The Sun.
London, England, 1857-11-20 00:00:00

RECEPTION OF THE SIAMESE EMBASSY.

WINDSOR, THURSDAY.
Her Majesty the Queen held this day a Court for the
reception of the Ambassadors from the Kings of Siam.
Toe Ambassadors arrived at Windsor Castle shortly
before 1 o'clock, attended by Mr. Fowle and Capt.
Clavering, Royal Navy.
Phya Muntri Seriywangse and Chau Mun Sarbedh
Bhackty, were the representatives of the First or
Major King of Siam.
Cha Mun Mondir Bidacks was the representative
of the Second King of Siam.
Soon after 1 o'clock the Queen was conducted by
the Lord Steward and the other officers of State to
the Throne Room. Her Majesty wary accompanied by
his Royal Highness the Prince Consort and her Royal
Highness the Princess Royal, Prince Frederick Wil-
liam, and was attended by the Duchess of Athol and
Lady Caroline Barrington, Ladies in Waiting and the
Gentlemen in Waiting.
The Ambassadors were conducted from the Tapestry
Room, through St. George's Hall and the Grand Re-
ception Room to the Throne Room.
Phya Muntri Surly wangse, one of the representatives
of the First or Major- King of Siam, bore autograph
letters from the Kings, written in gold. The presents
from the two Kings of Siam to her Majesty the Queen
were arranged on either side of the room. They com-
prised an Eastern crown of gold and enamel, enriched
with diamonds, emeralds, and rubies ; a gold collar,
thickly studded with rubies ; a large star ; a massive
ring, set with diamonds and a variety of precious
stones ; a golden belt, enriched with rubies ; a chair
of state or throne ; a rare and valuable white shell, hay-
ing a number of jewels inserted ; a cup and saucer of
agate ; a state palanquin ; a state saddle and bridle ; a
number of umbrellas, covered with gold embroidery ;
boxes and cups of solid gold ; silver salvers, with
embossed edges ; a metal drum ; and a variety of other
articles of rarity and curious workmanship, together
with a twisting of,the Court of the Kings of Siam.
The Ambassadors having been introduced, the First
Ambassador delivered the following address :
" May it please your Most Gracious and Excellent
Majesty to permit us to acquaint your Majesty,
" That we of the Siamese Embassy, viz., myself, Phya
Muntri Suriyeangse, the First Ambassador ; Cbau Mon
Sarbedh Bhackty, the second ; and Cha Mon Mondir
B decks, the third Ambassador, having received the
royal mandates of their Gracious and Excellent Siamese
Majesties, Phra: Bard Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha
Mongkut, and Phra: Bard Somdetch Phra Pwarendr
Rameso Mahiswareso—the former, Chief or Major King
of the Siamese kingdom and its adjacent tributary coun-
tries, Laos, Cambodia, and several provinces of the
Malayan peninsu a —and the latter, our most respected
Sovereign, the Second King of Siam, to convey both
their Majesties' royal letters, with the accompanying
presents, and lay the same at your Royal Majesty's feet,
as a mark of respectful and sincere homage of both their
Majesties the two Kings of Siam to your Most Gracious
Majesty the all-powerful and enlightened Sovereign of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and
the vast British celonies in different parts of the world,
on which the sun we know never sets.

