The Sun.
London, England, 1859-10-12 00:00:00

work either for more than a certain time or for less than a
certain remuneration: If the proceeding is connected with
any plan of preventing others from working, either by ac-
tual violence or by threats, it is manifestly an offence and
severely punishable; but, without any violence or menaces,
the raising a fund to keep one class idle by supporting them
when they refuse to work, except on the terms prescribed
by the body,. terms to which their employers cannot or will
not yield, and the waylaying another class coming from
the country, offering to pay the journey back if they join in
the refusal, approaches very near au unlawful conspiracy ;
or, if it be not absolutely illegal, it is in the highest degree
oppressive to the employers, because it deprives them of
the ordinary advantages of competition. placing the whole
relations of labour in a false and unnatural position. (Hear.)
That which regulates all prices, whether of commodities or
of labour, is the higgling of the market ; and there is a kind
of indisidual instinct by which dealers in labour, as well as
dealers in other things, adjust their demands. A. com-
bined action of 100 or 1,000 substitutes for this individual
instinct a fixed rule, conceived without the least regard to
the rate of supply and demand, to the circumstances of the
party offering and the party accepting or refusing, and en-
forces that rule in an arbitrary manner, and by no natural
appliances. The fallacy is enormous by which the la-
bourers complaining of machinery as throwing hands out
of work, hold that they ought to share directly with the
employer in the gains which the machinery enables him to
make. They do share in those gains, bat not directly.
The capital saved must always be employed in paying for
labour; and the machinery that saves labour in ono line to
the capitalist enables him to employ more labour in
other lines; the great probability being that he will em-
ploy it in the line to which he and his workmen are ac-
customed. (Hear, hear.) The combination of masters is
the inevitable consequence of the combination of men ; and,
as they have capital to draw upon, which is a far more cer-
tain and secure resource of supply than the contributions of
the men, such a conflict must always end in a great loss to
both parties, but dreadful to poor men, whose families suffer
severely in the meantime, and who, after they have been de-
feated, are sure to find a great diminution of employment
frog} the injury inflicted upon the masters. It is needless to
observe that the immediate tendency of such combinations
is the very reverse of the influence of the establishment of
guilds in the middle ages, which were the parents of skill in
all the arts. The inevitable effect of strikes is to level all
merit, to benefit the lazy and incapable at the expense of the
industrious and skilful, and to rob all concerned in them
for the profit of a few agitators and mob-seekers. (Hear.)
But though the employers have an unquestionable right to
combine in self-defence against the tyranny of their combined
workmen, and though they are secure of success in the end,
it is only to be gained by patience, at some sacrifice, and by
joint and prudent action. It is sure to be lost by any imita-
tion of the unjust and violent course pursued by the men;
and it is most especially at a season of indiscreet and unscru-
pulous combination among the latter, that the masters
ought more than ever to beware of encroaching upon the
just rights, and rather to give them more freedom, than to
curb them in any manner of way. It must be observed that
all the errors into which one of the parties fall, and which
are the cause of their unreasonable and unreasoning pro-
ceedings, and which furnish the enemies of an extended
franchise with the most powerful arguments, come from
ignorance. If care were taken to teach them the plain,
easily learnt and easily understood principles which of all
men they have the greatest interest in understanding—the
relation between prices, including that of labour and sup-
ply and demand, between capital and wages, between machi-
nery and profits as well of masters as of workmen—between
