The Sun.
London, England, 1861-09-21 00:00:00

FROM TEE GAZETTE OF LAST NIGHT.

FOREIGN-OFFICE, SEPT. 20.
The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. John T.
Neal as Consul at Kingston, Jamaica, for the United States
of America.

ADMIRALTY, SEPT. 17.
Corps of Royal Marines—Second Lieut. Francis Bacon to
bo First Lieutenant, vice H. L. Harrison, to half-pay.

BANKRUPTS.
James Morgan, printer, Upper Marylebone-street, Mid-
dlesex, to surrender, Oct. 1, at eleven, and Nov. 4, at twelve,
at the Court of Bankruptcy.
Richard Jeffries, bleacher, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derby -
shire, Oct. 4 and Nov. 6, at twelve, at the Manchester Dis-
trict Court.

John Tell, tar and turpentine distiller, Kingston-upon-
Hull, Oct. 2 and 30, at twelve, at the Town-hall, King-
ston-upon-Hull.
Mary Ann Belford, innkeeper, Southampton, Oct. 1, at
half-past eleven, and Nov. 4, at one, at the Court of Bank-
ruptcy.
Thomas Shackell, woollen merchant, Bristol, Sept, 30
and Oct. 29, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court.
Francis Maitland, grocer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oct. 2,
at half-past eleven, and Oct. 30, at twelve, at the New-
castle-upon-Tyne District Court.
Wm. Jepson and Denis Pickup, cotton manufacturers,
Blackburn, Oct. 4 and Nov. 1, at twelve, at the Manchester
District Court.

SCOTCH BANKRUPTS.
Alexander Campbell Macandie, writer, Portobello.
John Gibson M'Turk, warehouseman, Glasgow.
Andrew Wilson, carter, Pollokshaws.
J. and J. Gardner, Sons, and tiardner, opticians, Edin
burgh.

COURSE OF EXCHANGE.--YESTERDAY.
Amsterdam
Ditto
Rotterdam — 12 1 12 1
Antwerp
Brussels — 25 671 25 721
liamburgh
Paris
ditto . - 3 Months. 25 671 25 721
...

25 70
119$
13 90
13 90
33

25 75
119 k
14 10
14 10
33k

I ',at,
narseilles
Frankfort on Maine
Vienna
Trieste
PeterEiburgh
Berlin
Madrid
r.di.
Leghorn
Milan
Genoa
Naples
Palermo
Messina
Lisbon
Oporto
Rio Janeiro
New York • • • •
Foreign Gold in Bars (Standard)....per oz. £3 17 9
Nlexican Dollars ... 0 0 0
Silver in Bars (Standard) " 0 0 0
South American Doubloons

48a
48±
25 80
25 75
25 75

394
1182
1181
521
52a

4St
48,
25 85'
25 80
25 80

119
119
52f
62a

THIS DAY'S MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEN.

The supply of both fruit and vegetables on sale to-day
is tolerably good, and most descriptions move off steadily
at the annexed quotations.

FRUIT.

