The Sun.
London, England, 1857-12-25 00:00:00

LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 25, 1857.

INNS OF COURT.

The Council of Legal Education have issued the
following rules for the public examination of the
students in Hilary Term, 1858 :
" The attention of the students is directed to the fol-
lowing rules of the lons of Court :
"As an inducement to students to propose themselves
for examination, studentships shall be founded of 50
guineas per annum each, to continue for a period of three
years, and one such studentships shall be conferred on
the most distinguished student at each public examina-
tion ; and, further, the examiners shall select and certify
the names of three other students who shall have passed
the next beet examinations; and the Inns of Court to
which such students belong may, if desired, dispense
with any terms, not exceeding two, that may remain to
be kept by such students previously to their being
called to the bar ; provided that the examiners shall
not he obliged to confer or grant any studentship or
certificate unless they shall be of opinion that the ex-
amination of the students they select has been such as
entitles them thereto.

"At every call to the bar those students who have
passed public examination and either obtained student-
ship or a certificate of honour shall take rank in seniority
over all other students whe shall be called on the same
day.

" No student shall be eligible to be called to the bar
who shall not either have attended during one whole
year the lectures of two of the Readers, or have satis-
factorily passed a public exaalination.

"Rule; for the Public Ex unination. of Candidates for
Honours or Certificates entitling Students to be called
to the Bar.

"An examination will be held in Hilary Term next,
to which a student of any of the Inns of Court, who is
desirous of becoming a candidate for a studentship or
honours, or of obtaining a certificate of fitness for being
called to the bar, will be admissible.

"Each student proposing to submit himself for ex-
amination will be required to enter his name at the trea-
surer's-office of the Inn_of Cpe—tn_ witich be belongs
Gw or befbre Thursday, the 31st Dec. inst., and be will
further be required to state in writing whether his object
in offering himself for examination is to compete for a
studentship or other honourable distinction, or whether
he is merely desirous of obtaining a certifiuste prelimi-
nary to a call- to the bar.

"The examination will commence on Thursday, 7th
Jan. next, and will be continued on the Friday and
Saturday following.

" It Will take place in the Ranchers' Reading-room of
Lincoln's-inn, and the doors will ba closed 10 minutes
after the time appointed for the commencement of the
examination.

" The examination by printed questions will be con-
ducted in the following order ;
"Thursday morning, Jan. 7, at half-past 9, on Con-
stitutional Law and Legal History ; in the afernoon, at
half-past 1, on Equity.
"Friday morning, Jan. 8, at half-past 9, on Common
Law ; in the afternoon, at half-past 1, on the Law of
Real Property, &c.
" Saturday morning., Jan. 9, at half-past 9, on Juris-
prudence and the Civil Law ; in the afternoon, at half-
past 1, a paper be given to the students, including
questions bearing upon all the foregoing subjects of
examination.

" Tbe oral examination will be conducted in the same
order, during the same hours, and on the same subjects
as those already marked out for the examination by
printed questions, except that on Saturday afternoon
there will be no oral examination. •
" The oral examination of each student will be con-
ducted apart from the other students, and tho character
of that examination will vary according as the student
is a candidate for honours or a studentship, or desires
simply to obtain a certificate.

" the oral Examination and printed questions will be
founded on the books below mentioned, regard being
had, however, to the particular object with a view to
which the student presents himself for examination.
"In determining the question whether a student has
passed the examination in such a manner as to entitle him
to be called to the bar, the examiners will principally have
regard to the general knowledge of law and jurisprudence
which he has displayed.
"A student may present himself at any number of
examinations until he shall have obtained a certificate.

" A student who shall obtain a certificate may present
himself a second time for examination as a candidate for
the studentship, but only at one of toe three examinations
immediately succeeding that at which he shall have ob-
tained such certificate, provided that if any student so
presenting himself shall not succeed in obtaining the
studentship his name shall not appear in the lid.
" Students who have kept more than 11 terms shall
not be admitted to an examination for the studentship.

" The Reader on Constitutional Law and Legal His-
tory proposes to ermine on the following subjects :
"He will expect all who present themselves for
examination to possess a general knowledge of the lead-
ing events in English history.
"He will expect the candidates for honours to be well
acquainted with the chapters in Mr. Hallam's "History
of the Middle Ages" on the English Constitution, with
the chapters in Hallam's " Constitutional History"
which treat of the reigns of E,izibeth, of the Stuarts, of
King William and Queen Anne, with so much of Rapin
and Tindal, and of Belsham or Maoaulay, as relates to
that period.
" He will expect them to be acquainted with the
appendices of Mr. Home from the time of Henry VII.
downwards ; with Lord St. Leonard's " Preface to Gil-
bert on Uses ;" with the notes of Mr. Butler on " Coke'd
Littleton," which gives the history of Uses and Trusts,
and an account of the Progress of Sabinfervlation. He
will expect them also to be acquainted with the most
remarkable State Trials from the time of Elizabeth to
the acces-ion of George I.
"The candidates for a pass will, moreover, be required
to possess an accurate knowledge of the reigns of Elizabeth
and the Stuart Kings, with the events of the Revolution
and the Act of Settlement, and with the State Trials dur•
iog the reign of Charles 11.
"The Reader on Equity proposes to examine in the
following hooks :

"1. 'Smith's Manual of Equity Jurisprudence, Mit-
ford on the Pl-achngs in the C')urt of Chancery, Intro-
duction'—chap. 1, secs. 1 and 2 ; chap. 2, sec. 1, part 1
(the first three pages) ; chap. 1, sec. 2, part 2 (the first
two pages) ; chap. 2, sec. 2, part 3 ; chap. 3. The Act
for the Improvement of the Jurisdiction of Equity, 15th
and 16th of Victoria, chap. 86. _ _

"2. The cases and notes contained in the first vol. of

White and Tudor's Leading Cases ; and the cases of
Bassett v. Noswortby,' Le Neve ♦. Le Neve," Robin•
son v. Pea," Penn v. Lord Baltimore,' and Howard
v. Harris,' in the 241 volume, w ith the notes on those
cases.

