The Sun.
London, England, 1861-11-04 00:00:00

INDIA.

We have received our letters and papers by the
Overland Mail, under date of Bombay, October 12 ;
Calcutta, October 1.

The Bombay Gazette gives the following outlines
of intelligence :

" The English mail of the 18th September arrived
in Bombay on the 10th October.
" Sir George Russell Clerk has resigned the Go-
vernment of Bombay, and his resignation has been
accepted. Reasons not yet known.
" Lord Canning will not leave India till March,
1862.

" The Government of India have granted lands
to the native commissioned and non-commissioned
officers in their respective villages whose services
have been dispensed with in consequence of the
reduction of the native army.
" Cholera has been making awful ravages at Can-
dahar. Eight thousand persons fell victims to it
in 18 days.
" The Russian Government continues its gradual
preparations for occupying Independent Tartary.
" Mr. R. Temple is to be the Chief Commissioner
of the Government Paper Currency, which will
come into operation next January.
" Ipstructions have been issued to all the Secre-
tariats not to send up new propositions to the
Legislative Council of India until the changes con-
templated by the Governor-General in Council in
the conbtitution thereof are effected.
The same journal remarks :

" The Bombay Chamber of Commerce very pro-
perly feels itself aggrieved by the Home Govern-
ment granting special privileges to the Manchester
Cotton Company which are not accorded to private
enterprise. The fact is that some of our enterprising
merchants applied for land at the part of Sada-
sewghur as soon as it was decided by Government
to establish a port at that place ; but notwithstand-
ing these previous applications, the Secretary of
State for India has ordered the local government not to
dispose of the land at the port until the agents of the
Cotton Company shall first have had an opportunity
of selecting sites for a cotton gin factory, press
houses, offices, and stores. This is very properly
regarded and characterised by the Chambers as an
unwarrantable and partial exercise of authority by
the Secretary of State for India,' and the Chamber
has met and formally protested against it. The
Chamber maintains that Government lands which
may be for sale should be submitted:to public compe-
tition in parcels at different periods of time after
due notice by advertisement ; and very rightly ob-
serves that, in this way, the highest price would be
obtained, and complaints of undue preference would
be avoided. Resolutions embracing the views above
stated have been passed by the Chamber, and trans-
mitt'ed to Government, with a request that they may
be forwarded to the Right Hon. the Secretary of
St ate for India in Council. Surely the Manchester
Company has done nothing in connection with the
promotion and extension of the cotton trade of this
country, to establish any claim on the Government
to special privileges. The merchants of Bombay
have done all that has been done in this way. If
any parties, therefore, have any claims to
privileges, it is they. They have just groundsfo
specialr
their complaints and protest; we axe glad that they
have promptly and formally made them ; and we
trust that Government will act in reference to them
with that wisdom which is without partiality." 1

AMERICA.

NEW YORK, OCT. 22, EVENING.
(Per Asia, via Queenstown.)

The New York journals generally approve of the
language of Mr. Seward's letter to Lord Lyons, and
repudiate as an unwarrantable interference any
British interpretation of the Federal constitution.
The New York Tribune, however, denies the
necessity either for confining prisoners in military
prisons, or for the suspension of the Habeas Corpus
Act in the State of New York.

It is reported from Washington that the Treasury
department denies the statement of the New York
_Evening Post, that foreign capitalists had offered to
take 100,000,000 dols. of the Federal loan.
The Federals have retaken possession of Lexing-
ton.

The New York Tribune states that General Fre-
mont's removal is certainly decided on.
Colonel Baker, a California Senator, was killed
while leading the Federals in the Harrison's Island
affair.

The Charleston .Enquirer denies the news of the
departure of the steamer Nashville.
A despatch from Toronto states that notice has
been given of an application to the Court of Chancery
for the appointment of a receiver and manager of
the Grand Trunk Railway, and for an injunction to
restrain the English contractors from seizing the
rolling stock under an execution against the
company.

The Etna and the North Briton have arrivedout.
NEW YORK, OCT. 23, MORNING.
._. -

The Lower Potomac is considered effectually
closed, as the Confederate batteries command the
river at every point below Washington.

The Washington Star denies that General Stone
was repulsed, and says that he obtained his object,
but suffered loss to his right wing. He still held
his position on the Virginia side of the Potomac,
and was throwing up works to protect the crossing
of the whole of General Banks's division.
The movements on the Potomac indicate that a
general engagement may be expected almost imme-
diately.
It is reported from Missouri that the Federals had
routed the Confederates under Jefferson Thomson,
and captured four guns.
General Zollieffer has attacked the Federals at
Camp Wild Cat, Kentucky, and been repulsed.
The Charleston blockading squadron has de
stroyed the ship Thomas Watson, from Liverpool,
while she was endeavouring to run the blockade.
It is rumoured in Washington that additional
correspondence has passed between Lord Lyons and
Mr. Seward.

