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London, England, 1857-11-07 00:00:00

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ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHING BY STEAM.

' great desideratum for the telegraph. In this both
voltaic and magnetic currents are wanting, quan-
tity with them being inseparable from intensity.
In long—and, of course, therefore, in submarine—
wires quantity in the voltaic current becomes a
dangerous obstacle, al ways creating an induced cur
rent in an opposite direction to that in which the
message is sent, charging the wire and generally exer-
cising that dreaded retarding influence about the
real cau,e for which so many different opinions
exist. To overcome these impediments many efforts
have been made to apply static electricity to the
telegraph, but till now the attempt has always been
unsuccessful. Mr. Baggs produces his power with
ordinary plate machines, which are turned of course
by the same machinery as that which winds off his
gutta peroha message bands. The most simple and
ordinary plan
charged,
provides for the poles of the machine
being at all times kept equally and properly
no matter at what speed the pin bands
may be passing between them, and the force of the
discharge being sufficient to pierce the paper and re-
gister the signal at the end of the wire, no electro-
magnetic coil is necessary at the end of the circuit.
It is nee Iless to point out the advantages which this
plan possesses on the score of economical production
of the curses-4,0s its greater certaintyofpassagealong
a wire when (especially in long submarine cables)
it would encountarmany slight defects and attenua-
tions almost fatal to the progress of a magnetic or
voltaic current. In these remarks we have merely
pointed out the most prominent features of the new
plan, enough to enable those interested in the sub-
ject to recognise the ease and certainty with which
the improtements may be carried out, and the vast
importance which must result to the community
from their general adoption. In the value of the
invention and the results which it promises it is
second only to the great discovery of the electric
telegraph itself, which can be fully utilised only by
this process. The discovery has only been a short
time patented, since which Mr. Baggs has been em-
ployed in perfecting by practice the minor details of
his plan. A company is about to be formed to ap-
ply and carry out the invention in a more extensive
manner than can be achieved by the efforts of a pri-
vate individual, however energetic. There is ap-
parently little doubt, from the value of the plan
and the necessity which exists for its adoption, tha
the company will be as successful as the improve
ment it recommends.