Candidates for certificates of baying parsed a tsatie-
factory examination will be expected to be well acquainted
with the books mentioned in the first of the above clae4es.

"Candidates for a studentship or honours will be
examined in the books mentioned In the two classes.
"The Reader on the Law of Real Property proposes
to examine hi the following books and subjects :
" 1. ' Joshua Wiliams on the Law of Real Property.'
" 2. On the Alienation of Real Estate by Tenants in
Tail, 3d and 4th of William IV., c. 74.

"3. On the Alienation of the Real and Personal Pro-
perty respectively of Married Women.
"4. Hayes on the Common Law Uses and Trusts.
"5. ' Hayes on Conveyancing ; chaps. 1-4 ; fifth
edition.
"Candidates for honours will be examined on all the
foregoing subjects, and candidates for a certificate on
those heads under 1,2, and 3.
41 The Reader on Jurisprudence and the Civil Law
proposes to examine candidates for honours on the fol-
lowing subjects :
" 1. The Elements of the Roman Law of Testamen-
tary Inheritance and Legacy—' Mackeldey's Systetna
Julie Romani ihdie Usitati,, lib. pp. 601-609 of the
Latin edition.

" 2. The Modification of Rights and Duties by Con-
ditions and Limitations of Time—' Lindley's Introduction
to the Study of Jurisprudence,' pp. 78-79.
" 3• The Conflict of Laws in regard to Jurisdiction,
Remedies, and Judgments —`Story's Conflict of Laws,'
chapters 14 and 15.
"Candidates for a certificate will be examined in :

" 1, •Sandars'e Institutes of Justinian,' book 2 (be-
ginning at the 10th title), and book 4 (beginning at the
6th title). _

"2. The Conflict of Laws in regard to Jurisdiction
and Remedies—' Story's Conflict of Laws,' chapter 14
" The Reader on Common Law proposes to examine
on the following books and subjects :
" Candidates for a pass certificate will be expected to
be familiar with—
"l. The Practice connected with the Writ of Sum-
mons, the Entry of Appearance, and the ordinary course
of Pleading in an Action.
"2. The Elements of the Law of Contracts, so far as
set forth in Smith's LAW of Contracts' (by Malcolm),
omitting sects. 3,4, 6, and 7.
" 3. The Elements of Criminal Law, as set forth and
illustrated in Brown's Commentaries,' book 4.
" Candidates for the studentship or honours will be

examined in the above books and subjects, and also in—
" 4. The Law of Bailments, so far as explained in
' Story on Bailments,' sth edition, chaps. 1 and 6, and
Coggs v. Bereari,' 1, Smith, L.C., 4th edition, p. 147,
with the note thereto.

"5. The following cases :
" 1. Lam of Contracts—` Crooltewitt v. Fletcher,' 1,
U. and N., 893 ; Hochbter v. Da la Tour,' 2, E. and
8., 678 ; Morley v. Attenhorougli, 3, Exch. 500.
"2. Law of Torts—' Degg v. Midland Railway Co.,
1, B. and N., 773 ; Southcote v. Stanley, Id. 247 ;
Humphries v. Brogden,' 12, Q. 8., 739.
"By order of the Council,
" BIGGS ANDREWS, Chairman, pro ton.
" Council-chamber, Lincoln's-inn, Dec. 2."

CRYSTAL PALACE.—ONE SHILLING DAY.—Yesterday
the admissions on payment were 353 ; ditto by season
tickets, 250 ; total, 603.
His Excellency Ferukh Khan visited several photo-
graphic galleries, yesterday morning, and later in the
day had an interview with the Earl of Clarendon, at the
Foreign-office. His Excellency returned to Ciaridge's
Hotel to dinner, and remained for the evening.

DB. LIFINGSTOIV'S DISCOVERIES IN

SOUTHERN AFRICA.