S. d. s. d. 0. d. s d.
Pine apples, perlb 3 0 to 5 61 Cherries, per lb. 0 0 to 0 0
Colonial do., each 1 0 to 3 0 Filberts, per lb .. 1 0 to 1 6
Grapes,per lb 2 6 to 4 0 Cobnuts, per lb 0 0 to 0 0
Foreign do 1 0 to 2 0 Almonds, per bus 0 0 to 0 0
nelons, each
Peaches, perdoz 4 0 to 10 d Figs, per d0z..... 0 0 to 0 0
Nectarines, per dz 4 0 to 10 0 Strawberries pun. 0 0 to 0 0
Apples, per sievel 6 to 3 0 Gooseberries hf sit() 0 to 0 0
Pears, per do
Oranges, per 100 0 0 to *0 0 Plums, per do. .. 4 0 to 4 6
Lemons, per 100 4 0 to 8 0; Greengages, pr do. 6 0 to 7 0
Lpricots, per doz 0 0 to 0 0 'Raspberries, pr ptlo 0 to 0 0
VEGETABLES.
Greens, dz bunch 2 6 to 3 6 Shallots, per lb .. 0 8 to 0 10
Cabbages, pr doz. 0 9 to 1 3 Horseradish, p bn 1 0 to 2 0
Savoy do., pr bh. 0 2 to 0 4 Parsley, per ditto 0 3 to 0 4
Cauliflowers, p dz 1 0 to 3 0 Celery, per ditto 0 0 to 0 0
Brocoli, per bush. 0 0 to 0 0 Beet, per doz. .. 1 6 to 2 0
Potatoes, per ton 85 to 110 0 Parsnips, per do. 0 0 to 0 0 ,
New ditto, pr ewt. 0 0 to 0 0 Small salad. p. pn, 0 0 to 0 0
Peas, per sieve 0 0 to 0 0 Mushrooms.p ptl. 2 0 to 3 0
Turnips, dz bunch 2 0 to 2 6 Artichokes, pr dz 0 o to 0 0
Carrots, pr d 0.... 5 6 to 6 6 Cabbage lett,score 0 10 to 1 3
Cucumbers 0 2 to 1 0 ) Endive, per score 0 0 to 0 C
Garlic, per lb
Sorrel, per sieve 0 0 to 0 0 Tomatoes, doz... 0 0 to 0 0
Spinaah, hf. -sv 0 0 to 0 0 Walnuts, per 100 0 0 to 0 0
Brus. sprouts, h.s 0 0 to 0 0 Chillies, per ditto 0 0 to 0 0
Onions, hf. sv . 0 0 to 0 0 Capsicums, per do 0 0 to 0 0
New Do., dz bun 1 6 to 2 0 Rhubarb, per bun 0 0 to 0 0
French beans, h.s. 1 3 to 2 0 , Asparagus, pr do. 0 0 to 0 0
Leeks, per bunch 0 0 So 0 01 Seakale, per pun. 0 0 to 0 0

MR. HENLEY, M.P., AND COLOI S' EL NO.RTH, M.P.
AT WATLINGION.

The annual ploughing match took place yester-
day on a farm belonging to the Earl of Maccles-
field. The number of competitors was upwards of
70. The horticultural exhibition afforded an op-
portunity for displaying their vegetables, which
were of remarkably fine quality.
The members of the association afterwards dined
together, under the presidency of Mr. Hamersley,
and among the guests are the Right Hon. Mr.
Henley, M.P., Colonel North, M.P,, Captain
Drake, R.N., Mr. J. Henley, the Rev. C. V.
Spencer, Mr. A. Brown, Mr. J. Round, Mr. T.
Taylor, and many other gentlemen connected with
the district.
Tho CHAIRMAN, in proposing " The Army,
Navy, and Volunteers," caupled with the toast the
names of Colonel North and Capt. Drake, the son-
in-law of Mr. Henley. The Volunteer movement
had now become a great fact, and he was glad to
find such a body of men devoting themselves to the
military art in such a manner as to insure their
becoming efficient soldiers. (Cheers.)
Colonel NORTH responded on the part of the
army, and expressed a hope that another division
of Volunteers would be got up at Watlington, and
that a practice-ground would be formed in some
convenient place between Thame 'and Watlington,
where the two corps could drill together. The re-
marks which he made two years ago with regard to
the immense imporance of discipline had been re-
cently verified by w hat had taken place in America.
Drill was merely a means to an end. However per-
fect the. drill might be, it was worth very little
without discipline. (Hear, hear-) In America a
body of 30,000 men—men undoubtedly brave, men
of our own extraction—had run away like a flock
of sheep. The officers had no command over them,
and the men had no confidence in their officers.
(Hear, hear.) If the Volunteers wished to be of
use to their country, they would find that discipline
was the only thing that could render them effec-
tive. One thing had been witnessed in America
which had never been witnessed in this country,
and never would be. Whether our men liked or
disliked the service, he was convinced that no divi-
sion of any English regiment would have.the cou-
rage to leave the army the moment a fight was
expected. Such an occurrence was almost unpre.
cedented in the annals of the world, and it was per-
fectly astonishing that in any country a body of
man should say " Our three months are up," and
then take up their hats and walk away. (Hear,
hear.) This showed an utter want of patriotism ;
and how such a thing could have happened in any
country, and especially in America, he could not at
all understand. (Hear, hear.)
Captain DRAKE, in responding on behalf of the
navy, observed that what that branch of the service
had done it would, if necessary, do again. (Cheers.)
Notwithstanding the large number of iron clad
vessels that France was preparing for the purpose

of outnumbering ours, he had no hesitation in say.

