The Sun.
London, England, 1861-11-30 00:00:00

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POLAND.
(PROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
WARSAW, Nov. 22.

The clergy have at length brought to a head the
question of their independence of the Government,
which the latter had so imprudently raised by
sanctioning the disgraceful scenes in the churches
on the Kosciusko day. Not only are the churches
to remain closed, but all spiritual government in
the country is to cease until a satisfactory guaran-
tee that it may be carried on without Russian in-
terference is obtained. The reason of this deter-
mination is the refusal of the Council of Adminis-
tration to sanction the appointment by the Chapter
of the Rev. Mr. Bialobszeski as its Vicar, and the
arbitrary arrest of the latter, who is upwards of 70,
and enjoys very indifferent health, under circum-
stances of peculiar barbarity, he having been
dragged out of his bed at night and shut up in the
citadel without warning or any assigned reason.
The Suffragan Bishop, the Rev. Mr. Dekest, also a
very old man and bed-ridden, who is since dead,
addressed a strong but temperate remonstrance on
the subject the very next day to M. Hube, the act-
ing Minister of Education and Religion, who had
been the channel of communication between the
Council of Administration and the Chapter. He
said that no power on earth, not even the Chapter
itself which had elected the Rev. Mr. Bialobszeski,
could deprive the latter of the authority which had
by election descended to him from the late Vicar,
Archbishop Fijalkowski, unless ho voluntarily re-
signed the same; that such re,--igngtion could no-
be accepted as valid so long as it was offered in a
prison, and that, being without a recognised head,
it is impossible for the Chapter to continue to per-

form its administrative functions. He therefore
proposes two courses to the Government, either to
liberate the Rev. Mr. Bialobszeski, and thereby en-
able him, if he thinks fit, to resign his office as
Vicar.; or to transmit a letter to the Pope drawn up
by the Bishop, laying before him the nature of the
difficulty, and requesting him either to use his in-
fluence in obtaining the Rev. Mr. Bialobszcski's
liberation, or to send a special Vicar from Rome.
Here the matter for the present rests ; but it is
obvious that this abnormal state of things cannot
long continue, and that either the Government or
the clergy must yield in the end.
Wielopolski is still at St. Petersburg, and it is
said 'will be one of a commission to be appointed
there to inquire into the best means of managing
Poland. Meanwhile his Education Bill has passed
the Council of State, I may say, by acclamation ;
everything in it has been approved, and there
seems every chance of its becoming law without
modification. The question now on the tapis is the
condition of the Jews in Warsaw.

An increase has been observed during the last

few days in the number of arrests at Warsaw.
General Filmcki, the Chief of the Police, insists
upon every police sergeant bringing at least 20
prisoners daily to the head quarters of his district,
on pain of dismissal ; and he is himself very active in
arresting and knocking people about in the streets.
The ladies, who have long been persecuted in the
provinces. have now also become the object of attack
in Warsaw. Several of them have already been
wounded, and one of them thrown bleeding into
the gutter. The number of prisoners now in the
kingdom must be upwards of ten thousand. The
Dziemick, Powszechuy has published a list of
twenty-three of these, mostly workmen, the first
fifteen of whom have been sentenced to be attached
to the Orenburg Corps, the next five to two years'
imprisonment in the fortress of Noeogeorgiewsk,
and the three last to banishment from the country.
The chief offence of these men appears to have
hPen their beating and ill-treatment by the sol-
diery. A good specimen of the nature of the crime
which has been visited with such severe punish-
ment is the case of Peter Betcher, who has been
condemned to remain all his life in the criminal
division of the Orenburg Corps, for spitting on the
ground and making a contemptuous gesture, while
reading an announcement of the authorities posted
in the corner of a street. The Government must be
very hard up for real criminals, when it shuts up
people for such absurdities as this.
It takes good care, however, not to publish the
imprisonment of such distinguished men and
patriots as the Rev. Messrs. Wyzyuski, Wit-
man, Sieklucki, Dziarzkowski, Otto, &c., the chief
Rabbi, Meizels, the Rabbis Jastrow and Kiamsztyk,
Szlenker, Hiszpanski, and so on ; no doubt because
not even the form of a legal trial has been allowed
them. These unfortunate men are treated in the

most disgraceful manner by Colonel Hatzfeld, the
president of the military tribunal. He strikes them
in the face, abuses them in the vilest terms, and

