The Sun.
London, England, 1861-08-24 00:00:00

THE SUN,' LONDON, SATURDAY EVEN-Mx, AUGUST 24, 1 861.

•
Zealand. A colony so far removed from us that
it is actually at our Antipodes—so considerable in
its dimensions that it contains within it an area
larger than that of the whole of the United
Kingdom.

From every quarter the assurance increases that
the old teacher, Necessity, has only to make her

appearance, and our vast cotton trade will be no
longer dependent on American slavery. Three

colonies of our own could, by vigorous application

of judicious means, any one of them keep all the

going. Jamaica
mills of Lancashire and Glasgow

could do it ; Queensland could do it; India could do

it—not to mention Egypt, the coast of Africa, and
almost numberless other places. Of course we have
a double ;interest in getting cotton from our own
colonies. We cannot be indifferent to their pros-
perity. If Free-trade makes it as advantageous to
export to, and bring raw produce from, one country
as another, yet, as large exports and imports be-
tween us and any country enrich that country as
well as ourselves, how can we but prefer that the
country should be one over which our QUEEN
reigns, and the welfare of whose inhabitants can be
only second in our estimation to that of the dwellers
in our Island home. We are, therefore, so selfish as
to be gratified with the prospect of American cotton
becoming very dear ; of its becoming so dear, as to
move the right men, whom the necessities of the
occasion are sure to call forth, to achieve the great
work of perfecting the supply of Indian and
Colonial cotton.

We are not insensible to the hardships which
must be first endured, and to the difficulties of the
task. To put four millions of people on half-time,
and, therefore, on half rations, is a frightful evil ;
but the Irish potato rot was a still more frightful
one ; still, what a blessing has it proved to Ireland.
A scant supply of cotton would not produce a tithe
of the misery caused by the Irish famine, wz.ile it
would result in much greater benefits. It would
soon destroy negro slavery in America, and confer
on four millions of people the first necessary for
human improvement—personal liberty. It would
elevate perhaps millions of wretched ryots to a state
of comparative wealth and independence ; and it
would both open up to Manchester an abundant
market, and a field of supply to her looms, such as

America can never become while she is a slave re-
public ; at the same time it would be a fresh bond
of good will between India and England.
We know not how Manchester and Liverpool
feel at the sight; custom so blunts our feelings; but
we cannot visit Lancashire and see the bales of
cotton and the white fibre bursting forth, just as
it came home, without an unpleasant recollection of
the hideous wrong by which that cotton was grown,
and picked, and cleaned. It seems redolent of
slavery. It fills us with thoughts not merely of
the driver, and the gang, and the lash, and the
negro sale-block, and the separation of families,
and the violation of the marriage-tie—but of the
essentially evil institution, which, treating man as
a saleable beast of the field, defaces in him the
image of his maker, and forbids him to rise. We
know Manchester will reply—" But why not see
all this in a muslin gown ?" We rejoin, " Because
the results of free labour are there the more con-
spicuous." We do not deny that the substantial
evil is still there, although metamorphosed by the
skill of freedom, but it is not the product of un-
mitigated wickedness. The cotton bale tells only
of the lash. The muslin gown tells also, and tells
more conspicuously, of the marvellous ingenuity and
skill which can flourish in freedom only.

Jamaica and Queensland have both their diffi-
cullies in regard to the supply of labour, and the
novelty of the business of cotton growing, at least
on the large scale ; all this we cannot doubt would
yi(:ld before the grand teacher Necessity—" De
mend," as our men of commerce term the imperious
Goddess. Be that as it may, in India there are no
such difficulties. Labour seeks employment there
and as was lately remarked in India itself, '• You
can teach us nothing we do not know about cotton
growing." Assurance of a demand at a remunera-
tive price, means of transit, and an agency to see
to the collecting and cleaning are all that is needed.
Mr. BAZLEY pointed out the other day that the
cost of carriage was the only real obstacle to the
use of immense quantities of cotton of the Indian
qualities; and that cost is almost entirely in-
curred in the country itself. This difficulty the
Government is doing its utmost to lessen and re-
move; it is thoroughly in earnest, and we have
every hope that progress Rill be rapid in tem-
porary expedients till the canal and railway do
for the Indian cotton districts what the Missis-
sippi and the Railway have done for slave-grown
cotton.

