The Sun.
London, England, 1857-12-25 00:00:00

LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 25, 1857.

INNS OF COURT.

-
The Council of Legal Education have issued the
following rules for the public examination of the
students in Hilary Term, 1858 : •
" The attention of the students is directed to the fol-
lowing rules of the Inns of Court
As an inducement to students to propose themselves
for examination, studentships shall be founded of 50
guineas per annum each, to continue for a period of three
years, and one such studentships shall be conferred on
the most distinguished student at each public examina-
tion ; and, further, the examiners shall select and certify
the names of three other students who shall have passed
the next best examinations; and the Inns of Court to
which such students belong may, if desired, dispense,
with any terms, not exceeding two, that may remain to
be kept by such students previously to their being
called to the bar ; provided that the• examiners shall
not be obliged to confer or grant any studentship or
certificate uulass they shall be of opinion that the ex-
amination of the students they select has been sach as
entitles them thereto.

"At every tail to the, bar those students who have
passed public examination and either obtained a student-
chip or a certificate of honour shall take rank in seniority
over all other students who shall be called on the same
day.

" No student shall be eligible to be called to the bar
who shall not either have attended during one whole
year the lectures of two of the Readers, -or have satis-
factorily passed a public examination.
"Rules for the Public Examination of Candidates for
Honours or Certificated entitling Students to be called
to the Bar.

"An examination will be held in Hilary Term next,
to which a student of any of the Inns of Court, who is
desirous of becoming a candidate for a atna..temr.
han.nr., 061.,ining a certificate of fitness for being
called to the bar, will be admissible.
"Eaoh student proposing to submit himself for ex-
amination will- be required to enter his mono at the trea-
surer's-office of the Inn of Court to which he belongs
on or before Thursday, the 31st Dec. inst., and he will
further be required to state in writing whether his object
in offering himself for examination is to compete for a
studentship cr other honourable distinction, or whether
he is merely desirous of obtaining a certificate prelimi•
nary to a call to the bar.

The ex tfuinationWill commence on Thursday, 7th
Jan. next, and will be continued on the Friday and
Saturday following.
" It will take place in the Benchers' Reading-room of
Lincoln'e-inn, and the doors will be closed 10 minutes
after the time appointed for the commencement of the
examination.

" The examination by printed questions will be con-
ducted in the following order ;
"Thursday morning, Jan. 7, at half-past 9, on Con-
stitutional Law and Legal History; in the afernoon, at
half-past 1, on Equity.
"Friday morning, Jan. 8, at half-past 9, on Common
Law ; in the afternoon: at half-past 1, ou the Law of
Real Property, &o.
" Saturday morning, Jan. 9, at half-past 9, on Juris-
prudence and the Civil Law ; in the afternoon, at half-
past 1, a paper will be given to the students, including
questions bearing upon all the foregoing subjects of
examination.

"The oral examination will be conducted in the same
order, during the same hours, and on the same subjects
as those already marked out for the examination by
printed questions, except that on Saturday afternoon
there will be no oral examination.
" The oral examination of each student will be con.
ducted apart from the other students, and the character
of that examination will vary according as the student
is a candidate for honours or a studentship, or desires
simply to obtain a certificate.
" The oral examination and printed questions will be
founded on the books below mentioned, regard being
bad, however, to the particular object with a view to
which tho student presents himself for examination.
" In determining the question whether a student has
passed the examination in such a manner as to entitle him
to be called to the bar, the examiners will principally have
regard to the general knowledge of law and jurisprudence
which be has displayed.
"A student may present himself at any number of
examinations until he shall have obtained a certificate.

" A student who shall obtain a certificate may present
himself a second time for examination as a candidate for
the etudentohip, but only at one of the three examinations
immediately succeeding that at which he shall have ob-
tained such certificate, provided that if any student so
presenting himself shall not succeed in obtaining. the
studentship his name shall not appear in the list.
" Students who have kept more than 11 terms shall
not be admitted to an examination for the studentship,
" The Reader on Constitutional Law and Legal His•
tory proposes to examine on the following subjects :
"He will expect all who present themselves for
examination to possess a general knowledge of the lead-
ing events in English history.
"He will expect the candidates fer honours to be well
acquainted with the chapters in Mr. Hallam's " History
of the Middle Ages" on the English Constitution, with
the chapters in Hallam's " Constitutional History"
which treat of the reigns of Elizabeth, of the Stuarts, of
King William and Queen Anne, witheo much of Rapin
and Tindal, and of Belehant or Macaulay, as relates to
that period.