(From the Times.)
In esiiinating the amount of difficulty sur-
mounted by Dr. Livingston in the performance of
his great exploit—the crossing of the entire conti-
nent of South Tropical Africa—the reader must
not forget to take into account the hardships he
was compelled to undergo in reaching the base of
his operations, Linyanti, the capital of the friendly
chief of the akolelo,. without whose support all
progress to the north would have been hopeless.
To arrive at this place from Kuruman—itself the
frontier station of missionary enterprise when he
first went to Africa—occupied him more than six
months, although no longer encumbered with Wife
and children. On arriving in lat. 19 deg. 16 min.
be was brought to a standstill by African fever.
All his party except himself and a Bakwain boy,
were laid up by it. Fortunately, two or three
days before he fell in with a number of bushmen,
who proved very serviceable in his emergency. The
boy managed the oxen and the doctor attended to
the sick, keeping the Bushmen in good humour by
going out occasionally with them and shooting a
zebra, or buffalo. Sickness was not the only dan-
ger to be apprehended. The luxuriant growth of
the grass in the hot weather succeeding the rains.
always has a peculiar effect on draught oxen.
They became uneasy from fear of surprise by wild
beasts, and one night during the detention occa-
sioned by the fever, the sight of a hyena made the
whole of the doctor's cattle dash away into a track-
less forest in the neighbourhood. The boy fol-
lowed, and nothing was seen- of either during the
whole of the next day and night. On the morn-
ing of the following day, which, was a Sunday, the
lad returned, bringing about-40 -head With-
He had found them late in the afternoon of Satur-
day, and been obliged to stand by them as a guard
all night in the midst of a region full of wild
beasts. "It is wonderful," says the doctor,
" how, without a compass, and in such a country,
he managed to find his way back at all."
During his last visit to the Cape with his family,
Dr. Livingston appears to have received some in-
' strucions from Mr. Maclear, the astronomer there,
and to have been supp'ied by him with instruments
to enable him to lay down the geographical posi-
tions of important points. These, in the latter part
of his journal, are frequently noted ; but in tropical
Africa the atmosphere is so often cl ,uded that the
opportunities of taking an observation occur very
rarely. If the atmosphere were generally clear,
the intense power of the sun by day and the dews
consequent on the radiation of heat from the earth
by night would perhaps render the neighbourhood
of the equator literally uninhabitaile. Even as it
is, the description of the heat is something fearful.
At lat. 20 deg south the thermometer at the sur-
face of the ground in the sun marked 125 deg.
Fahrenheit. When the bulb was sunk three
inches below the surface it rose to 138. The hand
cannot be held on the ground,
and even the horny
soles of the natives' feet must be protected by san-
dals of hide. The water in the ponds at the sur-
face is 100 deg., but the thirsty traveller contrives
to get a cool draught by taking advantage of the
fact that fluids not readily conduct heat down-
wards. He walks into the middle and lifts up the
water from the bottom with his hands.
In order to reach Linyanti without passing
through the region of the tsetse, the poisonous fly
which is so fatal to cattle, Dr. Livingston pursued
a course directly north. This involved a peat deal
of pioneer's work, for the route lay through a th'ck
forest, and the feebleness of his convalescent corn-
parrons threw the duty of felling trees chiefly upon
their master. Here he was again fortunate enough
to fall in with some Bushmen, who showed h m a
pool of water when his own stock was exhausted,
and assisted him in recovering his oxen which again
had run away in a fright, this time occasioned by
a lion. The lion has a great dread of Bushmen,
who track him after he has made a full meal, and
shoot him with poisoned arrows. The poison is
made of the entrails of a small caterpillar called
IVgwa. A very small portion introduced into a
scratch acts like morbid matter in dissection ; but
the agony is so great that the person wounded be-
comes a raging maniac, and flies from human habi-
tations. The effects on the lion are no less
terrible. Re is heard from far off moaning in
distress, and in his rage bit es the trees and ground.
The Bushmen care a poisoned waind by rubbing
fat into it, and explain their mode of treatment by
saying that " the Ngwa want fat, and when it
does not find it in the, body, kills the man.'

At last, after many other perils, Dr. Livingston
arrived at Linyanti on the 23d of May, 1853. The
whole population, consisting of some 6,000 or 7,000
souls turned out to we'come him. Sekeletu, the son
of the deceased chief Sebituane, a young man of 18
no less friendly to the English than his father had
begin, received the party in what is conii ierel
Royal style. A numb r of pots of beer of the
country were set before them, and the Court
Herald, an officer of consideration but very various
duties, stood up, and, after many various antics—
for there is Court etiquette even in Central Africa
—roared out the appropriate forms of reception
at the top of his voice, " Don't I see the white
man ? Don't I see the comrade of Sebituane ?
Dont I see the father of Sekeletu ? We wart
sleep (peace from war ;
give your sou (Sckeletn)
sleep, my Lord." rlndeed, the position of
Sekeletu was not a very safe one. His
father had appointed Mamochisano, his half-
sister, to succeed ; and another near relative
named Mpepe was very anxious that she should
continue in the chieftainship, while he himself exer-
sed all real power under her name. But Mame-
chisane struck a death-blow to the intriguer's hopes.
ted Mpepe,
She insieted on resigning her dignity in favour
of her half-brother ; and the discen
foiled in his scheme, retired to Neriele, the ca-
pital of the Bat otse, who are a people subject to
ate
the Makololo tribe, and was there believed to be
practising magical arts for the purpose of causing
the destruction of the young chief. In fact, he had
built a hut for this wicked
eurpose in tha time of
Sebituane, who appears to have attributed his own
death—really brought on by smoking a pernicious
narcotic—to the mischief brewed in
the witch-hut.
But the villain now resorted to deans much more
formidable than sorcery, in order to attain his
ends. Influenced by the slavedealing tribes whose
interests had been menaced by the policy of
Sebituane and his son, he determined to take
off the latter by assassination. Tho attempt was
made while Dr. Livingston was on a t yur with the
intended victim a few weeks after the recep' ion just
mentioned, and his presence appears most provi-
dentially to have been the ob,tacla to its success.
Mpepe paid the penalty of his guilt with his life ;
but the ferment which
his death, caused among the
Barotse, through whose country Dr. Livingston 's
intended route lay, had the effect of inducing him
to remain same time longer at Linyanti.
This town, which our traveller made the base of
his future expeditions,
having acquired such influ-
ence with its people and chief as to be able to com-
mand all the assistance it was in their power to
render him, lies upon a river of considerable magni-
tude named Chobe. It is one of the affluents of
the Zambesi, into which it fells after a very tortuous
course of more than 200 miles below the town,
bringing with it most of the drainage of an area
comprised between the parallels of latitude 13° and
and 18°, and the meridians 18° and 23°. The point
at which it enters is a little below Sesheke, where
the Doctor first caught sight of the Zambesi. This
stream it was his intention to pursue upwards uutil
it should bring him into the vicinity of the western
seaboard. His friends the Makololo now put a
question which the formidable nature of his pro-
posed task rendered a very pertinent one :—" In
the event of your death, will not the white people
blame us for having allowed you to go away into an
unhealthy, unknown country of enemies ?" To
obviate their fears, the Doctor proposed to leave
" a hook" with them, which, if he did not return,
was to be sent to Mr. Moffat, and would perfectly
justify them in the eyes of his countrymen. The
" book" was, as may be supposed,
a volume of his
journal, and it is an unfortunate circumstance that
this care for the reputation
et
of the Makololo was the
i
cause of its being lost to ts writer ; for as he as
lung without being heard of, the volume was
delivered by Sekeletu to a trader, and all subsequent
certainly justified by the personal condition of
their guest, no less than by the dangers of the
trace of it lost. The fears of the Makololo were
country he was about to traverse. He had suffered
from an attack of fever since his arrival among
them, and, although he had recovered, his bodily
weakness was still considerable, co„ manifesta-
tion of this 1,1a3 a strange giddiness when he
looked up suddenly to any celestial object ;
everything seemel to rush to the left, and
if he did not catch hold of some object he fell
heavily to the ground. Yet, in this condi-
tion, the best season for travelling having
arrived, he determined to set out with the resolu-
tion " to succeed or perish in the attempt to open
up this part of Africa." Ho had with him 27 natives
subjects of Sekeletu, of whom two were genuine
Makololo, and the rest natives of other parts of

