The Sun.
London, England, 1861-05-15 00:00:00

GLASGOW.

The analysis of the Census of the city of Glasgow
has been published. The population of the "ancient
burg" of Glasgow amounts to 403,142, of whom
189,220 are males, and 213,922 are females. The
population of the district known as the "ancient
burg" and the suburbs •is 446,395, of whom 209,999
are males, and 236,396 are females. The amount
of the population in 1851 was 360,138, thus show-
ing an increase in 1861 of 86,257. In 1861 the
number of inhabited dwellings was 82,609, and of
uninhabited 4,002, compared with 63,153 and 1,547
in the year 1851, being an increase in 1861 of in-
habited dwellings to the extent of 19,456, and of
uninhabited 2,455. The population is composed oi'
326,374 Scotch, 10,809 English, 63,574 Irish, 827;
foreigners, 1,440 colonists, and 118 not ascertained.

POLAND.

(From the Times Correspondent.)
WARSAW, MAY 4.

It will not be uninteresting, I imagine, nor with.
out its real use in enabling you to understand the
actual position of things here, if I attempt to give
you some idea of the existing relation between pro-
prietor and peasant, appending to my sketch an
outline of the plan proposed for the substitution of
money payments for compulsory labour, and for
the purchase of the freehold of his holding by the
peasant.

The Polish peasant is not a serf, nor has serfdom
existed ip Poland for many years. It was first
abolished by the Constitution of 1791, framed by
the enlightened Zamoyski, ancestor of the present
Count Andre, who so worthily upholds the traditions
of his house. Up to the right bank of the Bug it
was, indeed, re-established by the Empress Cathe-
rine, but to the westward of that river, in the por-
tion which Prussia received in the partition of 1793,
it has never existed since its first abolition. It was,
however, finally abolished throughout the whole
country on the erection of Poland into a grand
duchy in 1807, by the introduction of the " Code
Napoleon" as the basis of its legislation and admi-
nistration. Since that time the Polish peasant has
ceased to be a portion of "the estate ( *ni ta...senr,
glebce); he has been able to remoye from place to
place, and wherever he has been he has been simply
a tenant at will. But he has paid his rent, not in
money, but in compulsory labour. The labour of
one, two, three, or even four days a week has been
paid, by arrangement with the landlord, for his
cottage and piece of land. If he has had horses or
oxen and carts, the labour of these has been re-
ceived, in certain adjusted proportions, in lieu of his
own personal labour. The advantage of this system
has been, that the landlord has not been obliged to
keep a large amount of capital invested in
agricultural plant for the cultivation of the im-
mense surface of land, sometimes amounting to
many thousands of acres, which he farms him-
self ; but, though the legal serfdom of the
peasant has long been abolished, there still exists
what I may call a traditional serfdom, a sort
of patriarchal relation between himself and his
landlord, having much in it that resembles the
old Roman clientela. When ill, the doctor of the
estate attends him gratis ; he has medicines, also
gratis, from the estate dispensary ; in bad years,
seed corn or corn for family use is given him from
the landlord's granary; he has the right of collect-
ing fuel from the waste wood felled in the forests
of the estate, and often the right of pasturage for
his cattle and horses.

