The Sun.
London, England, 1857-03-21 00:00:00

am"saftfte.....
eerruni'
rd h-fitio°T.ll;.
pPublic virtue is the vital tpirlt of republics,
rov,s that when this has decayed, and the
:fvf_e °I znoney has usurped its place, although the forms
et..4-ve government may remain for a season, the sub-
'ne has departed for ever.
ip ;:iOstuerrypresent ranancial condition is without a parallel
Irena too largeNn. aation h.as ever efore been embarrassed
its.treasury. This almost ne-
eesearil • "urplus is •lt* o It ro-
Y glv,.as birth to extravaant legis a io . p
tpeliliw,ild schemes of expenditure, and bege.ts a race of
1164afeta and jobbers whose ingenuity is exerted in
te arid promoting expedients to obtain the public
toii:At'etTlityTorhe party, through its official agents, whether
wrongfully, is suspected, and the character
thtisheGoverniment suffers in the estimation of the people.
teii„,i! in i,self a very great evil. The Rational mode of
pie;yrern this embarrassment is to appropriate the sur-
elea-,i3 the treasury to great national objects for which a
the; w.rarrant can be found in the constitution. Among
dehis,4 might mention the extinguishment of the public
Itat pre-
afloat veasonable increase of the navy, which is at
uequate to the protection of our vast tonnage
Well now greater than tat of any other nation—as
, as the defence of our extended seacoast.
rile: it it', beyond all question, the true principle that no
fee the 6 eeVellllo ought to be collected from the people tba
se)esilluunt necessary to defray the expenses of a wise
°lejeal, and efficient administration of the govern-
set To
a tilod• reach this point it was necessary to resort to
Pre ti of the tariff, and this has been accom-
1141,eak' elle.) a manner as to do as little injury as may
Peei pueell Practicable to our domestic manufactures, e -
4ke 4Y Mamie necessary for the defence of the country.
PseYpecleiseriteination against a particular branch for the
°tint 6 benefitting favoured corporations, individuals,
tee, °Nets would have been unjust to the rest of the
bd eatlititariffyty, and inconsistent with that spirit of fairness
which ought to govern in the adjustment of
Irersue
tortT3ut the
squandering of the public money sinks into
Thep Par ative insignificance as a temptation to corruption
ese'Pared with the squandering of the public lands.
411 h-41t4°11 in the tide of time has been blessed with so
140 Pudic
noble an inheritance as we enjoy in
vrhiPellie lands. In administering this important trust,
ikp _
'nay be wise t> grant portions of them for the
let tTtensent of the remainder, yet we should never for-
-144 hisat it is our cardinal policy to reserve these lands as
Atiftiem 48 may be for actual settlers, and this at moderate
Asti'• We shall thus not only best promote the pros-
Pet/ of the new States by furnishing a hardy and inde -
eec'elat race of honest and industrious citizens, but shall
slre.te homes for our children and our children's chi!.
may'4o well as for those exiles from foreign shores who
i!seit in this country to improve their condition and
ielre-3°Y the blessings of civil and religious liberty. Such
Preezerants have done much to promote the growth and
bettlilietitY of the country. They have proved faithful
are Peace and in war. After beconlieg citizens they
Pia -"ttied, under the constitution and laws,
.t.
t,11114, " perfect equality with native-born ci '-
this character they .
.should. ever be
irloilkdlYt:rne(clogriinised. The Federal Constitution is a grant
the States to Congress of certsin specific powers,
tall la question whether this grant shall be libe-
tiej tr strictly construed has, more or less, divided polls
is parties from the beginning.
t"ithout entering into the argument, I desire to
tee at the commencement of my administration that
a ei'serPerience and observation have convinced me that
Vie '°t construction of the powers of the Government is
tie onl7 true as well as the only safe theory of
13%,,,:natitution. Whenever in our past history doubtful
fltil4B hare been exercised by Congress they have never
kat,. to Produce injurious and unhappy consequences.te
iltop'ec Buell instances might be adduced if this were h
Ittei3Ooctision. Neither is it necessary for the public
ill tic° to strain the languags of the constitution, because
l a great useful powers required for a success-
w--4hoistration of the Government, both in peace and
tile;thear, have been granted either in express terms or by
t•ltiell't implication. While deeply convinced
aorf.
ralocit ruths,
yet consider it clear that, ander th
Itallegta "te, Congress may appropriate moneey.wtc;);
4401 me Construction of a military road when this .
