The Sun.
London, England, 1857-11-06 00:00:00

LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 6, 1857.

LORD BIeOrIGILIM AT LIVERPOOL.

LIVERPOOL, Nov. 5.

The Right Hon. Lord Brougham and Vaux arrived
at the Lime-street statiou yesterday afternoon from
Leeds. He was met by Mr. W. Brown, M.P., Mr. J.
C. Ewart, M.P., and a number of other gentlemen. His
lordship accompanied Mr. Brown to. the residence of that
gentleman, whose guest he is during his stay in Liver-
pool.
This morning Lord Brougham visited the Free Library
and Museum and other public institutions, proceeding
shortly before 1 o'clock to the Liverpool Institute and
School of Art for the purpose of inaugurating the Queen's
College, recently formed in connection with that scholas-
tic establishment, between which and the University of
London it now forma the connecting link. The noble
lord was accompanied on the platform by Mr. W.
Brown, M.P., Mr. J. Mollyneux, President of the
Liverpool Literary Institute, Mr. G. Holt, tie Profes-
sors of the College, and other gentlemen. The noble
lord was received with loud and reiterated cheering.
Mr. BROWN, M.P., read letters from Lord Stanley
(of Knowsley), the Bishop of Manchester, and other
distinguished personages, expressing sympathy with the
object of the meeting, but pleading prior engagements
which prevented their atttendance.

