The Sun.
London, England, 1857-03-19 00:00:00

AMWAY TRAFFIC RETURNS.

LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.—Tra
offio
51,933 e
return for the week ending March 15, 1857 in 6,618 0
0
Corresponding week last year ..................
NORTHERN B,AlLWAY.—Traffic return for the
GREAT 1857 .....................£21,394 9 1
week ending March 8,
year ................... -20,684 2 7
Corresponding wok last
CHESTER AND TIOLIHRAD RATLWAY.—Traffi 5 c return foiro
the week ending March 15, 1857 ............... 1:,053 0
Corresponding week last year ..................... 4,831 0 0

Increase in 1857 •• ....................... £232 0 0
turn AND YORRSIIIIIII RAILW~.Y•_Trs~c re-
orrrn for the week ending March 15, 18J7 —1.21,462, 11 9
coesPeoding week last year.. .................. 20,65 a 3 4
en6initr, AND BANDON RAlLVick.T.—Traffic return for week
Corre,7,4March 14, 1857... ....................... .....E2 43 12 11
I,ol,iu`ling week last year ....................... . 218 15
turns for°VENERAL OMNIBUS COIF ANY . —Traffic re-
' Week ending March 14, 1851 ~,g10,025 19 0

Mousier le Comte,—At this moment the situation of the
Pontifical States pre-occupies more than ever the different
cabinets of Europe, and particularly the government of the
Emperor in the twofold point of view of the interests of
catholicism, and of the armed protection with which France
and Austria surround the holy chair. This question is con-
templated under so many different aspects, it is so perverted
by the spirit of party, it excites in one sense and another
such vehement passions, that a truthful and impartial re-
view of the facts appears not inopportune.
Though the accusations brought against the pontifical
government may be greatly exaggerated, it is undoubtedly
vulnerable on one side; its territory is occupied by foreign
troops, and it is questionable whether it can dispense with
this support. Every independent state is expected to suffice
for itself, and to be able to maintain its internal security by
its own forces. The court of Rome is reproached with fall-
ing short of this reasonable expectation ; the cause of its
weakness is inquired into, and it is generally believed to be
the discontent awakened among its subjects by a defective
administration.

The real cause of the weakness of the Pontifical Govern-
ment is a much more complicated one, and is in fact cor-
nected with quite a different class of ideas; but it is a
much more convenient and rapid mode of arriving at a
conclusion to complain of the administration, then labo-
riously to interrogate the history and the tendencies of
the Italian race. The discomfort and discontent of the
populations arise more especially from the fact that the
part played in the world by Italy, is not that of their
visionary aspirations. This sentiment of nationality has
been sensitively alive at all epochs, and the temporal
power of the Papacy has constantly been considered the
main obstacle to its gratification. During the two last
centuries the general prosperity of the pontifical system,
and the abundant resources which flowed to Rome
from all parts of the world, silenced complaint (1). But
the great changes which have taken place in Europe during
the last• 50 years have dried up the sources of Rome's
affluence. The Church has been compelled to remain con-
tented with the revenue derived exclusively from its own
territory. Hence discomfort which, increasing from year
to year, leads the minds of men by an easy process to discuss
and attack the acts of their Government. The papacy, pro-
tected all this time by a great prestige, begins to sink in the
estimation of the people. The last traces of the ancient
ecclesiastical sovereignties have disappeared from the rest
of Europe. Our fathers, accustomed to the sight of these
sovereignties, saw nothing singular in them. In the eyes
of the new generation one Government of this kind, left
alone in the world, becomes an anomaly (2). Criticisms on
this score multiply. At the same time the constitutional
system, which easily seduces the peoples,has gradually esta-
blished itself in a majority of states (3). Men ask them-
selves whether it is conformable to the genius of the age,
whether ale respectable to obey a priest, and perpetuate a
superannuated system. Besides, how would it be possible to
establish a system of liberty and free discussion, in pre-
sence of a power which lays claim to infallibility in spiri-
tual matters, and rests exclusively on the principle of
authority ? How create a powerful Italy so long as the
peninsula is divided into two distinct parts by a state, neu-
tral from the necessity of its nature, and isolated from all
European conflicts? How play a great part when the
centre of Italy is in the possession of a sovereign who does
not wear a sword? (4.) Other causes, net loss powerful,
have encouraged these hostile tendencies. Italy had al-
ways wielded tho sceptre, not indeed of war or politics,
which aro not exactly in its line, but at least of civilisa-
tion, science, and art. All felt that this sceptre was fall-
ing from her hands. The hundred views of the press daily
informed the Italians of the progress of their neighbours,
and proved to them that they had been outstripped in
many points. If— thanks to the blindness of national
self-love—this sentiment has not yet become universal,
at least a great part of the population feels itself threat-
ened in the last entrenchments of its legitimate pride
—a new and terrible grievance for which to hold
the Governments responsible. In the meanwhile the
loudly avowed tolerance of several cabinets for the com-
plaints made by the populations was not, it must be con-
fessed, one of their least encouragements. At present it is
the most active of all, and the ono to which the hopes of all
those turn who wish for something different from what
they possess. On a soil thus prepared insurrections and
revolutions could not fail to germinate with facility. They
turned the country topsy-turvy, andleft deep traces. The
momentary victory obtained over the Papacy completely
stripped it of all prestige. It was no longer the sacred ark
against which no effort could prevail. In vain it heaped
concessions upon concessions; the very principle of its ex-
istence was called in question. The idea of its ceasing to
exist became familiar (5). Hostile passions derived new
strength from the consciousness of a probable success
where till of late success would have seemed impossible;
more than ever the national vanity attributed its wounds
to an administration marked out for attack by the pecu-
liarity of its character. The prejudices against what is
called a Government of priests (6) reached their culminat-
ing point.
It is necessary at this stage to offer a few remarks on the
peculiargenius of the Italians. The most prominent feature
of the national character is its intelligence, its penetration,
its quick comprehension of everything. This precious gift
which Providence has disseminated over Italy much more
profusely than elsewhere, and which still shines with all its
pristine lustre, is dearly purchased, except in a few remark-
able exceptional eases, by the utter want of such qualities
as energy, strength of mind, and true civil courage (7). It
is seldom that the Italians are seen firmly united amongst
themselves. Always suspecting each other, they are
continually separating. No one has any confidence
but in himself; they remain isolated. Hence they have
no commercial or manufacturing associations; no common
understanding ; no combination either in private or public
1 affairs (8). With such dispositions, they are destitute of
the essential element of public power; they are totally
devoid of organised strength. Armies—which are knit
together by the reciprocal confidence of the soldiers, and
obedience to the general—are impossible. The ranks are
complete on parade ; but in the hour of danger the chiefs
are accused of treason, and the soldiers have no reliance on

