The Sun.
London, England, 1857-09-10 00:00:00

LONDON, THUitsD4Y EVENING, SEPTEMBER 10, 1857.

ANK OF DEPOSIT, 3, Pall-mall East,
AL-P London. Established A.D. 1844. Parties desirous of invest-
ing Money are requested to examine the Plan of the Bank of
Deposit. Prospectuses and forms for opening accounts sent free on
application. PETER MORRISON, Managing Director.

J ort the SEA. SIDE.—TRAVELLING SUITS,
li2 with Cap, complete, 21. 18s. to Three Guineas ; the Beaufort
Coat, 21. 10a. ; the new Summer Trousers, One Guinea ; Baden
Waistcoats, Two for One Guinea.
EXCELLENCE WITH ECONOMY.
GEORGE HOBSON, 57, Lombard-street.

IJILDHALL, 9th September, 1857. The
A.:701 committee for Lotting the City's Lands will meet at Guildhall
on WEDNESDAY, the 16th inst., at One o'clock precisely, to re-
ceive Proposals for Leases of several Houses and Premises, Nos. 1,
to 8, and a Workshop in Evans-place, Hill-street; Nos. 1,2, 3,4, 5,
6,7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 20, in North-place, Banner-
street, Ensbory.
Plans of the property may be seen, and forms of tender obtained,
Upon application at the Architect's Office, Guildhall.
FERDINAND BRAND, Comptroller.

