The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-15 00:00:00

SUN,, LONDON. THURSDAY EVENING. AUGUST 15, 1861

THF SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION.
DUBLIN, WEDNESDAY.

Lord Brougham and the Duke of Wellington
arrived at Kingstown by the Telegraph steamer on
Monday night. They came to Dublin by train and
immediately drove to the Viceregal Lodge. The
Earl and Countess of Bessborough, Lady Caroline
and the Misses Lascelles, Viscount Amberley, and
the Lady Georgina Russell, are among the dis-
tinguished visitors at present staying with the Lord- [
Lieutenant. Yesterday morning Lord Brougham !
drove into town early, and visited the Lord Mayor
at the Mansion-house. He next proceeded to the
Bank of Ireland, of the architectural beauty of
which he expressed his admiration. He inspected
carefully the several departments of the Bank. Ile
remained a considerable time in the chamber once
occupied by the House of Peers, which is still kept
for show to remind the visitor that the building
was once the Parliament House. He then passed
over the way to Trinity College, where he was re-
ceived by several distinguished Fellows of the Uni-
versity, who accompanied him through the library,
museum,the examination hall, and the new building.
He subsequently went to the Royal Irish Academy,
Dawson-street, which had been placed at the service
of the Social Science Congress for offices during the
meetings. His lordship having been conducted
through the building by the secretary of the insti-
tution, returned to the Viceregal Lodge. This
evening he delivered his inaugural address as Pre-
sident of the Association for Promoting Social
Science. It was as follows :—ln opening the fifth
congress of the National Association I hardly need
observe that it would ill deserve its name if it did
not embrace the important part of the empire in
which we have now the happiness to assemble. We
are in the great capital of Ireland, renowned for
having given to the world men illustrious in all
the departments of science and art, as well as of
arms. But it is to me individually a painful reflec-
tion that the most eminent of these, and whose
friendship was my comfort and my honour, I cannot
meet in this my first visit to the country adorned
by their transcendant genius—Grattan, Plunkett,
Wellington, Wellesley—the great patriot, the con-
summate orator, the first of warriors, foremost too
among statesmen, and the illustrious head of his
house, the greatest of all who ever ruled over Ire-
land—all of these I have been doomed to outlive,
and to the dispensations of Providence it is fit we
should be resigned. But the loss of such men to
their country is grievous, and more especially of
one whom I have named. The others had accom-
plished the high work to which they were severally
called and left their bright example to guide us, and
their success to cheer; but of the great Duke,
whether in peace or in war, whether we look abroad
or at home while we cherish the immortal memory,
we feel the loss not to be repaired. It now becomes
my duty to note the progress which social science
has made daring the last year, and its present
state and prospects. We are met again by the
complaint that few of the plans proposed by us have
been accomplished, and that, of the measures ori-
ginating in our labours, many have failed to pass
through the Legislature. But the progress of all
the sciences and arts is slow, because their improve-
ment is necessarily gradual. Our limited faculties
can never reach at once the utmost excellence of
which they are capable, and their exercise can never
complete suddenly any great work, but must pro-
ceed by steps towards its accomplishment. In the
whole circle of science you find gradual progress to
be the rule. Thus the vast changes which Newton
made in the mathematics and in physical science
were effected after others had made a near approach
eo the same point. The calculus, in itself so great
au extension of analytical science, and in its conse-
quences producing such a revolution in all the ex-
acter sciences, had, above a quarter of a century
before its invention, been nearly discovered by
Cavalleri and Roberval, and still more nearly by
Fermat, and some years later most nearly of all by
Barrow ; while the doctrine of gravitation and its
explanation of the heavenly motions had been ap-
proached—at any rate, had the way prepared for it
—by Galileo, Kepler, Huyghens, Borelli ; and even
his optical discoveries had been partially anticipated
by Krontaud, of Prague, and Antonio, Bishop of
Spelatro. The science of chemistry, from the dreams
of the alchymisfs to the erroneous theory of Stahl,
made slow progress, and by successive improvements
was freed from those errors, and grew into the
science which Black, Pei& stly, Lavoisier, and Davy
brought to its present state. The great rule of gra-
dual progress governs the moral sciences as well as
the natural. Before the foundations of political eco-
nomy were laid by Hume and Smith, the French
economists had made a great step towards it, and
Turgot had himself worked, and as a Minister
had patronised the labours of others in the same
direction. Again, in constitutional policy, see by
what slow degrees the great discovery of represen-
tative government has been made from its first rude
elements—the attendance of feudal tenants at their
lord's court, and the summons of burghers to grant
supplies of money. Far from being impatient at this
slow progress, we ought rather to reflect that the
sure advance of all the sciences depends in a great
measure upon its being gradual. But the common
law of our nature, which forbids the sudden and
rapid leaping forward, and decrees that each suc-
cessive step prepared by the last facilitates the next,
is in an especial manner of importance and of value
in t he social sciences, which so nearly affect the
highest interests of mankind. Here our course, to
ha S,,afe, must be guided by the result of experience,
and. must always be of a tentative kind. We must
even. be prepared to change our direction and our
pace, and to retrace our steps when we find we have
gone too far in a wrong direction. The skilful
navigator, when steering on an unknown coast,
after taking all precautions to obtain information
reseeecting it, having no chart, or none that can be
relied on, proceeds with the lead ever in his hand,
and the glass at his eye, lies to, when he can, at
night or in a fog, and has his sail and his helm
a Iways ready to change his course on the least iodi-
c ation of peril. The safety of his ship and crew
d epends cn such precautions, and the safety of the
community depends upon all proposed improve-
ced
men ts, which are changes, being first most maturely
considered, and, when adopted, being ri
intoor
ceecueien by such advances as shall givear time for
correcting ing errors, or stopping short, or altering the
course pursued, when actual experience proves it to
be wrong. Take an example from the great change
in our jurisprudence which I had the satisfaction of
bringiag about in 1851, by the act for the examina-
tion of parties in all civil suits. Above 20 years
before I had strongly urged the change of the
law of evidence in this and other respects. Various
improvements had been effected rather by judicial
decision than by state—by what Mr. Bentham used
to c all " judge-made law." Then, in 1843, Lord
Den man carried a bill for removing the objection
of interest to a witness's competency which I had
in vain proposed fifteea years before. In 1842 the
proposal was renewed that all objection of interest
being proposed to be removed, the parties should
themselves be made competent. But the bill passed,
confined to witnesses not being made parties. It
was foretold by the objectors that perjury would be
increased. The Act passed, and there was no in-
crease of perjury. I then brought in the bill for
the examination of parties, and it passed without
much opposition, though the Chancellor of the day
resisted it, and had it referred to a select committee.
But I never should have carried it had not the first
step been taken by the bill of 1843, and the expe-
rience nisder that Act shown how safely we might
g° further. The Lew Amendment Society, the pre.
cursor, and
examined the ally
th f our National Association,exami
minutely the working of the County-
Courts Act in
tot h l
e elxamination of parties. It circu-
lated queriesthe judges of those courts, and
their answers proved
wholly favourable to the plan.
I had thus for the bill
the powerful support of
actual experience for several years • and I now have
hopescomplete'
of being able to
the great change by
a further step, extending it to criminal cases,
at least
so far
as giving the defendant an option
of being
examined if be pleases, and of course
improvement
submitting
himself to the sifting of cross-examination, t.
enctonin
ceiv e that the history of thisa sgtrreoantg
our jurisprudence throws. light upon the
position that, changes in measures of social im
--prove..
turn t generatly are best effected by degrees, And
that

