The Sun.
London, England, 1861-10-17 00:00:00

COTTON CULTIVATIOA IN BENGAL.

(From All the Year Bound.)
Since the beginning of the present year, cotton has en-
grossed the attention of the British Indian Government.
With an uncommon promptitude, it is exerting itself to the
utmost extent compatible with the financial means of the
country, towards facilitating an immediate increase of the
production of cotton, as well as towards improving the
means of bringing the product to shipping ports, in order
to maintain the activity of Manchester and the manufac-
turing towns in Yorkshire. In a recent speech delivered in
this country, Mr. Laing, the chancellor of the Indian ex-
chequer, frankly acknowledges the existence of serious diffi-
culties in the way of the Indian supply ever rivalling the
annual supply from America ; but he still holds out the
hope that the Indian Government will continue its efforts
towards making England as much independent of America
in the supply of cotton as possible.
It has been said that the Indian cotton is inferior to that
of America; that the present estimated annual production
of the former is only 2,500,000 bales, being 1,500,000 bales
less than what is consumed in England itself; and that it
will take too long a time to facilitate the means of transport
in India. But it has not been satisfactorily proved that
these defects are irremediable. A superior mode of cultiva-
tion may improve both the quantity and quality of Indian
cotton.

From the earliest ages, India has supplied the finest mus-
lins, made of her own cotton, to various civilised nations.
Not to refer to the Book of Esther (ch. i., v. 6), where the
Sanskrit word karpas (for cotton) occurs, it is pretty well
known that Indian muslins were used in Europe in the first
century after Christ. The " seria3 vestes," so highly valued
by the ladies of Imperial Rome, were made of Indian cot-
ton. The author of the " Periplus of the Erythrean Sea"
mentions the extreme fineness and transparency of the
muslins of India. Two Mahomedan travellers of the ninth
century corroborate the above statement. They say, " In
this same country (India) they make cotton garments in so
extraordinary a manner that nowhere else are the like to
be seen. These garments are, for the most part, round,
and wove to that degree of fineness that they may be
drawn through a ring of middling size." Further, the
abroan, or " running water," the " shubnem, or " night
dew," and various other so-called fine cloths, the delight of
the females in the household of Mahomedan emperors, were
also produced in India.
Undoubtedly, the best muslins used to be manufactured
in Dacca only ; but those of other parts of India were quite
good for ordinary purposes. There is no intelligible reason
why India should not retain, or rather regain, her position
as a cotton producing country. If she had not a rival in
America, and if planters had been encouraged instead of
having been snubbed and libelled, the commerce of India
in cotton would have been in a s ery different condition to-
day. In March last the writer passed through the district
of Burdwur, in Bengal. He made many inquiries respect-
ing the mode of cotton cultivation, and a brief sketch of
their results is now offered to the reader.
The seeds of cotton collected from previous crops, and
intended to be sown, are picked with care and dried in the
sun. They are kept stopped up in a vessel, generally an
old receptacle of oil or clarified butter, and hung up
to the
roof of the hut used as a kitchen. Before the approach of
the month of Aswin (September-October), the proper time
of planting, the seeds are steeped in water for several days,
and are then sown in acme rice manure : generally, the
bedding of cowhouses. When the blades appear, the
plants are removed to the ground already prepared. High
lands are chosen for the crop, and are ploughed crosswise
from 8 to 12 times until they present a level surface. The
plants are then set in regular rows, distant about 2 cubits
from each other. The labour of four men is necessary to
the planting of one biggah (one third of an acre) in one day.
The plants grow to the height of from .3 to 3i feet, their
branches spread each way from 1 to 11 feet, the roots going
to a depth of the same extent, and reaching sidewise the
length of from 9 inches to 1 foot. In the months of Dec.
and Jan., the labour of two men per biggah is employed in
furrowing round the plants and weeding. During the month
of Falgoon (February-March) the plants flower, and the crop
is gathered during the months of Vaishakh. and Jaishtha—
in other words, from the latter end of April to the middle
of June : May being usually the busiest month. Irriga-
tion is resorted to when there is a paucity of rain ;but, as a
general rule, the plants are watered twice a month during
March and April. The plants are not generally subject to
any particular disease; though hailstorms during the ap-
proach of summer, and a kind of grub called lal-poka, or
red insect, sometimes injure them. A crop is estimated at
from 60 to 90 seers (211) to the seer) per biggah ; and the
average proportion of wool to the seeds is as one to three
nearly: the wool selling at less than 10 rupees (a rupee
equal to 2s) per 30 seers. It has been estimated that
more than 3,000 biggahs of land are under cotton cultiva-
tion in Burdwan, while the annual produce realises about
25,000 rs.
Thc above tatateramt is partly applicable to several gthpr

