The Sun.
London, England, 1861-07-18 00:00:00

~%~~

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, JULY 18, 1861..

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sons who are opposed to such a process. I can only
say they must be very difficult to please. I think it.
would be very difficult to come to an agreement
with such persons upon any subject whatever, and
I certainly should not like to be shut up with one
of them as a juryman in the dog days. (A laugh.)
The treaty of which we speak will, I have no doubt,
if the peace for which we all pray can be preserved
to us for five or ten years—that treaty will, I have
no doubt, have opened the door to such commerce
between these two great countries as will surpass
—as it must, in the nature of things, do—the com-
merce existing between any other two countries in
the world. There are 70,000,000 of people nearly
in the two countries; they are side by side with
each other, united rather than divided by a narrow
slip of sea—possessing such diversity of natural en-
dowments that the seem, of all nations, to be the
most adapted for beneficial converse with each other.
And yet by the perversity of the Legislature, for
some seven or eight hundred years the Governments
of the two countries have been busily engaged in
thwarting the designs of Providence, and prevent-
ing the enjoyment of the blessings which they both
possessed, and which they might have greatly en-
hanced. (Hear.) Some people have said of the treaty
that it had been entered into without any conside-
ration of the public opinion of Prance, and that,
therefore, when the ten years for which that treaty
is made, expire, the danger is that the policy now
adopted in France will be reversed, But I have yet
to learn that in any part of France public opinion is
not in favour of the Government of that country.
On the contrary, I hear that since the treaty was
signed everything has indicated that, thanks to the
intelligent perception which characterises our neigh-
bours, they are making rapid progress still further
in those principles of free trade. They have, for in-
stance, since-I was in Paris, abolished their sliding
scale, and the exports and imports of corn are now
perfectly free. (Cheers.) The city of Lyons, whose
great heart and noble intelligence I am glad to see
worthily represented by an hon. friend near me,
was, by a formal declaration of opinion, declared in
favour of absolute free trade, so far as regards the
articles in which they are interested. (Cheers.)
Lyons had manfully declared that she owns no supe-
rior in the articles they manufacture, and they ask
no protection, and are ready to meet the world in a
fair field and no favour. (Cheers.) I see, therefore,
no prospect of the reversal of the principles which
have beeen adopted by the Emperor's Government.
If you ask me if I think other nations will follow in
the footsteps of France and England, I frankly
avow that I am not much concerned about that ques-
tion. Whatever England and France unite to do,
whether it be a policy of peace or war, they will
draw the whole civilised world within the circle of
their influence. Any other nation which would
attempt to hold aloof from that policy which Eng-
land and France have now frankly embraced, would
find themselves left so far behind in the race that
their self-love, if no other motive, had any influence,
would induce them 'to follow their example.
(Cheers.) There is, after all, one great merit which
I see in this new arrangement between the two
great countries—that is the great moral advantage
which I hope will arise from it. Frenchmen and
Englishmen will in future better know and under-
stand each other than they did formerly. Ignorance
is the mother of prejudice, whether in individuals
or in nations. You have half gained the heart of a
man when you have shown yourself to him. If we
go back to the olden time, we find that the igno-
rance of the people when dealing with unexplored
countries, and particularly with their inhabitants,
has endowed them with many animal appendages,
denied them the use of one eye, or made many
monstrous inventions. In darker ages many of
these ignorant inventions were applied to our neigh-
bours, the Frenchmen. There are none of us who
have passed 50 years of age who do not remember
that our neighbours on the other side of the Channel
were thus endowed with many by no means attrac-
tive qualities. What liberties were taken with
their food and with their dress. I remember that
it was very generally supposed that Frenchmen fed
habitually upon very thin soup, and that they in-
dulged ii-i a taste for small animals much addicted
to marshy places, and having somewhat unpleasant
voices. We remember too how proud we were of
investing them with wooden shoes. Frenchmen
were not more liberal towards us. They believed
that we sold our wives with a halter round their
necks in Smithfield, and never uttered a sentence
without an oath. We have passed over these
grosser delusions. But nothing has struck me more
during my intercourse of 18 months with the French
people than the perfect ignorance which the people
of England and France generally have of each other.
The English and Chinese really seem to be almost
as well acquainted with each other as Englishmen
and Frenchmen. I speak, of course, of the masses
of the people in both countries, and I look forward,
therefore, with the greatest satisfaction to the change
we are now about to witness, when Englishmen and
Frenchmen will necessarily be led in the pursuits of
business to mingle with each other, and every man
to know each other better. We have mutual ad-
vantages to gain, of a moral as well as of a material
character. The Frenchman maybe found more polite
and swave, especially among the working classes,
than in England. I remember reading a letter from
the celebrated Sydney Smith, written to his wife
from Calais, in which he declared that he found the
washerwomen there had manners equal to our
duchesses in England. I think we can hardly say as
much now ; but there is no doubt that, in regard to
the common people of
France are superior to our own. They will have
manners and politeness,
something to gain in their business transactions
with us. They will find us brusque, somewhat off-
hand in our dealing, but still straightforward, and
not at all disposed to haggle over our bargains. There
are moral advantages to be derived by the people of
both countries from the treaty. (Cheers.) I wish,
however, to turn for a moment from this pointto the
particular circumstances of this festive occasion. The
their fellow-countrymen
Lord Mayor has stated that in former times the
honour of the citizenship of London has been con-
ferredou r hs
tuponory,
andm distinguishedenwh om
our in annals. Twheerys
have been men whose deeds have been recorded in
proud to recognise as their benefactors. They have
been men whose deeds have been glorious, and who
have acted with a pure patriotism,and • h
perseverance and courage as it was possible to dis-
play. But there was a peculiarity in nearly all that
distinguished them from that which we are now wit-
nessing. They generally effected triumphs for their
country over foreign nations. We are met here, how-
ever, and have foreigners mingling their voice
with our own, and rejoicing with us on this occasion.
We have here M. Chevalier, who I am proud to
see in an English audience—(cheers)—for it is the
first occasion of the sort in which I could say to
him how deeply the whole civilised world is
indebted to him for his services in this
matter. He will, without any grudging, be admitted
by his own countrymen to have done more than any
living man in France to advance the principles re-
cognised in the treaty of commerce. Great moral
courage I find shore haveo means a common quality
in man. Englin more physical than moral
bravery, and in France every one of my friends
will admit that they have the Physical courage of
lions, but still they do not like to find themselves
in a minority on a public question. (A laugh.) But
my friend, although holding a high social rank, has
never hesitated to proclaim his principles, and hold
aloft the banner of free trade, when he had but few
partizans, and when its advocacy entailed upon
him that which Frenchmen, even more than Eng-
lishmen, dread—the ridicule of the vast majority of
the people. There are also present my friend Mr.
Arles Dupin, to whom I tender my deepest respect
and esteem—(cheers)—gentlemen also who repre-
sent the agricultural and the manufacturing, the
commercial and intellectual classes of France. I say
it is a novelty that these gentlemen can join without
humiliation, without any degradation, without even
the sacrifice of interests for a moment, in such a
demonstration as that we are now met to make. It
is, I say, a sign of progress. It is a proof that our
politics are expansive, that we are touching upon a
more cosmopolitan age, and are actuated by higher
sympathies than formerly. It is this reflection that
will encourage me in that faith which I have to-
day, that we live in an age when the interests of
man are fusing and uniting harmoniously together.
If I am too credulous in my belief that this will
lead to an era of peace rather than a perpetuation
of those passions which would lead to war, I have
the sanction of the deductions of sound political eco-
nomy for that opinion, and I believe I might appeal
to a still higher standard, which tells us that "all
the nations of the world are made of one blood."
(Cheers.) In conclusion, the hen. member thanked
the Lord Mayor for having proposed his health,
and the company for the enthusiastic manner in
which they drunk the toast, and proposed " The
health of the Lady Mayoress."
The next toast was the " House of Lords," to
which Lord TALBOT DE MALAHII)E replied.
The LORD MAYOR then gave ' The Foreign
Guests," coupled with the name of M. Michel
Chevalier. (Cheers.)
M. CHEVALIER replied in French. The follow-
ing is a translation of his speech;—My Lord Mayor,
Ladies, and Gentlemen,--Z aln only interpreting

