The Sun.
London, England, 1861-10-15 00:00:00

of the mile, which was covered in 4 minutes 52
seconds, Jackson being not more than three yards
in the rear. Throughout the fifth, sixth, and
seventh laps the race was admirably contested ;
for although the Indian had the lead, yet he was
not more than two or three yards in front.
When the competitors had finished the eighth
lap, this being the
i end of the second mile—
, which was done n 10 minutes 11 seconds—
they were all but shoulder to shoulder. As
they went up the straight, for the commencement
of the third mile, Jackson, with his arms screwed
well into his quarters and his head slightly
bent on one side, made one of his well-known efforts
to wrest the lead from his opponent. For some 30
or 40 yards they kept even strides, but again, as
before in these spurts, did the Indian display his
turn of speed by breaking from his plucky oppo-
nent—being, as ho once more went away with the
lead, cheered in the most enthusiastic manner. On
the finish of the lap, Jackson was, as before, about•
three yards in the rear ; when the tenth round (two
miles and a half) had been accomplished, he was at
least five yards to the bad, and thus he kept gra-
dually falling more and more behind until the finish
of the third mile, when the Indian headed his oppo-
nent by at least a dozen yards. This portion of the
match was covered in 15 min. 34 sec., and now it
became evident that it was all up with Jackson. As
he commenced the first lap of the fourth mile it was
apparent he was in distress. The muscles of his
neck were much swelled, while, with his head bent
forward, and mouth partly open, his breath came
with that sobbing sound which is a sure sign that
nature must soon give way. This proved to be the
case, for before this lap was :finished Jackson
stopped dead beat. Deerfoot, who was well ahead
at the moment, was therefore left to run the last
three-quarters of a mile by himself, which he did at
unabated speed, the four miles being completed in
21 min. 2 sec. The Indian at the finish did not
appear distressed. In fact, it was the opinion of
many that he had run the latter part of the dis-
ance quite within himself.

THE BRITISH PEERAGE.

(From the Dublin. University Magazine.)

The principle of primogeniture, infect, is stability, while
that of partition is division. At the same time, we enter-
tain no bigoted prejudices that could prevent us from
acknowledging that the prayer, esto perpetteum, should
never be tranformed into the shape of laws for perpetuat-
ing either particular families or dynasties. The elastic
freedom Britons enjoy in this respect is one of the best
parts of their general liberty. The institutions of their
country do not, indeed, admit of a Bonaparte rising to
empire, or of a Lincoln obtaining the highest office in the
state ; yet less barriers than exist in France oppose them-
selves to a man capable of elevation in British society, the
manners of which, moreover, admit of more calm and real
enjoyment of its various dignities than is possible in the
Transatlantic Republic. While high birth retains its due
value, this consideration is held insignificant compared
with great personal merit. An examination of the British
Peerage-book will show that the House of Lords has been
recruited without regard to ancestry, though, at the same
time, the honour of admission to that assembly is enhanced
by the circumstance that it contains men of the most illus-
trious lineage. Uninformed persons sometimes speak as if
it were an 'exclusive, antique, feudal caste ; but the bulk
of the peerage is composed of comparatively modern
titles, which have been acquired, for the most part, in
the profession of the law, in the military, naval, and
civil service of the Crown, and, to a large extent, by
rising from the ranks of industry. Some of these
latter instances furnish striking examples of that energy of
character which enable the founders of those titles to raise
their posterity to hereditary permanent wealth and rank ;
and the accomplishment of this :result, to which our laws
sanction and favour, was, in all likelihood, their strongest
incentives. In fact, the peerage has received continual ac-
cessions in an eminently commercial country, where every
50 years has, by developing some vast source of riches,
seen a new and powerful class rise up. First, the
Turkey merchants, then the planters enriched in the
West Indies, and then the nabobs of the East, who
mostly merged in the squirearchy or lordship of
their native land. The enormous contracts and expen-
diture of succeeding wars created the loanmongers
the application of steam and science to industry
developed the manufactures, and enriched shipowners and
merchants ; and the vast railway works have increased the
great and still growing class of capitalists, most of whom
have, in turn, aspired to take well merited place among the
landed aristocracy. The transfers in England during the
first half of the present century, the comparatively larger in
Scotland, and superlatively vast in this country, prove how
extensively the soil is put up for sale ; and we believe we
may assert, without fear of contradiction, that any capitalist
who may prefer the smaller percentage land renders to either
the high profits of speculation or early returns from the
funds, can select to invest in the purchase of an estate in
any country in the three kingdoms that pleases him best.
Such being the freedom of the British soil, how are we to
understand orators who harangue about the evils of the
existence of "feudal laws and tenures" in Great Britain?
If they know what they mean by these terms, we do not.
Excepting a very few estates feudally held—such as those
settled by the nation on Marlborough and Wellington—
every landed property is liable to alienation; and there is
neither legal nor conventional barrier raised against the ad-
mission of a man of the people into the highest circle of the

