The Sun.
London, England, 1861-11-04 00:00:00

THE VOLUNTEERS,

The Honourable Artillery Company are making
extensive alterations at their head-quarters, City-
road. A spacious covered. drill ground is being
formed, which when completed will be capable of
containing several hundred men. The roof will be
constructed entirely of glass and iron. The build-
ing will be well ventilated and lit, so that members
will be enabled to drill there at any time, whatever
the state of the weather. On Tuesday last a firing
party of the regiment contended at Hornsey-wood
House for the prizes of the second company, con-
sisting of a rifle, the gift of Capt. Biden, a pair
of field glasses, and a gold medal, presented by
Lieutenant Lewis. The ranges were at 150, 200,
and 250 yards, and, after a spirited competition,
Messrs. Harrison, Griffiths, and Crosthwaite were
declared the winners. Besides these gentlemen,
several others made good scores, notwithstanding a
very heavy wind which prevailed during the day.
The party was under the command of Capt. Field,
Hythe Musketry Instructor.
A match took place at Wormwood Scrubbs on
Saturday last between eight men of the St. James's
Company and eight men of the King's College
Company, Queen's (Westminster) Rifle Volunteer
Corps; ranges 200, 500, and 600 yards, five rounds
each range. The St. James's Company were victo-
rious by nine points, the prize being won by Private
G. Goodman, who scored 17 points. The winners
have challenged any other company in the corps to
a similar match.

The 3d company of the Central London Rifle
Rangers (40th Middlesex) fired on Friday last at
200, 600, and 700 yards, the London Scottish and
11th Surrey lending their butts at Wimbledon.
Three rifles were given as prizes—one by Mr. H.
M. Lovett, and two by Capt. Woods, the captain of
the company. Higher scores were expected from the
excellence of some competitors in class firing. The
highest score was made by Captain Woods, 5 at 200,
3 at 600, and 4 at 700 yards, in all 12. On exami
nation of the 700 yards' target it was found to dif-
fer from the register, some of the flags having been
indistinctly seen. The squad repeated the rounds

