-Admiral
R. Mundy; and the third, for the Adriaticideri
the command" of Rear-Admiral Dacres; finixlerlyl
holding the post of Captain of the Fleet."
Her Majesty's ships Immortalite, Ariadne, and
Scourge were lying at Gibraltar.
Intelligence had been received at Gibraltar from
Fez, via Tangier. The Moorish Minister for
Foreign Affairs, Sidi Mohamed El Katib, who, it
will be remembered, was called to the Court of
Morocco by the Emperor, and reached Fez, and met
with a most cordial welcome on the part of the
Sultan. The Minister continued daily to hold con-
ferences with his Shiriffian Majesty on the affairs
of the empire. The Sultan entirely approved his
Minister's conduct during the late war with Spain.
It was positively stated that El Katib was concert-
ing measures for the speedy arrangement of the
debt to the Spanish Government, in order that the
evacuation of Tetuan may take place in conformity
with the agreement lately entered into at Tangier
between the two Governments.

_I

The Gibraltar Chronicle announces, on the autho-
rity of the Diario do Rio de Janeiro, that the fol-
lowing gentlemen have been knighted for services
rendered on the occasion of the wreck, on the night
of the 11th Nov., south of Cape Spartel, of the Bra-
zilian corvette Donna Isabel :—With the Grand
Cross of the Order of the Rose—His Highness
Muley-el-Abbas, Viceroy of Moroc2o at Tangier;
and Mr. John Hay Drumm'ond Hay, C. 8., her
Britannic Majesty's Minister in Morocco. To be
Knights of the same 'Order—Dom Jose Daniel
Coleco, Portuguese Vice-Consul at Tangier (who
has been appointed Brazilian Vice-Consul for the
same place); Julius J. Peire, also appointed Vice-
Consul at Gibraltar; Mr. Kirby Green, British
Vice-Consul at Tangier ; Capt. Ingram, H.M.S.
Argus, and Dr. Pisani, of Tangier. To be Knight
of the Order of Christ—The Rev. Pedro Lopez, a
Spanish missionary at Tangier.
The Spanish war steamer Ulloa left Barcelona on
the 17th inst. for Civita Vecchia, where she is to be
placed at the disposal of the Spanish Ambassador at
Rome.

The French war steamer Prometheus, of 4 guns,
Commander Poidiour, left Cadiz on the 18th for the
Mediterranean. The' sailing line-of-battle ship
Being. Isabel 11., bearing the flag of Rear Admiral
Don Luis Sorganes, and the screw sloop Buenaven-
tura, of 2 guns, Lieut. A. Sorra, arrived at Cadiz
from Ferrol on the 19th.
Siace the last mail lrift for England the following

Gibraltar—March 16th, the Dorn Pedro, Captain
W. Taylor, 14 days from Glasgow, and three
from Lisbon, with a general cargo for Gibraltar
and Leghorn ; 17th, the Delta, Capt. J. S. Field,
four days 20 hours from Southampton, and pro-
ceeded for Malta and Alexandria, with the Bombay
mails ; same day, the Cairo, Capt. S. Follett, and
the Thessalia, Captain R. Flinn, the former eight
and the latter six days from Liverpool—the Cairo
bound to Palermo, &c., and the Thessalia to Malta
and Alexandria, with general cargoes ; 18th, the
Christina, Captain W. Mansfield, nine days from
Liverpool, with a general cargo, for Malta and
Alexandria; 20th, the Rebecca, Captain T. Butler,
39 days from Glasgow and 26 hours from Lisbon,
with coffee and 80 bullocks; 21st, the Gibraltar,
Captain W. G. S. Hall, eight days from London,
with Government stores and a general cargo ; 23d, •
the Venetian, Captain T. Glover, 81 days from
Liverpool and 30 hours from Lisbon, with a general
cargo for Genoa and Naples.
The following vessels, all laden with coal for Gib-
raltar, had also arrived out :—The schooner Sphynx,
Captain S. Tyffe, 19 days from Cardiff, on the 18th ;
the barque Mary Ann Duffus, Captain G. Groves,
21 days from Newport, on the 19th ; the brig Coun-
tess, Captain J. Watt, 20 days from Liverpool, on
the GOth ; and the schooner Electric Flash, Captain
J. Bartle, 22 days from Cardiff and 10 from Mil-
ford, on the 23d. The captain of the Mary Ann
Duffus reported that on the 6th instant, in 1at.44 31
N., long. 9 40 W., he picked up, examined, and
threw overboard, a bag of sumach, marked " W.
facer and C 0.," of Palermo, the bag of sumach ap-
parently not being long in the water. On the
10th signalled the British ship Khimjee Oodonjee,
of and from Liverpool, bound to Bombay, in lat.
44 11 N., long. 10 31 W., 10 days out, all well.
Freights at Gibraltar were quoted as follows on
the 23c1:—To London and outports in the United
Kingdom, 255. to 305., per steamer, and 10 per
cent. ; Brazil and River Plate, 12 dollars per ton,
and 10 per cent. ; Gulf of Mexico and Havannah,
12 dollars per ton, and 10 per cent.
The latest quotations of exchange were as follows:
London, 90 days' date, 501 ; Paris, 90 days' date,
sf. 30c. ; Marseilles, 90 days, sf. 30c. ; Genoa, 90
days' date, sf. 31c. ; Madrid, eight days' sight, par ;
Cadiz, eight days' sight, par toy dis ; Malaga,
eight days' sight, par; Seville, par; Alicanti, dis;
Valencia, par ; Barcelona, 1 pm ; Spanish Pillared
Dollars, Ferdinand, 3 per cent pm, no demand;
ditto, Carolus, 22 per cent pm, in demand.
le I