BANQUET AT THE 111ANSIO1V-HOUSE
TO MR. COBDE'N.

_
Last night the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor and
the Lady Mayoress entertained Mr. Cobden, M.P.,
and a numerous party of friends, at a splendid ban-
quet, in the Egyptian-hall, at the Mansion-holise.
The freedom of the City having recently been con-
ferred upon Mr. Cobden, in consideration of his ser-
vices in negotiating the French treaty, this enter-
tainment in his honour followed in accordance with
the usual custom of the civic authorities on similar
occasions.
Mr. Cobden sat immediately on the right of the
Lord Mayor, and the rest of the company included
Lord Talbot de Malahide, Lord and Lady Dillon,
Lord Fermoy, M.P.,Hon. A. Kinnaird, M.P. M.
Michel Chevalier, ,
Mr. Bright, M.P., Mr. Gilpin,
M.P., Btc.
The usual loyal and patriotic toasts having been
given and responded ts,
The LORD MAYOR gave the toast of the evening.
He said—l have now to propose to you the health
of our honoured guest, Mr. Cobden. (Cheers.) The
City of London has conferred upon him that honour
which it only confers on great men who it believes
deserve well of their country. Looking down the
list of illustrious persons who have before received
from the corporation the same distinction, I would
say that Mr. Cobden may well be proud to see his
name enrolled with them. Many of those personi,
we find, have been honoured with titles graciously
bestowed by our sovereign ; and if Mr. Cobden's
name is not so adorned, it is probably because he
is well content in feeling that the untiring ener-
gies he has exerted have been fully recognised by
the people, and considered by them as having
greatly tended to bring about a state of things which
benefits the whole world. (Cheers.) He is perhaps
well satisfied with feeling that these manifestations
of approval on the part of his fellow-men spring,
as they do, from the whole of the country. They
convey, at least to his mind, an unequivocal proof
of the satisfaction he has given to his country. I
have great pleasure to-night to see here Mr. Cob-
den as the guest of the City. (Cheers.) It is to
me, I repeat, a source of great pleasure; and I offer
you this toast with the greatest possible confidence,
because I am sure that the object which Mr. Cob-
den has spent the greater part of his life in endea-
vouring to carry out has been nearly accomplished.
That object has been achieved so far that there is in
future nothing left to have any anxiety about, and
I am sure all will agree with me that it is of the
greatest importance that free trade should have an
entire and full accomplishment, and I think we may
say we have arrived at that consummation. I give
you the " Health of Mr. Cobden." (Loud cheers.)
The toast was enthusiastically responded to.
Mr. COBDEN, on rising to respond to the toast,
was warmly and enthusiastically cheered. He said
—Mv Lord Mayor, Ladies, and Gentlemen—My
first duty is to others rather than myself, and I can-
not say a word without entering a preliminary caveat
in opposition to the praise which has been so gene-
rously awarded to me in connection with the triumph
of a great cause, for the success of which I claim a
little more than accident, opportunity, and a willing
heart. But in the advocacy of that principle I have
many colleagues here, and many more necessarily
absent, and whose names I should not wish, and
whose merits I will never permit, to be forgotten
when this question is brought under public notice.
(Cheers.) It is not merely those with whom I have
acted during nearly 20 years, and with whom I have
given a good deal of time to this subject; but we
must not forget those great thinkers who went be-
fore us, nor must we forget, standing here in this
hall, in the City of London, that one of the first de-
monstrations by practical men ever made on behalf
of the principles of free trade emanated from a mer-
chant of London 41 years ago. The declaration
drawn up,l believe, by the hand of Mr. Tooke, ought
to be held in reverence by those who survive him,
and that declaration, afterwards presented to the
house by Mr. Baring, subsequently Lord Ashburton,
really contained in a few words all that has been
since been said or could be said in favour of the
principles of free trade. I think I can give it
accurately from memory. It was, that the maxim
of buying in the cheapest and selling in the dearest
market, which always regulated the transactions of
individual merchants, is also applicable as the best
rule of trade for a whole nation. I really do not
know that any amplification could better define
what is the meaning of the words " free trade" than
that short sentence. It means that it is the in-
terest of the many to exchange superfluities for ne-
cessaries. It is not based upon the sordid meaning
which somebody has given to it, of unmitigated
selfishness. Free trade means that it is the interest
of mankind to go and seek a commodity where it is
cheap—that is, where it is plentiful—and convey
it to another locality where it is dear; in other
words, where it is scarce. (Cheers.) If you would
have an illustration of this—if, indeed, illustration
is needed at a time when, as his lordship says, free
trade has now nearly accomplished iti course—l
could point to the experience we had during the
last 12 months of its beneficial operation. lam not
exaggerating when I say that the last harvest in
this country, taking into consideration the immense
extent of land now under cultivation, and the im-
mensely increasing population to be fed from it—l
I say that the
ellvt Ihaarmvenstotpreexsaegogteedraatin
greater
ever known in the memory of living man. Within
g when
deficiency than was
the last 12 months we imported from foreign coun-
tries upwards of 15,000,000 quarters of grain adapted
for food for man and beast ; for this visitation of
Providence narrowed the means of sustenance not
only for man but for the inferior animals. I believe
lam not exaggerating in saying that within the
last 12 months some eight millions of quarters of
corn, adapted for the food of man were imported
into this country. By what process? Last autumn
it was known that the harvests were failing. It
was known that millions of people in this country
would be wanting food, beyond the supply of our
own soil. That was a case which was, he thought,
to call for the energy of Government. Fortunately,
we had a better dependence, it was on that
principle, that simple principle of buying in
the cheapest and selling in the dearest mar-
ket. Those harvests which were ripening on the
remotest steppes of Russia, or the distant prairies of
America ; along the almost inaccessible plateaus of
Spain—those harvests were wafted to our shores,
and not merely brought to our granaries, but were
distributed through the towns and villages of this
country, and thus provided for the poor people,
who would otherwise have died of hunger. All
this process went on without the aid of the Go-
vernment, without any organisation, silently, and
without, shock or convulsion of any kind—the
simple, natural result of free trade. (Hear, hear.)
And after such experience how can we doubt its
successful operation in any emergency which may
arise ? How can we, in the face of such results,
withhold our faith in a principle which is greater
than charity, for it does the work of alms-giving
upon a scale so great that human benevolence
would shrink from the task. (Cheers.) After such
an illustration, how can we do otherwise than
acknowledge that those principles of free trade are
such as we can bow before them with all humility,
as an ordinance of the Creator, and one of the com-
mon laws of the Almighty. (Cheers.) What is
the treaty, which, I presume, in a certain sense, we
are met to talk of ? What is that but an extension
of two great
o. f those principles which we have already adopted
laniratihrsis country in the case of the corn laws ?
by their
great numbers
It is extending that great principle to the
tons, to sustain inandextt
proximity, by their great wealth, their
countries admirably situated
other to their mutual ehnest
• varietyextensive
cadvantage.o m mBo four theirßut
othe
w ti
rtpehraotedyauoochf-
which we speak is nottoa reaty in the ancient sense,
oeopoehlophleayseeehma
anything but the most have. considered it, or it
asnevsoerm
cor-
dial acquiescence and support from every indivi-
dual in this Gountry. A treaty in the old signifi-
cance of the term meant two nations coming tog e-
ther to agree to a system of exclusive trading with
each other, and from which all other nations should
be excluded, and when those two nations had sat
down to make those bargains with each hot er, the
next thought was how they should cheat other in
the preparations, and their efforts generally ended
in each country cheating itself. (A laugh.) Now,
this treaty is of a totally different character. Eng-
land sought from France no exclusive privilege ;
she offered no exclusive advantage to France. All
that WO gave to her we gave at the same time to
the whole world, and we asked nothing from
France but that which we cheerfully allowed her at
the same time to extend to all mankind. It was in
effect two great countries agreeing to do at the
same time for each other a great good ; to shake
hands at the same time, and to agree to do that
together, (Cheers.) There arc, I believe, soma per.