Central Africa. For his people he took three
muskets, and a rifle and double-barrelled smooth
bore for himself, a small gipsy tent just large enough
to sleep in, a sheepskin mantle for a blanket, and
a hi,reerug as a bed. A bible, nautical almanac,
and set of logarithmic tables, a sextant, thermo-
meter, chronometer watch by Dens, of the Strand,
and two compasses constituted his theological and
scientific apparatus, unless we should include in
the one or the other a magic lantern, which, was
found exceedingly useful on several occa4ions.
Depending for suly,istence mainly on the supply of
game, and anxious to lighten his baggage as much
as possible, he took only about 201 b. of beads to
barter for food in case of necessity, and about the
same quantity of coffee, tea, and sugar. One very
curious provision must not be forgotten. A tin
canker about 15 inches square, was filled with
spare shirting, trousers, and shoes, reserved to be
put on when the party should reach civilised life.
On the 11th of November the travellers left Liuy-
anti in canoes furnished by Sekeletu, who had also
made provision for their hospitable nception as far
as his influence extended. After sailing into the
Zambesi, which here goes by the name of
Lecambye,* they ascended that river as far as
the falls of Gonye, where they arrived on the last
day of November. The river above the falls
runs through a comparatively narrow valley,
inhabited by the Barotse, the tribe which has been
mentioned as subject to the Makololo. They are a
race of boatmen, and traces of their occupation
appear in their large deep chests and broad
shoulders, while the lower extremities are much
less developed. For several miles below Gonye
the river is confined within a narrow space of not
more than 100 yards : the consequence is that in
time of flood it rises no less than 50 or 60 feet there,
ajid at all times runs a boiling current. On ar-
nviiig at this point the canoes were slung on poles
and carried on the shoulders of the natives past the

falls. The expedition proceeded prosperously, and
everything appeared eouleur de rose, with the ex-
ception of one circumstance which might have
proved fatal to the whole object of the expedition.
A subordinate official of Sekeletu, 'named Ladino,
had made a foray with a party of his Makololo
countrymen to the north in the very direction in
which Dr. Livingston was going. The influence
which the Doctor had acquired shows itself most
strikingly in the circumstance that, although this
outrage had taken place with the full sanction of
the headman (or vice-chief) of the Barotse, he was
able to prevail upon Skeletu's mother to disown the
act of the indiscreet officer and return the captives
which had been made in the ill-starred expedition
by his own hand. Thus he was enabled to turn
the very misfortune which threatened to frustrate
his plans into a confirmation of the message of
peace on eanh and goodwill towards men, which
it was his object to proclaim. Still, on arriving 30
or 40 miles north of Libonta (lat. 14.59), the fron-
tier town of the Makololo, he thought it prudent