ing that if they should attempt to make a descent
upon England we should be able to give a very
good account of them. (Cheers.) The English navy
gave a good account of the French vessels before,
and should a war break out again he had no doubt

that at its conclusion a great number of vessels
would be found at llaslsr and Portsmouth, as was

the case after the battle of Trafalgar. (Cheers.)
The CilAntm&N, in proposing " The County
Members," remarked on the advantages and benefits
which resulted from the hon. members meeting
their constituent on such festive occasions. It was
well known that members of Parliament gave up a
great portion of their home life to the public service,
and were in the habit of working night and day.
Reflecting on these matters, every one must feel how
deeply they were indebted to their representatives
for their attention to the public interests. (Cheers.)
Mr. HENLEY, M.P., who was loudly cheered, said
that on the present occasion he laboured under
some difficulty. When he went to look at the
ploughing for the purpose of seeing whether it was
straight or crooked, he received an intimation that
the London press was represented. That was a

formidable announcement to some men , but he had
experienced so much kindness from all the members
of the press, whether metropolitan or local, that the
larger the number of those gentlemen present the
more was he satisfied. (Hear.) They always put
the observations made in the most favourable light
for the speaker, and therefore he would say the
more of them the merrier. (Cheers.) He had also
received an intimation that, if he had nothing par-
ticular to say, he had better get himself up for the
occasion. (Laughter.) Now, he had never been
equal to such an exertion. He could deal with any
matter as it came to hand, but as to getting himself
up, and instructing those who knew so much better
than himself, all he could say was that if he at-
tempted to do so he should only be laughed at for
his pains. (Laughter.) It was impossible for any
one who attended these anniversaries not to see the
great success which had attended them in the most
important of all farming operations, and the com-
petition for ploughing. (Hear.) The number of
teams at the present anniversary was fully equal to
those at any former meeting. They amounted to
between 70 or 80, and must afford great gratifica-
tion to all the agriculturists in the neighbourhood.
Considering the limited extent of the operations
of the society, the exhibition on this occasion was
a convincing proof that the occupiers of the land
desired to promote that which, notwithstanding
the new phrases which had come into
vogue was the foundation of. all good agricul-
ture—namely, good ploughing. (Cheers.) We heard
now-a-days a good deal about " smashing" up the
land. He confessed that he had not yet exactly as-
certained what that meant. He was told that it
was an operation performed by steam ploughing.
Perhaps it might be equal to ploughing. Whether
it was better cm worse he could not say. But his
belief was that good ploughing was the foundation
of all agriculture, and the number of ploughs in
operation at this anniversary was a convincing
proof that public opinion was decidedly in favour of
competitive ploughing. (Hear.) This was not the
place for entering into political matters, and he had
no desire to do so. All he would say was that the
members of agricultural constituencies were always
anxious by their presence to give their countenance
and assistance to all such gatherings as the present
and to render them more and more useful. (Hear.)
He believed these meetings to be eminently useful.
The humbler classes entertained the same opinion,
and he did not see why on such occasions
those who were more wealthy should not contribute,
by small subscriptions, to the promotion of their
welfare. (Cheers.)
Colonel NORTH also responded to the toast, which
was followed by several others of a local character.

THE SCAFFOLDINGS AND DOMES OF
THE 1862 _EXHIBITION BUILDING.

