The Sun.
London, England, 1857-11-17 00:00:00

MAIN DRAINAGE OF THE METROPOLIS.

Mr. DIFFANGER, pursuAnTio notice, moved :
" That before taking any further steps on the en-
gineering points of the main drainage, the Board,
or a Committee, do seek an interview wi, h the First
Lord of the Treasury and the Chancellor of the
Exchequer, for the purpose of ascertaining whether
Government are prepared to asist the Board in
.eference to its financial position, and to what ex-
tent ; and that the members of Parliament repre-
-43nting mete opolitan constituencies be requested to
Attend the interview." In doing so, he shortly
urged that, without the aid of Government, it
would be impos.sible for the Board to do anything.
There must be indirect, as well as direct taxation,
in order to obtain sufficient funds for properly
draining the metropolis.
Mr. Hows seconded the motion.
Mr BRISTOW moved as an amendment that the
question be now put. _ _

Mr. SAVAGE seconded the motion.
The amendment was carried without discussion,
.he original motion. was therefore lost.

The PRESIDENT then presented his report of the
result of the 'Ate conference with her Majesty's
Chief Commissioner of Works, which Mr. Woolrych
read as follows :

" To the Metropolitan Board of Works.
" I have to report that, pursuant to the resolution of
the Board on the 30th Oct., I, accompanied by the en-
gineer and clerk of the Board, attended the First Com-
missioner of her Majesty s Works and Public Buildings,
f.r the purpose of conferring with him on the -übject f
the main intercepting drainage of the metropolis.
" I entered generally into the several objections en-
tertained by the Board to the scheme proposed by the
referees appointed by the First Commissioner. I stated
that, in my opinion, some of the differences between the
Board and the referees were rather subjects for the con.
sideration of the First Commissioner and myself, re-
quiring to be adjusted before the engineering points
should be discussed by the engineers. That these ques•
tions were those arising upon the portions of the report
of the referees which applied to the proposal of open
sewers, the enlarged area, and the cost of the extension
of the outfall beyond B*

" Having referred to the objections which it appeared
to we existed in point of law, and on other grounds, to
the recommendations of the referees in relation to th, se
questions, I proceeded to call the attention of the First
Commissioner to the statement which he made to a de-
putation from this Board on the 20th Nov. last, to the
effect that if the Board would adopt the point of outfall
suggested by Capt. Burstal, at 85, they would fulfil all
tt.esr obligations under *the Metropolis Local Manage-
ment Act so far as nonceroed the outfall, and asked him
if, having regard to that statement, he could inform me,
in case the Board should decide upon extending the out-
fall to Sea Reach, whether Government would adopt
measures for contributing the additional cost consequent
upon the extension. The First Commissioner said that, as
regarded the question of the open sewage, he agreed
with the Board that it was essential that the sewage of
the metropolis should be conveyed away in covered
channels, and consequently that the open sewers were
inadmissible. That with respect to the proposed en-
largement of the area, he did not desire to impose upon
the Board more than was now required by law, and only
asked that they would carry out the object contemplated
at the passing of the Metropolis Local Man.gement Act,
namely, that they would free the Thames of all impuri-
ties flowing into it within the limits of the metropolis.
" With respect to the cost of theextension, that before
the Government could pledge itself to make any contri-
bution to the cost of extended works, it must apply for
the sanction of Parliament to any such arrangement,
and, in his opinion, Parliament would refuse to make
any contribution whatever.

"I then asked the First Commissioner whether, in
the event of the Government and Parliament refusing to
make any direct contribution to the cost of the works
necessary for extending the outfall to Sea Reach, the
Government would be prepared to aid the Board in
obtaining the requisite funds for carrying out the main
drainage, by borrowing the money and lending it to the
Board at the same rate of interest, on the security of the
rates, or by some other mode that might be suggested.
"The First Commissioner said that the question
whether the Government would be willing to guarantee
the money borrowed by the Board for the purpose of the
main drainage, was one which Lie was not in a situation
to answer; that it was a matter peculiarly for the con-
sideration of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, but that
if the Board should think proper to make au application
to that gentleman directed to that object, he should be
happy to attend any appointment at which such an.
application might be brought forward.
" Tho First Commissioner further stated, that be
would strongly urge the Bard to convey the sewage to
Sea R,ach ; that by so doing an efficient work would be
carried out, and that the total additional cost would be
met by a rate not exceeding five farthings in the pound ;
and he suggested that two members of the Board should
be associated with their engineer, that they should meet
the referees and discuss the engineering points involved
in the questions at issue, with the ♦iew of agreeing
upon a plan which it might be advisable to carry out ;
and he added, that he should be happy to assist by
every means in his power to bring the matter to a satis-
factor completion.