The City of London Engines rs are being enrolled
to perform the same duties as the Royal Engineers.
The Ladies Challenge Cup, provided out of a fund
arising from subscriptions of h talks, friends, and re-
latives of members of the Civ it Service Regiment,
was shot for at "Wimbledon o n Saturday, the 26th
inst. The ranges were 300 y 'ards, 500 yards, and
700 yards ; five rounds at each range. Private Wm.
Henry Leach, of the 2d IVhltchall Company was
declared to be the winner, having made the extra-
ordinary number of 21 points—viz., 9 points at 300,
7 points at 500, and 5 points at 700 yards.
The contest between 18 men ef the 39th Middle-
sex (Finsbury) and 18 of the 40th Middlesex
(Central London) was concluded o n Friday at Plum-
stead Marshes, and resulted in favour of the 39th
by eight points. The firing on bath sides was very
creditable. The highest scores made were on the
part of the Finsbury at the three ranges by Colour-
Sergeant Smith, who made 14 ; and on the part of
their opponents by Private Gunston and Corporal
Barber, who made 12 each.
The Rifle shooting contest between 20 members
of the 'West Middlesex and 20 of the Inns of Court
(Devil's Own) Rifles took place at Wormwood
Scrubs last week, the "West Middlesex proving the
victors by 20 points--ranges 300, 500, and 700
yards, five shots each range. In a match between
the married and single men of each corps, at the
ranges of 300 and 500 yards,_the former made.2oB
points, the. latter 187. The married therefore won
by 21 points.
On Saturday, the 28th instant, a rifle contest
between 12 men selected from the sth Surrey
(Reigate) and twelve of the South Middlesex (No.
2 Company), under Captain Hamersley, took
place at Caterham. The conditions were five
rounds each at 300, 500, and 700 yards. The match
was won by the Reigate Company by 26 points.
After the firing the victors were entertained by the
South Middlesex at their Club-house, at Caterham.
Col. Burrows, Royal Artillery, on Thursday in-
spected the 2d Essex Artillery Volunteers at Grays,
under the direction of Gen. Sir It. Dacres, by order
of the Horse Guards, Grays being within the mili-
tary district of Woolwich. After the inspection
Col. Burrows addressed the corps, informing them
that he was much pleased with the appearance and
drill of the 2d Essex Artillery, considering the
short time they had been raised and the distance
the members are obliged to travel for drill. He told
them there was every encouragement for zeal, as
the public attention and favour are so much given
to the Volunteers, even more than to the regular
army, while the interest that is taken in the Arm-
strong gun makes the Artillery force of the Volun-
teers particularly desirable for employment. He
begged of them to be very constant in attendance at
drill, which, he said, is the only way to gain profi-
ciency; and when the exercise of the 32-pounder
smooth bore is fully understood, they will be able
to go on to the Armstrong gun, which it is hoped
they will soon have. In conclusion, Col. Burrows
assured them of the satisfaction he had experienced
in witnessing the able performance of their duties
that day.
The past week has been a busy one with several
of the Essex corps of riflemen. A silver cup, given
by the Ven. Archdeacon Mildmay, chaplain of the
Chelmsford Corps, has been shot for by 14 members,
and won by Colour-Sergeant Scott, who made 14
points, at ranges of 200, 300, and 500 yards. Con-
sequent on the appointment of the Right Hon. Lord
Braybrooke to the office of Deputy-Lord-Lieute-
nant of the county, a vacancy has been occasioned
in the command of the Saffron Walden corps, to
which Capt. Byng has been elected. A return
match between the Braintree and Witham corps
has taken place, in which the Braintree gentle-
men have been again victorious, having made 140 '
points, or only five more than their competitors.
The members of the Witham corps were on Mon-
day invited to an entertainment given by the inha-
bitants as a testimony of their approval of the
Volunteer movement. The Colchester corps has
presented two handsome silver goblets to Mr. Henry
Sandford as an acknowledgment of his services as
hon. secretary from the formation of the corps. It
has been determined during the winter to suspend
the ordinary outdoor assemblies of this corps, now
numbering nearly 200 effective members.
Lieut.-Col. Thellusson has entertained all the
officers of the 3d Suffolk Administrative Battalion.
The gallant colonel strongly urged upon the officers
the importance of keeping up a weekly drill during
the winter. In a competition among the Stow-
market company, the first prize, a silver tankard,
provided by subscription, was won by Sergeant
Matthew ; the second, a timepiece, presented by
Private Tydeman, was won by Corporal King ; and
a Colt's revolver, provided by subscription, was won
by Sergeant Matthew. A silver goblet, presented
by Ensign Stedman, to the Sudbury company, has
also been shot for during the week and was won by
Sergeant Rogers. A second prize of £3 was won
by Private Lenny, and a third prize of £2 by
Private Abrey. The last two prizes were provided
by subscription, and several other minor prizes were
also shot for. Sergeant Lovett, of the 54th Regi-
ment, has been appointed by the War-office drill
instructor to the Hadleigh corps:
On Thursday a competition for prizes took place
at Cawston between 32 competitors selected from
the Norwich and Norfolk corps. The first prize
—a silver tankard—was won by Lieutenant Bur-
' roughes, of the Stalham corps, and the second—an
ornamental cigar case, by Corporal Cottingham, of
the sth Norwich company. The ranges were 300,
600, and 900 yards, three shots each. The Loddon
Corps have competed for a handsome silver cup,
presented by Mr. Alfred Burton, of London; There
were 18 competitors, at 300,500 and 600 yards, and
Sergeant Goddard won the prize. A new butt for
rifle practice has been inaugurated near Hingham
for the use of the Wymondham and Hingham
Corps. Lord Wodehouse, who has allowed the land
to be used for the purpose, took the first shot at the
butt himself. On the occasion of the inauguration,
a silver cup was offered by Captain Gordon, who
commands the company, and money prizes by Lord
Wodehouse, Lieut. Forrester, and Ensign Larke.
Private Stebbing won the cup, which was given for
the greatest number of points; and the other prizes
were won by Surgeon Tunnaley, Corporal Spark-
hall, and privates Semmence and Wrigglesworth.
The annual dinner of the Lincoln corps will take
place early in December, when it is expected that
Major Dick, inspecting officer for the Midland
Counties, will again review the corps. A return
match between the Collingham and Lincoln corps
resulted in favour of the former. The shooting was
at 200 and 300 yards, and the Collingham side of 11
in competing with 11 from the Ist Lincoln company
made 133 to 105 ; in a second contest with another
11 from the 2d Lincoln company they scored 136 to
111. The best shots of the Spilsby company have
had a competition for a number of prizes. A purse of
£lO given by the officers was won by private
Thompson ; a sack of flour, given by Mr. B. Robin-
son, by Private Rainey ; a purse of £2, given by Mr.
J. Palliser, by Private W. Thompson ; a washing
machine, given by Mr. Barn. by Private Ashton ; a
Garibaldi axe, given by Mr. D. Carter, by Private
Dawson ; a silver cup, given by Mr. Rainey, by
Private 'Wales ; and another Garibaldi axe, given
by Mr. Carter, by Private Cartwright. The ranges
in the first two competitions were GOO and 700
yards; in the third and fourth, 500 yards; and in
the fifth and sixth, 300 yards. In a contest between
seven officers and seven privates belonging to the
Sleaford company the privates won by eight points.
In a composition among the Falkingham Company,
an Enfield rifle and £3, given by Capt. Smith, was
won by Private Rimmington ; a prize of £3, given
by the Rev. E. Brown, by Private Wadsley ; a prize
of £3, given by Lieut. Chapman, by Private Ri-

