The Sun.
London, England, 1857-06-13 00:00:00

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with _ quified manure. Ale
the application was of decomposing manure, and for
a poor and one of the least absorbent soils, appears
to have been satisfactory. On this point I will venter r
to repeat some further elucidations, becaulte it is in-
dustriously assumed a' -an undoubted fact that
such applications must be unavoidably and'. necosseri y
offensive • and so it would be if, as is commonly as •
sumed, all applications of sewerage in the method of sub-
mersion in use near EclinbUrgh—the water meadow, that 14
to say a sewer marsh, and that too of decomposing manure,
which I was one of tke.forethost to eOnderun." But thee.,
who raise this objection should Make themselves better ac-
quainted with the properties of soils, and be aw .re th
common earths are up to certain points the most powerfr 1
of disinfectants. Let the common kitAshati practice be re-
garded, that when the cook has an "oniony knife," front
which the smell cannot bo got rid of by any extent of rub-
bing, immersion in garden mou:d is found to be effectual ;
and so with restoration of over-kept game and tainted
meat, by surrounding it with fresh, soil. During the ch, -
lera, at Newcastle alit other places, when we get the pees •
to put two or three inches of fresh earth ov. r the foul
places surrounding their hahitationa...Ahey_felt themselves
at once in a purified atmosphere, shich was new to them.
All hose who have been accustomed to pass over our parks
when they receive their top-dressings. will have been an-
noyed by the stinks from them, which last for many days,
during which time the most vatuable.manur is w .sted
the pollution of the comm an If, however: that same
manure were put in Bolltioa in a sufficient quantity of
water, and applied by -the water-cart or the jot, the lord,
ance is so far reduceu as to be inconsiderable, even for the
'few minutes application ; the manure is received, not in
mechanical suspension, as supposed. by Baron Liebig, and
to be-washed out by every shower of rain, bat iri immediate
chemical crrnbination, as proved by the repeated demon-
strations of Profs-sor Way, there to be retained through
the winter's storms and frosts and snows until taken out 1 y
vegetation. Instead of creating a nuisance, it is the way
to prevent the nuisance common to ordinary cultu e.
But when the tubu'ar house drainage and sewerage is
so arranged, as it is in mad: town districts, drained on
the new principle, when it is removed immediate, and
before any incipient decomposition can have made any
progress, that is to say, inoffensively, and when it is at
Once applied to the land, thee entirely new condition',
sanitary as well as agriehltrifal; advsnce even of the
satisfactory termite recited as ohs aintdin Paris, are achieved.
At Rugby; as I have stated, and now, I am glee to say,
at Watford the town excreta is in the land within two
hours of its production, and it is demonstrable from our
experience, that the whole of the matter kept waiting un-
der the houses of Paris for a year, might be upon distant
lauds within half a-day, and all that is now thrown into
the Thames iu London could be deposited on the soil with-
in a day, that is to say, three days before the ordinary
period of commencement of full decomposition. Aug-
mented in fertilising power as the manure is, by the pre-
vention of waste, and by its direct application, the
whole of the later experience shows that the absorbent
powers of land are far greater than has heretofore been
calculated even by well-informed horticulturalists. At
Rugby, the un'lecomposed sewerage of 1,000 houses is ap-
plied in round numbers to nearly 503 acres; but pumping
every day, except Sun lay, it affords only three or four
dressings in the year to the whole of the land, whilst on tl e
liquified manure farms, eight or ten dressings are applied,
and
.by supplying water to the plant at the same
time, horticultural experience shows that the number
of dressings will be considerably augmented. Mr. Wal-
ker, the owner of the land, assured me that if he
were' to do the work over again, he would restrict his
distributing apparatus to less than half his presenting area,
and various experience in licates as a generally ascertained'
conclusion, that the whole of thel fresh sewerage of five
houses, or of twenty-five perilous, applied directly, may
be utilised on one acre of cultivated laud. In this pro-
portion the pollution of the air of houses—which, I beg
to say, is of m -ire importance than the water of the
Thames, however important that may be—and the pollu-
tion of that river may be avoided, and the sewerage may
•be utilised on a spice of ten miles square, or on a belt of
land a mile antra quarter broad whose inner circle began
at a distance of five miles from St. Patin.. For Paris, of
course, less than half the space would be required. Then
why, it may be asked, is it that those demonstrations are
not acted upon I These questions I can only proximately
answer by other questions, as why, in respect to agricul-
ture, is it that little more than one-twentieth of the land
that requires draining is drained, although nearly a quar-
ter of a century ago demonstrations were given of the
efficiency of land drainage, and although it was early
proved that it repaid its expenses in eight, six, or even
four years? Why will most farmers continue to let all
their liquid manure run into ditches, and by exposure (as
shown by Professor Voelcher); allow two-thirds of the
fertilising power of the-solid manures to be wasted by ex-
posure to the ,weather? Why, when land is sought fur
this public purpose, is it that the owners are nrt
content with an addition of one-half to its value,
but require three times its value or more? Why is
it that • in the interior of towns rough and large,
and expensive constructions which accumutfite foul mat-
ters, are maintained in the face of the working of small'
and smooth, and comparatively cheap constructions which
discharge them? lam answered, that in our present state
it requires many years to ensure prevalence to very simple
principles. For my'own part, lam 'compelled to confine
my hopes to seeing eventually the more general practical
adoption of two of the simple principles, which I may pre-
tend to hive elaborated ; one of which is for towns-that
all smells of decomposing animal and vegetable matter
mean eventually, and, when intense, immediately disease,
and denote small administration ; the other of which is for
rural districts and for agriculture—that all smells of de-
composing animal and vegetable matter, means the waste
of valuable manure, and bad husbandry; in short, making
it practically understood that whether in urban or in rural
districts, the unlearned population may test the administrr-
tion by the ill-used organ which God has given us all for
warning—the nose. (Applause.)
The Earl of Essex—l have only got my works at Wat-
ford in operation about a month. They apply on a farm
of about 270 acres, the sewerage from between two and
three thousand persons, living in houses drained by the
new Board. of Health. But as respects the immediate
santary results, my experience fully confirms the observa-
tions made by Mr. Chadwick. All excretory matters are
brought out at once with a good fall. They are frequently
pumped direct and within a few minutes by means of a
steam engine, and by subterranean pipes they are laid upon
the land at about a mile distant from the town ' • and,
after an operation, I might defy any one to detect any
smell. Weed there is no smell of decomposition in the
teak when the sewerage has stood a day. There may be
perceived a smell like common dirty water;- but not
the smell of decomposition, nothing of that sort
can be fairly objected to on that score. I can also
confirm what he States as to the absorbent power of
the soil, and if I were to do the work over again
I should certainly limit the pipeage to a narrower area.
perhaps one half, being frilly convinced that it is better to
have an intense cultivation in a narrow area than the
reverse. On the productive powers of the system I shall,
when the season is completed, be glad to give the benefis
of my experience.
A long conversational discussion ensued, in the course of
which M. de Trehonnais said he thought the outlay of
capital required would be an obstacle to the extension of
the system in France; the Earl of Essex said he was
confident that the outlay would pay him well if it were
for the distribution of plain water alone. Take the
outlay of capital at six pounds per acre, what was that to
the power of saving a crop by a watering in dry weather !
He estimated that he could throw in water or the liquid
manure at the expense of about a penny a ton, or a hun-
dred tons, or an ince deep of water on an acre, at an ex-
pense of about eight shillings, and what was that for the
power of saving or advancing a whole crop ?
Thanks were then voted to Mr. Chadwick, and the
meeting separated.

