The Sun.
London, England, 1857-06-13 00:00:00

t am infortned that other works on a l
-.
e ''
/we, :
ni -. • sifsi
such as the commissioners recommend aeeti . - eirmoseer • -:.
and it is understood that some in the La de -1-ere ' eee"
in a speech of the Emperor to' the leeislat. as ly,
are intended to be cultivated on the new principle
with liquified manure. . The sanitary results, though
the application was of decomposing manure, and -in
a poor and one Of 'the least absorbent soils, appears
to limo been satisfactory. On this point I will venture
to repeat some further elucidations, because it is in-
dustriously assumed as an undoubted fact that all
such applications must be unavoidably and necessari'y
offensive ; and so it would be if, as is commonly - as-
sumed, all applications of sewerage in the method of sub-
mersion in use near Edinburgh—the water meadow, that is
to say a sewer marsh, and theffonof decomposing manure,
which I was one of the foremWat to condemn. But these
who raise this objection shoalrinake themselves better ac-
quainted with the properties of soils; and be aw se the
oommon earths are up to certain pomts the most poweeel
of disinfectants. Let the common kitchen practice be re-
garded, that when the cook hassran "oniony ladle," from
which the smell cannot be got rid of by any extent of rub-
bing, immersion in garden mould-is found to be effectual;
and so with restoration of over-kept game and tainted
meat, by surrounding it with fresh soil. During the cho-
lera, at Newcastle and other places, when we got the peop's
to put two or three inches of fresh earth over the foul
places surrounding their habitations, they felt themselves
at once in a purified atmosphere, which Was new to them.
All hose who have been acenstomed to piss over ear parks
when they receive their top-dressines, willhave been an-
noyed by the stinks froth thenf,-whiTh lest -for-many dais,
during which time the moat v atuable manur . is w .sted in
the pollution of the common a;e. If, however, that same
manure were put in solution in a sufficient quantity of
water, and applied by the water-cart or the jet, the nuis-
ance is so far reduced as to be inconsiderable, even for the
few minutes application ; the manure is received, not in
mechanical suspension, as supposed by Baron Liebig, and
to be washed out by every shower of rain, but in immediate
chemical combination, as proved by thee repeated demon-
strations of Professor Way, there to be retained through
the winter's storms and frosts and snows until token out 1 y
vegetation. Instead of creating a nuisance, it is the we r
to prevent the nuisance common to ordinary callus°.
But when the tubular house drainage and sewerage is
so arranged, as it is in mane town districts, drained on
the new principle, when it is removed immediate, and
before any incipient decomposition can have made any
progress, that is to say, inoffensively, and when it is at
once applied to the land, then entirely new conditions,
sanitaXE!f :re,;:nriiintiarakpAid in advance even of the
satisfaftotyW.Al ,'Wreeltrallitlifained in Paris, are
At Rugby, as I have "stated, and We're,' ate gleetletreaY,
at Watford, the town excreta is in the land within two
hours of its production, and it is demonstrable from our
experience, that the whole of the matter kept wasting un-
der the houses of Paris for a year, might be upon distant
lands within half a-day, and all that is now thrown into
the Thames in London could be deposited on the soil with-
in a day, that is to say, three days before the ordinary -
period of commencement of full decomposition. Aug-
mented in fertilising power as the manure is, by the pre-
vention of waste, and by its direct application, the
whole of the later experience shows that the absorbent
powers of land are far greater than has heretofore been
calculated even by well-informed horticulturalists. At
Rugby, the undecomposed sewerage of 1,000 houses is ap-
plied in round numbers to nearly 500 acres; but pumping
every day, except Sunday, it affords only three or four
dressings in the year to the whole of the land, whilst on the
liquified manure farms, eight or ten dressings are applied,
and
.4by supplying water to the plant at the same
time, horticultural experience shows that the number
of dressings will be considerably augmented. Mr. Wal-
ker, the owner of the land, assured me that if he
were to do the work over again, he would restrict his
distributing apparatus to less than half his presenting area,
and vet ioue experience indicates, as a generally ascertained
conclusion, that the whole of the fresh sewerage of five
houses, or of twenty-five persons, applied directly, may
be utilised on one acre of cultivated land. In this pro-
portion the pollution of the air of houses—which, I beg
to say, is of mere importance than the water of the
Thames, however important that may be—and the pollu-
tion
of that river may be avoided, and the sewerage may
be utilised on a space of ten miles square, or on a belt of
land a mile and a quarter broad whose inner circle began.