The Boston Corps had on Thuraday last a match
of a novel character. Their captain, Mr. W. Garfit,
offered a valuable silver tankard, weighing 26
ounces, to be competed for by any members of the
corps who would join in a 14-mile march. Thirty-
three appeared to start, fully armed and accoutred,
each carrying 40 rounds of ball cartridge. They pro-
ceeded by train to Louth, and in about five minutes
after their arrival commenced the march, Their
destination was the Well Vale Rifle-ground
at Alford, where they arrived in four hours and
two minutes. Four miles of 112( wac, per-
formed at the' double," the road being very hilly
the whole of the distance. Towards the close of the
march the men were ordered to take their way
over three or four. turnip fields, and everything
was done to test their, energy, but everyone perse-
vered to the end. After a little time for refresh-
ments, the competition began, each man firing 10
rounds, distributed over four ranges of 200, 350 i
450, and 600 yards. The tankard was won by En-
sign Gee (who also. holds the challenge medal of the
corps), scoring 11 points; a second prize of 3 guineas,
given by the Ensign, was won by Private Sills.
On Wednesday the let, or Duke of Manchester's
Light Horse Volunteers, were reviewed at Kimbol-
ton in Huntingdonshire, by Lieut.-Col. Ibbetson,
inspector, inspector of the district. The regiment
mustered in three squadrons to the number of 120,
and was under the immediate command of Major the
Duke of Manchester. At the conclusion of the
manoeuvres executed, Lieut.-Col. Ibbetson congra-
tulated the corps on the progress they had made.
The Duke of Manchester also addressed the regi-
ment, begging the members to be more regular in
their attendance at drill, and expressing his inten-
tion to take advantage of the regulations enabling
corps of Volunteers to proceed to some of the mili-
tary stations in England for short periods. Among
those who witnessed the review were the Earl of
Sandwich, Lord-Lieutenant of Huntingdonshire,
Lieut.-Gen. Peel, M.P., Lord Dynevor,
Several rifle competitions have taken place in
Staffordshire during the week. On Monday
and Tuesday st number of prizes were
contended for by the Tipton company. A
silver cup, value 14 guineas, given by Capt. Hall,
was won by Corporal Hill, who made 17 points
out of 15 shots at 300, 500, and 600 yards. At
Bilston on 'Wednesday a rifle given by Captain
Bagnall of the Bilston Company, was competed for,
the conditions being that it should be won by the
best shot out of twelve, six being selected from the
Bilston, and six from the Tipton Company. Cor-
poral Thompson, of the Bilston Company, was the
victor, making 16 points out of tett shots at 200
and 300 yards. The six Bilston men made 82
points, and the six Tipton, 68. On the same day a
contest took place 'near Handsworth, in which the
Handsworth, Westbromwich, and Wednesbury
Companies contended for five prizes. West-
bromwich made the best shooting as a company.
On Friday the Dudley Company competed for
three prizes, at 150, 250, and 400 yards. Private
Blackstock took the first 24 points and Corporal
Jordan the second with 22.
The 'Worcestershire Volunteers aro still occu-
pied in contests for the silver cups given by Earl
Beauchamp to the different corps for the best
rifle shots. In the course of the past week thcse
contests have taken place at Worcester, Upton-on-
Severn, Stourport, and elsewhere. At the contest
of the Stourport Corps the cup was won by Private
Walker, and a second prize, a rifle given by the
non-commissioned officers, was won by Private
Roden. The shooting by the Worcester Corps took
place on Thursday and Friday, at 200 and 300
yards' range, five shots each man. Sergeant Birley
was the winner, scoring 12 points, there being many
who scored 9, 10, and 11 each. The Upton corps
had their shooting on Friday, at 600 yards' range.
Private 'Webb was the winner.

