The Sun.
London, England, 1861-11-01 00:00:00

parted is concluded in the following passage :

" Strong political opinions have, even within the memory
of the present generation, in many instances detracted from
the popularity of individuals, high in station, and ani-
mated with a sincere desire to perform their duty, accord-
ing to the best of their judgment, without regard to per-
sonal considerations: The opinions of the late earl were,
as is well known, eminently Conservative; but such was
the high esteem in which his character was universally
held, and so sincere the admiration which his high quali-
ties inspired, that he was, without exception, the most
popular nobleman in Scotland ; and even those whose views
were most diametrically opposed to his, acknowledged the
justice, and ratified the decision, of the general voice. To
the commonalty of the West of Scotland, the district in
which ho usually resided, he was especially dear ; and the
strong feeling of admiration and enthusiasm created by his
first appearance as a public speaker in the year 1844, whet,
he officiated as president of the famous Burns' Festival,
Wisean
never underwent any diminution, but rather grew an
_d in.
so
rnieniol ina;
creased, year by year, until that manly heart ceased to beat,
and,,
Ihni s
hsipsi returnedrciatpaci capacity
of Viceroyt o God wohf olgrao
lvaenidt:
an Wilco
ho twice filled, he exhibited the highest administrative'Which
talent ; and his rule, so firm and yet so
tory, did more to banish prejudice and to produce he
than could have been anticipated from the
m,lst experienced and indefatigable statesman, efforts of the
ren,,oval horn Ireland, when his party left offic Hence his
re-
gard calamity.
ed almost in the light of a national e, was
the v,thole bulk of the population, Catholic
Pro-
testant, the name of Eglinton will lo as well as
word, recalling the memory of a happyng remain a household
angry pAssions of strife and faction period, when the
prosperity once more began to were silenced, and
p land. shed its blessings upon the
"Faint and wholly inadequate
call pay to his worth, we should as is the tribute which we
do violence to our feelings
were we not to add our expression •
mourning for the loss of this
s of grief to the general
his age. Death has indeed ornament to his country and
Not three months have been busy in the high places.
tender-hearted Lord elapsed Herbert
since the generous and
again the shadow of the stern
oert was summoned away, and
the high-minded „ _ . messenger has been seen, and
anti hi 01.
o—vm.ous Yaglinton has gone to Ws

rest. Bitter were the tears that have been shed for both
by those who knew and loved them ; but though Provi-
dence has seen fit to remove them before old age bad dimm®d
their vision or impaired their intellectual strength, they
have bequeathed to us a noble example of honour, rectitude,
and patriotism ; and the virtues that adorned thou when
living, will Etot be forgotten in their graves."

Dublin University Magazine.

"An only Son" is concluded and the tale is
finished in a most unsatisfactory manner. Ia the
first place Keane contrives to possess himself of all
Ned's fortune and goes off with the fruits of his.
villainy to recommence in a new world the career
that had banished him from England, the society of
his friends and his family and the intercourse with
his employers. The next irritating point is that
Edward Lesley, from mistaken ideas of propriety,
went back to India from Gibraltar, instead of pro-
ceeding home and having au explanation with his
father. In a great battle he fell mortally wounded,
and thus all the hopes and happiness of his family-
were destroyed through his listening to the machi-
nations of a wretch and foolishly punting himself in
his power. The person, for whom one feels most
pity is Lucy Lockly, who was disappointed from
the outset of Ned's career, and whose only comfort in
her life now was to watch for those returning from
India, who " kept or brought in kindliness remem-
brances of her soldier-son," and to talk with Lady
Royston, the Constance who had inspired the first;
romance of love's young dream, "of him who lay be-
neath the mangoe trees. This narrative is exceed,-
ingly well written, and cannot but attract all who
dwell on its impressive scenes and well-drawn cha-
racters. " Leigh Hunt's Last Evening at Home" is
a brief sketch that is sure to arrest attention and
awaken thought. It relates the last hours spent
at home of one who is inseparably associated with
the literature of our land, It is always agreeable
to trace the inner life of those whose out-
ward career is to be hereafter inscribed on.
fame's immortal scroll, and when we behold
these home-scenes that soften the picture in our
memory to a mellowed splendour that blends the
haman affections with the divine gifts, we think of
the lines of the poet in his matchless ode—
..