" I stated that I would report to th• board the re-
sult of the conference.

(Signed)

" J. THIYAITES."

Mr. A. R. BRISTOW moved a resolution to the
effect that the board, having considered the whole
matter, reiterates its conviction that to extend the
point of outfall to Sea Reach at the cost of the
metropolitan ratepayers, would be unjust to those
ratepayers, and in direct contravention of the prin-
ciple of the Metropolis Local Management Act.
In doing so, he apologised to Mr. D'lffanger fur
having displaced his motion ; but he conscienti-
ously believed that this was not, the proper time to
carry out what it proposed. He had read the re-
port of the late conference with mingled feelings of
pain and pleasure. He felt pain at the course
which the Government had adopted towards t• e
metrop ,litan ratepayers, as he considered both un-
fair and oppressive ; but he felt pride and pleasure
at the able and dignified manner in which the
board had been represented by their president, and
he begged, as a member of the board, to tender
him his sincere thanks and congratulations upon
the occasion. (Hear.) He would now consider
what the present position of this great controversy
was. Mr. Carpmael said, on a former occasion,
that as plan B* had been rejected, the board was
w
in fact without a plau. Be disagreed
mofencot proposition. The board bad its plan, t he Govern-
ment thater
n-
vr,rfeerdeessew leiarsd, tithemirsu,starbide
saastitsofactthoeryquteo thestion
hoard to know that the Government agi eed with
them and not vri,h the referees. The latter recom-
mendedd open sewers ; the board at once said
No ; Sir B. Hall said No, and the public at large
echoed the repudiation of the recommendation.
The main and substantial question now to he con-
sidered is who is to pay the excess of expense in plac-
ing the outfall to Sea Reach. They all agreed as to
the benefit and advantage attending that point of
outfall. He would, however, press upon the board
the necessity of standing firm to the principles
which it had already, enunciated, and which were
involved in his resolution. He agreed with
Sir B. Hall that this was a great national under-
taking (and this was the only point on which he
agreed with him) ; but the Chief Commissioner
said that we stioud be generous and liberal with
the ratepayers' money. No doubt he would give
the Board increased powers of taxation if it asked
for them ; but were they to ask for more oppression
for their constituents than they laboured under
already ? He would remind the Board that its
proceeding would be watched with deep anxiety by
every poor man within the metropolitan area.
(dear, hear.) It would be better that the Board
should abdicate its functions altogether than that
it should be contributing to do that which was un-
just.
Mr. CARPMAEL seconded the resolution.
Mr. Deputy HARRISON—The suggestion of
making the metropolitan rate-payers pay the excess
of expenditure involved in carrying the outfall
be-
youd the point indicated by B* was unfair, and
unwarranted by the Act. He hoped the Board
would remember that they were spending the
ratepayers, money, and if they exceeded the
powers given by the Act, they would not be acting
honestly, and their precepts would be repudiated
as illegal. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. H. L. TAYLOR—The main question was,
who was to pay the increased expense ? If the
Board would stand well with the public, they ought
to throw the excess on the Government. The Chief
Commissioner now said that ho had never directly
or indirectly, said that be would meet that excess.
On reference to the instructions he had given to the
referees, he distinctly states that any extra cost
would not have to be borne by the ratepayers. The
principle of the B* was the right one and ought to
be adhered to. The Chief Commissioner had
virtually pledged the Government to meet the
extra expense caused by placing the outfall at Sea
Reach ; and if he had any principle, ought to feel
himself bound by that pledge. (Hear.)
31Mmoesmtboefrs.itle members said a few words in sup-
port of the motion, which was ultimately carried
by a majority of 28 to 3, in a board consisting of
Mr. BRInOW then moved that the metropolitan

members of Parliament, and the members of coun-
ties and boroughs, should be invited to meet the
Board in order to discuss the matter.
The motion was seconded, but negatived.
A long and desultory conversation ensued in
the course of which Mr. Leslie stigma'ised the re-
port. of the referees as a tissue of abominable trash
and nonsense which it was an insult to common
sense to waste time upon. Ultimately the further
cor,sAeration of the matter was referred to Monday
next, in order to enable members to consider the
observations of the referees, in reply to the obser-
vations of the Metropolitan Board of Works on the
report of the referees.
The members, in the course of their remarks,
warmly eulogised the temper, firmness, and ability
with which the President had represented the
Board in the late conference.

