The Sun.
London, England, 1861-06-11 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, JUNE 11, 1861,

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Just published; price is., post free for 14 stamps, with Pho-
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SKIN.

DISEASES OF THE
By ROBERT J. JORDAN, M.D.,
Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh,
Member or the Royal College of Surgeons, England, &c., O.
Author of" Skin Diseases and their Remedies," &c.
Price 2s. 6d., by post 2s. 10d.,

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THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA.

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
FORT PICKENS AND PENSACOLA.
A VISIT TO BOTH CAMPS.
MOBILE, MAY 16.
Our little schooner lay quietly at the wharf al
night, but no one was allowed to come on board
without a pass; for these wild looking sentries are
excellent men of business, and look after the prac-
tical part of soldiering with all the keenness which
their. direct personal interest imparts to their
notions of duty. The enemy to them is the incar-
nation of all evil, and they hunt his spies and ser-
vants very much as a terrier chases a rat —with
intense traditional and race animosity. The silence
of the night is not broken by many challenges or
the ' All's well' of patrols, but there is warlike sig-
nificance enough in the sound of the shot which
working parties are rolling over the wooden jetty
with a dull, ponderous thumping on board.the flats
that are to carry them off for the food and nourriture
of the batteries. With the early morning, however,
came the usual signs of martial existence. Istarted
up from among my cockroaches, knocked my head
against the fine pine beams over my hammock, and,
considerably obfuscated by the result, proceeded to
investigate all the grounds that presented themselves
to me as worthy of consideration in reference to the
theory which had suddenly forced itself upon my
mind that I was in the Crimea. For close at hand
through the sleepy organs of the only sense which
was fully awake, came the well-known reveillee of
the. Zouaves, and then French clangours, . rolls,
ruffles, and calls ran along the line, and the volun-
teers got up, or did not, as seemed best to them. An
ebony and aged Ganymede, however, appeared
with coffee, and told me " the Cap'n wants ask
weder you take some bitters, Sar ;" and indeed the
Captain did compound some amazing preparation
fur_ irk ° inrleea and colonels present on deck and
below that met the approval of them all, and was
recommending it for its fortifying qualities in mak-
ing a Redan and Malakhoff of the stomach. Break,:
fast came in due time—not much Persic apparatus
to excite the hate of the simple-minded, but a great
deal of substantial matter in the shape of fried
onions, ham, eggs, biscuits, with accompaniments
of iced water, Bordeaux, and coffee. Our guests
were two—a broad farmerlike gentleman, weighing
some 16 stone, dressed in a green frieze tunic, with
gold lace and red and scarlet worsted facings, and
a felt wideawake, who, as he wiped his manly brow,
informed me he was a "rifleman." Wo have some
volunteers quite as corpulent, and not more patrio-
tic, for our farmer was a man of many bales, andin
becoming an officer in his company of braves had
given an unmistakeable proof. of devotion, to his
distant home and property. The other, a quiet,
modest, intelligent-looking young man, was an offi-
cer in a different battalion, and talked with sense
about a matter with which sense has seldom any-
thing to do—l mean uniform. He remarked that in
a serious action: and close fighting, or in night
work,.it would be very difficult to prevent serious
mistakes, and even disasters, owing to the officers
of the Confederate States' troops wearing the same
distinguishing marks of rank and similar uniforms,.