" E'en as the tenderness that hour instils,
When summer's day declines along the hills,
So feels the fulness of the heart and eyes,
When all of genius that can perish dies."
There is a brief allusion to the late Earl of Eglin-
ton, which is peculiarly appropriate in the pages
of this magazine, belonging to the country where the,
lamented nobleman so conspicuously shone, reflect-
ing credit on the Government who deputed him to
fill the high position and adding honour to his ow n
name, that will not pass away with the transitory
glories of birth and state. In very emphatic lan-
guage the writer pays a graceful tribute to his
memory :—" All sorts of Irishmen, of all sorts of
politics, seem to have formed the same estimate of
his noble nature and chivalric attachment to their
country. The sentiment was universal, and the
lamentation is unanimous." Further on it is said
that, "we are not sketching a biography. far less
a speculation; we are simply here inscribing the
record of our admiration and our regrets, adding one
more suffrage to the general voice of the Irish
press, and offering a very humble tribute to the
memory of one who has not left another exactly
like him in the whole muster-roll of the proud
peerage of England." "To live in hearts we leave
behind is not to die," has been said by one of our
great poets, and the departed scion of the house of
Eglinton may well be said to have gained that
glorious distinction, for he has realised the saying
" Omnes omnia bona dicere." " A Glimpse of the
Supernatural in the Nineteenth Century," is a very
remarkable sketch that certainly possesses the
merit of poetic justice, if not sober reality, as
the heartless murderer was irresistibly impelled
to jump into the cold stream, instead of fol-
lowing his plans of happiness in prospective.
"The Volunteer force in England and Ireland!
is the subject of an article in which the writer con-
gratulates himself not unnaturally on the fact that
the Irish are represented in the British forces of
Volunteers. "It is thoroughly well known that
Ireland contains an immense body of men of all
ranks and parties, who are as fully determined that
England shall never be at the proud feet of a con-
queror as any volunteer corps which marched
majestically through Hyde Park, inspired and
ennobled by the just pride of a worthy patriotism."
" The Prison Chaplain, the Rev. John Clay," is a
most interesting sketch of one of those human
benefactors whose works are indeed those
that 'in the words of a celebrated writer,
" will tell to account when thank God the
long day of life with all its labour is over for
eternity." At the outset of this notice there is a
very attractive summary of the life of Howard,
than whom no man more deserves well of his kind,.
His career was ably epitomised in these lines whic h
indeed may suffice to demonstrate the doings •of
those who like him go sorth to lead captivity ca.p_
tive, and to soothe the worst of the thousand ills to
which flesh is heir—

" And now philanthrophy thy rays divine,
Dart round the globe from Zemlya to the Line ;
From realm to realm with Cross or Crescent crowned,
Where'er mankind or misery are found.
O'er burning sands, deep wilds and wastes of snow,
Thy Howard journeying seeks the house of woe."
All must be impressed with the account given of th.e
life of John Clay. It is written in a very superior
style, and of a character that is sure to give satis-
faction to all rightly-minded readers. "Next to
Robertson, of Brighton, Mr. Clay, of Preston,
presses us most with the feeling that he lived not a
life of appearance, but of reality." What " Arnol d
was to schoolmasters, Clay was to chaplains an d
governors of gaols."
"Rhyming Satirists" is a clever article on the sul
ject of flippant writing, and some rema-ks are may le
on two most extravagant publications that appear( td
last season, called " The Season, a Satire," and
"My Satire and its Censors." The many glaring
improprieties of this author's style are fully ex-
posed and appropriately commented. upon. The
strange tale of The House by the Churchyard" is
continued at some length. It is able of its kind,
and very peculiar. "At St. James's," one hundred
and fifty years ago, gives a glimpse of the
days that are o'er in reflective criticism.
There are some verses interspersed in the contents
continued in this number, taken from " Peter Brown's
Black Box." It a melancholy ditty, called " Isabel
Clare." There is also a romantic legend, " The
Woman with the Yellow Hair," that will please
romantic leaders; and for the studious we find a
paper, " A Triplet of Historical Writers," which
has for subject Lord Brougham, Robert Vaughan,
and Erskine May. This serial has this month
many contents that display variety and vigour in
their several styles.

Fraser's Magazine.

Mr. Sohn Stuart Mill gives us the concluding
chapters of his essay on "Utilitarianism" in this
number. It bears, like all Mr. Mill's writings,
the impress of deep thought, a broad mind, and
great argumentative powers. The reader who does
nit subscribe to the utilitarian theory will find plea-
sure in studying the subject under the guidance of so
able a writer. A very interesting and agreeable
paper oh " Clubs," takes a rapid glance over the
various assemblies which have borne that name
among us. The writer refers, of course, to those
fraternities of wits, philosophers, or sometimes
rogues, which have held periodical gather-
ings, and not to the stately buildings
of the present day, where membership. de-
mands no special characteristics but_ a 3 early
payment. Traces of clubs are found in England ;11
the early years of the fifteenth century, when „
nooft e theirare
Court de Bonne Compagnie, an
.assembly of merry
Raleigh and
ntblloawsssolaclaptiaosnsoonfe
laws.fellow s,Thheeldnedxint
Ben Janson. "It
Templeconvivial bar, that Ben Jenson
wrote his famous Leges Conviviales, or rules for the
Tavern Academy, which would serve with scarcely
any alteration for amodern club of choice spirits."
It is mentioned as singular that although the club
was now a national institution, the word is
not found in the Works of Shakspere or Ben
Jonson: It has been suggested that the
.word is of Saxon origin, being derived from
"ce leofan," to divide, in reference to the division
of expenses among the members. An amusing
account is given of the•minor clubs which rejoiced
in most absurd titles, such as The Lazy, the Terri-
ble, the Club of Ugly Faces, established by a par-
son named Crab, of frightful visage; the Broken
Shopkeeper's, which assembled at the appropriate
meeting place of The Tumbledown Dick in
i South-
wark. The Lying Club was instituted n 1709,
with the following high-minded motto,

" Say why should busy mortals be enjoined
To follow truth, since in this age we find
Officious lyes so useful to mankind."
The Virtuosi Club which was established by the
principal members of the Royal Society, is thus
humorously described by Ward in his " History of
Clubs. .