THE GAS MOVEMENT IN MARYLEBONF.

The vestry of St. Marylebone met on Saturday,
in the Court-house, Marylebone-lane, for the dis-
posal of general business, Mr. Churchwarden Soden
presiding. After the disposal of some routine busi-
ness, of no public importance, the important ques-
tion touching the amalgamation of gas companies,
and the threatened monopoly in the supply of that
commodity, was brought on by the vestry proceed-
ing to consider tenders for the parish-lighting after
Christmas neat. The usual notice requesting ap-
plications for contracts had been issued, but Mr.
Greenwell, the vestry clerk, announced that there
had been only one tender sent in, and that wasfrom
the Chartered Gas Company, offering to supply the
parish lamps at the rate of 3/. 10s. each lamp per
annum, with an illuminating power equal to eight
sperm candles ; 4/. for an illuminating power equal
to ten candles; and 4/. 7s. 6d. for an illuminating
power equal to twelve candles. Tue Equitable Com 7
piny, at present supplying the parish with gas, -de-
clined to accept the contract after Christmas; and
the London and Western Company also declined
to accept contracts, urging that they had been badly,
treated by the vestry of that parish on previous oc-
casions, when they were refused to be allowed to lay
down pipes in the parish, so the vestry were left
entirely at the mercy of the amalgamation. They
must either accept the tender of the Chartered
Company, or go without gas.
Mr. GREENWELL informed the vestry that, ac-
cording to aet of Parliament, the supply should be
at an illuminating power of twelve candles, but the
charge proposed by the Chartered Company WAS
it. 7s. 6d. more than the charge made by the Equi-
table Company, in their present contract.

Mr. BRIDGMAN contended that this increased
charge by the Chartered Company was only just,
in consequence of the treatment of that company by
the vestry, nine years ago. The company then
offered to supply a good and cheap gas at a reason-
able price, but the vestry would not accept their
terms, but adopted a system of monopoly. (11eAr,
and dissent.)
Mr. BELTON also condemned the conduct of the
vestry, and urged that the parish had only one
alternative n,w, and that was to have their own
works, and supply their ow❑ gas. (Hear.)
Dr. BACHUOFFNER said that the communica
tion from the Chartered Company appeared wholly
unintelligible, as they spuke of three powers of gas,
that of eight, ten, and twelve sperm candle power.
He considered inquiryshould be made in the matter
before any further proceedings were adopted.
(Hear, hear.)

Mr. HODGES said Lo should support any such pro-
position as that fur the parish, like Manchester, to
make their own gas. In the meantime, he moved
that the Chartered Company should be requested
to give a more detailed explanation of the tender.
Mr. CARR seconded the motion.
Mr. GRANGE asked what was to be done if the
Chartered Company would not supply theta at less
than 4/. 7s. 6d.—could they go elsewhere ?
The CHAIRMAN replied that he believed not, for
the Chartered Company's was the only tender.
Mr. GRANGER added that, under these circum-
stances, they had got themselves into a nice mess.
(Hear, and laughter.)
Some further discussion ensued, in which Mr.
Todd, Mr. Jacob Bell, Mr. Chichester, Mr. Traver-
ner, and others took part, the motion was carried
nem. con., and the vestrymen adjourned, after the
disposal of some further routine business of no
general public importance.

Last evening a public meeting of the ratepayers
and gas-consumers of Marylebone was held, pur-
suant to a requisition addressed to the Ratepayers'
Association of No. 6, or Portman Ward, at the
Westmoreland Arms, George street, Portman-
square, "to take into consideration the present
combination of gas companies, and to devise the
best means to counteract the injurious effects that
may arise to the private consumers and parish
generally."