whenever they can get them, to those used in the
regular•service of the United States, and that much
inconvenience will inevitable result from the great
variety and wonderful diversity of the dresses of
the immense number of companies forming the dif-
ferent regiments of volunteers. The only troops
near us which were attired with a regard to
military exactness were the regiment of Zouaves
from New Orleans. Most of these are French-
men, or (greoles, some have belonged ' to
the battalions which the Crimea first made
famous, and were present before Sebastopol and in
Italy, the rest are Germans and Irish. Our friends
went off to see them drill, but as a believer in the
enchanting power of distance, I preferred to look
on at such of the manoeuvres as could be seen from
the deck. These Zouaves look exceedingly like the
real article. They are, perhaps, a trifle leaner and
taller, and are not so well developed,at the back of
the head, the heels, and.the fancies as their proto-
types: They are dressed in the same way except
that I saw no turban on thefez cap. The jacket, the
cummerbund, the baggy red breeches, and the
gaiters are all copies of the original. They are all
armed with rifle-musket and sword-bayonet, and
their pay is at the usual rate of 11 dols., or some-
thing like £2 6s. a month, with rations and allow-
ances. The offi.Jers do, their best to be the true
" chacal." I. was more interested, I confess, in
watching the motions of vast shoals of mullet and
other fish, which flew here and there, like flocks of
plover, before the red fish and other enemies, and
darted under our boat, than in examining Zouave
drill. Once, as a large fish came gambolling along
the surface close at hand a great gleam of white
shot up in the waves beneath, and a boiling whirl
marked with a crimson pool, which gradually melted
off in the tide, showed where a monster shark had
taken down a part of his breakfast. " That's a
ground-sheork," quoth the skipper. "There's quite
a many a them about here." Porpoises passed by
in a great hurry for Pensacola, and now and then a
turtle showed his dear littlehead above the enviable
fluid which he honoured with his presence. Far
away in the long stretch of water towards Pensa-
cola are six British merchantmen in a state of block-
ade—that is, they have only 15 days to clear out,
according to the reading of the law adopted by the
United States' officers. The navy-yard looks clean
and neat in the early morning, and away on the
other side of the channel Fort rickens—teterrima
causa—raises its dark front from the white sand
and green sward of the glacis, on which a number
of black objects invite inspection through a teles-
cope and obligingelyornestohlevesiothpeem. seFlvoerts imnt,oithaonr,saets
turned out tograz
the other side of the channel, as if to irritate
itthsdistance
whichewi gi
waves
hvtibeh:seeuncrfto'riune n
from flings
ltetrop
tghaelasxoyli.taryonstatrheingsStatffar,saannddisStaritpthesis"
antil the glass detects
theta
hrotreui of fya
tleah.
flagstaff,
iue
~flag to the breeze
lds
snowy instead
meafrgitnh the
of sand
tshettatelo s
close separates
athand ththeetorueetlsinaendofbtrhueshbwatotoedriefrsowmhithohe
dazzlingit its folds
o

stud theßhore for miles is visible. Let us go and
make a close. inspection. Mr*.:Ell6, a lieutenant in
the Louisiana regiment, who is aide-de-camp to
Brigadier-General Bragg, has just arrived with a
message from his chief to escort me round all the
works, and wherever else I like to go—without any
reservation whatever.. lie" is a handsome, well-
built, Blight young fellow, very composed and staid
in manner, but i full of sentiment for the South.

Returned from a tour in Eurape, he, is all admira-
tion for English scenery, life, and habits. " After
all, nature has been more bountiful -to you than to
us." He is dressed in a tight undress cavalry
jacket and trousers of blue flannel, with plain gold
lace pipings and buttons, but on his heels are heavy
brass spurs, worthy of the heaviest qf field officers.
Our horses are standing in the Slade of a large
tree near the wharf, and mine is equipped with a
saddle-of ponderous brazswork, on raised pummel*
and cantle, and housings, and eMblazoned cloth and
mighty, stirrups of brass fit for the stoutest marshal
that ever led an army of Fpnee to victory;
General Braxton Bragg is 1624er. -in the leg. than
Marshal Pelissier or Canrobeit; or the writer' and
as we jogged along over the deep hot sand my kind
companion, in spite of my assurance that the
leathers were quite comfortable, made himself and
me somewhat uneasy on the score of their adjust-
ment; and, as. there was no implement at hand to
make a _hole, we turned into the general's court-
yard to effect the necessary alterations, The cry of
•" Orderly," brought a smart soldierly-looking young
man to the front, who speedily took me three holes
up, and as I was-going away he touched his cap and
said, "I beg your pardon, Sir, but I often saw you
in the Crimea." His storims I (&.434t-y:as brief.