aristocracy.
It has often been remarked that the nearer a country is
to the capital—whether London, Dublin, or Edinburgh—
the lees lasting are its landed families, because its proxi-
mity to a centre of luxury draws the aristocracy into a
vortex of expense, which sometimes engulphs the un-
guarded. Quaint old Fuller illustrates this action of a
zaetropolis by the fable of the contest between the sun and
the wind, which first should force the traveller to put off his
clothe:. The heat of the sun soon made him part with
them, wh..;10 the wind had only caused him to wrap them the
closer rourAi him. " This," observed he, "is moralised in
our English 6-entry. Such as live near London, in the
warmth of weall'h and plenty of pleasures, quickly strip
themselves of theh' estates; whilst the gentry living onin:d
the confines of Scotl) in the wind of war, buckled their
lands, like their armour, the closer unto them, and since
have no less thriftily dam: ed their patrimonies in peace
than formerly maintained 0101 in war. Happy for the
social fabric of the three cents; ries has been the free-
dom with which wealth newly made in counting-
houses frequently supplanted ancient but:decaying fami-
lies. The aim of prosperous traders to sett2o their posterity
in honourable and permanent positions in the geighbourhood
of the cities where the accumulations were made, has pro-
bably acted as] the strongest motive for making: those
accumulations. But the two processes of sale and
purchases are continual, particularly within widening
circles round the capitals ; and the instances,
near Edinburgh, in which families, raised to
wealth in the first generation, launched into ruinous ex-
pense in the second, and disappeared in the third, have
been so numerous, that this social revolution was hiteked
into a proverb—" Tho grandsire digs, the father bigs, the
son thigs," or, in ordinary parlance, the grandfather
worked and made a fortune, the father built a fine house,
and the son, "an unthrifty son of Linne," took, whon lands
and goods were gone and spent, to thieving. Merchants
are proverbially princes to .day and beggars to-morrow,
and so long as the genius for speculation is exercised by a
mercantile family, this talent -which gave them landed pro-
perty may deprive them of it, unless the prudent step of
settling and entailing be taken by each succeeding her.
Such an act is a deed of insurance in favour of posterity, a
fortification against extravagance. When omitted, there is
no safeguard for the permanent prosperity of even the
highest noble family;--
And Helmsley, once proud Buckingham's delight,
Slides to a scrivener, or a city knight.

It was because the Duke was proud that the favourite
seat of this vain-glorious Villiers passed into ether hands,
pride in extreme preceding his fall, and giving place to
humble and honest industry. As our author shows in his
chapter, 'called " The Doom of Buckingham," a singular
fatality has attended every family that has borne this title.
Our own day has witnessed the sale of much of the estates
of Richard Plantagenet Nugent-Grenville-Temple; the
late wearer of this ducal coronet, proving that the posses-
sion of a princely revenue is no security against running
into the real poverty of debt. The vast treasures of art
and literature collected at Stow, one of the finest show
places in England, have been cold and scattered, and the
splendid seat itself—
How changed I Those oaks that tower'd so high,
Dismembeed, stript, extended lie.
Allegorically viewed, this has been the fate of innumer-
able proud families. But while those oaks of the British
forest of society have fallen, other stems have risen in their
place, and gradually taken rank among the old timber of
the land.

In consequence of the transformation of the
Austrian army from regiments of three battalions into re-
giments of four, 300 out of 1,200 officers who were net in
active service have obtained employment.
We stated some little time back that the force
at Tien-tsin would be reduced to two European regiments.
The Indian forces move immediately. They obtain Indian
pay and allowances, and of course the Europeans must be
placed on an equality. It is said, however, that when the
Indian detachments leave, the Europeans will be deprived
of a large portion of their present emoluments, a proceeding
not very fair or dignified on the part of the authorities.
cannot regard the withdrawal of the troops with
other than those of uneasiness. Our private accounts from
China are of a very unsatisfactory character.
in fear of his life at the capitaelnk,ojawnndish, deaaesrspoiftet
muchall r '
assertionru e to
es
he
daenatuhlloitfythaes
wasthe contrary,
that
of theT ien
..t
tr
seiant y. olfvle'
Emperor, and whispers that the Chinese are disposed to
disavow the whole of the arrangements so hurriedly made
with Lord Elgin in 1860. It seems a very difficult condi-
tionsd
of affairs to deal with, and
the only kind of ambassadors apparentlyenig away
oour
by n
respected
4rinszfatiblzilrpeoopuleadoce(sontot wear
the
aspect
of
wiocitoromothp._iss,