Mr. dEon.os SALMON was, at nine o'clock, called
to the chair. He observed that they had met to
consider a subject which vas of great importance,
not only to the ratepayer& and gas-consumers of
Marylebone, but to the whole metropolis. (Hear,
hear.) Circumstances had transpired with regard
to a recent combination amongst the gas companies
of the metropolis, which created an apprehension,
especially amongst the gas consumers, that they
would be the sufferers by this coalition of the gas
companies. (Hear, hear.) It was feared that
through this combination of the gas companies the
consumers would suffer, either byan inferior quality
of their gas, or that there would be an increase of
price. (Hear, hear.) They all knew that compe-
ti, ion tended to the public good, and, on the con-
trary, that wouopoly tended to the public harm.
That had be in the case with the gas companies.
(Hear, hear.) He (the chairman) was old enough
to remember when the gas companies cleirged for
their gas 300 or 400 per cent. more than ought to
have been charged fur that article. He could re-
member when the charge was 13s. 6d per thousand
cubic feet. A great noise was made, and it was re-
duced to 94. per thousand feet. A further noise
was made, and they get it down to the present price
of 4s. 61. per thousand. The question was, how
long would it remain at that price, as the companies
had so divided the metropolis as to give them a
perfect monopoly. (Hen-, hear.) No two com-
panies were permitted by the new arrangement to
light the same district, and therefore there was no
doubt it was intended that the gas consumers
should be the victims of this combination. (Hear,
hear.) It was a most important question, and he
had no doubt that the consumers would deal with
it as it ought to be dealt with.
effect
gas " companiesT of this
Mr. BELTON moved the first resolution, to the
in consequence of the combination of
the
parish and the western
and north-western districts of the metropolis, it is
expedient that energetic measures be taken to coun-
teract the injurious effects to the private consumers
and parish generally, which we anticipate will
arise from such combination. He observed that
the ostensible ground of this districting tiy the gas
companies was a desire to economise, lit it did not
appear that their economy in any way extended to
give anyadvantage to the consumers ; it was merely
to increase their own dividends. As a proof of this,
he need only refer to what had recently taken place
in that parish. The Equitable Company, in con-
sequence of this arrangement between the gas com-
panies, were about to give up the lighting of a dis-
trict of companies had been applied to, they hal
refused to light, and they were now left to the
mercy of the Chartered Company charged 31. per
annum, demanded 47 percent. morethan the charge
ioftba tcopany, or 1/. 78. 6d. per l ght. This
showed that the parochial authorities and the gas
interests.
(Hear.) The contract of the Imperial
Company expired next year, and if the authorities
intended to take any step to erect their own gas-
works, or to defend themselves from monopoly, now
would be the time to do so. He even understood
that so determined were the Imperial Company to
have a monopoly, that they were about to destroy
lme consumers
should be watchful of their own
private labour by taking even the manufacture of
gas fittings under themselves. He thought there
could be no doubt but that if the parties were to
erect their own gas-works that the consumer and
the public would be much benefited. He held in his
hand a report drawn up 25 years ago by a gas-engi -
appliances for lighting Marylebone could
neer of eminence, Mr. Barlow, who stated that gas-
He (Mr. Belton) had
put it down at 100,0001., which, at 5 per cent.,
would be 5,000/. per annum. It might, by a astnrducted for 60,000/.
re-
demptionbe
eorckosn
fund of 10,000/, per annum over twenty
years, enable them to repay the principal ; and even
for the public lights alone nearly enough would be
raised to pay that sum. It had been said gas could
be contracted for at ls. 9d. per thousand, and if
even the parochial authorities charged 3s. 6d. per
thousand to the consumers, then they would have
a profit of Is. 9d. per thousand feet. (Hear.) Mr.
Beltonet concluded
the resolution.
moE c
(a membere d
oovigfnthe vestry) seconded the
n.
Mr. BEAUMONT (of Clapham) urged the propriety
of Wending the resolution to bring the whole
rscoooLu

