The Sun.
London, England, 1861-07-18 00:00:00

Livingstone :

" Pioneer, off Johanna (Comoro Islands),
April 22, IE6I.
"My Dear Friend,—We have been up the Rovuma about
30 miles in the steamer. The appearance of the banks
showed that it had fallen recently four or five feet, ana
while cutting wood on the 15th and 16th March it fell seven
inches in 24 hours. This was rather a serious matter in an
unknown river. We had Bishop Maenzie and one of his
clergymen on board, and the others were waiting at
Johanna. We began to fear that if we proceeded much
farther up the river the Pioneer might be unable to get
down again before the rainy season in December next,
which would delay the missionary party nearly a whale
year. So we determined to return to the sea at once, take
them up the Shire, and thence explore Nyassa and the
Rovuma.

" We have great hopes that the Rovuma will be the'path
into the Lake. The natives all say that it comes out of
Nyassa, which is a month beyond the highest point. A few
days farther up than the Pioneer went, at the town of Donde,
chief of the Makonda, the river, they say, becomes narrow
and very deep, flowing' between high rocky banks. Some
affirmed positively that a canoe could go up all the way and
into Nyassa. The river bottom, like that of the Zambesi,
eppears to be a succession of great sand-banks. The main
channel flows on ono side of the sand-bank, then al ng its
lower edge, and diagonally across the river. The channel:
or Kivete, as the Zambesi canoe-men call it, is in general
pretty well defined. IA calm weather there is a constant
boiling up of its water. With a light breeze the Kivete
assumes a peculiar ripple, and when a strong wind tlowa
up stream its waves are larger than those of the other parts
of the river, and a line of small breakers marks the edge of
shallow bank just above the Kivete.

" The hippotamus shows its sagacity in selecting for its
sleeping-place by day the lower end of the shallow sand-
banks, near the middle of the river, with the deep Kivete
close beside, into which it instantly plunges on the ap-
proach of danger.
" The scenery on the Rovuma much surpasses that on the
lower Zambesi. In an hour after leaving the mangroves
we enter a charming country, with a beautiful range of
well-wooded hills on either side of the river. These ridges
are, perhaps, 250 feet high near the sea, becoming higher as
they stretch inland, until, about 30 miles from the coast,
they attain an altitude of nearly 1,000 feet.
" There is an abundance of the valuable woods, as ;
ebony, the largest we have ever yet seen, and a hard,'
heavy wood resembling mahogany. We saw some fine'
species of the fustic dyewood. A number of cultivated
patches appeared on the tops of the hills, but the lovel;
savannahs, so admirably adapted for the sugar-cane, were
uncultivated.

" No produce, except perhaps slaves, ever goes down the -
noble river. The first man we met told us 'he knew the Eng-
lish—had-visited one of their ships ; they were very goou peo-
ple—always had plenty of money, cloth, &c., to buy things "
with—they did not like the slay; trade, and he did not like •
it either, and had never engaged in it.' They are a black-
guardly-looking set of half-casto Arabs near the coast, and
reminded us of the slave-trading party we met at theloot
of Lake Nyassa. We nearly got into a row with a large
body of them, armed with muskets and spears. I went on
shore with the Makololo to cut wood. The rascals seeing
us unarmed, became rather troublesome, and although we
did our best to maintain good humour, began to hinder the
work, some even attempting to take pieces of wood from
our men. Seeing that matters were drawing to a crisis, I
told the engineer to go on board for our revolvers and the
muskets of the Makololo. 'When the boat returned the
Makololo caught up their arms and rammed down a full
cartridge each. While seeing them pile up their arms in
order to proceed with their work, I heard a sudden rush,
and looking round, saw a confused mass of turbans, woolly-
heads, bare-arms, &c., dashing through the long grass and
up the hill-side, pursued by Mobita, one of our head-men,'
who, with a boarding-pike, was making a Balaclava charge
on them. Of course, 1 stopped him as soon as possible,
and then all the Makololo burst into a loud and derisive
laugh at the ignominious flight of those who had been talk-
ing so big but a few minutes before. We called the rascals
back to get the goods which, owing to the hurry of their
precipitate departure, had been left behind. Loaded re-
volvers and the pluck of our men had an excellent effect.
They were remarkably civil ever afterwards. The best way
to avoid collision with the natives, is always to treat them
fairly and honourably, and at the same time let them see
that you are perfectly prepared to defend yourselves and
resist any of their nonsense. The people improved as we
got away from the coast, but were poor, and evidently op-
pressed by the Arab half-castes. Their language is similar
to that of Senna and the Manganji people.