It is gratifying to see that reports are rapidly
coming in to the Indian Government on the subject
of the cotton trade, and equally so to notice the
character of some of them. What can be more in-
teresting and hopeful than the simple facts resFec-
ing Nagpore ? In that territory we read that there
are already the vast number of 281,214 acres, equal
to 439 square miles, actually under cotton cultiva-
tion ! Truly, the people in Nagpore are not ap-
prentices to the business; the soil, moreover, we
,are told, is so well adapted to the cultivation of
cotton that there is room for indefinite extension.
The supply, reports the Commissioner, might
soon be made equal to the demand ; the only thing
wanted is what Orientals especially, but perhaps
agriculturists in most places would need, agents
who should remove all difficulties but those of the
culture of the plant. They want persons interested
in procuring the cotton to see to the cleaning it in
a manner adapted to the Manchester market, to
pressing and packing it, and to the carriage. They
want a man to do just what BIANCONI did for Irish
travelling, and of which he gave us so interesting
an account at the Dublin meeting. If Nagpore
had but her BIANCONI, we should not be surprised
if even this season he astonished Manchester with
what he could send her thence.

Another commissioner tells us that the cotton in
his district would answer well now for all the
the coarse sorts of cloth, but would answer also for
the finer sorts if gathered and cleaned with more
care. The natives at present let the pods fall from
the trees instead of gatherinr, it from them ; it of
course contracts much soil from the ground, which
cannot be easily cleared off again from the delicate
fibre. By proper care in gathering the cotton from
the tree, its value, the consumer says, would be
enhanced 50 per cent. This is the old story. Agri-
culturists in our own country have been taught
to bring their corn, and their wool, and their other
produce to market in the best trim by the demands
of the agents of all kinds, from the merchant down-
wards, who act as middlemen, and who by the
increased price they could give for a better prepared
urticle, even of the same quality, taught our sons of
the soil the importance of clean wool and well
dressed grain crops; and who also undertook
everything but the eonv2yanee of the produce to
the nearest maika town. Now Lancashire has
but to do the same. She must have thousands of
persons competent to act as middlemen between
the Indian cotton ryot, and the Liverpool ware-
house. Let these men go forth. There is a good
commission business for them. A first rate or-
ganiser could probably soon make a fortune

between the Indian cotton field and the Liverpool.
Cotton Market.

A fuller telegram to-day from Vienna tells us of
a piece of matchless effrontery. The EMPEROR, in
his Rescript, charges the Hungarians with " in-
gratitude." And what would the reader conceive
to be the ground for this charge ? Why, that
Hungary did not appreciate as she ought the " con-
cessions of the 20th of October, by which the EM-
PEROR threw a veil of oblivion over the crime of the
14th of April, 1849, committed against the dynasty
and Pragmatic Sanction—the abolition of the
dynasty proclaimed by the Diet at Debreczin."
Surely the Viennese Government must be de-
mented. Wby was the Diet held at Debreczin in-
stead of at Pcsth ? Simply because the Emperor of
AUSTRIA had been guilty of treachery which
nothing could excuse ; because he had doubly
violated not only the Pragmatic Sanction, but all
the laws which bind subjects to their sovereigns.
Because, while they remained perfectly loyal, he
prompted JELLACIIICIT to march upon them, at
the same time publicly denouncing the barbarian

for doing it. It was not till the Hungarians, de-
ceived and betrayed in every way, found them-
selves perfidiously attacked by no less than three
armies, none of which he could legally bring
unto their soil, that they rejected the dynasty.
Never was rejection better deserved, never more
legal, if there be any law between subjects and
rulers. As well might a boy talk of his mag
nanimity in forgetting his master's use of
the birch, or a criminal of forgiving a judge for
a sentence appropriate to his crime, as the Em-

peror of AUSTRIA speak of his magnanimity to the
Hungarians in reference to 1849. It might or
might not be politically expedient for Hungary to
do what all Italy has done with universal applause
so lately and with far less reason ; beat assuredly
the Emperor of AUSTRIA ought to blush to advert
to the darkest period of Austrian villany ! That
he does so proves him unfit to be trusted.
And then, when he recollects how he got over
that deposition—when he recollects that he had
to get back his justly lost kingdom, as a present
from the Cnß—when ho remembers that, fairly
beaten himself by those whom he illegally

attacked, the Russians alone enabled him to per-
petrate the butcheries of Arad, and to satiate his
revenge in the blood of Hungarian patriots, the
date 1849 might well be one he might dread to
recall. Imperial perfidy, treason, and bending
the knee to NICHOLAS, are the Hapsburg memo-
ries of the year 1849.