""He will expect them to be acquainted with the
appendices of Mr. Hume from the time of Henry VII.
downwards ; with Lord St. Leonard's " Preface to Gil-
bert on Uses ;" with the notes of Mr. Butler on " Coke'd
Littleton," which gives the history of Uses and Trusts,
and an account of the Progress of Subinfeudation. He
will expect them also to be acquainted with the most
remarkable State Trials from the time of Elizabeth to
the acces- ion of George L
"The candidates for a pass will, moreover, be required
to possess an accurate knowledge of the reigns of Elizabeth
and the Stuart Kings, with the events of the Revolution
and the Act of Settlement, and with the State Trials dur-
ing the reign of Charles 11.
" The Reader on Equity proposes to examine in the
following hooks :77

"1. 'Smith's Manual of Equity jurisprudence, Mit-
ford on the Pleadings in the Court of Chancery, Intro-
duction'—chap. 1, secs. 1 and 2 ; chap. 2, sec. 1, part 1
(the first three pages) ; chap. 1, sec. 2, part 2 (the first
two pages) ; chap. 2, sec. 2, part 3 ; chap. 3. The Act
for the Improvement of the Jurisdiction of Equity, 15th
and 16th of Victoria, chap. 86.
"2. The cases and notes contained in the first vol. of
White and Tudor's Leading Cases ; and the cases of
' Bassett v. Noswortby," Le Neve ♦. Le Neve,' Robin-
son v. Pett," Penn v. Lord Baltimore,' and Howard
v. Harris,' in the 2d volume, with the notes o❑ those
cases.

"Candidates for certificates of having passed a satis-
factory examination will be expected to be well acquainted
with the books mentioned in the first of the above classes.
"Candidates for a studentship or honours will be
examined in the books mentioned in the two classes.
" The Reader on the Law of Real Property proposes
to examine in the following books and subjects :
"1. Joshua Williams on the Law of Real Property.'
" 2. On the Alienation of Real Estate by Tenants in
Tail, 3d and 4th of William IV., c. 74.
" 3. On the Alienation of the Real and Personal Pro-
perty respectively of Married Women.
"4. Hayes on the Common Law Uses and Trusts.
"5. 'Hayes on Conveyancing ;' chaps. 1-4 ; fifth
edition.

" Candidates for honours will be examined on all the
foregoing subjects, and candidates for a certificate on
those heads under 1,2, and 3.
"The Reader on- Jurisprudence and the Civil Law
proposes to examine candidates for honours on the fol-
lowing subjects :

"1: The Elements of the Roman Law of Testamen-
tary Inheritance and Legacy—' Mackeldey's Systema
Juris Romani Hodie Usitati,' lib. pp. 601-609 of the
Latin edition.

" 2. The Modification of Rights and Duties by Con-
ditions and Limitations of Time—' Lindley's Introduction
to the Study of Jurisprudence,' pp. 78-79.
" 3• The Conflict of Laws in regard to Jurisdiction,
Remedies, and Judgments --'Story's Conflict of Laws,'
chapters 14 and 15.

" Candidates fora certificate will be examined in :
"1, 'Sanders's Institutes of Justinian,' book 2 (be-
ginning at the 10th title), and book 4 (beginning at the
6th title).
"2. The Conflict of Laws in regard to Jurisdiction
and Remedies—' Story's Conflict of Laws,' chapter 14.
" The Reader on Common Law proposes to examine
on the following books and subjects :
" Candidates for a pass certificate will be expected to
be familiar with—

"1. The Practice connected with the Writ of Sum-
mons, the Entry of Appearance, and the ordinary course
of Pleikding in an Action.
"2. The Elements of the Law of Contracts, so far as
set forth in Smith's ' Law of Contracts' (by Malcolm),
omitting sects. 3,4, 6, and 7. _

" 3. The Elements of Criminal Law, as set forth and
illustrated in Brown's Commentaries,' book 4.
" Candidates for the studentship or honours will be
examined in the above books and subjects, and also in—
" 4. The Law of Bailments, so far as explained in
' Story on Bailments,' sth edition, chaps. 1 and 6, and
Coggs v. Bernard,' 1, Smith, L.C., 4th edition, p. 147,
with the note thereto.