" While getting ready for sea at the mouth of the river,
the Bishop made his first personal acquaintance with
African fever. He worked very hard while we were in the
river, and once, to our utter horror, gave a Rovuma alligator
an opportunity (the like of which no alligator ever had
before) of immortalising itself, by devouring a live Bishop
Fortunately, the monster was not ambitious of such re-
nown.

" On the day we put to sea all the Pioneer's crew, officers
and men, except the two quartermasters, were down with.
fever, and the Bishop, who soon recovered, and the original
Zambesi Expedition—viz., Drs. Livingstone and Kirk, with
myself, a leading stoker, and a sailor, had to steer, steam,
keep watch, &c., &c., until the others recovered. February,
March, and April are the fever months.
the
Comoro
"In a few days we reached Mohilla, one of . a
Islands. This, like the others, is of vOlOO,lll
and origin,mass of mountains and hills, frightfully scarredetatdon. The
fur-
rowed, but covered with a dense green
inhabitants are a mixed race of Arabsandvthe vegetation.
r intelligent conquerors,
the natives of Madagascar. The Queen, n
lady, speaks French fluently. The inhabitants are Maho-
medana. We were gratified to find schools in Fumbone,
the capital, in which girls as we u as boys were learning to
read. The teacher is paid by
the job, ten dollars for
clever ones, he said, learn
teaching a child to read.
to read in six months, but theThbe dull ones take t•wo years.
who were formerlyTbepeoplien
ellrleadeagfreatedcaerf, are
now residing in thethe
Two French agents,
s councillors, who s 'ee English an at tol-
erablel3Joheakasnna..
French. One of theee,Qmrpuleen:
said, e
English,
English man grow rich, Johanna man grow rich, all grow
rich together, but in Mayotta (one of the islands taken by
the French in. 1842), Mayotta man work, work all day, and
all poor. French no. pay. All same here if French come.'
They want an Englishman like Mr. Smiley, our consul at
Johanna, to come and live on their island. Excellent
sugar-cane grows, and abundance of rice, the dry kind,
sweet potatoes, &c., &c. They export rice, cattle, sheep,
and goats. They are a sober race as appears from the
remarks of one of our quartermaster's , an old man-of-war's-
man, who went on shore one afternoon. ' Well, it's the
first place I ever was in where I could not buy grog. I've
been on Sober Island—on two or three sober islands, and I
could always manage to get seine somewhere, but here I
could not get a drop for either love or money., —Yours,
" CRARLES LIVINGSTONE."

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THE WEATIIER.--STIN OFFICE, JULY 18, 1861.
TREILMO3IETER, IN THE 811ADB.
72—highest since noon yesterday.
58 lowest this morning and during the night.
68—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-29.78; falling slowly.
WlND—Westerly; gusty, with cloudy weather.

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THE SUN.
LONDON, THURSDAY, JULY 18, 1861.

Free-trade and the Freedom of the City har-
monise well. Better now than they did at no very
distant period. If we are not mistaken, the, Great
Companies of which the City is so proud, and which
are so proud of themselves, are all monuments of
civic exclusiveness. So far from every man being
free to exchange his labour or skill on equal
terms with other men, he must be free of the
City, or trade, if at all, at a great disadvantage.
Indeed we should not, we believe, be wide of
the mark, in designating " Freedom of the
City" as a remnant of Protection, and of
deadly antagonism to Free-trade. The learned
in such lore could. furnish us with a toler-
able Tariff of the protective advantages to be
enjoyed through faking up freedom in the City of
London—advantages in no way depending on skill
and capacity. Those who had not served an
ce a trace in London might, of
course, be far superior to those who had; but, in
the genuine spirit of Protection, London, and a
hundred old corporations besides, forbad the citizens
to buy in the cheaper market of all skilful hands,
and compelled them to deal only with the favoured
fellow-citizens. What relics of Protection still
hang upon the privilege of freedom we care not
to inquire. They can hardly be very important
now. And it may, perhaps, be regarded as a
sign of the times, that what was so lately almost
the blue riband of Protection has now become an
appropriate decoration for the great Free-trader ;
and that the banquet on the occasion should be
given, and given with the most cordial hospitality,
by a leading civic Tory.
Mr. COBDEN, notwithstanding the precarious
state of his health, which all his countrymen regret,
spoke exceedingly well, and made some happy hits.
His reference to the merchants of London, for in-
stance, who, forty-one years ago, drew up "a decla-
ration by the pen of Mr. TOOKE, and afterwards
presinted it to Parliament by Mr. BARING, after-
wards Lord ASHBURTON. That declaration, he
said„" really contained in a few words almost all
that has been since said in favour of the principle
of free-trade. I think I can quote it to you from
memory It was to this effect : that the maxim of
buying in the cheapest market and selling in the
dearest, which always regulates the transactions of
individual merchants, • -
, is equally applicable as the
best rule to the trade of
-whole nation. I really
do not know that any amplification
would better
define what is the meaning of the words free trade
than that short sentence. It means that it is the
interest of men to, exchange superfluities for neces-
saries. It has not- the base and sordid meaning
which some people have given to it—that it is
based upon selfishness. It means that it is the in_
terest of mankind to go and seek a commodity where
it is cheap—that is, where it is plentiful—and m-
vey it to another locality where it is dear; in other
words, where it is scarce."