The British gunboat Racer has arrived at New
York.

The Africa passed Cape Race on the 21st inst.
QUEENSTOWN, Nov. 3.

The Royal Mail steam-ship Asia, from New
York on the 23d ultimo, arrived here at 2 a.m. to-
day with 81 passengers.

She landed all mails except those for Liverpool,
and four passengers, and proceeded at 2.30 a.m.;
all well.

The Asia experienced strong easterly winds on
her passage home.

QUEENSTOWN, Nov. 3.

The Royal Mail steamship Niagara arrived here
at 3 p.m., embarked the mails, passengers, and
latest telegrams, and proceeded for Boston and
Halifax at 4 p.m. All well.

BATTLE OF CANAD 1 RICA-DEFEAT

OF URQ UIZA.

BUENOS AYRES, SEPT. 28.

We have mitive news of a splendid victory for
the Constitutional party of the Republic. The
arms of Buenos Ayres have given a death-blow to
the barbarism which has so long desolated the
country. The revolution of May, 1810, is ended,
and, for the first time in history, the Liberal party
among the Argentine people is triumphant. The
hasty despatch of General Mitre is the best story of
the fight :

"FIELD OF BATTLE, PAVON, Sept. 7.

"To the Minister of War,—l have the honour to
inform you that last right I commenced the inva-
sion of the territory of Santa Fe. This morning I
marched upon the enemy at the head of 15,500 men,
with 34 pieces of artillery, of which the army of
operations of the province was composed. Whilst
marching upon the enemy I was enabled to cut his
line of battle, isolating two of his divisions, and
driving his vanguard to the other side of the Canada
Rica, where I met the army of the enemy in a body
of 16,000 to 17,000 men of the three armies, with
42 pieces of artillery, same of them of heavy calibre.
At half-past two p.m. the firing commenced on both
sides, our line advancing until it was placed at half
cannon shot from that of the enemy, who had de-
ployed his centre upon a strong position on Palacio's
estancia, with his rear to the Pabon. After having
shaken his line by a strong cannonade, I ordered
my chief of the staff, Colonel Wenceslo Paunero, to
advance resolutely with our centre and storm the
infantry and artillery of the enemy.
" This order was obeyed with rapidity, cour-
age, and skill by Colonel Paunero, assisted by
Colonel Emile Mitre, whose horse was killed
under him, at the head of his column, by a
cannon ball, by the Colonels Rivas and Arguero,
and the intrepidity of our battalions, together
with the intelligence and energy of our chiefs and
officers who commanded them, and who took the
entire centre of the enemy under a deadly fire
of musketry and artillery, putting to flight
the enemy's infantry, taking the greater part
of their guns, pursuing the fugitives, and capturing
a number of prisoners. Our cavalry was surrounded
on both wings, some 300 men only remaining on the
field of battle, including my escort of the National
Guard, part of which I placed under the orders of
General Hornos, who, after making Apreme efforts
to contain his left wing, joined the triumphant cen-
tre with the few troops he could assemble. There-
after he took 37 ammunition waggons from the
enemy, carrying them off by force from a strong
column of cavalry, which took him off the field.
" At 41 p.m. our infantry remained in quiet pos-
session of the field of battle, a large part of the
enemy's cavalry being dispersed, but from which we
have taken many prisoners. Our 18 battalions and
artillery are all united without other loss than those
killed on the field of battle, for we have gathered
up our wounded. The trophies of this victory are
1,600 prisoners, 34 pieces of artillery, some of heavy
calibre, 11 flags and standards, all the park, ambu-
lances, and commissariat of the army, 5,000 horses,
and 4,000 arms, including lances and swords. Among
the prisoners are many chiefs and officers, and
almost all those belonging to the artillery. Our
loss has not been great, and at present I have no
knowledge that any chief or officer of notability has
fallen. All those of the infantry and artillery
except some wounded are in their places."
Later intelligence reports that General Mitre is
about to march upon Rosaria.