The mighty scaffolding is finished for one of the
domes and partially so for the other. They are
about 180 feet high, and are formed of 100,000 cubic
feet of timber. Each of the domes, when up, will
be supported by eight cast-iron columns, two feet
in diameter; and without any rib, outer projection,
or ornament, they will rise to the height of 108 feet
the upper part being of the same diameter as the
lower. Each one of these columns will be formed
of five separate lengths, joined together by bolts
passing through flanges cast on the inside, so that,
when completed, the parts where they are joined
will not be perceptible, and each will have the ap-
pearance of an enormous mast, without, however,
its tapering end. In order to secure the different
parts it will be necessary to lower some person
down the inside of the column, and as there will
not be room for a full grown man—the diameter at
the flanges not being more than 16 inches—the
work of putting in the bolts and screwing them
will be performed by a boy, who will have to carry
with him a lantern to see the work. In order to
keep these uprights in their place, a deep collar,
or rim of iron, will be placed upon, and encircle the
whole of, the eight columns, and from this the ribs
of the dome will spring. More than 1,000 tons of
iron have already been delivered on the ground by
the Thames Ironworks Company, who have con-
tracted for this part of the building. The iron-work
of the nave, including some 1,200 columns and 800
girders, Messrs. Barrow and Co., of Staveley, are
supplying.—Builder.

Miss Cushman has returned from what is under-
stood as her farewell tour iu America.

FRANCE ON NEUTRALS AND

BLOCKADES.

Tho following despatch has recently been ad-
dressed to the French Chamber of Conmerce by
the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public
Works :

PARIS, SEPT. 10.
" Gentlemen,-1 had the honour to make known
to you on the sth of June last, the maxims of in-
ternational law which the Imperial Government
intended to abide by in the war that broke out be-
tween the North and South of the United States.
Since that time -various mercantile complaints
have been addressed to me on the consequences of
this state of things ; and I have remarked with
regret that those complaints implied a lamentable
ignorance of the true principles of the point.
Hence it is I think it my duty to place before your
eyes some explanations that have been agreed
upon in concert with the Department of Foreign
Affairs, and make known the limits within
which commerce has a right to count on the pro-
tection of the Imperial Government. I should be
obliged to you to read them attentively, and to
employ all your efforts to enlighten the shippers
and owners of your arrondissenzent that may share
in the errors still subsisting on this important ques-
tion.—Receive, gentlemen, the assurance, &c.,
"ROUHER."
The following is the text of the note transmitted
with the above :
"While watching with respect over the immu-
nities that modern law has now happily conse-
crated in favour of neutrals, we cannot pretend
to withdraw them from all the consequences
ordinarily induced for other nations by an
armed conflict between two peoples. From the mo-
ment we are in presence of two belligerents to
whom whom we have no intention of denying that
character, we find ourselves under the obligation
of recognising in them all the rights that war con-
fers, according to international rules, on those that
carry it on ; consequently we cannot contest to
either of them the right of damaging the other by

all the legitimate and direct means in its power,

such as what consists in seizing on its pos-
sessions, in besieging its towns, and blockading
its ports. The exercise of the right of blockade
has for natural consequence to prohibit access
to the places blockaded on the part of other
Powers. It is incontestible that the latter have
to suffer from the interruption so interposed to
their usual commercial relations. But they could
have no foundation for complaint, for they would
only be affected thereby indirectly, and no hinder-
ance is put on that freedom of navigation to which
they might pretend in the quality of neutrals, save

where that freedom would render absolutely inef-
fective those military op;:rations between the held-
7,eronts that are by the law of nations legitimate.
" The admission by all the Powers of the princi-
ple that the blockade must, moreover, be effective
to be obligatory, has remedied the abuse of the
right made in former times, by warning off neutrals
from points declared to be blockaded. The of •
ciency of the blockade is now, throughout the
world, the essential condition of its validity. But
as soon as there is at those points to which a
belligerent desires to prohibit access, a sufficient
force to prevent approach without exposure to
certain danger, the neutral is constrained, what-
ever injury he may suffer therefrom, to respect
the blockade. Should he violate it, he exposes
himself to be treated as an enemy by the belli-
gerent in regard to whom he he has departed from
the duties of neutrality.

" These principles' -now become rules for all
nations, seem to be completely ignored by the
complainants. They appear to think that their
usual commercial relations ought not to be affected
by a state of hostility to which they remain
strangers, and at the most to admit that there
may be reason to take it into account in re-
ference to their further operations. Unfortu-
nately it cannot be so. It is true that
a belligerent cannot, to annoy his enemy, em-
ploy any means that strike directly at peoples who
remain strangers to the conflict. It is not the less
consistent that the latter have always to bear the
indirect consequences of the perturbation resulting
from the war from the instant it breaks out.