districts in lengal, such as Houghlee, 24 Pergunnahs, Barn.-
set, &c. Content with what they have learnt from their
ancestors, and wanting encouragement and example, the
cultivators go on according to their old rude methods. It is
more than probable that British skill can introduce many
important improvements into the mode of cultivation. Nor
are the people of India, at least of Bengal, unwilling to co-
operate with the capitalists of Britain. Conversation with
more than one zemindar, or landholder, and with several
cultivators at different places, brought out tb e fact that they
would gladly turn their whole mind to the cultivation of
cotton if they were properly remunerated. The latter clause
is italicised, because it is the writer's belief that the culti-
vators rarely get adequate remuneration when they are
employed by Europeans, such as indigo planters. Net
that the European makes a rule of not paying for the
work performed, but because their native servants deprive
the cultivators of their due. These natives, as a class—
whether they be in the employ of indigo planters or of
zernindars, or even of Government—may be characterised as
uneducated and unprincipled. It is from their intercourse
with such natives that some English writers have un-
fortunately drawn their opinion of the national character
Gain (by whatever means it may be secured) is the all-ab-
sorbing object of their lives, and they never miss an oppor-
tunity of extorting money from the poor ryots. The ryots
are a timid race of men, who seldom darn make any com-
plaints, especially as the native officials take care to impress
them with the falsehood that the saheb (meaning the Euro-
pean) is himself determined not to pay them more. (Should
any ryot ever venture to lay his grievances before a Euro-
pean planter, he is generally met with a Chulla jao gadha
" Get away you ass I" either because the European is duped
by his wily servants, or because he thinks it inconsistent
with his dignity to interfere with minor details; sometimes,
perhaps, because of sheer idleness. The consequence is, that
the ryots grumble, and blame their employers and jog on.
What is the remedy for this evil? How ought the Bri-
tish capitalists to proceed with regard to the cultivation of
cotton ? The unprincipled amlahs should be as much dis-
pensed with as possible. Employ educated natives, and ten
to one they will prove themselves faithful both to their em-
ployers and the ryots. Give them decent salaries, and in the
long-run they will prove to be cheap. The educated men in
Bengal being generally resident about towns, may not be
familiar enough with the mufussil, or provincial affairs, to
be at once perfectly useful ; but their honesty and integrity
will amply compensate for their want of local knowledge,
-which they will soon acquire. Such employment will ren-
der the educated natives, the alumniof colleges and schools,
far more useful to their country than they can now possibly
be. These remarks are written by ene of the Hindoo race,
N vho confidently hopes and believes that if British capita-
li'sts will adopt proper methods for the raising of cotton in
Italia they will not only be able to invest their capital pro-
fitably to themselves, but will also be the instruments of
conferring lasting benefits upon the people of that country.

COUNIBY MARKETS.

HULL—Ocr. 15.

At our market to-day we had a small supply of English
wheat, which sold freely, and prices were is to 2s advance
on last week. Malting barley firmer, and grinding sorts in
good request, at about the same prices as of late. Beans,
peas, and oats all rather dearer. The linseed trade rather
animated.

