The Sun.
London, England, 1861-04-17 00:00:00

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and so it was :decided not to avoi
for collision. It is even report
authority, that certain persons _
semi-official information not to be present in the
crowd on Monday evening.. I fear, too, from what
I hear that the collision took place with the con-
currence of the Imperial Government at St. Peters-
burg. But, as I said, it might have been avoided.
If a state of siege had been.proclaimed en Monday
morning, after the temper of the town had been
seen on Sunday—if the streets had been kept clear,
and no crowd allowed to collect, or even if the
Prince had consented to the reappointment of the
special constables, under the direction of the Muni-
cipal. Connell, the innocent blood of women, of
sight-seers, of merely inquisitiVe loiterers, need not
have been shed. Since Monday certain laws and
regulations, good enough in themselves, 'have been
published for the preservation of the peace and the
prevention of assemblages in the streets. But they
ought to have been published before. Of unneces-
sary bloodshed it is surely as true in the case of
Governments as of individuals that " All they that
take the sword shall perish with the sword."

PRICE 4D. STAMPED, SD.

sorrow for their dead compatriots, nor their respect
and regard for their living "Father," as they had
called Count Andre, but simply to signify to the
Russian Government their dissatisfaction at the
measures it had taken, and with the promises it
had made. The large space round the Viceregal
Castle was therefore the place of gathering; the
Viceroy himself the man sought, and, if all
had been subsequently managed by the autho-
rities as it was on this Sunday evening, I
should have no fresh tale to tale of the bar-
barous massacre of unarmed crowds. The Castle
-was at once surrounded with troops from the
interior court, and the people were exhorted to go
home. They were without arms; they had no
intention of using violence. They only wished the
Government to know that the national voice was
against the dissolution of the Agricultural Society,
that the national desires were still unsatisfied. The
Generals in command listened, but replied that as
military men they knew nothing of these things,
and again repeated their exhortations to the crowd
to retire. Ultimately an assurance was given that
the people's wishes ahould be made known to the
Prince ; and upon the withdrawal of the military
the people at once withdrew. Thus closed Sunday,
and Monday brought with it that uneasy, restless,
insecure feeling which usually forbodes a storm.
It was a Roman Catholic holiday. As is customary,
all the shops were closed, all workshops empty, and
the population of the town for the most part in the
streets. The early part of the day passed without
disturbance ; but towards 5 o'clock it was evident
something was about to occur. Streams of people
—men, women, and even children—were seen tend-
ing in one direction, and that towards the Viceregal
Castle. At about 7 o'clock up went three signal
rockets, and then three guns sent their booming sig-
nals over the town. We all knew too well that the
work of bloodshed had begun. In a few minutes
squadrons and detachments of cavalry and Cossacks
were rushing through the principal streets to take
up their pre-arranged positions. Every open space
was occupied, every commanding position secured.
And then was heard the fire of the infantry in the
distance. It was a terrible moment. Citizens,
grant them misguided if you will—grant them
assembled on purpose to make demonstrations
against the Government—but still citizens, un-
armed, unresisting, to be shot down like dogs !
Surely this is not work for the 19th century and
for civilised Europe. The crowd had collected in
very large numbers; and a drummer was sent
among them to bid them by beat of the drum to
disperse. This was repeated three times, but
without effect. Indeed, how should it have
been otherwise, for many had that morning re-
ceived the last sacrament, and were Prepared to
die? The Marquis Wiclopolski's carriage appeared
amid the crowd at this point, on its way to the
Castle. It was instantly assailed with stones, and
those within it—the son of the Marquis, M. Enoch,
and a doctor, named Chalubinski—were more or
less hurt. The order was then given to some squad-
rons of mounted Gendarmes and Cossacks to charge
with drawn sabres. This they did, wounding many,
but still the crowd would not move. Then went
forth the word of command to the infantry to fire.
The scene, I am told, had something of the sublime
in it. Men and women stood up before the
levelled muskets and repeated the order, " Fire ! "
Mothers held up their babes and re-echoed the cry,
" Fire !" The disregard of death was something
awful. Then came three crashing volleys in quick
succession. The accurate number of the killed and
wounded, perhaps, never will be known. The Vice-
roy, in an official statement published in some of
the papers next day, acknowledges that 10 were
killed and 108 wounded ; but the number was
much greater. The corpses were at once seized, and
many wounded also, and dragged within the court
of the Castle. The crowd, running for shelter into
the nearest streets, was met by other bodies of
troops and attacked. At one point they were
hemmed in between two masses, and, falling on their
knees, commenced singing a hymn. Even in this
posture shots were fired among them. In the ex-
asperation of the moment two soldiers were killed
and several seriously wounded. Two young stu-
dents, intimate friends, were there together in the
front rank. One fell dead, shot by the soldier oppo-
site ; his friend seized the soldier's bayonet and
killed him on the spot. Little by little the crowd
dispersed, and the streets were cleared by mounted
patrols of Cossacks, with their lances all in rest.
Meanwhile, in answer to the signals, regiment after
regiment of infantry had been marched into the
town, and now occupied all the squares and open
spaces under arms. Night closed in upon a city
held by a hostile army, not protected by its own
peaceful civil Government.
Such were the events of Monday, April 8. During
the night bodies of police, supported by troops, went
through the town to all houses where it was sup-
posed there were any dead or wounded, and re-
moved them to the Citadel. Weeping women were
thus deprived of the only solace left them—that of
tending their sick, or bearing their dead to the
burial. I say nothing of the dead, but that the
wounded should have thus been removed from the
custody and care of their relatives I say was in-
human. The troops bivouacked on the.spots they
had occupied during the evening, and next morn-
ing the town presented the appearance of a vast
camp—infantry, cavalry, artillery, and Cossacks
filled every open space. Patrols constantly passed
along the street, and commissariat waggons, with
food for the troops, accompanied by armed escorts,
were seen at intervals on their way to their several
positions. During the day excitement ran very
high ; but, happily, there was no very serious
dis-
turbance. Whenever crowds collected they were
dispersed. Individual acts of violence. occurred.
Soldiers tore the national mourning from those
who continued to wear it, and collisions took place
in consequence, in which wounds were received,
and, lam told, life was lost. Crowds of men and
women went to the churches to receive the sacra-
ment, not knawing when death might overtake
them. The prevalent feeling all day (as it has been
up to the moment at which I am writing) was one
of uncertainty and insecurity. But there is no
change whatever in the popular mind. They are
ready to be shot down again to-night, or to-mor-
row, or whenever the time comes, unarmed, unre-
sisting, as they were on Monday night. I have
talked with members of workmen's families, and in
that class they are equally ready to be victims, and
equally purposed not to resort to force. Still they
will make their wishes known. " Government must
and shall hear us," they say, " or Europe shall."
And all this bloodshed might have been easily
avoided if the Government had wished it. But I
fear they wished for a collision. All through the
country the same spirit prevails, and they hoped
this would check it. At Kalisch, at Lublin, at
Plock, at Kielce, at Mlawa, at Siedlec, at Radom,
there have been similar demonstrations. The
Governor of the department of Lublin has
arrived in Warsaw, and refused to return.
A provisional committee manages the affairs
of the department. The country has never for-
gotten the words of the present Czar, on the occa-
sion of his first visit to Warsaw after his accession
—" All that my father did in Poland was well
done." They are often quoted against him to this
day. And so the people have no faith in promises
of reforms. They ask, and with some show of
reason, " What guarantee have we that the Ukase
of /861 will be carried out any more than the
Organic Statute of 1832 ?" Then, again, the army
was in danger of losing its morale by such futile
displays of force as that of Sunday evening. The
infantry, drawn up face to face with the crowd,
heard their jokes and laughed at them, received
cigars at their hands, were chucked under the chin
by them, and told to hold up their heads in a more
soldierly manner. It is said that Chruloff, the
general who has lately arrived from St. Petersburg
to take command of the troops in the town, remon-