capacious
the
theFeßol°oßnyGEisSSveOrFylrVhiEnslyTEpßeeNplAedU.STAßAcLeulAnei—srylAeassst presentpseieus
as some eight United Kingdoms potsswenss
In time,
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amin
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n
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for the colony's consumption, but a large surplus for expor-
tation. dotted with a s
farmsteads,‘the country
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produce he l
1 notilhills,"
There was a considerable increase in the exports
of Western Australian produce for 1859. The value was
£93,037, against £78,648 in 1858. Copper ore, timber, sandal
wood, and wool were the articles which contributed most
largely to this increase. At the end of 1859 twelve mines
were working in Western Australia—eight copper and four
lead. The Wheel Fortune Copper Mine is reported to yield
an average of about 28 per cent. of metal ; the Geraldine
Lead Mine 84 per cent. Western Australian timber has
already won a wide celebrity for its endurance. It defies
the borers and crumblers which by land and sea soon riddle
and rot the majority of wood. It also preserves from rust
iron driven into it. There is a great demand for it in India
for railway sleepers. The sandal wood is chiefly exported
to Singapore. Wool, of course, depends upon grass. With
great pleasure, therefore, we read in a Perth paper that
the pasturage of Western Australia is remarkably im-
proved. Besides those already specified, the exports of
Western Australia are horses for the Indian army, oil,
whalebone, raisins, currants, olives, end gum.—Atistralian
and New Zealand Gamy,

,TOURNEFINGS OF DI?. LIVINGSTONE.

The following letter from Dr. Livingstone to
Governor Sir George Grey, has been laid before
the Capetown Chamber of Commerce :

Mohilla Island, near Comoro, April 4, 1861.
My dear Sir George,—You will probably have
heard ere this reaches you, that we went to Rovuma
in February, and made an attempt to ascend that
river in March. Our progress was arrested when
only some 30 miles from the mouth, by observing
that the water was falling at the rate of seven
inches a-day--we had come over some parts not
more than five or six feet deep, and our vessel was
drawing four and a half feet—so we had to make
up our minds whether to proceed further and remain
among a people whom we did not know till the
next flood, or come back, and work on our old
"spoor" up the Shire. The detention would have
been such a waste of time for those who remained at
Johanna, and would not have advanced the object
of those who had come to Rovuma more effectually
than by spending the same period up the Shire.
For the general good, therefore, we returned, and
were favoured by a rise in the river of three or
four feet. This last is said to be the last flood of the
year, and made us fully alive to the fact that, from
one cause or another, we were quite two months too
late for successful exploration.
From the little that we saw we are disposed to
think favourably of the river as an entrance into
Eastern Africa. It has a sandy bottom, three
quarters of a mile bread, and partakes much of the
character of the Zambesi. Unlike that river with
its abominable bars, it flows into a magnificent bay.
And the only danger in its mile-wide mouth is a sort
of " bore" formed by the water of the river of a
few fathoms meeting the ocean tide of nineteen
fathoms; at full tide it is all smooth. By
keeping near the shore it is quite safe at
all periods of the tide. We have a very
short delta, and the land rises up from the bank in
a gentle slope to three or four hundred feet. It is
well wooded, the ebony attaining a much larger
size than it does anywhere on the Zambesi. The
country is very beautiful, but there is something
wrong among the people. Food seemed scarce in a
soil where everything could grow. Half-caste
Arabs appear to lord it over the general population,
and they were inclined to do the same with us.
When my brother took the Makololo on shore to cut
wood, some of them came and assumed the airs we
read of in countries further north. They demanded
payment for the wood, and he offered to give it pro-
vided that they should cut it. But no, they would
seize that already cut. The Makololo were un-
armed, but made a rush to their arms ; they would
not let their white men be imposed on ; the Bas-
tards made a rush the other way, and could scarcely
be prevailed on to come back and take up the vege-
tables they had left behind. But for this little show
of pluck we should have had the company of these
half-castes at every village, fines levied on every
possible pretext, and the word passed on beyond
their beat that we were a board of she asses to be
milked for the public benefit. It is of the utmost
importance here, as in Europe, for the people to feel
that you are not dependent on them. If they see
that you can get on without them, they are much
more obliging. . . . I have always found that the
presence of a trusty band of Makololo, though use-
less for ship work, was invaluable on land. It was
not without considerable regret that we gave up
the project of a land journey with them up to Ito-
vuma. It was the worst season for travelling ;
rain and heavy dews would have cut us up. In
fact, the same reasons that prevailed for the
postponement of the landing of the mission still
continue in force. By the time we reach the
Shire we shall be in the healthier season, and a
beginning will be made of the general labours from
the other end of Nyassa to that which we looked
on by the Rovuma. It is curious that all the people
declare that Rovuma comes out by Nyassa; this,
according to a curious idea that has come over the
geographical mind in England, must mean that
Nyassa comes out of Rovuma. I wish our friends
would only tell us all about it beforehand. It would
save us a great deal of trouble, and deliver us from
the perplexity of guessing and grumbling. We see,
for instance, Shire never discolours in flood, but is
always of a dark mossy hue, carries a great deal of
mica,-has a muddy bottom, and never rises or falls
more than a few feet. Rovuma rises some five or
six feet, is very brown and muddy, but has a sandy
bottom, water carries little or no mica, and tastes of
rain rather than moss. Now, anything positive, if
given beforehand, will be thankfully received,
though it come from the archives of Prester John.