Though, therefore, he is not free master of a cer-
tain portion of his own time and labour, he has
considerable advantages from his state of semi-serf-
dom. The landlord is also magistrate for his own
estate, and settles all disputes between his peasants
and himself. Where the proprietor is an unjust,
cruel man, this power is, no doubt, often abused, as
also where he is non-resident, and. leaves the ma-
nagement of the estate, along with his magisterial
powers, to his stewarol. But, on the whole, the
worst that can be said of the relation between land-
lord and peasant in Poland is that it has not en-
couraged a spirit of enterprise in the latter ; it has
placed him, like his Irish counterpart on his plot of
potato ground, in a sufficiently easy but dependent
position, unfavourable to his mental, moral, and
industrial progress. Money he seldom has in any
great amount, but he rarely suffers from want.
Such is the actual condition of the Polish peasant.
But this semi-serfdom, it must be remembered, is
by no means universal. On many estates it has
been abolished. many years, and, in the place of com-
pulsory labour, a fixed money payment substituted.
But, it will be asked, what is the difficulty in such
a substitution ? It is one at which.l have virtually
hinted above. It would necessitate the imme-
diate outlay of a large amount of capital on the
part of the proprietors in beasts of burden, in
agricultural implements, in vehicles of all de-
scriptions; and, with the exception of the
larger proprietors, the owners of the soil of Poland
aro not in command of any large amount of ready
money, They live up to their incomes, if not
beyond them ; and, moreover, the greater portion
of their revenues is received in kind, and not in
money—viz., in the products of the land farmed by
themselves. Moreover, if this substitution were
made at one and the same time the demand for all
kinds of farming stock and plant would be so great
that the difficulty I have adverted to would be
greatly aggravated by the increased price that must
be paid for them. And, further, it is very question-
able whether the comparatively small sums the land-
lord would receive as rent would be sufficient to
pay the wages of the new class of labourers.
But this is not the only difficulty. From long
possession a strong notion of tenant right to the fee
simple of their holding has sprung up among the
peasantry, which has been very considerably
strengthened by the Russian Government. Partly,
perhaps, from the small value of land in Russia,
partly also from its being almost entirely an agricul-
tural country, to be possessed of no portion of soil,
however small—to be a protetaire, is not only a dis-
grace, but almost a crime in a Russian's eyes.
believe
it was that by an Imperial edict, published I
re-
in 1846, no Polish proprietor has the ofpowearo.his
taking into his own hands those poratniotns r
but, in
estate which he has once let out to pgsfain_.y,
or of
Hence
he is cora-
case of failure of heirs in the pdeasaarriture,
his bankruptcy or voluntary P
peasant into the holding.
sort of copyholders,
polled to put some othefrorpee a
, in
The peasants are, therefore,
right of revising the ren-
the proprietor having 20 or 25 years
The
difficult then, of
others it is fixe
tai in some cases
vhold tenure and this tenant rig 11
rig t
this quasi eoP.
n had to be •
Possession met in connection with
claim leovre erYv e r .
the payments in lieu of com-
pulsory labour. And to this question it was that
substitution of money
the Agricultural Society, with the written permis-
sion of Prince Gortschakoff, had given its serious
attention. The value of land in Poland is about 20
years' purchase. The recommendation, then, of the
society was that for 161 years' payments, calculated
at this rate, or at a loss to himself of one-sixth of
the zeal value of the land, the proprietor Nll9uld

tween himself and the proprietor. The Credit
Banks in each department were to become virtual
proprietors of the peasants' copyholds for the pro-
posed term of 16 2-3 yearg, paying the landowners
the purchase-money at once in negotiable debenture
bonas (papier de gage), with coupons for interest;
and receiving the annual payments, both princi-
pal and rent, from,the tenants. This would hare
furnished the proprietors with sufficient capital to
stock their estates when compulsory labour was
abolished, and would have made the peasants free-
holders in a few years by small annual payments,
subscribedTamounting
is a
nbi
yn
outline at lhl toe
proprietor.fio f h
v et. s ie
xt
schemeh s o f the real value of
their freeholds, the difference being voluntarily
proposed by the
Agriculturalt
wch i
ti s
nnot
oneeiceetsysaforyr tthoe
esolution r
tohfetrhien par ecsoemn
h)el aetgdthle,.
ee oaupftnrunderstanding
eseerf course,
sne teta:
though
fdnriuto
tn eorafot ußhi steusyds
oseaiptraaeeni
rl
neces-
sary
oiicnoiennts into
this
Now, thetoßhuasyseiahnadidtehaeis,
qmsßauuureynts com-
munication
oaohtniaa.odne
of view—it was the proprietors themselves, and not
the Government conferring an immense boon on
that
the, Polish gentry in the
whatever good is done, must be done by the Go-
vernment, or else not done at all. It would have
moreover,
goodwill. M. Mucha-
Polish
the peasantry.
nbpb
bonds
nea
:lad,
assncoti
frr ygeurbounddangerous,
hdee,
rl
aeo
ufsoedrl e
especiallyincaleated on the
departmental governors and functionaries the duty
of impressing the peasants with the fact that the Go-
vernment watched over their interests with great
anxiety; and an idea has since been circulated far
and near among the peasants that the Government
wish to give them the freehold of their holdings,
'but that the landowners are opposed to it. Nay, in
some districts I am informed that the peasantry
actually Believe the Government fired_ on the pro-
prietors, then assembled at the annual meeting
of the Agricultural Society on the 27th of February,
solely with a view to force them to adopt the Go-
vernment measure for peasant enfranchisement. I
do not for a moment suppose that the Viceregal
Government ever authorised such reports as these ;
but that among a grossly ignorant peasantry, with
no sources of information but rumour, the positive
instructions of the circular, and the conversations
of the soldiers quartered in the villages, should have
proved the foundation for such a superstructure is
no matter of wonder. Nor will the present wide-
spread spirit of insubordination among the peasants
and their refusal to do their compulsory labour
cause any surprise under such circumstances, The
Committee of Proprietors and others appointed
during the early days of M. Wielopolski's tenure of
office, under the presidency of General Gecewicz,
ad interim Minister of the Interior, still continues
its labours on the solution of the peasant question;
and it is said that a proclamation to the peasants
themselves on the subject of their enfranchisement
is about to appear shortly. That Government will
in some measure adopt the ideas of the Agricultural
Society, and take the credit of them, is not at all
improbable ; but for the material benefit of the
country it is to be hoped it will not make itself a
partisan of the peasant against the landlord, though
I fear this will be the case.