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fering of the nerves and an obstinate constipation. Cure
No. 48,721—General Baron de Zaluskowski, of many years
fearful disorders of the digestive function. Cure No. 71,
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No canister is genuine without the name Barry Du Barry
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Shopkeepers who attempt imposition in one article must
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T .MON FISEE Ziej
Fifty years ego salmon was soldat
a pound. It is now thought cheap , 'es,4
and the fact.deserves notice, if, only r:-.1
and astonishing character. There is no I
it. Not another instance could be found in
an article of food has been lost to the public, or con-
verted by the course of events from a common treat
into an expensive luxury. Things have generally
ectly the opposite direction, the enjoy-
ments which were the privilege of the opulent in
1810 are at everybody's command in 1860. True it
is that the price of meat has risen, but that is situ-
ply because the demand has overtaken even the
increased supply. It is not true that the consumers
of meat have become fewer; on the contrary, they
have been multiplied fivefold, and it is precisely
because so many people are ready with their money
that farmers and butchers drive so good a trade.
With the single exception now before us, even the
rarest productions have been brought within ordi-
nary reach; but, though pineapples are hawked
about the streets at a halfpenny a slice, salnion still
averages two shillings a pound.
This is the solitary example of a diminished
supply—of a supply. which has failed without
any failure of demand ' • and, if we examine the
matter, we may indeed lament over the history,
but we shall not be surprised at the result. It
is all our own doing. We have destroyed our
Salmon Fisheries, and consequently they yield no
salmon. If it were not for the rivers of Ireland.
and Scotland, which have been better cared for,
we should get no salmon at all, or next to none.
The Duke of Richmond has a fishery on the Spey
which produces a clear profit of £12,000 a.year
The Duke of Beaufort has a fishery on the Wye
which ought to be pretty nearly as profitable, but it
returns just one hundredth part of the sum. Of
course, some of the stories about cheap salmon in
times past are to be accounted for, not merely by
the profusion of the supply, but by the restriction
of the demand. When the only market for the fish
was in the nearest village it could hardly be dear,
whereas while rEiilways distribute it over the whole
country it can never be unreasonably cheap. This,
however, is. only part of the story. There is evi-
dence in abundance to show that in former days
vaht anatifities m Ite taken wleert sestrce?
iftelifitentrtirtbleelitienVegrS of Metes e.!
in Durham, lived on the banks of the Wear, and
had a fishery of their own on the river, Besides
supplying themselves with fish, of which the con-
sumption in a religious house was very large, they
sold salmon, as their records tell us, in the year
1348 to the value of £9 12s. Bd. As they bought a
bull and three cows in the same year for £1 125.,
the weight of fish sold to produce such a sum of
money must have been enormous. Mealy year&
later the yield of the river was very great indeed,
but it is now doubted whether such a thing as a
salmon is to be found in it. All round our coast
towns it used to be a condition in indentures that
the appreutice should not be required to eat salmon
more than three times a week. Few such house-
holds now get it as many times a-year.
The case being clear about the actual decline of
the supply, the next question is- as to the cause.
We can explain it in half-a-dozen words. Salmon
are migratory fish. At certain seasons they coma
up from the sea and ascend the rivers for the pur-
pose of spawning. If a dam or weir is built across
the river so as to prevent their getting up the
stream, they either exhaust themselves in attempts.
to surmount the obstacle. or they spawn in unfavoure
able places and other injurious conditions, or are
caught and killed while shoaling together at the
foot of the barrier. This is exactly what takes
place in many English rivers, and when such pains
are taken to shut the salmon out it is no matter of
wonder that they should be unable to get in. They
endeavour to come to our doors, and we drive theta
away. Besides this, they are trapped in all kinds
of nets at all times of the year ; killed when they
are uneatable, or before they are half-grown;
poisoned by the washing of mines and gasworks,
and persecuted to such a degree that it is a marvel
the breed is not extinct. Hitherto, however, we have
not quite succeeded in exterminating the bountiete
of Nature. There are a few, but only a few, rivers