each other (9). This defective equilibrium of intellect and
character in the Italians is the key to their whole history,
and explains the state of political infirmity in which they
have remained, in comparison with the other peoples of Eu-
rope. Left to themselves they have never been able to do
anything but debate in public places; give the victory ul-
timately to extreme parties ; wear themselves out in fruit-
less agitations; divide and subdivide themselves to infinity;
and yield up their country to the first occupant—French-
men, Spaniards, or Germans. Every nation pays the pe-
nalty of its own defects ; but how is it possible to make it
comprehend that its inferiority is attributable to itself and
not to its Governments? (10.)
It is the fashion to take the Piedmontese for Italians,
and to quote them as an example of what may be expected
from the Italian populations.
This is a great error. The Piedraontese are an interme-
diary population, containing much more of the Swiss, and
French element than the Italian. One fact is sufficient to
convince me of this. It is that they possess that true mili-
tary and monarchical spirit which is unknown to the rest
of Italy (1.1). The Italian mind with respect to policy and
administration is by nature directed towards middle terms,
accommodations. The interpretation is considered to be
above the law itself. Following religiously the traditions
which have been preserved of ancient Rome, jurisprudence
is a governing principle. This tendency is met with every-
where. It has occasionally a very happy influence on the
progress of great affairs, but in practice it leaves to govern-
ments a very great latitude, and takes away from the
authority of the law in the eyes of the governed, encourag-
ing them in a singular manner in all manoeuvres which may
spare them from the rigorous application of rules. Au in-
fl.;xible law would bo odious to them, an administration
keeping close to tho letter of the law, without compromise,
would appear in their eyes insufferably harsh (12). Lot us
examine the possible wishes and tendencies of the popula-
tion at this moment. They formalise their complaints mach
more than their plans. With respect to their plans, it may
be said that they are almost as numerous as individuals.
In the lower depths of society, Carbonarism is kept up ; it
still continues to make recruits. Tho dagger here is still
held in honour. The end to be attained is the upsetting
of every social hierarchy (13). The followers of Mazzini
fora already a class in some degree above these. The
universal republic, the unity of Italy, constitutional go,

line of a, tion. They look upon themselves as disinherited.
Convinced that the presence of the Pope is an invincible
obstacle to the realisation of their projects, they earnestly
pray for the annihilation of the Pontifical power. The
greater portion of the members of this party have coalesced
with the followers of Mazzini, leaving it to the nation to
decide between the two parties after the victory is ob-
tained (15). Refusing to go as far as the English con-
Aitution, there is a certain number of individuals who
profess attachment to the Pontifical Government, and at
the same time overwhelm it with their attacks, pretend-
ing that they limit their desires to the obtaining of a
better administration. They are not able to define
exactly what they mean by this. In their eyes every
thing depends upon Government, even to the proper main-
tenance of their own house; and the direction of their
own affairs. If enterprises everywhere reserved for the
efforts of private industry aro not developed in the Roman
tetxitory, the reason is that the Government places obsta-
cles in the way. Attributing all the acts of the adminis-
tration to motives exclusively personal, and such as are
founded on the basest calculations of interest, they believe
that public affairs and the profit derived from conducting
them, are in the hands of a small number of monopolists,

who exhaust the resources of their country for their own
advantage. They dream. of nothing but dishonesty and
collusion (16). Taxed as they aro more lightly tlian the ma-
jority of European countries, they complain that they aro
crushed under the weight of fiscal imposition. At the same
time, they complain of the state for not undertaking great
works which it is their duty to undertake themselves. Ig-
norant of the first principles of political economy and ad-
ministration, they enunciate systems utterly opposed to
the lessons of experience, when they are compelled to for-
malise a project (18). Finally, they profess to have a great
fear of the Mazziuians, and at the same time are opening
the door to them (19).

Lastly, there is a party which attributes overy evil to tho
al)anclonment of ancient errors. If we could return, they
say, to the ecclesiastical regime pure ct simplj, as it ex-
isted formerly, excitement would be appeased, and every
difficulty would disappear.

Between these parties there is a numerous crowd very in-
different to everything else but their own prosperity, fond
certainly of grumbling, but friends of order, and living on
good terms with the Pontifical Government. Any where
else such a party would furnish the Government with a
good paint d'appz:i; but in a country in which the spirit
of enterprise, and the energy necessary for any resistance
whatever are absolutely unknown ; where the only uni-
versal rule is laisscr faire, with the reservation of thesight
of complaining when the thing is done, instead of before-
hand, how can such friends be trusted, and how can the
destinies of the State be placed solely in such hands? Here

is the grand difficulty. No Government can dispense with
material assistance, and this condition cannot be fulfilled
in the Roman States. Whichever of the whole number of
parties has the luck to triumph, it is an indubitable fact
that it will see forming around it, as has already been
proved, the same assemblage of complaints which is di-
rected against the present Government. The same diffi-
culty which the present Government experiences in finding
points d'appui in a land which is no; able to furnish them,
will be experienced by every parts which gains power.
Tho party which limits its wishes to reforms, when inca-
pable of defending itself, on account of no one being wil-
ling to compromise himself in its defence, will give place

to tho constitutional party ; this w.ll in turn yield to the
Mazzinians, which, thanks to the neasures of violence on
their part, and carelessness on the tart of others, will re-
main definitively masters of the situation. This will re-
present accurately the inevitable march of events when-
ever the present equilibrium is again disturbed (20).

Pius IX. showed himself full of ardour for reforms. He
himself put his hand to the work. Every one is acquainted
with the catastrophe which ensued. lY hat happened then
would be reproduced exactly in oar days (21).
Here then we have the scene of a nation deeply divid-
ed, anima ted_svith 4nroi4,_ambition„ w with4O any of
those qualities w-lifeh make the greatness tbe:pOVrer of
other nations, stripped of energy, devoid of military spirit,
as well as of the spirit of association, knowing nothing of
the respect due to law or to socialsuperiorities ; and this
nation, being discontented with itslot, accuses its rulers,
who are in reality bone of its boat and flesh of its flesh
(22). How can we dare to hope thatto meet the difficulties
of so complicated a situation, it h sufficient merely to
introduce a few reforms into the ?oatilical administra-
tion ? Verily such a remedy appears little adapted to the
disease, and it is not easy to see wAat alleviation even it
might produce. If the populations WI a real cause of corn.
plaint against the Pontifical adminstra'ion, and if their
wrongs were founded upon this angle cause, the receipt
would be excellent, but I have enumerated at length the
true causes of the sad condition of
tie populations, and I

have not been able to see that anywlero those causes were
in direct connexion with the mere mode of administration.
Fundamentally, the very principli of government is the
point in dispute, and not the moth of putting it in opera-
tion (23). .

What grave reproaches can ha ncado against . .
the Pontifi-
cal Government? And what an icea is formed of the men
who.compose it? Is it possible that they are devoid of that
intelligence which is BO richly scat red over their nation ?
Can it be that they have so feublea feeling of their duties
and interests as to place, of theirown accord, au obstacle
is the way of the prosperity of their country? It would not
be just to condemn them blindly and without a rigid exa-
mination of their conduct. It is a general opinion that the
Pontifical administration is plaod entirely in the hands of
the priests. It is asserted that the priest whose lot it is to
defend the interests of heaven understands nothing of the
interests of earth; that having no family
dwelling apart from society, of his own, he is
utterly indifferent as to the prosperity of the country; thaty, he cannot understand the true
wants of society; that the esprit (I 4 corps is more powerful
with him than the fooling of nationality, and so on. People
are loth to believe that the priest employed in the civil ser-
vice by the court of Rome has no sacerdotal character during
thegreatportion of his time, and that far from monopolising
the whole of the administration, lte has but a small share in it
—ho is in a minority. I have often asked ardent opposers of
the Roman rule what was their valuation of the numbers of
priests employed in the administration. In answer to my
question the number was generally stated to bo about
3,000. No credit was given to me when I showed, with
the proofs in my hand, that putting them all together the
number did not exceed a hundred, and that the half of
those pretended priests wore not in orders. It is neverthe-
less upon data of such falsity that are founded grav o
charges which are accepted by the public as undeniable.

