The Sun.
London, England, 1861-04-02 00:00:00

ITALY AND BUNGARY.

OPINIONS OF THE FRENCH PRESS.

The late discussion in the Italian Parliament on
the Roman question is highly pr4ised by the Liberal
Journals of Paris for the tone of moderation which
characterised the carious speakers. 'The following
passages are from the Patric :

" All the deputies who spoke on this important question
expressed themselves with a moderation and gravity worthy
of the subject under discussion, but none showed more
composure, serenity, and confidence than Co-ant Cavour.
His speech was remarkable not only for the oratorical
ability derived from long experience in Parliamentary de-
bate, but was especially appropriate, because it represented
things as they really are, and admirably epressed the
general feeling of the Italians. Compare his calm and dig-
nified language with that of certain fiery defenders of the
Pope's temporal power. In it there is no recrimination,
nor bitter expression, nor attempt at oratorical effect : the
stateman evidently considers the struggle as terminated,
aid he declares, without passion or violence, the 'conse-
quences which, in his opinion, must inevitably result from
it."

The precise meaning of the order of the day which
has been adopted is thus explained

"Row and when will this law be executed, if, indeed,
it ever can be 1' Those are questions which belong to the
future ; for if the Italians were entitled to proclaim their
right, the exercise of that right, as Count Cavour acknow-
ledged, is subordinate to certain conditions which do not
depend on them alone. Italy will never forget what she
owes to France ; she will not imitate the ingratitude of
Austria towards Russia, and as long as France shall oppose
her taking possession of Rome, she will not seek to do so
by force. Italy on the other hand wishes to see the dignity
and independence of the Pope guaranteed, as well as the
complete liberty of the Church. That she wishes sincerely
and absolutely, and will spare no pains to enlighten and
reassure consciences by a frank declaration of her prin-
ciples. On the way to Rome, new Italy meets with two
obstacles, which, even if she had the power, she would not
overthrow—the French flag and the gross. One covers the
other. But, in claiming Rome as her capital, she openly
professes, in the fare of the world and of all Catholics, that
France, the object of all her sympa hies, has not to defend
against her efforts the Sovereign Pontiff's independence—
the object of all her respect. Such is the meaning of the
order of the day adopted by the Italian Parliament."
A pamphlet has just been published in
Germany by, M. Ludvigh, formerly Secretary
of the National Assembly of Hungary, and
which contains the text of the laws concern-
ing the coronation of the Kings of that country.
The difficulties raised up against the manner in
which the Emperor Francis-Joseph intends pro•
ceeding for his coronation as King of Hungary
imparts a certain interest to the publication in
question, and the Constitutionnel enumerates in tho.
Moving terms the enactments which the pam-
phlet sets forth as applicable to the Emperor '3
present. situation :
" Succession replaces election ; but in the same manner
that election alone would be insufficient, so succession alone
does not confer the royalty. The King who has not had
his head girt by the sacred diadem, has no right either to
the title of Royal Majesty or to that of Apostolic Majesty,
and consequently cannot exercise the rights inherent in
the Crown. The coronation of the new King may take
place during the lifetime of his predecessor, but the latter
must himself present to the Diet his natural and legitimate
successor. The Diet must be convoked by the King him-
self for the coronation of his successor. If the Diet is com-
plete—that is to say, if all the Comitats of Hungary, as
well as of Croatia and Transylvania, are there represented
it constitutes itself by the nomination of its presidents
and secretaries, and then proceeds to the election of the
Palatin and other vacant dignities, and particu-
larly of the guardians of the sacred crown. Then
only it is that the Diet, sitting at Pesth and not
at Buda, can enter on the discussion of the conditions of
the coronation compact or 'sacred diploma.' Without the
diploma there is no coronation, and without the latter no
royalty. What is still more serious is, that the newly-
crowned monarch cannot, during the lifetime of the reign-
ing King, exercise any royal power. He only obtains by
his coronation the royal and apostolic title which mere suc-
cession does not give him, and he guarantees himself against
the embarrassments of an interregnum or against the con-
sequences of a fortuitous omission of the coronation. In
spite of our respect for the national traditions of States, we
allow ourselves to hope that the Hungarians will not think
themselves obliged to follow those provisions to the letter.
Never, in fact, has there been seen so many legal obstacles
to the accomplishment of an act so legitimate and simile in
itself. In the first place, the Diet has been convoked, not
by the reigning King, who, in the eyes of the Hungarian
law, would be no other than Ferdinand V., uncle of the
Emperor Francis Joseph ; secondly, the Comitats of Croatia
and of Transylvania have announced their intention of
not having themselves represented in the Diet ; thirdly,
it is convoked at Buda and not at Pesth; and
fourthly, there is nothing to indicate that it would be
possible to have the new King presented to the Diet by
his still living predecessor. It must, thereforv,- of-alt
necessity, be, either that the Emperor Francis-Joseph must.
content himself with being de facto King of Hungary, or
that the Hungarians must have the good sense to put right
in accord with fact, by some compromise conformable to
the exigences of the situation and the true interests of the
country."

