The Sun.
London, England, 1861-10-26 00:00:00

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THE SUN.
LONDON, SATURDAY, OCT. 26, 1861.

Another of our links with the political era,
which dates from the closing scenes of the war,
and included Corn Law Repeal, has just been
severed. During that period Sir JAMES GRAHAM
was an important actor in the political world ; and,
for the last ten or twelve years also, his has been
a name which we could not have wished to miss
from our list' of the nation's representatives. He
has never been the foremost man, it is true, but he
had abilities which made him a power ; he was
recognised as a very important supporter and a
formidable opponent. What Sir JAMES GRAHAM
thought and said was always an important element
in any debate ; and if he was supposed to speak
his real mind and to advocate his real opinions,
his judgment was felt to be so sound as to influence
a considerable number of minds.

It is probably true that he failed to attain the
highest position—one to which his abilities might
properly lead him to aspire—from his failure to
attain public favour and confidence. And his failure
in this respect must unquestionably be attributed to
the general impression that he was more of a par-
tisan than was consistent with high political mo- '
rality, and that he was not very scrupulous as to
the grounds of his partisanship. The Admiralty
gave proof of his high administrative talents,
and in the House the impression was strong enough,
and justly so, that he could not easily be surpassed
in masterly exhibition and defence of the side he
took ; the only thing frequently wanting to give
irresistible weight to his speeches was the uncer-
tainty as to their expressing the personal convic-
tions of the speaker. When we are in the hands
of a speaker ofgreat argumentative powers, it would
seem as if we had nothing to think of but the
arguments. But the truth is, that his hearers,
in proportion to their opinion of his su-
perior ability, are ready to suppose him
capable of overthrowing his own arguments, if
he chose. Certainly this was often suspected to be
the case with Sir JAMES GRAHAM.

The greater part of his life was spent in support
of Liberal measures. Catholic Emancipation, the
Reform Bill, and the Repeal of the Corn Laws
were all indebted to him for vigorous support.
The last, indeed, furnished one amongst other
illustrations of his defection from principles he had
previously advocated—this time, a defection to the
right side, however. It will not easily be forgotten
how, after having been assailed night after night
for his departure from the principles of his anony-
mous but never denied pamphlet, and after having
been wounded all over, as his opponents thought,
by arrows drawn from his own quiver, the Cumber-
land baronet rose perfectly unabashed, and coolly
told them that, as to all their clever inuendoes and
insinuations, on which they so much plumed them-
selves, " he had changed his opinions, and there
was an end ou't."

What damaged him most withthe public was pro-
bably not his secession on the Irish Church question,
with the then Lord STANLEY and others; certainly
not his renouncing the opinion that corn ought to be
freely imported at a fixed protective duty; but, the
Post-office affair. His opening letters for such a
justly hated wretch as the late King of NAPLES,
and the death of the noble brothers BANDIERA,
raised a perfect storm throughout the country; yet
it should be remembered that he in this case only
did the dirty work of the Government, and all of
them, its chief especially, were as really
culpable as Sir JAMES GRAHAM. Still, at
the time almost all the blame was thrown
on the colleague ; the chief and others were rather
regarded as only magnanimously standing by him.
In one sense this was just. Sir JAMES GRAHAM
could be as independent as he pleased ; and a man
of his ability ought rather to have resigned than
accept such a commission from his chief. Gradu-
ally, perhaps, public opinion did him com-
parative justice. The respectable men who
employed him received their share of the
blame, but his active participation in the business
produced an impression unfavourable to him which
remained after the details began to pass from public
memory. The small band of able Peelites, as they
call themselves is now becoming small indeed. One
as much distinguished by his general favour with
the public, as Sir JAMES was by the want of it, has
hardly passed away, when another, at threescore
and ten indeed, but yet in the full vigour of his
faculties, is also removed. Lord PALMERSTON and
the Whigs, 'with whom he has again acted of late,
will also feel his loss.