At a time when the character of the Pontifical Govern-
ment gave rise to no ground of objection, the church under-
stood thoroughly that the part of the priest destined for the
altar, and that of the administrator afpublic affairs, might
possibly clash on some occasions. The church then opened
the door to the lay e:omout, by the institution of the Pre-
lature, and reserving for it a certain number of places even
in the Sacred College. The Prolature increases and re-
ceives continual augmentations from a class of men
who are specially destined for administration. Certain
conditions of education and fortune are imposed upon
these men. But lately they have performed their duties
entirely at their own expense, and thus lightened the
weight of the budget.
So important a position as this yielded to the incumbent

a few years back only 600 scudi annually. Since then, in
order to render such offices accessible generally, the emolu-
ment has been increased in a moderate degree. The Ro-
man prelates are not at all bound to enter into holy orders.
For the most part they dispense with them. Can we then
call by the name of priests those who have nothing of the
priest bat the uniform ? Is Count Spada, brother-in-law
of Pere Beauveau, a more zealous or more skilful admi-
nistrator now than when in the costume of a priest he
officiated as Minister of War ? Do Monseigneur Matteuci
(Minister of Police), Monseigneur Mertel (Minister of the
Interior), Monseigneur Berardi (substitxte of the Secre-
tary of State), and so many others who have liberty
to marry to-morrow, constitute a religious caste,
sacrificing its own interests to the interest of the coon
try, and would they become all of a sudden irreproachable
if they were dressed differently? (24) If we examine the
share given the prelates, both priests and non-priests, in
the Roman administration, wo shall arrive at some results
which it is important to notice. Out of 'tome—that is
throughout the whole extent of the Pontifical States, with
the exception of the capital—in the Legations, the Marshes,
Umbria, and all the provinces, to the number of eighteen,
how many ecclesiastics do you think aro employed ? Their
number does not exceed fifteen—one for each province,
except three, whore there is not one at all. Tl►sy are de-
legates, or, as we should say, prefects. The councils, the
tribunals and offices of all sorts are filled,v,ith laymen.
The number of these latter amounts to 2,313 in the civil
service and 620 holding judicial employments, in the whole
2,933, so that for one ecclesiastic in o'ff'ice we have 195 lay-
men. Is it possible for the most prejudiced intellect not
to recognise that au eccicsiasticAl power which has reduced
to so low a figure the number of men of its order who
are the depositaries of power throughout the whole -el;

tent of its territory has already reached its lowest limits?
Who will believe that this is an intolerable a‘mse, and that
the danger will cease when this small number of prelates
shall disappear from the scene ? But hero a carious fact
presents itself to our consideration. The provinces admi-
nistered by laymen, amongst others those of Ferrara and
Camerino, are sending deputation upon deputation'to the
Government for permission to have a prelate appointed.
The people are not accustomed to lay delegates. They re-
fuse obedience and respect to these latter. They accuse
them of confining their interest to their own families, and
there is nothing even to their wives which does- not give
rise to questions of precedence and etiquette. In a word,
the Government which, to satisfy this pretended desire of
the populations to be presided over by laymen, reserved a
certain number of plaees for them, finds this disposition
opposed by the population themselves (25).
In the city of Rome, the centre of Government, the
number of prelates, whether priests or non-priests, en-
gaged in the administration is necessarily more consider-
able than in the provinces. Nevertheless, the numerical
superiority in favour of the laymen is striking, and leads
to the same conclusione. These are the statistics, reckon-
ing by Ministerial departments. The office of the Secre-
tary of State far Foreign Affairs, not reckoning those em-
ployed abroad, is comprised of five ecelesia,stice and 19 lay-
men. The principal of these ecclesiastics, such as the Car-
dinal Secretary of State and his substitute, are not priests
any more than the greater number of the prefects who are
marked here as ecclesituhics. The Council of State reckons
three ecclesiastics and five laymen. The Ministry of the
Interior comprises 22 ecclesiastics, including amongst
them the 15 presidents of provinces of whom I have
already spoken, and 1,411 laymee, The Ministry of
Finance reckons three ecclesiastics against 2,017 laymen..
The Ministry of Commerce and Public Works reckons two
ecclesiastics to 161 laymen. The Ministry of Police, two
ecclesiastics to 401 laymen. The Ministry of War has
not a single ecclesiastical functionary. The Ministry of
Justice, including the superior tribunals, which are of a
mixed nature, reckons 59 ecclesiastics to 927 laymen. This
number of 50 ecclesiastics is divided in the following man-
ner :
In the Ministry, 1 ecclesiastic, 18 laymen.
In the Tribunal-of the Segnatura, (Cour de Cessation), 9
ecclesiastics, 8 laymen.
• In the Tribunal of the Rota (the superior court of civil
jurisdiction), 12 ecclesiastics and 7 laymen.
In the Civil Tribunal, 3 ecclesiastics and 116 laymen..
Lithe Tribunal of the Consulta (the superior court of
criminal jurisdiction), 14 ecclesiastics and 37 laymen.
In the Criminal Tribunal, no ecclesiastics, 37 laymen.
In the Tribunal of the Bishop, 9 eeclesiasticm, 17 laymen
In the Tribunal of the Apostolical Chamber, 9 ecclesias-
tics, 16 laymen.
In the Provincial Tribunals of First and Second Instance,
both criminal and civil, 620 laymen, no ecclesiastics.
In the Archives, Chamber of Notaries, &c., 16 laymen,
no ecclesiastics.
In different offices, 1 ecclesiastic, 6 laymen.
Fundamentally the tribunals aro the nurseries of the
Roman prelates. There it is that they serve their appren-
ticeship and prepare their career.
In order both to surround itself with administrators wear-