" This club of Virtuosos, upon a full night—when some
eminent maggot-mung•er, for the satisfaction of the socisty,
had appointed to demonstrate the force of air by some
hermetical pop-gun, to show the difference of the gravity
between the smoak of tobacco and that of colt's foot and
bittany, or to try some other such like experiment—were
mathematician
otfl,nill
se metals
iles tn,ehx;
happy
I:poytahNveas otherth e side,ma.
always composed of such an odd mixture of mankind, that
next to a water.gruel physicia*. •
like a society of ringers at a quarterly feast, here sat a nice
beau next to a dirty blacksmith, there a purblind philoso-
pher next to a talkative speeeorcretlaocwleermcaukteir
a; ypornadticn-rg, a whim of
firmament,' philosopher-
discover
consumptive neat to
astronomera ragged
new reasons stoneaoove hunter;th o
tin
theys ma tu ttNaki.t.
that could find out a ness star theinassign
wry step in the sun's progress,
for the
spots in tUe moon, or add one dick to the bundle 91 booth

hieh have been so long burthensome to the back of her old

ompanion, or, indeed,—impart any crooked secret to the
earned Society, that might puzzle their brains and disturb
their rest for a month afterwards, in consulting upon their
pillows how to straighten the project that it might appear
upright in the eye of reason, and bring honour to them-
selves and advantage to the public."

The Royal Society Club, however, is frequently
menti.ined thoughout these pages, and a sketch
of its rise, progress, fundamental laws and princi-
pal members is given. A. K. H. B. selects for his
subject a large number of the human race, "People
who carry weight in life," interspersing his reflec-
tions with some thoughts on those who never had
a chance. The reader accustomed to hie style may
guess the pleased discursive way in which he treats
the subject. We would warn him, however, to be
on his guard against becoming too discursive, a
danger which besets his style. The author of Gig
Livingstone" continues his story of " Barren
Honour," over which a cloud of impending mis-
fortune seems to hang. At present life is flowing
smoothly enough at Dene, more so than Lady
Mildred quite approves of, and we are introduces
to the meek broken-spirited rector, and, by reputa-
tion, to his terrible wife, the horror of the county
ladies and the loud voiced despot of the rectory.
The other tale, " Good for nothing," proceeds with
interest. This is an eventful instalment, for in the
two chapters bearing the companion titles of " Will
you ?" and " Won't you ?" the troubles and perplexi-
ties of Lord Holyhead and the alderman's daughter,
John Gordon and Lady Gertrude, are respectively
terminated, to the satisfaction of the reader, who is
more interested in the love affairs of the stern man
of business and the charming "Lady Wilful" than
in the less troubled course of their friends. Poor
Mrs. Latimer does not gain in peace of mind or
happiness of circumstances, while the unfor-
tunate Gilbert continues to illustrate the
-adage "Facilis descensus Accra." The meet-
ing of ttk-e British Association in Manchester
affords a congenial subject to a Manchester man,
who gives us a very pleasant paper. In describing
the busy scene where the chiefs of the scientific
world are assembled, the writer indulges in some
amusing 'speculations. He wonders how such men,
-whose ordinary avocations are weighing the
clouds, measuring the earth, and reflecting on the
history of the pre-Adamite world, pass their daily
lives. But after a time he takes courage.
" Awe-inspiring, doubtless, is the presence of this learned
assembly ; and yet by degrees, as you watch the motions of
these men, and see that they are but corporeal beings in
coat, waistcoat, and trousers, your feeling of timid wonder-
ment wears off. One of them you had pictured to yourself
as constantly wielding the thigh-bone of a megatherium, as
Hercules brandished his club ; another you could only
fancy as existing in the midst of variously coloured flames,
chemically produced, like some awful stage impersonation ;
another you had figured to yourself as peering perpetually
through a mighty telescope; another as reducing eternity
to seconds by means of cabalistic letters and mathematical
symbols. But after a while they come down to your own
level as ordinary bread-ocnsuming mortals. Indeed, we
have found out that philosophers are not necessarily stoical
ascetics, but oftentimes men of good appetites and sound
,digestion—men who love turtle in its entirety better than
in its mock substitution—men who can not only discuss the
organisation of the finny tribe generally in the deep waters,
but, in particular. the appetising qualities of turbot and
lobster-sauce on the mahogany—men who can analyse the
ingredients of fluids and propound the laws of hydrostatics
in the lecture-roum, but do not object to enter upon the
more practical test of imbibing moderately in the dining-
room the juices of the grape in their several varieties, vin-
tages and flavours."