thousands, and I might almost say at present,
taking the whole of that circuit with which we are
connected. and whioh numbers about 2,000,000 of
inhabitants, that thousands of Sunday schools are
not merely obtaining the inestimable benefits of
Sunday-school tuition, but on the week days are
taught reading, writing, arithmetic, geography,
and other useful, and, I may almost say, neces-
sary branches of knowledge. (Cheers.) I am sure
nothing can be more gratifying than the sight
which you have all witnessed this evening. Some
of the pupils who have received the well deserved
prasse of your applause, as well as the premium
and certificates, are of the most tender age. There
was one of 15, another of 14, one or two at 16, and
ono as young as 12 ; and that youngest of all, to
my astonishment, receives a prize for his progress
in the knowledge of social economy. (Hear, and
cheers.) It is much too late now to raise any
question—though I am, unfortunately, old enough
to remember much question being raised upon it
—or even to whisper any doubt of the right of the
bulk of our fellow countrymen, of all ranks and
classes, to receive not only ordinary instruction,
but also sound instruction on the subject in
which the working classes have the greatest
interest of all--I mean political philosophy, the
knowledge of social subjects, and the improvement
of our laws, in the amendment of which no
class has so immediate—l will say immediate—an
interest as the working classes-themselves. I do
hope and trust, though it is much too far for these
good men to go themselves, that I shall meet, when
I go in the capacity of president of the congress to
be held at Birmingham in the middle of next month
on the subject of all the improvements that have
taken place, and are about to take place, and are
in contemplation, in matters connected with the
social interests of the community—what may be
called social economy—l hope and trust I shall have
the happiness on that occasion of meeting some re-
presentatives of the classes of our working men in
this great town of Manchester. I have said that
there are some things less palatable, but more
wholesome, than mere congratulations • and there-
fore T am about to address a few words partly to
the working men themselves—those classes from
which come the pupils who have been rewarded
this evening, and partly to the employers of those
classes and the patrons and supporters of these in-
stitutions. First, with respect to the institutions
themselves. It is a good and safe rule that they
should not attempt too much. In many p 1 ices at-
tempting lectures has been a failure. I was not
aware until I came here yesterday, and particularly
till I heard the report which Mr. Morris has read
this evening, to how great an extent lectures bad
in this part of the kingdom been of late a failure.
But that which is no failure, which requires very
much less funds to support it, less trouble and en-
treaty among the working classes to get them to
attend, is the furnishing of good, usefu, and inte-
resting books for them to read. The plan of the
itinerating liberaries has been so successful that in
whatever town or village the itinerant library so-
journs for three or four weeks in the course of its
progress there is no other book in demand in that
place, so much homage is paid to the judicious se-
lection of the works which load those boxes of the
itinerating library. It is remotely connected with
that remark that I should make an observation by
way of advice to all the 100 institutions connected
in the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. I would
strongly inculcate the absolute necessity of the
most careful attention to regular proceedings in
point of finance, so as never to have any confusion
in the accounts—never auyinaccuracy, eitherin the
keeping of them, or the applying of the funds, or in
the raising of the funds: and at once to stop, as it
is their duty, as well as their interest, when they
find that any fund ;is clefs, ient, and not to go on
with the expense one month or day beyond the time
they can afiard it. I have known so much mischief
to arise from the neglect of this rule, which is not
only the rule of policy, but of that which is the best
policy, the rule of honesty itself—and I am allud-
ing to no institution whatever in Lancashire, Che-
shire, or Yorkshire, or the four northern counties,
but further to the southward there have been the
greatest possible mischiefs arising from the neglect
of this rule, and from not remembering, not only
generally and vaguely that which all men are very
apt to admit, that " honesty is the best policy;" but
that the rule ought to be, "Owe no man anything;"
and that as soon as you find you cannot go on with-
out defrauding your Creator of his due, for that is
the real meaning of it, it is your duty to stop and
wind up, and say, " We find we have no funds for
going further." Through the neglect of this plain
and obvious rule institutions are about to be given
up, not only to the great injury of those who might,
had they still been carried on judiciously, fairly, and
regularly, have continued to profit by them, but to
the great disrepute of the whole system, which the
enemies, if any such still there are, of popular in-
struction are quite sure to lay hold of and turn against
us. This last rule which I have urged is applicable
to the working classes themselves, but there aro
also one or two other remarks which I would fain
address to them. There are two courses of conduct
of which I won't say that I should rigorously and
without any possibility of exception require one to be
the rule, but as to which somewhere about a middle
course might be taken. We have often heard of two
classes of men—one making a pleasure of business and
the other proceeding on aperfectly opposite principle,
making a business of pleasure. And those classes
adopt two different forms of a very old proverb
which sets forth that " home is home, be it never
so homely." Oue class adopts that form, but the
other is rather disposed to say "home is homely,
be it never so home "—(laughter)—and accordingly
wo see not a few instances in the upper as well as
the working classes of persons anxious as often as
they can to leave their home, either for innocent
amusments, or for the tavern, or the alehouse, or
the gaming-house. I am very far from saying that
I would rigorously interdict all moving from home,
all going up and down upon different occasions, in
moderation, innocently, prudently ; or from re-
quiring that men should belong to that class of
which there are but few members, who make a plea-
sure of their business ; on the contrary, I think
there is an old proverb which says, "All work and
no play makes Jack a dull boy." But our amuse-
ment should always be subordinate to business, and
even instruction itself, the slaking the thirst of
knowledge, should be make subordinate to the
avocations of necessary work. The first duty of
man is to provide for his own independence by his
own work, and not either to amuse himself or in-
dulge in any gratification—not even in that more
than innocent, most sacred gratification, of assuag-
ing his thirst for knowledge, until he has done his
day's work, and done that which is his bounden duty
as 'well as his highest interest to do, work with his
own bands for the provision of himself and his
family. (Cheers.) And when I talk of working
men—l am myself, and have been all my life a
working man—(great cheering)—and as long as I
am blessed with health enough to continue, even at
my advanced time of life, I shall continue to la-
bour—(cheers)--and I shall never henceforth, any
more than I have done, partake of any relaxation,
not even in gratifying my thirst for knowledge,
until I have earned the right to do it by having
done my day's work. There aro other rules as to
which I would allow no compromise, no middle
course 'whatever, and they are the maxims which
ought to preside over a man's whole employment of
his time. The one is to do one thing at a time
only ; the next is never to put off till to-morrow
what you can do to-day ; and the third, always to
finish one thing before you begin another. A very
great and mast celebrated man in Holland—De
Witt—was once asked how it happened that he got
through so much business and of such varied kind,
for he was not only a great statesman, and a Mini-
ster, but also a most eminent mathematician and a
literary man ; and his answer was that it was by
two rules which ho always observed—to do one
thing only at a time, and never to put off till to-
morrow what he could do to-day. These were his
golden rules. I knew a great statesman, now no
more, of another country, who used to say, on the
"Never to do to-day
sorrow." (Laughter.)
wo thhaetr
you put
could
i sip)ur itnocffi ptliel
lwtao
n,
And when I cried out against this as a most hetero-
dox political deadens he gave me half a dozen in-
stances in which advantage had occurred from his
wasy of pleasantry than
no recommenda-
tion continual procrastination of measures that were
pressed upon him. These were certainly the ex-
ceptions to the rule. I admit that he urged his
anything perverse
else, and
tion of it that he could produce so few instances in
its favour. (Hear.) Having detained yon so long,
I will not now say much on the great advantage of
mratlhetrhi vta
regular habits and of strict attention not merely to
what is commonly called honesty, which of course
no man doubts it is his bounden duty as well as his
highest interestto adhere to, buttoguarding against
those irregularities which degenerate into disho-
nesty, though when first admitted theyseem to have
no appearance at all analogous to it. Let me only
add one word on the absolute necessity that, as at
Carlisle and in other parts of the northern counties,
the rule should be for all institutions to be self-
supporting, as otherwise they could not beyond a
very short time be continued at all. I hope you will