Wheat.... Old white per qr. s2s Od to 58s Od
Old red
New white .. ~
New red .... ~
Dantzic Konb , &c. old white 54s Od to 63s Od
Dutch, Belgian, and French sos Od to 58s Od
Baltic and Hamburg, red. ._ s4s Od to 55s Od
St. Petersburg and Riga, Old 46s Od to 48s Od
Barley.... English malting . 32s Od to 36s Od
Grin ding 3os Od to 32s Od
Saal and Oderbruck
Holstein and Danish s2s Od to 54s Od

Grindittg 27s Od to 29s Od
Oats English, old
Archangel and Riga, per st.. 08121 d to 13d
Friesland and Dutch osl3d to osl3ld
Swedish and Danish osl2id to osl3d
Beans ....English, old, per qr
48s Oa to 50s Od

New pigeon . 42s Od to 44e Od
New tick. 4os Od to 42s Od

Egyptian
Od to 40s Od
Peas Foreign breakers
Grinding
Tares ....Spring. —s Od to —s Od
Indian Corn
Linseed, feeding
crushing
Linseed cakes (Hull)
Foreign! 8 10 0 to 9 0 0
Rapo cakes
Bones

GIaEAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
—CHEAP EXCURSION. —On SUNDAY, October
20, an Excursion Train will leave PADDINGTON .at 8.45
for Reading (fares, ss. 6d., Is., and 35.), Theale and
Aldermaston (65., is. 6e1., and 3s. Woolhampton, Thatch-
am, Newbury, Kintbury, and llu ogerford (6s. 6d., 55., and 3s.
WO, l'angbourne, Goring, and I Vallingtord Road (Cs. and 3s.
6d.), C ulham, Abi4g4don, and OY lord (Ce. 6d and is.), return-
ing th c same day 07.15 p.m. fr oiri Oxford, and other stations
as' per bills.

ANK O F DEPOSIT.
-(Estabrished A.D. 1844.)
'No. 3, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON.
Pro gpeetuses and Forms for Opening Accounts sent free
on ap plicatton.
PETER MORRISON, Managing Director.

IEIE INDUS STEAM FLOTILLA
T
The Directors are prepared to receive applications for
DEBI?. 'NTURES, at par, bearing. interest at 5 per cent. per
annum t, guaranteed by the Secretary of State for India in
Councl 1.
The Debentures ,re for five years, and may be renewed for
a forth er term of five years, at the same rate of interest
'the Debentures may be converted into Indus Steam
Flotilla Capital Stock at the option of the holder.
TIIOMAS BURNELL, Secretary.
Indus Steam Flotilla Office, Gresham House,
011 Broad-street, Sept. 25, 1851.

' CONTRACT FOR ITALIAN HEMP.
Department of the Storekeope!.. General of the Navy,
Somerset Place, 11,111 Oct., 1861.
t I[IHE COMMISSIONERS -Tor EXECUTING the
07FICE of LORD HIGH ADMIRAL of the UNITED
ICING. DO3l of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND, DO
HEREBY GIVE NOTICE, That on TUESDAY, the .'29th
inst., s.t Two o'Clock, they win. be ready to great with such
Persons as may be willing to Contract for sv.pplyiug

ITALIAN HEMP,
to be d elivered at her Majesty's Dock Yards. according to a
distrib ut ion, which, with a Form of the Tender, may be seen
at the said Office.

No 'Tender will be received. after Two o'clock on the day
of treaty, nor will any be noticed unless the party attends,
or an agent for him duly authorised in writing.
Every Tender must be addressed to the Secretary of the
Admiralty, and bear in the left -hand corner the words " Ten-
der for Italian Hemp ;" and must also be delivered at
Somerset-place.

V. R.—ARMY CONTRACTS.
Commissariat, South Camp, Aldershot,
October 10, 1861.
TENDERS will be received at this Officii"iiifii
Noon on Monday, November 4, 1861, from persons who
may be willing to enter into Contracts to supply
FLOUR AND MEAT,
in such quantities as may be required, from December 1,1861,
to May 31, 1862, for the use of her Majesty, 's Land Forces at
ALDERSHOT CAM P,
And within the Comrdand.
Separate Tenders are required for I'lour and for Meat.
Forms of Tender and Condition A of Contract may be ob-
tained on application at this Office, by letter or in person, be-
tween the hours of Ten and Four o'clock.
Ten ders on the printed Form'', must be properly filled up,
and signed, and delivered at 'this office, under closed enve-
lope, marked on the outside' 'Tender for Commissariat Sup-
plies," and no Tender will 1.10 noticed unless made on Forms
obtained from this Office.
(Signed)

ALFRED SALWEY,
Deputy Commissary General.

