The Sun.
London, England, 1861-01-10 00:00:00


Crowned heads are allowed more than the usual
rights of repentance. The patience of the world is
remarkable when the errors of a sovereign are to
be judged. The subjects of his brother potentates
are scarcely less complaisant than his own. For
many weeks every nation in Europe, and none more
than the French, has been speculating on the ob-
ject of the French Emperor's policy at Gaeta, while
in Italy itself the evils which this perverse con-
duct inflicts on the country have caused a feeling of
very strroag resentment. Yet so exalted is Monar-

chi, and so forgiving are we who look up to it,
that the Emperor Napoleon, by yielding at the last
moment, and permitting whit he ought never to
have prevented, may not only reinstate himself in
our good opinions, but cause us to be called upon

by his followers for paeans of admiration. As prac-
tical men we shall not refuse any complimentary
language which is agreeable to the Imperial party
and not inconsistent with truth. We may there-
fore say that his Majesty will show his wisdom,
and deserve the approbation of the world, if he ful-
fils the promise -which has been held out by the
Ministerial press, and withdraws his fleet from Gaeta

after giving 15 days' notice to the Bourbon King.
We may also say that this is the course which we
have always anticipated he would take as soon as
the-arguments used by the friends of Italian liberty
had been weighed by his unerring judgment. Let
us, then, forget the weary weeks of this unneces-
sary siege, the men and money which it has cost,
the reactionary tumults to which it has given rise,
the disquiet which it has inflicted on Italy, Austria,
Germany, England, and France itself, by prolong-
ing the term of suspense, and causing men to fear
that another war must precede the settlement of
Italy.
Let us forget these things, that is, if the policy
of thelEmperor becomes once more intelligible and
loyal. He is bound by obligations as sacred to a
high-minded ruler as any treaty to abstain from in-
terference in the affairs of Italy, except so far as
relates to Rome and the country surrounding it,
On the faith of a friendly understanding, and,
indeed, of actual promises, the British Government
has treated the Tuileries with excessive confidence,
and entered into a commercial treaty which must
seriously embarrass our finances, if distrust and
stagnation of trade should be the rule within the
next year or two. We cannot but think that the
Emperor will appreciate the good will which the
English people have displayed, and will show this
appreciation by allowing Southern Europe to have
rest. But even at the present moment, though it
is pretty certain that the Emperor is about to with-
draw his fleet, no one can tell what terms he intends
to impose on Piedmont. Some speak of a notice to
Francis II. to leave his stronghold on pain of being
left to his fate, which would then assuredly be to
become the prisoner of either the hostile General or
Admiral. But it is said that there is another course