Lord BitouGHAM, on taking the chair, was vehemently
applauded. It gives me very unfeigned pleasure (said
the noble lord) to acknowledge to you with heartfelt
thanks the great kindness with which you have re-
ceived me, and which, I will add, is not confined to
those who are within these walls, but I have met with
the same kindness wherever I have been since my
arrival in Liverpool. We are met here upon a
roost important occasion—the opening of an institu-
tion which is already in progress of flourishing, and
which I do most devoutly hope, and I will add confi-
dently expect, will flourish more and more every year
of its existence. (Cheers.) When I came 22 years Aga
to lay the foundation-stone of that institution, in
immediate connection with this Queen's College—l
mean the then-called " Mechanics' Institution,"
afterwards the " Liverpool Institute"—l little expected
that I should live to see the day when it should be con-
nected with a collegiate establishment, that establish-
ment connected with a university. (Cheers.) Now, were
I at the present day to dwell upon the advantages of
knowledge and the inestimable benefits of education I
should be doing one of the most useless things that it
would be possible for a man to bestow labour on—(hear)
—as to the benefits of knowledge and education there is
happily, nowadays, nothing whatever new to be said.
(Hear.) Moreover, all persons admit the benefits of edu-
cation—all, or nearly all—and the few who still deny it
may be said to be unconvertible. (Laughter and cheers.)
Now, it is an old saying that to preach to the converted
is a useless office, and I may add that to preach to the
unconvertible is a thankless office. (Cheers.) I carefully,
therefore, avoid addressing either chess. But upon the
inestimable advantage of this now institution suffer me
to detain you for a few moments. Liverpool has been
till now what the great capital of- London itself was till
the year 1825 or 1826, wholly without the benefits of a
college establishment f, r education. There were certain
classes in the capital, and also in Liverpool—though per-
haps fewer in point of numbers—who educated their sons
at the University of Oxford or Cambridge, or, in Ireland,
at the Trinity College, Dublin, or in Scotland—but I will
say something afterwards on that subject, which stands
on another footing. But in London there was not for
those who could not afford or did not choose to send their
sons to Oxford or Cambridge—there was no means of
obtaining good sound education in the walks of science,
including the science of medicine itself. We then founded
a University College, for many years called the Univer-
sity of London. Since that university has been estab-
lished, to which this college is now affiliated, as well as
King's college, the younger sister of the University
College—or, rather, I might call it the daughter, for one
sprang out of the other—the University College of the
metropolis affords the inestimable advantages of a
sound education of all descriptions, classical as well
as scientific, for those who either cannot or do not
choose to send their eons to Oxford and Cambridge.
(Cheers.) I said a minute ago that I paused upon what
I had to observe respecting the Scotch colleges, for this
reason—that the University College, being chiefly des-
tined to educate the sons of persons residing in the town
itself, was placed naturally upon the same footing with
the Edinburgh and Glasgow Colleges, and with that of
Aberdeen, which educate the sons of persons resident
upon Cie spot, and are, as it were, day schools, confer-
ring the inestimable advantages not only of an economi-
cal but also of a moral kind, to those sons who reside
under the paternal roof, while they frequent classes of
knowledge in the course of the day (Hear, hear,) Upon
that footing mainly is the London University conducted,
but it also gives the same advantage to those coming
from the country, but who are in very small numbers
compared with those who belong to London itself. All
those who come from the country of course live in lodg-
ings and the boarding houses, as in Edinburgh and
Glasgow—the great bulk living in their fathers' houses,
with all the advantages, in point of morals as well as of
mere economy—but the higher advantage in point of
morals, being under the eye and superintendence of their
parents, while they benefit by the instruction of the
masters in the course of the day. Now, this is the plan
of the Queen's College, to open which we are assembled
to-lay. It will not refuse to receive those who board or
lodge in the town, their parents not living in Liverpool ;
but the bulk of those who attend it will naturally be the
sons of Liverpool parents, and will enjoy those great ad-
vantages to which I have just adverted. That this should
be otherwise than eminently successful, I hold, would
be a slander upon the people of Liverpool to entertain
the slightest doubt. (Cheers.) Professors well calcu-
lated to afford full instruction on all matters of science