The Countess of Dunmore and Ladies Murray
have left Carlton House-terrace, for Wilton House, near
Salisbury, to pass a short time with Lady Herbert before
departing for Scotland.
The Earl of Wilton and Lady Alice Egerton
have left Drakolm, Derbyshire, where they have been stay-
ing with Sir Henry and Lady Sophia Des Vceux, for Drum-
mond Castle, Perthshire, on a visit to Lord and Lady Wil-
loughby de Eresby.
Their Highnesses the Princess Czernicheff and
Princess Wladhnir Bariatinski arrived at Folkestone, from
Paris, on Thursday afternoon, by the South-Eastern Rail-
way Company's passenger-boat Princess Helena, and pro-
ceeded immediately by special tidal train to London. Their
highnesses have taken up their residence at the Clarendon
Hotel.

The Marquis of Exeter is shortly expected home
from Germany. The marchioness and Lady Mary Cecil
have arrived at Malvern Wells, from Burghley Hout,e,
near Stamford.

The Marchioness Conyngham left town yester-
dn.), for Christchurch, Hants, on a visit to her ladyship's
sister, the Dowager DacheEs of Richmond.
The Countess of Desart has arrived in town from
Ireland on her way to Scotland.
Count d'Haussonville has arrived at the Claren-
don Hotel from Paris.

Lady Emily Hesketh arrived in Folkestone on
Thursday, and took up bar residence at Langhorne-gardens.
TIIE EMPRESS OF AusTßlA.—The Frankfort
GazOle say :—" A letter from Cuifa confirms the last bul-
letins which have been issued with regard to the health of
the Empress. The extraordinary climate of this island
produced an instantaneous effect. The appetite of the Em-
press h is returned, her respiration is easy and regular, and
her cough has completely disappeared. In a word, none of
the disquieting symptoms which occasioned her Majesty's
departure remain."
POST-OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS.—We are enabled
to state that the regulations for the management of these
valuable institutious have been prepared and will shortly
be published, and that 300 Post-offices will be opened for
receipt of deposits on Monday, the 16th of September. A
list of these offices will soon be made public.
TIIE GREAT ASTERN.—The Great Eastern is
still lying in the Mersey, and has been visited this week
by nearly 30,000 persons without, so far as we can learn, the
slightest hitch in the arrangements for the landing or em-
barkation. She will continue on view during the whole of
next week, after which she will begin to take in cargo for
her next trip, which will take place early in September.
The directors, we understand, have been compelled, in con-
sequence of the demand for additional first-class berths, to
fit up a number of new state rooms.
The report of the Ottoman Bank issued prepara-
tory to their meeting on Wednesday week states that the
net profit in the past half-year was 420,104, and that the
available balance on the present occasion is £25,690. It is
proposed to add £3,000 to the reserve, which will then
amount to £71,196, and to declare a dividend at the rate of
S per cent. per annum, free of income-tax, leaving £1,591
to be carried forward.
TIIE MALTA AND ALEXANDRIA ELECTRIC
TELEGRAPH.—The sections of cable to complete the line
between this island and .Alexandria are expected from
England b.: fore the end of the month. The British screw
steamer Rae goon, with one portion, was to leave on the
10th inst., and the Malacca, with another, was to follow
shortly a:terwards. The Berwick, screw steamer, is also
looked for very soon from England. It appeared that
Messrs. Glasse, Elliott, and Co. are about to try to under..
run and pick up the Corfu ant Cagliari cables.---31alta.
Times.