The time for action in -7-----n
America is narrowing fast.
But t w two monthsfor a
armies
inowmesthere reads will be nearly
cebfo
rtainly for such vast
ere
impassable
armies as are now collected'. There
is yet no real
symptom of anything like an engagement, certainly
not of a decisive engagement, and if one be fought
with ever so much success on the part of the North,
it is far too late for any material advance south-
wards this year. At the best, M'CLELLAN could
but hope to reach Richmond, the capital of Virginia,
and to occupy militarily all the northern part of the
State, as he now does Maryland, and .when he had

There is, however, no appearance yet of his get-
ting even so far as that. He is slowly occupying the
positions in advance of Manassas Junction, which
the Confederates, it is plain, never meant to defend.
They were merely held by them with painted
wooden guns ; held, to produce an impression that
they were more numerous and stronger than they
are. The old position, Manassas Junction, appears
to be still the one where the Confederates
have strongly fortified themselves, and on
that M'CLELLAN will for some time pro-
bably be afraid to make a direct attack. It
would appear, that, from the nature of the ground,
he can make no other, and it is by no mean certain
that he could, in this way force BEAUREGARD'S lines.
A second defeat, or unsuccessful assault, would not
at all surprise us, if M'CLELLAN can find no means
of taking his enemy in flank. BEAUREGARD has
had the same military traning asM'CLELLAN himself,
and it remains to be seen whether the latter has the
more skill, or better men. In artillery M'CLELLAN
appears likely to have the superiority, and that con-
siderably, and he is known to have expressed the
opinion that by that arm the present contest will be
decided. Americans were never very forward to
make or to meet a charge ; their General may pro-
bably therefore be right.
It seems, therefore, not to be thought of that the
contest should be what the North in its " magni-
ficent uprising" talked of at first—a short, sharp,
and decisive contest. It has hardly been sharp
yet ; short it does not, indeed, seem likely to be,
and the opinion now seems to gain ground that it
will never be decisive. Some compromise as the
result seems to be the general expectation.
Whether it is to be after one or two or three cam-
paigns, the temper of all parties must decide; but
no indication of a compromising spirit are yet
visible. There are, no doubt, thousands of
wealthy men, thousands of tradesmen and mercan-
tile men, who sigh in secret for " peace at any
price." But their day seems to be far enough off.
In the North it would be dangerous for them to
speak. In the South, if any concession to the
North were thought of by them, they might expect
the bowie knife or the cord. The South will de-
fend to the last, and the North will assemble troops
and their ships as long as money can be got, though
when they will use them in battle is at present
doubtful. The Ncrth had one effectual weapon
but refused to use it.

England and France must make up their mind
to scour all the rest of the world for cotton this
winter, for we do not see how, except through
peace, any can be hoped for from America. The
Federals have talked indeed of opening a cotton
port ; but even if they did, they could not
bring the cotton to it. The cotton is not
at the ports. An intelligent gentle-
man writes in a Manchester paper that they dare
not bring it to them. "The risk" he says, "is two-
fold—that of capture and that of fire. If the
Federal squardrons be unable to take, they may be
able to shell and burn. All cotton insured at a
port would be insured at war rates. Then, again,
the cotton is kept back, because, to bring it
down to the port, involves a heavy outlay,- and,
in the absence of shipping, this would be an outlay
with return. To get the cotton to the river-
side costs money ; to get it conveyed by river
steamers to the wharf costs money. Why should
the planter spend his five or six dollars
a bale, to have his cotton deteriorate in the
wharf, when he can keep it in the pens on
his plantation, uncleaned, and so saved from
deterioration by the vegetable oil of the seed ?
But even if risk and unremunerative outlay did not
keep back the crop on plantations, there is another
and even more potent reason. The planters have not
got the bagging necessary for making the cotton
up into bales. The blockade keeps out the gunny
bagging of India, as well as the cloths of Man.
chester and Belfast, the steel wares of Sheffield and
Birmingham, the iron of Staffordshire, and the
woollens of Yorkshire."

We cannot profess to regret this. The distress
which may be partially felt in Lancashire is indeed
a painful source of apprehension, but there had
been a considerable over production, and some short
time there must have been, if there had been no
stoppage of supply of cotton—it will be worse from
this cause doubtless—but the effect upon all other
parts of the world, on India especially, will be an
ample compensation.