the gradual progress of such improvement is not to I
be lamented, but rather in the bulk of instances to
be deemed beneficial and safe. He is no friend
to the advance of social science in any of its
branches who hastens forward with heedless, unre-
flecting speed, despising all that is gained because
it is less than all that he desires, and looking down
with contempt upon those whom he passes in his
impatient course. This spirit, so inimical to real,
solid improvement, sometimes is the fruit of zeal
without knowledge, and not unfrequently arises
from mere selfish desire of distinction, when a man,
sacrificing a great cause to his personal ambition,
becomes a public enemy—
"Vainglorious, who through infamy seeks fame."
For this is one of those occasions in which variety,
from being, as it commonly is, a harmless folly, only
ridiculous, rises into a crime, becoming selfish, un-
principled, pernicious, and disgraceful. It is, how-
ever, fit that we now consider the progress which
has been actually made since our last congress; and
here I would first of all mark the very gratifying
change that has taken place of late years, and to
which our labours have materially contributed—the
change in the economy and management of their
estates by the owners of property. The improve-
ments in agriculture have obliged landlords to make
a great outlay upon draining and farm buildings,
highly beneficial, no doubt, to themselves, and there-
fore. well bestowed ; but in most instances so diffi-
cult as to require the help of loans. Yet, at the
same time, they have generally contributed in a de-
gree formerly unknown to what could afford no pe-
cuniary benefit, the building and support of schools,
improving the dwellings of the poor, and the build-
ing and repair of churches, thus spending most
s e
redreverend
upon these excellent objects when they had least
to spare. tyn, hasalea observed and
It i
s friendne of
of the
mine, Mr. E
happy effects of advancement in any path that it
begets a zeal for advancement in other directicns,
and he who begins by improving his estate ends
in wishing to improve the people upon it and near
it." Nothing can be more delightful than to
contemplate this progress in classes, generally
speaking, the most reluctant to approve changes,
because the slowest to believe in their
expediency, or even safety; and it affords the
strongest reason for extending to the agricultural
labourers and their children the benefit of those
wholesome restraints of late years imposed upon
the improper employment of labour in other
branches. It is a most consolatory circumstance to
all friends of such improvement, and of the sound
and liberal principles which insure its progress,
that the reign of these principles seems to be esta-
blished universally. We cannot, indeed, say with
the great poet, when expressing his thanks for the
Restoration,—

" At home the hateful names of parties cease,
And factious souls are wearied into peace."

But at least they are tired of resisting the truth,
and thus we find that upon the most important
questions there is now little to distinguish conflict-
ing parties, all being alike the professors of opinions
which but a few years ago formed the main ground,
or, it might be, the chief pretext of their differences.
Thus, the stoutest adversaries of secret voting (per-
haps well advised in their opposition) have lately
insisted upon introducing it at one of our Univer-
sities, with an intimation that it ought to be gene-
rally applied; for the voting by signed papers,
though its proposed object be to save the voter's
journey, of necessity insures his escape from obser-
vation. The most important of all our departments,
unquestionably, is the first—that of Jurisprudence ;
and here we have not to report a great number of
measures recommended at our former meeting and
adopted by the Legislature, but those which hap-
pily have been approved and passed are of very,
great moment. An elaborate report, with sugges-
tions on the Patent Law and the reports on Private
Bill legislation, has as yet borne no fruit, But the
important propositions respecting Charitable Trusts,
made by our learned and distinguished colleague,
Sir W. Page Wood, have to a great extent been
adopted by the EducatiDn Commission, under the
Duke of Newcastle ; and the amendments of the
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Laws, which, after the
L fullest investigations, are so strongly recom-
r mended, have almost all been introduced into the
new act, the careful framing of which reflects the
greatest credit upon the Lord Chancellor. It has
not passed through the ordeal of fte Lords without
material changes; but it is an important amend-
ment of the law. Great complaints were made at
the last congress of the manner in which the time
of the Legislature was consumed, almost to waste,
by endless and useless debate in one of the houses ;
and the worst consequences of this was felt and
deplored in the loss of the bills for the Consolida-
tion of the Criminal Law. Although it cannot be
with truth affirmed that the grounds of the com-
plaint are removed, yet they have been somewhat
lessened during the last session ; and certainly
there has been the most satisfactory change in the
manner of dealing with these important Consolida-
tion Bills—a change which may, in part at least,
be ascribed to the effect of our remonstrances. The
wise resolution which we strongly urged, supported
by the high authority of my esteemed friend Lord
Lyndhurst, has been adopted, of taking upon trust
the project framed by learned and skilful persons,
and examined by a committee of the Lords; and
thus five Acts have been passed containing a digest
of the main body of the criminal statute law. That
there is no other conceivable means of attaining
this great object has long been the opinion of prac-
tical lawyers, and, after it had so long been rejected
by the Legislature, it is gratifying to reflect that
the labours of this association have contributed to
its adopti3n. Nor can any gain to our jurispru-
dence be more important, both in itself and as lead-
ing to a digest of the law in all its branches, for
nothing can more directly tend to its improvement
in every way. But, furthermore, it is confessed on
all hands that the subject has an indisputable right
to protection in return for his allegiance ; nay, as
the very condition of his allegiance. Yet, in-
volved in this is the right to be made acquainted
with the laws under which he lives, and sub-
mission to which his allegiance implies. But
the ancient tyrant who placed his laws at
such a height that the people could not
read them, hardly did a worse act than they 1
who so wrap them up in vague language, and
so mix and confound their provisions, that when
read they are not understood. Happily, there is I
: certainty now an end to this grievous defect in our system—
of having a digest, which for many
years was beyond
my most sanguine expectations,
when the labours
committed
reports,
of those to whom nearly 30
m yearsost ago
ula
b le,the
seemed
doomed
gtoividnigsaups- 1
pointment by the course pursued in the House of
Commons, and would have continued in effectual
-
but for the exertions and the influence of our
Na-
tional Association. Let us, however, hold in grate-
ful remembrance the invaluable services of Messrs.
B. Ker, Starkie, Greaves, and Lonsdale towards
the success of this great work. We may now hope
to see the expectations of our learned colleague,
Sir F. Kelly, fulfilled, who, in his repeated at-
tempts at consolidation, and in presenting the ably,
framed bills which he successively brought in, cal-
culated upon the number of statutes which they
embraced, and saw good reason to believe that he
would reduce the 40 volumes now filled by the
statute law to four. His services have not been
confined to this branch of jurisprudence. In two
succeeding sessions he introduced a most important
bill for removing the defect of our law as to the
wills of British subjects executed abroad, and it
passed the Commons both times, but fell through
in the Lords. Lord Kingsdown's Bill now passed
with the same object, though less extensive than
Sir Fitzroy's, removes a great part of the defect
complained of. Finally, a most important Act has
been happily passed, and with less difficulty than
our excellent colleague, Mr. Villiers, its author, I
expected, reducing the time of gaining settlement
from five to three years, extending the required re-
sidence over the whole union, and distributing the
payment of rates more justly and equally. We may
congratulate our colleague on a measure which will, 1
in all probability, be followed by others to re-
move the whole defects of the settlement law. It is
very unfortunate that the lamented death of his
brother, the Bishop of Durham, deprives us of his
I, attendance at the congress. In this department of ,