" 5. The following cases :
" 1. Law of Contracts—' Crookewitt v. Fletcher,' 1,
H. and N.,.893 ; Hochster v. De la Tour,' 2, E. and
8., 678 ; Morley v. Attenborongh, 3, Exeb. 500.
"2. Law of Torts—' Degg v. Midland Railway Co.,
1, B. and N., 773 ; Southcote v. Stanley, Id. 247 ;
Humphries v. Brogden,' 12, Q. 8., 739.
"By order of the Council,
" BIGGS ANDREWS, Chairman, pro tem.
" Council-chamber, Lincoln's-inn, Dec. 2."

CRYSTAL PALACE.—ONE SHILLING DAY.—Yesterday
the admissions on payment were 353 ; diito by season
tickets, 250 ; total, 603.
His Excellency Ferukh Khan visited several photo-
graphic galleries, yesterday morning, and later in the
day had an interview with the Earl of Clarendon, at the
Foreign-office. His Excellency returned to Claridge's
Hotel to dinner, and remained for the evening.

DR. LIVINGSTOZQ'S DISCOVERIES IN

SOUTHERN AFRICA.

(Prom the Times.)
In estimating the amount of difficulty sur-
mounted by Dr. Livingston in the performance of
his great exploit—the crossing of the entire conti-
nent of South Tropical Africa--the reader must
not forget to take into account the hardships he
was compelled to undergo in reaching the base of
his operations, Linyanti, the capital of the friendly
chief of the akololo, without whose support all
progress to the north would have been hopeless.
To arrive at this place from Kuruman—itself the
frontier station of missionary enterprise when he
first went to Africa--occupied him more than six
months, although no longer encumbered with wife
and children. On arriving in lat. 19 deg. 16 min.
he' was brought to a standstill by African fever.
All his party except himself and a Bakwain boy,
were laid up by it. Fortunately, two or three
days before he fell in with a number of bushman,
who proved very serviceable in his emergency. The
boy managed the oxen and the doctor attended to
the sick, keeping the Bushmen in good humour by
going out occasionally with them and shooting a
zebra, or buffalo. Sickness was not the only dan-
ger to be apprehended.- The-luxuriant growth of
the grass in the hot weather succeeding the rains
always has a peculiar effect on draught oxen.
They became uneasy from fear of surprise by wild
beasts, and one night during the detention occa-
sioned by the fever, the sight of a hyena made the
whole of the_doctor's eittle aa3h o.we.y into a track-
less sorest in the neighbourhood. The boy fol-
lowed, and nothing was seen of either during the
whole of the next day and night. On the morn-
ing of the following day, which was a Sunday, the
lad returned, bringing about 40 head with him.
He had found them late in the afternoon of Satur-
day, and been obliged to stand by them as a guard
all night in the midst of a region full of wild
beasts. "It is wonderful," says the doctor,
"how, without a compass, and in such a country,
he managed to find his way back at all."
During his last visit to the Cape with his family,
Dr. Livingston appears to have received some in-
structions from Mr. Maclear, the astronomer there,
and to have been supplied by him with instruments