He had been in gin 11 th of lie day
-of the 25th of Clefiiher he was following, as he said,
close after Lord Cardigan and Captain Nolan when
his, horse was killed under him. f As he tried to make
his escape the Cossacks took him prisoner, and for 11
months he was in Captivity, but was exchanged at
Odessa. " Why did you leave the service ?" Well,
sir, I -was one of the two sergeants that was per-
mitted to leave in each regiment on the close of the
war, and I came away." "But here you are sol-
diering again P" " Yes, sir; I came over here to
better myself, as I thought, and I had to enter one
of their cavalry regiments, but now I am an orderly."
He told me further, that his name was Montague,
and that he "thought his father lived near Wind-
sor, 21 miles from London ;" and I was pleased to
find his superior officers spoke of him in very high
terms, although I could have wished those who
spoke so were in. our own service.
I do not think that any number of words can give
a good idea of a long line of detached batteries. I
went through them all, and I certainly found
stronger reasons than ever for distrusting the extra-
ordinary statements which appear in the American
journals in reference 'to military matters, particu-
larly on their own side of the question, Instead of
hundreds of guns, there are only 10. They are
mostly of small calibre, and the gun-carriages- are
old and unsound, or new and rudely made. There
are only five " heavy" guns in all the works, but
the mortar batteries, three in number, of which one
is unfinished, will prove very damaging, although
they will only contain 9 or 10 mortars. The bat-
teries are all sandbag and earthworks, with the ex-
ception of Fort Barrancas. They are made after
all Sorts of ways, and are of very different degrees
of efficiency. In some the magazines will come to
speedydestruction4 in others they are well made.
Some are of the finest white sand, and will blind the
gunners, or be blown away with shells ; others are
cramped and hardly reversed ; others, again, are very
spacious and well constructed. The embrasures are
usually made of sandbags, covered with raw hide to
safe the cotton bags from the effect of the fire of their
own guns. I was amused to observe that most of these
works had galleries in the rear, generally in connec-
tion with the magazine passages, which the construc-
tors called "rat-holes," and which are intended as
shelter to the men at the guns, in case of shells fall-
ing inside the battery. They may prove to have a
very different result, and are certainly not so de-
sirable in a military point of view as good tie-
verses. A rush -for the "rat-hole" will not be very
dignified or improving to the ?nor elle every time a
bomb hurtles over them ; and assuredly the damage
to the magazines will be enormous if the fire from
Pickens is accurate and well sustained. Several of
the batteries were not finished, and the men who
ought to have been working were lying under the
shade of trees, sleeping or smoking—long-limbed,
long-bearded fellows in flannel shirts and slouched
hats, uniformless in all save bright well-kept arms,
and resolute purpose. We went along slowly from
one battery to the other. I visited nine altogether,
not including Fort Baxiiineas,:and-thefe-are—three
others, among which is Fort M'Rae. Perhaps
there may be fifty guns of all seals in pbsitio. n for
about three miles, along a line extending 135 deg.
round Fort Pickens, the average distance being
about 1 1-3 d mile. The mortar batteries are well

placed along brushwood, quite out of view of the
fort, at distances varying from 2,500 to 2,800
yards, and the mortars are generally of calibres cor-
responding nearly with our 10-inch pieces. Several
of the gun batteries are put on the level of the
beach; others have more command, and one is par-
ticularly yweell placed, close to the White Lighthouse
on a
plateau which dominates the sandy
strip that runs out to Fort M'Rae. Of the latter I
have already spoken. Port Barrancas is an old fort
ticu
—I believe of Spanish construction, with a very
meagre trace—a plain curtain-face towards the sea,
protected by a dry ditch and. an outwork, in which,
however, there are no guns. There is a drawbridge
in the rear of the work, which is a simple paral-
lelogram showing twelve guns mounted en barbette
on the sea-face. The walls are of brick, and
the guns are protected by thick merlons of sand-
bags. • -The sole advantage of the fort is in its posi•
tion ; it almost looks down into the casemates of
Pickens opposite at its weakest point, and it has,
a fair command of the sea entrance, but the guns
are weak, and there are only three pieces mounted
which can do much mischief. While I was looking
round there was an entertaining dispute going, on
between two men, whom I believe to have been
officers, as to the work to be done, and I heard the
inferior, intimate pretty broadly his conviction that
his chief did not know his own business in refe-
rence to some orders he was conveying.
