The Sun.
London, England, 1861-07-08 00:00:00

THE VOLUNTEERS.

On Saturday the 19th Surrey, under the command
of Major Roupell, assisted by Captains Truman,
Watkins, Prewett, Sze., underwent a very length-
ened inspection in Kennington-park, by Major Nel-
son, Assistant-Inspector-General of Volunteers.
The movements comprised nearly the whole of those
enumerated in the instruction-book, and most of
them were performed with the utmost precision,
the forming into square, volley firing, and the ad-
vancing and retiring into line boing especially
commendable. After an examination of the condi-
tion of the rifles, and some final movements, includ-
ing a bayonet charge, Major Nelson in a short
address, complimented the 19th in the very highest
terms. He observed that some of the movements
were executed in a manner quite equal to any that
he had ever seen in the regular army, and he felt
assured, from the zeal exhibited and the progress
made, that the 19th Surrey need not fear compari-
son with any regiment of volunteers. A hearty
cheer welcomed this satisfactory announcement,
and it is only fair to state that Major Nelson, before
coming to this conclusion, had tested the merits of
the regiment in every possible manner. Major
Beresford then proposed three cheers for the com-
mandant, Major Roupell, which was heartily re-
sponded to.
On Saturday a large portion of the London Irish
Rifles assembled at Somerset-house, and under the
command of Lieut-Col. Verner and Capt. Daubeney
marched to Hyde-park to undergo an official inspec-
tion by Col. M'Murdo. The Marquis of Donegal
joined his regiment on the ground, and on the arrival
of Col. M'Murdo the inspection proceeded. The
usual military movements having been gone through
the regiment was formed into square, and Col.
M'Murdo complimented the Marquis of Donegal
and the officers under him for the manner in which
they had performed their duties on this their first
inspection. He considered the regiment on the high
road for efficiency, and nothing could be more sa-
tisfactory than some of their movements. After a
few words of advice respecting the accoutrements,
three cheers were given for the Queen, Colonel
M'Murdo, the Marquis of Donegal, and the London
Rifle Brigade, who kept the ground.
A meeting of the second battery of the Ist Surrey
Artillery Volunteers was held on Wednesday even-
ing, the 3d inst, to present Sergeant -Nlajor Madden
with a silver medal. It was presented by Mrs.
Pearse (wife of Capt. Pearse, of No. 2 battery).
Viscount Sydney, Lord-Lieutenant of Kent, with
Lieut.-Col. Morris, C. 8., attended at Woolwich, on
Saturday afternoon, for the purpose of inspecting
the brigade of the 14th Kent, Woolwich Dockyard
Artillery Volunteers. The force, consisting of four
batteries under the command of Major Thornton,
assembled on parade at the dockyard about four
o'clock, with the hand of the corps, and received his
lordship and Col. Morris with the usual salute. The
ranks were then inspected front and rear, and the
force marched past at slow and quick time and in
quarter distance column. Various battalion move-
ments followed. A detachment was then called out
from each battery to work the garrison guns, and
at the termination of the inspection Viscount Sydney
expressed the utmost satisfaction with the appear-
ance of the corps and the manner in which the evo-
lutions had been carried out. His lordship before
leaving Woolwich also inspected some volunteer
companies at the Royal Arsenal.
On Saturday evening a meeting of the Notting-
ham Robin Hood Rifles was held in the Exchange-
hall for the purpose of electing a lieutenant-colonel
in the place ofLicut.-Col. Craufurd, who resigned a
short time ago. The distinction has been conferred
on Mr. Wright, who has held the office of major in
the battalion.

The Lochaber Rifle Volunteers (Inverness-shire)
mustered a few days ago to compete at target prac-
tice for a handsome field glass,gtilfte,gdiefltivoefreNdlrasc.olmV..
:NBirii.slc.ei.lrTulciee,pitilizperebseeinntgin\gvotnheby Sergt. Mackenzie,
plimentary address, Which was rePeived with hearty
applause.

The Ist Cambridgeshire had a competition in the

course of last week. Private Ling proved the winner
of the first prize, scoring 17 points, leaving Privates
Groote and Garratt in a minority of four points.
The shooting was at 200 and 300 yards, five rounds
each distance.