metropolis, as the people of South London were
equally alive to this important question.
The motion was carried unanimously.
Mr. F. Ha.Lititt moved the second resolution :
" That a deputation from this meeting be ap
pointed to wait on the vestry, to take the best
means for the establishment of parochial gas-works,
to be enabled to supply the public lights and esta-
blishments of the parish, and the private censumers
thereof." He detested combinations, and upon
that ground alone he thought the gas consumers
were justified in this movement ; at the same time,
he thought they had no desire to set themselves in
opposition to any particular company.
Mr. PENFOLD seconded this resolution, and com-
plained that the authorities of Marylebone had not
when they had the opportunity, given the parish
the advantage of gas competition, by admitting the
Western and other gas companies. He hoped that,
now this coalition had taken place between the g is
companies, the local authorities and gas consumers
would coalesce also, and, if necessary, apply to the
Legislature for assistance.
Mr. HODGES entered into an explanation of the
circumstances wader which competition bad been
prevented in Marylebone, and observed, tint when
even they did get the loc authorities to take up
the case of the private consumers the companies
turned round upon them and said, leave us to deal
as we please with our own customers. (Hear,
hear.) There could be no doubt but that compe-
tition had proved a failure, so far as the metropolis
was concerned, and, therefore, he for one would
not advocate competition by companies. The time
had arrived when the local authoritits of the me-
tropolis and the ratepayers should follow the ex-
ample of Manchester, in the construction of their
own gas works and in supplying their own gas. He
was told that the municipal authorities of Man-
chester supplied gas at 4s. per thousand feet, and
had a profit of 20,0001. per annum—(A Voice-
-37,0001.)--which they applied to public improve-
ments. (Hear, hear.) If Manchester Could do
thin, why should not Marylebone and other large
metropolitan districts do the same ? This he be-
lieved to be the only course now to be adopted to
rid the p trish of Marylebone, and the metropolis
generally, from the grinding monopoly of these
gas companies. (Applause.) If the other
parishes would join Marylebone in this move-
ment, there would be but little doubt of suc-
cess in Parliament if it was found necessary to go
there, although there was no amount of opposition
and no amount of money spent in corruption which
the gas companies would nit exercise t °defeat them.
Mr. WRIGHT, of Pitnlicl, said the consumers of
that district were very dissatisfied with their supply
of gas, and would cordially join in this movement..
The resolution was carried nem. con., and a de-
putation having been appointed to wait upon the
Marylebone Vestry, thanks to the chairman termi-
nated the proceedings.

CONSECRATION OF THE CITY CEME-
TERY AT ILFORD.

Yesterday the ceremony of consecrating the new
City of London Cemetery, at Ilford, was performed
by the Bishop of London, in the presence of the
Lord Mayor, as head of the City Sewers Commis-
sion, the Aldermen, the Burial Board, Mr.
Haywood, the engineer, Mr. Daw, the chief
clerk, and a large number of persons who bad
been admitted to the grounds by tickets.
After the ceremony had been gone through Ihe
bishop made a most impressive address to the
audience, and the proceedings terminated.
The cemetery has been formed under the direc-
tion of the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of
London, who are constituted the Burial Board of
the City by the Metropolitan Burials Act. It is
situated at Little Ilford, in Essex, a.distance of six
miles from the City boundary at Aldgate. The
size was formerly a portion of the Earl of Morning-
ton's Wanstead property. The ground upon which
the cemetery is formed rises with gentle slopes
from its eastern and southern extremities towards
its north and north-eastern bounda• ies to a level
of about 30 feet above high water line on the river
Roding. The soil over the entire area is of fine
bright gravel, varying in depth from 10 to 18 feet,
and it has been perfectly drained to a considerable
depth. The total area enclosed is 89i acres, of
which 49 are to be consecrated, and 21 reserved for
the use of Dissenters ; the remaining 191 are at
present unappropriated. The consecrated area is
separated from the unconsecrated area by a road
and iron posts 2 feet high, placed at • distances of
about 100 fest apart.
The posts are just sufficient to show the divi-
sional line and no more, and are in no respect cal-
culated to excite upleasant feelings in either Dis-
senters or Churchmen. The principal entrance is
upon the western side • it is formed by a large
sweep of iron railings, divided at intervals by stone
buttresses. In the centre is a large archway for
the entry of carriages, and upon either side a
smaller archway for visitors entering on foot. Im-
mediately upon the interior is the office and super-
intendent's house upon one side, and the porter's
lodge upon the other. The whole of these _build-
ings are of stone, of Gothic architecture, and alto-
gether very handsome in their character. The
superintendent's house and office have been so
arranged that from his windows he can command a
view over almost the entire area of the cemetery.
Directly upon entering the gates are the Episco-
pal and Dissenting chapels. They are 700 feet
apart from each other, but both are approached in
direct lines from the entrance. The Episcopal
chapel stands in a commanding situation in the
centre of the ground. It is of pointed gothic,
built of stone, aad about 60 feet in length by 25
feet in breadth. The Dissenting chapel is in the
same style and material, and is an octagon, about
34 feet across on the inside. Both buildings have
open wood roofs, covered externally with blue tiles,
and are very handsome structures.
In one portion of the ground, in a deep hollow,
are catacombs capable of holding 800 coffins. Over
them is a terrace, from which the whole cemetery
can be seen with advantage. Some of the cells of
these catacombs have already been disposed of, and
now that the consecration has taken place, will be
immediately occupied. The ground adjoining the
catacombs has been laid out with grass slopes from
the upper levels.

