The Sun.
London, England, 1861-12-30 00:00:00

IT'IIAT IS A " GENTLEMEN' ?"

Two great errors, colouring or rather discolour-
ing, severally, the minds of the higher and lower
classes, have sown wide dissension and wider
mis-
fortune through the society of modern days. These
errors are in our modes of interpreting the word
"gentleman." Its primal, literal, and perpetual
meaning is a man of pure race, well bred, in tho
sense that a horse or dog is well bred. The so called
higher classes, being generally of purer race than
the lower, have retained the true idea, and the con-
victions associated witti it, but are afraid to speak
it out, and equivocate about it in public ; this equi-
vocation mainly proceeding from their desire to con-
nect another meaning with it, and a false one—that
of a man living in idleness on other people's labour
—with which idea the term has nothing whatever

to do. The lower classes, denying vigorously, and
with reason, the notion that a gentleman means an
idler, and rightly feeling that the more any one
works the more of a gentleman he becomes, and is
likely to become—have nevertheless got little of the
good they otherwise might, from the truth, because
with it they wanted to hold a falsehood, viz., that
race was of no consequence. It being precisely of us
much consequence in man as in any other animal.
The nation cannot truly prosper till both these
errors are finally got quit of. Gentlemen have to
learn that it is no part of their duty or privilege to
live on other people's toil. They have to learn that
there is no degradation in the hardest manual, or
the humblest servile labour when it is honest. But
that there is degradation, and that deep, in extra-
vagance, in bribery, in indolence, in pride, in tak-
ing places they are not fit for, or in coining places
for which there is no need. It does not disgrace a
gentleman to become an errand boy, or a day la-
bourer, but it disgraces him to become a knave or
a thief, and knavery is not the less knavery because
it involves large interests, nor theft the less theft
because it is countenanced by usage, or accompanied
by failure in undertaken duty. It is an incompara-
bly less guilty form of robbery to cut a purse out of
a man's pocket, than to take it out of his hand on
the understanding you are to steer his ship up the
Channel when you do not know the soundings.
On the other hand, the lower orders, and all orders,
have to learn that every vicious habit and chronic
disease communicates itself by descent, and that by
purity of birth the entire system of the human body
and soul may be gradually elevated, or, by reckless-
ness of birth, degraded, until there shall be as much
difference between the well-bred and the ill-bred
human creature (whatever pains be taken with
their education) as between a wolf-hound and the
vilest mongrel cur. And the knowledge of this
great fact ought to regulate the education of our
youth and the entire conduct of the nation.—
..Ruskin.

RAILWAY INTE LLIGE2V CE.

LONDON, CHATHAM, AND DOVER.