The same subject is referred to by the bebats,
which expresses its surprise at serious journals or
political writers laying stress on the matters of
mere form, particularly in the present day, when
States pay but little attention to the form, provided
they have the substance. Our contemporary
says :

"We certainly do not belong to those who despise lonr,
traditions or the symbols which nations venerate for their
antiquity. But who would not wonder to hear the singular
revolutionists of the present time talk of the sacred diadem'
with the same superstitious terror as an Egyptian of the
time of Sesostris might have spoken of the divine croco-
diles ? Who would not be amazed at beholding this astound
ing union of veneration for the Phyrgian cap, and of blind
faith in the ampulla ? We every clay read in certain journals
that a formidable and final struggle is about to ensue be-
tween the right of past times and that of the modern day,
between the principle of legitimacy and that of Rational
sovereignty. They are mistaken; nations now viewith their
Governments in ardour for legitimacy; from Schleswig to
the Danube nations and Governments are striving which
can cite the most ancient precedents; and there are States
which have the advantage of their Governments in that,
respect. If King Victor Emmanuel reads the journals
which speak of the necessities existing for the coronation.
in Hungary, he will hardly think himself Sovereign of
Lombardy, for he has no other claim to that title than pos-
session and a treaty, whereas the more fortunate Francis
Joseph has kept in his baggage the ' sacred diadem,' the in-
vincible talisman—the Iron Crown."

The Ultramontane journals having found great
fault with the translation of the Pope's allocution,
sent round from the office of M. Havas, the Siecle
admits that there were many inaccuracies in it, but
affirms that such slight blots do not in any way
affect the general character of the document.
" What," it asks, " do such details really signify ? Is not
the allocution, taken altogether, a violent requisitory
against contemporary civilisation, considered as false and
detestable? The Arni de la Religion, which is in an
insulting vein, pretends that this document makes
' impiety raise a savage roar,' and accuses several of
the journals of being guilty of an odious falsification
of the text, by affirming that the Pope complains
of seeing unbelievers receive7public appointments.
Does not the text, however, permit that interpretation ?
Our readers can easily understand that errors must slip
into the correspondence of Havas's agency, which is hastily
uusreittthene
laanndoutraange of transmitted A
; butm whatide
l awasreally ' odious,' to
Religion,
is to repre-
sent journals which copy, under all reserve, a translation
of a document of which they do not possess the original, as
intentionally guilty of falsification and forgery."

SCIENTIFIC JOTTINGS. —M. Brettiger recom-
mends chemists to use gun-cotton for filtering concentrated)
acids and liquids which are subject to decomposition by
other organic substances. Gun-cotton, when
t_Prel'er.y
prepared, can only be decomposed by acetic her. M.
Boettiger employs it successfully in !Heringcr:nic acid, theoncentrated
nitric acid, white smoking sulphuric :wild, ted
permanganate of potash, aqua regiat andcentra
stew method for
oil. It
the peroxide of manga-
nese
tions of potash. M. Leclaire prole°
consists in shak-
ing drying linseed
ing up the oil, when boiling, 'l."
latter becomes eminently
peroxide ride has thus been chemi-
cally
' s to thicken ; by a longer ex-
it acquires colour by being
ionompohwindeedr. w
iNtVhh;te,hle ttehirl,e.
oxydizable--that is,
exposed to the air, a
and becomes still thicker, and at
it loses colour,
posure
It may be advantageously used for coating
length solid. .
• articles, which are generally protected by india-
rubbervarious • h —The Haltica, or turnip-flea, a well-known
varnis . .
us insect, is one of the most destructive enemies
coleoptero
of cabbages, c nadbegm
sunflowers, turnips, &c. M. Paul Thenard
recommends a mixture of saw-dust and gas-tar, in the pro-
portion of 4 per cent of the latter. A ton of this mixture
(21 acres) will effectually rid the ground of this insect. M.
Knecht-Senefelder has published the following process for
protecting all kinds of bills of exchange and other commer—
cial paper from any fraudulent attempts to efface any figtv:e
or word by means of chloride or oxalate of potash. T_lii
method simply consists in steeping the paper in question for
a few seconds in a solution of gallic acid in water. /As very
little of it is dissolved, the dose is of no consequence.).
,Wiillnril,
the paper is dry, it may be written upon;
black
at-
tempted to efface it by the above chemicalroagenturd tthe
writ-
ing,
deeper into the tissue, the writing is darker, anthdef.stifint be
circle, which nothing can destroy, appears
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