" We have now arrived at your Most Gracious Ma-
jesty's royal feet with all the royal Siamese letters and
presents in our charge. We therefore pray that you will
permit us to assure your Majesty with all sincerity that
our Sovereigns, both their Siamese Majesties, have per-
ceived that the mutual friendship between your Ma-
jesty's dominions and the Siamese kingdom has undoubt-
edly become firmer and closer than before in consequence
of your most gracious Majesty's good opinion, and is
the source oof immense happiness and comfort to the
people who are respectively subject of both nations.
"Also, that your gracious Majesty, having honoured
both their Majesties, and the Siamese kingdom, with
your royal friendship and indulgence in a higher aad m••e
intimate manner than has been bestowed before upon.
any of the nations of the East, by giving royal answers
to both their Majesties' first communications, therefore
the gratitude and friendly feeling of our Sovereigns are
expressed at length in their royal letters now brought
by us.
" And also that we, of this Embassy, have received
your gracious and excellent Majesty's royal favour on
board your Majesty's men-of-war, and have been con-
ducted with perfect safety on our way from Siam to your
Majesty's capital.
" Since our arrival and residence here we have been
treated with the highest respect and attention in every
manner by your Majesty's Government, whose cour-
tesy it gives us great pleasure to acknowledge. We
therefore beg to assure your Majesty that we a ill notfail
to mention, upon our return to our native land, both to
our Government and everywhere, the kindness and hos-
pitality with which we have been received, the remem-
brance of which will be handed down to our posterity.
" We are sorry that we cannot more fully express the
gratitude which fills our hearts upon the present occasion,
owing to the duty of laying before your most gracious
Majesty the royal letters from our two Kings of Siam,
their Majesties Phra : Bard Somdetch Phra Paramendr
Mahn, Mongkut, and Piira : Bard Soindetch Phra Pwa-
rendr Rameeo Mahiswareso, and the accompanying
royal presents mentioned and enumerated therein.
" We pray, on the part of our gracious Severeigne,
that your mos; gracious Majesty will please to accept
the royal presents and letters which wo now have the
honour to present, the acceptance of which will fill the
hearts of both their Majesties with inexpressible ji.y.
" We pray that your roost gracious Majesty will par-
don any error that may have been made inadvertently
by us in addressing your most gracious Majesty."
The first Ambassador then presented the autograph
letters from the Kings of Siam.
Her Majesty was pleased to return a most gracious
answer. At the termination of the audience, their Ex-
cellencies returned to 6t. George's Hall, and were after-
wards ushered into the Waterloo Gallery, where lun-
cheon was eerved.

A guard of honour of the Scots Fu.Pier Guards

mounted in the quadrangle of the Castle. The band of
tho r2giment played the National Anthem as the Queen
elite 1.4 the Audience Room.

'111,.! guard of honour (the Scots Fusiliers) remained
at the Caste during the stay of the princes, the band
and Scotch pipers playing alternately, until the royal
visitors t-ok their departure at three o'clock. On ar-
riving at the station, and before entering the Atata car-
riages, the princes lighted their cigars in defiance
" no smoking allowed ; " and the Prince Regent laughed
and bowed to the ladies who were admitted on the
platform.

THE NOTTINGHAM OPERATIVES.

NOTTINGHAM THURSDAY.

In consequence of—the disturbance which took
place after the meeting of the operatives on Tues-
day night, the mayor has forbidden such meetings
for the future. Last night a groat number of
special constables were called out, and the county
police strengthened in the neighbouring villages.
Yesterday the mayor issued the following notice :
" Whereas, a public meeting took place in the market-
place of this town yesterday, and convenea without the
authority and contrary to the advice of the mayor and
magistrates, and which was used by many evil disposed
inhabitants of Nottingham and its vicinity asa pretext for
riot and disorder, this is to give notice that the mayor and
magistrates feel it their duty to prohibit such meetings
for the future, and deeply sympathise with •: be
industrious and well-dispoted of their fellow-citizens
who, in consequence .of the present depressed state
of trade are at this time deprived of the means
of bubBisteL ce by honest labour. They call up: n
them and the public at I trge to refrain from such
assemblages, as being only calculated still further to
Hure the trade of the town, by exciting distrust and
alarm, and' to frustrate any endeavours to mitigate ti ;e3
distress which all so much deplore. The mayor and
magistrates are happy to learn that arrangements are iu
progress in the vari, it, parochial unions of the neigh-
bourhood for a suspension of the provisions of the law
which prevents out-door relief to able-bodied persons
and their families ; and they feel assured tbat they will
meet with the assistance of their fellow-townsmen in
their determination at once firmly to eeppress all
turbulent and riotous proceedings on the part of that
reckless and unthinking portion of the population who
are excited into excesses only serving to cover the
designs of those whose occupation is crime and not
labour.
" L HEYMANk, Mayor."
The town was perfectly quiet last night, and
continues so.