jurisprudence we must record a very important
statement and motion of our colleague, Lord Clan-
ricarde,
upon Irish judicature and judicial proce-
dure
in comparison with the English, and he has
since extended it to proceedings at sessions. A com-
mission was appointed in consequence ; but, inde-
pendent of all inquiry, and whatever legislative
measure may be its result, it was manifest that the
department of Judicial Statistics, which was estab-
lished in England with so great advantage to the
progress of our legislation, might be extended to
Ireland ; and having offered this suggestion, which
the noble marquis entirely approved, I have had the
satisfaction of learning that the Government lost
no time in acting upon it, to the great benefit of
our judicial system. In coming to the next depart-
ment—Education—our attention is first of all
arrested by the great event which has happened
since our last meeting, and to which our unwearied
exertions have most essentially contributed—the
repeal of the paper duty, the heavy tax upon know-
ledge in every one of its various branches. That
gross and glaring anomaly in our legislative as well
as administrative proceedings has now ceased. We
can no longer be charged with, at one and the same
time, paying for schools to teach and raising the
price of the books taught—of encouraging the peo-
ple to read, of patronising authors and multiplying
readers, while we make it unprofitable for the for-
mer to write and hard for the latter to read. The
effect of this most salutary change has been imme-
diate, and it has been great. Over what an
ample field its operation extends may be
seen by this—that one daily penny paper has
a circulation of B'l,ooo, and a halfpenny
weekly journal, with excellent cuts, has been
established, and already issues above 8,000. My
complaints made at the Liverpool meeting can
therefore no longer be urged, and a prodigious
benefit has been conferred upon all the departments
of knowledge by the steady perseverance of Mr.
Gladstone in carrying this great measure against
the most formidable resistance both in Parliament
and beyond its walls, Of that benefit we of the
National Association have our full share, along
with the gratifying reflection on the part we took
in obtaining it. The good thus bestowed seems to
be free from all admixture of evil; for the alarm felt
by some, affected by more, at the cheap newspaper
press is really groundless. The bulk of readers,
always influenced by the more rational and better
informed part of the community, will entirely dis-
countenance and prevent those outrages upon all
taste as well as truth and decency which we have
seen in the press of some countries—of one particu-
larly, so gross as almost to pass belief. But the
character of the people must not be judged as if
they could approve of such things. We might as
well charge the French countrymen of Lavoisier and
Lafayette with being robbers and murderers be-
cause the daily papers of Marat and Herbert
preached wholesale pillage and assassination, as
hold the countrymen of Washington and Franklin
answerable for the sins of their press—a compound
of slander, fraud, and bluster. So the incomparably
lighter excesses with which our journals may be
chargeable in the heat of factious controversy are
never more than passing and temporary, giving
way to the predominant good sense and good taste
of the community. The solid benefit obtained by
the multiplication of cheap papers, and works of
all kinds, is real and permanent, and a subject of
just congratulation, if it were for nothing more than
their tendency to free the public from the monoply
of the established papers, and the domination
which that monoply has its wonted effect in
producing. But our proceedings touching educa-
tion have been successful in other directions. At the
Bradford meeting the vice-president over this de-
partment was Mr. Chadwick, so well known for
his invaluable services on the Poor Law Commis-
sion 30 years ago, and without whose aid and agency
that great measure of practical social science, the
New Poor Law, could never in all probability have
been prepared. At Bradford he communicated to
Mr. Senior, one of the Education Commissioners,
who attended our congress, the result of the discus-
sions in the department over which he presided upon
the important subjects of reducing the time con-
sumed in teaching at schools and of forming those
schools and unions so as to lessen the cost and in-
crease the efficiency of instruction. The commis-
sioner requested him to examine these points in
detail when the congress broke up. He did so, and
collected a most valuable body of information, by
visiting the schools in the manufactories of the West
Riding, conferring also with school inspectors and
with medical men. His report was, unfortunately,
too late to be inserted in that of the commission ;
but it has since been moved for in the House of
Lords, and is presented, with his letter to Mr.
Senior. It may be considered as an event in the
history of education, and it is quite certain to occa-
sion extensive improvements, increasing the num-
ber of children taught, lessening their labour, and
making it conducive to the health both of the body
and mind. I certainly regard Mr. Chadwick as
having rendered to education a service equal to that
which the amendment of the Poor Law owes him.
On the former occasion I gave him what I deemed
his due commendation, speaking as a Minister of
the Crown, in the assembly over which I presided.
I knew him not personally, nor was I aware that
he then belonged to the newspaper press. Pane-
gyric is never popular; and mine was not soon for-
given ; I don't know if the subject of it was as-
sailed; I well remember the author of it was pretty
severely and pretty generally.