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faithfully the sentiments of every foreigner present
m ewhenm b rla scseu
ofr e t -3,h•
su b theanaatu
ewt
among s hal l p
the reservemost
thpleas-e r e -
ie
nn
csouvenirs
uo
tf
what
uhr a lti vae sv.i
tloVr ey r e
Nmoe th
ut omcaenl ebblroaot
d
has been shed, no empire has been overthrown or
shaken, excepting that of prejudice and routine.
No city has been taken by assault, excepting the
citadel of prohibition, the ruin of which is complete,
without entailing agony on any human being, The
victory which we are met to celebrate is the' finalt
ltrade,i e n
et. But
which must
wee n
ar contribute
ot
)sere s o
largelyithtootr frhepeeubc bfi
to do homage to an abstract principle.
rvienml er
mealrye happy to unite in doing honour to one who,
ac
amuosne gi
ns manyo
which
the
fateofthe mass
o of
of the
mankind
n kno•ddo good
involved, has in spite of every obstacle achieved the
triumph of free trade. We are here to acknowledge
and proclaim the title which Richard Cobden has
acquired to the gratitude of Europe and of the whole
civilised world. There is a personage, a crowned
head, to which the mind naturally recurs when
speaking of the treaty of commerce between France
and England. The deep conviction and the firm
will of the Emperor determined :the conclusion of
the treaty; and history will only be doing justice
in proclaiming that the treaty of commerce, so far
as France is concerned, was the spontaneous and
personal act of the Emperor. The City of London,
in whose halls we are met to receive from its chief
magistrate the hospitality for which it is so fre-
nowned, can claim an honourable part in the tri-
umphs of free trade. As early as the year 1820,
the principal merchants of this city presented to
Parliament a petition, since become celebrated,
in which for the first time freedom of commerce
was boldly advocated by practical men. That
petition is a monument of logic and common sense.
It contained the substance of those arguments
which a quarter of a century later overthrew and
destroyed in Great Britain the Protectionist sys-
tem. It is a commonplace to say that free-trade
promotes the well-being of mankind in all coun-
tries, that it substitutes ease and abundance for
poverty and misery. But it will produce other con-
sequences far happier in the eyes of religious men
and of philosophers and statesmen. The miseries of
life are not all physical. There are ills which gold
cannot cure, and they are not the least afflicting. I
speak of moral evils—of those divisions, and jea-
lousies, and hatreds—which overshadow our exist-
ence here below, and which convert this fair earth,
to use an inspired expression, into a vale of tears.
Among these moral evils I should especially stigma-
tise national hatreds, which are the deep-seated
causes of the most hideous and cruel miseries, for
they engender war itself, whieh is the most terrible
scourge that can be let loose on the earth. Now,
free trade tends to uproot those national hatreds,
and all the evils which follow in their train ; and
it is for this reason, beyond all others, that it
should be hailed as a blessing to the human race.
So long as the nations adhere to the doctrines of
protection, it furnishes them with motives for
mutual distrust, and condemns them to a state of
suspicion and jealous isolation, which is the ready
preparative for war. For, according to the Protec-
tionist faith, a nation which buys the products, na-
tural or manufactured, of another people, ;becomes
their tributary, and accepts in relation to such a
people a humiliating and ruinous position. From
the moment that we are converted to the principles
of free trade the aspect and character of matters
are completely changed. The people who unite
themselves to another nation by the bonds of
free commerce, instead of making themselves a
tributary to that.nation, obtain by its co-operation
the means of augmenting their own well-being
and prosperity ; the narrow and paltry feeling
which led nations to isolate themselves disap-
pear, and gives place to a belief iu the commu-
nity of interests. With faith in free trade people
will cease to regard the prosperity of their neigh-
bours as an evil to themselves. Instead of repeating
the dogma of Montaigne, that " the gain of one is
the loss of the other," they will say, with the Em-
peror Napoleon 111. in his opening speech of the
Legislative session of 1860, " that the more prospe-
rous and rich a nation becomes, the more it contri-
butes to the prosperity and riches of others." Thus,
in our own day. the principle of free trade presents
itself to the eyes of men in the character of a paci-
ficator, and from the very fact that it favours peace,
it is favourable to every kind of progress, whether
political or social. And here let me express from
the bottom of my heart the confident hope that the
principle of free trade will fulfil its mission of peace
and, harmony, especially between these great na-
tions on the two sides of the Channel. Indeed,
what serious motives can the Englishman or the
Frenchman have for hating each other ? They
worship the same God ; they profess sincerely the
Christian maxim, so simple and so elevated, which
suits the intelligence of the infant as it leaves the
cradle, and on which the greatest genius may pon-
der with satisfaction, "Do unto others as thou
would'st have others do unto thee !" Is it the cla-
mour of other countries that provokes these two
nations to regard each other with a restless and
suspicious jealousy ? By no means—from every
side the nations declare to them, " Your good un-
derstanding is the surest guarantee for the political
and social progress of the whole world, and your
hostility, from the moment that it breaks out, will
retard the prosperity of the entire human race."
Is it the special interest of their separate influence ?
No ; for when divided they paralyse each other. Or
must they hate one another because the armaments
of one necessarily give umbrage to the other ? By
no means—for the composition of their armaments
is different. Both possess an army and a navy, but
the amounts of their forces, instead of corresponding,
are in an inverse ratio to each other. In England, the
chief element is the navy ; for France, it is the army.
I do not mean that England has not a brave and
reliable army, or that France does not possess a
considerable navy. But England ought not to,
cannot, and will not have an army equal to that of
France ; and France ought not to, cannot, and will
not have a navy equal to that of England. Finan-
cial necessities, as well as the dictates of common
sense, require that the two countries should pre-
serve this inverse proportion in their respective
military and naval armaments. And yet these two
nations are easily excited against each other. It is
,an animosity which generally lies dormant, but is
not difficult to inflame. Now what can be its origin?
If you question the Frenchman or Englishman of
our day, when irritated with each other, what is the
cause of the irritation, it will be very soon disco-
covered that it arises from the wrongs and injuries
inflicted on each other during the long war of the
Republic and the First Empire. If you had asked
them, when that war commenced, the cause of their
mutual enmity, it would have been found to have
originated in the wars which occurred during the
reign of Louis XVI. and George 111., or in the time
of Louis XIV. and William 111. But if at that time
the cause of the war had been sought it would have
been traceable in a great degree to the previous
wars during the reigns of Francis L and Henry
VIII., or of Charles VI. and Henry V. And thus,
in going back, it will always be found that the
principal cause why people fought was that they
had fought before, so that it was the first war
which was the chief cause of all the wars which
followed. Now the first war arose from a course
jest uttered by the French King, Philippe 1., upon
the protuberant figure of William the Conqueror,
from which we inherited eight centuries of hostili-
ties. A royal jest in very bad taste, such is the
cause for which the two nations have for 800 years
been destroying each other. I can assure you that
in France every reflecting man thinks that the
manes of Philippe I. ought to be satisfied, and that
it is more than time to repudiate this quarrel of
the dark ages ; and we hope that the modern
generation of Englishmen will not be much more
inclined to sacrific theselves on the field of
battle to prove their love m
for the memory of Wil-
liam the Conqueror. The time has come for con-
summating a great change in the relation of the two
leading nations of Western Europe. In order
that they should become friends, it is only neces-
sary that they should be acquainted with each other.
Place the French and English together—l do not
say under circumstances so seductive as those in
which we now find ourselves, whilst partaking the
splendid and cordial hospitality of the Lord Mayor,
and in the presence of the ladies, who are every-
where the angels of peace—but in the ordinary cir-
cumstances of life, on the fields of commercial ope-
rations, they will very soon arrive at a reciprocal
appreciation of each other personally, and acknow-
ledged and esteem their respective intelligence
will
probity. It is thus that the treaty of commerce ereeil
exert its legitimate influence in favour of
this happy
interna-
tional concord. Events have
France have remained at peace.
while that they have offered the
for a very long
a long truce. But more, it is not
spectacle of such
the two united flags seek-
many years since we sa b
issue. Here are nearly 5 0 years
tlla.ts Englandthe
first
time. n d
ken in common, with a good faith
wcampaign,
Well has never for amo ent m been disturbed, is a
augury for the future. If they could thus
ing laurelsuonndethrteasame. bat e field. The Crimean
happy' aug
unite f
Or j y
d a
be more difficult for purposes of peace .
their
P If we Con"
warlike obect, wh shoul union