to wait and see the result of the explanatory
message which was sent, together with 11 of the
captives, to Makoma, the chief whose subjects
they were. This caused some delay, but the game
in the neighbourhood was abundant, and the party
fared sumptuously. Die LiYingston has a per-
sonal dislike to the hunter's occupation, but was
compelled to cater for the rest on account of the
inability of his companions to take a decent aim.
They were nervous at the flash in the pan, and
wanted him to give them " gun medicine," without
which no native of Central Africa expects to be
able to shoot s'raight. To save his ammunition,
which his companions would have entirely wasted
in It arning, the Doctor was compelled to do all the
shooting himself, and this necessity involved other
inconveniences besides the shock to his feelings.
At an early stage iu his career lie was bitten by a
lion in the right shoulder (an incident of which he
gives a very graphic account), and, a false joint
having formed, he was ever afterwards compelled
to shoot from the left shoulder, with less certainty
of aim than before. The dislike of intlic ing pain
upon animals seem to have induced him to study
the circumst inces under which the deadahot may be
delivered most certainly ; and he relates some curi-
ous facts bearing on this subject. His theory is,
that a shock on that part of the system to which
most nervous force is at the time directed proves
most fatal. " I have seen a rhinoceros," h says,
" white standing apparently chewing the cud, drop
down dead from a shot in the stomach, while others
shot through one lung and the tomach would go off
as if little hurt." But, to make quite sure of the
rhinoceros, either black or white, the hunter should
creep carefully through Vie bushes on the aininal's
lee-side, a most important point, which isascta-t.inei
by throwing up a pinch of dust every now and then,
to within about 20 yards, thou sit down, rest his
elbows onhis knees, and ainaslanting a little upwards
at a dark spot behind the shoulders, and his game
at once falls stone dead. If, in the anxiety to keep
himself concealed, the sportsman should inadver-
tently get to windward of his quarry, he would be
forthwith charged by the creature. Inde el this is not
his only peril. Dr. Livingston relates a storyof a man
who, while stalking a rhinoceros, happened to look
round, and saw to his horror that a lion was at ilk-
ing him ; he only escaped by spriugiog up a tree
like a cat. When the breeding impulse is upon these
animals, and a man happens to pass to wind ward of
them, both lion and lioness will rush at him, but
under ordinarycircumstances Dr. Livingston asserts
that the lion is a cowardly animal, and never attacks
a man except stealthily, unless wounded. A very
curious peculiarity about him is, filet at the very
last he will net make an attack where he sees any-
thing to produce the suspicion of a trap. A horse
belonging to Captain Codrington ran away, but was
stopped by the bridle catching a stump. He re-
mained a prisoner during two days, and when he
was found the whole space round was marked by
the footprints of lions, which had evidently been
afraid to attack the haltered horse from the fear that
the whole thing was a snare. It is a common belief
that the lion when he has once tasted human flesh
prefers it to any other, hut the real state of the ease
is that a man-eater is always an old lion, who has
grown too infirm to catch game ; he resorts to vil-
lages for the sake of the goats, and if a woman or
child happens to go out they fill a prey too. This
being his only source of subsistence, he of course
continues it until the villagers despatch him—a
work of little difficulty.
On the 27th of December, Dr. Livingston, arrived
at the confluence of the Leeba and the Leeombye (lat.
14 10.52, long. 23 35.40), and thence sent to
another chief living nearly due east, to whom
also he had some captives to restore. This chief,
Masiko, was said to be in the habit of seizing all
orphans and others of his own tribes who were with-
our powerful protectors and selling them to the
Mambari slave merchants for exportation by the
west coast. The Doctor sent him a message, " that
he was not so wise as his father, who had wished to
govern men, whereas he, Masiko, by selling his
people gshowed his desire to govern wild beasts
only." He then proceeded up the Leebe as far as
the influx of the Makondo (lat. 13 deg. 23 m. 12 s.)
where he arrived on Jan. 1, 1854, amid heavy rain,
the season for which had now fairly set in. This is
the point at which the Mambari cross the river on
their way to Masiko, and one of Dr. Livingstone's
men picked up a bit of steel Watch-chain of Eng-
lish manufacture, brought thither by them. The
Mambari are enterprising merchants, and bring
Manchester cottons into the very heart of Africa.
The natives cannot believe them to be the work of
mortal hands ; and the information acquired from
the Mambari on the subject is not likely to enlighten
their minds, however it may satisfy their curiosity.
The English manufactures are said to come out of
the sea, and the beads to be gathered on its shore.
The Doctor tried to, correct this impression, but
apparently with little success. To explain to
savages the production of a manufacture by a de-
scription of machinery is a striking example of the
principle obseurum per obseurius.. The objection
was obvious—" How can the irons spin, weave, and
print so beautifully ?"
Dr. Livingstone left the river at this point, and
continued his journey by land through the country
of the Balonda. He had at last got among the real
negroes, with wool on their heads and bodies, thick
lips, flat noses, elongated heels, and vety dark
skins. The Bechuanas aro of a coffee and milk
colour, with a European frame and physiognomy.
Nothing appears to have surprised the Ba-
londa more than our traveller's straight hair.
An explanation of the phenomenon was sus.
gested to them by the idea that he, like the wonder-
ful fabrics, had come out of the sea,' and his own
party, unwilling to waste so good a joke, afterwards
always represented him as a merman, whose lank
locks displayed the effects of the sea water, which
was his natural element. The Balonda had at first
supposed him to wear a wig made of the hair ofsome
animal. But a stronger contrast than that of per-
son was presented by the habits of the two races.
The Bechuanas have neither idols nor any form of
public worship, but among the Balonda every vil-
lage has iteeidol, and fetishes are met with at every
step. Artificial hives are placed in the trees and
secured simply by a " piece of medicine" tied to a

* Both words simply mean " river "
d ialeotx.

in different local

[PAWN 4D. STAMPED 5D.]