The several corps forming the Ist battalion of
Wilts Rifle Volunteers—namely, Salisbury (two
companies), Ist; Trowbridge, 2d; Maiden Bradley,
6th ; Mere, Bth; Bradford, 9th ; Warminster, 10th;
Westbury, 13th; and Wilton, 14th, are ordered to
assemble at Warminster on Thursday for the pur-
pose of being inspected by the commanding officer
of the battalion, Lieutenant-General Buckley.
The return match at 209, 500, and 600 yards
(five rounds), between 10 members of the lst Wilts
(Salisbury) and 10 of the 7th Wilts (Lexington dis-
trict) came off on the ground of the latter at Brat-
ton, near Westbury, on Friday last, and terminated
in favour of the 7th Wilts by 11 points. A few
days previously a similar match took place, on the
same ground, between 12 of the Lexington rifle-
men and 12 of the Devizes, and resulted as follows:

—Lavington, 176; Devizes, 129. On the part of
the former corps Private Burgess made a score of
23 (11, 6,6), without missing the target at either
range.

In Devonshire several incidents worthy of notice
have occurred in cdngexion with the Volunteer
movement during the last week. On Monday, at
Totnes, a rifle contest took place between the corps

forming the 4th or South Hams Battalion, for three
prizes, consisting of a handsome challenge cup, of
the value of 15 guineas ; an Enfield rifle, valued at
10 guineas ; and a field-glass, of the value of five
guineas, the whole of them presented by Lieutenant-
Colonel B. J. P. Bastard. The six best marksmen
of the different corps were selected es the represen-
tatives of their company, and the following is a list
of the corps who competed, with filo number of
points scorPcl at two ranbez, seven shots each man
at each range :—The Chudleigh, 57 ; Kingsbridge,
75 ; Modbury, 81 ; Yealmpton, 84 ; Newton, 89 ;
Totnes, 95; and Ashburton, 105. Sergeant Foster,
of the Ashburton Corps, made the largest number
of points during the day, scoring 25. A contest took
place on Monday, on the Warren at I)awlish be-

tween 12 men of the Dawlish and 12 of the Teign-
mouth Company, and, after a spirited competition,
terminated in favour of the Dawlish by 21 points.
Endeavours are being made to raise a Volunteer
engineer corps at Torquay. At a meeting held a
few days ago ten gentlemen enrolled their names as
members:
The annual prize shooting of the Pontefract Rifle
Corps (18th West York) took place in Pontefract-
park on the 28th, 29th, and 30th ult. A silver
medal, given by Captain Lee, withXl added for the
greatest score, was tied for by Privates N. Clayton
and Sharrow, and was finally won by Private Clay-
ton by three points. lie also gained the honorary
and effective members' first prize, Sergeant A. J.
Wood winning the second. Two prizes
were offered
t' be shot for by the staff of the Ist West York
Regiment of Militia. The first of these prizes was
gained by Sergeant B. Parkinson, and the second
by Sergeant Carmody, musketry instructor to the
regiment.

Two more 32-pounder guns have been lately re-
ceived for the use of the 2d West Riding of York-
shire (Bradford) Artillery Corps, and have been
mounted on an earthwork battery in Peel-park.
The battery now contains six guns, four belonging
to the Government, and two are trophies of war from
Sebastopol. _

The 3d East York (File} and Hunmanby) Artil-
lery Volunteers met at Hunmanby on Wednes-
day for the prize carbine contests. The arrangement
was for each Volunteer to have five shots, at 100
and 300 yards. The first prize, an electroplated