The details of the organisation of the new Coun-
cils have, of course, not been made public; nor
will they be till they have been approved by the
Imperial Government. Various pErticulars, how-
ever, have transpired, which do not lead to the hope
that, when published, they will proie at all satis-
factory. All elasticity in their functions, all
expansiveness from within, has been carefully
guarded against. It is said that an enactment
has been appended to them, making it an-offence
punishable with imprisonment for a term of not
less than six months, nor exceeding three years, if
any member, whether by the presentation of a
petition or in any other way, attempts to introduce
into the discussions matters of which the Councils
are not respectively empowered to take cognizance
by the Imperial ukase decreeing their formation.
Their composition is also said to be so contrived
as to give every facility for the elimination of
members from the higher Councils who have
been elected by the proprietors or burgesses to
the lower Councils, in case they evince hostility to
the Government. Enough is known,, therefore, to
prevent even the most moderate Polish patriots
from entertaining any very sanguine expectations
as the practical usefulness to the country of
Councils thus organised,- let their names be what
they may.
A matter deserving of mention is the return to
Warsaw of M. Wieczorkowski, the judga sent to
Modlin to make the preliminary arrangements for
the trial of those who were arrested on the evening

of the Bth of April. He has divided the prisoncrs
into two categories, those against whom there are,

and those against whom there are not, prima facie
grounds for judicial proceedings. In the first cate-
gory 11 persons are included, in the second 75. It
remains to be seen what further steps Government
will take in reference to both these classes, and also
in regard to those persons arrested in the town and
in the country since the date above-named. This
week there have been renewed proofs of the impo-
litic nature of Government edicts which either can-
not be enforced, or which have no sanction of
ing forward in front
inherent justice in people's
tewhozenrcesi
second
againctioonnds.
sOunnaS ui
in
prohibition,d a
ally
the tune ; and on Mon-
day some thousands of persons accompanied the
olttafhhdeetihecseshaaimunureacshrormeaesnleidgiinicnoosumtssapmnihteeeyensmcoinsfntsgepp
funeral cortege of a Dr. Wolff to the cemetery at
Powonski, heedless of the official notice which
limited the attendance on such occasions to the
immediate family of the deceased. Dr. Wolff had
given much gratuitous advice to the poor, and the
demonstration was purely a personal one. Mounted
gendarmes were present, who tried to cut off the
crowd, but to no purpose, for they joined the pro-
cession again by by-lanes and back streets.