titorv4"),l3' necessary for the defence of any State or tee
e-
asiit°' the TJnion against foreign invasion. Under
aed
Int otion Congress has power to declare war, to raiseand
;t° eimil:Port armies, to provide and maintain a navy,
:flaa."•th the militia to repel invasion. Thus endowed
reeporTA4l,Ple manner with the war-making power, thecor-
Prot Xing duty is required that the United States shall
is it sack of them (the States) against invasion. How
vaeieelble to afford this protection toCalifornia and ourd
-,_Poasessions except by means of a military r?a,
tsee ga•the territory of the United States, over whico
ttatuttlt,d Munitions of war may be speedily transported
eees:e Atlantic States to meet and repel the invaders
411' De, of a War with a naval power much stronger than
atlae et we should have then no other available accessnt_
!lose si)_/leific coast, because such a power would inststly
. arl route across the isthmus of Central America.
las :14Poseible to conceive that while the constitution
I 44415'6681y required Congress to defend all the States,e.
ould yet deny to them, by
any
fair nnof these
ngtrn
lteteithe only possible means by which one
'tee -heals be defended. Besides, the Governrnent,eovn.
ever
ttectrB origin, has been in the constant practice of o
lder military roads. It might also be wise to con.-
Itteevtnether the love for the_ n !Dien which now am-
tipc our fellow-citizens on the Pacific coast may not be
alred by our neglect or refusal to provide for them,
),Zeit• remote and isolated condition. the only means
Lmleh the power of the States on this side of the
Mountains can reach them in sufficient time to
'0(1474 them against invasion. I forbear for the present
top„elPressirig an opinion as to the wisest and most
i-MiCal mode in which the Government can lend its
Niel! accomplishinif this griltoatncle nweacy7swarkuonrow
:erthat many d._ E_nualtie degreeh
1,5„10 formidable, i great vanish as soon as
hillearest and the best route shall have been satisfac-
-1? ascertained.
te:! 'Flay be right that on this occasion I should make
ofbrief remarks as to ourtriguhst.s and duties as a mem-
-11 ti!he great family of na to In our intercourse
,),:ero there are some plainprinciples approved by
krt. "".„4xperience, from which ave should never de-
jeme27a ought to cultivate peace, commerce,and
Ibuip with all nations, and this riot merely as the '
la 'gilts of promoting our own material interest, but
of Christian benevolence towards our fellow-
lintqlerever their lot may be cast. Our diplomacy
ate 'direct and frank—neither
useeking to obtain
o lerierraceepting less than is our d
uNeY
of
oughtut:-
" sacred regard for the independen t
'Le' a" never attempt to interfere in the domestic.
livedne , this shall be imperatively re-
b any, uniess
ittte I.Y- the great law of self-preservation. To avoid
3'e,Llnk alliances has been made a maxim of our po-
et,,,"t °ince the days of Washington, and its wisdom
itietrill attempt to dispute. In short, we ought to
%tic, fee in a kindly spirit to all nations, and require
ih,rh torn them in return. It is our glory that, while
°l4-I,4ti°°B have extended their dominions by the sword
4ese, 'lever acquired any territory except by fair pur-
ieet.nr, as in the case of Tcx is, by the voluntary de.teru-
sad ti" of a brave, kindred, and independent people t 8
• 4eir destinies with our own., Even our acquisition%
4414).e1ti0n form no exception • unwilling' to take a.d
„,• " of thelortune of war against a sister Republic,
-`robased these possessions, under a treaty o.f peace.,
kleestu'll•Which was considered at the time a fair eque,
• 4,04
i:tnirertriaet history forbids that we shall in the future
hstic-errit°l37, unless this be sanctioned by I
ell wiliS honour. Acting on this principle.f
the
'agree chi's a right to interfere or complain!
'Not: tevents, we shall still further extend co'urpuons:
the • tiitherto in all our acquisitions the people
hi ref Protection of the American flag have enjoye civil
‘se eligl.°os liberty as well as equal and just laws,. and
.eeD
) the
_Contented, prosperous,
.and
.happy. Their trade
very e rest of the world has rapidly increased, and. thus
'eeful'3ratuercial nation has shared largely in their suc
ter, . Progress. I shall now proceed to take the oath
crib_
le hie ed by the constitution, while humbly involt,Tg
Thas''ing of divine Providence on this great people..
0.
inauguration ball at Washington, the closing
Ike -,, °I the ceremonies, passed off satisfactorily.