excuse me for having detained you so long, and
perhaps so superfluously, on the present occasion,
but I could not do otherwise, when I had the hap-
piness of finding myself once more among you,
than give vent to those feelings which I have of
gratification at what has occurred hero this night,
and the sight of these intellectual young men
carrying off the prizes, and also of making a small
return, the only return I could make to you for
your kind attention, by, giving utterance to one or
two maxims which are always admitted in general
terms, but which in practice are very much too
often neglected. (Loud cheers.) •
The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks
to the noble Lord for presiding on this occasion,
which was moved by Mr. Brown, M.P., and
seconded by Mr. Cheetham, M.P.

D.R. LIVINGSTON ON THE COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS OP AFRICA.

Yesterday morning Dr. Livingston, the African
traveller, met the members of the Chamber of Com
merce, Commercial Association, and Cotton Supply
Association, at the Town-Hall, Manchester, and
had a most warm and hearty reception. There were
a number of ladies present. Sir James Watt 4,
Mayor of Manchester, presided ; and on the plat-
form were—Mr. Cheetham M.P., Mr. J. A. Tur-
ner, M.P., Mr. Hadfield, M.P. r. 11. Ashworth,
Mr. E. Ashworth, , Mr. J. C. Barter, and Mr. M.
Ross.

The MAYOR having introduced Dr. Livingston to
the meeting,
Mr. H. ASHWORTii presented the following ad-
dress to the distinguished visitor :

"Chamber of Commerce and Manufactures,
Manchester, Sept 9.
_ _

Sir,—The directors of this chamber beg to assure
you of their heartiest welcome to this city. They have
contemplated with feelings of the highest satisfaction the
labours in which you have been engaged in Africa in
promoting the extension of civilisation and of Christi-
anity, and they siocsrely congratulate you upon the
beneficial results of your exertions.
" Believing that commerce and industry may be iden-
tified with civilisation and Christianity, the directors of
this chamber are desirous of expressing to you their
strong conviction that cotton and other agricultural
products which are required in this country, may, with
great advantage to the native African, be grown by Lin;
to exchange for British manufactures, and by ercourag-
ing pursuits of productive labour they submit that mis-
sionary objects may be supported, while the material
comfort and enjoyment of the people of Africa may be
rendered commensurate with those reasonable desires
which increased intelligence always suggests.
"On your return to the arduous 'labours iii which you
have been engaged you need not be toll that you are ac-
companied by the warmest wishes and ?qui wiL-,bies of your
friends, who ardently commend you to the care of a wise
Providence, in the firm reliance that your renewed mis-
sion will be attended with abundant blessings. •
"I have the honour to be, on behalf of the directors of
this Chamber of Commerce, Sir, your raest obedient
servant, " THOMAS BAZLEIT, President.
"To the Rev. Dr. Livingston, Sce.''
_ _