t might puzzle the most speculative philosopher
or the most profound mechanist to say from which
power, steam or electricity, the greatest amount of
benefit is likely to result to mankind. Seam has
already done wonders, though, in spite of the oft-
repeated saying that "it is still in is infancy,"
there seems reason to believe that already have we
nearly approached the wide limits of what can be
effected by that power. 'With electricity, ou the
contrary, the field that is gradually expanding
before the inquiries of men devoted to that branch
of science seems almost as boundless and as uni-
versal as the electric fluid itself. That electricity
has done something of late may be admitted now,
even though according to all appearances the resulrs
of a few more years of progress on the electric
science and the discovery of its applicability to a
number of uses now only dimly foreshadowed, will
soon make our present attainments appear as
eothirg. But though the merits of each agency are
sought on all sides to be carefully developed, and
a rivalry of progress is perpetually being insti-
tuted, yet the greatest achievement of all, a simple
plan to combine both powers, has never teen suc-
cessfully attempted until now. With the telegraph
electricity has surpassed steam, and there are wise
and able men in this metropolis now labouring
hard to perfect a grand conception, and by the es-
tablishment of one strong electro-motive power su-
persede the use of steam machinery for evermore.
This is a great idea, but perhaps a perfect and har-
monious union between electricity and steam is a
greater still. The first step in that union, which
must yield to mankind and civilisation the most
important and valuab'e result., has been made by
Mr. Beggs, a gentleman whose name has long held
honourable place among our electricians, and who
has now divined a plan by which even the electric
current may be quickened and the speed of the
electric telegraph stimulated a thousandfold. In
inventions of this kind there is nothing more
difficult than to convey to the general
reader a clear and distinct impression of the value
of an improvement, to understand every step i
the detail of which requires knowledge more or less
intimate of the science of electricity as applied to
telegraphic purposes. We shall therefore merely
state, in the most general manner, the nature of
the plan proposed by Mr. Baggs, widiou. at all stop-
ping to inquire into the reason for the effects pro-
duced. In order, however, that our readers may
appreciate the value and nature of the improve-
ment, it is necessary briefly to state, first, the rou-
tine by which telegraphic messages are at present
conveyed, and the ditliculties• which hourly occur
in the'r transmission. Electric telegraphs of all
kinds are either worked by voltaic or magnetic
electricity, the current of which a'.ong the wire is
alternately transmitted and broken ace arding as
the circuit is completed or interrupted by means of
a handle, which is worked by a clerk. This a'ter-
nate transmission and release of the voltaic or
magnetic current deflects the needle at the other
end of the wire either to the right or left or regis-
ters the message by electro-magnetism according
to the nature of the instrument employed. As a
matter of course, while a mes=age is being thus
slowly tranemitted as it wore by hand the whole
length of tho wire is entirely occupied, while, what-
ever the emergency, nothing can be done towards
forwarding the messages which are to follow until
the wire is entirely unoccupied and reported free.
Where needle instruments are used messages can
be transmitted with comparative rapidity ; but this
advantage is more than counterbalanced by the
danger of inaccuracy, and which can only be gu tried
against by a repetition of all important me sages.
Such a repeating process naturally causes a certain
loss of time, though even with this drawback it is
equal in rapidity to the recording telegraph, but
never so certain in its operation. Experience of
these matters enables the telegraph companies
to ascertain to a single word the numb;-3r cf mes-
sages that can be transmitted daily with wire
in full operation ; and their eh irgeß, therefore,
are regulated not according to the cost at
which each message can be sent, but according
to a scale which notonlyrepays the working expenses
of each day, but each day's interest on the whole
amount of capital embarked by the undertaking.
So, then, if any process be discovered by which a
message that now occupies an hour in its transmis-
sion can be sent in five minutes or less, the sender
would gain the difference and only pay for the oc-
cupation of the wire for one-twelfth of the time,
and therefore one-twelfth of the amount at present
charged. To charge by words is only a more certain
method of charging by time, and (leant.. e, ifany com-
pany suddenly foun d itself in a cDndition to transact
one hundred times the amount of business ie the
same period and at the same cost that it at present
incurs, the gain to the public would be an imme-
diate reduction to nearly one-hundred th of the rate
now charged for telegraphic messages. It is this
great change which Mr. Beggs' invention proposes
to effect—lo work the electric telegraph by steam,
and so get over the great obstacle which now exists
against its more general use—namely, its slowness.
It may seem paradoxical to speak of the slowness of
the elec•ric telegraph as being the only bar to its
more general adoption, but in truth such is the li-
teral fact, for the time occupied, and then efore ex-
pense incurred in using the telegraph wire in ekes
message rather the resort of commercial domestic
emergency than a thing of daily use, almost rival-
ling the post as a means of daily communication.
The invention, then, which is to supersede these
tedious processes and work the telegraph by steam
instead of by hand is generally as follows :—" A se-
ries of gutta percha bands, about six inches wide
and a quarter of an inch thick, are coiled en wheels
and drums arranged for the purpose. These bands
are studded down both sides with a single row e f
holes at short intervals apart. When. a message is
to be sent, the clerks wind off these band, insett-
ing t-
the holes small brass pins, which, according t
the'r combinations in twos or threes (with blank
holes between), represent certain words or letters.
In this manner the message is, as it were, 6' set
up" in the bands with great rapidity, and it
the number of bands employed is sufficiently
large—say as numerous as the compositors em-
ployed in a large printing-printing-office--messagesmessages equal
in length to five or six columns of this
journal could be set up and ready for trans-
mission in the course of a single hour. Of caurse
this operation in no respect interferes with the tsle-
graph wire itself, which continues free for use until
the bands of messages are actually being dispatched.
The gutta percha bands when full are removed to
the instrument-room, a most simple appliance pre-
vetting any derangement or falling opt of the pins
while being moved about. In the instrument-room
the bands are connected with ordinary steam ma-
chinery, by which they are drawn in regular order
with the utmost rapidity between the charged poles
of an electrical machine in such a manner that,
during the moment of each pin's passing, it forms
electrical communication betwer n the iestruinent
and the telegraph, and a signal is transmitted to
the other end of the wire, where the spark p efo-
rates a paper and records the message. The only
limit to the rapidity of the operation is the rate at
which the bands can be drawn, since the electrical
contact of each pin, even for the 20th part of a
second, is more than sufficient to transmit a word
or signal from London and register it in America.
Of course, as the message is recorded, we will say
in America, with the same rapidity as that in which
it is transmitted in London, a number of reading
clerks will be requisite in order to translate it, by
dividing it into small portions, with almost as much
facility as it has been sent.
The valne and importance of this invention, not
only to the public but to telegraph companies them
selves, must be evident to the least experienced in
such matters ; in fact, without it, long submarine
lines would be all but impracticable from the slow-
ness of the process, and consequently from the ex-
pense attendant upon transmitting the briefest mes-
sage. It is now tolerably well known that, bad the
attempt to submerge the Atlantic cable been suc-
cessful last summer, one submarine wire would not
at the most have sufficed for the transmission of
more than a small number of messages per diem each
way, and that iu fact all that it could have trans
miffed would not havemetl-20th of the demand from
either country. So clearly was this foreseenthat even
before one cable was laid it was contemplated to
submerge a second cable, one for inessatres to Eng-
land, and the other for messages to America. By
the new patent for steam telegraphing which we
have mentioned, worked with an efficient staff, it
would be perfectly easy for one wire to transact all
the business between England and America. With
proper arrangements an hour would suffice to trans-
mit intelligence equal in number of words to tlae
contents o 32 columns of the Times. It is no
exaggeration, therefore, to say that the most im-
portant news in each country, with a price-list ex-
ebeeneoxuegbhautgoec in time
mightinclude every
the
rystcaopmlemeonf
commencement
of business in the capitals of the Oid and New
World. Another of the great advantages which
the invention possesses is the application of static
electricity to telegraphic purposes. To obtain in-
tensity of the electric fluid without quantity has
always been regarded among electricians as h