Ud sew President and Vice-President were present,
mere received with the greatest enthusiasm.
Mresident Pierce was too unwell to be present.
r
--Puchanan's Cabinet nominations were sent
I 0-1 f rmed by the Senate on the 6th inst.,
4° 8 Secretary of State—Lewis Cass.
'.'eeceretaryy off the Treasury—Rowell Howell Cobb.
YBuchanan Floyd.
kejreett:ry of
the Navy—lsaac Toucey.
Attorney-General—Jeremiah
of the Tnterior—Jacob Thompson.
'‘httoriley-General—Jeremiah S. Black.
r-General—Aaron Venable Brown.
Inas
e York Lvening Post, of the 6th, pub-.
particulars relative
following4-"tke:tNheew important
~"1-,9 amended tariff just. ashdeoetpted :
we publish the tta-
et 14 another part of this
Ile amending our tariff of duties enacted by Congress at
Pas session which has just closed. This act, which
l
by the Committee of Conference
kora agreedr!?lasprorunisoen
between the different plans discussed
ly 'Quoin the indirect taxes, passed on Monday night
In tbe
?,,444!arge majority in both Souses of Congress.
A gi;e the vote stood 33 to 8 ; in the house, 124 to 79.
Itete.1418"11 the whole, more satisfaction than was ex-
-4101;4 to the interests represented at. Washington.
lad te,. who complain most loudly are the wool-growers
The former
klkhjia Manufacturers of fine broad-cloths.
ieev44ll of the provision which makes cheap woolquty
hien',..lhe latter that the duty on fine wools is not. low
The cotton manufacturers are pleased with the
4iri,7011 free of dye stuffs, acids, and manufacturing
for
she ;B„geberally, which more than compensates them
Nbrizight reduction of the duties on imported cotton
sort ' A- distinction was made in the bill between fine
utt:- goods and the cheaper unbleached kinds. The
41111 W ere Placed at per 19 cent., for the same reason,
f "s, that cheap wool was placed in the free list—
Aill 4.1.° suit the convenience of Southern planters, who
tice7.4B get their negro blankets and shirts at lower
tho,ale bill is not what it ought to be in all respects,
lliteolt7, Perhaps, the best that could be got. Instead of
wi• th„.l.l,l°g the tariff by adopting two or three schedules,
re-; 'ref) list, Congrees has complicated the business
art' vet
nine 'schedules, while the number of. free
Mee ;.,
the "by no means enough to effect that of
'lot) "lie which was the main object of their legis
41iiei," the subject. Iron and sugar are the interests
C e„are most unfavourably affected by the measure,
Cott nuke the producers and manufacturers of wool and
pedum they gain no compensating :advantage for the
igeitiort on their staples.
from
0 tills and sugar are, by the new tariff, reduced
a Per cent. to 24 per cent. Wool costing over 20 cents.
121""ld at the port of exportation is also reduced from
a 0 De.
ro-- taxed 24 per cent., while wool costing less, and
e—vofore 30 per cent., is placed on the free list.

Fine cottons are reduced from 25 per cent, to 24 per
cent., and cottons unbleached from 25 to 19 per cent.
"The different schedules are thus arranged :
" Schedule A, of the tariff of 1846, includes brandy.
cordials, and all spirituous liquors, which were taxed 100
per cent. of their value ; and schedule B includes wines,
cigars, manufactured tobacco, sweetmeat', meat., game,
alabaster and spar ornaments, spices, &c., which are
charged with a duty of 40 per cent. The duty on the
articles included in both schedules is now to be 30 per
cent.
" Schedule C, under the tariff of 1846, included a
large list of commodities, among which were iron, glass,
woollens, sugar, ale, and beer, charged with a duty of
30 per cent. These are now subject to a duty of 24 per
cent. From this list are excepted by the act of 1857
ginger, green, ripe, dried, preserved, or pickled ; ochres
and ochery earths ; medicated roots, leaves • gums and
resins in a crude state, not otherwise provided for; wares,
chemical, earthern, or pottery, of a capacity not exceed-
ing 10 gallons, which are transferred to schedule E, and
the duty reduced to 15 per cent. All bleached, printed,
or dyed cottons, also, hereafter belong to this schedule
and pay 24 per cent. on their value.
" Schedule D, including flannels, floorcloths, carrots,
baizes, hemp, manufactured silk, cables, cordage, &c.,
undergoes a reduction from 25 per cent. to 19. Japanned
leather aud skins of all kinds are transferred to this
schedule.