The proposed removal of the Courts of Law, fur-
nishes an interesting paper, and Mr. Goldwin
Smith's recent work on Irishl History and Irish
Character, receives a very able criticism.

United Service _Magazine.

It is a pity that Admiral Sir G. R. Sartorius did
not wait a little longer to see the result of the trial
of the Warrior, the fastest steamer in the navy,
before he commenced a comparison between that
vessel and La Gloire. Admiral Sartorius is no
doubt a clever seaman, but he is carried away by
a theoretical hobby. . That improvements may be
made in the Warrior we do not deny, but for a first
experiment she is a decided success. When the
Great Britain was launched at Bristol, 15 years
ago, many men of ntutical experience de-
clared her to be unsafe. She was too long ;
could never be handled in a sea-way; would
certainly break her back; that iron would
never float ; and many other wonders which
all failed to be:realised, and the Himalaya, built
shortly after, some 50 feet longer than the con-
demned monster, was purchased by Government.
We will let the Admiral speak for himself, premis-
ing, however, that the Warrior could steam round
the Gloire at will.

" The Gloire is only half the tonnage of the Warrior
(Gloire 3,000 and Warrior 6,050). The horse-potver of
the Gloire is 1,000, the Warrior 1,280, about three to
two in favour of the smaller vessel, and as she was
built by one of the first naval architects of France, and
with lines for great speed, it is fair to presume, that
'ith comparatively greater horse-power, less bulk, and
fine lines, the Gloire will have the advantage in • elocity.
Her cost of construction is of course one-half, that of
znaintetaance at least one-third less. As the beam of the
Glo're is in greater proportion to her length than that of
th.;, Warrior, and the actual length of the Gloire full one-
third less, every sailor knows, even should the Gloire be a
Little slower, she must be much handier for manoeuvring,
(agile or nimble), and will require much less space for turn-
ing, tacking, and wearing.

These points of superiority make it impossible for the
Warrior to run on board the Gloire, should the latter wish
to prevent it. The advantages enable the Gloire to choose
her position for disabling the rudder or screw of the War-
rior by her artillery or her beak, and to knock away the
masts of that vessel. This cannot be done to the Gloire by
the Warrior, as the schooner rig of the former enables her
quickly to get all her sails and gear down on deck, or on a
level with her bulwards, leaving nothing but the bare lower
masts with two or three shrouds on each side (some say
that the masts are made to lower down.) The bowsprit
rigs in, and her ram-stem, which projects under water, is
then ready and clear for crushing in the bow, side, or quar-
ter of the enemy; or by sweeping across the stern to disable
both rudder and screw. The Gloire can bring perfectly pro-
tected and powerful stem or bow b Aeries to bear either
-for single action, chase, or retreat. The Warrior has nothing
of the kind. No wreck of the Gloire can foul her screw,
she is invulnerable all round to all the ordinary shot and
shell. and when she engages with her bow guns, the oblique
surface then presented by her sharp bows (the angu-
lar principle) gives her perfect impunity against any
known prcjectile. The Warrior has heavy first-rate or 90-
gun ship's masts, yards, and sails. Some or all of these
must be shot away in a contest with the Gloire and then
the fouling of the screw is inevitable. It must be borne in
mind that the falling of wreck in action does not occur all at
once, but the mischief is going on piecemeal, and a single
rope is sufficient to foul the screw drag in a larger mass
of wreck to do the work. With the wind a-head or in the
bows, and according to its strength, the resistance presented
iby the heavy masts, yards, and rigging of the Warrior not
only would give the advantage of many knots as against the
simpler rig of the Gloire to that vessel, but it would impede
also the quickness and rapidity of manoeuvring The merit
assumed for placing the shot-proof armour in the centre of
the vessel, and the mode of tieing it, betrays a singular
ignorance of the requirements of a ship for war purposes,
and I cannot help thinking that it is equally a great error
architecturally. The two large portions towards bow and
stern are comparatively light and buoyant. The centre
sustains the whole weight of armour plate, which terminates
abruptly in perpendicular lines from top to bottom, so that
in a gale the centre remains a heavy and inert mass,
whilst the two buoyant ends yield and twist about with the
:force of the waves ; this unequal action going cu would lead
-to the most disastrous results if exposed to a long continued
gale.
'We fully agree with the editor's note in contradic-
tion of the assertion that under certain circumstances,
i.e., the want of coast defences and an invincible
navy, the worst might happen—general insolvency,
sv,spension of payments, multitudes thrown out of
employment, the destruction of property, and to
'which the worthy admiral adds as an indispensable
corollary, "our navy crushed, our army beaten, our
great military and naval arsenals destroyed ; our
'colonies lost, our vast commerce collapsed and
:ruined, our fame and reputation fled for ever,"
what is to be done ? and echo might well answer
'What ? The editor cannot stand this, and remarks
:in a note :—" So far from there being the slightest
grounds for such gloomy views, there is not the
least difficulty in proving, and that in the clearest
manner, that our insular position is the most pre-
cious earthly
gift conferred upon us b Providence,
and which, in
conjunction w th our vastcoii power-
ful steam and
mercial marine, the great improve-
ments in
artillery, firearms and projectiles, rail and
tram roads alongour coasts, and our rapidly-
extending Rifle
kn.obvement, and the use of powerful
vessels to sin
with-
fleet, concussion, we are, with-
out a channel
'toot only safer than we
have ever been, but
or at, unless Heaven worked
miracles in favour our enemies, the world
in
Retrenchment arms could
in the not sillicacvessfully invade us."
R.N., is a paper of a
bolder Ysc by
"
Theseus, late
than the pre-
ceding one. He maintains it
and craven proposition of a governrneati unpatriotic
government to retrench
the Naval and Military expenditure, atn moment,
to enable a financial minister to correctis
flagrant miscalculati3ns.his own
" A rumour is very prevalent among these
ggiaetr ally
supposed to be well informed in political affairs
Government have determined upon a reduction affairs,
the Ile
tary and naval forces of this country. The calculation-
upon which Mr. Gladstone has based his two last ext°r-its
ordinary budgets have turned out to be incorrect, and the
decrease in the revenue for the last quarter has been so great
es to Pause our political financiers great anxiety. Even the
imaginative brain of Mr. Gladstone can suggest no new
tax that will be productive of a large revenue, except ea_
other addition to the income-tax, and it is well known that
the patience of the middle classes is nearly exhausted at the
manner in which this odious tax has been so insidiously
imposed upon them. The only way to escape the censure
he so well deserves, for having broughttfte-finapees of the
country into such a desperate fix, is by insistmg--upon a
large reduction in the expenditure of the army and navy,
and this course has been followed by Mr. Gladstone and the
Radical party in the Cabinet.
" Setting aside the results of experience, which prove
that a reduction one year is always followed by a feeling
of alarm spreading throughout the country, and a large in-
crease in the expenditure during the following years; dis-
regarding the advice of our experienced military and
naval officers, as to the necessity of putting this country
and her possessions in a good state of defence ;
and reckless of keeping up that high position which
England now holds among nations, owing to her being
powerful enough to defeat and punish all aggression,