tree, which effectually deters all thierZaTirmasen a
female chieftain, who received the travellers 'very
hospitably, was about to cross a t tream, her confi-
dential doctor, who was in close attendance with
his basket of "medicines," waved some charms
over her before she ventured on the water. One of
the Makololo talked rather loudly in the immediate
neighbourhood of this basket, and was reproved for
it by the wizard, who himself always spoke in a low
voice, glancing back to the sacred package as if in
fear of being heard by something inside it. The
relative rank of the sexes, too, is quite reversed.
Sebituane, the Makololo chief, had intended his
daughter and successor to treat the men of his tribe
as he had treated the women, and select a husband
for herself at her own discretion. But this was so
opposed to Bechuana habits of feeling that the in-
dividual selected was actually called her wife ; and
the annoyances arising out of the popular criticism
of this anomalous relation operated powerfully in
inducing the lady to abdicate in favour of her
brother JSekeletu. But among the Balonda female
lordship is the most natural of ideas ; it seems to
prevail all across Central Africa north of the
Zambesi. When Dr. Livingstone re tched the neigh-
bourhood of the Portuguese settlement on the
eastern coast he had bargained with a native to be
his guide in consideration for a hoe. Unfortunately
the man went to show it to his wife, and presently
returned, saying she would not let him leave her.
" .Chen bring back the hoe," said the doctor. " No,
I want it." "Then go with us and you shall have
it." " But my wife won't let me." One of the party
who followed him to his hut heard him say to her,
" Do you think I would ever leave you ?" and then,
turning to his visitor, " Do you think I would ever
leave this pretty woman? Is she not pretty? Un-
happily this high estimation of the fairer sex,
though it deprives the Teutonic races of th-eiliajalaini'
to the monopoly of gallantry, is not accordpa
by any other of the characteristics of civilisation.
The chief who exercises a supremacy over the what
of the Balondaun der the name of Mutiamvo, whose
residence is at Cazembe (a town laid down from
the reports of native traders somewhere about lat.
10 30, and long. 27), appears to be one of the most
reckless of despots, scarcely, if all, removed from the
character of an absolute maniac. This, at least, was
the me with the individual who died just before
the expeditOn of our traveller. He had a whim
sometimes of running a-muck in his town and be-
heading all he met until he had quite a heap of
human heads. Occasionally, when he was supposed
to need some special charm, a man was slaughtered
for the sake of a particular part of his body. If he
took a fancy to anything in the possession of a
stranger, he would order a whole village to he
brought up in order to purchase it bythe s.ale of the
people. Frequently when a slave trader came he
would take possession of all his goods, and then,
after 10 days or a fortnight, send out a party who
pounced upon someconsiderable villages, killed the
headman, and paid for the goods by selling all the
inhabitants. These slave merchants were invari-
ably themselves men of colour, generally half-caste
Po tuguese.
From the time of their leaving the Lecambye the
course of the travellers was northwards until arriving
at Lake Dilolo(lat 11 deg 33 min, long 22 deg 27 min).
Thence their route took a westerly direction, and in
its general bearing continued W.N. W. all the way
to St. Paul de Loands, on the shore of the Atlantic.
The goal was reached on May 31, and by the suc-
cessful achi-vemeut of the first part of his perilous
undertaking Dr. "Livingstone was enabled to do for
the geography of South Tropical Africa what his
illustrious fellow-labourer in the field of science,
Dr. Barth, had done nearly contemporaneously for
the northern portion of the torrid zone. Both have
demonstrated that where mountains were tradition-
ally believed to exist there is in reality a widely de-
veloped system of rivers, which afford fair promise
of access to the interior f the country. Lake Dil 1o o
just mentioned, is most singularly placed. It is a
natural summit reservoir in th t midst of an exten-

sive plain, which itiwlf forms the watershel sepa-
rating the affluents of the Lecambye, or Zimbesi,
from a portion of the headwaters of the Congo. Its
'el.:ration above thl sea level is no more than 4,000
feet, -and yet, while from its southern extremity

time proceeds one of the feeders of the great river
whioh fells into the Indian Ocean, there issues from

the northern end a stream which is an important
tributary of the Casai, a river that, after receiving
many contributions, unites its wa.' er with another
of equal magnitude ( he Quango) it swing north-
wards; and the two, after a considerable course,
during which they receive a further accession of
waters from the equatorial regions, at last pour
their united scream into the Atlantic, under the
name of the Congo or Zair.-.
Such an achievement as that of which we have
given a sketch was not to be p^rformei without
much suffering. The eltvated plains through which
the Doctor passed were all flooded by the periodical
rains, and ho wasconsta,ntly wet through. One attack
of fever followed another, and at the time he reached
Loanda he was more dead than alive, in spite of the
greatest attention on the part of the Portuguese
settlers for the last month of his journey. The Ma-
kololo who had accompanied him were treat d with
no less kindness than himself. Their remarks on
what they saw were extremely curious. The sea,
of course, struck them with amazement. "We
believed," said they, " that what the ancients had
to dus was true, that the world had no end; but
all at once the world said to us, ' I am finished ;
there is no more of me.'" A house with two stories
had always been inconceivable to them. The nearest
point to which they had arrived was the notion of
two huts o::e on the top of the other, and they had
then felt puzzled to conceive how men could live
in the upper story with the conical roof of the lower
one in the middle. In describing a house of the
Doctor's they said, " It is not a hut ; it is a moun-
tain with several caves in it." Au English brig-of-
war was in the harbour, and they were invited on
board and allowed to fire off a cannon, Dr. Living-
ston " improving" the occasion by telling them,
" That was what the English put down the save

trade with." They were also taken to the service
in the church, and remarked, " that they had seen
the white men charming their demons," a phrase
identical with one they had used on seeing the
pagan ritual of the Balonda.
Dr. Livingston returned to Linyanti by the way
he had come, with the exception of making a detour
in a part of the central plain in order to avoid some
of the chiefs who had treated him very ill on his
way out. He arrived there in October,' 1855, after
an absence of nearly two years, during which he had
undergone 27 attacks of fever, and perils both from
man and wild animals. One of the greatest of the
latter befell him just before his arrival in the terri-
tory of the friendly chief Sekeletu. Ho had gut
quite out of the way of shooting, but his party
having been for a long time without animal food,
they landed from their canoe one day with the de-
termination on his part of getting so close that he
should not miss. The game was a zebra, and he
unfortunately only broke one of the hind legs, the
loss of which did nothindor the animal from going
.off in a gallop, followed by his men. The rest of
the story shall be told in his own words

"As I walked slowly after the men on an extensive
plain covered with a great crop of grass which was laid
by its own weight, I observed that a solitary buffalo,
disturbed by others of my own party, was coming to me
at a gallop. I glanced around, but the only tree on the
plain was a hundred yards off, and there was no escape
elsewhere. I therefore cocked my rifle with the inten-
tion of giving him a steady shot in the forehead, when
he should come within three or four yards of me. The
thought flashed across my mind, What if your gun
misses fire I' I placed it to my ehouldsr as he came on
at full speed, and that is tremendous, though generally
he is a lumbering looking animal in his paces. A email
bush and bunch of grans 15 yards off, made him swerve
a little and expose his shoulder. I just heard the ball
crack there, as I fell flat on my face. The pain must
have made him renounce his purpose, for he bounded
close past me on to the water, where he was found
dead."