ing the ecclesiastical tiress,and to introduce not only into the
administration, but also into the Sacred College, and even to
the very throne itself, those enlightened views gained in
practice, by experience in business, and at the same time, as
I have alread3 said, to open the door to the lay element, the
Court of Rome has always sought to group around it a cer-
tain number of men chosen with cure, who have no desire
to be priests, and to whom a career is opened. Twelve or
15 prefects' places in the provinces would not suffice for
recruiting, apprenticeship, and recompense of services.
The superior ;tribunals have been reserved to satisfy this
imperious necessity. The total number of ecclesiastics em-
ployed in the interior of the Pontifical States does not ex-
ceed the number of 98. Against this we find there aro
5,059 laymen in office. This gives 52 laymen to 1 eccle-
siastic.* Leaving out of consideration the superior trie
bunals of the capital, some of whiph, like that of the bishop,
have exclusively ecclesiastical attributes, we find that there
are only 36 ecclesiastics employed far the whole administra-
tion of the Pontifical States (26).
The employments reserved for this small number of in-
dividuals are not the merely secondary ones. The places
which they fill are the most important, otherwise their in-
fluence would be nil. It is right to say, also, that in spite
of prejudice the ecclesiastical habit still inspires a certain
degree of respect, which aids the action of government. The
people pay no deference to the lay functionary, and do not
forgive him his superiority inTank and office in the same
manner as they forgive an ecclesiastic.
I have seen formerly, and I see still, lay functionaries
exposed to personal attacks much more violent than those
to which ecclesiastics are. liable. This is uo doubt a con-
tradiotion, but it is nevertheless an incontestable fact (27).
Is it possible to believe that the happiness and the repose
of the populations are powerfully affected by the presence of
such a small number of persons, who, I repeat, have for the
most.part nothing of the ecclesiastic but the habit? Evi-
dently the question does not lie in that direction, because
it is not here that we must -seek either for the evil or the
remedy. On the side of the opponents, however little they
may understand the true situation of things, the secularisa-
tion indicated as a remedy is nothing more now than a trap
used to introduce opinion from without, and to attack the
Pontifical Government in its very principle. The opponents
do not at present dare to say we want no mero with the
Pope; the expression of such a wish woald occasion alarm.
They content themselves with saying we want no more
with the priests. This mitigated formula has the double
advantage of appealing to the sympathies which exist
among those populations which know of no other priests
than such as preach and say mass, and at the same time to
strike a blow in the direction of their end, and to prepare
the ruin of the temporal power of the Papacy. It is the
duty of those who by conviction and interest are the de-
fenders of the order of things essentially connected with
the maintenance of Catholic unity, and the principle of
authority in the world,lo be on their guard against ap-
pearances, and to estimate at their just valuation the ex-
aggeration of the numerous and ardent adversaries of the
greatest and most fruitful of the institutions which the
ages have left us (28).
After having shown in what consists the pretended ex-
clusively ecclesiastical character of the Roman administra-
tion, it is essential to examine how it works ; and whether
in effect its action is so contrary to the interests of the
populations that they have a legitimate cause of complaint,
and of invoking the support of other nations to put a ter-
mination to the evils by which they are overwhelmed (2a).
Formerly the ancient traditions of the court of Rome
wore faithfully preserved. Every modification of esta-
blished customs, every amelioration was looked upon with
an evil eye, and was considered to be full of danger. Tile
administration was confided exclusively to the prelates.
The laity were by law forbidden to hold the highest offices
in the state. In actual practice the different powers of
the state were often confounded. The principle of Pontifi-
cal infallibility was applied to questions of administration.
Society saw the personal decision of the 'sovereign over-
turning the verdicts of the tribunal, even in civil matters.
The cardinalsecretary of state, the premier, in the full force
of the word, concentrated in his own hands every power.
Under his supreme direction the different branches of the
administration were confided to persons who were clerks
rather than ministers. The ministers formed no council,
and never deliberated together on public affairs. The
management of the public finances was carried on in secret.
No information was given to the nation as to the expendi-
ture of its own money. The budget was a mystery, and it
was often discovered that it was not made out, and that
the accounts were not closed. Lastly, municipal freedom,
which above everything else is appreciated by the popula-
tions of Italy, was restricted within the narrowest
limits (30).
From the very day when the Pope Pius IX. mounted
the throne, he made, we are entitled to assert, continuous
efforts to sweep away every legitimate cause of complaint
against the public administration of affairs. I will not
content myself with appealing to the commencement of his
reign. Betrayed by the very men whom he had recalled
from banishment, deceived in the most flagrant manner by
the lay ministers who were placed about him, in obedience
to a principle of complete secularisation' and who had no
hesitation in publishing to the world that their sovereign
had given his assent to measures which he had in fact dis-
tinctly and formally rejected; carried rapidly along by a
system of pure administrative reform to the establishment
of a constitutional regime, which being destitute of all
real strength, and without the slightest support from the
nation, gave way at once to the republic, threatened even
in the very interior of his palace by an armed insurrection,
the Pope had no other resource left if he wished to pre-
serve his liberty and independence than that of leaving
his dominions (3]). We must do him the justice to
allow that, in spite of the unfortunate tormivation of
his attempts at reforms, he never abandoned his pro-
jects of amelioration, and has been unceasingly occu-
pied with endeavours to put them in practice. I will
give a brief sketch of the principal governmental and
administrative acts which have emanated from the Papal
Government. On his return from Gaeta, Pope Pius IX.
proclaimed the principle of the right of admission of the
laity to all offices save and except one only, that. of
Secretary of State. This was the first time that the spec-
tacle was seen of the Pontifical Government choosing (sena-
cillors of the highest dignity from the ranks of the laity.
This principle has been consecrate 1 by the presence of a cer-
tain number of laymen amongst the Ministers and the dele-
gates. Already had civil and criminal law been the object of
complete revision. Different codes of procedure in civil and
in criminal cases as well as a code -relating to commerce,
all founded on our own, enriched by lessons derived from
experience, had been promulgated. I have 'studied these
carefully. They are above criticism, The Code des Hy-
potheques has been examined by French jurisconsults, and
has been cited by them as a model document (32). The
Roman law, modified in certain points by the canon law,
was held as a basis of civil legislation 03).
The different po ersof the State were carefully separated
and defined. Distinct Ministerial boards, differing in autho-
rity, were created, each operating within the special circle of
its duties. A Council of Ministers, under the presidency of
the Secretary of State, was appointed, and business was
always subjected to the test of discussion. At the same
time, the greatest respect for the independence of the judi-
ciary power was proclaimed and practised. A. Council of
State, for the preparation of laws, corn pos ed. of men the most
intimately versed in administrative mattsers, comprising
Prince Orsini, Prince Odescalchi, the Advs.( sate Stoltz, and
Professor Orioli, was appointed for the purpos .0 of enlighten-
ing the Government, by previously investigating all projects
prepared in the Ministerial Boards. A Comic it of Finance,
composed of members nominated by the Sever, sign, after a
free election of the municipal bodies, wasspeciall v appointed
for the supervision of the expenditure of the State' revenues.
This Council is only deliberative, or consultative, in the die.
cussion of primary budgets. Unless this -were the case it
would be a chamber of deputies. In respect, howov 'er, of past

* Since the date of the official summary, from which I ob-
tained all these details, the development in all the m inisterial
departments has been such that the number of laym( In, either
actively employed or at the disposal of the govern nont, has
risen to about 8,560. The Consulta is occupied svitl s the task
of reducing it to 6,000. The number of ecclesiastic *5 remains
the same. The proportion in fav•ur of the laiea, nosy as
_
80 to 1.