to enable him to lay down the geographical posi-
tions of important points. These, in the latter part
of his journal, are frequently noted ; but in tropical
Africa the atmosphere is so often clouded that the
opportunities of taking an observation occur very
rarely. If the atmosphere were generally clear,
the intense power of the sun by day and the dews
consequent on the radiation of heat from the earth
by night would perhaps render the neighbourhood
of the equator literally uninhabitable. Even as it
is, the description of the he at is something fearful.
At lat. 20 deg south the thermometer at the sur-
face of the ground in the sun marked 125 deg.
Fahrenheit. When the bulb was sunk three
inches below the surface it rose to 138. The hand
cannot be held on the ground, and even the horny.
soles of the natives' feet must be protected by san-
dals of hide. The water in the ponds at the sur-
face is 100 deg., but the thirsty traveller contrives
to get a cool draught by taking advantage of the
fact that fluids not readily conduct heat down-
wards. He walks into the middle and lifts up the
water from the bottom with his hands.
In order to reach Linyanti without passing
through the region of the tsetse, the poisonous fly
which is so fatal to cattle, Dr. Livingston pursued
a course directly north. This involved a great deal
of pioneer's work, for the route lay through a thick
forest, and the feebleness of his convalescent com-
panions threw the duty of felling trees chiefly upon
their master. Here he was again fortunate enough
to fall in with some Bushmen, who showed h m a
pool of water when his own stock was exhausted,
and assisted him in recovering his oxen which again
had-run away in a fright, this time occasioned by
a lion. The lion has a great dread of Bushmen,
who track him after he has made a full meal, and
shoot him with poisoned arrows. The poison is
made of the entrails of a small caterpillar called
IVgtua. A very small portion introduced into a
scratch acts like morbid matter in dissection ; but
the agony is so great that the person wounded be-
comes a raging maniac, and flies from human habi-
tations. The effects on alp iion arta no less
terrible. Be is heard from far off. moaning in.
distress, and in his rage bites the trees and ground.
The Bushmen cure a poisoned wound by rubbing
fat into it, and explain their mode of treatment by
saying that " the Argun wants fat, and when it
does not find it in the body, kills the man.l
At last, after many other perils, Dr. Livingston
arrived at Linyanti on the 23d of May, 1853. The
whole population, consisting of some 6,000 or 7,000
souls turned out to welcome him. Sekeletu, the son
of the deceased chief Sebituane, a young man of 18
no less friendly to the English than his father had
bean, received the party iu what is cousiiered
Royal style. A numb:r of pots of beer of the
country were set before them, and the Court
Herald, an officer of consideration but very various
duties, stood up, and, after many various antics—
for there is Court etiquette even in Central Africa
—roared out the appropriate forms of reception
at the top of his voice, " Don't I see the white
man ? Don't I see the comrade of Sebituane ?
Dont I see the father of Sekeletu ? We want
sleep (peace from war ;
give your son (Sekeletu)
sleep, my Lord."
tmlndeed, the position of
Sekeletu was not a very safe one. His
father had appointed Mainochisane, his half-
sister,
to succeed ; and another near relative
named Mpepe was very anxious that she should
continue in the chieftainship, while he himself exer-
s ced all real power under her name. But Mamo-
chisane struck a death-blow to the intriguer's hoes.
She insisted on resigning her dignity in favour
of her half-brother ; and the discontented Mpepe,
foiled in his scheme, retired to Nariele, the ca-
pital of the Barotse, who are a people subject to
the Makololo tribe, and was there believed to be
practising magical arts for the purpose of causing
the destruction of the Young chief. In fact, he had
built a hut for this wicked purpose in the time of
Sebituane, who appears to have attributed his own
death—really brought on by smoking a pernicious
narcotic—to the mischief brewed in the witch-hut.
But the villain now resorted to means much more
formidable than sorcery, in order to attain his
ends. Influenced by the slavedealing tribes whose
interests had been menaced
by the policy of
Sebituane and his son, he determined to take
off the latter by assassination. The attempt was
made while Dr. Livingston was on a tour with the
intended victim a few weeks after the reception just
mentioned, and his presence appears most provi-
dentially to have been the obstacle to its success.
Mpepe paid the penalty of his guilt with his life ;
but the ferment which his death caused among the
Barotse, through whose country Dr. Livingston's
intended route lay, had the effect of inducing him
to remain some time longer at Linyanti.
This town, which our traveller made the base of
his future expeditions, having acquired such influ-
ence with its people and chief as to be able to com-
mand all the assistance it was in their power to
render him, lies upon a river of considerable magni-
ttide named Chobe. It is one •f the affluents of
the Zambesi, into which it falls after a very tortuous
course of more than 200 miles below the town,
bringing with it most of the drainage of an area
comprised between the parallels of latitude 13° and
and 18°, and the meridians 18° and 23°. The point
at which it enters is a little below Sesheke, where
the Doctor first caught sight of the Zambesi. This
stream it was his intention to pursue upwards uutil
it should bring him into the vicinity of the western
seaboard. His friends the Makololo now put a
question which the formidable nature of his pro-
posed task rendered a very pertinent one :
the event of your death, will not the white people
blame us for having allowed you to go away into an
unhealthy, unknown country of enemies I" To
obviate their fears, the Doctor proposed to leave
" a book" with them, which, if he did not return,
was to be sent to Mr. Moffat, and would perfectly
justify them in the eyes of his countrymen. The
" book" was, as may be supposed, a volume of his
journal, and it is an unfortunate circumstance that
this care for the reputation of the Makololo was the
cause of its being lost to its writer ; for as he was
long without being heard of, the volume was
delivered by Sekeletu to a trader, and all subsequent
trace of it lost. The fears of the Makololo were
certainly justified by the personal condition of
their guest, no less than by the dangers of the
country he was about to traverse. He had suffered
from an attack of fever since his arrival among
them, and, although he had recovered,
his bodily
weakness was still considerable. One manifesta-
tion of this was a strange giddiness when he
looked up suddenly to any celestial object ;
everything seemed to rush to the left, and'
if he did not catch hold of some object he fell
heavily to the ground. Yet, in this condi-
tion, the best season for travelling having
arrived, he determined to set out with the resolu-
tion "to succeed or perish in the attempt to open
up this part of Africa. ' He had with him 27 natives
subjects of Sekeletu, of whom two were genuine
Makololo, and the rest natives of other parts of