In all the arrangements for the burials the
greatest care is taken. Bodies are usually (except-
ing in the case of private graves) laid but two in a
grave, a deep stratum of earth being left between
each, and a larger surface area has been allotted
than at any cemetery round London. The poorest
graves are decently turfed over and neatly kept.
The -whole, without distinction, have the privilege
of service in the chapel. The record books are of a
very perfect character. The plan books are three
.huge volumes, containing many hundreds of sheets
in which every grave is drawn to scale, so that the
precise situation in which any person has been
buried may be identified a century hence.
There is scarcely a point connected with
sepulture which has not been investigated by the
board, a'd the reports presented to them by
their officers are documents containing a large
amount of valuable practical information upon the
subject.
The works of drawing and enclosing were com-
menced in Juue, 1854. With the exception of the
catacombs, the works wese completed by Christmas,
1855. The whole has been carried out under the
superintendence of Mr. Wm. Heywood, the archi-
tect to the board. The total cost has been about
76,0001. ; but there is surplus land which the com-
mission have for sale, which, when disposed of, will
materially reduce this sum. Taking into accou n tthe
ornamental and substantial character of the bnild-
ings, the completeness of the drainage, the provision
of catacombs, &e., it is probable that, for its area,
it is by far the cheapest cemetery that has been yet
formed round London.

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The following letter has been forwarded to us
for publication. We understand Lord Clarendon's
attention is to be drawn to the subject. It is
highly desirable it should be, seeing so many Eng-
lish invalids winter at Madeira.
" Quarantine, Madeira, Nov. 3, 1857.
"Sir,—We, the undersigned passengers by the Royal
Mail Steam Company's ship, Tyne, from Southampton
to Madeira, beg to forward to yon, for the guidance of
persons intending to winter in this island, the following
statement

_ .
" In consequence of the prevalence of yellow fever in
Lisbon, that port was declared infected on the Bth ult.,
and the passengers of all vessels touching there on their
way to Madeira are placed in quarantine for 15 days on
landing at Funchal. The Board of Health at this place,
assuming, as we firmly believe, illegal power, has con-
demned us to seven days more than the utmost period
sanctioned by quarantine laws, viz., eight days. We
are also subjected to restrictions quite unnecessary for
the preservation of the Quarantine, and dictated by a
spirit of despotic power. We have appealed to our re-
spective consuls, who have done their best with the
authorities, but hitherto in vain, the plain fact being
that the ocal board, influenced by popular clamour,
as by its arbitrary enactments placed itself, not only
above the Central Board of Health at Lisbon, but also
above the law of the land and the law of nations. The
discomforts we endure and the expenses we incur will
form the subject of a future letter. We wish it, how-
ever, to be understood that this annoyance applies only
to passengers via Lisbon, for those by any of the three
other lines of vessels direct from England are free. The
island itself is in a perfect healthy state.—We are, &c.,
" Baron d' Hermain, D. Jones, M.P. ; A. J. D.
D'Orsey, Clerk ; Geo. Lund, M.D. ; Th. Bahr,
M.D. ; Richard Davies, W. F. M. Copeland,
John R. Grimes, John H. Gordon, N. Krohn,
W. Tecbaieff, E. A Cronin Shield, W. Krohn,
Robert Wi;son, Otto Tren, Robert Lane, Robert
Lambert, James Gullies, James Rennie, E. M
Copeland, Fr. Bahr, Jessie iteid, Albert Jack-
s .n, Henry Davies, L. Williams, G. Do anard."