The Sun.
London, England, 1861-09-12 00:00:00

THE SUN LONDON, THURSDAY EVENIN6, SEPTEMBER 12, 1861.

by Lord Cornwallis upon your gallant corps—that they
furnished a conspicuous proof that discipline and valour in
soldiers, when directed by zeal and capacity in officers, are
irresistible."

mountains of Killarney, many sheep graze the fine
herbage which grows even on the most precipitous
and lofty peaks of those highest altitudes in Ire-
land. The breed is somewhat larger size than the
Wicklow, but wild and indisposed to fatten, though
when fit for the butcher, prized for its delicate mut-
ton and for the large proportion of loose fat in the

carcass.

Kerry labourers are badly off. Winter wages for
men are commonly only 6d. a-day, and many men
work during that season for diet only, while their
families go into the Killarney, Tralee, and other
"Unions-" But in many districts better pay prevails.
Mr. Herbert's labourers at Muckross have Bs. a-
week the year round, with a rent-free cottage of
three ground floor rooms—with unplastered inside
walls to be sure, but palaces in comparison with
many of the country cabins in which human beings
are condemned to be born, to fare hardly, and to die
with every comfort unknown. These better-paid
hands live better, dress better, and are better than
men stinted on lower wages ; and their case is a
proof that poor half-starved Paddy will not inva-
riably spend an extra shilling in potheen, as his
calumniators sometimes tell us. Lord Kenmare, on
his large property, furnishes labourers with plots
of ground for keeping cows, not under the control
of the farmers employing them; and the distress
prevalent in Kerry is, therefore, chequered iby
many cases of tolerably easylivelihood, obtained by
industrious men. In Killarney itself, it is a fact
that the poor are specially dainty about the quality
of their bread-loaf.

The railway from Killarney to Mallow passes
along a valley of much stony and more wet and
boggy land—a district of bad rushy grass, weedy
potatoes, stunted half-ripe oats, and some wheat
and barley ; the largest portion of the corn not yet
cut, and much hay not yet mown. It is a very late
season, owing to the prolonged rains ; but on the
higher and drier lands the grain is, most of it, carted.
Making our way into Limerick county, we find the
best crops of corn and hay we have yet seen in Ire-
land, divided into fair-sized fields by many real
hedgerows instead of the ragged furze banks.
Several large proprietors own-a large share of the
county, but farms are generally small. There are a
few holdings of 8 to 15 statute acres, many of 15
to 25 acres ; very few, but still some, of 400 or 500
acres ; the average of the central part of the county
being about 50 to 65 acres. The Earl of Dunraven's
property about Adare Castle is all held by yearly
tenants, with the exception of a few farms held
under old leases; but among the smaller proprie-
tors long leases, with fines for entry, are still in
vogue, and much of the land which has passed into
more divided ownership through the agency of the
Encumbered Estates Court is let on 21 years'
leases. No tenant-right exists here as a principle,
though in some instances money may be paid to
outgoing tenants ; as a rule, six months' notice to
quit is given, without any compensation. It
is a usual thing, however, for sons and heirs to
succeed to vacant holdings. The custom of " gale"
rent is very advantageous to a tenant, who has no
rent to pay for 12 months after entry, and then
only a half-year's rent, so that he has always one
half-year's payment in hand. Tenants thrive very
variously under different landlords, and the system
of interposing more than one manager of an estate
between the owner and his tenantry exists in many
cases, ;with considerable liability to abuse. An
agent collects rents at his town office for several
proprietors, having "drivers" or "rent-warners" to
look after the tenants; or a company at Dublin will
collect rents in Limerick county, appointing a resi-
dent agent on any large estate, who has " drivers"
or "agriculturists" under him. On one large pro-
perty we hear that this causes no disadvantage to
the tenants, who are doing well under a rent-roll
lately subjected to reduction. But still it cannot
be a wise principle to widen the distance between
owners and tenants, and render new tenants liable
to selection for other reasons than their ability to
treat a farm in a business-like manner. Of course,
tenantry on different properties experience various
degrees of consideration. One large proprietor in
Limerick lately had his estate re-valued, raising the
rental 13,000 or £4,000 a year; but last year it was
deemed politic to forgive the tenants the increase,
and the present is such a bad season that there will
most probably be a difficulty in collecting it. An-
other landowner in the same county also employed
a valuator, who promised a large increase of rent-
roll ; but the agent was at once directed to lower
rents wherever high, and to give all the tenants
leases. The tithe here, as in other places, is paid
by the landlord; the tenant pays one-half the poor-
rate (which is commonly ls. in the pound), and the
county cess, here about 2s. per acre.
The limestone land generally in tillage lets at an
average of 20s. to 30s. an acre, and if with a portion
of good permanent grass in connection, up to 38s. or
40s. Along the banks of the Shannon for some
miles below Limerick city is a reach of extraordi-
narily rich meadow,, called " carcass," or marsh
land, alluvial, and securely embanked from the
spring tides which would otherwise overflow the
surface. These grounds, never flooded and never
manured, are mown for hay every year, commonly
giving 31 tons to the statute acre, while as pasture
they are held in the highest esteem for horses.
Farmers without grass land, who grow no clover,
hire carcass land at £3 to £3 10s. an acre for the
summer,—for the sake of the hay, South-west of
Limerick to Rathkeale is some good grass land ; but
most of the country is in tillage, and two classes of
farming are seen. On the better system, swedes and
a little marigold are grown, one•fourth of the "green
crop" being potatoes, which were never more dis-
eased than they are this year. After these, wheat,
generally ploughed in with an exceedingly shallow
furrow, the best farmers having Suffolk drills, which
give a much better crop. No corn crops are hand-
hoed, the only chance of overmastering the rapid
growth of weeds in this humid climate being to sow
thickly in order to smother them, the usual seeding
of wheat being 10 or 12 stone per acre. 'Wheat does
well in a favourable season ; but too frequently a
sudden heat after prolonged rains shrivels up the
grain, mildew being very prevalent. The present
year :will give a very deficient yield, but a good
average is 125 stone per acre, weighing 601 b. per
bushel, occasionally up to 631 b. per bushel. The
wheat is all carried to the rickyard, instead of being
made into diminutive stacks in the fields. After
the wheat comes clover, mown for hay ; then oats,
producing 155 stone, sometimes 180 or 220 stone
per acre. Some farmers let the clover remain two
years ; others take oats or barley in place of the
clover, which thus comes the fourth instead of the
third year, this being practised where plenty of arti-
ficial manures are used for the green crop. Oats
and barley are both average crops this year, and,