Central Africa. For his people he took three
muskets, and a rifle and double-barrelled smooth
bore for himself, a small gipsy tent just large enough
to sleep in, a sheepskin mantle for a blanket, and
a horserug as a bed. A bible, nautical almanac,
and set of logarithmic tables, a sextant, thermo-
meter, chronometer watch by Dent, of the Strand,
and tivo'compasses constituted his theological and
scientific apparatus, unless we should include in
the one or the other a magic lantern, which was
found' exceedingly useful on several occasions.
Depending for subsistence mainly on the supply of
game, and anxious to lighten his baggage as much
as possible, he took only about 201 b. of beads to
barter fpr food in case of necessity, and about the
same quantity of coffee, tea, and sugar. One very
curious provision must not' be: forgotten. A tin
canister about 15 inches square, was filled with
spare shirting, trousers, and shoes, reserved to be
put on when the party should reach civilised life.
On the 11th of November the travellers left Liny-
anti in canoes furnished by Sekeletu, who had also
made provision for their hospitable reception as far
as his influence extended. After sailing into the
Zambesi, which hero goes by the name of
Lecambye,* they ascended that river as far as
the falls of Gonye, where they arrived on the last
day of November. The river above the falls
runs through a comparatively narrow valley,
inhabited by the Barotse, the tribe which has been
mentioned as subject to the Makololo. They are a
race of boatmen, and traces of their occupation
appear in their large deep chests and broad
shoulders, the (Mar extremiting are much
less developed. For several miles below Gobye
the river is confined within a narrow space of not
more than 100 yards : the consequence is that in
time of flood it rises no less than 50 or 60 feet there,
and at all times runs in a boiling current. On ar-
riving at this point the canoes were slung on poles
and carried on the shoulders of the natives past the
falls. The expedition proceeded prosperously, and.
everything appeared couleur de rose, with the ex-
ception of one circumstance which might have
proved fatal to the whole object of the expedition.
A subordinate official of Sekeletu, named Lerimo,
had made a foray with a party of his Makololo
countrymen to the north in the very direction in
which Dr. Livingston was going. The influence
which the Doctor had acquired shows itself most
strikingly in the circumstance that, 'although this
outrage had taken place with the full sanction of
the headman (or vice-chief) of the Barotse, he was
able to prevail upon Skeletu's mother to disown the
act of the indiscreet officer and return the captives
which had been made in the ill-starred expedition
by his own hand. Thus he was enabled to turn
the very misfortune which threatened to frustrate
his plans into a confirmation of the message of
peace on earth and goodwill towards men, which
it was his object to proclaim. Still, on arriving 301
or 40 miles north of Libonta (lat. 14.59), the fron-
tier town of the Makololo, he thought it prudent
to wait and see the result of the explanatory
message which was sent, together with 11 of the
captives, to Makoma, the chief whose subjects
they were. This caused some delay, but the game

In the neighbourhood was abundani, and the party
fared sumptuously. Dr. Lividgston has a per-
sonal dislike to the bunter's occupation, but was
compelled to cater for the rest on account of the

inability of his companions to take a decent aim.
They were nervous at the flash in the pan, and
wanted him to give them " gun medicine," without
which no native of Central Africa expects to be
able to shoot straight. To save his ammunition,
which his companions would have entirely wasted
in learning, the Doctor was compelled to do all the
shooting himself, and this necessity involved other
inconveniences besides the shock to his feelings.
At an early stage iu his career he was bitten by a
lion in the right shoulder (an incident of which he
gives a very graphic account), and, a false joint
having formed, he was 'ever afterwards compelled
to shoot from the loft shoulder, with less cntainty
of aim than before. The dislike of inflicting pain
upon animals seem to have induced him to study
the circumstances under which the deadshot may be
delivered most certainly ; and he relates some curi-
ous facts bearing on this subject. Ms theory is,
that a shock on that part of the system to which
most nervous force is at the time directed proves
most fatal. "1 have seen a rhinoceros," he says,
"while standing apparently chewing the cud, drop
down dead from a shot in the stomach, while others
shot through one lung and the stomach would go off
as if little hurt." But, to make quite sure of the
rhinoceros, either black or white, the hunter should
creep carefully through the bushes on the animal's
lee-side, a most important point, which is ascert lined