" Satire is sure to find a willing ear,
And they who blame the sneerer, love the sneer.
But righteous tributes no emotion raise,
And those that love the virtues, hate the praise."
In this con3ress I hope that my motive may plead
in extenuation of the fault, and I may be pardoned
for being dull by the consideration that I have been
just. A further and an important advantage has
been gained by the last congress for the interests of
education. The progress of popular instruction had
been grievously obstructed by the separate and
oftentimes conflicting proceedings of its promoters,
attached, and conscientiously attached, to different
sects of religion, acting in opposition to each other
though if brought together, and to a clear under-
standing, they might from their honest zeal for a
common object, have been led to co-operate, or, at
least, not to conflict. This great step was made in
the Congress at Glasgow. For the first time the
leaders of the Established Church party, of the
Free Church party, and of the United Presbyterians,
met together and maintained their respective views
before the members of the association. The result
was the formation of a representative committee (of
the chief denominations), whose labours there was
every reason to expect will lead to a reduction of
the points of difference, and a removal of the main
obstacles to progress. Both at that meeting and at
Bradford the important advantage was gained of
bringing the ecclesiastical school-teachers in more
full communication with the laity, and with Ihe
professors of sanitary science. It would be improper
to leave the great subject of education in the coun-
try where we are now assembled, without mention-
ing a fact that has been reported to us on good
authority, and even under the influence of preju-
dices which it rather thwarted. In Scotland it is
found that the Irishmen educated at the larger na-
tional schools are, in consequence of their great
steadiness, sobriety, and general trustworthiness,
preferred to ill-educated Scotchmen, for the places
of foremen in tohtelanmdahnuavfaectaoriseism;ilaanrdcoomurpglaoiondt
countrymen of Sc
of the greater number of Irish educated at the col-
leges being successful candidates for Indian civil
service appointments. In our sanitary department
considerable progress has been made. The quaran-
tine committee have brought their labours to a
close, and presented an elaborate report. It has
been communicated to the Board of Trade, which
had formerly directed to be laid before Parliament
the answers to our queries; and it has laid this
report Parliament,pporritnbteedfo.reTheinformation collected,
whichhas ordered
the it to
be
sug-
gestions made, are admitted to have essentially im-
proved the sanitary condition of our mercantile
marine. The report will be read by the learned
secretary of the committee, Dr. Milroy. The dif-
fusion of sanitary knowledge is a most important
part of the duties of this department ; and as the
association has from the first desired and accepted
the co-operation of women, the council have no
doubt in affiliating the Lady's Sanitary Society,