Special constables are summoned to assemble on
Friday afternoon, at half-part two, and every
means will be adopted to prevent the operatives
holding the adjourned meeting which was fixed to
take place on Friday (to-day) in the market place
at three o'clock.

nger, Herts,
whLeraedyheHr alarrdiyeBthei
' with
h
ladyship has r
been wi
sl ti:yaivn"g Poann av
isit t
he
Countess Cowper, to-morrow,
Cowper has gone if no r Norfolk, The
ee
ohne.
in-
tends to receive a shooting party.
Mr. Bentley's annual dinner sale at the Albion took
place on Wednesday, and not-vithetanding the gloomy
appearance of the money market, that day, more than
ever gloomy, a larger number of the principal book•
sellers of London were assembled than last year, and
the result, on the whole, was very satisfactory. The
new and beautiful five shilling edition of the far-famed
Ingoldaby Legends was so very largely ordered as to
render it necessary to postpone the delivery for a few
days until it can be got ready. D. Doran's new work,
" Court Fools," another of the entertaining works of this
the
Choice
pu
rn e
du too t i
() then
s
very popular author, was, as usual, taken in large num-
bers. The Bentley
wßailel4adins,cliundae
similar
o
Ingoldsby Legends, b
of Father Proof, Dr. Magian, Inman's noble ballads,
the Bold Buccaneers, and the Monks of Old, and numer-
ous other wir.hy companions cif the Ingoldsby L-gendF,
was also largely sold. A beautiful Christmas book, the
Fairy Fables, by Cuthbert Bede, illustrated by Alfred
Crowquill, was much admired, and no doubt will be a
great favourite as a gift hook at the approaching festive
season. Mr. Bentley's sale promises well for literary
entertainment during the approaching lorg winter nights
EMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA.—LIVERPOOL, Thursday.
--Notwithstanding the depression in trade in genera',
owing to the stringency in money, the shipments to
Australia are large, and to-morrow the celebrated clipper
Red Jacket, Captain M. H. O'Halloran, belonging to
the White Star line of Australian packets, owned by
Messrs. IL T. Wilson and Chambers, of this port, sails
for Melbourne with the most valuable cargo which ever
left Liverpool in a sailing vessel, being almost entirely
composed of fine merchandise. In addition she carries
out 500 passengers, and a ships letter mail. She is ex.
trernely likely to carry out the latest intelligence Aus.,
tralia from England, judging by her former passages,
and her present capital sailing trim.