As apprehensions were entertained that the present year
was to be one of great scarcity and trial to the poor, it may
be worth while to glance backward at the movement of the
same markets during the last three years. The average
price of wheat, which is now, as we have seen, 24f. 87c.,
was 18f. 44c. for the year 1858, 19f. 75c. in 1859, and 21f.
17c. in 1860. It was 17f 9c during the latter quarter of
1858, 18f 76c in the same period of 1859, 22f 81c in the
same period of 1860. Bread, which is now 56c, 47c, and 37c
per kilogramme (according to quality), was 47c, 36c, and.
30c in 1848; 48c, 37c, and 30c in 1859; and 50c, 39c, and
32c in 1860. The rise has been gradual from year to year,
and the prices of this year have not greatly exceeded the usual
march in the scale. Therehas been hardly any movement in
the price of rice, tke price of which for the last three years
was 25f. 25c. ; 25f. 14c. ; and 25f. 96c. ; and is now, as
shown above, 26f. 67c. The only notable difference is in
maize, a produce which has suffered this year from the al-
most unprecedented drought, and which from its average
price of llf. 12c. in 1858, of 10f. 86e. in 1859,, and 12f. 66e.
in 1860, has now risen to 18f. 50c.
You are aware that the vintages have been for the last 10
or 12 years very poor throughout Italy ; some parts of
Piedmont, however, especially the provinces of Asti and
Montferrat, have either escaped the grape disease altoge-
ther, or have had it of a milder character, and recovered
from it an earlier epoch. The consequence of this has been
not only to enrich the wine growers of those districts to
such an extent that their lands have risen to twice p.nd
thrice their former value, but also to supply the whole of
Piedmont with their produce, and to do away with the im-
portation of French ordinary wines, which had been very
considerable from the year 1854 to 1856. The best quality
of wines sold in Turin at 48f. 76c. in 1858 ; it rose to
52f. 71c. in 1859, and again to 62f. 4c. in 1860. The prices
of the lower qualities evinced a proportionate increase. This
year, as we have seen, the vintage has been a very good one,
and the prices for the first quality have fallen to 59f. The
fall has not been as great as we had reason to expect, partly
in consequence of the almost universal rise in the price of
provisions in general, partly also owing to the demands of
wine all over the country, to replenish the cellars which
long scarcity had almost entirely exhausted. The free cir-
culation of wine throughout those Lombard and other pro-
vinces which were hitherto either closed against I'iedmon-
tese commerce, or were the grape disease has not yet en-
tirely disappeared, must also account for the steadiness of
the market prices.
Notwithstanding the scarcity of fuel all over the country,
wood, which had risen to perfectly terrific prices from 1851
to 1857, suffered a gradual abatement during the last three
years. The best quality, oak, sold at 44c. per myriagramnic
in 1858; at 41e. in 1859; at 39c. in 1860. Its price is again
rising, and we pay for it now 45c. Forage has risen very high
in consequence of the late drought ; you are aware that in
the /Emilia cattle are being slaughtered very freely from
the impossibility of feeding it through the winter. The
distress is not so very great in these Sub-Alpine countries ;
yet the price of hay, which was 94c per myriag,ramme in
1858; 82c in 1858, and 76c in 1860, is now if 15e ; and
straw has risen to 65c instead of sic, 55c, and 54c, the re-
spective prices of the last three years.
The quantity of wheat sold in the Turin market in 1858
was 29,298 hectolitres; it rose in 1859 to 56,032 hectolitres,
and in 1850 to 173,557. If we reckon the average quantity
sold this year at 4,000 hectolitres weekly, we shall have for
the whole year 208,000 hectolitres—an increase which in
1859 might be partly ascribed to the consumption of troops
during the Lombard war, but the continued progress of
which can only be explained by the rapid growth of
this city and the developing importance of its markets.
The quantity of all grains has kept pace with that of
wheat. Of maize, for instance, 17,762 hectolitres were sold
in 1858; 74,960 in 1859; 144,891 in 1860. The average
weekly sale in October of this year, in spite of the scarcity,
is 7,000.