On Saturday last the 21st Lancashire (Wigan)
Rifle Volunteers paid their annual visit to Parbold
Hall, the residence of Mr. F. Twining, about seven
miles from Wigan. The customary evolutions of a
field day were gone through very creditably, the
admirable precision of the volley firing deserving
especial praise. Dinner and dancing followed, the
latter being kept up till 7 o'clock with great spirit.
On Wednesday last the ceremony of presenting
the Artists Rifle Corps with a handsome pair of
colours was performed by Mrs. Edgar in the court-
yard of Devonshire-house. Captain Phillips re-
turned thanks on behalf of the corps. Afterwards
the presentation of two of the prizes for shooting
took place. The first was a silver gilt Cellini cup,
given by Captain Lewis, and won by Ensign Tal-
fourd ; and the second a Westley Richards' breech-
loader, given by Captain Leighton, and won by
Private Thorneley.
The presentation of prizes to the Ist and 3d com-
panies of the Isle of Wight Volunteer Rifle Corps
took place on Monday evening at Gwdwr-house,
near Ryde. The prizes consisted chiefly of three
silver cups to each company, presented by officers of
the corps and their friends. Mrs. Rendall, the wife
of Captain Rendall, presented the chief prize to
Sergeant Lake, by whom it was gained.

The Ist administrative Essex battalion was bri-
gaded with the troops in the camp at Colchester on
Thursday. The companies which assembled were
the Colchester, Chelmsford, Braintree, Dunmow,
Dedham, Manningtree, and Bentley—in all some
370 men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Sir Claude de Crespigny. The entire strength
of the garrison was assembled, there being some
2,000 men under arms. For the purposes of the
brigade movements the two battalions were
divided into four wings, under the direction of
Colonel Street, Colonel Dixon, Major West, and
Captain Bassett. The Volunteers formed a fifth
wing, and the entire brigade was handled by
Col. the Hon. A. Gordon, C. 8., commandant of the
troops in camp. Several distinguished military offi-
cers were present, and there were also on the ground
representatives of some distant volunteer corps.
The movements executed were those of an ordinary
field-day. At the close Lieut.-Col. Sir Claude de
Crespigny stated that Col. Gordon was satisfied
with the manner in which the volunteers had sus-
tained their part. The ladies of Colchester are about
to offer the corps of that town a challenge cup of
the value of £4O. The firing will be at 650, 700,
and 800 yards.
A list of the valuable prizes to be awarded at the
forthcoming competition of the City of London
Rifle -Brigade has been issued by the Lieut.-Colonel
commanding. It is intended, if possible, that the
contest shall come off in three days in the week
ending Saturday, July 20.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S
TRIAL 01 STEAM PLOUGHS.

LEEDS, FRIDAY.

The hot-water power that blew off the lid of
Newcomen's suggestive tea-kettle has been accu-
mulated in scientific " boilers," with fireboxes and
tubular flues for utilising the caloric developed by
combustion of fuel, and by pressure and expansion
urging the piston in its smooth-bored cylinder, it
gives, through connecting-rod and crank, that con-
tinuously-revolving motion of a fly-wheel shaft
from which cog-wheels, riggers,belts, and shafting
drive a countless infinity of machines in every
branch of mechanical art. But only of late years
have the makers of farm implements reduced the
great motor to a portable agent in the field and
farmyard, by a studied lightness, perfection, and
simplicity of parts, and economical consumption of
coal, surprising to the builder of the swift, yet im-
mense railway locomotive, or of massive engines
working the ponderous mine-pump, the mighty
paddle-wheel, or the multiplied mechanism of a fac-
tory. And already, not only is the stationary or
barn-work machinery of agriculture actuated by
steam-power, but the fundamental labour of tillage
is now fairly mastered ; a steam engine can distri-
bute the application of its motive force over every
point of a wide irregular area, like that of an ordi-
nary field, and plough, trench, delve, and scuffle,
no matter how hilly and uneven may be the sur-
face, how unkind the temper or foul the condition
of the soil. Not merely as a practical problem
solved by unbusinesslike inventions in cases of par-
tial experiment, but steam husbandry has assumed
such extensive proportions and excited such unpre-
cedented interest in the agricultural mind that we
have many competing systems of steam culture,
and rival firms doing a large trade in steam-driven
implements. And when we contrast the rapidity of
extension characterising agricultural improvements
available by the tenant farmer with the sluggish
advance of those more permanent ameliorations
confined to the owners of land, as, for instance, the
spread of steam thrashing, which has created many
great factories within a few years, compared with
the stagnation of land drAinage and river reform,
which in a long course of time have not dried a
tenth of the wet grounds of England—it is not all
extravagant to anticipate the certain and early sub-
stitution of steam for horse power in one-third to
one -half of our tillage operations. That is, some
£12,000,000 worth of teams will probably be re-
placed by a force eating coal and wearing away
metal, instead of consuming for mere motive-power
the oats and provender that should make mutton
and beef.