/ PRIOR 4%. STAMPED STI •]

DUNDEE TRADE RETORT.—Oar flax market has con-
tinued without animation throughout the week, so far
as regards goods on the spot, which consist cbiefly'of the
medium and lower, qualitie.„ The higher marks of the
new flax from Riga are turning out pretty well, and are
in fair request. Tows are in moderate demand, and
maintain th,-ir value. In coddles there is no change to
notice. In jute a large business has been doing at full
rates.— Dundee courier.
CORPORATION OF THE SONS OF" THE CLERGY.—Tbe
Archbishop of Canterbury gave his annual dinner at
Lit-Übe, h Palace on the 10th inst. to the stewards of
the Festival of the Sons of the Clergy. There were pre-
sent on the oces,ion the Bishops of Worcester and Sado-
bury, the Lord Mayer and Sheriffs, the Dean of Canter.
hury, Arciideacms Clarke and Croft, the Lord Mayor's
Chaplain, the Revs. Dr. Vivian, T. 0. Goodchild, G. B.
Pot scary, C. H. Ridding, J. Thomas, and R. Stafford,
Mr. Alderman Copeland, M.P., the Master of Merchant
Taylors' Company, and Messrs. J. Cattley, P. Cap,-
nove, C. Jacornb, Jos. Maynard, C. Hodgson, C. J•
Baker, E. Pepys, F. Knyvett, and Jos. Somes.
MATTEUCCI.—The French Institute basrecentlygained
an h unurable addition to its number by the election of
Prolessor Csrlo Matteucci, whose researches in elec-
tricity confer honour even on the country that numbers
amongst tlo names of her famous sons those of Volta
and Galvani. By his galvanoecopee, constructed of the
di-j ecta membra of frogs, Professor Matteucci first
incontestably proved that currents of electricity are al-
ways circulating
in the animal frame, and even in in.
i His lectures on the "PhysicaledalPvitiaes-
(iv
nooi,juen3al wofusLeliev9.
Living Beings," were translated by Dr.
Pereira ; and, twelve years ago, the Copley medal
awarded to him in recognition of his services. He is at
present professer of natural philoscphy at Pisa.—
Lancet:
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