Of wine there were sold 104,410 hectolitres in 1858 ;
93,190 in 1859; 93,530 in 1800. The average weekly sale
this month has been about 3,000 hectolitres. There has
been hardly any perceptible difference in the quantity of
butter sold in Turin, varying from 84,000 to 83,000 kilo-
grammes a year for the last three years, and being some •
thing about 2,100 kilogrammes weekly during the present
month. The same amount of poultry, fish, vegetables,
fruit, &c., or very nearly, has also been sold every year for
the last three years ; though almost all these commodities
have been slowly and steadily rising in price. It seems evi-
dent that, while the sale of objects of first necessity, such as
bread and wine (in Italy), is doubled and trebled regardless
of price, articles of comparative luxury, fowls, fruits, &c.,
are sold in less quantity in proportion as price renders
them inaccessible to the poorer classes in the community.
On the whole, although this year's harvest has been con-
sidered as somewhat below the average ; and the
scanty crop of maize, especially, must needs cause great
distress among the lowest classes, especially of the tural
population, it does not seem that prices have been rising at
a much more rapid or alarming rate than they have been
doing for the last 'few years. If the maize has been
burnt up by the drought, the wheat and rye and other
grain crops have, on the whole, been pretty fair, and
that of rice very plentiful. The vintage has been such
as Italy has scarcely witnessed since the year 1849, and the
quality makes up for any deficiency in quantity. Chestnuts
have not been scarce; we have the best news from the olive
districts ; and fruit has been generously ripened by the un-
clouded sun, so that, although it sells very high, owing to
the great demand created through the country by the re-
moval of frontier barriers, and the increased facility of
traffic, whatever is to be found at the markets is of a re-
markably good description. •

DIE REPRESENTATION OF CARLISLE.—Mr. Ed-
ward James, Q.C., of the Northern Circuit, has issued an
address to the electors of Carlisle, in which he status that on
Saturday last, when ho received intelligence of the death of
Sir James Graham, he at once resolved, acting on the ad-
vice of several of his friends, to become a candidate for the
vacant seat. Respect for the memory of the distinguished
statesman and for the feelings of his relatives and friends,
induced him to defer addressing the electors until the earth
had closed over the remains of Sir James. But he now
learned he had been anticipated, and, to prevent even an ap-
pearance of division in the Liberal party, he will abstain
from offering himself as a candidate. Should, however,
another opportunity arise, he will offer his services.

GREAT YARMOUTH, Thtirsday.—Two vessels, a
brig and a schooner both colliers belonging to Whitby, have
been totally lost on the sands off this coast during the week.
The brig was the Gauntlet, from Newcastle for Havre,
coal-laden, which struck during rough weather on the Lc-
man and Ower sands, at half-past Bon Sunday morning.
She continued to beat heavily, and made watcrAcot r,
_pai l.m.
that in an hour there was six feet in the bold. 10 .
the crew of seven hands had to takeLteomtahuelbigohatts,hleira7onng
everything behind, and made for the
board which they were receivhed
quitting her. On
the brig go down within an ,uarnafetwe'rhence they observed
invgeswseelreanrclecceahr.gedo
wereo taken off by a Yarmouth
Wednesday morning 3.
hiiiple,:ing insure . sc ooner was tho
lugger, and having lantdheedul:
d The h
hheerNo'atlititeisomf °trilhe
wasi.llt into thes 1:4
6SOa: ltohres 's
King...nshor, also coal-laden, from the same port for Lowe-
having
d
ase n
craernr di
eedr eodn
tuhnemßa
anrabgeera bs
al en
dfsr clown 1
\b
if .
(i , pug,
stoft.
sheL43treeril;ghgt,°and became a total wreck. lhe crew left her in
their boat, and landed at Scratby the same night, whence
they Were forwarded to the Sailors' Rome next niorning.

/

LONDON, MONDAY, NOV. 4, 1861.