There now remained, in order to complete the
task which Dr. Livingstone had imposed upon him-
self, the comparatively easy achievement of ex-
ploring the course of the, ,Zambesi eastward to the
sea. lie lett Linyanti for this purpose on th. 3d
of November, and arrived in safety, although again ,
weakened by fever, in the Portuguese settlement
of Tote-early in the following February. The at-
tention he received from the authotities here was
equal to that which he had experienced on the west
coast. By their kind aid he was enabled to reach
Quilimane, although in miserable plight from the
effects of lorg-continued fatigue and privation
upon his health, on the 20th of May, 1856, and to
map the glory of having, first of any European,
traversed tropical Africa from shore to shore.
Our space prevents us from giving even a sketch of
this last journey, but there was one portion in
it which must be noticed. Important as the
navigation of the Zambesi is for commercial in-
tercourse with Central Africa, there are several
points ,at 'which an interruption occurs from
rapids, which render the transshipment of goods
a necessity. At one of these the obstacle is
caused by a wonderful cataract, which, putting
all circumstances together,
, is probably the most
astonishing natural phenomenon in
the world. The
whole river, which at the tim_. the Doctor saw it was

-(--sky
nearly at"its lowest, pours into a fissut'e of 43::• • c,11\1:(
, i:' A' :- k ,
basaltic rock that forms its bed, and at the'boktorp.
,•:,, %.f.-!/,',:
)
is forced to take a direction at right angles .4,47:itit , spiz
former one. The lips of the fissure are only 8:1Y-e ' .;%,11::„,- „,-/k,
100 feet apart, and the effect to the eye is-thoirajliitt)
.1' 4;,,
whole body of a stream as broad as that of Ibe-k
Thames at Limehouse vanishes suddenly in smelt e j ' I Si
There is an island on the very edge of the fall,
and to this Dr. Livingstone was conveyed in a
canoe, and, " creeping with awe to the verge, saw
that a stream of 1,000 yards broad leaped down
100 feet, and then became suddenly compressed
into a space of 15 or 20 yards.
Without approaching thus near to the gulf, the
existence of the river cannot be perceived at all.
The columns of vapour which arise were visible five
miles off, and the natives, whose awe prevents tLem-
from going near enough to examine the locality,
give the place the appropriate name of Mosiottrnya
(" Smoke sounds there.") Dr. Livingstone con-
ferred on it the title of the Victoria Falls, and in-
dulged in the very pardonable "vanity" (if his
own phrase is to be used) of carving his initials and
the date of his visit upon a tree in the island. But
mindful, as he habitually was on all occasions, of
the interest of the children of the soil, he also
selected a spot upon it suited for his purpose, and
planted therein about a hundred peach and apricot
stones, and a quantity of coffee seeds. The con-
tinual moisture fcom the spray furnishes a security
for the proper irrigation, and if it only escapes the
ravages of the hippopotamus there seems every
prospect that our traveller 'a little nursery,will be,
as he hopes, the parent of all the many gardens
which will come into existence in this new region,
should its resources be rendered available by means
of the discoveries which have rewarded his courage
and perseverance.

STATE OF TRADE.

(From the Manchester Guardian.)
MANCHESTER, DEC. 22.

There was an expectation that we should have a
somewhat better market to-day, in consequence of
growing facilities in discounts, and of the id. per
lb. gained upon cotton in Liverpool. This expecta-
tion, however, has not been realised.

In yarns there have been partial attempts to ob-
tain a sligl.t ; for instance, certain goods
produced in the north of the county, having been
just lately sold for future' delivery, tg India and
rObina, houses, the manuficturers 'have become pur-
chasers of twist and weft to cover their con-
tracts, and the sellers of such twist and weft
are, of course, inclined to raise their quotations,
trying Id. per lb., they have, however, scarcely
secured id. There has been a disposition to make
some purchases of mule twist for India, particu-
larly 40's ; but the requirement of a small addi-
tional fraction hos stayed proceedings. In actual
sales, the rates of last week are not mended. The
effect of the do'td-lock under which the continental
merchants are held is curiously seen in 40's mule,
German and even Russian qualities, which are or-
dinarily worth id. to ld. per lb. more than the
Indian quality, are selling at the same price as the
latter, or within !d. The sum up, water and mule
yarns in bundles, warps and cops, from 50's down
to the lowest number, cannot be said to present any
improvement beyond the slight and doubtful ap-
pe wanes referred to above ; and prices in the ag
eregate, though not quoted lower, cannot ba
reckons as more than stationary. Bolton spinnings,
from 60's upwards, show no amendment.
Although the crisis is being got over in Ham-
burg, and though no noticeable mischief in the way
of failures among the customers for our yarns in
the interior of Germany is yet reported—still, the
agency houses in Manchester aba,fe not one jot of
their caution, but confine their buying to small and
indispeneabla parcels.
The sellers of goods are disappointed. The buy-
ing of T cloths, and certain prints and other fabi ics,
particularly such as are suitable for India and
China, has not been continued to-day ; and pro-
ducers for the east would have to make some con-
cession from the terms of recent sales, in order to
effect further business. Much the same may indeed
b-3 said in regard to most other articles.
No confidence is felt here in the higher price of
c3tton ' • and the reports from Liverpool show not
much faith in it there.

