The Sun.
London, England, 1859-11-03 00:00:00

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TUSCANY. •
(From a Correspondent of the Times.)
FLORENCE, OCT. 28.

The clouds are gathering and lowering all round
about us. The news of the arrest of the Bishop of
Rimini receives full confirmation to-day. The
telegram adds the intelligence of a very numerous
emigration of the clergy from the Romagna. It
is evident that the tidings of the Peace at Zurich
have roused the passions of the multitude in the
Legations to their utmost pitch, and the priests are
afraid of the violence of that popular fury which
they have so long provoked, and which the tem-
porising and hopeful policy of the Moderate party
had with the greatest difficulty kept under restraint.
We hear from the same sources that the advanced
posts of the Papal troops and of the revolutionary
forces are in presence, and a collision is hourly
:ookcd for.

I am in a condition to add the undoubted infor-
mation that the Tuscan Government have ex-
pressed their regret that they ever thought of ap-
pointing General Garibaldi t i the comm Ind of their
troops. They live in constant apprehension that
that brave and generous man may cut with the
sword a knot which all the diplomacy of Europe
will certainly never be able to loosen. To these who
know the condition of Romagna, and of the army
assembled at the frontier of La Cattolica, unques-
tionably the most desperate resolutions must appear
the safest. General Mezzacapo, whose strict
notions of discipline, and cold, reserved manners,
had indisposed the minds of the troops under his

orders, is said to have again resigned his office ; and,
at any rate, Garibaldi addresses the Romagnese
divisions as authoritatively as if they and all the
troops of Central Italy were as much under his com-
mand as is the Tuscan division. Garibaldi elec-
trifies the soldiers with the announcement of immi-
nent hostilities. His programme is as simple and
conclusive as the schemes of French and Austrian

diplomacy are crooked and contradictory. If we
sum up all the pro and contra—if we consider what
Italy has to expect from goaded Austria, from
treacherous France, and from perplexed and inac-
tive England—l repeat, it must seem to every
generous-minded Italian that safety is only to be
found in the rashest and most irretrievable step.

If the Neapolitans are still the men of

Velletri, the men to leave their King in
the lurch either from disaffection or arrant

cowardice, it is clear that the road 'to An-

cona, Arcoli, and Naples is open to Garibaldi. By
a fortnight's march the southern kingdom has in-
variably been conquered by all manner of invaders
from the days of King Manfred of Swabia to those
of King Ferdinand IV. of Bourbon. By a fort-
night's march Garibaldi'secures the help of 9,000,000
of Italians to the national cause. Unquestionably
the stake is high, and all may be lost in the event
of defeat; but all seems to me lost at all events.
The Government of the States of Central Italy, and
even of Piedmont, is in young incapable hands. It
would be a great blessing, I believe, if Garibaldi
would begin his operations against the enemy by
turning doting dictators, drivelling Ministers, and
pedantic State Secretaries adrift, as Bonaparte did
in 1799, when he by a necessary coup d'etat
rid himself of the avocats. Garibaldi at the head
of all civil and military powers in Central Italy, the
King asDictator in Northern Italy, with Cavour as
his sole Minister, and Cialdini as his sole general—
such is, perhaps, the only arrangement that could
bring Italy out of her present throes. Garibaldi sees
too clearly that the volunteers of the Romagnese
and other Central Italian divisions are not to be
kept to their standards without the prospect of
striking some great, decisive blow before the winter
sets in. What desperate course ought not Italy to
venture upon, sooner than allow these half-disci-
plined troops to disband, and enable thus even the
paltry Pap3l and Ducal mercenaries to march into
Bologna, Modena, and Florence with flying
colours ?
The 10 or 12 individuals who had been arrested
as implicated in a reactionary plot three or four
days ago in Florence, have been quietly set at
liberty. One of them, Busi, the Republican secre-
tary of Montanelli in 1849, was seen freely walking
about the streets of this town the other day. Most
of the others are certainly at large, and only some
doubt arises as to the release of Andreozzi,
Guerrazzi's republican agent in 1848, who is now
charged with plotting with the friends of the Lor-
raine_sdynasty. There must surely have been in-
considerate haste either in the arrest of these men
or in their dismissal. The effect of which measures
among the people here is highly unfavourable, and
the state of public anxiety is evidenced by the funds,
which have suffered a severe fall for the last 14
days, without any external or internal ostensible
reason.