GOVERNMENT AID TO VOLUNTE,ERs;

Yesterday an influential meeting of officers com-
manding volunteer corps was held at the Thatched
House Tavern, St. Jatnes's-street, for the purpose
of conferring with Lord Elcho upon the measure he
is about to-bring before the Legislature, and of im-
pressing the members of Parliament with whom
they have influence and the Government with the
absolute necessity of some more efficient aid being
extended to volunteer corps than has yet been
afforded. DeputationS attended from some of the
principal towns in England and Scotland. The
Mayor of Bristol was called to the chair.
Mr. Sheriff BELL said the subject which that
meeting had been called to consider had been taken
up in accordance with a series of resolutions passed
at a meeting held recently in Glasgow, which had
been convened by circulars addressed to nearly 200
commanding officers of volunteer rifle corps in all
parts of England and Scotland. He then read the
circular, which in effect urged the propriety of ap-
plying for Government aid for the volunteers, and
suggesting that representations should be made to
the Government simultaneously from different
places, as by this means there was more chance of
obtaining a favourable result. It further stated
that a meeting had been held in Glasgow last Fri-
day, and that a deputation was to proceed to Lon-
don for the purpose of urging this question upon
the attention of Parliament. He concluded by pro-
posing a resolution in effect that the meeting was
of opinion that in order to meet the great expense
of the volunteers an amount of £1 per man should
be asked from the Government to enable them to
meet some portion of the expenses not at present
provided for.