are already engaged to hold classes, and considering the
short time during which it has been open, the college
has had considerable success, but a success which I will
venture to say will be as nothing compared with what
in a very few years—l will even say months—will attend
their very enlightened labours. I have said that, con-
nested with this college, is that institution which was
n theenni greatng
with hon-
our op e opened di
laying
very small inygeathrse afoguondaantdioonf-swtohniec.h IChearod
11 beginning, I think, as early as the year 1825,
it occupied s room for evening classes only in Parker-
street ; some years afterwards it removed to the rooms
now occupies by your Free Library and Museum in
Slater-street ; and I cannot even in passing name that
reading-room and museum, which I had great pleasure
in inspecting this morning, without expressing the gra-
tification which I felt on finding that of the very noble
library of 22,000 volumes—confined to the reading-room,
not lent out-500 or 600 daily are in the hands of young
men attending that reading-room-100 at a time being
all that the room can accommodate ; and that of the
other libraries connected with that institution, contain-
ingl2oo
are issued day by day, of which it is not estimating 17,000 volumes for lending out, upwards o
highly to say that not less than four readers benefit by
f these volumes. Let it be observed, and i
ti
toob
every one o
a most gratifying circumstance, that when the public
lending libraries were established, instead of diminishing,
_,n
they greatly increased the number of readers at the
de. -
tral Free Library. But when I mention that reading.
room, that museum. and that library I cannot pass over
e
another circumstance which the presence of my moot
steemed and hon. friend Mr. Brown would have sug-
gested had I not been aware of it before, though his pre-
sence imposes a restraint on me in expressing my feel
ings, which I know are all your feelings, with respect to
his noble and wise as well as noble munificence. Now,
connected with this mechanics' institute, now called the
Liverpool Institute, which numbers, as I understand at
this moment upon an average 1,400 members, I rejlice
to find that it is self-supporting. So much could not
have been predicted of the small beginnings to whiob I
have adverted in Parker-street al.d in Slater-street
before the year 1837, when the new institution was
opened, but ever since that—except with respect to a
debt of moderate amount now paid off by subscription
—the whole of that institution has been supported in all
its expenses by the payments of those echo benefit by it.
(Cheers.) I will not enter into particulars except upon
two points ; and the one is, that there are receiving the
benefit of instruction in that institution and paying for
it somewhere about 1,400, the greater of whom, almost
the whole, are mechanics, artisans, or persons living by
daily and weekly wages. (Hear, hear.) No doubt this
is a great benefit to them, to their employers, and to
the town and society of which they are members. But
there are also, no doubt, defects to be observed. 1,400
for Liverpool is too small a number, and I confidently
hope that it I should be spared to visit Liverpool a year
or two hence I shall find that 1,400 more than doubled.
(Loud cheers.) Having alluded to a girls' school which
bad been established by Mr. G. Holt, his Lordship said,
I only wish it were possible that I saw an immediate
prospect of another kind of school for the benefit of per-
sons of a humble rank, to be taught not needlework, or
embroidery, or arts of that description—things useful
enough in their way—but ordinary common things, so as
to qualify girls for being domestic servants. (Applause.)
At a late congress which I attended at Birmingham w e
had a most important and a most painful and heartrend-
ing paper read by one of the most eminent men of Lon-
don, Mr. Acton, who clearly showed what frightful
effects upon the morals of that class of society are pro-
duced by the parents not stooping to let them be taught
ordinary things, so as to make them fit for being do-
mestic servants, but must needs teach them needlework
to starve upon threepence a day—to struggle for a few
months, and, in some heartrending cases, even for a
year cr two, with that utterly inadequate payment
for their own support, and sometimes the support of an
infant or a parent, who are in the end often driven from
mere hunger into profligate courses. (Applause.) Lord
Brougham then urged his hearers, as he bad done at
Leeds, to aid the cause of early closing and shorterhours
tot labour.
irfnautiendn npptibna
the evils
eth. e then pointed c
eto a India
nd
power, ror 1: frightful
n and
the
a ri
tl illus-
tration
expressedtdue
tsitornu,c tio
hisnh,i being in the hands of men who are not edu-
cated and humanised by civilisation, Having again
bes t wishes
sa t
down
nfowrnt haemprosperity odf
ltohnegi.unsntni
A voea of lordshipthanks to Lord Brougham terminated the
proceediege,