at a distance of five miles from St. Paul's. For Paris, of
course, less than half the space would be required. Then
why, it may be asked, is it that those demonstrations are
not acted upon ? Those questions I can only proximately
answer, by other questions, as why, in respect to agricul-
ture, is it that little more than one-twentieth of the land
that requires draining is drained, although nearly a quar-
ter of a century ago demonstrations were given of the
efficiency of land drainage, and although it was early
proved that it repaid its expenses in eight, six, or even
four years? Why will most farmers continuo to let all
their liquid manure run into ditches, and by exposure (as
shown by Professor Voelcher), allow two-thirds of the
fertilising power of the solid manures to be wasted by ex-
posure to the weather? Why, when land is sought for
this public purpose, is' it that- the owners are not
content with an addition of one-half to its value,
but require three times its value or more? Why is
it that in the interior of towns rough and large,
and expensive constructions which accumulate foul mat-
ters, are maintained in the face of the working of small
and smooth, and comparatively cheap constructions which
discharge thorn? lam answered, that in our present state
it requires many years to ensure prevalence to very simple
principles. For my own part, lam compelled to confine
my hopes to seeing eventually the more general practical
adoption. of two of the simple principles, which I may pre-
tend to have elaborated; one of which is for towns—that
all smells of decomposing animal and vegetable matter
mean eventually, and, when intense, immediately disease, •
and denote small administration ; the other of which is for
rural districts and for agriculture—that all smells of de-
composing animal and vegetable matter, means the waste
of valuable manure, and bad husbandry ; in short, making
it practically understood that whether in urban or in rural
• districts, the unlearned population may test the administra-
tion by the ill-used organ which God has given us all for
warning—the nose. (Applause.)
The Earl of Essex—l have only got my works at Wat-
ford in operation about a month. They apply on a farm
of about-270 acres, the sewerage from between two and
threertbettsand persons, living in houses drained by the
new Board.of _Health. But as respects the immediate
santary:resulte,.my experience fully confirms the pbserva-
tiona made by Mr. Chadwick. All excretory matters are
brought. out at once with a good fall. They are frequently
pumped diiect amid within a few minutes by means of a
steam engine,and by subterranean pipes they are laid upon
the hind at about a mile distant from' the town ; and,
after an operation, I might defy any one to detect any
smell. - Indeed there is no smell of decomposition in the
task when the sewerage has stood a day. There may be
perceived a smell like common dirty water, but not
the smell of decomposition, nothing of that sort
can be fairly objected to on that score. I can also
confirm what he states as to the absorbent power of
the soil, and if I were to do the work over again
I should certainly limit the pipeage to a narrower area,
perhaps one half, being fully convinced that it is better to
have au intense cultivation in a narrow area than the
reverse. On the productive powers of the system I shall,
when the season is completed, be glad to give the benefit
of my experience.
A long conversational discussion ensued, in the course of
which M. de Trehonnais said he thought the outlay of
capital required would be an obstacle to the extension of
the system in France; the Earl of Essex said he was
confident that the outlay would pay him well if it were
for the distribution of plain water alone. Take the
outlay of capital at six pounds per acre, what was that t )
the power of saving a crop by a watering in dry weather !
He estimated that he could throw in water or the liquid
manure at the expense of about a penny a ton, or a hun-
dred tons, or an ince deep of water on an acre, at an ex-
pense of about eight shilliegs, and what was that for the
power of saving or advancing a whole crop ?
Thanks wore then voted to Mr. Chadwick, and the
meeting separated.

DUNDEE TRADE REPORT.—Our flax market has con-
tinued without animation throughout the week, so far
as regards goods on the spot, which consist chiefly of the
medium and lower qualities. The higher marks of the
new flax from Riga are turning out pretty well, and are
in fair request. Tows are in moderate demand, and
maintain their value. In codillas there is no change to
notice. In jute a large business has been doing at full
rates.—Dundee Courier.
CORPORATION OF THE SONS OT THE CLERGY.—The
Archbishop of Canterbury cave• his annual dinner at
Lambeth Palace on the 10th inst. to the stewards of
the Festival of the.eue of the Clergy. There were pre-
sent on the occa•:ien the Bishops of Worcester and Sais-
bury, the Lord.tlayer and Sheriffs, the Dean of Canter-
eery, Archdeatons Clarke and Croft, the Lord Mayor's
Chaplain, the Revs. Dr. Vivian, T. 0. Goodchild, G. B.
pvL.mary, C. El. Ridding, J. Thomas, and R. Stafford,
Mr. Alderman Copeland, M.P., the Master of Merebant
Taylors; Company, and Messrs. J. Cattley, P. 'Caze-
nove, C. Jecocnb, Jo.. Maynard, C. Hodgson, C. 3*
Baker, E. Pepys, F. Knyvett, and Jos. Soraes.
MATTEUCCI.—The French Institute basrecentlygained
an Ir,unurable addition to its number by the election of
Professor Carlo Matteucci, whose researches in eleo-
tricity confer honour evenaen'the country that numbers
amongst the names of her femous sons those of Volta
and Galvani. By his galvanoseepes, constructed of the
disj acts membra of frogs, 'Professor Matteucci first
incontestably proved that currents of electricity are
al-
ways circulating in the animal frame, and even in in-
dividual muscles. His lectures on the " Physical Pee.
noinena of Living Beings," were translated by Dr.
Pereira • and, twelve years ago, the Copley medal was
awarded' to him in recognition of his services. He is st
present professer of natural philosophy at Pisa.
Lancet.
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