Among the papers of special interest read at the
last meeting of the Social Science Congress was a
short essay* by Miss FRANCES COBBE, succinctly
setting before the public the aims and intentions of
the society of which she has been so valuable an
auxiliary. The treatment of our pauper population
when applying for parochial relief is a question of
much complication and difficulty. The just medium
between the indulgent lenity which pities the
wretchedness and the keen-sighted experience which
censures the improvidence, is very hard to arrive at;
and the pleas of the soft-hearted philanthropists
are triumphantly met by the hard-headed economist
with the argument that any degree of comfort or
kindness shown to the workhouse inmates is only
bestowed upon the most worthless and thriftless of
their class, and affords that encouragement to the
evil which would be better employed on the labour-
ing and self-supporting poor. This discussion
between justice and mercy is of long-standing, and
not likely to be easily disposed of. Popular feeling
asserts that in the contest the " twice blessed"
quality is seldom the winner, but that point we
need not at present discuss. The cases brought
forward by Miss COBBE lie altogether beyond the
pale of the economist's reproaches. What is
to become of a labouring man or woman dependent
on their own earnings, when incapacited by sickness
from gaining a penny, and from that sickness re-
quiring aid and comforts which cost money ? The
answer naturally points to our many noble hospitals
and eleemosynary institutions. But if the disease
from its mortal and hopeless nature precludes their
remaining under these shelters; if the resources of
skill and science are vain, and the artisan, the
domestic servant, or sometimes even the governess
is totally deprived, by no fault or improvidence, of
the means of earning bread, what remains to them ?
The sentence of incurable sickness tells them not
only that hope is over for them in this world, that
pain and weakness and suffering will never leave
them more on this side the grave, but it tells them
also that their last days of lingering hopeless suffe-
ring shall be spent among the lowest and roughest
and most callous of their kind, with bare necessaries
instead of the luxuries their sufferings demand,
with hard, rude, indifferent and untrained assistants
instead of tender nurses, with no employment to
pass their tedious hours, and, in many cases, no
means of rising from their hard and comfortless
beds. And these sufferers are not so few in number
that they should be regarded as unfortunate
consumptionex-
ceptions to the general rule. Miss COBBE says:—
" The class to which I allude are the incurables;
the
Theseri one small
:1117Cleir toynpee s loaf
patients suffering from dropsy, cancer, and
pitals, save , who are excluded from all ether hos-
Emnorgtlaaln
Ireland.malady
onaleonine
destroy 80,000 persona •
in England every year ;
* " Journal Of the IV° kb.
Longman. r mile Visiting Society."

* Fund for Destitute Incurables, at Messrs. Twinings,
215, Strand, London.

CLERICAL INTOLERANCE.

Mr. DUNLOP, in addressing his constituents the
other day at Glasgow, clearly showed that of all
the intolerance exhibited by the High Church
party in England, nothing surpassed in its un-
reasonableness and revolting bigotry the opposi-
tion mode to Sir MORTON PETO'S Burial Bill. It
simply provides that, under certain reasonable
conditions as to time, and so fcth, all parishioners
should have liberty to inter in the churchyard of
the parish, with such religious services as were
agreeable to their religious views and feelings.
Probably the Bill would not have been
thought of but for the refusal of stiff
Churchmen to read the service over inno-
cent infants and others, dying unbaptised4
The Archbishop of CANTERBURY has distinctly ad-
vised clergymen not to enquire curiously and need-
lessly respecting the baptism of persons who have
died, as they may suspect, without it ; but still some
priggish youngsters in Holy Orders, and a few old
obstinate clergymen too, take pains to find au excuse
for not interring the children of " heretics." Hence
the proposal last year, that if the clergyman would
not inter the corpse some one else might. And yet
in a Christian land, and in a house which begins its
discussions with prayer to the Father of all, young
lords got up and scoffed at dissenting worship of
their GOD in the most shameless way, and repre-
sented it as a grievous wrong to religion that dis-
senters should bury their dead with religious services
consolatory to their own feelings! It was impudently
argued that the churchyard belonged to the clergy-
man, and not to the parish ; and members of the
British House of Commons talked bigotry worthy
only of the Popery of Spain and Italy. Mr. DUN-
LOP'S castigation was well deserved, and we hope
Sir MORTON PETO will not be daunted by the
grossness of the ecclesiastical bullying to which he
was exposed. What has led us just now briefly to
advert to the subject is an account of one of these
refusal-of-burial cases, which will be found extracted
from the Bedfordshire Mercury in another column.
The Houses of Parliament are bound to put an end
to such worse than heathenish misbehaviour on the
pert of clergymen belonging to a Church which
owes its existence and powers solely to Acts of
Parliament. Clergymen are State servants, and
the Legislature ought to compel them to Christian
decency.

The Countess de Waxel, Madlle. and Mons de
Wexel, have loft Fenton's Hotel for Hampshire.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer left town yes-
terday for Havarden Castle, Chester.