I conclude with the translation of an order of the
day, published April 20, and addressed to the
troops of the First Corps d'Artnee, stationed in
Poland, the head- quarters of which are in the town
of Warsaw :

"No. 54. His Majesty the Emperor has condescended to
order me to express his thanks to. General Chruleff, and ilia
troops under his command on the Bth of April, for baring
repressed the disorders caused by the crowd of excite(
people in the Sigismund-place, Warsaw.
GORTSCHAKOFF, General."
"Commander-in-Chief, Aide-de-
no matter of
hearsay or rumour. To ter
defenceless citi.
kstlahng
e
-- troops who were era,
I have had an original printed Dopy of
r:cawite above
in my own hands ; this is, therefore,
zens, and then to thank is surely not to govern!
played to slaughter t
different from this. Yet such is
something veryi in Poland, sanctioned, it would
the Russian system
m
by his Imperial Majesty the Czar Alex-
ander himself. b 0 worthy of the name, must be
Government to

Lady Franklin, the widow of Sir John Franklin,
the great arctic explorer, has been visiting California and
British Columbia.

A letter from Pesth,
of
Hunga-
rian Diet. lt commenced
says :—" A kind of fatality seems to hang over the
funeral mass for Count Szechenyi's death; its sittings
were soon after interrupted by the death of its presidents
M. Paloczy, and now, on the very day it was to begin the
discussion of the address, the chamber has to adjourn in
consequence of Count Tcleki's decease.
[ADvEnTianunnr.] Fills and medicine invariably ag-
glavate and perpetuate diseases; their annoyance, dis-
appointment, and expense may be avoided by persons
in indifferent health sending only their address to E.
S. Barry, Esq., 77, Regent-street, W., London, and they
will receive gratis and free by post the "INvnnms Own
GUIDEor Natural Restorer, without medicine or ex
'of perfect digestion, strong nerves, sound lungs, and
refreshing sleep, to the most enfeebled, insuring the removal
of indigestion (dyspepsia), constipittion, liver complaints,
nausea, epilepsy, paralysis, debility, nervousness, palpitation.
cough, asthma, consumption, dropsy,- flatulency,
17, biliousness, fevers, sore throats, catarrhs, colds,
rheumatism, gout, impurities, eruptions,
noises
stein
the
ears.
hysteria, neuralgia, irritability, sleeplessness, acidity, palPi"
talon, heartburn, headache, despondency, cramPs, spat"l'
sinking, fits, bTonchitis.--,6ll7nquestionably the _nab* Ciimue
Ito health.",

THEATRE_ROYAL, /lAYMARKET.,
Let me, Mr. J. B. Backstone.
TFIIS EVENING, the performances will commence with
a new and original Comedy, entitled BLACK SHEEP.
Mr. Ituckstone, Mr. Compton, Mr. Howe, cto. ; Mrs. Wilkins,
Mrs. Charles Young, Miss Lovell, &c.
Alter which, will be revived, with entirely new scenery
and effects, and all the original music by the late Sir Henry
Bishop, the melodrama of THE MILLER AND HIS MEN. I
Commence at 7.

she can not only avouch her neutrality in no am-
biguous terms, but, while doing so, can warn her