It so happens that the point of advantage in
steam hasbandry which is of least importance has
generally had most prominence given to it,.probably
because of the ease with which it can be estimated
and appreciated. The cheaper cost per acre of the
work done is always a main point in public trials,
but, in reality, is of far less moment to the farmer
than the extra perfection of the tillage and the ex-
pedited rate of performance. By greater depth and
superior efficiency of the ploughing or grubbing
heavy soils are completely improved in character,
yielding fine and increasing crops of corn and roots,
with scarcely any manurial application. Bat it is
also found that the power to accomplish in two weeks
the same extent of preparation for a seed-bed that
by horse labour occupied three weeks so far enables
the farmer to choose the best weather for sowing,
and places him beforehand with the fitful seasons,
as to be equivalent to a certain augmentation of
produce. For saving of time often makes the differ-
ence not only between a good crop and a bad one,
but between this and no crop at all. -Besides, the
superior style of eradicating root-weeds and destroy=
ing animals, and laying up fallow ground in ridge
and trench for a winter's mellowing, amazingly re-
duce the number of processes necessary during a
rotation of crops. Mr. Smith's tabular statements of
cost and quantities show that on his Woolston clay
soil the seedbeds for 17 successive crops have re-
quired only 39 mechanical operations, at an average
cost of 10s. 10d. per acre for each crop ; whereas a
low estimate of ordinary horse tillage is 21s. 4d. per
acre for each crop. Again, employers of the steam-
plough on farms of average extent (as shown in a
considerable number of instances) find that they can
displace one-third to one-half of their animal team,
and yet possess a total tillage-force much greater
than before; while the difference in expense between
the horse and steam powers is so considerable as to
leave them several hundreds of pounds :per annum
in pocket.
The urgency of the subject has led the Royal
Agricultural Society to devote a lengthened trial to
the investigation or the merits of the different in-
ventions at present before the public, awl accord-
lingly the consulting-engineer, Mr. Amos, G.E., of
Southwark; the appointed judges, Mr. Owen, of
Rotherham ; Mr. Owen Wallis, of Overstone,
Northamptonshire ; and Mr. Clare Sewell Read, of
Plumetead, near Norwich, with the Hon. Augustus
Vernon, as acting steward on the occasion, and Mr.
Brandreth Gibbs, as honorary director of the show,
proceeded on Monday last (a whole fortnight pre-
vious to the exhibition of implements and live stock)
to test periormances with a view to awarding the
society's prizes. A quiet uninterrupted trial was to
have come off at the Stourton Grange Farm of Mr.
Brady Nicholson, near Garforth station, 8 miles
from Leeds, on the Selby line of railway, but whe-
ther from the growing popularity of steam plough-
ing, the mechanical intelligence of the West Riding
population, or, perhaps, the fame of one apparatus
manufactured by a great Leeds engineer, so nume•
rous are the visitors that special trains have been
run, bringing many thousands of persons each day
to the trial grounds, and, though adding to the gene-
ral interest, considerably detracting from the value
of the experimental operations.
Until complete and satisfactory grounds of opin-
ion have been obtained from each machine, it might
create a false impression to publish measurements
and calculated costs of parious processes now per
formed. And, indeed, even the concisest outline of
the construction and principle of action peculiar to
each of the ten sets of apparatus in competition will
occupy a sufficient share of our report. Four dis-
tinct classes of steam tilling maphiherT w before
the Nagle, In the nrst, an ir4lement is' dragged by
wire-ropei this class being subdivided into twe