. ,
by throwing up a pinch of dust every now and then,
to within about 20 yards, then sit down, rest his

elbows on his knew., and aim slanting a little upwards
at a dark spot behind the shoulders, and his game
at once falls stone dead. If, in the anxiety to keep
himself concealed, the sportsman should inadver-
tently get to windward of his quarry, he would be
forthwith charged by thecreature. Indeed this is not

his only peril. Dr. LiVingston relates a storyof a man
who, while stalking a rhinoceros, happened to look
round, and saw to his horror that a lion was st ilk-
ing him; he only escaped by springing up a tree
like a cat. When the breeding impulse is upon these
animals, and a man happens to pass to wind ward of
them, both lion and lioness will rush at him, but
under ordinarycircurnstances Dr. Livingston asserts
that the lion is a cowardly animal, and never attacks
a man except stealthily, unless wounded. A very
curious peculiarity about him is, that at the very
last he will not make an attack where he sees any-
thing to produce the suspicion of a trap. A horse
belonging to Captain Codrington ran away, but was
stopped by the bridle catching a stump. He re-
mained a prisoner during two days, and when he
was found the whole space round was marked by
the footprints of lions, which had evidently been
afraid to attack the haltered horse from the fear that
the whole thing was a snare. It is a common belief
that the lion when he has once tasted human flesh
prefers it to any other, but the real state of the case
is that a man-eater is always an old lion, who has
grown too infirm to catch game ; he resorts to vil-
lages for the sake of the goats, and if a woman or
child happens to go out they fall a prey too. This
being his only source of subsistence, he of course
continues it until the villagers despatch him—a
work of little difficulty.
On the 27th of December, Dr. Livingston arrived
at the confluence of the Leeba and the Lecombye (lat.
14 10.52, long. 23 35.40), and thence sent to
another chief living nearly due east, to whom
also he had some captives to restore. This chief,
Masiko, was said to be in the habit of seizing all
orphans and others of his own tribes who were with-
our powerful protectors and selling them to the
Mambari slave merchants for exportation by the
west eoast. The Doctor sent him a message, " that
he was not so wise as his father, who had wished to
govern men, whereas he, Masiko, by selling his
people showed his desire to govern wild beasts
only." He then proceeded up the Leeba as far as
the influx of the Makondo (lat. 13 deg. 23 m. 12 s.)
where he arrived on Jan. 1, 1854, amid heavy rain,
the season for which had now fairly set in. This is
the point at which the Mambari cross the river on
their way to Masiko, and one of Dr. Livingstone's
men picked up a bit of steel watch-chain of Eng-
lish manufacture, brought thither by them. The
Manibari are enterprising merchants, and bring
Manchester cottons into the very heart of Africa.
The natives cannot believe them to bo the work of
mortal hands ; and the information acquired from
the Mambari on the subject is not likely to enlighten
their minds, however it may satisfy their curiosity.
The English manufactures are said to come out of
the sea, and the beads to be gathered on its shore.
The Doctor tried to) correct this impression, but
apparently with little success. To explain to
savages the production of a' manufacture by a de-
scription of machinery is a striking example of the
principle obseurum per obscurius. The objection
was obvious—" How can the irons spin, weave, and
print so beautifully I"
Dr. Livingstone left the river at this point, and
continued his journey by land through the country
of the Balonda. He had at last got among the real
negroes, with wool on their heads and bodies, thick
lips, flat noses, elongated heels, and very dark
skins. The Bechuanas are of a coffee and milk
colour, with a European frame and physiognomy.
Nothing appears to have surprised the Ba-
londa more than our traveller's straight hair.
An explanation of the phenomenon was sug.
gested to them by the idea that he, like the wonder-
ful fabrics, ' had come out of the sea,' and his own
party, unwilling to waste so good a joke, afterwards
always represented him as a merman, whose lank
locks displayed the effects of the sea water, which
was his natural element. The Balondahadlat first
supposed him to wear a wig made of the hair ofsome
animal. But a stronger contrast than that of per-
son was presented by the habits of the two races.
The Bechuanas have neither idols nor any form of
public worship, but among the Balonda every vil-
lage has its3idol, and fetishes are met with at every
step. Artificial hives are placed in the trees and
secured simply by a " piece of medicine" tied to a

* Both words amply mean " riTer " in different local
dialects,