own children in the most solemn accents from any
participation whatsoever in the strife that is now
desolating the North American continent. As
spectators merely of that conflict upon the op-
posite shores of the Atlantic, we have
already to endure a sufficiently bitter afflic-
tion. The belligerent forces there are so re-
cently and so closely of our own kith and kin,
that they are still to us as our own fellow-country.
men. It is in the vivid appreciation of this that
Her Britannic MAJESTY and her Government have
found the incentive to the utterance of that
earnest and impressive adjuration (so to speak) with
which the Royal Proclamation, published.in last
night's Gazette, closes so very emphatically. Our
Sovereign Lady therein, in three concluding para-
graphs of her Proclamation solemnly warns "all her
loving subjects,"and "all persons whatever entitled
to her protection"_against doing anything deroga-
tory of their dutyas subjects of a neutral Sovereign.
It is a prohibition, this warning, against entering
into the military or maritime service of either of
the contending parties—here, in last night's Pro-
clamation happily, and most adroitly, distinguished
from each other as "the Government of the United
States of America,"and certain Southern States styl-
ing themselves" the. Confederate States of America."
It is a prohibition against maritime service espe-
cially of any kind whatever—that is against any
subjects of the QUEEN serving as officers, sailors or
marines on board any ship or vessel of war or tran-
sport in the service of either of the contending par-
ties, or even on any privateer bearing letters of
marque, of or from either the American United
States, or the American Confederate States, Govern-
ment. After enumerating a great variety of other
acts of complicity with the belligerents, or of direct
participation in their struggles, acts, each and
all, each separately and all collectively, hereby de-
clared to be illegal through this neutral trumpet
call of the Royal Proclamation—the document
ends with this explicit declaration—" And we do
hereby declare that all our subjects and persons
entitled to our protection, who may misconduct
themselves.in the premises, will do so at their peril
and of their own wrong, and that they will in no
wise obtain any protection from us against any
liabilities or penal consequences, but will on
the contrary incur our high displeasure by
such misconduct." Such is the suitable echo
ringing from the " White Lodge" here in
England, in answer to the war blast recently
sounded frOm the " White House" in America. For
our brethren across the Atlantic we can but
breathe the old prayerful ejaculation, "May God
defend the Right !" For ourselves we can hardly
do better while closing these remarks, than reite-
rate that loyal cry of " God Save the Queen !"
with which, according to ancient custom (in ap-
pearance so egotistically), these Royal Proclama-
tions all terminate.

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE.--
Lessee and Manager, Mr. A. Harris.
THIS EVENING, THRICE MARRIED. Messrs., Shore,
Meadows, Garden, and Miss C. Leclercq.
Followed by HAMLET. Hamlet, Mr. Pechter. Sup-
ported by Hermann Vezin, Ryder, Meadows, &O. ; Misses
Heath, Eleworthy, and R. Leclercq.

NEW THRATRE-ROYAL, ADELPIII.-
Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster.
Reproduction of "The Colleen Bawn. " The Adefpid

"Census" every Evening.
THIS EVENING, 15th time of a new Farce, entitled A
TURKISH BATH. Mr. J. L. Toole, Mr. P. Bedford.

After which (180th time), THE COLLEEN BAWN. Mr.
D. Boucicault, D. teisher, Bmington, Falconer, Stephenson,
'C. J. Smith, Romer, Howard, Ward ; Mrs. Boueleault, Miss
Woolgar, Mrs. Billington, and Mrs. Chatterley.
To be followed by a new apropos Sketch, THE CENSUS.
Messrs. J. th Toole, Eburne, Romer, C. J. Smith ; Miss
Kate Kelly, Miss E. Thorne, and Mrs. Chatterley.
Doors open at half past s—Commence at 7.

CANTERBURY-HALL CONCERTS
AND FINE ARTS GALLERY.
EVERY EVENING,
A Grand Selection from Verdi's new Opera,
UN BALLO IN MASCHERA,
(First produced in England at this Establishment),
With a Chorus of Forty Voices.
Also, Verdi's IL CORSARO, never performed at any
other Concerts.
Solos on the Cornet-a-i iston, by Mr. Levy. •
The Comic Department comprises the Brothers Conrad (in
their new and inimitable entertainments), Mr. Wood and his
talented little Son, Mr. Marshall, Mr. Blanchard, Mr. Hol-
lings*orth, and Miss Rose Howard.
Musical Director, Mr. F. JONGHNANS.
T "

0 XFORD,
6, OXFORD-STREET.

Mr. LEVY, undoubtedly the best performer of the day on
the Cornet-a-Piston—Grand Selections (on the most complete
scale) from Dinorah, Martha, Stradella, &0., and other vocal
and instrumental music, by Miss Russell, the Misses Stuart,
and Miss Ernst, Messrs. Charles Greville, Fornarl. Kimber-
ley, Bernard, Beaumont, Bervon, Hulab, Signor Tivoli, and
31r. Henry Herbert, with full band and powerful and selected
chorus, conducted by Mr. F. Jonghmans. —The following,
Comic talent, Messrs. W. Randall, J. Blanchard, W. H. Wie-
land, Hollingsworth, E. Marshall, Harvey, and French, and
the Brothers Conrad in their latest and best entertainment,
every evening. Admission, Hall, sixpence; Balcony and
Stalls, one shilling. Private Boxes, 10s. 6d.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
nue PAY.-Morning, sh. 6m.—Afternoon,' sh. 24m.
To-moanow.-Morning, sh. 48m.—Afternoon, sh. 14m.