Mr. Gladstone is endeavouring to force his more patriotic
colleagues to consent to a large reduction in the army and
navy. The decrease to take place in the army, upon the
plea that the Volunteer forces are quite sufficient for the
defence of the country, can easily be defeated. The Volun-
teers have but to meet together and pass resolutions to the
effect that, if the British army be reduced by a single regi-
ment, they will immediately disband themselves, when the
Government will be compelled, by the force of public opi-
nion. to retrace their foolish course. When even the de-
spatch of the three regiments to Canada is objected to, prin-
cipally on the ground that it would reduce the force neces-
sary for the efficient defence of the country, it does seem
most extraordinary that the Ministry should contemplate
reducing the army, and depending upon the patriotic spirit
and purse of the Volunteers.
" With the retrenchment contemplated in the naval esti-
mates the Admiralty will be obliged to pay off our large
ships, and disband the crews. Two years ago these ships
were fitted out hastily at a large expense, their crews were
got together by the issue of large bounties, and yet now,
when the ships are efficient, and the crews in a good state
of discipline, an order comes out for the ships to be un•
rigged, and laid up in ordinary, and for the men to be paid
off and sent about their business. All the heavy expense
incurred in fitting out these ships, all the cost of the boun- '
ties, and all the trouble taken by the officers to bring the
men into good discipline', are to be thrown away, and the
naval forces in commission are to be reduced to what was
considered two years ago as quite insufficient for the proper
defenc- of England and her colonies. The state of political
affairs has certainly not undergone such an improvement as
to warrant these reductions. Every nation in Eurot eis
still arming, and universal distrust is felt.in the pacific
intentions of the Emperor of the French. Through great
exertions and a vast expenditure, the British steam navy
has been brought into a great superiority over the French
steam fleet, and is now equal to encounter the navies of all
other nations combined, if there were but disciplined crews
to man our fine steamships."

In a chapter on "Portland and Cherbourg" the com-
parative capabilities of the two harbours are com-
pared, and allong account of their constructions is
furnished. Remarks on the " Select Committee on
the Admiralty" arc continued at length, and "Sug-
gestions for forming an embodied reserve" are worthy
of perusal. In the "Extraordinary Embassy by
British Officers to Santa Cruz," by E. Rogers,
Lieutenant 3d West India Regiment, the writer
gives a minute description of the proceedings of the
party, and the general aspect of the country. There
arc likewise papers on the prize of war, in which
the rules of the services for special and general
cases are furnished, and on Continuous Service.
" Wracks, Harbours, and Lifeboats," will be read
with interest by all who have paid any attention
to the gradual rise of our national lifeboat institu-
tions. We are happy to see how liberal many
private individuals have been in their contributions,
more especially among the ladies. We are glad
that the institution is extending its aid to various
distant parts of our coast. " The Action at Nell's
Farm" is a spirited description of a desperate en-
counter between the troops and Kaffirs in the late
South African war. "The Bhats and Charons of
Gurrat" gives a history of these extraordinary
Indian rades, whose wanton self-destruction to in-
voke the anger of the Gods against their enemies,
give them a strange ascendancy over their super-
stitious neighbours.