more attractive to the Emperor's imagination,
although we cannot see its advantage to any one.
This is to impose on Victor Emmanuel a truce for
a long period, three months or more, and then to
call a Congress at which the affairs of Italy should
be debated. The love of the Emperor for Con-
gresses would seem to be a passion as incurable as
it is unintelligible. Why a Prince who, in his
own dominions, and even in his own Cabinet, is
unwilling to allow any one to have a voice but him-
self should delight in drawing together obstinate
Plenipotentiaries from all parts of Europe is a
thing we give up all hope of understanding. Act-
ing alone, he is, from his superior military strength,
the arbiter of Italy. Acting in conjunction with
England, he has the power of helping a renowned
and gifted race to establish its freedom, and of
giving France a powerful ally, while he insures
for his own name a high place in the annals of
this century. Indeed, Napoleon III. has achieved
a position which, if he uses it well, may cause
some future Plutarch to compare him not disad-
vantageously with his uncle. To make France
great by developing instead of overthrowing or
suppressing the nationalities which lie about it,
to carry French ideas to the ends of Europe, and to
spread the fame of the French arms without using
them to devastate the world, is in the power of
this fortunate ruler, and yet he would abandon all
these privileges in order that one of his favourites
may sit at the top of a green table with two rows
of star-spangled diplomatists at the sides.
Without pretending to penetrate the secrets of
Courts, much less the hearts of Sovereigns, one
may form a fair notion of the influences which have
acted on the French Emperor during the last few
months. He is by the nature of his position placed
between legitimacy and liberty, and is drawn
towards one by the very fact of his believing that
he has conciliated the other. He has done so much
during the last two years for the Italian cause and
for the English alliance, that he thinks his brethren
who are opposed to these heresies have some claim
to his consideration. How anxious all of these are
to withdraw him frcm his liberal courses, and to
make him one of themselves, is shown by the \way
in which they have applauded the useless ty:id im-
potent interference at Gaeta. Russia, Prussia, and
even Austria have exulted over the "ieturn of the
sheep who had gone astray. rr:ne Pope on New
Year's-day' congratulated C eneral Goy on on the
support which his master was giving to a just and
holy cause. The LP_gitimiqs are certainly thankful
for small mercies, but still the rate at which they
value the Emperor's courtesies is an inducement to
him to keep them in good-humour. Add to this
that he has the French clergy to conciliate, who
are not the less discontented because they are more
quiet than a year ago, and it will be understood
why, after having delivered Lombardy himself,
and suffered Garibaldi to deliver Naples, he should
desire to display himself in a conservative atti-
tude. To do the Emperor justice, we believe he
looks upon the English and the Italians as his
natural allies, and is resolved eventually to satisfy
them, but he would have it appear that he is
forced by circumstances to submit to the vic-
tories of liberty ; he would act towards those
whose cause he favours as he acted towards Sar-
dinia four mouths ago, when he protested at her
invasion of the Papal States, withdrew his
Minister, and then let her alone. By the Congress
after which he labours he probably desires to
give a proof to his brother Potentates of bow mode-
rate are his own counsels, and how completely they
are frustrated by the revolutionary impulses of the
Italians.
In this state of things the path of English policy
is clear. We desire nothing more, and shall accept
nothing less, than the often-repeated doctrine of
non-interference. A Power like England owes it
to its own dignity to maintain the principle which
it has once adopted, and which has been acquisced
in by France. Happily, we have in this case the
sympathies of every party in France, except the
Ultramontanists. The Imperialist journals are as
much puzzled and irritated by the vagaries at Gaeta
as is the 8iecle or any other Liberal paper. Their
manner of speaking of the Emperor's acts is more
expressive than if they used their newly acquired
privilege of hostile discussion. They are sure the
Emperor will act loyally to his unfortunate friend
Francis II. They are sure that he will not leave
him and his family to fall into the hands of the
Piedmontese. Now that the King of Naples has
done all that honour requires, it is for him to con-
sider whether he shotild not retire ; and he may
count on receiving in France the welcome due to
his courage under misfortune. At any rate, the
French fleet ought not to leave, and will not leave,
without warning him that the protection which it
has hitherto given to his person and family is to be
withdrawn. All this means clearly that the French
people, even those most attached to the present
dynasty, do not wish it to be thought that their
country is fighting against the liberties of a
struggling nation. On the Italian question, at
least, the alliance between the English and French
nations is complete.—Tones.

[ADVERTISEMENT.]—The greatest happiness of a jour-
nalist is to introduce to his readers some new discovery cal-
culated to benefit that vast portion of our fellow-creatures
which has the strongest claims upon our sympathies. It is
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following extracts from Du Barry's interesting report of
cures without medicine by Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica
Food. Cure 180—Mr. %V. R. Reeves, 181, Fleet-street,
London, of twenty-five years nervousness, constipation,
indigestion, and debility. Cure No. 54,618—Wandsbeck,
near Hamburgh, May 12, 1857,—I hereby certify that my
mother•in-law, Mrs. Holze, who has just completed her
107th year, after having suffered for half a century and
more, from indigestion (dyspepsia), and consequent dis-
orders, has been perfectly cured by Du Barry's Revalenta
Arabica Food, and is now enabled to digest almost
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Avoid Pills and Medicines : they invarieoly aggravate and
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liver complaints and an their consequences. Certificate
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MD., F.R.S., Dr Harvey, Dr. Wurzer, Dr. Shorland, Dr.
Campell. Let invalids avoid the fearful dangers of spu.
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.a variety of
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high Court of Chancery under a penalty of £5,000 against
Alfred Hooper Nevill and his agents ; and the pretences
that Nevill has a patent for Arabica Food and that Du
Barry's are connected with such patent are utterly false.
No canister is genuine without the name Barry Du Barry
and Co., 77, Regent-street, in full, ontheseal and wrapper.
Shopkeepers who attempt imposition in one article must
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tea-dealers; etaiarrteyd- ed-ties ;a
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at
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at
•

FOOD ACT.