often keeps them for days without food. The

calumny spread by the German papers regarding
Hiszpanski, who, they say, has played the traitor,
and is now lying in prison to save him from the
vengeance of the patriots, is as untrue as it is

absurd. He has always shown himself among the
foremost in his zeal for the national cause, and is,
like his fellow•delegates, forbidden to see any one,

even the members of his family. This falsehood,
like that of the discovery of the 15,000 muskets on
an estate of Count Zamoyski, which has been cir-
culated by telegram all over Europe, is one of the
means employed by the Russian Government to
disparage the Poles in the face of other nations ;
and it shows to what a state of degradation the
German papers must have been reduced to allow
themselves thus to be made the instruments of so
base an artifice. The Russians have, from the first,
used their utmost efforts to find arms in the pos-
session of the patriots, but they have invariably
failed; and, indeed, it is difficult to perceive what
use the patriots could make of arms, even if they
had them. Unaided, it is impossible for Poland to
enter upon an armed contest with Russia with any
chance of success, and their present position of
moral resistance, opposed to brutal force, is a much
stronger one than if they reduced themselves to the
level of their oppressors by resorting to violence.

The Government is about to resort to a new
scheme for depopulating the country. The Polish

towns aro to furnish 10,000 recruits to the Russian
army—or, in other words, 10,000 men are to be
taken at hazard from the Polish population, in
order to be subjected to one of the severest punish.
meats it is in the power of Russia to inflict. This
is, however, but a saort-sighted policy on her part,
for she may be training these very men to turn
against her when the time comes.
The military have again shown their utter de-
fiance of every principle of right and humanity at
Sandomir. A fire had broken out in the middle of
this town, at the residence of one of the principal
merchants. The police sounded the al arum bell,
and the fire brigade speedily made its appearance,
accompanied by a crowd of the population who had
come to help. In the midst of the confusion which
is always visible on such occasions, Golu bow, the
Military Commandant, fell with his Cossacks and
a detachment of a line regiment on the people,
after having placed guards at the doors of the
houses to prevent any one from coming in or going
out. The scene which ensued may easily be ima-
gined—men and women fell by dozens, many of
them severely wounded under the horses of the
Cossacks, and the soldiery struck at every one they
met with the butts of their muskets. 'I he bishop
has sent an account of the transaction to General

Luders, the Viceroy, after much opposition on the
part of Golubow. Bat it is idle to look for redress
in such cases. "Dispersing a disorderly assemblage"
is the usual and all-sufficient explanation on all
occasions of this kind ; and General Luders, who
has done absolutely nothing since his appointment
to the Viceroyalty, is not the man to ask inconve-
nient questions.
Colonel Czenyeny, the military commandant at
Kielce, has given the inhabitants of the province
the benefit of his interpretation of the state of siege.
'• Citizens are forbidden," says he, in an official
order recently published, " from assembling in
towns or villages on any pretence whatever, whe-
ther on commercial or household affairs, or for
family festivals or hunting parties, without the
permission of the military commandant. Any
person not attending to this order shall be brought
before the military tribunal for trial." And again,
" All religious processions, including those that
take place in churches, are forbidden. . . . .
The clergy aro bound to ask permission of the mili-
tary commandant to celebrate any religious festi-
val which might be the cause of a large assemblage
of people." Thus it will be seen that even a visit
to one's friends, or the performance of a religious
ceremony, beccmes illegal unless stamped with the
sanction of that all-powerful of reortals—the
miii-
tary commandant. The same officer has issued an
order to the pol:cG and troops under his command
to arrest every lady caught singing a forbidden
hymn, or wearing a cross or a mourning dress.
Russian agents are still moving about in the
provinces, exciting the peasantry with inflamma-
tory speeches full of falsehoods against their land-
lords. At Olkusk, some of the peasants of the place
who appeared as witnesses before a court of inquiry
swore that the soldiery had said to them—" It you
heard the words of our pope, you would know how
to manage with the nobles and get rid of them."
These commissions are, however, nothing but a
solemn farce, and never lead to anything. The
agents denounced by the peasantry always either
escape scot free or with a gentle reprimand; in-
deed, it would be strange if it were otherwise, a
Government Commission not being likely to punish
its own agents for doing what it directed them
to do.