Bentley's Miscellany.
Bentley's this month contains some very good
articles; in fact, during the last few months this
magazine has much improved. The leading chapter
is on " The improvement of Paris," and the subject
is fully considered, the writer having thoroughly
studied his subject. While dilating on the vast
improvement which has taken place in the appear-
ance of Paris since the commencement of the second
Empire, be shows that while the new thorough-
fares, such as the Boulevard de Sebastopol, are
splendid streets—the purlieus inhabited by the
poor—previously very crampt, have been rendered
still more unhealthy, and that the increasing popu-
lation, combined with the destruction of a vast
number of houses, has caused the value of ground
in Paris to rise from an average ccst of £8 per
square yard in 1851, to £4O in 1861. The conse-
quences of this must be very heavy on the poorer
classes.

Previously to 1852, the Paris houses generally, with cer-
tain exceptions in the commercial quarters, had large back
courts, and many of them had even gardens. But when
the value of land began to rise, such open spaces became
too valuable to be left idle. They were all very well as
long as land averaged L 8 per square yard, but when it got
up to £2O or £3O, the capital they represented grew too
large to be kept unproductive. Another house was built
behind the old one (two or three if the court or gat den were
long enough), and the same surface at once lodged two or
three times as many inhabitants, and produced a propor-
tionate increase of rental. This system, which would have
been impossible formerly, because the people would have
refused to live in such places, was accepted by the unhappy
Parisians of 185 f, who took refuge from the demolitions in
these back courts. The want of air and light was no con-
cern of the landlord; all he cared for was the sudden pro-
ductiveness of idle capital.
It is true that this system of building deep houses one be-
hind the other is not absolutely new ; examples of it exist
in some of the old houses. No. 30, Rue Besse du Rem -
part, now pulled down to make room for the Hotel de la
Paix, had four successive court-yards, but they were all
large and airy, and did not resemble the dark wells of the
present system, from the bottom of which you can almost
see the stars by daylight up a shaft seven stories high.
Go into the courts of the new houses (when they have
any) and see what they are like. Count the windows which
take their air and light from them ; in some of the worst
cases you will find 80 windows looking into a well 20 feet
square and 70 feet deep.
A more striking ex•mple still is furnished by the view
from the tower of St. Jacques la Boucherie. Cross the
pretty garden which surrounds the base of that old Gothic
steeple—try not to be upset by the four or five hundred
children who are romping there in the air which their
mothers cannot give them at home—and pant up the wind-
ing staircase to the top. At your feet run the Rue de
Rivoli, east and west, and the Boulevard de Sebastopol,
north and south, each some two miles long, and straight on
end, excepting where the latter twists across the Place du
Chatelet and the Seine with a wriggle so mysteriously
crooked, that one cannot help imagining that when the
prefect planneddlt he must have been suffering from a mo-
mentary indigestion of his much-loved straight lines,
and that he invented this singular contortion to revenge
himself, like an Indian, on his deity. Directly you
look over the parapet you are struck by the extraordi-
nary compression of the houses which form these two great
streets. Almost everywhere else there is a certain little
space remaining between the backs of the houses, but be-
hind the splendid building which border these gigantic
alleys there is no space at all. The houses are packed back
to back ; they seem all roof. There is only one comparison
possible of the scene before you. You fancy at once that
an immense plough has driven a furrow down each of the
streets, turning up the houses tight against each ether
right and left, just like clods in an autumn field. Many
of them are simple veneers, one room thick. The average
surface of court-yard in the two streets is certainly not one-
tenth of the whole area. How could it be oth, rwise P the
land is worth £4O a yard I The air has been taken out of the
courts and put into the street ; the front rooms have more
of it than they had before, but the back ones, which are by
far the most numerous, have none at all.
Under the head of " American Notabilities" some
clever sketches of leading characters are to be found,
as a sample we append a few line about Jefferken
Davis :

" Jars DAVIS AS A LEGISLATOR.—III July, 1847, the
period for which Davis's regiment had to serve, was con-
cluded, and he led it back to Mississippi. Polk wished to
appoint him brigadier-general of volunteers, but Davis de-
clined the offer, because he thought that such an appoint-
ment on the part of the Government of the Union would be
an encroachment on the rights of the State. Col. Davis
had gained an honourable name on the battle-field, but less
honourable was the part he played in the settlement of the
financial affairs of his native State. The State had con-
tracted a debt out of all proportion t) its scanty revenue,
which had been inclined through supporting badly-
managed banks, especially the Planter's Bank, for whose
advantage the State sold bonds, which it was unable to re-
deem. Davis stepped forward as a zealous adviser of the
repudiation of these bonds, but the Legislative Assembly
rejected the proposal almost unanimously, and passed a de-
claration that some fi iancial scheme for the payment of
the bonds and the restoration of the State credit" should
be devised. This most desirable scheme was not invented,
however, and hence recourse was had to the repudiation so
strongly recommended by Davis."