Mr. COBDEN found a happy illustration of this
in the importations of corn since last autumn. He
thought, and he is probably right, that considering
the extent of land now cultivated, and the in-
creased skill and capital applied to its cultivation,
we had not bad within memory a greater failure of
our crops, both for man and beast, than last year.
Yet the vast deficiency had been filled up as we all
know not only without any cry of agricultural
distress, or any resort by" farmer's friends," or by
half starving towns, to the Government—but filled
up by our private traders so smoothly and quietly
that but for the advantage conferred by it on the
Chancellor of the Exchequer we should hardly have
known of it. The Custom-house tells us, however,
that Free-trade has in one twelvemonth supplied
us with fifteen million quarters of different kinds
of corn from various countries, seven or eight
millions Of it being. corn adapted to the. food of
man. The distant prairies of America, the
steppes of Russia, the almost inacessible pla-
teaus of
Spain, were all swept of their
abundance to feed the'towns of England. " And
all this process went on without the aid of the
Government. Without any recognition of public
duty, it was silently, thankfully,
and without shock
or convulsion received as the result of free trade.
And after an experience as that, how can doubt
arise ? How can we w ithhold our faith in aprinciple
which is greater than charity, fur it steps in and
does the work of almsgiving on such a mighty scale
that human benevolence would shrink from it?

1 After such an illustration, can we do otherwise than
lacknowledge that this prin*le of free trade is one
' which we all acknowledge as one of the ordinances
of the Creator; that, in fact, it is the international
common law of the Almighty ,?"
As it was the French treaty which obtained Mr.
COBDEN the honour he was at that time receiving,
and which was the consummation of those labours
which his host commemorated in proposing his
health, he must of course advert to it. He dwelt
as usual on the adaptation of two countries
so near, and of such diverse industry and skill,
for a vast commercial intercourse, and in an
amusing strain on the effects of the two people's
ignorance of each other. It is but fair to give his
own view of his treaty, distinguished from former
commercial treaties :—" A treaty in the old signi-
ficance of the term meant two nations coming to-
gether and agreeing.to a system of exclusive dealing
with each other, and entering into arrangements
from which all the rust of the world was to be
excluded—these two nations sitting down to make
that exclusive bargain with each other. Their nex
thought was how to cheat each other in the trans-
action, and it generally ended in each cheating him-
self. Now, this treaty with France was of a totally
different character. England sought from France
no exclusive privileges, and she offered no exclusive
advantages to France. All that we gave to her we
gave at the same time to the whole world. And we
asked nothing from France but what we cheerfully
allowed her at the same time to extend to all man-
kind. It was, in fact, two countries agreeing to do
for each other a great good, and to shake hands at
the same time and agree to do it together. There
are some people who are opposed to such a process.
I can only say that they must be very difficult to
please, and I think it would be very difficult to come
to an agreement with such people on any subject
whatever. I certainly should not like to be shut up
with any of them in a jury box at the Old Bailey
during the dog days."
A distinguished French Free-trader, M. CHEVA-
LIER, by a speech in French, exemplified both in
form and substance the cordiality which his friend
Mr. COBDEN desired to create between the two
countries. The Frenchman cleverly traced back
the traditional enthity between the two countries
to the coarse jest of the French PHILIPPE I. on the
protuberant figure of WILLIAM the CONQUEROR—
"a Royal jest gave us eight hundred years of hos-
tilities ;" and all Frenchmen think, M. CHEVALIER
tells us, that it is more than time to repudiate this
quarrel of the dark ages. Yet, how is it that we
hear such a noise of now plating ships of war, as well
as of maintaining an army of more than half a mil-
lion of men ready at any time, to ship on board them ?
M. CHEVALIER asks—" Must they hate one ano-
ther because the armaments of one necessarily give
umbrage to the other ? By no means ; for the
composition of their armaments is different. Both
possess an army and a navy ; but the amount of
their forces, instead of corresponding, are in an in-
verse ratio to each other. In England the chief
element is the navy ; in France it is the army.
I do not mean that England has not a brave and
reliable army, or that France does not possess a
considerable navy ; but England ought not to,
cannot, and will not, have an army equal to that of
France ; and France ought not to, cannot, and will
not, have a navy equal to that of England. Finan-
cial necessities, as well as the dictates of common
sense, require that the two counties should preserve
this inverse proportion in their respective :military
and naval armaments."