which acts under the highest patronage, and !
spreads among the poor a knowledge of the laws of
health, it being now admitted that much of debility,
disease, and premature mortality in this country re-
sults from ignorance and error, and might be pre-
vented. The society circulates many tracts upon
the subject, has lectures delivered in the poorer
districts of London, and engages in district visit-
ings, besides instructing the parochial clergy in the
work, and in many cases holding meetings in their
vestries, where poor women are familiarly instructed
on matters connected with health. The Criminal
and Reformatory Department presents very satisfac-
tory results ; and it maybe fit at this meeting that we
dwell more especially on the Irish branch of the sub-
ject. The number of reformatory schools is but small,
and it is devoutly to be wished that they were mul-
tiplied. But the diminution of crime in this island,
of late years, is most satisfactory ; and, allowing
that the great migration, since the famine years,
has had much influence, enough of the improvement
remains to reflect the greatest credit upon the in-
structors of youth and the ministers of religion.
The decrease in the number of the people makes any
comparison of the commitments for offences incon-
clusive, unless we regard the proportion of these to
population. They were in 1856, as 1 to 923 of the
people; in 1809, as 1 to 1,117; and in 1860, as 1 to
1,217. The number of juvenile offenders decreased
in a still greater proportion. Pre-eminence among
the subjects engaging our attention must, in some
degree, be determined by local circumstances; and
we this year assemble in a capital that affords the
opportunity and imposes the duty of inspecting the
operation of the Irish convict system, which has re-
ceived the attentive consideration, not of Great Bri-
tain only, but of the Continent of Europe, and of the
United States of America. In truth, it well deserves
all the praise it receives wherever the public mind is
awakened to the paramount duty of making such
exertions as may render the punishment of the crimi-
nal the instrument of his reformation. Here the pro-
blem has been solved how to deal with convicts, and
send them forth cured, instead of subject to relapse,
infecting others—criminals and the teachers of crime.
Of this system, under the Board of Directors, with
Captain Crofton at their head, and his able colleagues
Messrs. Lentaigne and Whitty, the fundamental
principle, simple and rational, long ago laid down
by that experienced judge and steady patron of the
system, Mr. Hill, is to make the convict the agent
of his own reformation by annexing the condition
of good conduct to every indulgence beyond the
barest sustenance,
,to removal from cellular to
social labour, and to shortening the period of his
confinement. His fate is placed in his own hands.
But he is not merely superintended and watched ;
he has constant intercourse with those in autho-
rity, as chaplain, teacher, director, whose treatment
is considerate and kindly ; he is treated as an indi-
vidual, not as one of a mass ; and this " individuali-
sation," as it is termed, has great advantages over
our English mode of dealing with the whole con-
victs in the bulk—the same advantage that a school
of many teachers and few pupils has over one where
a large number are under a single master. Another
superiority is in the rigour with which the condi-
tions of liberation are enforced upon the " ticket-
of-leave" men—arrest being at once enforced on the
least breach of the conditions. A third is the abso-
lute prohibition of all fermented liquors, even to
those who for their goad conduct have earned a
small advance out of the fund set apart from their
gains kept :till the time of their discharge. Mr.
Clay, in the memoirs of his father (many years
chaplain of the Preston gaol, whom I knew well,
and, in common with all who knew him, held in the
highest esteem for his virtuous life and most useful
services), in comparing the English and Irish re-
turns, has remarked' that the former take all ticket-
of-leave men as unconvicted against whom nothing
appears, whereas the latter more accurately give
the result of the information taken by tracing the
party ever since his liberation. This diversity pre-
vents us from making any comparison between the
numbers in the two cases ; :but the different results
of the two systems may be gathered from the fact
that at Lusk we see numerous convicts set to work,
. and only retained by moral restraint, without any
sentinels, while at Portland we see the convicts
- quarrying stones for the breakwater under the
. guard of sentinels with muskets and bayonets ;
and on the breakwater itself, which is more diffi-
-1 cult to guard, free labourers, and not convicts,
are employed. Another test of the Irish system
may be stated as decisive—the confidence of the
public in the reality and the permanence of the
reformation effected, inasmuch as discharged con-
victs at once find employers willing to receive
them, experience proving that they may be relied
upon as steady and trustworthy servants. The
statement that has been put about, that the
Irish plan is only adapted to the local circum-
stances of the country has been entirely refuted
by a reference to the adoption and support of the
system abroad. Baron Holtzendorff, professor in the
University of Baden, has published an excellent
work upon it, and intends to honour this congress
with his presence. The celebrated jurist, Professor
Mittermaiere, of Heidelberg, has given his ample
and zealous testimony in Captain Crofton's favour;
and Count Cavour, in the midst of all his labours
and anxieties, during the last two years of his life,
applied himself to master the principles of the sys-
tem, which he introduced, under Cavalier Peri, into
the Tuscan territory. Truly we may reckon among
the best friends of humanity those who effect the
great work of making punishment conducive to the
only purpose which we can with any certainty
reckon upon its accomplishing. The tendency to
prevent offences by deterring through the force of
example is, in the opinion of all practical men, very
much more feeble and uncertain than might be
wished; indeed, the number of offenders not pre-
pared by previous reformatory discipline, found
guilty of new offences, is a sad proof that not only
the example, but the actual experience of punish-
ment is ineffectual to deter. But of its influence,
under well-devised arrangements,to reclaim offenders
there can be no doubt. Of this influence we may
with certainty be possessed, and hence the high im
portance of the new system. In the great department
of social economy much attention was at the last
congress given to the important introduction into
the manufacturing districts of the co-operative sys-
tem—the establishment of unions by the working
classes, for the purposes of sharing in the profits on
the goods consumed or used by them, as well as of
preventing adulteration of those goods, and for the
purpose of carrying on branches of manufacture. In
both these kinds of union the progress has been very
great since last year, and in the latter those doubts
which seemed to exist of the scheme's practicability
have been almost altogether removed. Above 50
companies for manufacture have been established
since last congress, besides many of mere stores.
In these last a capital of £500,000 is invested ; but
in the former the manufacturing concerns repre-
, sent a capital of nearly £2,000,000, exclusive of
the Manchester Cotton Company (limited), whose
capital is £1,000,000. The returns of Mr. Tidd
Pratt show the creation of above 250 co-operative
societies within the last 12 months, enrolled under
the Friendly Society Act. It is not wonderful that
the members of such unions should be of an edu-
cated class, but that they should often exercise
themselves in literary labours is remarkable. Be-
sides entering into competition for the prizes offered
by the Dial newspaper and by Mr. John Cassell,
whose volume of above 20 working men's essays I
have just received, the working men of Manchester
carry on a monthly journal of co-operative progress,
without the help or interference of any other class.
A number of this work now lies before me; frem
which it appears that in the second year of its exis-
tence the sale has reached 12,000; it is well con-
ducted, and a hope is expressed of improving it
when what they term " the detestable duty on
paper" is given up. As might be supposed, the
savings and the profits of these good men are in
part applied
bl'
Thus at Rochdale they have given to the town a
to pule purposes and to charity.
drinking fountain and contributed £5O to the
Indian Relief Fund,
besides smaller yearly sums to
the dispensary and the deaf and dumb institution.
The effect °fee-operation in preventing those Strikes,
so pernicious to the working classes and so danger-
ous to the peace of the community, has been every-
where felt. The late Strikes at Colne may be as-
cribed to the want of co-operative unions in that

district ; but the mischiefs occasioned, and which I
left their deep traces behind, opened the people's
eyes to their error, and the consequence has been
the establishment in that district within the last
three weeks of a shed with 700 looms upon the co-
operative plan. It is important to observe that,
with another subject anxiously dwelt upon as well
as Strikes, at all our former meetings, the great
cause of temperance has been intimately and most
naturally connected. Not only are such of the con-
tributors as had before been subject to intemper-
ance weaned from their habits, but it is mainly
to temperate habits that the formation of
these unions may be traced. Exceptions there
may, no doubt, be ; but, as a rule, co-operative
societies are composed of sober and indus-
trious men. It is equally consolatory to find that
the improvement of health, the extirpation or miti-
gation of disease, everywhere keeps pace with the
increased habits of temperance. But in no respect
is it more gratifying than to observe the connexion
of temperance with the diminution of crime. In
France, it appears, from our colleague Mr. Quete-
let's statement, that no less than a fifth of all the
murders, during the last four rears, had their origin
in tavern brawls. In six English counties having
the fewest publichouses we find that, where they
were as 1 to 109 of the population, the offences are
as 1 to 591 ; but where the publichouses are as only
Ito 235, the offences arc as 1 to 762. In Ireland
the connection of intemperance with crime is even
more marked. Between the years 1838 and 1841
the consumption of whisky had fallen off about one
half, and we find in the latter year judges congra-
tulating the counties on the small number of pri-
soners to be tried, and ascribing this happy change
to the growth of temperance. So, in 1839, there
were in Richmond Bridewell 3,202 prisoners, in
1841 only 1,604. It is remarkable, though certainly
not surprising, that the prudence which leads to
economy kept pace with the prudence of sobriety.
In the former year the Dublin Savings-bank had
7,264 contributors ;in the latter 9,585. Source of
disease, of poverty, of crime, how long shall that
heavy curse be suffered to afflict us ? How long
shall we submit to a conqueror more cruel than the
armed invader—to a tyrant the most inexorable of
all, which has subdued rational men, and avenged
the world of unreasoning creatures for the wrongs
received at his hands ?
" Snvior armis