The amount of ammunition which I saw did not
appear-to me to be at all sufficient for one day's
moderate firing, and many of the shot were roughly
cast and had deep flanges from the moulds in their
sides, very destructive to the guns as well as to
accuracy. In the rear of these batteries, among the
pine woods and in deep brush, are three irregular
camps, which, to the best of my belief, could not
contain more.than 2,700 men. There are probably
3,000 in and about the batteries, the Navy-yard, and.
the suburbs, and there are also, I am informed,
1,500 at Pensacola, but I doubt exceedingly that
there are as many as 8,000 men, all told, of effec-
tive strength under the command of Gen. Bragg.
It would be a mistake to despise these Irregulars.
One of the Mississippi regiments out in camp was
evidently composed of men who liked campaigning,
and who looked as though they would like fighting.
They had' no particular uniforms—the remark will
often be made—but they had pugnacious physiog-
nomies and the physical means of carrying their
inclinations into effect, and every man of them was,
I am informed, familiar with the use of arms. Their
tents are mostly small and bad, on the ridge pole
pattern, with side flys to keep off the sun. In some
battalions they observe regularity of line,in others
they follow individual or company caprice. The
men use green, boughs and bowers, as our poor fel-
lows did in the old hot days in Bulgaria, andmany
of them had benches and seats before their doors,
and the luxury of boarded floors to sleep upon.
There is an embarrassing custom in America,
scarcely justifiable in any code of good manners,
which in the South at least is only too common,
and which may be still more general in the North ;
at all events, to a stranger it is productive of the
annoyance which is experienced by one who is
obliged to inquire whether the behaviour of those
among those whom he is at the time is inten-
tional rudeness or conventional want of breeding.
For instance, my friend and myself as we are riding
along see a gentleman standing near his battery or
his tent,—" Good morrow, Colonel," or "General"
(as the case may be), says my friend—" Good
morrow (imagining military rank according to the
notion possessed by speaker of the importance of
the position of a general's A.D,C,), Ellis." " Colo-
nel, &c., allow me to introduce to you Mr. Jones of
London." The Colonel advances with effusion,
holds out his hand, grasps Jones's hand rigidly,
and says warmly, as.if he had just gained a par-
ticular object of his, existence, " Mr. Jones, I'm
very glad to make your acquaintance, sir. Have
you been pretty well since you have been in our
country, sir," &c. But it is most likely that the
colonel will just walk away when he pleases, with-
out saying a word to, or taking the least notice
of the aforesaid Jones, as to whose acquaintance
he had just before expressed such friendly feelings,
and in whose personal health he had taken so deep
an interest; and 'Jones, till he is accustomed to it,
feels affronted. The fact is that the introdUction
means nothing ; you are merely told each other's
names, and if you like you may improve the ao‘

ouaintance, The handshaking is a remnant of bar-
barous times, when Men with the same coloured
skin were glad to see each other. '
The country . through which we rode was most
uninteresting, thick brushwood and pine trees
springing out of deep sand, here and there a
and some dirty stream—all flat as ditchwater. On
our return we halted at the general's quarters. . I
bad left a note for him, in which I inquired whe-
ther he would have any objection to my proceeding
to Fort Pickens from his command, in case I ob-
tained permission to do so, and when I entered
General Bragg's room- he was engage& in writing
not merely a very courteous and complimentary
expression of his acquiescence in my visit, but let-
ters of introduction to personal friends in Louisiana,
in hope of rendering my sojourn more agreeable.