Another Ecclesiastical case of great public im-
portance has just been decided by Dr. LUSHINGTON
in the Court of Arches. In this case the importance
Is, however, chiefly due to the principles laid down
by the learned judge as the basis of his judgment.
In the celebrated GoRHAM cue, Mr. GORHAM was
the representative of a very large section of the
Established clergy ; had the decision gone against
him, we must, if Evangelical clergymen as a body
are honest men, have had a secession larger than
that on St. Bartholomew's day, whose bicentenary
the Nonconformists are preparing to celebrate next
year. In the present case Mr. HEATH'S views
appear to be so peculiar that the learned judge was
unable to find any divine of eminence belonging to
the Church who had held them at all. The one
chiefly condemned as contrary to the grammatical
meaning of the Articles was, that " justification "
meant " doing strict justice to all both good and
bad," and "justification by faith," "the faith
of the SAVIOUR in His own Gospel."
"He, the SAVIOUR, still believes that he
can put the world to rights, and I believe
so too." Mr. HEATH also denied that GOD
was propitiated by the SAVIOUR; denied that for-
giveness of sins was any part of the Gospel ; indeed
the denial of the doctrines taught by the articles
extended to most of those which are obviously '
enough contained in them. We must all admit,
therefore, that it was impossible for the judge to do
otherwise than pronounce the doctrines published
by Mr. HEATH to be contrary to the articles of his
own Church. Dr. LUSHINGTON had not to make
articles ; they are substantially a part of an Act of
Parliament, and his only duty was to ascertain their
meaning and pronounce accordingly. In his at-
tempt to do•so, he appears to have made every effort
to allow the widest possible interpretation, but we
must confess that none we can conceive of could
reconcile Mr. HEATH'S views with the teaching of
the thirty-nine articles or of the Prayer Book.
AE we seem likely, however, to have a crop of
such cases before long, it is interesting to notice
the principles
on which Dr. LUSHINGTON pro-
ceeded. He seemed fully impressed with the
gravity of his duty in thi •
n respect. Indeed, a
main object of his judgment appeared to be to
inform the clergy and the public of the light in
which the judges of the land must view the
Articles and Prayer-book When
any one was
accused of preaching " contrariant and repugnant
thereto." The obligations of clergymen are two-
fold. " They must declare their assent and con-
sent to the Book of Common-prayer, and
they
must subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles." But
then arises the vexed question—ln what seam ?
Much is often said of the animus with which
they are subscribed. But Dr. LUSHINGTON
denied that the court could entertain that ques-
tion. " I have nothing to do," he said,
" with
the internal convictions of any person subscribing
to the Articles; neither I nor any other court can
know what are the opinions ofindividuals when they
affix their subscription—that is a matter to be
governed by their own consciences." The judge
repeated again and again in several varieties of
phrase, that the "plain intent and meaning of the
Common prayer or the articles of religion," "the
plain, grammatical meaning," was that which he
alone could regard. No authority, however high,
not though
it expressed his own private:opinion, nor
eventil"gh he thought that opinion to be supported
by Holy
scripture, could he presume to declare to
be the meaning of the ;nide, unless that authority t

were in concurrence with the "plain, gramma-
tical meaning of it." He truly observed, that
were he to seek to adapt the real meaning of the
article to the convenience of the Church or of indi.
viduals at the present day, it would be to repeal by
judge-made law an act of Parliament. All such
attempts on the part of judges, he observed, by in-
genious subterfuges to evade or weaken the
law, were not only contrary to principle
but injurious in their consequences, since they
tended to postpone a remedy, if there were a real
evil. The learned Doctor seemed to feel that his
principles necessitated judgments which might be
regarded as " too severe restrictions of the clergy ;"
and as " shutting the door against inquiry and dis-
quisition which might tend to elucidate the truth.'
But he was certainly right in his reply, that if this
were so, " it was not for a Court of Justice to• open
a door whioh the Legislature has shut."

Dr. LIISHINGTON allowed considerable liberty in
two respects—first, he held that if, in endeavouring
to ascertain the grammatical sense of the articles,
any of them fairly and naturally admitted of being
construed in more senses than one, any of those
senses were admissible ; especially if it were found
that eminent divines had held such senses
" without offence." " That which had been
allowed or tolerated in the Church ought not
to be questioned by that Court." Again,
he allowed considerable latitude to sermons.
They could not be construed in the same rigid way
as legal documents must be. A clergyman ought
to be allowed the fullest scope in endeavouring to
show that his language did not really contravene
that of the Articles or of the Prayer-book. But
the Articles themselves must be taken by a judge,
and by all who subscribe them, "as containing the
doctrines of the Church of England," and that the
doctrines as far as set forth in them are " accordant
to Scripture." Nor was it sufficient •to allege
intention not to teach doctrines contrary to the
Articles ; it must be shown that the teaching was
not really contrary. After what we have men-
tioned, it cannot be doubted that Mr. HEATH'S
doctrines, on the most favourable construction of
his sermons were almost in direct contradiction to
several of the Articles.