v

// ~

NEWSPAPER

•

. 711",11*1'7Z:N1,- 074 '
"t ,lri43;tie?'. ' s- i .?"'
.....1 ,--.•--,4t. --.4 ,NI
' ....,- i,..a..4 '•, _
world, arid if we are rational and C slfiwaroo,-,,75,-TY ~'*.y.
til:fti
there must be some means of making th :1601]tig,;t7-„,' -.,. -•C‘.
thc,„'e•countries better than the past. (CheersArWsl. 7 c„,
~
may give confidence where suspicion has existed. : 'J.-,
We may, I believe, plant affection where hate has' -
been known al Most for ages to continue. There is .. •,' : -';1
one thing which we may.all do—we may endeavour . r
to the best of our power, in cur families and amdrig:st •
our friends, to spread the knowledge of the Trench .. !
language. (Hear, hear.) 1 believe the Minicter of • .
Public Instruction in France id very anxious to
I
spread throughout France the knowledge of the i
English language. . Why should we not here in all
our schools have at least some portion of the scholars
well grounded in the French language ? The more
we can come together—whether by trade, by tra-
velling, by literature, by social intercourse-4he , .
more we knoW of each other, the more I believe we
shall condemn the past and be anxious to make
amends for the future. (Hear, hear.) Now, I thank , .
the Lord Mayor from my heart that he has ddne
this honour to my han. friend Mr. Cobden ; that he
has invited herethese distinguished Frenchmen; that .
here in this hall, consecrated to liberty---in a hall
where so many great men have spoken, znd so many'
great causes have found advocates—he has permitted
us to-night to say that we are willing there should
be another revolution begun—not a revolution of
violence, not a revolution of hate, but a change that
should bind two great nations in one common in-
terest and one common peace, and shall give to the
future a brightness that shall be tenfold better for •
posterity to regard than the gloom of the past
which all of us must so much deplore. (Hear, and
cheers.) My Lord Mayor, I beg to thank you,
and to thank the gentlemen present, for
the kind manner in which you have received
my name, and my observations, and I hope you
will forgive me that I have taken up these minutes
of your time at this advanced period of the evening.
(Loud and long-continued applause.)
The health of the Lord Mayor was proposed in
suitable terms by Mr. Cobden.
It was nearly midnight when the list of toasts
was concluded. Mr. Harker officiated as toastmaster.