judging by the eye, about half already cut. The
inferior and generally smaller farming is a course of
potatoes, wheat, and then oats, sometimes the shed
oats of the last crops allowed to grow up for
another crop ; but the potatoe disease is doing much
to abolish this wretchedly flogging management. All
the larger occupiers do, or are beginning to, grew
turnips and clover ; they plough six inches deep
with a pair of horses, trust to harrowing to draw out
root-weeds, using no broadshare scarifiers ; but the
most advanced husbandmen have Tennant's grubber.
Manure is not well made, no oilcake given to cattle
to enrich it, though. a few of the best farmers feed
their animals on corn, and the lesser farmers get
their strawo
nt
ar ol
ldydoe
nn
theinto
roads, oads, manuret
esometimesstraw
b e inng sheds
qua-
lified by hayff othem
areead ows.
The largest farmers dairymen, some having

no tillage land at all ; 30, 40: or 50 Irish cows
crossed with shorthorn being grazed in summer on
the permanent pastures, and only in some cases
housed in winter, hay being spread for them in their
winter fields. Some dairymen breed, but most pur-
chase incalvers off lighter soil farms, which are not
good butter land, these incalvers having been pre-
viously bought as heifers by the lighter-land far-
mers. The butter is salted, 81b. of salt to the firkin,
and sent to Cork, the sour milk going to reared
calves and pigs. On a few of the best farms are seen
courtyards, with store stock treading down manure,
and sheds for stall-fattening ; but these are rare, the
usual farmsteadings consisting of a barn and stable,
a cow-house, and perhaps also a cart-shed. In fact,
the grass farms are often large holdings, with
scarcely any buildings at all. Lord Dunraven is a
present erecting good farm offices with money ad-

vanced by the Board of Works ; his Lordship's
estate has also been largely under-drained with pipes
or stones, partly executed by the tenants, who were
paid so much a perch for the work, and partly by
the present earl's loan from the Board of Works, a
re-valuation of the estate having been made after
drainage was done.