" Schedule E, which under the tariff of 1846 paid a
duty of 20 per cent., and comprised an extensive list of
commodities, among which were blankets, furs on the
skin, all oils used in painting, various pigments, metals,
timber, and wood of various kinds, barley, beef, &c., is
now to p,y a duty of 15 per cent.
" Schedule F, which includes a few articles paying
hitherto a duty of 15 per cent., such as arsenic, gold and
siver leaf, steel in bars, cast or sheer, &c., will pay a
duty of 12 per cent. Borate of lime and cedilla, or tow
of hemp and flax, are added to this schedule.
"Schedule G, including books, magazines, pamphlets,
periodicals and illustrated newspapers, engravings or
plates, genie and precious stones, watches, &c., is reduced
from 10 to 8 per cent. To this schedule are referred
antimony, barks, crude camphor, cantbarides, carbonate
of soda, emery ; fruits, green, ripe, and dried ; gum ara-
bia and
other like gums ; machinery imported for mak-
ing flax and linen goods, tin in plates or sheets, sponges,
and various ornamental woods.
" Schedule H, which under the tariff of 1846 was
charged with 5 per cent., is to pay 4. This includes raw
hides, brass, and tin in page or bars, tortoiseshells, zinc
and spelter manufactured, &c. To this schedule a con•
siderable number of articles is transferred.
"Schedule I, or the free list, is enlarged by the addi-
tion of a large number of commodities."
A most important incident in the news by this
arrival is the decision of the Supreme Court of the
United States in the care of Dred Scott, a negro,
who claimed his freedom on the ground that he had
resided two years by the act of his owner in a State
where slavery was prohibited by its constitution,
and afterwards in a territory from which it was
prohibited by the Missouri compromise. The Su-
preme Court denies the validity of his claim, aud
decides the following points :
" 1. That Scott, being a negro, is not a citizen, inas-
much as men of the African race, whether slave or free,
are not citizens of the United States. He cannot, there-
fore, sue in the courts of the United States.
2. "The ordinance of 1787 had no independent con-
stitutional force or legal effect subsequently to the adop-
tion of the Constitution, and could not operate of itself
to confer freedom or citizenship within the north-west
territory upon negroes not citizens by the Constitution.
" 3. The Act of 1820, commonly called the Missouri
Compromise, in so far as it undertook to exclude negro
slavery from, and give freedom and citizenship to negroes
in, the northern part of the Louisiana cession, was a
legislative Act exceeding the powers of Congress, and
void of no legal effect to that end."
Several incidental points were also determined in
deciding these main points. The delivery of the
opinion occupied about three hours.
The Assembly passed the bill providing for the
removal of the quarantine on.the sth inst. .Nothing
of importance was done in the Senate.
The steamship Illinois left New York on the sth
for Aspinwall, carrying out about 500 passengers,
including a detachment of 250 United States' soldiers
bound for Oregon and Washington territories.
By way of New Orleans we have received details
of the news from the city of Mexico to the 10th,
and Vera Cruz to the 12th ult. The new constitu-
tion was sworn to on the sth ult., by President
Comonfort and many other public functiorarie4 and
generals. The Constituent Assembly had addressed
the people, asserting the inefficiency of the plan of
Ayutla, and the new constitution was generally ap-
proved. The new treaty with the United States
would, it was hoped, result in great commercial ad-
vantages to both republics, and form a bond of
closer union between the Governments.

We learn from Omaha. City, under date of the
12th ult., that the closing scenes of the Legislature
of Nebraska Territory were very exciting. The
popular voice had charged several members with
corruption with respect to their votes on the pas-
sage of some bank charters. In consequence the
Governor vetoed six charters so obtained. A crowd
of rioters pursued the members accused to the office
of the Territorial Secretary, and disregarding all
form of an investigating committee attempted to
inflict personal chastisement on one legislator. He
threatened to shoot with a revolver in reply, when
the Secretary turned the whole batch into the street..
Here the suspected members ran off and concealed
themselves. The legislative session would close on
the 13th February. The Governor was completely
bewildered by these occurrences.
The business at the New York Stock Exchange
on the 6th iust. was again quite large, the orders
from outside parties being evidently on the in-
crease. The brokers themselves were becoming
more equally divided in opinion as to the immediate
prospects of the market, aud, although at and after
the close of the regular dealings at each session the
Bears make strong efforts to weaken the general
tone, the registered sales were rather above than
below the advance established on the previous day.