"- - ---,-= . 2 `2 J

to all its details we have no hesitation in declaring
that in boldness, completeness, and practical wis-
dom, it immeasurably surpasses every other which
has yet been laid before the country.

.ma L A
DUBLIN, FitinANClVloutrucfs
THE ORANGE SOCIETY:
A little light was let in on the proceedings .
the Grand Lodge at a festive gathering the oth.
evening of the worshipful Alderman of Skinner'.
alley. Mr. Edward Grogan, M.P., one of tl.
guests, although "he had not the honour to b
long to the Orange Society," was enabled to a/-
flounce that the conclave of grand masters had
• Wednesday resolved, inter alia, to •present a pet
tion to Parliament so worded and so framed the
every Protestant who is of age can and wi
willingly subscribe, to it. Fro.n this announc
ment one might naturally infer that the id
of fulminating an address to the Orangefnen ha
been abandoned by the magnates of the Gran
Lodge ; and if .so,-it must be admitted that tit
more legitimate means of seeking to redress Inei.
alleged grievances by an appeal to the Legislature
would be a vast improvement upon the original in-
tention. such notion, heivever, has entered the
Orange mind, inasmuch as the Packet notifies that
a " lengthened and important address on matters
of present and pressing interest has been prepared
and adopted, and will t e given to the public in a
few days." Meanwhile all that is permitted to
appear as the frui•s of three days'. labour at the
meeting of the Grand Lodge are thelellowing reso-
lutions :
" That this Grand Lodge feels it to be most bounden
upon them when a greater meeting of the members of
the Grand Lodge has taken place than at any time since
the reorganisation of the institution) to record the un-
abated and decided attachment of the members Gf the
Grand Lodge to the Orange institution.
" They believe that at uo former period of its history
was it so clearly their duty to uphold its principles to
defend its rights, and to employ it for the legitimate,
loyal, and benevolent purposes of its organiQation.
"And they desire to glirify God for many marked
tokens of His divine favour in the great increase of mem-
bers, in the judgment pronounced upon recent proceed-
ings by a discerning public, and in the evident influence
exercised by the institution in every part of the British
empire.
4‘ Passed unanimously. •
" H. A. Cans, M.P., Grand Secretary."

NATAL AND MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.

Yesterday morning the 2d battalion.of the 7th
;.Royal Fusileers, numbering nearly 150 men of all
ranks, left Chatham for Preston under the command
of Capt. G. W. Wallace Carpenter, Ist battalion.
The whole of the volunteers from the Royal Ma-
rine Light Infantry companies to the Royal Marine
Artillery will leave head-quarters, Chatham, this
morning for Porismou.h, toge'her with the volun-
teers from the Woolwich division.
The Heron, 12, Commander W. H. Truscott,
fitting at Chatham for the coast of Africa, is still in
the hands of titre shipwi ights. The following officers
have taken up their commissions :--Lieut. T. H.
Collirgwood • G. W. Heather, Master ; Charles H.
Carpenter, iate ; H. Ussher, Acting Assistant-

Surgeon ;and Sir Lambton Loraine, Midshipman.
lezterday an order was received at Chatham
garrison from the War-office directing Colonel H.
Jervis, in command of the Ist bat., and Col. R. N.
Phillips, commanding the 2d bat., to hold in readi-
ness the following detachmenTs for- India:-23d
Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 20 noncommissioned offi-
c-rs and Men ; 35th Royal Sussex, 18 ; 53d Regt.,
19 men ; 61st, •15 men ; 84th, 12 men ; and 90th
Light Infantry., 25 men of all ranks. The whole of
these reinforcements have been instructed in the use
of the Minie rifle, and will embark at Gravesend on
board the Geo. Marshall, 1,000 tons, for Calcutta.
Recruiting for her Majesty's service and for the
East India Company is going on in the Liverpool
district in the most prosperous manner. Cal. Bell
the inspecting field officer, sent to their respective
corps last month 1,550 recruits—all fine young men
tit for the service—and a like number may be ex-
pected for November. Numbers of young men are
being thrown out of employment, and they are all
flocking to the standard.