TUNNEL BETW-gEN ENGLAND AND

FRAA C

The writers on scientific subjects in the Paris
press have formed themselves, under the name of
" Cercle de la Presse Scientifique," into a society,
which, amongst other things, proposes to hold
weekly meetings, at which the authors of new
discoveries of inventions will he admitted to ex-
plain their views, and scientific subjects will be
discussed. The first meeting has just been held,
when M. Thome de Gamoud, the projector of the
submarine tunnel between England and France,
communicated the details of this astounding enter-
prise, and the principles on which it is founded,
The first idea of this tunnel is due to the engineer
Mathieu, who conceived it sixty years ago. M.
Thome took it up again as far back as 1833, while
engaged in a series of geological investigations for
another purpose. It was then he was struck with
the similarity of the soil on both sides of the chan-
nel ; and, upon closer examination, he found that
the chalky deposit, which is the most striking fea-
ture of the English and French coasts, constituted
a kind of convex lens, fitting in a concave one of
jurassic formation, that is, composed of the argil-
laceous and stony deposits of a sea which formerly
covered large tracts of the western part of Europe.
This jurassic soil, seems, therefore, to be continued
under the sea ; the extremities of the submarine
curve which it forms are apparent on the surface
at a place called Marquise, in France, situated be-
tween Boulogne and Calais, and at Oxford, in
England. Now it was clear that if the inclination
of this curve was the same in both countries it
might be practicable to cut a tunnel following its
direction. But here M. Thome met with a diffi-
culty which at first sight appeared insurmount-
able ; the curve which in England had an inclita-
tion of 3 per 1,000, showed one of 7 per 1,000 in
France. This circumstance induced M. Thome to
abandon his project, until, in 1851, it struck him
that the jurassic basin was itself contained in as
oolitic basin, and from soundings taken and infor-
mation derived from M. Keller, an engineer
attached to the navy department of France, it was
at length ascertained beyond a doubt, that if, as
resulted from the difference of inclination, the ju-
rassic stratum had been broken by some subma-
rine convulsion, the oolitic stratum had not.
About two-fifths of this stratum consist of the
kind of stone with which the French cathedrals
ara built, and of the sandstone-grit used for pav-
ing; the remainder comprises argillaceous earths
of three different ages, viz., a zone of Oxford clay,
the vast zone of Kimmeridge clay, 50 metres thick,
and a zone of weald-clay which ou the English side
is uppermost, the 2d being in contact with the sea
for a considerable space. The tunnel is designed in
a direct line from Cape Grinez in France to East-
ware Point in England crossing the Varne Bank
in the middle of the Channel. Here comas the
most stupendous part of the project. Let the
reader imagine the surface of this bank raised
above the level of the sea, and the island thus
_ormed at one of its extremities, to be hollowed
out, or pierced with an immense elliptical shaft,
200 metres in length by 100 in breadth ; the base
of this hollow tower forming a resting-place for the
trains, whence a spiral road winding its way up
along the walls of the tower leads to the top, where
a large port is firmed, called the " Varna Star,
with a light-house, dwellings for officials, and
every other convenience. Here ships may receive
cargoes direct from the tunnel or unload their mer-
chandise and send it down. This port, however,
is not considered a conditio sine qua non in M.
Thome's project, and may be studied apart. The
tunnel itself is a concave line with an inclination
not exceeding 5 per 1,000 under the sea ; but the
subterranean galleries leading to the tunnel have
au inclination of 7 per 1,000. The gallery on
the English side commences at Dover, and is
5,500 metres (31 miles) in length; that on the
French side is 8,800 (51- miles) long, extending
from the Grinez station to Marquise, where it
meets branches of the Paris and Boulogne, and
Belgian railways. In case of war occurring
water can be let into th© tunnel, and ren-

dered temporarily unserviceable. For the execu-
ton of the tunnel the modus operandi proposed
by the projector is as follows :—Exclusive of the
Varne Slar, 13 artificial islands more are to be
made in the channel along the projected line. These
islands are to be composed of rock cemented with
clay, the eection of each presenting a trapezium,
the lower base of which is about 220 metres in
length, the altitude 65, and the upper base 40.
Through these islands shafts are to be sunk to.the
level of the projected tunnel ; and this done, the
work of excavation may be commenced on 28 points
at once. The tunnel once completed, the islands
are to be destroyed by blasting, the Varne Star
being the only one preserved. The tunnel itself is
a vaulted cylinder, 9 metres in diameter. The plane
on which the double rails arc laid cuts off seg-
menta
of 7 t
metresw two metres
above,
anhffueirgdhing sufficient volume
height, thus leaving a free
air. A sewer runs all along below the plane. The
probable expense of this gigantic work is stated to
be a 3 follows :

The construction of the islands fr.24,000,000
Piercing of the tunnel
Masonry
Accessory galleries .
Branches of Railways
12
Stations ,000,000
Rolling stock .... 8'000,00)
6,000,00 j
Administration

Total f... 170,000,000
The time requisite for completing this stupendous
undertaking is stated at six yea's. In the book
which the projector has published on the subject,
he enters largely into all the difficulties to be fore-
seen in the execution, especially the question of
the infiltration of water ; and expresses his convic-
tion, founded on the nature of the soil, that none
of the disasters which interrupted the construction
of the Theme.; Tunnel are to be apprehended in
the present case.