Thessrs. e Liver
MThre, pool letters mention the suspension of
W. Orr and Co., in the River Plate trade; The
liabilities are not eupposed to be very heavy.

THE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE ON
INDIAN AFFAIRS.

The Duke of Newcastle performed the ceremony
of laying the corner-stone of the new National
Schools, now in course of erection at East Retford,
on Tuesday last, and in the evening attended a
meeting of the Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Parts. His Grace delivered a
speech in favour of the objects of the society, and,
after reviewing the course of its operations in
various parts of the world, said, their most excellent
diocesan was about to address them upon the opera-
tions of the society among the heathens. He feared
to encroach upon that province at all, and yet there
was one part which appeared to belong to the
subject allotted to him—he referred to the church
in India. He was aware that it might be felt
that the time had hardly come when any one could
enter fully, he might say with freedom, on the sub-
ject of the church in India, because, in the first place,
all the energies of this great empire must, for the
present, be devoted to one object ; they must en-
deavour to put down the rebellious murderer in that
land—they must endeavour as speedily as possible to
establish British rule in that great country. The arm
of powermust be exerted forthat purpose, not merely
on account of the prestige of this great empire, not
merely for any advantages which may be supposed
to accrue from its position, but, as the Bishop of
Oxford lately said at a similar meeting in the town
of Liverpool, "As Christian men we are not justi-
fied in abandoning India ;" 120,000,000 had claims
upon us ; and he believed we should be guilty,
not only of treason to the State, but of treason to
our religion and' oitr faith, if we were to abandon
that continent to the atrocities of any government
or any people who might, for any little time at
least, succeed us in that empire. He believed, in
fact he knew, that the greatest ignorance of India
prevailed throughout English society, and those
who knew the most felt they knew the least, and
therefore were not prepared to dogmatize. At the
same time he for one would not be found to blame
those against whom culpability might be said to lie,
though slightly, if at all, as he was little disposed
to make accusations which time might prove could
not be substantiated, or fall into the common habit
of stigmatizing the Government for a gross derelic-
tion of duty with regard to the propagation of
Christianity in India. He spoke, when ho said so,
of the present moment, because he was prepared
to maintain that great timidity and vacillation were
shown on this subject. He was prepared to admit,
nay, to assert, that while on the one hand mission-
ary officers were tolerated as a knd of service
which he for one, either in his place in parliament
or in any other assembly; would equally and at any
time be prepared most strongly to repudiate, yet,
on the other hand, the privilege of missionaries of
the church to reside in .hindostan was not given.
Perhaps they would say great blame was attached
to the Government for so doing ; but he was not
prepared to say to what extent the conduct of the
Government was improeor. He did not merely
refer to those facts which core patent to all, and to
the improvements which had been introduced with-
in the last few years in the habits and customs of
the people by local government, but he took many
instances as evincing the falsity of the statement
that Christianity had bean absolutely repudiated
by the Government. He spoke, of course, of late
years ; and, not wishing to trespass upon their
time, be would only refer to one sentence in a letter,
written by the Rev. D. King, Principal of the
College at Calcutta, after the dreadful massacre at
Delhi. He said, intelligent and well-informed
native converts held high and important positions
—the highest of the mission. Now, he contended
that those few words clearly proved that the con-
verts by the missionaries of this society had not
been subjected to the pales and penalties spoken
of. His object in referring to this was not to de-
fend the Government—that was no business of his ;
but he was bound in fairness to mention it, and
from the information which he at present possessed
he could not join in those strong terms of reproba-
tion which had been launched against them by
many who had spoke and written on this subject.
The most opposite opinions appeared to be held as
to what we should do when the strong arm of
power had been established in India. To judge
from what they heard, some people would overcome
all difficulties by being "all things to all men."
That appeared to be the view which some people
took of this matter, while others advocated a po-
licy of a totally diiferenes -character, which they
hardly avowed though vainly hoped—he would not
call it a propagation by sword and cannon, but a
compulsory propagation of their creed. Now, as
regarded the first of these matters they had cer-
tainly little temptation to attempt anything of the
kind. How had measures of that kind succeeded
already ? How had too great a deference to the
religious feelings of the people been met ? Why,
in this way—the greased cartridges bad been seized
on as a pretext for rebellion, because, they said, we
had been endeavouring to tamper with their faith
—we had been establishing a dynasty opposed to
theirs—the Mahomedan—by fire and sword.
Well, then, that failed, or at all events, sys-
tems similar to it. As regarded compulsory con-
version, ho could hardly think that any man could
maintain that this principle was not alien to the
habits of the people of England, and utterly alien
to the genius of Christianity. We could not, with
our enlightenment, adopt the theories of the Tal-
mud, nor, as Christians, imitate the fallacies of
Mahomet. So, we wore not by compulsion of every
kind to force these men into a false Christianity,
whom we wore not able by conviction to bring to
our faith. He said that Government power must
neither be used to control nor disturb the religion
of the natives. Complete toleration must be given.
When he said toleration, he meant not only must
compulsion of every kind be avoided, but that
which was as bad, namely, seduction—which-lie
could only call a broad species of fraud—must be
equally avoided. They must neither attempt by
compulsion nor by reward to meko Christians of
men whom they could not convince. He believed
the latter was as alien to the spirit of Christianity
as the former. Any man who came to be so con-
vinced was little better than a believer in the faith
he had just left. But if they wore not to do this
they might at any rate avow their faith end act in
accordance with it. They
might show their Chris-
tian conduct and they might adopt a Christian
policy. They might show in private life those vir-
tues and characteristics which would induce the na-
tives to follow the belief of those whom they could
not help admiring and respecting. Surely, it would
ye no difficult matter for the natives to draw a
contrast between the Christian lives and policy of
those who now govern them, as compared with the
monstrous lies and wickedness, the treachery and
horrors perpetrated before their eyes by those who
ruled them in former days. It was by such ex-
F
spread of Christianity would be effected in that great
c on:tt
oft hlensde-....ia.
by such conduct as that—the
lle repeated that Government
must not attempt to convert. The power of Go-
vernment must not be exercised for that purpose.
Policy, faith, and duty forbade it. But that was
not the case as regarded individuals. As regarded
individuals, the Government was not only justified
a se
continent
but hound to give them fair play. It was
through the agency of
men whom this
society sent out that this great work must be car-
ried on. He confessed to have seen, with some pain,
allusions made in various quarters to what people
were pleased to call the judgments of Provilence
upon us for our sins in India. Ho could not help
feeling that there was something almost profane in
putting these minute interpretations on the ways of
the Almighty, that time, circumstance, and place
were all to be fixed by our fallible eyes as to the
objects of the Almighty and the sins for which He
was especially afflicting us. No doubt, all suffering
was the consequence of sin, but were they justified
in saying that it was for some act which was cone-
, mated 30 years ago, by which some slight lied been
placed on the Christian religion in India, that Pro-
vidence
had visited us with this great calamity. We
had sins enough in this country, in India, and else-
where to call for the visitation of the Almighty,
without pretending to judge the exact cause of the
calamity which had befallen us. It was enough for
us to see the finger of God in the work, and, seeing
it, to believe that it might conduce by God's bless-
ing to the propagation of the faiths of Christ in
India. (Cheers.) They had often seen that these
calamities, to which fallible men could attach none
but the most disastrous consequences, had been the
better
harbinger of a day ; they had seen many of
the greatest calamities turned into the greatest
blessings ; and he ventured to hope that this cala-
mity, !great as it was, would be succeeded by that
result. After some further observations, the noble
duke resumed his seat amid loud cheers.

An extensive joint-tstock
xplcoorme paanndy justwhaosrk•
formed at
aatndiThecer Mineral products which are said to
abound in the provinces of Moscow, Katona, and Tver.
The company proposes also to establish smelting fur-
naces and forges, And to carry on a trade in iron and
other metal% t e coal,be

TBE ILL-STARRED PUMP,

(Front the Morning Post.)