" The Adventures of Lam Loriot" are continued.
The reader is introduced to the Count in a new
character—i e., his early one—and is informed how
he found his way to the galleys. The most interest-
ing character in this tale, Smudge, does not appear
on the stage, nor does Lorn himself, but many in-
tricacies are explained. The ups and downs of the
Beet sugar-growers of France, and their continual
struggles with the Colonial growers—each party
wanting protection for their own prodace—reminds
one forcibly of our own free-trade and protection
contests of past years. The paper contains much
statistical information, and is highly interesting.
This is. the eighth number of Mr. Marshall's
valuable contribution on " Population and Trade
in France," and when republished, as they doubt-
less will be, must prove a popular volume. An
amusing review of French almanacks for 1862,
" A Feuille Volante," apropos of certain lack of
Portraits
~season and
reverence, the second part of "
Portrait-painting," by Monkshood,
and
the Second" of " The Worries of a Chaperone," by
Oneida, complete the number.

The St. James's Mag
i
The History and Instons of t
This magazine continues as pleaahzsannceklnylause upsouratls.
ituti
form the topic of the opening paper, e
which contains
some curious particulars ot the old seaports and
their wardens, whose listincludes some of the most
famous names in our history. The authoress. of
interesting
story Margaret Maitland" concludes her nterestg
story of " Isabell Carr," which displays all herm
wonted power in portraying the thrilling romance
which may often be found in quiet homely lives.
" Some o'f London's Wants" is the title of an able
paper on the new routes required in the metropolis,
by the author of the articles on the railway system.
The editress continues her interesting s ory of
" Can Wrog be Right ?" and we follow the for-
tun
s, of the unhappy Millicent to the great metro-
polis, where she supports herself and her infant by
her wonderful embroidery. The wants and com-
forts of " Our Sick Sailors" are discussed in a brief
account of a visit to the Dreadnought, the floating
hospital at Woolwich. The Report of the Educa-
tion Commissioners is the subject of an article
which gives a summary of their labours. The
peculiarities of the Japanese, which of late
have ceased to be matter of discussion,

are pleasantly told in a short paper.
" Old Matthew's Puzzle" is the title of a vivid and
original story, complete in this part, which pos-
sesses peculiar attractions for the lovers of the
startling and horrible. "My Uncle's first and last
appearance at the County Assizes" is a pleasant
little sketch of more cheerful aspect. There are
some verses called " Autumn Love," showing taste
and feeling; and a story for the young of the house-
hold, with the attractive title of " Humpty Dampty."

1101VEY MARK ET AND CITY NEWS.

CITY, Two O'CLOCK.

The Bank of England weekly return, completed
to the 30th October, is again of a favourable charac-
ter, although the changes in the various items are
not extensive. The bullion has been slightly aug-
mented, while there is a small increase in the
reserve of notes and public deposits; the private
deposits, however, show a falling off to a rather
large extent. The various items and the changes
they present are shown in the subjoined table;—

Active Circulation .. £20,902,190
Increase .. 87,640
Bullion .. .. 14,218,602
Increase .. .. 111,941
Rest 3,128,195
Increase .. .. • . 4,308
Public Deposits 3,783,625
• Increase .. .. 98,223
Other Deposits.. 14,329,182
Decrease :. 349,082
Seven Day and other Bills 780,827
Decrease • . _ 10,249

Government Securities .. .. 11,953,001
Decrease .. 200,000
Other Securities .. .. 16,655,416
Decrease .. .. 81,001
Notes unemployed .. 7,180,000
Increase 73,115

There is a steady demand for discount accommo:
dation to-day at previous rates, and -the market
still shows a tendency towards easiness, notwith-
standing the impending liquidation of commercial
accounts.

Continued dulness prevailed in the Liverpool
Cotton Market yesterday, and prices were id to
id. per lb. lower. The sales were about 5,000 bales.
There were no bullion operations of importance
at the Bank of England yesterday.
The Nova Scotian, which left yesterday for Mon.
treal and Quebec, took out £lB,OOO in specie.
The Alhambra from Lisbon has brought £1,200
in specie.

To-day being the Ist of November the transfer
offices at the Bank of England are closed, for the
purpose of balancing the half-year's accounts ; and
a holiday has also been observed at the Stock
Exchange.
During the last few days there has been rather
less animation in the Foreign and Colonial Pro-
duce Markets. Sugars, however, realised about
previous prices. Tea at public sale was in good
demand, and Assam qualitiei advanced id. to 2d.
per lb. Coffee and rice have remained without
any material change in values; but the dealings
in fruit have been rather restricted. Saltpetre
and tallow have been dull, and the latter article
has slightly declined. P.Y.C., on the spot, 51s.
9d. to 525. ; and spring delivery, 535. to 535.
3d. per cwt.
During the last two months the following sums
have been paid into the Indian Treasury on account
of the Scin de Railway Company—viz., £23,130 on
the New Capital, £18,500 on the Indus Steam
Flotilla Debentures, and £14,260 on the Panjanb
Railway, in anticipation of calls.