The business was even betterdistributed throughout
the official list, and adds up 28,000 shares and about
$50,000 in bonds, the latter mostly in retail parcels.
New York and Erie and Reading were to per
cent., offeeedinthe "street" afterthe adjournment
of the afternoon Board. New York Central, 91 ;
Hudson River up 2 percent. since Wednesday; sales
'at 301 cash ; Milwaukee and Mississippi up 1 per
cent., and no stock offered at the close at the ad-
vanced bid of 721 ; Illinois Central largely done at
140 to 139 to 1381 per cent. ; La Crosse and Mil-
waukee rose percent. ; Michigan Southern Sink-
ing Fund Bonds in request at 80 per cent.
In money the inclination was to ease in the dis-
count market, and good paper since the 4th of
March payments, which were heavy and well met,
was in request at 9 per cent. for prime and 10 per
cent. for fair lists. On demand loan there was some
additional activity, owing to the heavy business
doing on the Stock-Exchange and the dulness in
foreign bills, of which the regular banking houses
have now a good supply. An old and leading firm
reduced their rate on London to 1081, and the quo-
tation for first-class bills is now 108 to 108 k.
The European news to hand by the Atlaetic and
Persia had a depressing influence on the cotton market
yesterday, and sales of about 4,003 bales were made,
chiefly in transittc, at prices which indicated a de-
cline of about Ic. per lb. below the extreme high
rates current in the fore part of the week. The Persia
having been telegraphed early in the forenoon
checked sales of flouri w
mohichderate closesaled ds.ull at
Wheat
the
previous day's prices, with
was in fair demand, with sales of Southern white
at $1 73c., Mis4ouri red at $1 52c. to $1 54c., and
common western ditto $1 461 c. Corn was firm,
and western mixed sold at 731 c. to 74c., and old
and new Southern yellow at 76c. Pork was firm,
with sales of new mess at $23 70c. to $23 75c. ; at
the close $24 was asked. Lard was in active demand
for future delivery, and sales made freely at 141 c.,
and a sale was also repotted to arrive at 15c.
Sugars were steady, with sales of 500 to 600 hhds.
and 1,000 boxes. Coffee sold to the extent of about
1,500 to 2,000 bags of all kinds, at steady prices.
Freights continued to rule low. To Liverpool
40,000 bushels of corn, in bulk and bags, were en-
gaged at 41c. to 4ic. and some wheat in bags at
4ic. Flour at ls. 6d: to Is. 7d., and lard at 15s.
To other ports rates were quiet, and quotations
unchanged.

NEW ORLEANS, MARCH 6.
Cotton.—Sales to-day, 7,000 bales. Prices stiffer,
but not quotably higher; middling, 12i to 131..
Receipts to-day, 5,250 bales. Sugar selling at 10c.,
molasses 60c. Mess pork (Eastern), $22 50. ; lard
in kegs, 15c. Cotton freights to Liverpool, 15-32 d.
Sterling exchange, 71 per cent. prem.
CINCINNATI, MARCH 5.

Provisions active, and prices generally advancing.
Bacon sides now held at 111 c., and bulk 9ic. to
10z. More buyers than sellers at the former rate.
Mess pork hellot $2l.

IN THE MATTER OF CHARLES COGHLAN.—At the In-
solvent Debtors Court, yesterday, before Mr. Commis
sioner Murphy, Mr. Sargood moved that the rule nisi
granted in this case, which was made returnable on the
31st instant, might be beard before that day, ondtr
special circlmstances. The rule was obtained a few
days ago, on the part of Mr. George Samuel Ford, an
attorney, on Messrs. Ilerrieg and Co., the bankers, to
hold and retain the money in their bands, and also on
I.llr. Joseph Dawson, a trainer, to bold and retain the
racehorse, " Gemma di Vergy," until further notice,
with the view to make the property available for the
creditors. The object of his applicltion was in reference
to the horse, which was as he might say, " tied" up by
the rule, and he had an affidavit that the animal was
e_nogina ge. d t 0 run on Wednesday and Thursday next.—Mr.
Commissioner Murphy was ready to bear the case to.
(this day )—M S nod was obliged to the
r.Sargood
earned Commissioner.
serva the , but it would be necessary to
would hear presentthis
Tuesday.--The rule on Mr. Ford. Perhaps the court
matter at the sitting of the court on
being heard
on learned Commissioner acceded to the case
Tuesday, and it was accordingly ordered.