It is not the representatives of the Government who are
charged with the administration of the funds of the com-
mune, or of the province. This trust is confided to an exe-
cutive commission elected by' the council which it repre-
sents, and which remains en permanence during the whole
of theintorval between one session and another. Tho dele-
gates or prefect have only the power of supervision, and
take no direct part in the management of provincial or
communal business. This system has already been the
occasion of many ameliorations of all kinds in the Pontifi-
cal States ; many roadsan important benefit—have been
made, and many useful improvements instituted.. 2iever-
theless, in certain points the equilibrium betwetin receipts
and expenditure has been disturbed. The small towns
have taken to building theatres, and a question is now
mooted whether it would not be proper to limit the dis-
cretion left to the municipal power, and extend the super-
vision exercised by government authority. At other times,
and in every other country, such reforms and institutions
would have been accredited to their author (34). In the
interior every new concession has had the effect of creating
greater wants. Abroad these essential'changes introduced
into the older orier of things, these inoessan,• efforts of the
Pontifical Government to ameliorate the lot of the popula-
tions, have passed unnoticed. People have had ears only
for the declamation of the discontented, and for the per-
manent calumnies of the bad portion of the Piedmontese
and Belgian press. This is the source from which public
opinion has derived its inspiration ; and in spite of well-
established facts, it is believed in most places, but parti-
cularly in England, that the Pontifical Government has
done nothing for its subjects and has restricted itself to the
perpetuation' of the errors of another age (36). I have only
yet indicated the ameliorations introduced into the organi-
sation of the administration. I must mention the acts of
thelPontifinal Government and the results obtained.
Above all, let us remember that never has a more exalted
spirit of clemency been seen to preside over a restoration.
No vengeance has been exercised on those who caused the
overthrow of the Pontifical Government, no measures of
rigour have been adopted against them. The Pope has
contented himself with depriving them of the power of
doing harm by banishing them. from the land. No im-
prisonment, no trials even had taken place, except occasion-
ally in consequence of the obstinacy of certain individuals
who, insisting on being tried, have been condemned, and
punished by being presented with a passport. As to the
flagrant conspiracies which followed the return of the Pope,
it was his bounden duty to take measures against them, as
well as against tho assassinations which followed them.
These measures wore taken in the most regular manner.
The Holy Father never failed to mitigate the rigour of the
sentences. A large number of individuals, the most com-
promised, obtained their liberty after a certain time with-
out the condition of exile. At the present moment it is
difficult to ascertain the exact number of persons who are
forbidden to enter the Roman states for political reasons ;
but with respect to the number of those who were the
authors of the revolution of 1849, it is considered that it
does not amount to a hundred. This extreme mildness of
treatment, however, has not availed to preventthe English
Parliament from accusing the Pontifical Government of
cruelty (37).
I come now to questions of administration. We know
the cost of revolutions. The Roman republic met its ex-
penses by creating a paper currency, which soon suffered
considerable depreciation. The Pontifical Government
did not hesitate to recognise these assignats, and undertook
the task of withdrawing them from circulation by buying
them up. The operation was successful, although the suns
was very large. It amounted to 7,000,000 scudi, rather
more than the annual revenue of the state. The same pro-
portion applied to France would have given from 800 to 900
millions. The assignats now hair() totally disappeared from
circulation, and the notes of the Bank of the Pontifical
State, the only notes now current, are of equal value with
the metallic currency, and are generally at par. This re-
markable result goes for nothing with the detractors of the
Pontifical administration (38).
The Roman Bank, originally a French foundation, re-
sponded but very imperfectly to the wants of commerce.
It was remodelled, and became the bank. of the Pontifical
States. It has established branches in the provinces, has
extended the circle of its operations, has given and still
gives great assistance to trade, and to the Government, and
has shown that it stands ou a solid baisis,--tcrjapsipg wit
safety through many great crises.
The Pontifical Government, directing its attention with
gree propriety to the means of augmenting the revenue
derived from indirect taxation, has revised the custom-
house duties. It has lowered the duty on a great number of
articles, and is at this moment preparing a new measure
more complete and more general in its operations.
Postal and commercial treaties have been concluded with
France and other states upon the widest basis, and in con-
formity with those principles which are adopted elsewhere
as being iu unison with the idea of progress.
The system of farming the indirect revenues has been
abolished. The Government undertakes the direct ma-
nagement of the salt. and tobacco trade. Important pro-
fits have been realised, and the success of the management
is certain.
In spite of considerable burdens which were occasioned
by the revolution and left as a legacy to the present govern-
ment, in spite of extraordinary expenses caused by the re-
organisation of the army, in spite of numerous contribu-
tions towards the encouragement of public works, the state
budget, which 'at the commencement showed a tolerably
large deficit, has been gradually tending towards equilibriu no.
I have had the honour recently of pointing out to your ex-
cellency that the deficit in 1857 has been reduced to an in-
significant sum, comprised for the most part of unexpected
expenses and of moneys reserved for the extinction of the
debt.
The taxes remain still much below the mean rate of the
different European states. A Roman pays the state 22f.
annually, 68 millions being levied on a population of three
millions. A. Frenchman pays the French Government 45f.,
1.600 millions being levied on a population of 35 millions.
These figures show demonstratively that the Pontifical states
with regard to so important a point must be reckoned
amongst the most favoured nations. The expenses aro
regulated on principles of the strictest economy. Ono fact
is sufficient to prove this. The civil list, the expenses of
the cardinals, of the diplomatic corps abroad, the mainte-
nance of the Pontifical palaces and the museums, cost the
state no more than 600,000 crowns (3,200,0001.) This small
sum is the only share of the public revenue taken by the
Papacy for the support of the Pontifical dignity, and for
keeping up the principal establishments of the superior
ecclesiastical administration. We might ask those persons
so zealous in hunting down abuses whether the appropria-
tion of 1,000 crowns to the wants of the princes of tho
Church seems to them to bear the impress of a proper eco-
nomy exercised with respect to the public revenue (39).
The organisation of the army has been the object of as-
siduous care. Not only have the native troops received re-
wards, and been elevated to the number of 12,000 meu,
but a body of 4,000 Swiss has b.nn raised, and novel regu-
lations founded on those in use amongst ourselves have
been promulgated. The principles of administration fol-
lowed iu the management of our forces hive been El iopted
and put in practice. The appearance of the Roman sol-
diers at present elicits praise from all who have seen the.n.
If the Government could give them fidelity and energy
with tho uniform and the musket, there would be no need
to apply to foreigners for assistance. Even in this direc-
tion, however, the Government has performed all that was
,incumbent upon it to do, and if its success has not been
complete, the fault is not in it, but in the very nature of
the national mind. At the same time the state finances
have been re-organised, and in spite of the limited re-
sources of the budget, numerous Burns have been devoted
to the encouragement of commerce and arts. A great num-
ber of roads have been opened in various parts of the
country, the port of Terraoina has been enlarged, works of
drainage have been executed in the Pontine Marshes. The
marsh of Ostia is now in process of being drained, and via-
ducts of remarkable importance have been constructed in
several places (40). Steam navigation has been introduced
on the Tibor ; thanks to a good system of towing, the port
of Rome has been visited by a larger number of vessels
than was formerly the case (41). The city hasbeen lighted
with gas, electric telegraphs have been introduced, conces-
sions of railways have been made. That of Frascati, which
is to be extended to Naples, will soon be opened. A ne-
gotiation is on foot for an important line,
which is to con-
nect Rome with Ancona and Bologna. - The construction
of the railway to Civita Vecchia has been granted to a
company which will commence operations immediately (42).
Agriculture has been equally the object of encourage•
menot
nbe
oy the
rage
ont of Government.
gardeningize sahnadvethbeeernaiessintagbloisfh
setdo cfokr
the.
Lastly, a commfesion, composed of the principal landed-
proprietors, is now studying the hitherto
nrtmodinfisolllinubgleitqwuietsh-
tion of draining the Campagna of R
inhabitants.
If the Roman people were capable of helping themselves,
or even if they were eager for work, if their ambition was
not limited to the attainment of a restricted income just
sufficient to satisfy the primary wants of nature, without
the expenditure of much fatigue, if they were to profit, as
is the case elsewhere, by the facilities offered to them for
the employment of their energies and pecuniary resources,
the country might spring up rapidly to prosperity. But
they allow all opportunities to escape them, and abandon
to foreigners all useful undertakings. To mace progress in
the direction alluded to, Government cannot, it is clear,
sNu
obsv et irttthi teel
eistss
tohwe
rno amertoi onn for
ume
rt
ohua of
pr privateoof s d
of
nabijues ternye. r
g( ey3t )
o
be soon. New buildings, for example, are vary numerous;
the pride of lodgings and food of all kinds, is increasing ra-
pidly. Commercial relations are extending. Important
profits are being realised in agricultural and financial ope-
rations. Considerable fortunes are being madas. The condi-
tion of the population is that of comparative ease. TheY
rush together in crowds at the first signal of public rejoib.
ifcnagrroiretpiltereuxrcee.BoB,nisthlaeisde theiroocncaosnioensside. lAisntlerpnreesasr,suinc::::toloi
prosperity strikes the eyes of the least observant.
of the most expansive kind is to be traced on 'the
lfeawcehose
all. It may be asked whether this can be the PI ?°l;ation of
miseries excite to such a degree the °warn"'
Europe ?
nt it i
Mere
e in
nfi
e-
nitely less heavy than in less favouredtclialttarit3ie. =emu
r is largely
There is in truth misery here as elsewhere
. bs m..
cessitiee are obtained cheaply- P._
exercised, Establishmeute of public charity are