TIIE MANUFACTURING MAr,KETs—MANCIIESTER,
Friday.—Cotton continues to gain in price, and spinners
endeavour t) get a little more for their yarns, though not
in proportion to the rise in cotton. In this, however, they
succeed but partially, and the amount of business is very
limited. The makers of Eastern cloths find rather more
disposition to buy at lid. per piece, say for shirtings, under
the prices they require ; and some business is effected at
a compromise with the merchants. Other goods are
steadily held at Tuesday's quotations, but there is very little
doing. _ _ _

PAPAL ATROCITIES.—At Pont Landolfo, a village
in the Neapolitan states, the Papal brigands received a
small detachment of Italian troops with cheers and shouts
of welcome, and then surrounded and massacred them to a
man, with horrible tortures and mutilations. They tore
out the eyes of the soldiers, and, it is said, by the express
orders of an archbishop, and under his very eyes, cut
through the right arm of each Italian soldier at the wrist,
" for having carried a sword against the Holy Father."
This village was stormed by a few companies of Bersag-
lieri, and burned to the tlte ground; but all the women,
old men, and children were spared by the troops. When
the Bersaglieri entered the village to demand submission
the rebels threw the mutilated limbs of the massacred soh
diers from the windows.

The judicial investigation at Baden into the case
of Becker, the assassin of the King of Prussia, is now
closed, and the documents relative to it have been sent
to the public prosecutor of the circle of the Rhine at
Bruchsal. It is not yet known whether that functionary
will present au indictment against him both for high trea-
son and attempt at murder, but it is belkved that the
lesser charge alone will be brought forward against him.
Becker himself, however, it; anxious to be tried for high
treason, and he declares he would rather die on a scaffold
than in prison.
LAUNCH OF TIIE PERSEUS AT PEAIBRONE-YARD.
—On Wednesday a handsomely modelled little steam screw
sloop of war called the Perseus, pierced to carry 17 guns,
was launched from the Royal Dockyard at Pembroke. The
ceremony of naming was efficiently performed by Miss Paul,
daughter of Commander Paul, of Desuraport dockyard, who
is here with a party of seamen to navigate the Perseus to
that port, immediately after which (6 o'clock p.m.) the dog •
shores being removed, she beautifully glided off into the
Waters of the haven Iler principal dimensions are as follows :
Length between the
perpendiculars, 185 feet ; length of
keel for tonnage, 164 feet Oi inch ; breadth extreme, 33 feet
2 inches; breadth of keel for tonnage, 33 feet; breadth
moulded, :12 feet 4 inches ; depth of hold, 17 feet 5 inches ;
burl hen in tons, 950 8.91; engines, 200-horse power. In
this instance, and for the first time, in order to the saving
of expense, she will not be jury rigged for navigation to
Devonport, but merely have her lower masts shipp..d with
sails on them sufficient to keep her steady, and be towed
round by rt:amers. Mr. Craddock, master shipwright,
having- bcen appointed to Portsmouth, will be relieved in a
few days by Mr. Fiucham from Deptford.

LAr! N -EWS.

-_.0,--- --

CONSTANTLNOPLE, AUG. 23,

His Excellency Sir 'William Codrington, had
an audience of the Sultan today.

His reception -was particularly cornplininntary.
The Sultan afterwards detained Sir Henry
Bulwer for a long private interview:

A European Conference will bo held. at Con-
stantinople on the question of the, Prinei-

palities.

It is likely that Riza Pasha will be appointed
to a remote Pashalik.

TURIN, AUG. 247-

The statement made by severa I Italie n news-
papers, that some Bourbon partisan s had attempted
a disembarkation on the 21st ins t. at Ascoli, is
without foundation., A large vessel, conveying
them, sailed off without any attempt having been
made to disembark, on account of the alarm having
been immediately spread among the i lahabitants.

VIENNA, AUG. 23.

The communication made to day to, both houses
of the Reichsrath, in the name of 'the Emperor,
explains the difficulties created by tl tle Hungarian
Diet in insisting on the re-establisb.ment of the
laws of 1848, and the inadmissible fl arm in which
this demand was made.
These laws encroach upon and ?prejudice the
rights of the other nationalities of the Austrian
empire.