The works on the metropolitan extension lines of this
company have progressed with extraordinary rapidity since
they were commenced by Mr. C. Watson, for Messrs. Febo
and Betts, in the month of February last. The West-end
Extension line is to join the main line of the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway at Beckenham, to pass under
the Sydenham-hill near the Crystal Palace by a tunnel,
thence to Dulwich and Battersea, where it terminates by a
junction with the Pimlico Railway, leading to the Victoria
Station. The intended City Extension branches off from
the West-end Extension line at a point near Dulwich,
passing through Camberwell to Blackfriars. The
works on the West-end Extension are of consider-
able magnitude, ana consist of 41 miles of cut-
tings and embankment, 1 mile of tunnel, and 4,262,
feet of viaduct, m king together 6i miles. The City Ex-
tension line is to consist of one mile of cuttings and em-
bankments, 31 miles of viaduct, a bridge over the Thames,
crossing close to Blackfriars-bridge, making together about
41 miles of line; a goods station by the water side, and a
passenger station at each side of the river. On the West-
end Extension the works are in a more advanced state
1 than those on the City Extension. Near the point of junc-
.7 tion at Battersea about 60 acres of land hive been secured,
upon part of which coke sheds and a semicircular
building for housing twenty-one locomotive engines, with
repairing shops at the rear, have been completed on a
most convenient and economical plan. Extensive ranges
of substantial buildings are in course of construction,
in which suitable machinery will be fixed for manufac-
-1 turing engines and other rolling stock for the railway
on a similar plan in every respect to that adopted at
the Wolverton establishment of the London and North
Western Railway Company. Some of those buildings are
in a forward state, and with the present rate of progress the
whole will be completed in the course of a few months.
With a view to accommodate the goods traffic a temporary
goods station has been erected here convenient to the main
line. Permanent rails have been laid from the main line to
the locomotive houses, the coke and coal sheds and goods
station, and will be extended to the other buildings as the
works progress. A portion of the main line from its junction
with the Pimlico line has been laid out fur about one-third
of a mile to the point where the viaduct commenced. The
tgwr eaterss
n t
hpao
tr tpi
oo ni n
to fa
ntdh e brickwork
the
intond intended
has been
station
at
Dulwich
ande-
the whole of this work is expected to be completed, and the
iron girders erected over the roads, streets, and highways
which the line crosses in about ten weeks. The brickwork
of this portion comprises a viaduct of 17 arches adjoining
the Wandsworth-road, a viaduct crossing the Clapham and
Bedford roads about 1,000 feet in length, and a viaduct at
the Manor-rise on the Brixton-road of 1,600 feet in length,
making together 3,110 feet of viaduct, These viaducts for the
greater portion of their length are constructed on a circu-
lar plan, and have been very substantially and beautifully
executed. The uniformity in the colour of the bricks, and
the workman-like manner in which they are put together,
form a striking contrast to the ordinary works for a similar
purpose. Of the works on the City Extension line, which
branches from the 'West-end Extension line at the Dulwich
junction, there is now completed upwards of a mile and a
quarter of viaduct along the back of the gardens and houses
in the Camberwell and Walworth-roads. About half the
length of this viaduct has been ballasted, and the permanent
way is being laid down. This viaduct is advancing at the
rate of 60 feet in length daily, and is expected to be com-
pleted to a point near the Elephant and Castle by August
next. The brickwork on this extension is also of the same
excellent quality as that of the West-end line. The works
for the main line beyond Dulwich towards Beckenham
junction are in course of construction. The chief work on
this section is a tunnel upwards of a mile and a quarter iu
length, passing, as before stated, under the Sydenham Hill
and the lirighton railways. Seven shafts have been sunk
from the top of the hill into the tunnel, and the excavation
is carried on to the full size in both directions from each
shaft, making 14 faces to work upon, and thus facilitat .
ing the progress very materially. About one-fourth
of the tunnel has thus been completed, and the average
progress of the tunnel is at the rate of 250 feet per month.
So soon as a short length of the tunnel has been ex-
cavated to the full size the bricklayers are set to work,
and that portion so excavated is completed before any fur-
ther advance in the excavation at that point is made. Tho
operation is then repeated, and the brickwork is completed
for a further length. The thickness of the brickwork varies
from 10 to 14 half- brick, according to circumstances ; the
bricks are of the hardest kind, manufactured on the spot in
great quantities by
means of powerful machinery. All of the
bricks used are very hard and compact, and some of them
made by one machine in particular are beautifully formrecdc;
colour.
the
clay I
et x oftencav at e happens very solid, presenting a polished surface of an
aapnpde nb
brought
0 uthat t
The improvements
into it again in the shape of solid bricks.have,
it appears, been
and experience of the past 20course of
tunnel
iaiscarriedexcellent
yearsaterials and facilitating the
brought to bear in providtihn
greater than was anticipated.
in
ou tt hoef tchoieu,
the result has been much
2 000 men and 250 horses an-
present about ,
progress sus
poofnt hole
There are at egsemmetropolitan extensions, and
ewwor okrks so .n

' -" Miss Bertie Cator, daughter of Admiral Cator,
has colleAecl
de t
she has a dhetocothste—alt7ioGn-oalfLiafeboat
after the Crown Princess of Pr ssia. lifeboat.,lns t Ni%t'ihl
ti
icohn a. lit ti nNs
st
Cater wishes the lifeboat to be called the Princess Royal,
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i:n
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way's proparatiowt

DRURY-LANE THEATRE ROYAL.
Lessee, Mr. E. T. SMITH..

CHRISTMAS HOLIDAYS.

GRAND 'MORNING PERFORMANCE of the PAN-
TOMIME every WEDNESDAY, at Two o'Clock.
THIS EVENING (SATURDAY) her Majesty's Ser-
vants will perfcrm the popular Farce, by J. B. Buckstone,
euiitled AN ALARMING SACRIFICE. Bob
Ticket, Mr. ; Pugwash, Mr. Barsby ; Mr. Skinner,
Mr. Hope; Susan Swee apple, Miss Keeley; Miss Wadd,
Miss Stuart ; Miss Tibbit, Miss Bland ; Miss Gimp, Miss
HarfICLIT Deborah, Mrs. Dowton.

vAlich will be produced, with that attention to com-
pleteness in every department by which the Christmas
Annuals of this Theatre have been so pie-eminently dis-
tingui,thed, the New Grand Comic Pantomime, entitled
HARLEQUIN and the HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT;
or, Old Mother Hubbard and het 11, onderful Dog.