There is little sheep-grazing in the county of
Limerick, sheep being supposed to pick out the finer
grasses away from the cows ; but many dairymen
buy a few lambs from small farmers who keep, per-
haps, a couple of ewes ; the lambs are grazed along
with the cows, and sold in spring as iamb-hogs at
50s. a head. Messrs. Christy, of Fort Union, near
Adare, whose shorthorn herd is so well known, buy
lambs in May—coarse Leicesters, or the country
sheep improved with Leicester blood, wash them
to free the wool from the grit and dirt of the fairs,
after a while dip with Bigg's composition, and
again in the autumn, and their last clip of hog
was sold for 275. a stone of 161 b. But it is too
rainy a country for sheep, which here suffer much
from the rot, so that few sheep, and not gme large
breeding flock, can be found.
Mr. Christy, senior, sold off his herd a few
ago, but the sons are maintaining the same-141'A,
of high-class animals, breeding in connexions: it
' dairying on a mixture of tillage and grass k;d
which is not adapted for making animals int., J,"
There is certainly very superior farming ; all the
cattle are housed in winter, they sell none as stores,
consume much home-grown corn, and use bones
largely, having established a bone-mill twenty-five
years ago. They have a Garrett's finishing steam
threshing machine,.which is let out to neighbours,
and others of Clayton and of Tuxford are also in the
county; but the complete dressing of the grain
appears useless where millers give no higher price
for clean than for merely chaffed corn. Tbis is
sold in the bulk when taken to market, and all
sales are for ready money, with no abatement for
delivery or discount.
We were unable to visit Lord Dunraven's farms,
to inspect the herd of shorthorns of Captain Ball,
or to see several fine specimens of good husbandry
by tenants in the neighourhood, who are descend-
ants of Protestant Germans settled here at the
period of the Reformation.

Will you give me time to again memorialise the
board ?

Mr. D'Eyncourt—l will make the order, but will
adjoUrn it for 10 days. Unless you then inform
me that you have got the consent of the board you
must pull it down. You have done it thinking
that you would not be interfered with.
The matter then dropped.
Mr. William Winn, the extensive contractor, of
Curtain-road and elsewhere, was summoned at the
instance of Robert Howard Valentine, and inspec-
tor of nuisances, acting for the Board of Works for
the Hackney district, for permitting an accumula
tion of hard core and other offensive matter to re-
main upon his wharf, which was a nuisance and in-
jurious to health.
Mr. Ellis's clerk represented the Board of Health ;
and Mr. Beard, of Basinghall-street, the defendant,
who pleaded not guilty.
The complainant deposed that on the 28th ult.,
and on three other occasions since, he visited the
defendant's wharf, in Hertford-road, Singsland,
and there found a heap of hard core, consisting of
broken crockery, oyster shells, dust, and fish bones,
which was a nuisance. When he first visited it,
the heap was about a quarter larger than on his
last visit. In his opinion a greater portion of the
heap consisted of organic matter. The heap would
be a nuisance if put lower down the yard. A
kF.•Allen's house adjoins the defendant's yard,
~she had stated that she had been ill through
07 stench from the defendant's yard.
Cross-examined by Mr. Beard—Had known the
defendant's yard for many years. During the last
three years the defendant had kept it in good order.
His system was to have the dust sifted as soon as
brought in by the carts. The soft core, such as
vegetables, and other offensive matters, was imme-
diately placed in carts and taken away so soon as
the cart was full, and the sifted dust was removed
daily. All the yard was very clean. All he had
to complain of was the heap of hard core.
The medical officer of health for Hackney was
then called, and confirmed the last witness, and
added that he had been told Mrs. Allen was ill

through the smell from the heap in question. He
thought such a heap might generate diarrhoea.
In cross-examination the doctor said he could not
smell anything offensive until within six or seven
feet from the yard. He went into Mrs. Allen's
house, but could not smell anything offensive in it.
The window was shut, and that might be the
reason. There was another wharf close by the
defendant's from which offensive smells came. The
proprietor of that wharf had been summoned be-
fore the board.

Robert Fanhurst, foreman to Mrs. Allen, also
spoke to the unpleasantness of the smell from the
hard core.