"Luxuria incubuit ; victumque ulciscitur orbem."
The little we have done to shake his dominions has
only been enoagh to let us know and feel how gall-
ing is the yoke, and how much the fault is ours who
bear it. The people have but to will it and they at
once are free. All honour to Father Mathew in Ire-
land, and to the grand Alliance in England, its
learned secretary, and his able coadjutors ! Nor
can I duly perform my office at the head of this
association if I do not enjoin it as a duty incum-
bent on all its members and on every well-wisher
to the progress of social science to patronise Mr.
Steele's most ably conducted quarterly journal of
all its branches. But why should I refer to other
branches than this great and fundamental one of
temperance ? Recollect the memorable words of
our learned colleague, that great philanthropist, the
Recorder Hill, who, in all his various efforts to
serve the people, providing for their comforts, and
reclaiming them from vice, declares—" Into what
path soever I strike, in whatever direction I go, the
drink Demon starts up before my face and stops the
way." I have said that the community have but
to will it, and their chains fall off. The progress of
the grand Alliance since our last Congress has been
my encouragement to say so. The permissive Bill,
allowing every district, by a majority in number
and value of rated inhabitants to prevent the open-
ing of new publichouses or to continue licences for
old, has, on a careful canvass of many great towns
—Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Plymouth,
Leeds, Sheffield—been accepted by very great ma-
jorities of the inhabitants, and by the greater num-
ber of the voters. Let us hope that the opinion
generally improved upon the most important ques-
tion of social science which can occupy the country,
may prepare the way for legislation, which, to be
efficacious, must be cautiously introduced, and un-
der appropriate guards. Our attention was engaged
at the last congress to the employment of women,
and papers were read by Miss B. Parkes and others
upon this important subject. There has been no re-
laxation on the part of these ladies since that time,
and the printing establishment opened by Miss
Faithfull has gone on with increasing success. The
volume of transactions for last year was printed at
the Victoria Press, and Miss Faithful! is now en-
gaged in publishing a volume, under her Majesty's
sanction, containing original contributions from the
leading writers of the day. Besides these exertions,
Miss Parkes originated a scheme for encouraging
the emigration of educated women who cannot find
employment in this country. But for the inferior
cast of women the exertions now making t) re-
claim the fallen and prevent the fall of others
are above all praise. The loss of Lord Herbert's
strenuous assistance is in this, as in other parts of
his most useful services, deeply to be deplored. Who
can move along the less frequented streets of London
and not have his heart wrung by such accents, too
often coming from female lips, " I have not had a
morsel of food this day ?" An important plan has
been devised by my friend Mr. Layard, with the as-
sistance of Mr. Jerrold and others, towards encou-
raging the humbler classes in acquiring books, it
being always found that the step which a poor man
makes to being the possessor of a little library, has
a most salutary influence upon his habits. This gave
rise to Book Unions, and though a bill to facilitate
these, and supported by part of the Government,
was afterwards thrown out by other members of the
Government, upon a groundless alarm that it tended
to encourage gambling, because the books were to
be raffled for, there is reason to hope that it may be
more successful another year; and its promoters are,
in the meantime, actively engaged in the support of
these unions, of which there arc many in the ma-
nufacturing towns. They are enabled to carry on
their business by receiving a pound in yearly sums
or weekly payments, giving at once a book of about
half the price, and allowing contributors to have the
chance of five pounds' worth of books at the end of
the year in a raffle. The subjects already broached
in the summary given are of a general description,
embracing the interests of the whole community—
' jurisprudence, education, health, reformation of
criminals, temperance, female employment. A head
hardly less general occupied our attention at the
Bradford congress, and it is of great importance,
because it refers to a benefit conferred upon the
better portion of the working classes, direct and
immediate, while other benefits are obtained indi-
rectly and gradually. I refer to the truly wise and
benevolent plan of early closing daily, and allowing
a Saturday half holiday. In this plan the em-
ployer must join with the dealers, and it has hap-
pily been greatly. extended during the last two
Years.
.The addition of lectures to the libraries
of some great establishments has been made ;
and the health of the men and boys has been
mnterially improved by employing part of the
time allowed in alternate cricket matches and drills.
Leeds and other provincial towns have joined in
the movement, and it is only to be lamented that
certain branches of trade everywhere stand aloof.
The happy effects which have attended these mea-
sures are so universally allowed that we may in-
dulge the hope of the exceptions gradually disap-
pearing. At our last congress the important step
was taken of adding a sixth department, viz , for
international subjects. This was the suggestion of
the distinguished foreigners who attended at Glas-
gow, the chief of whom were M. Garnier Pages, of
the Provisional Government, 1848, and M. Desma-
rest, of the French Bar. The same suggestion was
likewise pressed upon us by Professor Kharkt-
chowski, of Kherson, in Russia, who had intended
to be present, but was prevented by his professional
duties. He however sent a most instructive letter.
But we had been anticipated by the happy plan of
the Prince Consort for an international statistical
congress, which had held its meeting in London a
few weeks before ours, and had been attended with
complete success. His Royal Highness's able,
learned, and comprehensive addreis in opening it
deserves to be reed with great attention, and is de-
serving of all praise. At Glasgow the subjects of
general international averages and other kindred
matters were discussed in a meeting attended by