The persecution of the clergy is more bitter than
ever. At Kutno the organist of the church has
been sent to Siberia for intoning the hymn, " God
save Poland," and its priests to three years' im
prisonment for the same reason. Another clergy-
man, whom the soldiery had come to arrest, was
SO ill that he could not be moved ; two of them
were. Pe^r.';iirviy infirreci in his chamber 1111111 110
should be sufficiently recovered to leave it. 'Mt.:
same trick was played on a lady who had been
sentenced to be Ltogged for some political offence,

I and feigned illness to avoid the punishment. It is
I said that the presence of two Russian soldiers
placed to watch in her bedroom frightened her to
such a degree that she became really ill.

THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT.

(From the Morning Post).

We are glad to be able to inform our readers
that the Mexican Government is fully alive to the
urgency of our claims and the necessity of at once
accepting them. We understand that Govern-
ment has received by the last mail information of
the agreement of Mexico to a convention by which
our requirements are one and all fully conceded
Sir Charles Wyke, powerfully seconded no doubt
by the rumours of our intentions which must have
crossed the Atlantic, has been able to negotiate and
conclude terms by which full satisfaction is given
to us ; and the Mexican Government, alarmed, in
all probability, for the consequences of its own con-
duct, has complied with the demands which we had
hitherto addressed in vain to its sense of justice,
and which we had sent out a naval expedition to
enforce. This capitulation on the part of the Go-
vernment of Mexico is, we understand, unequivocal
and complete.
We are to have compensation for outrages, the
repayment of money stolen, and the fulfilment of
the engagements which the Mexican Government
has by treaty stipulated towards the bondholders.
The change which has now taken place in Mexi-
can counsels is, perhaps, the more satisfactory that
it has been brought about only by the apprehension,
and not by the fact, of military interference.
But the attempt to stave off our active interfer-
ence and to separate us from our allies is in vain.
We shall not accept the proffered satisfaction ; and
our fleet, with those of France and Spain, will pro-
ceed to seize upon the ports and custom duties of
Mexico. We shall not trust the faith of Mexicans,
not even when they bring peaceofferings. The in-
tervention in the affairs of the Republio will there-
fore pursue its course, and we shall make assur-
ance doubly sure.

ANNIVERSARY OF THE POLISH

REVOLUTION.

Yesterday being the 31st anniversary of the Polish Re-
volution of 1830-31, a funeral service was performed for
those who fell in that national struggle by the Rev. T.
Santry, which was attended by a large number of Polish
refugees resident in this metropolis. Afterwards a meet •
ing of the Polish Historical Society, whose members aro
exclusively Poles, was hold at Sussex Chambers, Duke-
street, St. James's, under the presidency of Major
Gielgud.
The CHAIRMAN having expressed his regret at the una-
voidable absence of Colonel Szyrma, the president, and
Major Szulczewski, the vice-president, reviewed the recent
events and the manifestations of national spirit of
his country, which, said he, must h tve convinced
all Europa of the determination of the Poles
to regain their independence, and the rights
guaranteed to them, and urged them to draw example from
their countrymen, now savagely persecuted by the tyran-
nical Government of Russia, and to bear their sufferings as
exiles with fortitude and resignation.