In truth ~ , Thoernin certain
an
administration
persons
its aim the good of the people," the
Go-
vernment, tow 1 theiiel
IPontificalinayforhave -:
government might -
reply, " Look at our acts, and condemn us if y dre '
u " a
The government might ask, not only which of its acts ' * ' 4
subject for legitimate blame, but in which of its duties -
has failed. Are we then to be told that the Pontifical Go. •
vernment is a model—that it has no weaknesses and i
perfections? Certainly not ; but its weaknesses and itnrl nar. '
factious are of the same kind as are met with in all goveern:
ments, and even in all men, witha very few exceptions (4G)
The Pontifical Government is a government composed of .
Romans, acting after the Roman fashion. It mistrusts, •
fears, hesitates at, dreads responsibility; it is fonder of exua
mining than deciding. It likes alternations and accommo.
datiens. • It is deficient in energy, in activity, in taking the,.
initiative, in firmness, as is the case with the nation itself.'
Bnt although we may be permitted to attack any one who
neglects his duties, it is unj est to impute it as a crime to
any one that he has not the genius of a Sixtus V., of a.
Colbert, of a Napole in.
lam perpetually in erreeating those who come to me ter
denounce what theycall Vie abuses of the Papal Government.
This exprrasion, it must be reuse nbered, is conseerAed, and
is above criticism or objection. It is held as gospel. Now,
in what do these abuses consist? I have never yet I:),eii,
able to discover. At least the facts which go by that name
are such as are traceable to the imperfections of human na-
ture, and we need not load the Government with the direct
responsibility for the irregularities committed by some of
its subordinate agents. lam told that the custom-houses
ask travellers for a pourboire. This is without doubt a very
blameable custom, but would the secularisation of the Go•
vernment cure the country of a vice deeply iaaplanted in
its nature, would it hinder the people from being always
ready to hold out the hand ? If this sad tendency was car-
ried out on a large scale there would be reason for alarm :
but whatever may be sa'd of the venality of the Pontifical
administration, it would be impossible to quote a single au-
thent cate I and natorious fact, unless we accept as genuine
the current coin of calumny. In any case if we seemly °nein-
coming rich it is always a iaym an. I have never seen a prelate
di‘getnit-his property by illicit mew. The fortunes which
are made, and which may easily beigleT, iirigin ate in atlior
banking or agricultural operations. Nothing shows that
there is auy trading with power, or appropriation, of •tint
State Funds.
To pretend that no act of faithlessness is committed
would be.i rrational. No country is beyond the reach ofsuch
misfortunes; but what may be maintained is this, that if
they take plane in the Pontifical States, they do so ones
small scale, and that the public service and public morality
are not affected by them in a sensible manner.
The imperfections of the judiciary system are often ctit&l.
I have examined it closely, and have found it imposiible
to discover any serious cause of complaint. Those who loSe
their causes complain more loudly and more continuously
than is the custom in other places, but without any more
reason. Most of the important civil cases are decided in the
Tribunal of the Rota. ow, in spite of the habitual licence
of the Italian criticism, no one has dared to express a doubt
of the profound knowledge and exalted integrity of the
Tribunal of the Rota. If the lawyers ,are incredibly fertile
in raising objections and exceptions—if they lengthen out
law suits—to what is this fault to be attributed except to
the peculiarity of the national genius ?
Lastly, civil law is well administered. Ido not know a
single sentence the justice of which would not be recognised
by the best tribunal in Europe.
Criminal justice is administered in a manner equally
unassailable. I have watched some trials throughout their
whole details. I was obliged to confess that all necessary
precautions for the verifications' of facts, all possible gua-
rantee for the free defence of the accused, including the
publication of the proceeditiv,s, were taken (48). The sen-
tences are occasionally delayed, the processes are prolonged.
These, however, are inconveniences, not unpardonable
crimes.

When Italian witnesses shall learn to give their evidence
without being intimidated by the presence of the accused
and the fear of his vengeance, the delays will be less. Our
French councils of war have the greatest difficulty in ob-
taining depositions, and are often forced toemploy severity
for this purpose. Against tendencies of this kind the GO-
vernment can do nothing.
Much is slid of the brigands who, we are told, lay the
country desolate. It has fallen to our lot to pass through
the country in all directions without seeing even the she.
dow of a robber. It cannot be denied that from time to

time we hear of a diligence stopped, of a traveller plun-
dered. Even ono accident of this kind is too many; but
we must remember that the Administration has employed
all the means in its power to _repress these disorders.
Thanks to energetic measure,, the brigands have been ar-
rested at all points, and punished. When in France a
diligence is stopped,-when in going from London to Wind-
sor a lady of the Queen's palace is robbed of her luggage
and jewels, such anineident • passes unnoticed, but when
on an isolated road in the Roman States the least fact of
this nature takes place, the press, eager for a pretext,
prints the news in large characters, and cries for venge-
ance on the Government. On the side of Rome, the - at-
tacks which have taken place at distant intervals have
never assumed an appearance calculated to excite anxiety.
in the Romagna organised bands have been formed,which,
taking advantage of the neighbouring Tuscan frontier,
easily escaped pursuit, and were for a time to be dreaded.
The Government declared unceasing war against them,-a,nd
after several engagements, in which a certain number of