TM& WEATHER.—SUN OFFICZ, MAY 15, 1 61.
THERMOMETZR, TN THE MAIM
65—highest since noon yesterday.
49—lowest this morning and daring the night.
64—this day at noon.

BAROMETER-30.46.
WlND—North-Westerly—light; with fine weather.

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THE SUN.

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, MAY 15, 1861.

_Ao..—__.,.

The dreadful fact of a sanguinary Civil War
having broken out between the Northern and
Southern States of the Great American Republic
has now been formally notified to Her Britannic
MATESTT'S subjects by a Royal Proclamation. This On Monday a debate began in the Oldest Con-
important document we yesterday transferred im- stitutionally governed country in Europe, which
mediately to our own columns from those of the may be pregnant with the gravest consequences.
Zondon Gazette of last evening. Our readers have The Diet, indeed, which is now assembled has been
consequently enjoyed the opportunity of weighing in abeyance for some dozen years, while Austrian
well the purport of every notable sentence in this tyranny has run riot in the land, but, though the
proclamation since the date of its first appearance. summons which now convenes it may be of ques-
The circumstance that the Proclamation here refer- tionable authority, those members who think so,
ring, in the first place, to the reality of these most yet regard it as an opportunity of reassembling, and
lamentable Hostilities in America, and, in the next they have met, and are now in vigorous discussion
place, to the "vexed question" not unnaturally aria- on the best mode of asserting their undoubted
ing out of them, in regard to the Probabilities of rights.
Foreign Enlistment—the circumstance that this The opportunity is that of a reply to the Im-
Royal Proclamation addressed to all her MAJESTY'S perial Speech delivered by the Representative of the
subjects, in the name of our beloved SOVEREIGN, is SOVEREIGN. The Moderate party, headed by a
essentially a Proclamation of Neutrality—comes very able man, the Minister of Justice in 1848, M.
before the world, we cannot but think, as a happy DEAR, proposes the usual form of an " address "in
pendant, and even, we might say, as a direct and reply. The Advanced Liberals, of whom the late
logical corollary to the policy of non-intervention, CountTELmir was the head, propose a memorial. In
latterly adopted in regard to the nations of Europe the statements and demands tobe embodied in either,
by the British Government. As a Proclamation the two parties entirely agree. The debate turns
of Neutrality—it is a document almost, but not on the form. put then this form involves the grave
quite, unprecedented in the annals of our own question of acknowledging, or the contrary, that
,empire—an empire peopled by one of the most FRANCIS JOSEPH is King of Hungary. One party
warlike and conquering of all the races of Christen- allege that the abdication of FERDINAND V. does not
dom. It is a Proclamation of Neutrality, in point include the Hungarian Crown ; an argument with
of fact, between the contending Northern and which the stolen KOSSUTH note has rendered our
Southern States of the American Republic-- readers familiar, it having been one made promi-
kindred in its tone, bearing, and charm- rent in the pleadings before Vide-Chancellor
ter to that other proclamation of neutrality for- STUART. M. DEAN, on the other hand, contends
merly issued by this country between Greece that the throne of Hungary is de facto vacant,
and Turkey, and that more recent, and in some and that FRANCIS JOSEPN is the claimant under
respects, more memorable proclamation of neutrality the Pragmatic Sanction. To us there would seem
in obedience to the sentiments enunciated in which to be a good deal to be said on either side ; most
we held aloof while the legions of France and of certainly the Emperor of AUSTRIA has not fulfilled
Austria were contending for the mastery upon the the legal conditions requisite to his claim to be re-
plains of Lombardy. These documents, in truth, garded as the King of Hungary. He has neither
are in themselves amongst the most signal evi- secured the explicit abdication of the throne by the
deuces the world has afforded to it of the beneficent two prior claimants, nor proffered himself to be
growth of civilisation. They are indications of a crowned in the legal form at the right time. On
course taken by us, directly contrary to that pur- the other hand, in the midst of so much informality,
sued in more barbarous times by our remote pro- if he can be accepted as King de facto, awaiting his
genitors. Of old the mere noise of battle acted coronation, M. DEAK may be right in thinking that