PRICE 4d.
STAMPED Xi&

suit the signs of the times, we shall easily discover
grounds of hope. We live in an age which is great,
and which derives its character of greatness from
the happy and mighty changes which it is inces-
santly accomplishing. A long continuance of amic-
able relations between France and England will be
a novelty. But if we look around us how many more
surprising and unexpected ',novelties we shall see.
Political liberty is establishing itself in the greater
number of States. Nationalities which seemed an -
nihilated for ages, and of which great statesmen
said that they were nothing but geographical ex-
pressions, are resuscitated and flourishing. Progress
is everywhere the order of the day. In the interior
of every State an assimilation proceeds between the
different classes of society, whilst the fusion of pro•
vinces is being simultaneously organised. Between
the different nations interests are mixing and
confounding ; products and ideas are rapidly ex-
changed ; inventions, which border on the miracu- I
lous, since they realise what would have been
thought impossible a century since, facilitate and
increase this admirable movement of amelioration.
Free trade, another novelty, is one of the natural
fruits of this productive age. It comes now as the
completion of several other improvements, and it
will impart a greater: consistency to them all. To
suppose that France and England, in the arrange-
ment of their mutual relations, will resist the influ-
ence of these moral and material improvements—to
believe that they will not draw closer together
when the tendency to fusion is so strong and gene-
ral, and that they will not be animated by the spirit
of peace at the moment when peace is universally
admitted as the first necessity of Europe—to pre-
tend that they will not respond to this unanimous
appeal of mankind would be to offer an unmerited
insult to those great and generous nations. To
them belongs the initiative in the greater portion
of the political and social progress which has been
effected, or is in the course of acoQmplishment in
the civilised world; and they will cherish the op-
portunity of taking another step in the path of pro-
gress by the final repudiation of their antiquated
and disastrous jealousies. We may therefore look
with confidence to the future. The friends of civi-
lisation will soon find a new occasion for exultation
in the improved attitude which the two great
Western nations will have assumed towards each
other. (Cheers.)
The LORD MAYOR then gave the " House of
Commons," coupled with the name of Mr. Bright.
(Cheers.)
Mr. BRIGHT—I find it is now 25 minutes past 11.
This adds greatly to the difficulty I feel in rising to
address you on an occasion like the present, when
my name has been mentioned in terms so flattering
by the Lord Mayor, and so kindly received by this
audience. I have heard some kind people observe
that it is not expected at a dinner of this kind to
say anything which might excite controversy or be
of a party nature. (Hear.) An hon. friend near
me approves of that sentiment, but I have a recol-
lection of an event which happened at a not very
remote period, when an eminent party leader made
a speech—l presume in this hall—full of party
exultation, and not devoid of party invective. (Oh,
and laughter.) It is not my intention to follow
what I hold is a vicious example ; but I will con-
fine
myself strictly to the object of this meeting.
The Lord Mayor has called upon me to assist him
in doing honour to an hon. friend of mine who has
already addressed you to-night. I have had the
privilege of his private friendship, and the honour
of
,joining him in his labours for more than 20 years
past. i therefore am enabled to speak of those
merits which you have appreciated to-night, and
which, I may honestly say, have excited admiration
and gratitude among all the best men among his
countrymen. (Cheers.) If I may be allowed to
say something which might shock some persons'
nerves—and I recollect how much the good cheer
which the Lord Mayor has furnished us with has
fortified us all against any startling announcement
—I would observe that my hon. friend is a man
who entertains very revolutionary ideas, and has
the good fortune to live in a revolutionary epoch.
The Lord Mayor has referred to 20 years ago, An
excellent title that would be of a political novel
founded on fact. (Laughter.) Twenty years ago
many gentlemen here will recollect that the small
portion of our countrymen who had votes were
going to what was called a general election. They
returned a Parliament showing a majority of not
less than 90 votes in favour of protection—and
especially of protection to agriculture. On that
occasion the late Sir R. Peel declared in his speech
—I think delivered at Tamworth—that no amount
of fixed duty would be adequate for the protection
of agriculture ; and Lord Derby, if I recollect right,