gendarmes werii either killed or wounded, these bande,
have been in a great measure dispersed (49).
To conclude, we shall be obliged to confess, upon inves-
tigation that the Pontifical Government has not failed in
its task, that it has proceeded regularly in the road of re-
form and amelioration, and that it has realised a consider-
able programa. If agitation is still kept rip, the eause of it
-will be found in the ehi,eeter-afAba„hatien.iteelf, in its
anibitioua view. directed to..`iallittteiniible objects. We
must recognise, lastly, that the rirnedy for this sad situa-
tion of things is not to be fouud in a crowd of measures
which, modifying an order of things perfectly unconnected
with the evil, would only make the evil much greater and
more dangerous still by exalting its hopes, and by reducing
it already much shaken to the last degree of impotence and.
weakness (50).
If the Sovereign of the Pontifical States were not at the
same time Head of the Church, his preservation or hisruin
would be oflittle importance. But the cause of Catholicism
is at stake in this matter. For thisreason it is that so high
a degree of interest is so justly consideredby the great Ca-
tholic powers to attach to the interior condition of the
Roman States. These powers have a profound feeling of
the dangers which would threaten themselves even in the
event, of a new revolution, and they understand what a re-
construction of the temporalpower of the Papacy on a new
basis might cost Europe. Religious passions being un-
chained simultaneously with political passions, the gravest
perhaps even the bloodiest conflicts might arise.
The prudence of statesmen induces them to seek for the
means of anticipating and preventing such fatal complica-
tions (51).
Attention is naturally directeatowards the nature of the
concessions necessary to satisfy the populations. Unhappily
these populations are not to be satisfied. I think I
have proved this. By destroying the Pontifical authority
a numerous party, but not the whole nation, is sure to be
satisfied. By the establishment of a constitutional regime,
which would appear, however, to bo little in harmony
with the power of the head of the church, a large number
of individuals would be equally satisfied; but, as I have
said, the one party as well as the other would rapidly
allow public business to fall into ethe hands of the most
violent section. M. Rossi, who wanted neither the neces-
sary talent nor the good will, had devoted himself to the
task of introducing into the Pontifical states a Parlia-
mentary regime. It 'sight have been believed that he
might have reckoned on Borne support. The event teaches
us that he completely failed in obtaining this support.
Nobody was found in the moment of danger to support or
defend him. No voice was raised to deplore his violent
death, still less to invoke vengeance for the deed.
It is in the highest degree impossible, in the midst of
passions
which are dividing the minds of men, to create a
truly popular Administration. But allowing the attempt
to be successful, such au Administration would find no
more defenders at a critical moment than Count Rossi.
found when endeavouring to carry his undertaking to a
successful termination (52). Simple reforms content no
one. I think I have abundantly shown that this is not
the question, and that, besides this, the movements of the
Pontifical overnment are far from being such as to give
occasion for the populations to consider themselves damaged
in their legitimate interests. Reforms would be momen-
tarily granted by certain parties only en considerat on of
the damage and loss of popularity which they might inflict
upon the Pontifical Government.
We cannot even see to what combination we could have
recourse. A profound investigation of the true situation of
things gives no precise indications as to the course oba
adopted in this matter. In what direction are modifica-
tions to be employed ? How far are they to be carried ?
With regard to this point the greatest uncertainty exists.
Now, modifications can bear no good fruit unless they are
clearly indicated by the nature of things. This is not the
case here. We consequently see the spectacle of the most
contradictory views being promulgated according to the
nature of individual opinions.
Certain persons who have already succeeded once in de-
priving the Holy Father of his tiara, not fler their own
profit, but for that of the demagogues, are accused of en-
tertaining the project of dividing the Pontifical state into
two portions, one of which is to be governed by a delegate
of the Holy Father. Such a combination as this, I cone
fess, appears to nee to present the greatest danger. There
is no doubt that it would open the door to revolution, and
that it would take advantage of the revolution attracted
by the expectations founded upon certain success. The
population would have less respect for their lay governor
than for the present delegates. They would not risk a
crown or a drop of blood to defend him. At the end of a few
months the fall of the Sovereign Pontiff would be deolaredlat
Bologna,amltadiae constituent assembly would be convoked
and war would be declared against Austria. Allowing that
the new power would be able to maintain its positiowhat e, and
shoula succeed in satisfying the populations, answer
could be given to the other half of the Pontifical states,
which will complain of being
their equal share? What is to be done if they rtirtfal that they
rection to gain their ends, and how can ,?.
'vtbedno,uwill the Pas
will resort to extreme measures ? 7:l"lied and Catholic
pacy he plundered, its enemies 1..
atdsangeirous agitations.
Europe become a prey to the 0
lu t 8 tiles Pope would meet
In any case, we must expect t a.
abandoned, and will ask fuorr.
masth desperate resistance. In
such a project with
decreed him in the presence of all
reality,Europe . ifihiee
wildidl
nneoyte
rii.e. t h ei
field,
di 'I,
radical incapacity dee- -,ieehis assent to such a plan; but whe-
ther he were to
with a mortalcombination uu
but one roma y.
pletiou
were to fail
wore readilytion.
tual situa resist or y . .
I and this is w a
deserve to have a brevet of
h t the authors of this
the Papacy would be struck
w°"` ' A well (53.) There would be
derstano very
1 The Italians always depend for the come
projects on foreign support. If this support
(4;l.'tealrain they would adopt a proper course much
than would be imagined, looking at their se-
It would be necessary, •however, that in
,i ad and Sardinia the organs of the press should cease
and that the Catholic powers should
contra.
hope that • • ated with such a
But how can weenemies, Slam
Holy See evident marks of sympathy
the Holy See, would
ittnohflegniPevithnecateils opponents of
made in
so remarkable a manner ?
to their attacks when they have been
this world must
necessarily have a definitive solution. Thee Roman epos-
stEppinilte::laatcoianstnstecoopt think that all the questions of
ques-
tion, in my opinion at least, has none. W. can only, exer.
gess of a catastrophe, and prolong a provisional state of
of preserving En.
cising a benevolent and attentive protection, avert thedan-
things which has a least the grand merit
rope from innumerable evils (54).
Any other order of measures. would only precipitator

events. If his Majesty's Government, from motives easily
comprehended, should desire to put a stop to the French
occupation of the Roman States after a delay of greater or
less duration, it would be better at once to abandon the
sluices to the impulse of the torrent than to open them
by deo ling, either by means of advice openly given, or by
forced combinations, the coup de grace to the temporal
power of the Popes.
In the presence of the existing agitation of mind in Italy,
and of the very lively emotion caused by the publication of
the protocols, it is impossible to keep down a profound
feeling of anxiety as to the future destiny of the Papacy. If
care is not taken Europe will see the most terrible of prob-
lems present itself—terrible in fact, because it is con-
nected with the deepest and the most ardent passions of
the haman heart.

The words pronounced by your Excellency in the Con-
ferenc., the assurance you have given of the interest which
the Emperor's Government will not cease to take in the
safety of the Pontifical power, are certain proofs that the
true interests of the church are in no danger in the present
crisis. With such a programme, the most imminent dan-
gers may be removed, and the catastrophe delayed. This
is all that can be accomplished at the present moment by
human wisdom. Let us continue to give the Papacy the
benefit of our protection. Let us decide deliberately only,
and after successive diminutions, on complete evacuation,
and only after being well assured that it is possible. Calm
will come by degrees. Finally, if the political and reli-
gions tranquillity of Italy, perhaps even of Europe, should
appear to depend solely on the presence at Civita Vecchia
and Ancona of a few hundred men, giving a moral, rather
tban a material, support to the Pontifical flag and esta-
blishment, but still a support which is sufficient, is it not
a hundred times better to have recourse to this certain
remedy than to attempt to obtain similar ends by ways
full of peril? If in such circumstances the temporal power
of tho Papacy should be menaced anew, and if, in spite of
onr efforts, grave complications should arise, the responsi-
bility would then at least rest wholly and entirely on events
which are often stronger than man, and we should not
have to reproach ourselves with having contributed to so
fatal a result.

I thought that I was performing a duty in submitting
to the high appreciation of your Excellency the results of
a tolerably long experience and connected study. The
kindness and encouragement with which you have met my
proposal to explain my opinions, have emboldened me to
do so without reserve.

I sppeal to the indulgence of your Excellency in review-
ing Toy labours, and beg you to accept the reiterated
assurance of my high consideration (55).

AT a GENERAL COURT of PROPRIETORS,
held at the BANK of ENGLAND, on
Thursday, the 19th March, 1857—Resolved : That the thanks
of this Court be given to the Governors, Deputy Governors,
and Court of Directors of the Bank of England, for their able
management of the affairs of this Corporation during the last
half-year.