kinds—one having a stationary engine, the other
having an engine which shifts at intervals along
the headland or end of the field. In the second, the
traction of the implement is effected by attaching it
to a locomotive engine. In the third, the implement
is not dragged but propels itself by means of power
communicated through a light rope running at high
velocity, from an engine either stationary or mov-
ing intermittently along the headland. The fourth
class is that of rotary diggers carried and actuated
by an engine which is locomotive. Of these the
third class is unrepresented at Leeds. Messrs. IFis-
ken, the inventors, however, have been improving
upon their apparatus of 1855, under the patro-
nage of the Hexham Farmers Club. The remain-
ing classes comprehend the different machines
competing for the two premiums of £lOO each,
offered respectively for " the application of steam
power for the cultivation of the soil,"and for "ditto
worked by an ordinary portable engine not exceed-
ing 10-horse power," For the open prize there are
six competitors, with seven different methods, five
of twhich are varieties of the wire-rope system. First
take the stationary engines.
Messrs. James and Frederick Howard, of the
Britannia Ironworks, Bedford, formerly manufac-
turers of the %Voolston implements, have brought
out some novelties. The rope, partially supported
upon friction-roller porters, lies round the four sides
of the field, passing round an anchored pulley at
each corner, two of the anchors being fixed, the
others shifted by manual labour along the headland
as required. Abandoning Mr. Smith's " turnbow,"
Messrs. Howard have invented a remarkably light
yet powerful grubber, having tines with backward
and forward shares, in form somewhat like a letter
Y turned upside down—thus, A ; so as to work with
either end of the implement going foremost. The
steering is effected by sharp-edged wheels, directed
by the workman, who rides upon the implement.
By anchoring a 40-yard length of chain along the
headland, the pulley can be shifted by the strain of
the rope itself, thus saving the hand labour of two
men as mentioned above. The two ropes which
meet at the implement and at the windlass stationed
against the engine, are alternately wound upon and
unwound from two drums, the regular and even
coiling being secured by a man guiding the rope
with a loose roller. The horizontal axis upon which
the drums are hung is the axletree of a pair of high
travelling wheels ; brackets at each end support the
pinion shaft above the drums, from which they re-
ceive motion, and a pair of horse shafts resting on the
ground hold the windlass in its position, the whole,
weighing about 26cwt without the rope, being ready
for removal without any raising or alteration. The
peculiarity of the construction is that, as the barrels
rotate upon short hollow axes placed eccentrically
upon the axletree, they are slightly lifted or lowered
in or out of gear with the pinions above by easily
turning round the hollow axes with handles for the
purpose. The loose drum also rests upon a fixed
block or break, to retard its motion, and regulate
the paying out of the slack rope. Instead of driving
by strap from the engine fly-wheel, Messrs. Howard
connect the pinion-shaft to the engine crank-shaft
by a spindle with two universal joints. These are
of flexible indiarubber, and the engine and windlass
being set slightly tilted on one side, so as to bring
the spindle nearly in a line with the shafts just
named, the movement is very smooth, and a great
improvement upon the driving band, which always
slipped in wet weather or was blown off by high
winds. The engine is a double-cylinder, portable,
and fitted with cog-wheels for driving the main car-
riage wheels at a moderate speed, when travelling
from place to place. It is a feature in the present
show that all the engines competing for the prize
under consideration are self-locomotive from field to
field, whether employed there as stationary or not.
Messrs. Howard's new implement for common
ploughing consists of two sets of shares, mould-
boards, and coulters, fixed, one set below the other
in an inverted position above a beam-frame. This
frame is supported at each end by end-carriages,
running upon wheels, used for steering, and is
turned one-half round with an axial motion, when
one set of three ploughs is to be taken out of work
and the other three brought to the ground for
ploughing the return furrows.
Messrs. Robey and Co., of Lincoln, exhibit an
engine, having its hind-wheel axletree lengthened
in order to support two winding drums, one on each
side the boiler, driven by intermediate cog-wheels
from the crank-shaft. Thus no windlass on a se-
-1 parate carriage is required. The rope is laid out
1 around the field like Messrs. Ho ward's.

Messrs. Richardson and Darley, of Kirton-in-
Lindsey, Lincolnshire, used their locomotive en-
gine, a stationary one, to drive Mr. Beard's small
windlass and light tackle hauling a common two-
furrow plough, which is turned round at the ends
of the work.

THE LA7B ACCIDENT ON THE NORTH
STAFFORDSHIRE RAILWAY.