. ~ .
If it be sometimes desirable that the pttblic should
ignore a danger prevalent amongst tiaem, lest un-
due cause of anxiety should arise, that argument
ceases to be applicable when the danger has passed
away. Moreover, if the cause of its passing away
be traceable, if it be the consequence of reasoning
and foresight, both applicable at a future time,
then, so far from concealment of the fact being de-
sirable, to give it publicity is a duty.
Asiatic cholera has been amongst us—has visited
an eastern suburb, establishing itself in a row of
cottages numbering 18 houses, occupied by a respect-
able class of operatives, silk printers, and others,
with their families, averaging about five persons to
each cottage. The locality is West Ham, and the
cottages are situated about ten yards from the river
Lea. In front and around them are marshy tracts,
intersected by numerous ditches, some of which are
sewers. The proximity of the river Lea has already
been indicated ; and as to the condition of that
river, for the benefit of those who require the infor-
mation, it is some degrees more impure than the
worst part of the Thames., Each cottage consists of
two roams on the ground floor, the same number up
stairs, a back kitchen, and a back yard about 20
feet in depth, and a privy connected with a cess-
pool. The cottages, according to the testimony of
Dr. Elliot, from whose report we glean these par-
ticulars, are clean and airy. In front of them,
separated by a road about 20 feet wide, is a pump
well accessible to all the inhabitants ; indeed, which
furnished the whole of the water employed by them.
About eight or nine yards still further in front is a.
covered sewer, discharging its contents into the
river Lea by a tidal ditch.
Such are the conditions under which the houses
in quest ion are placed ; and unfavourable conditions,
sanitarilyregarded, they would 'sena to be. Between
the 29th September and the 13th October, both in-
clusive, 14 cases of cholera occurred ; of which all
except one (on the 10th) were unaccompanied
with premonitory symptoms, and of which seven
terminated fatally. The medical attendant looked
upon the pump well with suspicion on his first
visit, but on October 12th his convictions that the
water had some connection with the disease ac-
quired such force, that ho ordered the pump-
handle to be removed. The quantity of water em-
ployed by the inhabitants of each house varied from ,
two to four pails daily. Though clear to the eye,
it had a peculiar taste ; and chemical analysis de-
monstrated further impurities. It was alkaline ;
held in solution much organio maqer, and con-
tained some inorganic ingredients not usually found
in water.

"It is very remarkable," Dr. Elliot goes on to
state, in his communication to the Lancet, " that
the sudden cessation of the attacks of cholera was,
in point of'time, coincident with the cutting off
the supply of that water. Tho pump-handle was
removed on the 12th, and the last case of cholera
occurred on the 13th."

Still more worthy of note is the fact, that, up to
the period when the pump-handle was removed,
the disease had been acquiring force ; therefore the
cutting off the water supply was assuredly not a
mere coincidence, but a true cause of the subse-
quent cessation of the malady. Not only were the
attacks increasing in frequency up to the 12th, but
also in malignity. Moreover, as Dr. Elliot perti-
nently observes—" This sudden interruption or
termination of cholera, after a duration of 15 days
only, is by no means the usual course of that
disease."

A clearer train of evidence against that sewage-
laden water, as having generated the disease, can
hardly be imagined. If the hypothesis of local
emanations be adopted, then no explanation is fur-
nished of the restriction of the outbreak to one
single row of cottages. Immediately contiguous i s
a large silk factory, where four or five hundred men,
women, and children are congregated ; and not far
distant is a leather-cloth factory . giving employ-
ment to about 150 hands. The same atmos-
pheric causes which affected the cottagera must
also have affectei the operatives. Amongst the
six hundred factory people there has not occurred
ono case of cholera, although the cottagers, num-
bering only one hundred, have furnished fourteen
cases—fifty per cent. of which were fatal.
One case of apparent exception only confirms the
inference already adduced. Opposite the cottages
is a public-house—the White Swan. A woman
living therein was attacked with cholera, although
she had never drunk of the water of that particular
well. Nevertheless, inspection being made of the
pump-water obtained from the yard of the White
Swan, it was proved to be contaminated. A will
more curious circumstance is the following :—On
Friday, Oct. 9, a boy died, after twenty hour.' ill-
ness, at Pelton-place, Bromley. Having taken a
long walk into the forest, together with his father,
on his return he lagged behind. This awakened his
father's attention. Turning to ascertain what had
become of the boy, he discovered him to have been
drinking at the ill-starred pump !
The foregoing are truths which in our estimation
cannot be too extensively diffused. Until lately
the public notion about cholera has prevailed that
it is a destiny, a fate ; something removed from the
laws of causation altogether; a disease against which
precautions are unavailing, and the best course of
action consists in ignoring its presence, or banishing
the thoughts of it. Such demeanour was not ra-
tional at any time, though for a season it might
have been politic. In the presence of facts like
those supplied by the West Ham evidence such a
course would neither be rational nor politic. Cho-
lera is no longer the mystery it was. It may be
referred to the list of causations like other diseases,
and the causes very generally are such as admit of
removal.