Ordered—That the said Resolution be advertised in all the
daily morning and evening papers.
JOHN BENTLEY, Secretary.

OITTHWARK ELECTION. Mr. LOCKE
will MEET the ELECTORS at the under-
mentioned places :

THIS EVENING, at the Equestrian Coffee-house, St.
George's-circus, at S o'clock precisely.
Mrs. Lunn's, Lilliput Hall, Prospect-row, Bermondsey, on
Friday, the 20th inst., at 7 o'clock precisely.
A t the George Inn, Borough, on Saturday, the 21st inst.,
at 1 o'clock p.m.
At the Southwark Literary Institution, on Monday, the
23d inst., at 8 o'clock p.m. precisely.

rut HEATRE ROYAL, DRURY LANE.—
Lessee, Mr. E. T. Smith.
Act'ng Manager, Mr. C. Mathews. Stage Manager, Mr. R,
Roxby. Scenic Artist, Mr. W. Beverley.

The eminent Comedian, Mr. Charles Mathews, every evening;
and Mr. and Mrs. Keeley.
TITIS EVENING, her Majesty's Servants will perform

CURIOUS CASE.
Followed by BETSEV BAKER.
.A.tOr which will be produced

SEE, SAW, MARGERY DAW;

Or, Frarlequin Holiday, and the Island of Ups and Douns.
The reduced prices as follows, varying throughout the
house to suit every one :—Galleries, 6d. and ls. ; Second
Orel(' of Boxes, ls. Cd. ; Pit, 2s. ; First Circle of Boxes,
2s. 64. ; Dress Boxes, 35.; Stalls, is. ; Private Boxes,
10e. 6d., P. ls., 1/. lls. 6d., and 2/. 2s.

1-)OYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE
,Li) THIS EVENING, will be performed
Shakespere's tragedy of
KING RICHARD THE SECOND.
King Richard 11., Mr. C. Kan ; Queen, Mrs. C. Kean.
]'receded by MUSIC HATH CHARMS.

IPiOYAL LYCEUM THEATRE.
Lessee, Mr. C. Dillon.
THIS EVENING, THE CAGOT. Mr. Charles Dillon
Mr Barrett, Mr. Stuart.
Alter which, a new farce, entitled MY FRIEND FROM
LFATHERHEAD. Mr. Toole, Miss Wilton, and Mrs. B.
White.
Followed by the gorgeous burlesque of CONRAD AND
ME DORA. Miss Woolgar, Mr. J. L. Toole, dre.
The box-office open dairy, from 11 to 5, under the super-
atrndence of Mr. Chatterton, jun.
Carriages conveying parties tz) the Private Boxes to set
flo,vn at the State entrance in Burleigh-strect.

JIMATR E ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
THIS EVENING, to commence at Seven,
A LIFE'S TRIAL. Messrs. Buckstone, Compton, Howe,
W. Ferren, Rogers ; Mesdames Reynolds, Poynter, Fitzwil-
liam, dze.
After which, A WICKED WIFE.
To conclude with SHOCKING EVENTS,

TLIEATRE ROYAL, ADELPHI.
Lessee—Mr. Ben. Webster.
THIS EVENING, will be performed the popular drama
of IRELAND AS IT IS. Mr. and Mrs. Barney Williams.
After which, A NIGHT AT NOTTING-HILL, in which
Mr. Wriv,ht and Pawl Bedford will appear.
BARNEY THE BARON. Barney O'Toole, Mr. Barney
Wi iams,
Followed by a new Piece de Caractere, entitled IN AND
OUT OF PLACE. Mrs Barney Williams.

I) 0Y...4L SURREY THEATRE,
11.1) Lessees, Messrs. Shepherd and Creswiek.
THIS EVENING, a new drama, entitled FRAUD AND
ITS VICTI NIS. Messrs. Crcswick, Shepherd, &c.
After which, an original farce, entitled, THE SERIOUS
YOUTH.

To conclude with the Spanish ballet, EL DESCUIDADO,
Sancho, Mr Buck.

STRAND THEATRE.—Manager, Mc. T.
Payne.—This Evening will be performed
DO SHAKE HANDS.
Affer which, THE DEATH OF EPA, in which the
Howard Family will appear.
Followed by COUSIN CHERRY.
To conclude with THE BLUE JACKETS.
Commence at Seven. Stalls,] 3s. ; Boxes, 2s. ; Pit, is. ;
Gallery, 6d.

YAL OLYMPIC THEATRE.
It, Lessee, Mr. Alfred Wigan.
THIS EVENING, (a, 'new ftree, called THIEVES !
TEI EVES ! ! McsAts. F. Robson, G. Vining, &c.
The new drama, by Tom Taylor, Esq., A SHEEP IN
WOLF'S CLOTHING.
Followed by the new farce, by Baylo Bernard, Esq.,
eale,l A SPLENDID INVESTMENT.
And A BLICHITED BEING, Mr. F. Robson, &c.
Commence at half-past Seven.

A STLEY'S ROYAL AMPITITHEATRE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. W. Cooke.
THIS EVENING (first week) Shakspero's Play of KING
Hl NRY THE FOURTH Part First), with novel and effec-
tiv equestrian illustrations invented by Mr. Wm. Cooke.
Hotspur, Mr. James llolloway.
Aloe, a number of amusing Entertainments, concluding
with a Brilliant. Display of Equestrian SKILL and SCIENCE,
by first-rate artistes, in the SCENES in the CIRCLE
Commerce at seven o'clock. Dress Boxes, 4s. ; Upper
Ro-(ero, 35.; Private Boxes, from 11., no charge for booking ;
Pit, 2s. ; Gallery, ls. ; Upper Gallery, 6d.
!'ox.oflice open from Eleven till Four. Stage Manager,
Mr. W. West. Equestrian Director, Mr. W. Cooke, jun.

ANTERBU RY HALL, Westminster-road.-
k i OPEN EVERY EVENING.—The follow-
ing company of Vocalists are engaged for the performance of
Seketions from all the popula,.. Operas, Madrigals, Choruses,
Glees, Duets, dm., viz.: Miss E. Pearce, Mrs. J. Caulfield,
Mips Brunoll, Miss Summers, and Madame Marietta; Mr. J.
Caulfield, Herr F. JongLynam, R, Grover, T. Farrant, S.
Jones, J. Barker, W. Melling, P. Cord, Senor Antonio M.
de Sella, and E. L. lime ; Masters Austin, Bennett, and
Cori; Messrs. Sam Collins, E. Mackney, and C. J. Wilkins.
Pianoforte, Mr. Cecil Hicks; harmonium, J. Caulfield, jun.;
director, Mr. J. Caulfield. Commence at Seven o'clock pre -
cisely. *Suppers, dtc., until twelve o'clock.

iiGli WATER AT LONDON BRIDG-K.
Tins DAT—Morn. 49 min. aft. 6—Evening 17 mid. sft. 7
nvmmotow_morn. 52 rain. aft. 7—Evening 38 min.aft 8

Tt3.lt WEATHER—SUN OFFICE, MARCH 19.
TH7DI3IOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
63 --hlg'hest sines noon yesterday.
56 —this
51. -lowest this morning and dnritur the night.
day at noon.
RA Aovirritit
W ;ND, S.S.E. to S.E.---Light, '
• with dull, rainy weather.

; 14. c _Atiao
(4' h,,A13)„,--
•
_ -