Dr. Letheby, the medical officer of the City, in
his quarterly report, says :—
" In the matter of the Adulteration of Food Act, I have
had but four applications for analysis. These are one for
milk, two for bread, and one for mustard. The milk was
delivered in the ordinary way to a householder in Martin's-
lane, Cannon•street, and it was adulterated with water.
One of the samples of bread was adulterated with rice and
alum, and contained about 44 per cent. of water. The other
sample was genuine bread, of good wheaten flour. The
sample of mustard consisted of mustard meal, wheaten
flour, and tumeric ; but considering that the proportion of
wheaten flour was not excessively large, and that it is a
common and necessary practice to dilute the meal of mus-
tard in order that it may be used as an agreeable condiment,
I do not think that the mixture was an adulteration, and
therefore I certified that it did net contain anything injuri-
ous to health. I am very anxious that the practical work-
ing of this act should be of advantage to the public, and
should be brought fully and fairly into operation within
the City. This, however, must be effected by the energy
of the citizens themselves; for however desirable it may be
to expose the frauds and dangers of adulteration, the act
has not contemplated that the exposure should be brought
about by the offices of the common informer. In every
case therefore the public must initiate the inquiry by a fair
and open purchase of the articles suspected to be adulte-
rated. Of the many classes of adulteration that deserve
attention, there are none so serious in their consequences as
those which affect the stamina and health of the people.
The adulteration of bread, for example, with materials that
lessen its nutritive value, is not merely a fraud on the
pocket, but also a fraud on the constitution of the con-
sumer; for that which diminishes the flesh-forming con-
stituents of so important an article of diet must necessarily
be a means of impairing the growth of the animal fabric,
and of weakening the force of labour. In some cases of adul-
teration the practice of it has a far more extensive relation
to the affairs of the community than at first sight appears.
To take the sophistication of beer and porter as an instance,
it is well known that the publicans, almost without excep-
tion, reduce their liquors with water after they are received
from the brewer. The proportion in which this is added
to the beer at the better class of houses is nine gallons per
puncheon, and in second-rate establishments the quantity
of water is doubled. This must be compensated for by the
addition of ingredients which give the appearance of
strength, and a mixture is openly sold for this purpose. The
composition of it varies in different cases ; for each expert
has his own particular nostrum. The chief ingredients,
however, are a saccharine body, as foots and liquorice to
sweeten it ; a bitter principle, as gentian, quassia, sumach,
and terra japonica, to give stringency; a thickening mate-
rial, as linseed, to give body; a colouring matter, as burnt
agar, to darken it ; coculus indicus, to give a false strength;

and common salt, capsicum, copperas, and Dantzic spruce
to produce a head, as well as to impart certain refinements
of flavour. In the case of ale its apparent strength is re-
stored with bitt rs and sugar-candy. Now, apart from the
question of how much injury is done to the health of the
consumer by this practice, or how large is the fraud on the
pocket of the purchaser, it is a matter of interest to know
what is the effect of it on the revenue. There are, I believe,
about 6,200 publicans and beer retailers in this metropolis.
Supposing that each, on an average, has a sale for only six
barrels of beer and porter per week, and that the degree of
dilution is but to the extent of five gallons of water per
barrel, in the aggregate there would have been used 186,000
gallons of water per week. This, if properly and honestly
brewed into beer, would have required about 1,722 quarters
of malt ; and as each quarter of malt pays a duty of 22s. 6d.
to the revenue, there is a fraud of rather more than £1,937
sterling per week, or nearly £100,800 per annum. In like
manner almost every such fraudulent practice of trade has
a wider relationship to the public interests than the mere
act itself would imply. I will not, however, pursue this
further at present ; and in leaving it, I venture to express
a hope that, as the public interests are so largely concerned
in the general application of this act of Parliament, its
execution will be faithful and vigorous."

COUNTRY MARKETS.

SHEFFIELD-JAN. 8.

At the market to-day there was a good attendance, and
an active business was done ill wheat, which was at fully
late rates for the better quaPaies. Flour advanced id per
stone. In oats, beans, barley, and other articles there
was no change. The following are the quotations :—
Red wheat, per load of 3 imperial bushels 248 Od to 288 Od
White
31 )7 258 Oil to 28s Od
New red
„
,, 20s Od to 2580d
1
New white » 248 Od to 26s 6a
Beans
)) 77 Ms Od to 22i Od
Peas, per qr 54s Od to 55s Od
Grinding barley, per qr 338 Od to 35s Od
Malting.ditto, ,, 35s Od to 43s Od
Oats
I, 258 6d to 3480d
Millers' price's for flour-2s 5d, 2s 7d, and 2s 9d per
141b.