THE GOVERNOR-OENERAL OF INDIA.

(From the Times )

Lord Granville's defence of the Governor-Ge-
neral of India at the Mansion-house on Wednes-
day was necessarily so full of reserves and
qualifications that it furnishes the public with
little more knowledge on the subject than they
possessed before. That Lord Canning's position
became unexpectedly arduous, that he was sud-
denly confronted with perils of unexampled mag-
nitude, that the ordinary duties of his office were
abruptly exchanged for responsibilities of the most
awful character, and that under such circumstances
ho has fair claims upon the consideration of his
countrymen—all these are points commanding
general acknowledgment and assent. It is un-
doubtedly true also, as Lord Granville remarks,
that the opinions which we involuntarily form upon
the receipt of intelligence from India might under-
go material modifications if we were in possession
of a more complete and comprehensive knowledge
of facts. This argument, however, which is almost
invariably empl lye(' in depreciation of popular cen-
sure, would, if rigidly applied, prevent the forma-
tion of any opieion at all. Complete knowledge
never come'. Though the contests and recrimina-
tions occasioned by the Crimean campaigns are now
consigned to oblivion, it cannot be said that we have
ever yet arrived at what all parties would call truth ;
and if we were to reserve our judgment in the pre-
sent case for the time when the history of the Bengal
mutinies should have been unexceptionably eluci-
dated, the whole existing generation might descend
to its grave with the subject still unexamined. It
is of no use entering upon any defence of the practice
actually prevailing in this respect, for the simple
reason that it is unavoidable. Men must talk and
criticise, especially when the events are so momen-
tous and the interests excited so deep. They cau-
-1 not and will not wait for an inquiry which may or
may not occur a year or two hence, and which may
or may not result in any positive decision. They
must express their views at once, though they hold
themselves open to information and correction ;
and, as a matter of fact, we must needs say that
li time and investigation often do little more than
confirm the instinctive impressions of the public.
We very much doubt whether the conduct of the
Indian Government will appear this day twelve-
months in a light substantially differing from that
in which it stands at present. Of course, there are
many particulars of which we are ignorant, especi-
ally those concerning deliberations of State, but
events have now been spread over so many months,
the policy of Government has bein indicated by so
many acts, and all these transactions have been re-
ported and illustrated by such an infinity of authen-
tic and independent communisations, that we sus-
pect the substance of the case is pretty well before
us.
Judged by these impressions, the conduct of
Lord Canning would receive, upon the whole, no
unfavourable verdict. It is impossible, indeed, to
quibble or wrangle over the one weighty fact which
Lord Granvillo adduced—the fact of success, for
it must be so called, notwithstanding all the calami-
ties intervening, when a Governor-General of India
unaided by the arrival of a single battalion from
England, has first withstood and then crushed in
its stronghold a revolt of 100,000 native soldiers.
If at the outbreak of the mutiny we had been told.
in this country that it would culinaeo the whole of

[PRlcgc 40, STAMPED 5J .]