The
t,OMMANDANT of the 3d Manchester Volun-
teers thought the,time had come when the volunteer
force should be supported to some extent by the
Government as one of the permanent institutions of
the country, and had great pleasure in seconding
the resolution. He thought the amount asked for
was a reasonable one. He could say that the expenses
of some of the corps, particularly of the artisan
corps, one of which he commanded, were so great
that he believed the men could not afford to con-
tiriue to belong to them, And if Government wished
to foster the movement they must do something for
those whose pecuniary position did not enable them
to meet ail the requirements of such an institution.
Capt. BRAN DRAN, commandant of the Blackheath
Artillery, supported the resolution, and thought
the question of payment of clothing should be kept
entirely out of view.
The COMMANDANT of the Ist Lancashire Engi-
neers said his corps met their entire expenses for
13s. per annum, or 3d. per week per man. This was
expended in storehouses, inspectors, and other inci-
dental expenses. His corps was entirely an artisan
corps, and they found that 3d. per week was suffi-
cient to defray all expenses of this character.
Colonel EGERTON thought it was a wise plan to
ask for a grant for the whole expenses instead of
indicating any particular items, and bothering Go-
vernment with details, which might make them look
less favourably upon their proposition. He also
thought it was not desirable to ask for any grant as
to the clothing, but,that they might ask to be
allowed to have it at the Government price.
The COMMANDANT of an Edinburgh corps thought
that the expenses of the orderly department ought
to be met by Government aid, and not paid out of
the funds of the corps. He believed that the artisans
could not keep on paying 4d or 4d per week, with
the additional expense of providing for their uni-
form every two or three years. The more they at-
tended to their drill the sooner their clothes would
wear out, and the greater the expense to which they
would be put. The result was that the more a man
strove to render himself efficient in his drill, the
greater the expense would be to him.
Lord Erato, who was received with great cheer-
ing, said that the object he had in view in the reso-
lution which had been proposed at the meeting con-
vened by him on the 23d of February last, was to
frame an application that might be made to the Go-
vernment for governmental aid in such a manner
that by its manifesting a reasonable character it
would render it quite unreasonable on the part of
the Government to refuse it. The Government at
present bore the expenses of adjutants and inspec-
tors, They also gave the rifles; and although at
first they did not give the ammunition, that neces-
sary adjunct to rifle practice was furnished by the
authorities. The reason why the question of cloth-
ing was kept out of his resolution was because it
had been considered upon mature deliberation that
it was better to let the men choose their own cloth-
ing in their own district, as they would not only be
better satisfied with what they had, but it would
tend to encourage trade. He bad written to about
200 different corps upon the question of his resolu-
tions, and he had received answers from upwards
of 100 in various parts of the country, and of those
there were only two who in any way dis-
sented from his suggestion of asking Govern-
ment to afford volunteer corps some pecuniary aid,
and of those two, one commanding officer had writ-
ten to say he had defrayed the entire, expenses of
his corps himself, and intended to continue to do so
without any Government aid.
After some further discussion the resolution was
put and carried unanimously.
Mr. Sheriff BELL moved the second resolution,
which was to a certain extent confirmatory of the
first.

Sir J. V. SHELLEY, Bart., M.P., commandant of
the London National Rifles, thought it was impor-
tant that Lord Eleho should be able, when he
brought the question before the House of Commons,
to state their reasons for asking for a definitive
amount, and his noble friend would now be able to
lay before the house the expressed opinion of the
commanding officers of so many corps, and he could
not but think that it must have great effect upon
the members.

Lord RANELAGII cordially supported the resolu-
tions, and which was coincident with that which he
had proposed more than twelve months ago, viz.,
that the government should pay £1 per head per
man towards the expenses of the corps.
The resolution having been carried, a vote of
thanks to the chairman closed the proceedings.

HEALTH OF LONDON DUELING THE WEEK.

(From the Registrar-General's Weekly Return.).

tfatal
The weekly return of births and deaths in Lon-
don, issued by authority of the Registrar-General,
. states that the total deaths in London in the week
that ended last Saturday were 1,209, a number that
differs to every slight extent from those returned in
the six previous weeks. The average number of
deaths derived from the returns of weeks corre-
-1,288 ; and
cs
op
rornede itni
nggwf
oi trh increaselast week inpo ten
ayt
ieoanr
,s i
81851- 60, and
the result of comparison is that the mortality of
been if the average rate of mortality had ruled.
last week was less by 79 deaths than it wouldedhfarvoem
38 to 77. Whooping-cough was fatal n
The births registered last week exceeded the
deaths in the same period by 795.
Among zymotic diseases whooping-cough still
predominates. It rose from 82 deaths in the pre.
svini oaulsl -
pwoexe,km
et to s
19e4s , last
latina,
week,at
in a:
da
inpdh
twhaesr
ia,
aa,s
ran9g
and diarrheca taken in the aggregate., It 3:l3lluass,
i
is also
more fatal than is usual at this season, for in corre-
sponding weeks of the years 1851-60 it
much as the average
croup,
cases in
scarlatina,lslington, in4 5 iin
occurredL i m ei
nh otuhsee .. e aOf f
s2uo b _ deaths from
distict of Is-
lington. Twenty-one children
died from
which is nearly three times as
mortality. Phthisis, or consumption,
176 persons, the corrected average being 172 ; bron-
carried off'
bron-
chitis 115, which is a less
rate of mortality for thisdueed. season would have pro-
Last week the births
in all 2,004 children, of 1,012 boys and 992 girls,
en, were registered in London. In
the ten corresponding weeks of the years 1851-60
the average number was 1,723.

THE GARIBALDIANS.—The Official Gazette of
Turin publishes a decree relative to the reorganisation of
the Garibaldian army. In virtue of this decree the Gari-
baldian officers will form part of the new corps, which will
be composed of three divisions. It is hoped at Turin that
these measures will remove one of the principal causes of
difference between Count Cavour and Garibaldi,