TUTBURY, SATURDAY.
The inquiry into the cause of death of John
Smith (driver), John Tams (fireman), and Robert
Gardener (guard), who were killed on the Burton
and Tutbury branch of the North Staffordshire
Railway on Friday evening, the 21st of June, was
resumed this morning, at the Castle Inn, Tutbury,
before Mr. Sale, one of the coroners for Derbyshire.
A number of witnesses were again examined, and
their evidence was very contradictory.
The company called Mr. Woodhouse, the eminent
engineer, who gave it as his opinion that the exces-
sive speed of the engine, probably at the rate of 60
or 70 miles an hour, caused the accident.
The following important evidence was given by
the Government inspector :
Henry Watley Tyler—l am captain in the Royal
Engineers and Government inspector of railways.
I visited the scene of the accident on the Wednes-
day after it occurred. I have examined the line
between the wooden bridge and where the engine
went down the embankment. I find the engine
is not calculated to run very steadily at high speed,
and I have reason to believe it was travelling at
high speed on this occasion. As it was thus leaving
the wooden bridge it began evidently, from some
cause or other, to oscillate, and the road gave way
under the oscillations so far as to be pushed to
the right and lett for a distance Of 90 yards. It
then, from some reason, burst the road altoge-
ther. The two important points to look at are
—first, the end of the wooden bridge where the
oscillation commenced, in order to determine what
it was that caused the oscillation ; and secondly,
the point at the end of the 90 yards where the en-
gine left the line, to ascertain what it was that
there gave way. With regard to the point at the
end of the bridge, the evidence shows that a joint
chair had been very slightly shifted upon the
sleeper. I observed in that chair two new fasten-
ings on the inside. I also observed that the two
chairs on the same side, behind this joint chair,
had also two new fastenings on the inside, and
that there were indications of their also having
slightly shifted on the sleepers. With regard
to the second point, at the end of the 90 yards, I
have been unable to get evidence further than
that you have heard to-day as to the condition
of those parts which gave way, and the
state in which they were found after the acci-
deat. I found a number of new fastenings and
new sleepers on the portion of the road knocked out
of line, and I found that the ballast had been par-
tially removed and thrown out on both sides. I
have come to the conclusion that the accident was
occasioned by the somewhat unsteady engine com-
ing at high speed upon a weak portion of the road.
It first disturbed it slightly, and then its oscillations
increasing in intensity caused it probably at length
to burst the line altogether.
After some further evidence the coroner summed
up, and the jury returned the following verdict :
" That the train was travelling at too rapid a paw ;
that the line was not in a good state of repair; and
that the engine and guard's van was overthrown in
consequence, and the driver, fireman, and guard
thereby killed."

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LA TV INTELLIG_ENCE.-eTuly 6.

COURT OF DIVORCE.

(Before the Judge-Ordinary and a Common Jury.)

RICHARDES V. RICHARDES and JONES.

The hearing of the case was resumed this day,
and several witnesses were called to sustain the
pleas of the respondent as to her husband's cruelty
and commission of adultery with different females
at Aberystwith. Three of the young women with
whom the petitioner was alleged to have intrigues
were examined on his behalf, after the case for re-
ference had closed, and denied in the most positive
terms that they had been guilty of any impropriety
with him. The other female, with whom it was
alleged he had had improper intercourse, was un-
able to attend from ill-health, but a lady who was
intimately acquainted with her deposed that she
had known the petitioner only a few days, and that
from her knowledge of her character it was not
likely she would have committed herself in the way
alleged.

Mr. Sergeant Shee, Mr. Huddlestone, Q.C., and
Mr. Hawkins, Q.C., addressed the jury on behalf
of their respective clients.
~..

Sir C. Cresswell, in summing up, said that there
were two questions to be considered by the jury, as
to whether the respondent had committed adultery
with the co-respondent, and the second whether the
petitioner had been guilty of the same offence with
any or all of the females with whom it was alleged
that he had improper intimacy. The evidence rela-
tive to the first question was very strong, as it con-
tained facts that could leave no reasonable doubt
on the mind of rational men that subsequent to the
departure of her husband from England the respon-
dent had committed adultery with the co-respon-
dent. As regarded the next question, it was a mere
matter of credibility with reference to the evidence
adduced. Improprieties were sworn to as having
taken place between the petitioner and some
young ladies, but these improprieties were stated
to have been committed under circumstances,
that would induce a supposition that thosia
young ladies, who occupied respectable stations
in society, had lost all self-respect, for it was un-
posed that they had misconducted themselves with
the petitioner in the most open manner. The peti-
tioner claimed damages, which was a matter en-
tirely for the decision of the jury, who would have
to consider what loss the husband had sustained by
the seduction of his wife. It was proved in evi-
dence that he had written letters of an amatory
character to a young lady about sixteen years of
age, and that he was endeavouring to provide him-
self with a wife on the contingency of obtaining a
divorce, a proceeding that must present his conduct
in a very unfavourable light. There could be no
doubt that while the petitioner was cohabiting with
his wife he had paid very marked attentions to,
other ladies.

The jury retired, and, after an hour's absence,.
found a verdict to the effect that the respondent
had been guilty of adultery with the co-respondent,
and that the petitioner had committed adultery
with three of the females named in the pleadinrss,
and they assessed damages at one farthing.
Sir C. Cresswell said he would reserve judgutent
relative to pronouncing a decree until he had. care-
fully considered the facts of the case.