" Another error of the complainants is the belief
that the blockade exists only so far as it has been
notified diplomatically, and that is not obligatory
on neutral vessels that left their country before the
the notification. A blockade is obligatory as soon
as it is effectively established. A material result
from a material fact, it has no need of being other-
wise constituted. It commences before real inves-
titure, continues as long as the latter endures, and
ceases with it.

" It matters little that neutrals are ignorant of
the facts. If one of their vessels presents itself to
enter the blockaded port, the belligerent has the
right to prevent her. It is doubtless a general
usage for one Government to inform others of the
measures of blockade to which it recurs ; but such
notification, which is not of absolute rigour, has no
value in itself. It is but the annunciation of an
existing fact, which is already producing its effects.
It may serve sometimes, it is tree, to diminish the
losses that neutrals may have to endure in conse-
quence of the state of war, by preventing them from
making useless commercial shipments for places
really blockaded. But, on the other hand, it is
evident that were neutrals to suspend or modify
their commercial operations, according to the simple
notification, they would be liable to disturb them
inopportunely, in case the blockade should not
really exist at the points, or if it should have
already come to an end at the time when their ship-
ments might have arrived there.

" It was by improperly attributing to diplomatic
notifications of blockade a value and a significance
they had not in themselves, that it was pretended
to exclude neutrals from the whole of a territory to
which there was iu reality no means of prohibiting
their access; and thence it was to render these
fictitious blockades altogether impossible that
an agreement has now been come to not to consi-
der the neutral as duly warned of the existence of
a blockade but on the spot itself. This practice,
which leaves to a belligerent the faculty of acting
with all the promptitude so often required in war-
like operations—which permits a military com-
mander to blockade, according to the necessity,
places distant from his country before having in-
formed his Government thereof—has this advantage
for the neutral, that it does not impose on him ob-
ligations inevitably onerous, save, at least, in cir-
cumstances under which he must unavoidably be
submitted thereto."

WHEAT FOR FRANCE.—The demand for wheat
for export to France still continues. At Wisbeach alone
20,000 qrs. are now waiting to be shipped on French ac-
count, and the corn trade throughout the eastern district
has received a very decided impetus from this. cause. At
Ipswich, for instance, one merchant alone purchased the
other day 2,000 qrs. for export. At Boston, again, large
quantities of new corn are constantly leaving for France.
HOOD'S LAST LETTER TO SIR ROBT. PEEL, AND
THE REPLY.—" Dear Sir,—We are not to meet in the flesh.
Given over by my physicians and by myself, I am only
kept alive by frequent instalments of mulled port wine.
In this extremity, I feel a comfort, for which I cannot re-
frain from again thanking you, with all the sincerity of a
dying man—and, at the same time, bidding you a re-
spectful farewell. Thank God, my mind is composed, and
my reason undisturbed, but my race as an author is run.
My physical debility finds no tonic virtue in a steel pen,
otherwise I would have written one more paper—a fore-
warning one—against an evil, or the danger of it, arising
from a literary movement in which I have had some share,
a one-sided humanity, opposite to that catholic Shaksperian
sympathy, which felt with king as well as peasant, and duly.
estimated the moral temptation of both stations. Certain
classes at the poles of society are already too far asunder;
by
it should be the duty of our writers to draw them nearer
kindly attraction, not to aggrbaevtawtetnhrie
cehxisantindgpreeePru:wBi7tt
and place a wider moral gulf between
hate on the one side and fear on thesoe!hmery.
weak for this task, the last I seElfu;titlisanideatotho
and not the pension. God bless
that stops my pen, you see,
gASnHotoeo:D.L':,
:—"Dear
your measures for the benefit of
you,sir,andeopunrostr7-1
my beloved have the honour to be, sir, your
Sir Robert Peel answer
Sir,—I must write one line to express an earnest hope that
most grateful and obedieednti
jaserVthane
it will please God to restore you to health and strength;
and that you may be enabled to apply you unimpaired
faculties to the inculcation of those just and really benevo-
lent doctrines which are shadowed out in the letter you
have addressed to me.—With my best wishes, believe mes
dear sir, faithfully yours, ROBERT PEEL."