He expressed a doubt whether my comrades. would
be permitted to enter the fort, and talked very
freely with me in reference to what I had seen at
the batteries, but I thought I perceived an indica-
tion of some change of purpose with respect to the
immediate urgency of the attack on Fort Pickens
compared with his expressions last night. -At
length I departed with many thanks to General
Bragg for his kindness and confidence, and re-
turned to a room full of generals and colonels, who
made a levee of their visits.
On my return to the schooner I observed that the
small houses on the side of the long Bendy beach
were filled with men, many of whom were in groups
round the happy possessors •of a newspaper, and
listened with the utmost interest to the excited
delivery of the oracular sentences. How much of
the agony and bitterness of this conflict—naY, hOW
much of its existence—may be due to these Biala°
newspapers no man can say.,--b-at I have very de:
tided opinions, or rather a very strong belief, on
the subject. There were still more people around
the various bar-rooms than were attracted even by
the journalists. Two of our companions were on
board when I got back to the quay. The Mobile
gentlemen had gone off to Pensacola, and had not
returned to time, and under any circumstances it
was not probable that they would be permitted to
land, as undoubtedly they were no friends to the
garrison or to the cause of the United States.. Oar
skipper opened his eyes and shook his rough head
a little when he was ordered to get under way for
Fort Pickens, and to anchor off the jetty. Up
went the flag of truce to the fore once more, but
the ever-watchful sentry, diverted for the time from
his superintendenCe of the men who were fishing at
our pier, forbade our departure till the corporal of
the guard had given leave, and the Corporal of the
guard would not let the-fair, Diana cast of her
warp till he had consulted the sergeant of the
guard, and so there was some delay occasioned by
the necessity, for holding an interview with that
functionary, who finally permitted the captain to
proceed on his way, and with a fair light breeze the
schooner fell_round into the tideway and glided off
towards the fort. We drew up with it rapidly, and
soon attracted the notice of the look-out men and
some officers who came down to the jetty.
We anchored a cable's length from the jetty. In
reply to the sentry's hail, the skipper asked for a
boat to put off 'for us. " Come off in your own
boat.* Skiff of Charon! But there was no choice.
With all the bathos of that remarkable structure it
could not go down, in such a short row. And if it
did P Well, "there's not'a more terrible place for
sharks along this coast," -the captain had told us
incidentally en route. Our own boat was inclined.
to impartiality in its relation with the water, and
took quite as much inside as it could hold, 'but we
soused into. it, and the men pulled like Doggett's
Badgers, and soon we were out of shark depth and
alongside the jetty, where were standing to receive
us Mr. Brown, our friend of yesterday, Capt. Vogdes,
and Capt. Berry, commanding a United, States bat-
tery inside the fort. The soldiers of the guard were
United States regular troops of the Artillery, wore
blue uniforms with brass buttons and remarkably
ugly slouched felt hats, with an ornament in the
shape of two crossed cannon. Captain Vogdes in-
formed me that Colonel Moore had sent off a reply
to my letter to the fleet, stating that he would gladly
permit me to go over the fort, but that he could not
allow any one else under any circumstances whatever
to visit it. My friends were therefore Constrained to
stay outside, but one of them picked up a friend on
the beach and got up an impromptu ride along the
island. The way from. the jetty to the entrance of
the fort is in the universal deep sand of this part of
the world ; the distance from the landing-plabe to
the gateway is not much more than 200 yardsoind
the approach to the portal is quite unprotected.