upon the impetuous souls of men as the the Hungarians will stand on equally good ground
sound of the trumpet is described in " Job" in dealing with him. He must then be crowned,
to have acted upon the thews and sinews of must take the oaths, which are full and precise,
the war horse. It is still the same to and which guarantee the fundamental liberties of I
this day among all the savage races ; the mere fact the nation.
of a conflict drags those who are not already The vital struggle would seem to us, at a dis-
engaged in it, by an apparently irresistible impulse, tance, to be on the contents of the address. Here
into an active participation in the struggle. One there:is no difference of opinion among all deserving
side or the ether is chosen, upon the spur of the the name of Hungarians. M. DEAR is an eminent
moment,with passionate impulsiveness. The clash
of swords jurist and a moderate man, but, in common with all
meeting—causes every other blade to his countrymen, he stands on the legal rights of
spring from its scabbard. It has ever been thus in Hungary, and no one is more competent to state
the elder and ruder days of chivalry—it is even and maintain them. He affirms that the union
thus still to this time among the yet surviving between Hungary and Austria is a purely personal
Huinanity is races of barbarians. the visible and one; that not a trace can be found of a " real"
appreciable gainer in this matter in proportion to union. He remarks that had it been a real
the wider and wider diffusion of the benignant
whole union, Hungary would never have been
allowed to retain her constitution; the proofs
and rational principles animating the
We of M. DEAR'S proposition are ample and con-
complex framework of modern civilisation.
have gradually come to recognise the simple truth elusive. It will be utterly impossible for the:ExtrE-
that, Because any other Powers may be contending Ron and his Germans to meet the Hungarians in ar-
amongst themselves to the life and to the death, it gutnent,especially if the latter are disposed to make
does not, therefore follow by an inevitable news- the best of a worthless prince. M. PEAK'S party
with which the following
city that we, ourselves, must thereupon perforce are so. The demands
speech concludes may
buckle on our armour, for the pure love of fighting, quotation from M. which
and join, upon one side or the other, in the bloody be unpalateable enough, but the - •
position
:_s_c,naeth ing to the
conciliatory in-
strife of the belligerents.
zio.p_Even we, the great troduction ought to be worth
fighting race of the An
Neither power
''x°llls we who have Germans in their false
carried our conquering arms to the uttermost ends nor greatness (said M. DEAR) is the obje
of the Earth, into remote regions
the object
that the ancient Government. Power is only ct of
a means ;
Romans, the lords in their day of the then Known is the happiness of the people. If the prince, who
World, never dreamt of—even we the Warlike once considered the absolute system as the safest
deaoendants of the Briton and the Viking have come
to recognise the reasonableness, and not only the ,
instrument to secure that happiness, convinced,
by an experience of twelve years, that by that
reasonableness but the dignity and honour, of hold- system
the goal cannot' be reached, and, acting
in aloof strictly and scrupulously aloof, from san- under this conviction, has determined to adopt the
guinary struggles in Which we are in no way, in Constitutional system, and without flinching to
which we need never in „y way, be directly or in- persevere in that course—if the prince wishes that
directly implicated. Dictated though the,policy of the withered roots of confidence and trust shall
non-intervention or neutrality undoubtedly is alike show signs of life and throw out new shoots, then
by reason and religion, by common sense and Chris-
he will treat our representations with the utmost
tianity—it is nevertheless in the history of the respect. Only by the act of coronation does the
a compa• King of Hungary become legally the King of Hun-
nations of the earth, as a recognised fact,
ratively recent innovation.
gary. But the coronation has conditions precedent ,
Here, once more, in our own annals, through required by the laws, whose previous complete fulfil-
the conspicuous medium of a Royal Proclamation, me& is absolutely essential. Unless our constitutional
the world at large has signal testimony afforded independenceis re-established unimpaired,
the ter_
to it that England is so strong and so just, ritorial and political integrity of the law secured ;
in other words is so rational and so civilised, that unless our Landtag is made complete tby