V. R.—ARMY CONTRACT.
Commissariat, South Camp, Aldershot,
October 10, 1861.
QEALED TENDERS will be received at this
► Office until Noon on Thursday, November 7 next, from
persono who may be willing to enter into Contract for the
supply of

PAILLASSE STRAW,
AND STRA W FOR ROYAL • ENGINNER SERVICE,
in such quantities as may be required from Ist December,
1861, I,x) 30th November, 1862, for the use of Her Majesty's
Land Forces stationed at
ALDERSHOT CAMP,
and within the Command.

Primted Forms of Tender, together with the Conditiona of
Contr act, may be obtained on application at this Office be-
tweeff the hours of Ten and Four o'clock, where every infor-
mation which may be required on the subject will be
furnished.

The Tenders must be made on the Printed Forms, which
should be properly filled up and signed, and delivered under
sealed invelope at the above-mentioned office, marked outside
•` render for Army Supplies," before noon on the 7th proximo.
No Tender will be noticed unless made on Forms obtained
from the Office.

(Signed) ALFRED SELWEY,
Deputy Commissary-General.

V. R.—ARMY CONTRACTS.
Commissariat, South Camp, Aldershot,
October 10, 1861.
TENDERS will be Itreceived at this Office until
Noon on Monday, November 4 next, from Persons
who may be willing to r;oler into Contracts to Supply
FLOUR FOR HOSPITAL BREAD,
in such quantities DA may be required, from December 1,1861,
*0 May 31, 1862, for the use of her Majesty's Land Forces sta-
tioned at

ALDERSHOT CAMP,
And within the Command,
Forms of Tender, and Conditions of Contract, may be ob-
tained on application at this Office, by letter or in person,
between the hours of Ten and Four o'clock.
Tenders on the printed forms must be prorerly filled up
and signed, and delivered at this Office, under closed enve-
lope, marked on the outside "Tender for Flour for Hospital
Bread," and nn Tender will Ize noticed unless made on Farms
obtained from, this Office.
(Signed)

ALFRED SELWEY,
Deputy Commissary-General.

AT CE.-LEA AND PERRINS
b4g, to caution the Public against Spurious Imitations of
their world-renowed
WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.
Purchasers should
ASK FOR LEA AND PERRINS' SAUCE,

Pronounced by Connoisseurs to be
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE."

- - -
*** Sold "Wholesale and for Export, by the Proprietors,
Worcester ; Messrs. Cuossm and TILAcKwEr.r.., London,
&c. &c., and by Grocers and Oilmen universally.

RIIPTURES.-BY ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.

WHITE'S MOO-MAIN LEVER TRUSS '
(PERFECTED AND EXHIBITED IN THE GREAT
EXHIBITION or 1851), is allowed by upwards of Two
Hundred Medical Gentlemen to he the most effective
invention in the curative treatment of H ERNI A.
'The use of a steel spring, so often hurtful in its effects,
ds here avoided—a soft bandage being worn round the
body, while the requisite resisting,* power is supplied by the
lloc-Main Pad and Lever, fitting with so much ease
and closeness that it cannot be detected, and may be worn
during sleep. A descriptive circular may be had,' and the
truss, which cannot fail to fit, forwarded by post, on the cir-
cumference of the body, two inches below the hips, being
gent to the manufacturer,
Mr. WIIITE, 228, Piccadilly.
A Single Truss, 165., 215., 265. 6d., and 31s. 6d. Postage,
A. Double Truss, 31s. 6d., 425., and 525. 6d. Postage, 1s Bd.
A.n Umbilical Truss, 425. and 525. ed. Postage, is. 10d.
Post-office Orders to be made payable to John White, ;Foot-
,office, Pier illy.

triLASTIC STOCKINGS, KNEE-CAPS, &c., for
Varicose Veins and all cases of Weakness and Swelling of
the Legs, Sprains, &c. They are porous, light in texture,
and inexpensive, and are drawn on like an ordinary stocking.
Price 4s. 6d., 7s. 6d., 10s., and 16s. each. Postage 6d.
JOHN WHITE. Manufacturer, 228,"Piccadilly.