More is expected. by most people, from the pre-
sent amelioration of money matters that cm be
realised in the channels of trade. We see it stated
thas, bills are discounted at Eq or 8 per cent. ; and
we hear of short dates being done under the latter
rate. But what sort of bills are they ? Only the
very choicest. Toe strict discrimination which is
exe cised, both in the Bank of Eagland and out of
it leaves a world ofpaper unnegotiable to keep the
hands of merchants and trad-ra most efrec'ually
tied up. Beginning with the A 1 bills, opening
facilities will, however, gradually extend them-
solvers to thenext grades ; but this cannot be looked
for at a leap.
We do not think it worth our while to expend
more than a very few words upon a letter which
appeared in the Guardian, of yesterday. It is al-
ways our aim to give a correct general view
of 'he state of the market, and of the prevalent
feelings and opinions which manfestly influence its
condition. We endeavour to make our report a
faithinl reflection of realities. To this end wo
compare the numerous statements we hear, both
with one another, and with our own observations ;
and the result is generally, we hope, not far from
the truth. If, in order to make things comfort .
able, for men like our censor, we were to deal
with the facts of the market, as the chairman of a
certain railway dealt with the figures in his ac-
counts, our reports would be, not only worthies
and c‘nitemptible, but positively mischievous.
Soma further suspensions of manufacturers have
taken place in the country, but none of them largo.
We find it to be the general intention of such
country spinners as may deem it necessary to come
to Manchester a second time this week, to do so
on Thursday instead of Friday, which will be
Christmas-day.
LEEDS, Dec. 22.—Although the weather was
dark and uncorufoitable to-day, we Ired a larger
attendance of merchants and manufacturers in the
cloth halls than has been the case for some time.
This in part owing to the renewal of commercial
cinfidence—an improvement which is now percep-
tibie in the market—and partly, also, to th i low-
ness of stocks in merchants' hands. A few consi-
derable parcels were cleared today, at rather easier
rate, and if the weather were at all reasonable, we
might expect to see larger operations, despite the
slackness of the times. We are sorry to have to
continue to report increasing diAress in the cloth-
ing districts, but the operatives, although sorely
pressed by the times, ara exercising a most coin-
; mendable amount of patience and moderation.
I Thera will be some cessation of labour for a week
I or a fortnight this Christmas, but this step is not so
much a sign of extreme depression as it is that
the machinery in each large firm may be examined
and repaired. Let the new year get fairly opened,
money easier, and confidence more fully restored,
and we must necessarily have an active spring
trad•-, inasmuch as the stocks are very low, and
the merchants must supply their large consumers
with seasonable goods.

HUDDERSFIELD, Dec. 22—The weather has again
beef cxceedingly unfavourable this morning, and
has evidently had a depressing tendency upon the
market. Several buyers from wholesale London
houses have been in attendance, but their purchases
have been limited to the selection of cheap lots at
low prices, which some few of our manufacturers,
under the pressure of these " hard times," have
felt themselves compelled to take. Upon the whole,
however, there is very lit!le disposition evinced
on the part of holders of stocks in this market to
dispose of their goods in this way. In regular
market goods, at fair prices, little has been doicg,
merchants selecting carefully, and only to complete
orders on hand. The demand for unions, low
woollens, and other cheap goods continues very,
limited, and is causing considerable embarrassment
to the manufacturers of them, who have now large
and increasing stocks in hand. The shipping orders
which generally came in for these goods at this
time of the year are very limited this season, and
make little impression upon stocks. The manufac-
turerS of plain goods iu cloths and doeskins are
adopting the wise policy of decreasing production,
and ate succeeded by this means in keeping stocks
down. The present open weather is interfering
seriously with the sale of winter goods in pilots,
tr
beavers, witneys, and other heavy coatings, large
quantities of which had been prepared in anticipa-
tion of the winter's trade. We have nothing to
subdued fancy
bordersou ser s
bi ig,
reporttwist
imixture nyh e spring
grounds
s tl3;
ii h
s
most inquired for. Holders of wools in the local
wool trade are reserving their stocks until the • spring
when they expect to realise bettor • prices than are
now offered.

THE NORTH COUNTRY Alin SEAM/RN
Probably never since the repeal of the corn and naviga-
tion laws has the shipping of the north-east
ports been in
such a depressed condition as
at the present time. Ship.
ping is generally slack at this time of the year, but this
season, on
account of the low rates of freights, an im.
moose amount of tonnage is laid up, and of cmsequence,
a great number of seamen are on shore unemployed.
Shipbuilding also is at a stand, and numbers of ship car-
penters are out of work. The docks and shipbuilding
yards present a strange contrast to anything that has
been witneeeeci for at least ten years, and it is pitiful to
see so many able-bodied and intelligent workmen saun-
tering about the quayt and squares of the ports in idle.
ness. Tee men, as might be expected from their Out.
ratter, conduct themselves with exemplary patience,
and as a class they will suffer grievous want before they
make their condition known. But every one is hopeful
that with the turn of the year trade will find its way into
its old channels again, and that the shipping interest will
• speedily revive.—Moneteater Guardian.