told us that there was a province in Russia,of which
few besides himself probably heard, which would in-
undate this country with grain, at a price per quar-
ter, I am quite sure, less than the cost per quarter
of bringing the grain from that province to a Rus-
sian port. (Laughter.) All this was sheer delu-
sion, as we now know. The majority of 90 was
simply stupidity—(laughter, and cries of " oh")—
the speech of Sir R. Peel was absurd—the fact of
Lord Derby had no foundation. (Oh, oh, and cheers.)
The whole thing is gone, and every man who par-
took of that delusion and joined in those statements
would be most happy now if not one single word
he had uttered on the subject had been committed
to paper and to print. I say that during that time
we have gone through a revolution, and my hon.
friend has been the most eminent leader in that
great change. Well, that is a great lesson learnt, I
hope. The change was brought about by a few men,
the most prominent among whom were my right
hon friend, Mr. Chas. Villiers, the President of the
Poor-law Board, whose labours in office have been
greatly lightened by his labours as a free trader—
(cheers) '.—Mr. Milner Gibson, President of the '
Board of Trade •, Mr. Lewis Ricardo, the member
for Stoke-upon-Trent ; and Mr. George Wilson, of
Manchester, who I hope is one of the guests to-
night. (Cheers.) I was a worker with these and
many others whose names I do not at present recol-
lect. We instructed the nation. (A laugh, cries of
" No," and loud cheers.) No man will deny that
we converted Sir R. Peel. If we could not convert
Lord Derby, at least we succeeded in defeating him
—(cheers) —and, as M. Chevalier has said, this was
a great battle and a great fight ; and though there
were no regions ravaged, and no town sacked, and
no widows and orphans made, and though there
was no blood, and though there were no weapons or
armour, still it was a great fight, and the result was
a great conquest. (Cheers.) And of all conquests
by men struggling for liberty that were ever made
it had this great and blessed peculiarity, that when
the conquest was achieved the spoils and gains
were equally divided between the victor and the
vanquished. (Cheers.) Having thus in a few
sentences described this one revolution, what I
want to ask you is—" don't you think it would be
wise to get up another ?" I think I see one dawn-
ing already. If England were asked "Who is
thy 'neighbour ?" she would answer, of course,
speaking geographically, " France is my neigh-
bour." But if England were asked "Does Eng-
land and France live on neighbourly terms ?" she
would be obliged to answer "No ; ' for in the
125 years which elapsed between 1691 and 1815
England and France spent not fewer than 65 years,
or more than half the whole period, in tearing each
1 other to pieces. I will not go into the causes of
those disasters. Let bygones be bygones, except,
indeed, for the payment of the bill, which, I suppose,
we cannot escape from. (Laughter.) But this will
be admitted, that the pen of no English or French
man has ever yet attempted to describe, or been able
to describe, one millionth part of the disasters to the
human race that have arisen from those conten-
tions. It may be that the recording angel, hovering
over the scenes of human action—and, if I may
quote a metaphor from a great Italian,
"Winnowing the air with those eternal plumes,"
may have recorded every single fact of that tremean
n-
dous and pitiful story of human suffering and hum
closed for nearly 50 years—let us, if
again
wrong. (Hear.) Now let us—if that b. oobk Ip:oasssibbeieen,
(Cheers.) There are men whose r I
do something to prevent it being
er
tghaeeirne-
osYsibly precipitate
cumstances whose effect, may p. °aPreen:idr:
into disorder, hate, and
these two countries again
a moral sense, anda
ru
on the practices of this
war ; but there is thrcohugihstoivant Efeenlginlagnwd
haitehth,
if
they
were once bentfairly
ptoosisnibvloelvfeorany
cause, not absolutely. uncontrollable, these
two countries again in war. (Cheers.) Now, observe,
country, I believe would makepiim
my hon. friend Mr. Cobden has, in my opinion, been
able—and I know not that a man could have lived
e
for a more blessed work—to take the first great
step in the changed policy which I hope the future
will offer between England and France. We are
n
eorwailblonuotttodisppuult here whetherl down, our old
Fow p
Foreign-office.
e iguln-1
oi pulling
c edw.o Wn '
that shall be built up again in the Gothic
or the
Italian style of architecture. lamin i p
avour—
though my opinion on such a subject I offer as of
no value—of the Italian style. (Cheers, and a
Voice—" Garibaldi.") But over and abov
ques-
tions of style is this—l hope that when e all _
pickaxesand
crowbars are employed to pull down the old Foreign-
office there will be somebody to bury many of its
old traditions in its ruins. (Cheers and laughter.)
I am sure, if there be any moral
government m the