GIVEN AWAY TO NERVOITS SUFFERERS.
HENRY SMITH, M.D., of the University of
Jena, has just published, for the benefit of Nervous
sufferers, a FREE EDITION of his valuable work, THE
WARNING VOICE TO YOUNG MEN (120 pages). A
xnedical work on the cure of Nervous Debility, loss of
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to Society, Spermatorrhcea. Local Weakness, Muscular Re-
laxation, Languor, Listlessness, Depression, &c.,'which, if
Peglected, result in consumption, insanity, and premature
'death ;•with plain directions for perfect restoration to health
;and vigour. The book will be sent, post free, secure from ob
nervation, to any address, on receipt of a directed envelope
and two stamps. Address, HENRY SMITH M.D. 8, Burton-
crescent, Taristock-square, London, W.C.

THE VIGOUR OF YOUTH RESTORED IN
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This wonderful agent wilt restore manhood to the most
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This life-restoring remedy should be taken by all about to
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Dr. Rieord's Essence of Life is sold in eases, with fall fn4
stmctions for use, at 1.15., or four quantities in one for 34.,
ar4d may be sent to any part of the world, carefully packed,
on receipt of remittance stamps.
Sole Agents in London—grout and Co., Patent Medicine
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DR. CURTIS' MEDICAL WORK, MANHOOD :
A MEDICAL ESSAY ON SPERMATORR H
NERVOUS AND GENERATIVE DEBILITY, &a
Just Published, the 150th thousand, with numerous plates,
in a sealed envelope, price is., Sold by all Booksellers, and
sent post paid, by the Author, for 12 stamps,
ANHOOD : the CAUSE and CURE of PRE-
' ix MATURE DECLINE IN MAN, with Plain Directions
for Perfect Restoration to Health and Vigour, By Dr. J. L.
Cuans,ls, Albermarie-street, Piccadilly, London,
CONTENTS:

r"lntilpotence;
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER on the physiological
Structure and FUlletiOttS of the Reproductive 0
CHAPTER IL—Causes of Spermatorrhcea and
'Carly Vicious Indulgences: Dangers of Neglect.
CHAPTER ITT.—A Review of the various Disqualifleaum,
of Marriage; whether resulting from Youthful Abuse, th;
Follies of Maturity, the Effects of Climate, or Infection, -
CHAPTERS IV. and Y. on the modern Treatment of
Gonorrhoea and Syphilis.
The Book concludes with numcrouS varied and interesting
sees, to which is added the Author's recipe of a preventive
Lotion. .

REVIEWS OF THE WORK.
"Curtis on Manhood.—This is a truly valuable work,
and
should be in the hands of young and old."—" Sunday Times,"
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4. The author has conferred a great boon by publishing this
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,‘ This work, which for twenty years has stood the test of
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a, GREAT MARTHELBOR OUCH
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PANTHON.
CULVERWELL, Member of the Royal
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above, on all oases of Nervous Debility, Languor, Incapacity,
Loss of Memory, Sterility, and all Functional Derangements
of both SeXekemansting fromearly and ,excessive
enoest
RU Just published,
realiesd.:
No. 4, by
post,
li
stamps;
is
An entire new and original Work, entitled
OURSELVES.
Synopsis: The Physiology and Anatomy of our Generation
—The Origin of Disease—Symptoms, Treatment, and Cure.
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MALE.
The modern treatment of Syphilis, Stricture, Blcnnorrliagia
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FEMALE.
The Physiology and Anatomy of Women—Functional Ir-
regularities in Health and Sickness—Choice in Marriage—
Their Expectancies and Disappointments—The Cause and
Removal of Sterility—The Theory and Symptoms of Gesta-
tion—Use of the Speculum. Also,
No. I.
HEALTH, HAPPINESS, and LONGEVITY;
Their Obligtions
On Debility, Nervousness, Dyspepsia, and Indigestion;
No. 2.
nd other LOVE AND MARRIAGE :
Happiness, and Disappointments; Love
atellel.l Sterility Removed, and Healthy off-
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No, S.
THE CASE BOOK:
100 Cases of SPERISTATORIMEA,
Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment, Confession and
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Advice to the Working Classes fee Efall-a-Gulnea:
(SPECIAL NOTICE.)
Dr. Cnivertvell is the only legally qualified medical practi-
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AMC.)