Mr. and Lady Mary Craven came to town yester-
day from visiting Viscount and Viscountess Barrington at
Beckett House, Berks. Mr. Craven and Lady Mary will
leave town to-day for Newmarket,

Capt. M. B. Semmes, of the 'privateer Sumpter,
arrived in the Edinburgh steamer yesterday, from New
York. He shipped in the vessel as Capt. Burmister, R.N.
—Liverpool Daily Fost.
THE NEW CHARING-CROSS RAILWAY.—The con-
struction of the new railway from London-bridge to Cha-
ring-cross proceeds with the utmost activity. From the
Surrey side of the Suspension-bridge to High-street, in the
Borough, the work of demolition of the houses and other
buildings through which the line is to pass is nearly com-
plete.

Major-General Sir John Inglis, whose defence of
Lucknow is still fresh in our recollections, has been ap-
pointed by the Commander-in-Chief to succeed Sir Edward
Buller in the command of the troops in the lonian Islands.
Sir John and his youthful family will embark for Corfu in
January next. _

GERMANS IN THE FEDERAL ARMY.—The follow-
ing is given as a very nearly correct statement of the num-
ber of Germans in the Federal army from the different
sections of the country :—New England, 200; New York,
12,000 ; New Jersey, 2,000 ; Pennsylvania, 10,000 ; Ohio,
5,000 ; Indiana, 4,000 ; Illinois, 6,000 ; Missouri, 13,000 ;
Minnesota, 500; Wisconsin, 2,000; Michigan, 1,000;
lowa, 1,000 ; Kansas, 500 ; California and Oregon, 2,000 ;
Western Virginia, 1,000 ; Maryland and District of Colum-
bia, 500 ; Kentucky, 500 ; Delaware, 100—total, 59,400.

MELANCHOLY BOAT ACCIDENT.—LOSS OF SEVEN
LIVES.-At Moorburg, on the Elbe, says the ,Tournal de
Frankfort, a sad accident occurred three days back; 14
persons proceeded to cross the river in an old boat, but
before they had gone far water entered, the boat was
swamped, and seven were drowned.

MR. NEWDEGATE, M.P., A RIFLE SHOT.—On
Friday last, quite unexpectedly, C. N. Newdegate, Esq,
M.P., made his appearance at the Nuneaton rifle butt, and•
taking a rifle, at GOO yards distance, at the first shot hit the
bull's-eye. This seems to prove that our hon. M.P. has
had some practice skith the splendid rifle presented to him
some time tack by Westley Richards, Esq., of Birmingham,
for his services in connection with the gun trade in that
town. We may add that the hon. gentleman has promised
the Nuneaton corps to pay another visit shortly, and bring
with him his own rifle.--Birmingham Post.
THE AFRICAN MAIL.—The African Royal Mail
steamer Athenian, Captain Lowry, sailed from Liverpool
on Thursday, for Madeira, Teneriffe, and the West Coast
of Africa, with the usual mails, a fair amount of cargo, and
55 passengers.
THE CANADIAN MAIL.—The Montreal Ocean
Steamship Company's screw steamer Jura, Capt. Burgess,
sailed from Liverpool on Thursday for Quebec and Montreal.
Besides the Canadian mails and a fair extent of cargo, she
took out about 20 cabin passengers.