delegates from many parts of the continent ; and we
have the confident expectation of others being pre-
sent hero. The new department is under the presi-
dency of no less eminent a political economist than
M. Michael Cheva der, who also citended cur Brad-
ford congress two years ago. This department de-
rives a peculiar interest at the present time from
the negotiations of Mr. Cobden and the measures
of Mr. Gladstone ; but it commands at all times
our great respect, from its direct tendency to
maintain good relations between different coun-
tries, and to promote the sacred cause of blessed
peace. At the two last congresses we had the
satisfaction of observing that Social Science
was making considerable progress in other coun-
tries. This, indeed, was testified by the attendance
of important persons from thence at our meetings ;
but it was peculiarly gratifying to see the adoption
of enlightened and liberal views by Governments
which we should little have expected to find pur-
suing this course. The last year affords further
evidence of their happy improvements, and in quer-
' ters we should least of all look for traces of it. The
decease of the Sultan has brought upon the Ottoman
throne a prince who begins his reign as a reformer
both in his own practice and in the scheme of
his administration—nay, even in the system which
he is resolved to introduce. The dismissal of his
predecessor's harem of scores of wives and hundreds
of mistresses—the proclaiming his intention of
being the husband of a single wife, and the avowed
adoption of European principles to govern his policy
and even to amend his laws, shows plainly the pro-
gress which the manners and the usages of civilised
nations and of modern times have made in the realms
of a barbaric Power. Let it be further noted that
a Social Science Committee has been established at
Constantinople, and many lectures have been de-
livered, among others very interesting discourses by
Mr. A, Fry. In Russia the fixed determination of
the Emperor to complete the great measure of serf
emancipation met with powerful opposition, and
even disturbed partially the peace of the country ;
but the chief mischief has arisen less from the
obstinacy of the landowners than from the ignorance
of the serfs, to inform whom upon the exact amount
of the change in their condition sufficient pains had
not been taken ; and there is every reason to hope
that the vast measure of bestowing independence
upon the bulk of the community, the labouring,
classes, will be effected with little further obstruc-
tion. It must be confessed that, even if we lament
some error in the mode of proceeding, the Emperor
is entitled to the warmest sympathy in his great
work, and to the highest admiration for the wisdom
and the virtue of his conduct. If to such a Sove-
reign his own people may well be grateful, let us
hope that his Polish dominions are destined to owe
him equal thanks. It would be an act of magnani-
mity " beyond all Greek, all Roman fame," were
he to re-establish a kingdom of Poland, with its ad-
mirable Constitution of 1793, under a prince of his
own house. Even should he deem such constitu-
tional principles dangerous, because so much at
variance with those of his own empire, and should
give the kingdom a more absolute government than
that of 1793, it may safely be predicted he would
find in the grateful Poles the most trustworthy and
devoted of all the nations under his widely-extended
rule. The interest which, in common with all the
friends of national independence, I take in the
fortunes of the Poles is not of yesterday. Forty-
eight years ago, in common with my esteemed and
now lamented friend the chief of the Polish patriots
and counsellors, Prince Czartoryski, the man who
made far greater sacrifices to his principles than
any who ever lived,—in common with him, and
urged with him, I addressed, through the press
(being then out of Parliament) to my fellow coun-
trymen, and to the allied Sovereigns, " The Appeal
of Poland," which cannot be said to have had no
effect, though far less than was desired, for it
brought the subject of her wrongs so much into dis-
cussion, especially in England, that it occupied in
no small degree the attention of the Powers at the
Congress of Vienna. lf, from contemplating the
very probable, though not immediate, prospect of
Russian freedom, we turn to the Austrian empire,
we have less reason to be surprised at the constitu-
tional course taken, because the elements of a con-
stitutional government have existed there in all
times. They possess that especially which else-
where is wanting, even in France since 1790, and
which is absolutely necessary to the permanent
existence of a free Government, an aristocratic
body independent of the Sovereign and of the mul-
titude,—a class of wealthy landowners, not like the
Prussian proprietors, needy and looking to place and
patronage. The agricultural class is also respec-
table and deserving. With elements of a really
good Government, progress was making towards
it, until the Emperor Francis checked it,
perverting the traditions of the monarchy,
centralizing all authority, and taking every-
thing into his own hands. At present the
plan is pursued of leaving their internal con-
cerns to the Provincial Diets, but ruling the Mon-
archy from the capital, through the representatives
of the Diets in the Reichsrath. In Hungary the
anci,ent Constitution as it existed before 1848 is
restored, and the establishment of that which was
formed in a season of civil war is alone refused. Is
is most earnestly to be desired, for the sake of the
general peace, so intimately connected with the in-
tegrity of the Austrian empire, that the discontent
of Hungary may not be fermented by foreign in-
trigue and foreign agitators ; for as yet the power
of Austria has really not been materially impaired
by her losses in Italy. But the Sovereign, yielding
all that he can, must continue to be, as he always
was, entitled when opening the Diet as King of
Hungary, " His Sacred Majesty the Hereditary
Emperor of Austria." The condition of Italy has
in one practical respect been greatly improved by
the general acknowledgment of the new kingdom ;
but the internal state of the southern portion is still
most unsatisfactory, affording daily proofs of what
all experience has proved in other countries, that
there is no possibility, unless by main force, of esta-
blishing a Government for which the people are
not prepared. The execrable tyranny of the Bour-
bon princes had reduced their subjects to a condition
that rendered them incapable of being governed
except by constant recourse to violent measures ;
and those princes have, even in their exile, done all
in their power to keep the people in a state of law.
less anarchy, which may almost make them regret
the loss of the worst of tyrants. In all other parts
of the Italian kingdom great and solid progress has
been made iu popular improvement, and the bless-
ings of a free constitution are already felt in its
influence upon the instructions, and generally in the
circumstances of the community. That kingdom is
now left free from all foreign interference to manage
its own affairs. The original action of Pied•
mont and her ally to obtain her extension can
never be too severely reprobated, although we
are entitled to rejoice in the result. The maxim,
" feri non debuit, foetal): valet," may here be
applied; and assuredly, if the French and Sar-
dinian arms only interposed in helping the
' Italians, both in the north and elsewhere, to strike
off a foreign yoke, and unite themselves with
Piedmont, the interference is of a far less objec-
tionable kind than a mere ordinary aggression and
conquest. But certainly the Government of a coun-
try, however bad, gives its neighbours not the very
least right of interference; and to attack and seize
the territory, under the pretext that it is ill-governed,
is 'to repeat the most atrocious crime ever committed
in modern times, and by civilised States—the par-
tition of Poland. Take even the condition of Rome,
under a priest, chosen by other priests, and so go-
verned as justly to merit the reprobation of its own
people, and the sympathy of all others; this affords
not the shadow of an excuse for any foreig-, State
to seize upon the Roman territory, any more than
she Polish Government, the very worst in Europe
—an elective monarchy, the choice in the hands of
a mob, afforded for its partition. If, however, the
Poles had risen against their rulers, and called in
the neighbouring Powers to assist them, the case
would have been very different as regards Poland,
and even if after the partition these Powers had
given it a good Government of its own, their con-
duct would have escaped the universal reprobation
which has attended it. And so, if the Romans
themselves choose a good Government, even with
the help of foreign Powers, and give their territory
up to those Powers, they will themselves be great
gainers, and their foreign allies be blameless. In no
other event can we expect social improvement to
make any progress in Rome, as it is steadily doing
in the northern and central parts of the Italian king-
dom. France has not only persisted in the same course
upon which she had entered before our late congress,
with regard to commercial policy, but has carried the
principles there adopted further in treaties with Bel-
gium, Holland, and Turkey. In Belgium the most
entire support is always given to sound views of agri-
culture and trade. There is a still further step made
in France by the Imperial policy, and in a direction
little expected when we last met. An important re-
laxation has been given to the restraints imposed upon
political discussion. An absolute freedom in this
re-
spect is allowed to both Chambers of Legislature and
to publishing the reports of their debates through the
press. There really is no difference whatever in this
particular between the French Parliament and our
own. All political topics are fully and freely elis-
and receives
cussed, so that the country receives,
upon the public oninism4
to no regular
party, wish to make
Opposition, or
oatie, whatever impression the Ministers, or
belonging
timhemeod
or
feelings on any subject whatever. The press, how-
the most absolute control of the
report the debate,;,,, it
has no kind of liberty, not oeven to make e remark
upon any proceeding of the G overnnnuAl 047 indeed