from which the salmon has utterly disappeared.
Unluckily, there are very many from which it is fast
disappearing, and we must bestir ourselves if we
wish to keep the supply from perishing altogether.
Here, however, arises a point of considerable
importance. How far has this evil been incidental
to our commercial progress'? To what extent has
the advance of civilisation and enterprise produced.
the conditions under which the Salmon Fisheries
have declined ? Mines and manufactures are of more
consequence, after all, than particular fishing-
grounds, and if we cannot have everything we may
well be content with what we have. On this point
we are glad to say that we can set the reader's mind
at ease. There is not the least reason for regard-
ing Salmon Fisheries as incompatible with modern
enterprise. Here and there a river may be ruined
by a mine or , a manufactory, but those are rare
instances. The Commissioners, who have just in-
evestigated;therseiteeturtitzt, aptife-frenn:
all the rivers thus corrupted, there exists a vast
area of water admirably adapted to the breeding of
salmon, and almost wholly free from natural ob-
structions. Even where it is desirable, for special
purposes, to dam a stream by means of a bank or
weir, a passage for the salmon may be easily pro-
vided. Their instincts make them intelligent, and
however strange it may sound to hear of a fish
getting up a lader, the thing is nevertheless done.
Contrivances can be applied to the weir by the aid
of which the salmon will get over it as naturally
as fowls will march up a plank to roost, or horses
go down stairs to a stable. In fact, there is not
the least difficulty on this score. The salmon is
not like the red deer or the bustard. He does not
require a desert for his convenience, or an artificial
solitude for his protection. He comes to our
doors of his own accord, and only asks not to be
driven away. He wants no more " preserving"
than a sparrow, but, like a sparrow, unfortunately,
he is trapped and killed for little more than
killing's sake. It happens, however, that though
farmers and gardeners abominate sparrows, nobody
abominates salmon, and the decline of the breed is
a very serious business.
It would be a mistake to look upon this as a rich
man's question. The very object in view is to
make salmon once more an article of food instead
of a luxury—to bring it again, if possible, to the
ordinary price of meat, and to enrich our markets
with fresh supplies. At our rate of progress we
cannot afford to lose any article of consumption,
least of all one so palatable and nutritious as this.
It is not much that is asked of us. The supply is
offered on very reasonable terms. The ground re-
quires no preparation, and the crop is self-sown;
we have only to abstain from rooting it up in the
ear, or trampling it under foot. If we will but
leave off destroying the fish in the egg, killing the
young fry, and taking the old salmon when they
are unfit for food, the fisheries will soon set them-
selves right. People will ask why this havoc is
committed, or what can be the profit in sweeping
off unsaleable fish. The Commissioners tell us a
secret or two. Salmon out of season is sometimes
cured for keeping. Smoke and salt together will
cover many curiosities of flavour, and good and
bad fish come to a common level when well "kip-
pered." Then there are markets across the Chan-
nel. Either our neighbours are indifferent judges,
of salmon, or their admirable cookery triumphs over
little defects of material ; at any rate, even unsea-
sonable fish fetches a price, we are told, on the coasts
of France.
It must, we are sure, have gratified most people
to observe that the Home Secretary is at length
prepared to take this subject in hand, and intro-
duce some proposals for the regulation and protec-
tion of our Salmon Fisheries while there is yet
time. We shall learn the intentions of Govern-
ment soon after the Easter recess, and, if the sug-
gestions of the Commissioners are not exactly car-
ried out, their Report will prove of the greatest
value in the elucidation of the question.
It is curious to remark that though the
decline of - the fisheries is owing, in great
measure, to want of local surpervision, there was no
want of local interest. The Commissioners found.
that all people on the spot were anxious in the
extreme, but that, owing
to misconceptions, jea-
lousies, and absence of anything like co-operation,
no good could be accomplished. However, we trust
the evil has now reached its limit, and we happen
to know that the remedy is sure, d and.
Ireland
Scotland were once in as bad case as England and
Wales, but judicious legislation has brought one of
them round, and is fast setting up the other. It is
and w„, hope that a short time hence
now our turn,
the salmon season may open for the benefit, not of
the few, but of the million.-7imes,