rights and duties, between the enforcement of tho law and
the interests of all—if these principles were ever pre-
sent to their minds, the course of conduct which
they oftentimes pursue to their own great detriment quite
as much as to the injury of others, would be next to impos-
sible. (Hear, hear.) But other branches of political know-
ledge.,
highly important for them to possess should be added;
nor is it doubtful that these can be taught just as easily as
reading, writing, or ciphering, with the little of geography
and history now given. An ale and very useful paper was
read at our last year's meeting by Mr. Templar, showing
that those branches of knowledge were successfully taught
in the Manchester Model School, of which he is head mas-
ter, and Dr. Hodgson also urged the same improvement in an
excellent paper. The necessity of taking this course, if we
mean that education should be more than a name, has long
• been strenuously inculcated by Mr, W. Ellis, whom it is
impossible to name without expressing a doubt whether the
soundness of his views or his noble genercsity in promoting
the great work of popular education is most to be admired.
It is with the most heartfelt satisfaction that I learn the
wise course pursued by the Education Committee of the
Privy Council. They have called upon this excellent person
to deliver lectures upon political economy to the working
classes, and I have the pleasure of announcing that his that
lecture is given this day. Some most important branches
from
ro
of industry are, from these circumstances, exempt
the possibility of the mischiefs, which, with the means of
e evaern, t
hi neg, a r
.w) e
Fh
aa
evtoo r
ybeen fuorr,
ta.r
mm otmh
thee nrte ca ot
otne
smpl a
betweenti ng.
(Hmaster and men, can scarcely ever give rise to combina-
tions on the one part or en the other. But there is a most
serious evil to which it is exposed, and the moral influence
upon a great portion of those employed can never be too
closely watched, or, where necessary, too carefully counter-
acted. The effects of promiscuous association without due
superintendence are most unhappy upon the young of both
ecwiaolmlyen to eke out upon femal
their income
too,sex est,ebniupttmnioraerreisedp
okhiniddroefnwoartka, avnedryle.aevaerltyheir children unattended to; these
s'
restrictingage
are themselves drawn into
the same employ. The Legislature
the
hourshas
oi interfered, t ewr fo er rk e d,
where not
mere than enough, in
the young are concerned, nor much more than was justifi-
able in certain cases of adult workmen. But the worst part
by far of the evil remains beyond the
reach of legislation,
and a remedy for it has not been attempted, except in a
few individual instances. The good feeling and good sense
of master manufacturers can alone interpose to rescue the
numerous
and important class,
especially of the female
hands, from the contamination to which they are exposed,
and which is spreading the worst kinds of dissoluteness over
the working classes. Nor will all the care of the masters
suffice unless they are assisted by the generous and truly
rational co-operation of women in the middle and upper
classes of society, moved by pious zeal and acting upon a
well-considered plan, for the good of their fellow-creatures
in by far the most important of human concerns. (Hear.)
The Sisters of Charity in France bear comfort into the hos-
pitals, they render invaluable help to the physician in dis-
arming disease of its pains, and lend a most valuable aid
to the pastor in disarming death of its terrors. They have
earned the united blessings of a people that hardly ever
agree in respect for any existing institution. They have
made their name revered by all. A worse disease than ever
filled the wards of hospitals, a moral plague, desolates the
haunts of our most gainful industry. Let the spectacle or
report of it call into existence a sisterhood that may meet
i u
the enormous evil, to prevent which is far better a.dndlofad
r
easier than to cure. The noble lord concluded am
cheering, having occupied more than two hours in
the
reading of the address.
Vice-Chancellor Sir W
P.
Woos
lec-
ture on Jurisprudence, after W.
whiehththeeAn
sdsoecliivaetiroend asepa:
rated into the various departments.