DR. LIVINGSTONE'S AFRICAIV EXPEDITION.

The following interesting ;communication has
just been received by, Mr. W. Logan, Glasgow,
from Mr. Charles Livingstone, brother of Dr.
Livingstone :
"Pioneer, off Johanna (Comoro Islands),
April 22, 1561.
"My Dear Friend,—We have been up the Rovuma about
30 miles in the steamer. The appearance of the banks
showed that it had fallen recently four or five feet, and
while cutting wood on the 15th and 16th March it fell seven
inches in 24 hours. This was rather a serious matter in an
unknown river. We had Bishop WK. enzie and one of his
clergymen on board, and the others were waiting at
Jehanna. We began to fear that if we proceeded much
farther up the river the Pioneer might be unable to get
down again before the rainy season in December next,
which would delay the missionary party nearly a whole
year. So we determined to return to the sea at once, take
them up the Shire, and thence explore Nyassa and the
Rovuma.

" We have great hopes that the Rovuma will be the path
into the Lake. Tho natives all say that it comes out of

Nyassa, which is a month beyond the highest point. A few

days farther up than the Pioneer went, at the town of Donde,
chief of the Makonda, the river, they say, becomes narrow

and very deep, flowing between high rocky banks. Some
affirmed positively that a canoe could go up all the way and
into Nyassa. The river bottom, like that of the Zambesi,

appears to be a succession of great sand-banks. The main

channel flows on one side of the sand-bank, then along its

tower edge, and diagonally across the river. The channel,

or Kivete, as the Zambesi canoe-men call it, is in general

pretty well defined. In calm weather there is a constant
boiling up of its water. With a light breeze the Kivete
assumes a peculiar ripple, and when a strong wind blows
up stream its waves are larger than those of the other parts
of the river, and a line of small breakers marks the edge of
shallow bank just above the Kivete.
" The hippotamus shows its sagacity in selecting for its
sleeping-place by day the lower end of the shallow sand-
banks, near the middle of the river, with the deep Kivete
close beside, into which it instantly plunges on the ap-
proach of danger.
" The scenery on the Rovuma much surpasses that on the

Lower Zambesi. In an huur after leaving the mangroves
. .

we enter a charming country, with a beautiful range of
well-wooded hills on either side of the river. These ridges
are, perhaps, 250 feet high near the sea, becoming higher as
they stretch inland, until, about 30 miles from the coast,
they attain an altitude of nearly 1,000 feet.
" Thera is an abundance of the valuable woods, as
ebony, the largest we have ever yet seen, and ' a hard,.
heavy wood resembling mahogany. We saw some fine.
species of the fustic dyewood. A number of cultivated.
patches appeared on the tops of the hills, but the lovely
savannahs, so admirably adapted for the sugar-cane, were
uncultivated.