THE PRESSURE ON THE IRISH BANKS.
The ordinary commercial letter, date I Belfast,
Wednesday evening, and published in the Derry
Standard, supplies the annexed information :
!
" The disposition to exaggerate danger, real or
imaginary, has been at work, and in our neighbour-
hood a number of timid people who had deposits in
one of the local banks hastened to draw out their
money. The folly of this ill-judged proceeding
has at length been seen and all is now quiet
here. No large amount, however, was called for ; the
total paid to depositors did not exceed a few thousands.
It should be a source of satisfaction to every Irishman
that, amid alt the disasters and difficulties of other coun-
tries, our banks have maintained the highest character,
and that very few failures have taked place. Whh two
exceptions the trading world of 1331 fast has escaped the
contagion, and it may farther be stated that the business
of the town and that of the surrounding country has
seldom been so sound or so healthy as during the present
year. Trade is dull in moat of its branches, and small
transactions rule commerce. At the Corn-exchange few
merchants and still fewer millers can be found to pur-
chase beyond mere retail qnantities of bread-stuffs.
Wheat sells at 10s. to lls. for red, and lis. to 123. for
white ; Indian corn, 101. 15s. per ton for prime white.
Had Cohbett I.ved to see the day when the once-despised
product of the western prairies would sell in this country
at the price of wheat, he would have been exalting over
the fulfilment of his early predictions. Solond are the
people of the north of Ireland of this class of grain food
that at present retail dealers sell three tons cf Indian
for one of oatmeal. The iinen trade has not improved
for the past ten days."

C. OBrien, private in the 18th Royal Irish Re-
giment, who escaped on Tuesday morning from the
guard-room in Chatham garrison, whera he was
confined previous to receiving 50 lashes for various
dots of theft, was recaptured before he had been
many hours at liberty. Thl sentence of the court-
martial was carriel out on Thursday, and O'Brien
is now in the hospital, still a prisoner. His escape
will form the subject of a second trial.
No orders have been received at Chatham for the
removal of the 3d bat, which, in the absence of
Lieut.-Col. Sanders, is commanded by Major
Darroch.

The bead-quarters of the Bth (King's Own) Light
Dragoons arrived in Dublin on Thursday from
Dundalk. Dublin garrison is at present composed
of toe Royal Dragoons, the Greys, and the 3d
Light Dragoons ; the 2d bat. of Coldstream Guard-,,
the 16th, 30tb, and 55th Regiments ; the South-
down and Crty of Dublin Militia ; one troop of
horse artillery, and a field battery.

Later accounts, contained in the Belfast Mercury
of yesterday, thus refer to the effects of the mone-
tary pressure in the North :

"As far AS Belfast is concerned our merchants and
manufacturers appear up to the present to have been.
only slightly involved in the effects of the crisis, which
is producing such widespread dismay in other localities.
Yesterday was settling-day, and we have full aisuiaLce
for the statement that for the past six mouths these has
not been a 4th' which passed cff more eati4aetorily,
The 'run' on the banks has ceased in Belfast, and con-
fidence appears to have been oimpletely restored, even
among the the farming &asses, who were the principal
parties to entertain sppreh-,nsion. ' We regret to say, how-
ever, theta County Down firm connected with our staple
trade is announced to have suspended payment. The lia-
bilities are to the amount of 22,0001:, and the assets are
said to be likely to turn out -amply sufficient, if they
could be obtAined, for their re disatson. A small
hoaae in Belfast is also reported as having succumbed to
the pre--sure, hut it is so trifling, only to the amount of
1,300/., that. it has lec&vdd very litt a attention."

THE BROADSTONE MURDER.
Bernard Gunning, stwekeeptr at the Midland
Great Western Railway, and against whom the most
unfounded suspicions were long entertained as being
implicated in the hideous tragedy, has had his un-
merited sufferings compensated by a donation of
100/. from tile company. In addition he has been
leased at a nominal rent the hotel at the Atheury
station. Gunning, his wife, and their servant, the
notorious Catherine Campbell, resided, it will be
recollected, in the under portion of the building
poorwhe mr.
reth.oLeiatste cashier's
sorlimiu.erdiesresa on h
ituatted,e
1a3n,c41 wNhoevre.
last.