General Count ZAMOYSKI then addressed his country-
men as follows :—Gentlemen,—On meeting you here,
with whom during so many years I have unceas-
ingly shared labours, sorrows, and hopes, I am natu-
rally led to begin by mentioning the irreparable loss we
have suffered since I last parted with you, in the person of
the great man to whom, in everything we ever undertook
for the service of our country, we all looked up invariably
as to our leader—l might almost say as to the ruler of our
consciences as Poles—while, on the other hand, theuniver-
sal respect and veneration which his name inspired was t°
every one of us a source of comfort, cheering, and pride.
The greater, however, the benefit we derived from his quali-
ties and long experience, the more prolonged his life and
his presence of mind unimpaired to his very last hour,—the
more we dreaded the day when we should be deprived of
his presence among us by the natural dose of his
noble and useful life. But it seems as if Providence
had, la its mercy, resolved that our long sufferings
should now be changed into consolation. All the news
from Poland confirm that impression ; as though our coun-
trymen were never submitted t) more difficult and irritating
trials, they now bear them with the calm expectation of a
proximate triumph, not by any further appeal to arms, but
by the daily increase of our own streng`h and by the inca-
pacity of our enemies to master it. Thus, also, and by a
favour of the same Providence, which we cannot sufficiently
acknowledge, the very loss of our great leader and patriarch
bas not become, to those who followed and supported him,
a cause of weakness and dispersion, but has made them feel
stronger, because stilbmore united. The gravity of the situa-
tion might have suggested to them the necessity of drawing
closer to one another and tightening their bond of union
for the accomplishment of their duties to erards the even'
try; but invaluable assistance towards it resulted from the
words which Prince Czartoryski dictated on his death-bed.
Tbat act of foresight and wisdom, as it was the last
of his public career, remains one of the most important
and beneficial. To all of us whom in that act he
called his friends and fellow-labourers, he has traced
the rule which we have to follow in our further la-
bours. Ho called upon his son to continue, as a true and
faithful servant of his country, the work to which he him"
self had devoted his life in exile, because he considered that
ho was placed in conditions best suited to the functions of
the chief representative of his country abroad, a function
which he properly described as the special duty of our end'
gration. His friends and fellow-labourers he summoned to
give to his son the same devoted and disinterested support
which he himself had received from them. You know, gen'
tlemen, by your own feelings and dispositions, that this last
will of Prince Czartoryski has found us all disposed to obey
it. But, as one more closely associated with the labours in
question, let me share with you the good news, that those
labours, during the few months intervening since the late
Prince's demise, have been followed by all who take part in
them with a degree of union and concert surpassing our
best hopes, and that if it be to me a true pleasure to bear
testimony to the activity, talent, and disinterestedness of .1
companions, I am happy, at tho same time, to proclaim that
the Prince's s m shows himself every day, by his great
modesty, his thoroughgoing devotion and natural tact, uP
to the great duties which he has to accomplish. Of the
news from Poland, I will allude only to the last. After a
succession of measures, showing that our enemies aro come
pletely at a loss as to how they could overcome a whole
people, on whom both fire and steel and violence of every
description fails to produce the desired effect of terror and
submission, a recent act of insanity commands the levy Gf
10,090 recruits for the Russian army out of the towns of
the present kingdom of Poland. The aggregate population
of these towns is not one million of inhabitants; thus,
taking one-half to be men of every age, and about ones
fifth to be able-bodied, every ten of the last will have to
contribute one recruit. This the valid and more enlight-
ened population of Poland is to be decimated and carefully
transported to the most distant parts of the vast empire 1
But have we to deplore it ? By no means. For many
years past the Russian regiments have been filled with
Poles, and all of them invariably acted the part of apostles
of freedom. They did so, because they showed themselves
more enlightened, more honest, than those with whom
they were forced to associate, and because their countenances
bore the stamp of deep sorrow. Who knows but we owe
to them the feeling now widely spreading among Russians,
especially among the young and the better-informed, that
it is hopeless to think of subjugating Poland ; that, besides
the impossibility of the enterprise, there is, for the Russian
people themselves, everlasting slavery in the pursuit. It
was once already the glory of Poland that a formidable
neighbour of hers, Lithuania, after long and bloody wars,
embraced Christianity, and henceforth became more than
a sister to her, since the bond of union between the two
nations is now triumphing over time, and all the efforts of
the common enemy to break it. Who knows but svo maY
yet see the Russian nation shake off both the trammels and the
criminal suggestions of despotism, and,wish for nothing from
Poland, but that she should forget the past, and become a
friendly and useful neighbour ! The present time is manis
festly pregnant with great changes in the condition of the
world ! Never did I feel more confident that our country
shall ere long have to contribute its share in the improve-
ment of that condition.
Mr. N. F. ZABA also spoke to the same effect, after which
the meeting sepasated, having passed a vote of thanks to
the Chairman. _ _

The letters from Paris state that the Bourse has
been much agitated by the news from England, and that
the general feeling is strong against the conduct of the
United States Government. The market was already
heavy, and hence the effect was severe. The cause of the
previous flatness consisted in statements that M. Fould
meets with great obstacles in carrying out his plan of eco
nomy by reducing the army by 100,000 men and putting a
stop to the heavy expense of the marine, but it is hoped
that with the support of the Emperor, he will yet fully suc-
ceed. It is said that the Government have been selling*
largely Piedmontense stock, received from the Italian Go-
vernment for expenses in tho Italian war, and also that they
have thrown on the market a large quantity of Government
Obligations, called " Trentenaires," which had been taken
to procure resources to pay the dividends on the Three per
Cents. due next month. Specie increases in the Bank, and
discounts out of doors can bo obtained at 4t per cent.

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