Our clergymen now know the length of their
legal tether. We do not see how Dr. LUSHING-
TON'S principles can be set aside. They reveal
indeed a yoke on the necks of the clergy which
men of mental independence must chafe under. To
find it neeessary, as Dr. LUSHINGTON says, to have
always in mind in their religious teaching the doc-
trines and language of worthy men of three cen-
turies back—to be fettered by the notions of theo-
logians just emerged from methevial papacy—to be
denied the right even to show that the doctrine of
the Word of GOD is different from and better than
that of the antique formularies of the Church of
the TUDORS and the STUARTS—the very intimation
is enough to drive every man who respects his own
convictions and intellectual independence into the
ranks of dissent. The remedy is obvious. Subscription
and Uniformity—the devices of an age of Religious
as well as Civil despotism are the roots of the evil.
While these are enforced men must be compelled to
intellectual dishonesty. No man can think on all
points with the formularies and articlei of the
Church as they now stand, and if he once depart
from Dr. LUSHINGTON'S standard what honest
standing ground can he find. It is 'only by the
process colloquially known as " Winking hard," at
many a doctrine or phrase, that men of High Church,
Low Church, and Broad Church notions all keep
their places in the establishment. We want, and
we must have more liberal and therefore more honest
terms of subscriptions, and greater liberty for cler-
gymen in the use of the Liturgy.

On previous occasions we have called attention
to the inefficiency of our county magistrates in
dealing with the cases that come before them, and
there occur almost weekly fresh proofs of their
mistaken leniency in allowing ruffians to escape
with a quarter of their deserts. The case of
WHITELOCK and his apprentices is enough to call
forth the deepest indignation. It is astonishing to
believe a man could be guilty of such outrageous
cruelty towards helpless girls, and on such trivial
grounds of provocation. The workhouse authorities
who apprenticed the orphan girls to this man were
greatly to blame, as they could not have made the
requisite inquiries relative to his character. The
evidence that is given of his conduct seems to
relate the atrocities committed by a slavedriver,
rather than the details of a transaction in a land on
whose shores the slave is free, It is quite time that
our legislators bestirred themselves in the cause of
that wretched and trampled down class, the appren-
tices. Tyranny and persecution go unchecked in
many an abode over which other WIIITELOCKS
may reign with a rule of terror, and no measures
can be adopted that are too severe to stay cruelty
towards unprotected orphans, who may be too
frightened to appeal against such masters, or too
ignorant to know they can have redress from the
law. WHITELOCK was often heard to exclaim that
" all the devils on earth should not keep him frOm
beating his girls." Those who survey kis actions
Iwill believe that all evil spirits were exciting him
to the commission of his cruelty, He was brought
before the magistrates charged with beating a girl of
fifteen with a horsewhip, for nearly an hour, on the
plea that he had lost his purse. Had she stolen
it, which he could not prove to be the fact, he
had no right to take the law into his own hands.
The case of the elder girl whom he ill-used is yet
more flagrant, as it related to the trivial circum-
stance of her not having finished papering some
bonnets on Saturday night. For these offences
he was only condemned to two months' imprison-
ment with hard labour. Six months for each
assault would have been far too little punishment.
It is really encouraging hard-hearted and vindic-
tive men to indulge their passions to excess when
they know that, if by chance discovered, the
penalty inflicted will be so trifling, There is no
offence more in violation of Divine laws than that of
cruelty, and no human statutes approach at all to
perfection when they are tolerant of its excesses,
and do not put it down with a strong hand and a
determined will. It is to be trusted that the con-
stant recurrence of such acts of wanton cruelty, as
the one before us, will incite those in authority in
petty sessions to try stringent measures for their
suppression. If not, the general indignation of the
public will be aroused, and the administration of
justice will be
cise it in its legititerofmormthoosfe
taken willg
ini jetxaeirs..,
like
WHITELOCK, with twrehaotin
becoming severity, instead
of putting off the day of account until the life of
some wretched victim has fallen a prey to bru-
tality. Prevention is better than cure, and
Iwhile the helpless and poor abound it
is incumbent on all concerned in the making
of laws and the administration of justice, so
to frame them, and so to carry them out,
that such practices shall cease throughout the
length and breadth of the land. There is no nobler
end for exertion, and no higher aim to which we
succour the friendless and pro-
can aspire than to
tect the ;oppressed, and those who are planning
missions among the heathen abroad had better
begin at home by taking up the cause of trampled-
down parish apprentices, and fighting against their

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THE SUN.