The Sun.
London, England, 1861-06-17 00:00:00

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INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER on the Physiological
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A writer in a contemporary says :—Only a few
days ago, in company with a naval officer of distinc-
tion, I examined the iron plates on the Ceres hulk,
upon which experiments had lately been tried. I
was not prepared to find my expectations of the in-
vulnerability of iron-clad ships so miserably disap-
pointed. The starboard side of this strong ship
had riveted to it plates of almost every description
as yet invented, varying in thickness from four to
six inches, and every one of them had been riddled
and rent, and literally smashed to atoms in some
places, by the experimental projectiles. Not only
were the plates penetrated, but the sides of the ship
were torn and crushed, the very beams in frag-
ments, and the iron knees and fastenings blown
away, broken, and crumpled up. Inside and out
the ship was so frighfully a wreck, that there could
be little doubt that rolling in any sea there would
be difficulty in keeping her afloat.
One of the plates, if I may so call it, was formed
of closely packed layers of chain to the thickness
of 12 inches. Through this the shot had passed as
through so many twigs.
Yesterday I witnessed the practice from the Ex-
cellent, and, immediately afterwards, the experi-
mental firing of the gunboat on plates more recently
sent in and affixed to the port side of the hulk. The
gun used was a new Armstrong 200-pounder, and
the range. I believe, from 200 to 400 yards. I had
an opportunity after the practice of inspecting the
result on the side of the ship and between her decks,
and I am compelled to dismiss, utterly, the confi-
dence I had previously in the invulnerability, or
even comparative resistance, of iron-plated ships.
Not only does the projectile penetrate the iron,
punching it out, or grinding it up, but the concus-
sion on the timber within is so great that the de-
struction to the ship's sides, her planking, ribs,
beams, and iron work, is threefold that which
would be made by any ordinary round shot in the
unprotected timber. The long plate, by Messrs.
Beales, had 10 shots more or less effective—some
breaking the plate, some penetrating clean thr ugh,
and others tearing away with them large fragments.
Both plates had their bolts started, and projected
loosely, and of one plate the twn ends were curled
up from the ship's side several inches, and the
centre driven in. The wreck within, as by former
trials on the other side, was fearful ; the portions
of timber so riven and shattered appeared to be
perfectly sound.
After what I have seen I can no longer believe
that existing ships covered with iron plates will
provide any addition of strength to our navy. To
be safe from the destructive effect of such ordnance
as that which modern invention will everywhere
supply, a ship must be able by her superiority in
speed to maintain her own distance, and to choose
her own range. Anywhere within 600 yards she
will fight an uncoated enemy with guns of equal or
greater destructive power at a decided disadvan-
tage, for the effect of her iron plating will be similar
to that which, in close action, is caused by the re-
duction of the charge. The crash within will be
more destructive than on the timber of her oppo-
nent, through which her shot will pass with small
and comparatively clear perforation.
I do not think we must indulge any hope that the
ships which the Admiralty are appropriating for
plate armour will be able to maintain their distance
with the sailing of the ships of other Powers. Their
speed in their present condition has not been ex-
cessive, and when the weight of the iron casing is
to be carried under disturbed conditions of water

line and draught, there must be a serious sacrifice
of the present rate of sailing, and, what is also of
consequence, of facility of movement.
Ships built and designed expressly for the iron
coating may hereafter offer different results ; but,
after what I have seen as the effect of the twenty
rounds on the Ceres yesterday, I am reluctantly
one of those who do not believe that any amount
of substance, or any perfection of texture in iron,
will be able to resist the ordnance which modern
science is daily producing. Mathematical principles
in the angles or sections which these plates may be
made to offer may obtain modifications of the de-
structive force of the projectile, but the sides of
your ships must then also be constructed on totally
different lines and curves to those which are as yet
recognised in naval architecture.