any subject whatever. The administration of jay'
tice, too, is still in a most unhappy state, as regards
political offences.. The judges are, no doubt, irre-
movable, but they are not inwonzovable ; and ell
one may receive the reward of his subserviency t°
the Government by advancement to a higher place.
In England there is no law against such promo;
tions, bat they are universally discountenanced, and
very rarely take place. In 70 years that I have,,
known our courts I only remember two instances of
a puisne made a chief ;for the case of Sir V. Gibbs
was that of an Attorney-General promoted after
being, from accidental circumstances, a Puisne,
judge. Parliament would at once interpose 'al'
such advancements ever made except in vary Peel
liar circumstances. The interference of the Govern-
ment with elections is another great evil in the sys-
tem of our neighbours, and impairs incalculably
the salutary tendency of discussion in the Chambers
°
to check the action of the Executive power, or to
correct its errors. The deputies who at all opP°s
the Government are reduced to a very inconsidera-
ble number, and the great majorities which sup9°.r
it in all contentions give such countenance to all its
acts that the influence of public opinion as testified'
by the representatives of the people is extremely
small. The state of the judicature, the control over
the press, and the interference of the prefects Vitt..!!
elections, render the Government nearly absolute 1"
fact as well as in the theory of the constitutiol3;
But after the important concessions to freedom °;
discussion which have so recently been made,
ii
have reason to hope that further relaxation wl
follow. It is the unquestionable tendency of that Por-
tion of liberty which has been granted, both to
mulate the desire fora grant of more and to increase
the difficulty of refusing it, Such must be file
earnest wish of all riends of the great cause 0,,
which we are devoted, both out of the goodiivilß
that we heartily bear to our justly-ef-lebrated neiglii
bours, and from the intimate conviction we must
all have, that the great inserests of peace cannot ba
more effectually served.
The noble lord at the conclusion of his add
was loudly cheered.

COUNTRY AIAILKETS.

I SHEFFIELD—Auta. 13.

There was a moderate attendance to-day, and the suPPI
of wheat was abundant. Trade, however, ruled dull, vnt"
an entire absence of speculative buying. Prices were liti'
changed from last week for wheat ; oats a shade lower;
flour and other articles as before.
Red wheat, per load of 3 imperial bushels...24s Od to 26$ 0
White )7 /) ...25s Od to 290da
New red ,
...17s Od to 26$ o'l
New white „
,s
Beans
17 17
Peas, per qr
Grinding barley, per qr ... ..
. 5123
4632 ssss 0 d
Od tttt oo:
512)5 :ss u2O: ~,,,I
Malting ditto, „ 3ss Od to 435`1,4
Oats 2ss 6d to 34s v.'
;;
Millers' prices for flour-2s 2d, 2s 4d, and 2s 7d Per
141 b.

NEWARK—AUG. 14.
v 11
A fair show of wheat from the growers today. r -vti,seig
purchased slowly, and sales took place at a reduction 0'.4
on former prices. Barley a mo.agre show, and trade gill
at recent rates. Oats were rather slow, at late quotati°',"
Beans were quiet, at fully late prices. og
White wheat, new, 65s to 70s Barley, grinding.. 29s to 333
Red do. 6os to 658 Oats, old, .. 303 to 09,
Old white 6ss to 70s New do 24s t° `4B 0
Red do. 50s to 60s i Beans.. 54s t° "
Barley, malting.... 38s to 42s 1 Beans, new.. 48s t° 52°.
Peas, ....40s to 50s.

HULL—Au G. 13.
,nd
Our market to-day was fairly attended by the trade./ "-
freely
we had a good supply of English wheat, which sold,,mi
at is to 2s decline on late currencies. Foreign moo' •-ttr.
in retail lots at a reduction of is per qr. Barley met svi.r-,
a slow demand, at last Tuesday s rates. Peas is deareu
Beans in good steady demand. Oats very scarce, but we
supported.
Wheat.... Old white.... per qr ... Ms Odto ,-- gqg pd
Old red
New white .. „
New red .... „
Dantzic, Konb , &c. old white 54508 Od to
Od to 49563 ,Cl‘ll
Dutch, Belgian, and French. 50s Od to 584 "oj
Baltic and Hamburg, red s4s Od to 55s Od
St. Petersburg and Riga, old 46s Od to 48s oj
Barley.... English malting 32s Od to 36s na
Grinding- 3os Od to 32s ~,,a
Saal alai Oderbruck
Holstein and Danish s2s Od to E4s IL,
Grinding
Oats English, old
I;sL4

ArChangel and Riga, per at osl2lel to
Friesland and Dutch osl3d to 05134
Swedish and Danish osl2l,d to OsPs,
Beans ....English, old, per qr. .
New pigeon 42s Od to 44s 1.)?
New tick. 4os Od to 42s 0;
Egyptian .. 38s Od to 40s Od
Peas .. Foreign breakers
Grinding
Tares ....Spring .
,0A
Oa
Indian Corn
Linseed, feeding
crushing
40s Od to 52s 0
Linseed cakes (Hull) £B 15 0 to £9 0 0
Foreign! BlO 0 to. 9 0 0v
Rape cakes 5 0 oto 510
i,
Bones

COAL MARK
(Prices of Coal per Ton at

a. d.

ET—Aua. 14.
the close of the market

Lambert's West Hart- --
ley 16 6
Eden Main ...17 0
Carway and Duffryn
Malting
Do. Anthracite 21 6
Holywell 15 6
Tanfield Moor 12 9
Taufield Moor Butes l2 9
North Pelton . l3 0
West Hartley 16 9

1 Walls End,
q
6'
* .17 0
o
•
ByronAeorn Close...
.. :. : °
15
Sheriff Hill
South Kelloe. l7 6
6
K elloe
.. .17 9
Cassop .... 17 3
Hartlepool_ _ 18
....... e 0
Trimdon Hartlepool .•1' 9
Hetton lB
........ 0
Trimdon Thornley• ••• 16 6
South Hett0n........ .18 3
South Hartlepool... ••• 17 0
Eden 17 6
16
Hedley ......... , 0
Frainw6llgate ........ 11

;, 91 solJ, 48.