The Emperor announces his intention of main-
taining the fundamental laws of the 20th October
and 26th Febralry last, because he considers the
unity of the monarchy as the inviolable basis of tt e
indivisible empire.

His Majesty further declares that he will not
withdraw the concessions which he has made to
Hungary. " Should Hungary not take part in the
General Council of the Empire, the resolutions
adopted by the latter will nevertheless be binding
upon the whole empire."
The Emperor places his confidence in the new
Hungarian Diet, and finally declares that instruc-

tions have been despatched to Hungary for the
maintenance of order, in carrying out which, how-
ever, moderation will be used, unless the employ-
ment of rigorous measures be forced upon the
Executive.

NAPLES, AUG. 23 (Evening.)

Ad vices received hero to-day from Arce state
that the brigands being pursued by the Royal
troops entered Pontifical territory. The French
troops were informed of their having crossed the
frontier.

The disbanded Neapolitan soldiers continue to
surrender themselves to the Neapolitan autho-

rities.

NAPLES, AUG. 23.

Yesterday an attempt was made by some reac-
tionists to disembark at San Benedetto del Tronto.
They were, however, repulsed.

CONSTANTINOPLE, AUG. 22.
His Excellency Sir William Codrington arrived
here to-day.
Orders have been despatched to the Pashas of
Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt to send officers to con-
gratulate the Sultan on his accession. The Prince
of Servia has refused to send a deputation.

INlehemet f)jemel Bey has gone to Odessa to con-
gratulate the Czar.
The Circassians have proclaimed a Republic.
The Town of Peristi, near Gallipoli, has been
h•ilf destroyed by fire.

LISBON, AUG. 23.
The King has gone to visit the Exhibition at

Oporto.

He has decorated the Marquis di Bella with
the Order of Christ.

The Cortes has confirmed the authorisation of
the Government for opening the ports for the
importation of foreign grain.

THE PENINSULAR MAILS.
SOUTHAMPTON, AUG. 23.

The Peninsular and Oriental Company's steam-
ship Alhambra arrived here this evening with the
Peninsular mails. She brings 18 passengers, £754
in specie, and 11,000 packages of cargo. She ex-
perienccd strong north-eastely winds.
The Alhambra spoke theEuxine on the 14th, the
steamer Montagu, on the 20th, and the barque
Dreadnought on the 21st inst.

LISBON, AUG. 17.
The Government has authorised the admission of
foreign grain into Portugal.
It is expected that the Cortes will grant the
assistance sought by the steam company Uniao
Mercantil, although great opposition continues
against the measure.
The nuptials of the Infanta Donna Antonio with
the Prince Of Hohenzollern are fixed for the 12th
September.
One of the royal palaces is being prepared for
their reception.

_ .
The Marquis di Bella, representative of the king-
dom of Italy, has arrived in Lisbon; and will be
received by the King in public audience to-day.

The main clauses of the bill authorising the pur-
chase of the Southern Railway are under discussion
in the Cortes.

The weather continues excessively hot.

Exchange on London at three months is quoted
531 ; on Paris, 530; on Amsterdam, 421; on Ham-
burg, 48 ; on Genoa, 528. 3 per Cent. Rentes, 48; ;
Coupons, 481 ; Deferred, 40. Lisbon Bank, 578 ;
Oporto Mercantile Bank, 260; Commercial Bank,
252 milrels.

SHANGHAI, JULY 4 (via Malta).

The friendly relations of the European Govern-
ments with Japan appear likely to be disturbed.
The houses of the foreign merchants have been
entered and robbed in open day.
The Japanese Government is believed to sanc-
tion these proceedings.
It is reported that the Governor of Kanagava
had informed Mr. Alcock, who contemplated travel-
ing overland from Nagasaki t) Jeddo, that he could
give him no assurance of being unmolested on his

journey.
The imperial and rebel successes are alternate.
A new insurrection has broken out near Pekin.

CALCUTTA, JULY 22 (via Malta).

The Calcutta journals have news asserting that
five cities in Tartary and China have been made
over to theßussians by the Emperor of China.

The Noosrutshall (?) has been wrecked at Ked-
geree. Eight men are said to be missing.
The Rev. James Long bas been found guilty.
Judgment deferred.