There're; e. high ramp and gladis on the land side,
but the face and part of the curtain in which the
gate is ire open, as it was not considered likely
that it would ever be attacked by Americans. The
sharp angle of the bastion on this face is so weak
that men are now engaged in throwing up an ex-
tempore glacis to cover the base of the wall and the
casemates from fire. The ditch is very broad, and
the scarp and counterscarp are rivetted with brick-
work. The .curvette has been cleared out, and in
doing so, as a proof of the agreeable character of
the locality, I may 'observe upwards 'of 60 rattle-
snakes were killed by the workmen. 'An abattis'
has been made along the edge of this part of the
ditch—a rough inclined fence of stakes and boughs
of trees. " Yes, Sit; at one ' time when' those
terrible fire-eating gentlemen at the other side,
were full of threats, and coming to take the place
every day, there were only 70 men in this fort,,
and Lieutenant Slemmer threw up this abattis
to delay his assailants, if it were only for a few
minutes, and to give his men breathing, time to use
their small-arms." The casemates ' here are all
blinded, and the hospital is situate in the bomb-
proofs inside. The gate was closed ; at a talis-
manic knock it was opened, and from the external
silence we passed into a scene full of activity and
life, through the dark gallery which served at first
as a framework to the picture. The parade of the
fort was full of men, and at a coup crccil it was
obvious that great efforts had been made to pre-
pare Fort Pickens for a desperate defence. In the
parade were several tents of what is called Sibley's
pattern, like our bell tents, but without the lower
side wall, and provided with a ventilating top,
which can be elevated or depressed at pleasure.
The parade ground has been judiciously filled with
deep holes, like inverted ()ones, in which shells will
be comparatively innocuous; and, warned by Sum
ter, everything has been removed which could
prove in the least degree combustible. The officer
on duty led me straight across to the opposite angle
of the fort. As the rear of the casemates and bomb-
proofs along this side will be exposed to a plunging
fire from the opposite side, a very ingenious screen
has been constructed by placing useless gun .plat-
forms, and parts of carriages at an angle against
the wall, and piling them up with sand and earth
for several feet in thickness. A passage is thus
left between the base of the wall and that of the
screen through which a man can, walk with ease.
Turning into this passage we entered a lofty bomb-
proof, which was the bed-room of the commanding
officer, and passed through into the casemate which
serves as his head-quarters. Col. Harvey Brown
received me with every expression of politeness and
courtesy. He is a tall, spare, soldierly-looking man,
with a face indicative of great resolution and energy,
as well as of sagacity and kindness, and his at-
tachment to the Union was probably one of the
reasons of his removal from the command of Fort
Hamilton, New York, to, the charge of this very
important fort. He has been long in the service,
and he belonged to the first class of graduates who
passed at West Point after its establishment in
1818. After a short and very interesting conver-
sation, he proceeded to show me the works, and
we mounted upon the parapet, accompanied by
Captain Berry, and went over all the defences.
Fort Pickens has a regular bastioned trace, in out-
line an oblique and rather narrow parallelogram,
with the obtuse angles facing the sea at one'side
and the land at the other. The acute angle, at
which the bastion towards the enemy's batteries is
situate, is the weakest part of the Work ; but it was
built for sea defence, as I have already observed,
and the trace was prolonged.to.obtain the greatest
amount of fire on the sea approaches. The crest
of the parapet is covered with very solid and well-
made merlons of heavy sandbags, but one face, and
the gorge of the bastion, are exposed to an enfilading
fire from Fort M'Rae, which the Colonel said he
intended to guard against if he got time. All the
guns seemed in good order, the carriages being
well constructed, but they are mostly of what are
considered small calibres now-()=days, being 32-
pounders, with some 42-pounders and 24-pounders.
There are, however, four heavy Columbiads, which
command the enemy's works on several points very
completely. It struck me that the bastion guns
were rather crowded.' But, even in its present'
state, the defensive preparations are most credit
able to the officers, who have had only three weeks..e
brick copings have been removed from the P
to do the immense amount of work before us. Tn
p
and strong sandbag traverses have been, nstructed
e exected,
at ,
to cover the gunners, in addition to the
ar
baivisttihonths.e
aMidoroef haeafvyewi
gumonres
ot aa Pr
s Will
e
r a
enable the garrison to hold their own against every-
long as the fie et covers the =row peck of the
wi'litehhe
thing but a regular siege on the land side, and so