P.S.—Johanna, at William Sunley's, H.M. Con-
sul, Comoro Islands.—We require two well•trained
strong mules, fit for and used to either harness opt
the saddle, and two good strong Scotch carts with
harness, &c., complete, to transport goods past
Murchison's Cataract. I prorose to submit a spot
near the village Market, " Chizanze's," not far from
the bottom of Zomba, for the bishop's inspection.
The head man, called Chibaba, is a fat, frank, jolly
fellow; the elevation some 3,000 or 4,000 feet above
the sea, cool in the hottest part of the season, and
well watered, This will be a sanatorium, and there
stands Zomba's top, a day's journey up, inhabited,
and a fine rivulet. Some work will be required to
find a good sloping kloof up to the plateau. All
have had fever, except one. Indeed, but two of the
entire expedition have escaped, yet nothing serious
occurred.—l am, &c.,

DAVID LIVINGSTONE.

Letters, dated River Rovuma, 23d of March,
have been received by the Bishop of Capetown
from Bishop Mackenzie. The mission party appear
to have been well, and in good spirits. At the close
of his letters the Missionary Bishop says :—" As to
the future, Dr. Livingstone is sending up a boat to
the Senna for beads, and some other of the things
he has left there, and the Pioneer must await their
return, which will be on Monday probably. Then
we shall be ready to start up the Shire, having only
one other stoppage fl,r wood before we reach the
Murchison Cataract. Then, as I think I told you,
Livingstone most kindly proposes to come with us
to the plateau south of the summit of Zomba, a
high table land (from three to four thousand feet
above the sea), in some part of which, he thinks, we
shall find a desirable site for the mission ; after
which we shall apply ourselves to making acquaint-
ance with our neighbours, learning their language,
getting up our stores, and making ready for our
ladies, whom we expect about the end of the year."

THE COST OF THE AMERICAN WAR

(From the Money Market Review.)

ebeenecaii
ened h
issue
The paper known as the " Continental Currency'
of the old American revolution was issued to supply
the then rebels with the sinews of war, just as the
Treasury notes are now issued ; and the former,
like the latter, were to be paid in specie on de-
mand. The first issue took place in 1775, and
was limited to two million dols , which 'was then
considered a very large sum. A year afterwards
the amount in circulation was 20 millions, and
although the ardour of the people for indepen-
dence had not in the least cooled, depreciation at
once ensued. "Continental currency" was in
everybody's hands, and everybody wanted to get
rid of it, for specie if possible, or for any other
article that promised to be useful. The necessi-
ties of the war involving, however, still further
issues, 200 millions were afloat in 1780; and 30
dols. in "continental currency" were freely given
in exchange for one silver dollar. At that point
Congress intervened, and made the "continental
currency" a legal tender; but the doing so accom-
plished nothing. An attempt was then made to
tax the States, but objections were raised, and
evasions became so general that an appeal be-
came necessary to private individuals and to
France, Holland, and other countries. In 1783
the amount of this currency in circulation was no
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to the Americans, and the consequences of the
country being flooded with Government paper, point
a warning which is peculiarly applicable at the
present moment.

PASSAGES TN CONTRACT STEAM VESSELS.—We
are happy to be in a position to state that the Admiralty have
at length remedied an old and very great grievance respect-
ing the passage allowance granted to the assistant-engineers
of the Royal Navy, and that in future first -class passes will
be furnished to those officers when ordered to proceed in
troop ships and contract steam vessels,— United Service
Gazette.

MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—At the last
meeting of this society—Mr. W. Coulson, president, in the
chair—an important communication "on the nature and
action of mineral waters" was read by Dr. Althaus. A
short historical account of the use of mineral waters having
been given, the author dwelt especially upon the tempera..
ture of the springs, the part played in them, by carbonic
acid, and the physiological action of the spa.. He also
gave a report on the new lithia springs at Baden, Which
had last year been discovered by Professor Bunsen, of
theythem is equalleddrinking
for bathing. eat
Heidelberg, and which had durinq the last season, for the
first time, been extensively used in cases of chronic gout
and lithiasis with highly satisfactory results. The quan-
atintyy
oofthleirthsiparicnognst,aianned
din
eused
n o:.-
for