' the Bengal army, and that the army of Bombay
y
would show manifest signs of sympathy before the
first -column of reinforcements could
reach India
from these shores, it cannot be denied that the cap,
ture of Delhi and the general discomfiture of the in-
surgents would have been regarded as contingencies
calling for great satisfaction. If we proceed further,
too, in the scrutiny of these transactions, we find
ample matter for approbation in the unremitting
energy by which succours were collected at Calcutta
and despatched to the Upper Provinces. There
was not a station or settlement within reach of the
Governor-General from which he did not draw
every available bayonet, and, as far as yet appears,
with all practicable despatch. This, in fact, at the
moment was the chief duty of Government. The one
great object was to get troops together, to liberate
our besieged garrisons, and to reinforce the army
before Delhi: We failed, unhappily, to reach Cawn-
pore in time for the rescue, but Lucknow we de
vou'ly trust has been relieved, and Delhi has been
actually carried by storm.
• It was when these first convulsive struggles for
self-preservation were exchanged for the more ordi-
nary proceedings of Government that • the chief
occasion for dissatisfaction with Lord Canning's
policy appears to have arisen. For this dissatis-
faction we still think, notwithstanding Lord Gran-
ville's deprecation, that there was sufficient cause.
It is not merely in a particular proclamation o
particular appointment that objectionable featu
are discernible, but in the concurrence and tenour
of a succession of acts. What scandalised and
exasperated the people of this country was the
apparent impress of a narrow, traditionary,' and
exploded policy upon the actual proceedings of
Government at this terrible crisis. The worst
spirit of the old Indian civil service became sud-
denly visible in the acts of the Administration,
to the prejudice and disparagement of our strug-
gling troops, almost before the death-grapple
could be said to have bean decided. It was
not that the proclamation which Lord Gran-
ville analysed was theoretically unjust, but
that it was out of place altogether, and be-
trayed unwelcome principles in its terms and
its tone. The policy of the Government at, this
period seemed to indicate' the general ascend-
ancy of a spirit opposed to the dictates of just-
tice, and based only on the interests of a class.
The magnitude of the revolution, which had at first
been denied, was depreciated ; the dreadful inci-
dents of the revolt were alluded to in commonplace
terms, and great anxiety was shown so to represent
and arrange matters that the action of our military
commanders should give place as soon as possible
not merely to civil government, but to the routine
of an administration as little as possible undis
turbed. Perhaps the distinctions drawn in the
Government proclamation may be logically justi-
fiable, but people in this country would rather have
seen the matter left to our Generals in the field.
We could have wished that instead of appointments
of civilians and promotions of Mahommedans---in-
stead of elaborate edicts respecting the appoint-
' ment of penalties, the prominent features of Lord
Canning's policy had been a bold recognition of the
real state of affairs, and a decisive support of those
men on whom the control of India now actually
rests. We wish Col. Neill bad been a more con-
spicuous figure than such an Indo-maniac as Mr.
Grant, and that the fine shades and delicate dis-
criminations of mutiny and murder had been left
to the cognisance of our officers on the spot.
The policy of old Indian administrators is per-
fectly
natural. They wish to make something
less than a revolution out of the matter, and to
preserve their own privileges and functions as far
unimpaired as may be. But the system is now
past and gone. India can never again be the
India of former times, though we hope it may be
something far better. We have never been among
the detractors of Indian statesmen. For the
general government of that country there is much
to be said,—more, by far, than many people ap-
pear to conceive. To the status quo, however, we
can never now return. We cannot have a dominant
Sepoy army, a system of centralization affecting
even the authority of regimental officers themselves,
or a government iu which power and responsibility
are so divided that no effective share is to be found
in any one pairof hands. In so far as the old policy
of Indian administration rests upon these traditions
it must perish, and any attempt to revive or pre-
serve it made at the expense of that military power
to which we now look for the pacification of our
Eastern Empire will infallibly evoke the discontent
and remonstrances of the yublfe:

RISE IN THE RATE OF DISCOUNT.

(From the Times City Article.)

The Bank of England yesterday raised their charge
fur discount front 8 per cent., which was adopted on
the 19th ult., to the unprecedented rate of 9 per
cent.