BRITISH FUNDS-CLOSING PRICES.
YESTERDAY.

Bank Stock
3 per Cent. Reduced Annuities 9ll 1
3 per Cent. Consols Annuities
New 3 per Cent. Annuities 9ll 1 1 1
ndia Stock. .
Ditto 5 per Cent.
Ditto Enfaced Paper, 4 per Cent. Bl
Ditto 6 per Cent. 9Bi 7
Ditto 51 per Cent.
ditto Debentures, 4 per Cent., Oct., 1863 981
Ditto 1859
Ditto Bonds £l,000
Uitto under £l,000
Consols for Account, Nov 7 931 1
March I June.

Rschecitter Bills, £l,OOO, 2d.....
Ditto £5OO ..
Ditto Small
FOREIGN FUNDS—CLOSING PRICEb.
TESURDAY.

Brazilian, 5 per Cent
Ditto 4i pez Cut., 1860
luenos Ayres, 6 per Cent. —
Ditto Account
Ditto Deferred
Mexican, 3 per Cent.
Ditto Account

Portuguese 3 per Cent.. 1853. 47k- --
Ditto Account
Ditto 3 per Cent., 1866, '7, '9, and '6O 47
ardinian 5 per Cent. ..
Spanish 3 per Cent.
'ipanish Cert. of Coup. not funded at I
Turkish 6 per Cent ..
Ditto Account
Ditto New Loan
Ditto Account
Ditto £lOO Bonds
Ditto Guaranteed, 4 per Cent.
Venezuelan 3 per Cent
Ditto Account
Dividends on the above payable in London.
Italian, 5 per Cent., 1861 67k
THREE O'CLOCK.
Consols, Money 931 1
Ditto Account

ADDRESS OF TH E OPERATIVES OF

BOLOGNA TO GARIBALDI.

At a meeting of the operatives of Bologna, held
on the 10th instant, the following address was
unanimously voted to Garibaldi:—

General,—You fulfilled one of the most sacred .duties in
not abandoning Italy at this critical moment; but that is
not enough—it is necessary that the idle hours of Caprera
should cease, and that, brandishing again the sword, de-
feater of tyrants, place yourself at the head of the nation,
which is anxiously waiting for your signal to rush to
liberate Rome and, enice, in the name of Italy and Victor
Emmanuel. Come, then, we are ready, a longer delay
might prove fatal.

LOD. Tn.tsi, Vice-President.
G. GRUM, Secretary.

Signed also by the following, who form the Council :
Enea Ciotti, Landi Antonio, Darilli Pompeo, Salimbeni
Domenico, Pousi Guiseppe Medial Alep.

THIS DAY'S ALIRRETS.

CORN EXCHANGE.

To-day's market was enly moderately supplied with
home-grown wheat. In both red and white qualifies sales
progressed slowly; nevertheless, prices were fairly sup-
ported.
Nearly all descriptions of foreign wheat were held at
quite former rates. The transactions, however, were
limited.

Floating cargoes cf grain changed hands to a moderate
extent, on former terms.
The supply of barley was somewhat on the increase.
Malting qualities sold steadily at very full prices, and other
kinds were firm in value.

New malt moved off steadily at full quotations. Old
qualities, however, were neglected.

Good and fine oats were in fair request at full currencies,
but inferior sorts were a dull inquiry at barely late rates.
Beans and peas were firm at the extreme prices of Mon-
day,

In flour very little was doing, yet no change took place
in its value.

ARRIVALS THIS 'WEEK.
Wheat. Barley. Malt. Oats. Flour.
English 2,720 ( 210 1,310 250 1 1,290 sack?.
..... 2,400 I
Foreign •••• • . • 25,110 5,460 , i 32,300 500 ski.
790 brie.

BOROUGH HOP.
Good and fine hops continue in request, at extreme rates ;
but for inferior qualities the demand rules inactive, at for-
mer currencies. Over 2,000 bales have come to hand this
week from the continent.
New Mid and East Rents.. 180 s to 220 s per cwt.
New Weald of Rents ...... 147 s 185 s ~
New Sussex .............. 135 s 155 s

NEWGATE AND LEADENHALL.
The supply of each kind of meat is seasonably extensive ;
generally speaking, the demand ruled inactive, yet very
little change has taken place in the quotations, compared
with our previous report.

Per 81b. by the carcase.
adad
adsd
Inferior beef .. 2 6 3 0 Middlingmutton 3 10 4 2
Middling do. .. 3 2 3 6 Prime d 0....... 4 4 4 6
Frime large do. 3 8 3 10 Veal .... . .... 3 8 4 6
Do. small d 0... 4 0 4 2 Small p0rk..... 5 2 5 6
Large pork .... 4 2 b 0 Lamb ........ 0 0 0 0
Inferior mutton. 3 2 3 8