THE SOUTHERN EMBANKMENT OF THE THAMES.
—Yesterday evening a meeting of delegates from each of
the parishes of South London, was held at the Horns Ta-
vern, Kennington, to decide on the course to be pursued in
order to obtain for the southern bank of the Thames privi-
leges similar to those to be conferred on the northern shore
under the Thames Embankment Bill. The chair being
taken by Mr. F. Doulton, several gentlemen pointed out
the importance of a southern embankment. A resolution
was, after a long discussion, carried unanimously to the
effect that the sanitary condition of the districts of London
south of the river, and their liability to floods, rendered the
protection of an embankment necessary, and that the meet-
ing, while anxious to promote this undertaking, had no
desire to delay the progress of the northern embankment.
deputation was appointed to wait upon Lord Palmerston on
the subject from each of the parishes in South London.
The advicee from Paris desoribc en ;eerreeeee3.
feeling on the Bourse, and state that there has been no less
of specie by the Bank of France during the past week.
ARTESIAN WELLS.—A communication has been
received on this subject by the Academy of Sciences from
M. Gaudin, in which he replies to the question, often asked,
whether the supply of the Artesian wells, bored in the neigh-
bourhood of Paris, can ever be exhausted ? The stratum of
green sandstone interposed between the strata of chalk and
Jurassic limestone is of the average thickness of 50 metres,
consequently, taking the depth of 577 metres of the Arte-
sian well at Pussy as a criterion, there remains a depth of
25 metres of sand. A cubic metre of sand, closely rammed,
weighs 1,600 kilogrammes, while compact quartz weighs
2,500 kilogrammes ; hence the stratum of sand, even sup-
posing it to be closely packed, has interstices amounting to
one-third of its bulk in the aggregate, so that every cubic
metre of sand under water contains 333 litres of water.
Now, the layer of sand existing under the chalk may be
represented by a disk of 163 kilometres' radius, its surface
amounting to 80,000 square millimetres, and its thickness
to 8 metres. The cubic contents of this disk are, therefore,
640,000,000,000 metres, which, divided by 10,000,000, then
by 365, gives the quotient 175, being the number of years
requisite to exhaust the supply of water at the rate of
10,000,000 cubic metres per day I This would be correct,
supposing the quantity of water to remain stationary, and
never to receive any increment by the infiltration of rain-
water and that of rivers. This our author calculates at
half a metre per annum, and thence arrives at the conclu-
sion that the annual increase of the water is double the
quantity expended, so that the Artesian wells in or about
Paris are, and must ever be, inexhaustible.
'GOVERNMENT JOBS THIRTY YEARS AGO.--A
venerable and pawky jobber, who, much to his surprise
and indignation, was driven from his seat by Sir John Bow-
ring after the passing of the Reform Bill, used to say that
the right time for pressing a Minister on a point of patron-
age was just before a critical division. Curious stories are
told of his walking on such an occasion with Canning to the
house, and when asked if his vote might be depended on,
saying that his mind was at the moment so much occupied
with the uncertain position of that poor fatherless bairn who
wanted the clerkship in the Register House for the support
of a widowed mother, that he was really not in a condition
to make up his mind how he would vote. Once he had
made such strenuous efforts to provide for a certain Lauch-
lan Macintosh, that two simultaneous appointments came
to the fortunate youth—ono in the Customs, the other in
the Excise. Neither of these was to be thrown away. It
was necessary, therefore, to send to the Highlands for a
duplicate Lauchlan Macintosh willing to accept of a Govern-
ment appointment, and little difficulty was found in pro-
curing what was wanted.—Scotsman.
HOSPITAL FOR CONSUMPTION AND DISEASES OF
THE CHEST, BROMPTON.—On Sunday last a sermon was
preached at St. Paul's Church, Onslow-square, South Ken-
sington, by the Rev. Cepel Molyneux, tho Incumbent, in
aid of the funds of the above charity. The text chosen was
Psalm ciii., sth verse, " Who satisfieth thy mouth with
good things ; so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle's."
Sunday having been set apart as a day of thanksgiving in
this church for the late bountiful hervest, the preacher
made a few appropriate remarks thereupon, inculcating the
duty of practical thankfulness fcr national and personal
blessings ; and then passed to the consideration of the text
in its spiritual aspect. At the close of a most able and elo-
quent discourse, the rev, gentleman said he desired very
strongly and very earnestly to commend to their Christian
liberality the charity for which he pleaded. Con-
sumption was a most prevalent disease in England ; one-
fifth of the deaths amongst adults was caused by it ;
and those afflicted by it were not usually admitted into
the general hospitals. All who had seen and known
anything of consumption amongst their own families—
and who had not done so ?—would feel what an unspeak-
able blessing it was for the poor, when suffering from
consumption or other diseases of the chest, to have such a
place as the Brompton Hospital to go to. He spoke from
personal experience of the seasonable relief it afforded ; for
his first acquaintance with the hospital arose from the ap-
plication and subsequent admission of a poor man in whom
he was interested. Nearly 200 in-patients were always
under treatment ; and, besides being supplied with every-
thing they could need, their spiritual instruction was espe-
cially attended to. There was also a multitude of out-
patients. The hospital was entirely dependent on voluntary
subscriptions. Its expenses were upwards of £B,OOO a-year,
and the annual subscriptions were but little over half that
amount. Donations were mainly relied upon to make up
the deficiency; but of late there had been a great falling off
in the receipts; the donations for the past quarter being
less than £2OO, £l,OOO being the average per quarter in the
previous year. If the income continued thus to fall short
of the expenditure, it was feared that the committee would
eventually be again compelled to shut up a portion of the
hospital for want of funds. To assist them in continuing
to con'er tho iecstimable bend's of the hospital on the
numbers of poor sufferers, the preacher earnestly entreated
the liberal contributions of his' hearers. The collection
after the sermon amounted to £123 16s. 3d., and included
nearly 417 in, new 411.1111 g