The public were fully prepared for the measure,
and in some quarters it had been anticipated even
that the movement would not have been to 9 per
cent. for bills not having more than 60 days to run,
and 10 per cent. for loager descriptions. That the
latter restriction wouldnot have proved too strong
seems already to have been indicated by the fact
that the demand has shown little, if any, diminu-
tion. As the public have now an amount of notes in
their hands equal to any recent average, and busi-
ness has been for some time uudergeing rapid con-
traction, this continued pressure must be mainly
caused by alarm and the consequent desire of every
person to be over supplied. The question whether
any further rise will be necessary will therefore
greatly depend upon the extent to which this action
is carried. If the mercantile community, instead of
recognising from what they have already witnessed
of the course of the Bank that they are in no danger
of being suddenly shut out from accommodation,
will pertinaciously rush to obtain a double share,
any inconvenience they may sustain will he of their
own creating. The Bank can undertake to provide
for wants, but not for fears. There is not the slightest
provocative to panic, and whether such a humiliat-
ing exhibition of national ignorance and folly can
now take place is a question rational people would
hardly have entertained a few we!ks back. The
old opponents of the Bank Charter Act, however,
are beginning to bustle in the storm, and it is im-
possible to feel certain on any point. One of their
great modes of creating fright is by pointing to the
low state of the reserve of unemployed notes, as if
when what is exhausted the Bank would be obliged
to cease discounting altogether. But the fact is
that the Bank could, under such circuinstlnc
still continue their discounts on as groat a scale
as ever, since their bills receivable each -clay
of course on the average bring in as large a
total as they are ordinarily asked to let out. They
oould not increase the scale, but no one will sup-
pose that with a contraction of business in all quar-
ters any increase can be required. There is conse-
quently not the shadow of a pretext for any cry for
Government palliatives. Some persons who have
shown every disposition to assist in allaying idle.
apprehensions have nevertheless suggested that
Government should intimate their readiness to
grant a conditional power of relaxation in the same
manner as in 1847—that is, by a notification that
upon payment of a certain rate sufficiently high to
prevent needless applications the public should be
allowed to;have any extent of discount they might
require, without regard to the increase or decrease
of the stock of bullion. But the public have never
in the present crisis been without an assurance
equally strong. It is admitted that it does not
matter how high the rate may be, so long as the
certainty is given that money can be had at some
rate. When has this certainty been called in ques-
tion 1 The very object of the Bank in each succes-
sive advance is to maintain a position to enable
them to comply with every legitimate application,
and there can be no doubt of this being effected,
unless au insane demand upon them should prevent
it. It may, however, be asked, " Why not avcrt
the chance of such folly by a Government notice
that would calm everybody Grant that in priu-
eipeloeuiltdwdoeunldo
hbaermht:manildiamtinigghtanpdrevreidnt icumloeue;;lsntiisll
it .
chief." This announcement can scarcely be re-
quisite. All classes of the public must be well
aware that if the nation should so pitiably lose its
self-possession as to give way to panic there is but
one remedy, and that the Government will be com-
pelled to adopt it. There can be no need, however,
by a formal proceeding to proclaim a belief that the
financial sense -of the nation is still so low as to
cause the degrading contingency to be regarded not
onsesxibiol en,
withbut probable.
onllyn acso 1131
announcement yes-
terday no one can
fail to see cause of congratulation
at the fact of a heavy
far been avoided. loan to India laving thus
four pillions sterling, since afforded to that t
Even the assistance already
country-...amounting
cessationnti n g to
of Three ep
aoyr_
ments ordinarily due from it must, equally with
the specie in course of despatch, be regarded as a
contribution on our part—has seriously aggravated
the difficulties of tho crisis, and if a loan of five or
ten millions in addition had been contracted we
Phould unclenbtedly, for the Plo of everything

uLe. eoth to the Indian peopkikA-4‘:rlit-6- it- 1-70014':'
tiers at Calcutta, have plduglealjbe
the empire into confusoii: ; 114,1 pity ;:,.tttiN is-',r"
pals the future, it may bei i'c;:teectat •'t thkidialp,
ri..lltertt A
to 9 per cent. will have thgta•AtefT4;47of ceatOr,
the Home Government to insist ila*--tliaiii'..fir ti-
ciers, before availing themselves 4.tlic,xisy 75ktliod
lof drawing upon what they fancy to be the exhatat-
less resources of England, shall be coinpLlled to rat-
tempt the discovery wh-ther a country whi,h f r
a long time has been absorbing silver from us at
the rate of six millions per annum cannot be made
to provide in some degree for the cost of its own
disturbances. Periods of insurrection are precisely
those in which a suspension of specie payments a
not only legitimate, but in most cases, as a matter
of justice, indispensable ; and even if it were an
unmixed evil, instead of a silu ary pia caution, it
would be better that the natives of India should
be subjected to the slight inconvenience of receiving
their dividends and other claims in inter st-bearing
but temporarily inconvertible paper, than that the
commerce of Europe and America should be con-
vulsed, and thousands of families be thrown out of
employment, in order that there should be no dis-
comfort on that side, and no interruption to the
facilities of hoarding. It is the business of the In-
yainieGy
had overnment to consider what they would do
t
not the English exchequer to fall up )n.
Would they abandon the country, or would the
xholesorne stimulus of necessity yield its usual re-
sults ? We have supplied men and munitions, and
India is rich enough to find in mey. There is no
reason to assume that the issue of a nat-) circula-
ion oven on a largA Sale—supposing it requisite
as a last reseurce.-4 circumstance) far from cereaita
—would be attended with difficulty. The natives
would be found sufficiently keen ta estimate the
value of a Government no'e, carrying 6 or 7 per
cent. interest, and receivable at par in the course
of six or twelve months for revenue dues, and at
the same time we should have the satisfae,ion of
knowing that every one with paper of this descrip-
tion in his pocket would feel an access of loyalty
and a proportionate desire for the maintenance of
order.