FROM THE GAZETTE OF LAST NIGHT

FOREIGN-OFFICE, SEPT. 30.
Tho Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint Wil-
liamnow British Vice-Consul at Haul-
ed
herlo v e
WAR OFFICE, PALL-MALL, OCT. 11.
burg, W
to abd
Majesty's Consul at Hamburg.
The next examination of candidates
MEM
ointments to ORANDUM.—
. t APP Chelsea,
the Army, will be held at the
for direct
' I Chelsea, on Monday the 21st of November
Royal Hospita ,
next, and following days.
ADMIRALTY, OCT. 7.
Corps of Royal
Marines—First Lieutenant Theophilus
Vaughton to be Captain, vice Dowell, appointed Instructor
of Musketry;
Lieutenant Robert Patrick to be First Lieu-
tenant, vice 'Jull, resigned.
COMMISSION'S BY LORDS-LIEUTENANT.
Montgomeryshire Yeomanry Cavalry—Richard Robert
Wingfield, Gent., to be Cornet, vice Veorge William
Adair, promoted ; Thomas Bulkeley (late Captain Ist Life
Guards) to be Cornet, vice Tripp, promoted.
Exeter and South Devon Volunteer Rifle Battalion—
James Thorne George to bo Captain; Frederick Cooke to
be Lieutenant ; Berkeley Craven Saint John to be Ensign,
Royal Flintshiro Militia—Charles William Shackle,
Gent., to be Ensign.'
let Subdivision of Suffolk Rifle Volunteers—Charles
Foote Gower, Gent., to be Lieutenant; Henry Howard,
Gent., to be Ensign.
sth or Royal Elthorne Light Infantry Regiment of Mid-
dlesex Militia—Ensign Octavius Weld to be Lieutenant,
vice Hitchcock. resigned; Arthur Bristow, Gent., to be
Ensign, vice Weld, promoted. Memorandum—The Queer_
has been graciously pleased to accept the resignation of the.
commission held in this regiment by Lieutenant Robert B.
Hitchcock.
2d Company of Lancashire Rifle Volunteers—Thomas
Lund, Esq., to be Captain; Arthur Ingram Robinson,
Gent., to be Lieutenant; James Johnston, Gent., to be
Ensign. 3d Company of Lancashire Rifle Volunteers—
John Gerald Potter, Esq., to be Captain; William Harri-
son, Gent., to be Lieutenant; John Eccles, Gent,, to be
Ensign. 11th Company of Lancashire Rifle Volunteers—
Henry Newshaui Fodder, Esq., late Captain in the 3d Re-
giment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Militia, to be Cap-
tain ; James Catterall, Gent., to be Lieutenant • - , Hugh
Dawson, jun., Gent., to be Ensign.
City of Edinburgh Rifle Volunteer Corps—Joseph
Nool
Paten, Gent., to be Ensign ; the Hon. Bouverie Francis
Primrose to be Captain; John Cay, en G t to be
Lieutenant;
William Arthur Peterkin, to be Ensign.

BANKRUPTCIES ANNULLED.
Nathaniel Taylor, linen draper, Kingston-upon-Hull.
Owen Evans, innkeeper, Liverpool.

BANKRUPTS.
Charles Bolton, upholsterer, Pimlico, to surrender, Oct.
25, at half-past two, and Nov. 22, at two, at the Court of
Bankruptcy.

George clearn, grocer, Truro, Oct. 20 at one, and Nov.
16, at twelve, at the Exeter District Court.
John Barrs, chemist, Sedgley, Staffordshire, Oct. 22 and
Nov. 11, at half-past cloven, at theßirmingham District
Court.
John Jackson, cattle dealer, Digby, Lincolnshire, Oct.
25 and Nov. 15, at half-past eleven, at the Shirehall, Not-
tingham.
Michael Williams Bawden, share broker, Liskeard, Oct.
20, at one, and Nov. 16, at twelve, at the Exeter District
Court.
Edward Postill, druggist, York, Oct. 28 and Nov. 18, M
eleven, at the Leeds District Court.
Edwin Hodges, boot and shoe dealer, Shrewsbury, Oct.
22 and Nov. 11, at half-past eleven, at the Birmingham
District Court.
Thomas Harper, cooper, Sheffield, Oct. 29, and Nov. 26,
at ten, at the Council-hall, Sheffield.
James Haigh and Joseph Haigh, brush makers, Moss-
Manchester L
District Court Oct. 21 and Nov. 11, at twelve, at the

SCOTC BANK
Daniel WEillop, bakeH r, Glasgow.RUPTS.
Alexander Newlands, flesher, Rothes, Elginshire.
John M'Parlane, grocer, Dumbarton.
James Dunlop, spirit merchant, Glasgow.

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