"If a man do build a dwelling upon common land ft,ra
sunset to sunrise, and encl .se a piece of ground, wherein
there shall be a tree, a beast feeding, a fire kindled, a chim-
ney smoking, and provisions in the pot, such dwelling shall
be freely held by the builder, anything herein to the con-
trary nevertheless notwithstanding."—Old Forest Charter.
The Novel Effects and Splendid Scenery by
WILLIAM BEVERLEY,

Assisted by Messrs. C. Pitt, Craven, Brow, &C., &c.
Masks, Symbolic Devices, Personal Appointments, and
Designs for the Costumes, by the celebrated Dykwynkvn.
The Overture and Music composed and arranged by 'Air.
J. H. TULLY. The Machinery by Mr. Tucker and As-
sistants. The Tricks, Properties, Changes, and Transtor-
mations, by Mr. Needham, assisted by Messrs C-linden, H.
Adams, H. Langham, &c. The Costumes by Miss Dickin-
son, Mr. Lauri, and Mr. Palmer. The Gas Appointments
by Mr. fi inckley. The Choregra hie Arrangements by
Mr. Cormack. The Harlequinade and Comic Scenes by
Messrs. Cormack and B. Jones. The Perfume of the
Flowers supplied by Bimmel's process.
The Grotesque Burlesque Opening invented and written
by E. L. BLANCHARD.
And the whole arranged and produced under the imme-
diate superintendence of Mr, ROBERT ROXBY.

Synopsis of Scenery, Incidents, and Characters,
OLD MOTHER HUBBARD'S COTTAGE,

With Rural Landscape, and Rookwood Manor Hall in the
Distance (Daylight).
"Old Mother Hubbard, she went to the cupboard, to get
her poor Dog a bone; when she got there, the cupboard
was bare, and so the poor Dog had none."—Ancient Nur-
sery Legend.
Old Mother Hubbard, Mr. Atkins; Her Dog, Signor
Lorenzo ; Jack (the " Man all tattered and torn"), Miss
P. Hunt ; the Squire, Mr. Tom Mathews ; Dame Wiggins
of Lee, Mr. Dixon ; Dame Trot, Mr. Barsby ; Her Won-
derful Cat, Mister Waggles ; the Great Goose, Master
Sageaninguns ; Constables, Messrs. Grib and Grab ; Parish
Beadle, Mr. Bumble ; Villagers, Messrs. Yokel, Pumpkin,
Whackstraw, Chawbacon, &c., &c. ; Rosetta (the " Maiden
all Forlorn"), Miss Stuart. How Mother Hubbard has a
certain " party" to tea and turn out, and of the remarkable
pranks played by her comical Dog—The Head, the Hat,
and the Hose—The Dog's Tale and Mrs. H.'s Narrative—
Arrival of the Squire—Proclamation of Witch Burning—
Threatened incremation of Mother Hubbard on her own
hearth, and her Mystic Flight upon a Broomstick.
THE WITCHES' GLEN AND WATERFALL,
in the Valley of Perfumed Flowers, by Moonlight.
Will-el-the-Wisp

Ines Fatui—Mdlb;s. Sidney, Travers, Barnes, A. Barnes,
Livermore; Webb, Taylor, Braithwaite,Hammi ton, Stap-
ley, Harris, Candy, Copeland, Archer, Hawkins, Delaney,
Wilson, Williams, Robinson, Wood, Watson, and Hamel-
ton,

Grand Ballet, Chagne-a-Lanterne, by the Misses GUN-
NISS and the Ladies of the Corps de Ballet.

The Invocation I The Incantation I I and the Evapora-
tion I I I

THE VILLAGE GREEN AND ROADSIDE ALE-
HOUSE.

Old Grype (the Steward), Mr.. Glindon ; Old Scratche
(his Clerk), Mr. Tanner ; Tenantry, Messrs. Cringe,
Scrape, Shuffle, Cut, Packoff, Moonraker, and Runaway;
Tailor, Mr. Snipshears ; Bootmaker, Mr. Tightfit ; Mum-
mies, Messrs. Grinner, Joker, Magger, Cracksides,
O'Reilly, M'Phun, &c.; St. George, Mr. E. Roe; the
Dragon, Mr. Scalyfellow ; Valentine, Mr. Febbyerry ;
Orson, Mr. Wildman; Still-Walker, Mr. Longlers ; Bear-
Warden, Mr. Sreuggins ; the Bear, Mr. Huggins; Land-
lord, Mr. Treblex ; Morris-Dancers, Messrs. Trip, Tap,
Flip, Flap, &c., &c. ; Jack Padding, Mr. Merryman.
How the Souire celebrates his birthday, and the Village
Revel that follows—Coming of Age in the Olden Time—
How the Tenantry treated in one way and how Jack is
treated in another—the Dog's instinct and Mother Hub-
bard's reason.