Dr. LIVINGSTON, in reply, returned h's warmest
thanks for the welcome thus offered hen, and said
the approbation of the merchants of Mancheeter
afforded a powerful stimulus to the further prosecu-
tion of his efforts. (Hear.) He agreel with them
cordially in the sentiment that the Africans ought to
be encouraged to cultivate the raw in aerials of
English manufactures ; and he was so fully can•
vinced of the elevating tendency of lawful commerce,
together with the probable influence which the
course specified promised to have on the slave trade
and slavery, that he promised to devo the next few
years of his life to special efforts in that direction.
(Hear, hear, and applause.) A peculiir and rather
annoying combination of circumstaficos had placed
the great Anglo-American race, on which un-
doubtedly the hopes of the world for liberty and
progress Tested, in a very trying position.
Our demands for sugar and cotton were daily in-
creasing, those demands were at present met in
great measure by slave labour ; but the great body
of Anglo-Americans would unquestionably prefer
to have their wants supplied by free men, and be
ventured to hope that the discovery of a new region,
well adapted for raising those articles, might be a
providential opening for enabling us to escape from
our anomalous position. Before attempting to give
some idea of this new field for commercial enter-
prise, it might bementioned that, while he proposed
to try to make the Zambesi river a permauent path
to the inland region, with a view to the wide diffu-
sion of civilisation and Christianity, and endeavour-
ing to link the interests of the African with our
own, he had felt that it would not be right in him
to do this at the expense of those who contributed
their money for purely religious purposes ; but the
gentlemen he now addressed, in common with
others, had contributed handsomely, in the way of
testimonial funds, to relieve his mind from care
with respect to his family—(cheers)—and he begged
to tender them his very grateful acknowledgments.
(Cheers.)
Mr. J. CHEETEIA3I7 M.P., said, all he had to say
was to assure the rev. doctor that not only in this
great city, but also in the county of Lancaster, so
intimately associated with mercantile interests, his
labours and discoveries were appreciated as they
ought to be by an intelligent community. (Hear.)
It was true that, at the present moment, this dis-
trict was particularly interested in one article of
produce which the Doctor assured them might be
cultivated in the regions he had traversed, but they
did not wish to confine their interest to that specific
article. As commercial men, they were desirous
to take notice of the whole cultivation of those
regions, and as Christians they wished him God
speed in the great labour which he had undertaken.
(Applause.) It had been suggested that, in order
to elicit the information which he Doctor was de-
sirous of giving them, he should propose to him a
series of questions. He had first to ask Dr. Living-
ston what were the peculiar productions of the dis-
tricts which he had visited ? _

Dr. LIVINGSTON, Villo;eferred toamap suspended
on the platform, said, it would be observed that
the country through which the Zambesi flowed was
abundantly watered by the numerous rivers which
joined it. South of lat. 20 deg. there was a country
remarkably destitute of water, where one might
travel four full days without obtaining a single
drop of water, there being no rivers south of that
line ; but the country to the north of it was totally
different. While in the south the vegetation was
altogether thorny, there being a prodigious num-
ber of different kinds of thorns, the northern and
well-watered country produced a vegetation with-
out thorns. The majority of tho trees there were
evergreens ; many of them had the appearance of
laurels and orange trees. In that country there were
a great many different kinds of fruits, most of which
he believed to be totally unknown to Europeans.
He brought home about 25 or 26 different kinds of
fruit, some of which were valuable as yielding oil ;
and, in the central part of the country. called
Lunda, where the seeds were abundant, the
fleshy part was eatable, and the oil was used by the
natives for anointing their b)dies. Among so great
a variety doubtless some must be good for food,
though, perhaps, from having been usually pretty
hungry, he could not be supposed to be a very good
judge. (Laughter.) Nearer to the coast, eastwards,
the people cultivated large quantities of cucumbers,
and their best salad oil was made from the seeds of
cucumbers. Throughout the whole country the
ground-nut was cultivated in large quantities—used
as food and for oil ; and they had castor oil
throughout the country, their only use for it being
to anoint their heads and bodies, though it was not
a very agreeable unguent.
Mr. CIIEETHA.M then inquired as to the dyes
known in the country.
Dr. LIVINGSTON said, in Angola the natives know
of a very great many different dyes, which they
were not very willing to make known toEuropeans.
The Columba root was largely exported by the Ame-
ricans as a dye stuff; and grew along the Zambesi.
Besides this there was throughout the country in-
digo—the kind called the silver indigo—with which
tho people dyed their clothes, and which grew wild,
for it was not at all cultivated. The only exporta-
tion of it was by the Portuguese who lived at Tete,
but it might be exported abundantly.
In reference to cotton Dr. LIVINGSTON added,
that very large quantities of it were cultivated by
the natives, and one small dietriet, between the
rivers Conza and Loanda, produced 1,300 cloths
annually, of cotton grown by the natives, spun by
the women, and woven by the men. In the great
valley to the east of Angola the grass was generally
so high that, when on his ox, he was obliged to hold
up his hand to keep it out of his eyes. The natives
never employed any manure, and the more the
' ground was worked the more fel tile it became. The
whole of Angola, if it had been this hands of Eng-
lishmen, for its size, would have produced much
more co tton and sugar than any part of iho Southern
States of America. (Hear.)
Mr. OHEETHAINI--Then, with reference to hemp
and flax ?
Dr:' LIVINGSTON said corning down the Zambesi
to Tee he found that somehow o • othe: inform
tion had got out there that the Times newspaper
ad offered a reward of 1,0001. for a fibre propel
for making paper, His opin on r; as asked whether