I have often entertained you with my strictures
on the want of energy evinced by the Tuscan Go-
vernment in the promotion of the national arma-
ment. • The simple fact that no horses are provided
for the Tuscan squadrons now forming at Florence,
while excellent cattle is purchased in the Grand
Duchy on reasonable terms, by purveyors charged
with the mission to mount the 1,000 hussars of
Piacenza, sufficiently bears me out in my asser-
tions. This poor fiddling-faddling Tuscan Govern-
ment seems only, in these warlike times, bent on
developing its energies in the arts of peace. The
scheme for the erection of monumental works put
forth for the welfare of distressed artists, was so far
from being called for by present exigencies, that
the deree to that effect fell dead and unnoticed by
the persons it was to benefit ; and it had to be
followed up by an official appeal of the Government
to the artists themselves, inciting them to lay aside
their modesty, and to come forward and avail
themselves of the public bounty by bidding for
the works. The commission for the drainage of the
Maremme, appointed at a very early period after
the 27th of April, has already long since reported
on their long and accurate study of the subject
made on the spot; and yet, as late as yesterday, we
have a prize of 1,5001. offered to the author of
the best essay on the draining of thosq same
incurable marshes. On the same principle, after
working very hard at the reformation and extra-
vagant endowment of the two Universities of the
Grand Duchy, at Pisa and Sienna, till Tuscany had
more professors than students, our rulers here are
now—think of it, at this very crisis—busy at the
organisation of a High School in the capital, which,
under another name, is to become a third Tuscan
University, and the greatest of all. They are de-
termined, they say, that Florence is once more to be
" the Athens of Italy," and, oddly enough, the
Ministers of Parma are equally busy vindicating
that proud title for their city. It is painful to think
that Italy should have so many " Athenses," when
she is so sorely in need of Spartans or Thebans.
The Lombard Bceotians and the Subalpine Mace-
donians are also beginning to squabble for pre-
eminence in a State
.which as yet rests on far
from safe bases. They find it difficult to reconcile

local interests with the well-being of a cen-
tralised State. The Milanese have raised a loud
outcry at the removal of the Mint, the Monte
Lombardo, and other metropolitan institutions,
which had their seat within their walls under the
Austrian domination, and which the Sardinian Go-
vernment proposed, or was supposed to contemplate,
removing to Turin. To gratify the new subjects
the Royal Mint, the tobacco manufactory, and the
Supreme Court of Cassation are to be established
at Milan, not without deep murmurs on the part of
the old subjects, who considered the loss of the Su-
pi•eme Court as a very severe blow. Hints are also
thrown out that the King will hold his Court
alternately at Turin and Milan, all measures
which bid fair to discrown the subalpine capital in
a few years. The feeble men at the helm of a
State which was with difficulty held by Cavour are
evidently crushed by the overwhelming mass of
business brought upon them by the annexation of
a province hardly inferior to the hereditary domi-
nions in extent and more than equal in wealth and
importance. Miglietti, the Minister of Grace and
Justice, the ablest of the lot, has withdrawn into
private life; the others are evidently irresolute
and discordant; and even the strong, although
narrow-minded, Della Marmora seems to have
lost that peculiar aptness for military organiza-
tion which made the army the keystone of the
Piedmontese edifice during the most difficult and
calamitous crises. Of the new Lombard brigades that
were to be added to the fine Subalpine Corps hardly
a few hundred men are as yet under arms. Time'and
money are lost in petty paltry alterations of the
collars, cuffs, and facings of the infantry uni-
forms.; and more of both is to be squandered in
spoiling four of the very best regiments of Lancers
to convert them into four regiments of useless, cum-
brous Cuirassiers. A greater proof of madness than
this scheme exhibits could be given by no living
man. Austria has 14 regiments of Cuirassiers in
her pay, yet she never sent one man with a steel
cornet on his back into Italy since she first won the
Lombardo•Venetian kingdom in 1841. The nature
of that Lombard country is such that only the very
!ightest cavalry can be of the host use—and even
that of no great use. The soil and climate render
the wearing of heavy armour an impossibility, both
in the great heats and in. the rainy season, and the
Government must look out for new horses and men,
as neither the troopers nor the chargers of the four
regiments above-mentioned are equal to the task
appointed for them.

These internal disorders, the fear of mutiny and
desertion among the impatient volunteers, and the
dread of plots and conspiracies among the reac-
tionary parties, who gain fresh boldness and enter-
prize in the same measure as the hopes of the
patriots pale in sight of serious foreign difficulties,
make them croakers," to whom I perhaps too often
listen, look rather blank ox the present prospect of
Italian affairs. Were the foreign part of the ques-
tion favourably solved, and the annexation of Cen-

tral to Northern Italy allowed and recognized by
the great European Powers, nothing would be easier
for the Sardinian Government and the patriots
strongly attached to the scheme of union, than to
overawe all adverse faction, and to organize the
army cnd the State on firm ground. On the other
hand, were the Italians, at least the well-meaning
Italians, all of one mind, and were men of proper
energy and determination to take the lead of public
affairs, the national cause would laugh Villafranca,
Zurich, and even Brussels to scorn; it would not
only triumph over such enemies as the banished
Dukes, the Pope, and the King of Naples, without
striking more than one blow, but it would also by
the unanimous will of 12,000,000 if not be able to
overcome all the might of France and Austria on
the field, at least have strength to wear out both
those and all other external foes, and to win friends
wherever there be hearts that beat for the most
sacred principles of justice and freedom.