"No produce, except perhaps slaves, ever goes down the
noble river. The first man we mot told us he knew the Eng-
lish—had visited one of their ships; they were very good peo-
ple—always had plenty of money, cloth, &c., to buy things:
with—they did not like the slay.t trade, and he did not like•
it either, and had never engaged in it.' They are a Nark-
guardly-looking set of half .caste Arabs near the coast, and,
reminded us of the slave-trading party we met at the foot
of Lake Nyassa. We nearly got into a row with a largo
body of them, armed with muskets and spears. I went on
shore with the Makololo to cut wood. The rascals seeing
us unarmed, became rather troublesome, and although we!
did our best to maintain good humour, began to hinder thee,
work, some even attempting to take pieces of wood from
our men. Seeing that matters were drawing to a crisis, I.
told the engineer to go on board for our revolvers and the.
muskets of the Makololo. When the boat returned the
Makololo caught up their arms and rammed down a full
cartridge each. While seeing them pile up their arms in,
order to proceed with their work, I heard a sudden rush,
and looking round, saw a confused mass of turbans, woolly-
heads, bare-arms, &c., dashing through the long grass and
up the hill-side, pursued by Mobita, one of our head-men,,
who, with a boarding-pike, was making a Balaclava charge,
on them. Of course, 1 stopped him as soon as possible,
and then all the Makololo burst into a loud and derisive
laugh at the ignominious flight of those who had been talk-
ing so big but a few minutes before. We called the rascals
back to get the goods which, owing to the hurry of their
precipitate departure, had been left behind. Loaded re-
volvers and the pluck of our men had an excellent effect..
They were remarkably civil ever afterwards. The best way
to avoid collision with the natives, is always to treat them
fairly and honourably, and at the same ttme let them see
that you are perfectly prepared to defend yourselves and
resist any of their nonsense. The people improved as we
got away from the coast, but were poor, and evidently op-
pressed by the Arab half-castes. Their language is similar
to that of Senna and the Manganji people.
" While getting ready for sea at the mouth of the river,
the Bishop made his first personal acquaintance with
African fever. He worked very hard while we were in the
river, and once, to our utter horror, gave a Rovuma alligator
an opportunity (the like of which no alligator ever had:
before) of immortalising itself, by devouring a live Bishop I
Fortunately, the monster was not ambitious of such re-
nown.

area mixed
Madagascar.
° f
TTAdfihhru
leneacdb-ol
" On the day we putt©
ehae lel
Eytchni
eetgvhrPeeirsihjooonnbmee,esar,'ns carte wi,.olla
Johanna.
officersn a .
and men, except the two quartermasters, were down with
fever, and the Bishop, who soon recovered, and the original
Zambesi Expedition.—viz., Drs. Livingstone and Kirk, with
myself, a leading stoker, and a sailor, had to steer, steam.,
keep watch, &c., &c., until the others recovered. February,
March, and April are the fever months.
mass of mountains and hills, frightfully
ecaetation. The.
Islands.‘'ln few days
lwikee rtehaechoteMrso,hiilsla,ofonveolocanifrret.hedeoarCnicrodminfuo,rrao-
rowed, but covered with a dense green
inhabitants are Maho-
lady, speaks French fluently.
inlitheabniatantivtessaroef andones
o the
reel issenvttwi:hasgehkal i
anerone
tdoissin: tqoete
speaks
lkykei rgseelenrilbt,-7
medans. We were
gratified tell as boys were learning to
ten dollars for
the capital, in whioh girls as well
he said, learn, read. The teacher is
six months, bu
formerly in Madagascar, arty
h agents, who were
Two French
capital• The people are afraid of the
the
now residing in
tthearectidngbia child to read.patsTi
the
English, said, We
tol-
erable
Englishman grow rich,•Johanna man grow rich, all grow
rich together, n
the French in 1842), Mayotta man work, work all day, and
French. Oneboft
thinel‘ca'Qlapuy-eoetnt'as councillors,
all poor. French no pay. All same here if French come.'
They want an Englishman like Mr. Stmley, our consul at
Johanna, to come and live on their island. Excellent
sugar-cane grows, and abundance of rice, the dry kind,,
sweet potatoes, &C., &c. They export rice, cattle, sheep,
and goats. They are a sober race, as appears from the
remarks of one of our quartermasters, an old man-of-war's-
man, who went on shore one afternoon. ``Nell, it's the
first place I ever was in where I could not buy grog. I've
been on Sober Island—on two or three sober islands, and I
could always manage to get some somewhere, but here I
could not get a drop for eiiher love or money.'—Yours,
" CHARLES LIVINGSTONE."
ilsfolsch°°lB in
FumbOn6,

[tinvEwrismunxr.] _ This and medicine invariably ag-
appointment, and expense be avoided by persons
in indifferent health sending 3 avate and perpetuate diseases ; their annoyance, dis-
mayS. Barry, En', 77, Regent-street, W., London, wad they
ng only their addresa to E.
gratis and free by post the " IrivAnres' OWN
will receive
GUIDE,,, or Natural Restorer, without medicine or exl
rrise, of perfect digestion, strong nerves, sound lungs, and
gaesstthi Consumption,
refreshing sleep, to the most enfeebled, insuring the removal
of,
(dyspepsia), constipation, liver complaints,
nausea, epilepsy, paralysis,
debility, nervousness, palpitation,
c iadi, on
ma
dropsy, flatulency, diarrhoea,
dysentery, biliousness, levers, sore throats, catarrh's, colds,
indigestion
noises in the ears, rheumatism, gout, impurities, eamPticollC
hysteria, neuralgia, irritability, sleeplessness, acidity, Palpi-
tation, heartburn, headache, despondency, orannpe, Val".
sinking, fits, btonohitis.---"Thiqueatiousblyithoj West EN ide
to hOaltll.7.

/`//-'
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~`-
~~~