Incessant rains have prevailed in the interior.

CALCUTTA, JULY 29.
(By Telegraph to Point de Galle.)
The indigo pro4eote are bad.

POLAND.

(From a Correspondent.)

WARSAW, AUG. 17.

The people's fete of last Monday presented a
great contrast to the Government fete of the Bth
inst. The printed handbill, which had been distri-
buted in the streets on this occasion, was as fol-
lows :

" Brothers, and Fellow-countrymen !—On the
12th August, 1569, King Sigismund Augustus, at
Lublin, solemnly closed the day on which the union
of Poland with Lithuania was completed, and sealed
it by a free contract, exhorting both peoples to
brotherly love. Let us then, brothers and fellow-
countrymen, celebrate that glorious anniversary of
the fraternal union of our ancestors, and in our
churches raise up to God ardent prayers that he
may bind our torn fatherland in one whole, and
unite us all in spirit. Let us all, with our priests,
on this 12th of August acknowledge that we are
brothers of the one family, of the white eagle and
the armed knight (the Lithuanian arms). The
celebration of this union between the two peoples
should be solemn and quiet, and embrace the whole
of old Poland. On this day only, a day so highly
important in hist ory, shall mourning be suspended."
The Cracow Czas publishes a curious document,
which is a ridiculous, and at the same time a melan-
choly, picture of the mean and petty tyranny of
the Government. It should be explained, for the
better understanding of this document, that both
in Poland and in Russia civil employes always ap-
pear in private dress except on festive occasions,
and that since the death of the Emperor Nicholas
those who wish it wear moustaches.

The following is the text of this despatch, ad-
dressed by the Lieutenant of the Kingdom to the
chief directors of all the government departments :
" Warsaw, July 30, 1861. No. 950.

" I have been informed that in many places in
the kingdom the effective employes, instead of as-
sisting the Government in preserving peace and
order, act in direct opposition to it, and, synzpathis•
ing with the insurrectionary designs of the inhabi
tants, give them the example of disobedience to the
arrangements made by the (Government ; that a
great number of them, chiefly young men, do not
wear their official uniforms, but the Polish national
dress, with broad belts, red handkerchiefs round
their necks instead of stocks, attached with pins
with a white eagle on them, Polish caps, and that
they show themselves in this dress both in the
street and in their offices; also that some of them
wear moustaches, imperials, and even beards. All
this is done to express their to the Govern-
ment, and can no longer be allowed. I therefore
request that you will give particular attention to
the conduct of the officials under you, and take
steps to prevent any of the above disorders in future.
Should any official after the publication by you of
your regulations in this respect venture to come to
his office in any but the official dress, or have been
seen in the street in a dress unsuitable to his
position, he is to be dismissed the service as a
warning to others, for he thereby shows that he
does not deserve the confidence of the Govern-
ment, and disregards its regulations. It cannot
tolerate insubordination from any quarter, and still
less from its own officials, such conduct on their
part tending to keeping up a disorderly spirit in
the country. You will be good enough to acquaint
me of your regulations on this point, and in future
report to me any official who does not conform to
them, or do anything to show ill will towards the
Government, as also the names of those who in
accordance with these instructions, will be dismissed
the service.

(Signed) " SUCIIOZANET."

Another edict of the Lieutenant of the Kingdom
which has been lately issued is still more impor-
tant, as showing thf result of the promises of the
Emperor. It gives almost unlimited powers to the
military commandants in the various Polish dis-
tricts. Among other privileges, they are authorized
to arrest, not only those who are accused of designs
against the Government by sworn witnesses, but
also those, the clergy included, of whose ill will to
the Government they are morally convinced ! The
investigations is to be conducted on the spot, and
its result reported to the Viceroy, who will try the
accused by a military tribunal under military law.
All this is, of course, in direct contradiction to the
Polish criminal code and the promises of the Em-
peror and Marquis Wielopolski that such code
would be strictly followed. The consequence of
the new system may be seen any evening at mid-
night on the road to the Vistula, by which pass,
almost daily, postchaises guarded by gendarmes,
with fresh victims for Siberia, or the Russian
fortresses.