This is all very well, but it does accord with fact ?
Has not the Emperor of the FRENCH been carrying
on with extraordinary energy the system begun by
Prince DE SOINNILLE, and Louis PHILIPPE, of
endeavouring to rival England ? Franco had a
navy more than sufficient for a great military
power. Not content with that she changed the old
proportion, which was confessedly a fair one, and
compelled us to commence at an enormous, and but
for her, heedless cost, the work of building and re-
building a navy. Two things lie at the bottom
of the present extravagant expense to which all
Europe is now put in preparation for defence
—the ambition of France, and oppress ion of
nationalities. Russia, Prussia, and Austria must
keep large armies while they wrong Poland, Hun-
gary, and Venetia, in defiance of treaties, laws, or
reason. France will not see herself outdone by
them. She is determined to be the arbiter of Con-
tinental doings. The Despots fear their subjugated
peoples, and beggar themselves by vast armaments
to keep them down. France is determined to be
formidable to them all by an army powerful enough
to enable all the nationalities to look to her for aid.
But this does not content her ambition. Though
we have not, and never shall have, an army
large enough to enable us to invade France,
France is bent on constructing a navy large
enough with her prodigious army to invade
England when she pleases, M. CHEVALEER has
done much towards persuading his countrymen to
adopt free trade, he will do yet more if he persuade
them to cease the policy which can have no mean-
ing unless it be that of making free with the shores
of England. Cost what it may, England will not
permit such freedom; and the sooner all appearance
of attempting it is given up the better.

It is very seldom, indeed, that we can cornmend
the manner of the distribution of the little sum of
£1,200 annually set apart under the head of
additions to the Civil List Pensions for the benefit
of the cultivators of Art, Science, and Literature.
Often and often before now we have had occasion
to reprehend the unjustifiable way in which fifties
and hundreds have been frittered from the already
sutliciently small total, for the advantage of the
orphansTaran andtilorelicts of gallant officers both of the
military profession. Insomuch had
this become the system of distribution in regard to 1
the twelve hundred pounds sterling, that the little
prefix to the annual catalogue was for the most
part the veriest misnomer. Rot so, however, is it just
i for once, this year—the Civil List Pensions awarded
June, lABGoOts,ulaitlaidb tl(l33eto2Otthe
Vonicet.,sicn.g2l:
I betwoofenlttinhee,2loBt6hl,drayurosfulanunt
day
being really and truly pensions
ecalicaerpgteidonliptohne thew he o !Ce i voi fl Lthiset. eigWhtitehen pensions
recently awarded are for
Tsehravticseolditoanrey teoxcepn
art, to
science, or to literature.
however, is not in respect to any naval or military
officer's relict, but to the widow of a v
Civil servant of the Crown—namely,
to
BARBAR, " In consideration of the zeal intelli-
genceandlrs
evinced by her husband, the late Mr. L.
BARBAR, as Vice Consul at Naples, especially
in obtaining the release of two British subjects
made prisoners on board the Cagliari." For the
which this lady is to receive an annual pension of
£5O. A pension that, surely, which no one will
have the heart for one instant to begrudge! Saving
in that ore instance the whole of the new List of
new pensions, to the number of seventeen, relate to
the persons, or more generally to the families of
those who have in*,any' way distinguished them-
sehes in the cultivation of art, science, and letters.
To-those not acquainted with the writings of Cap-
tain BRENTON it may seem a contradiction to this
statement to read on the list—" Dame lIARRIET
,BRENTON—In consideration of the late Sir jAII-

51;
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