Mr. Beard having addressed the court for the de-
fendant, and complained of the Hackney Board of
Works taking these proceedings when their own
officers admitted that defendant did all he could to
keep the wharf in a good state, observed that he
really thought the real object of these proceedings
was to drive Mr. Winn from the wharf altogether,
and get him out of Hackney parish. He was pre-
pared by evidence of several medical gentlemen,
and also by the neighbours of Mrs. Allen, to show
that the heap of hard core was neither a nuisance
nor injurious to health, and he asked the magis-
trate to dismiss the summons. He then called
Dr. Letheby, medical officer of health for the
city of London, who stated that he had great expe-
rience relative to the state of dustyards, not only
in the metropolis but in the country. He yesterday
visited the defendant's yard, and found the business
carried on in the most exemplary manner—in fact,
it was a model dustyard. As soon as the carts arrive
the dust is shot out, and all the vegetable or ani-
mal matters are at once taken from it and placed in
a cart. The stuff remaining is sifted, and the fine
ashes and the large cinders, called breeze, are also
taked away. The hard core was what was corn
plained of, and his opinion was that there was
nothing in that heap which could be offensive to
anyone a short distance from it, and certainly there
could be nothing that was injurious to health.
There is not sufficient organic matter in the heap to
bring about sufficient decay to be injurious to health
Mr D'Eyncourt intimated_ that after the evidence
of so eminent and scientific a witness he could not
make an order.

Mr. Beard observed that he had two other medi-
cal gentlemen present, Drs. Horner and James, to
confirm Dr. Letheby, if it were thought necessary.
Mr. D'Eyncourt thought not; and having re-
marked upon the fact that Mrs. Allen had not been
called by the prosecution, he dismissed the com-
plaint, a decision which appeared to give great
satisfaction to a crowded auditory.

MARYLEBONE.—Thomas Bawson, a stout,
morose-looking fellow, was charged with robbery,
under the following circumstances :

William Barrow said he resided at 34, Seymour-
street, Euston-sqnare, and kept a coffee-house.
About 11 o'clock last night he went into a beer-
shop at the corner of the street, where he saw the
prisoner and two other men. The prisoner spoke
to him. and after remaining there about three-
quarters of an hour, prosecutor went into the street,
and suddenly became insensible. He was picked
up by the police and taken home, where he did not
get out of his stupor till 7 o'clock this morning.
When he went into the house he had £4 15s. in
his pocket, all of which had disappeared.
Taylor, 349 S, stated that shortly before 12 last
night he saw the prisoner with his arms round pro-
secutor's waist, leading him, with the assistance of
the two other men, along Seymour-street. They
turned into Duke-street. Shortly after the three
ran out, and he followed them up into Clarendon-
square, where they went underneath a lamp and
began to share some money. He caught hold of
prisoner and asked him what he had robbed the
man for, when he replied " It was not me, it was
the other two who have gone off." He was taken
to the station, and on being searched 2s. 6d., two
keys, and two duplicates were found. Prosecutor
was taken into his own house quite insensible,
James East, hackney carriage attendant 178, said
he took charge of the prisoner while last witness
went to take prosecutor home. The prisoner stooped
down and placed something behind some rails,
where on witness looking he found four sovereigns
and 2s. 6d.
Prisoner was remanded.

SOUTHWARK.—John Jarvis, a respEctable•
looking young man, was brought before Mr. Bur.
cham charged with assaulting Mary Ann Jarvis
his wife.

The latter, who exhibited several scratches and
bruises about the face, said that about 7 o'clock
last evening she heard her husband at the door,
and being fearful of his violence, she told one of
the children to admit him while she fastened herself
in a back room out of his way. As soon as he got
inside he commenced using bad language, and forced
open the door of the room where she was, and as
she was trying to got out of his way he seized hold
of her, and knocked her about severely.
Mr. Burcham asked her how long she had been
married ?

She replied, 14 years; and she had four children,
the eldest of whom was 13.
Mr. Burcham asked her if he was in the habit of
beating her ?
She replied that for the last six years he had ill-
used her, and kept her without sufficient money to
keep the family. He had also a very bad temper,
and when he came home he vented his passion on
her, so that sire hid away from him.
Mr. Burcham asked why she hid herself away on
the previous night ?
She replied that she had words with him when
he went away in the morning and she was afraid of
him. She had, however, no wish to have him
punished. All she wanted was protection. He earned
345. a week, and they ought to live comfortably.
Mr. Burcham thought so too, and said it was a
pity to see a man and wife like them live in so bad a
manner together. He should order the prisoner to
find sureties to keep the peace for six months.