The Sun.
London, England, 1861-09-27 00:00:00

fi(r .:-
-11111-1'111°"1

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PRICE 4d.
STAMPED sd.

year, instead of lying in the river, as they now have
to do, thus freeing the anchorage ground of the
many ships that now occupy it, waiting to get into
the Liverpool Docks, where the depth of entrances
is much less than at Birkenhead.

There can be no doubt that the Warr:or and ships
of her class can easily enter or leave the Mersey
every day in the year ; and they would have wpter
to enter the Birkenhead loocks 185 days each year,
even when loaded to 26ft., their calculated load
draught.
As in case of war there must be a considerable
fleet stationed in the Irish Channel, and as there is
also a pressing necessity for having the means of
accommodating the new class of ships, Government
might advantageously communicate with the Mer-
sey Docks and Harbour Board, and make such ar-
rangements for the alteration of the works now com-
pleting at Birkenhead, or the construction of new
works there, as would save a vast outlay of money
in other places, and enable a large portion of the
new iron-clad fleet to be accommodated at moderate
cost with floating basins and graving docks as soon
as they are likely to require them.

THE C4NPAIGN AGAINS7 MONTE-

NEGRO.

A letter from Mostar, dated Sept. 9, says:—

entered the suburbs of Mostar at 8 p.m. on the sth
of September, and, having taken charge of de-
spatches from Ragusa for his Highness the Gene-
ralissimo, proceeded at once to the house which he

at present occupies. Saving an occasional group of
Turks, seated in the very centre pf the street, the
city appeared perfectly deserted, and, as mg jaded
ponies scrambled over the half-paved lanes, I began
to speculate on the probabilities of passing the night
al fresco. As may be supposed, then, I felt con-
siderably relieved when I found myself, chibouque
in hand, awaiting the Pasha, who had expressed his
intention of seeing me immediately. Nor was it
long before I was deep in conversation with the
man who, whatever may be his faults, is undoubt-
edly the mainstay of the tottering Ottoman Empire.
Dignified in bearing, and affable in conversation,
Omar Pasha possesses a cLarm of manner which
wins all who are thrown much in his society, and
perhaps that which renders him more popular than
all else with the Christian subjects of the Sultan
is that he never forgets his European extrac-
tion. With the more fanatical Mussulmans, it is

true, he is not in such good odour, as they urge that
he does not scruple to show his contempt for the
religion of the Prophet. But, be this as it may, he is
the best friend that the Morlem soldier possesses,
and ever speaks in the highest terms of his courage,
obedience, and cheerfulness under privations. No
one can have a greater horror than myself of that.

mania which possesses some travellers for detailing

conversations with Eastern dignitaries, which for
the most part consist of ordinary civilities imper-
fectly translated by a half-educated dragoman. In
the present case, however, I deem no apology neces-

_ ...
sary for dwelling upon this and subsequent. concur.

sations, for anything from the lips of such a man at
so critical a moment must at least be of interest,
even if it be without political importance. Having
discussed the relative positions of the European
Powers with Turkey, and spoken most unreservedly
on the subject of French and Russian intrigue, he
expressed great interest in the opinion formed by
the public of the different countries on the Hcrze-
govinian and Montenegrin questions. He also asked
repeatedly about Garibaldi; but the principal topic
of conversation was the present campaign against
the Herzegovinian rebels, and the preparations
which he has made for carrying it out. These I
have mentioned in another letter, so I will pass on

o a general account of the manners and customs of

the strange people among whom lam living. The
only society which exists is such as is to be obtained

in the families of the Consular agents. I say Con-
sular agents, because some of the Cris:,
1 LI o"n-s-u late
sent, and their duties ,
M.Thy—urkovich, an
Hungarian of remarkable intelligence and
ability. To this gentleman I ani much in-
dehted for the great assistance he has given u
in the purchase of horses and other necessaries
for the campaign, to which Omar Pasha has
most kindly invited me to accompany himself.

The proficiency in, and facility of, acquiring lan•
guages which distinguishes those who have lived
much in these countries is truly wonderful. For
example, I passed an evening at the Rassian Consu
late, where among ten people I heard no less than
eight different languages spoken ; though, to be
sure, there were representatives of nine nationali-
ties present.
I think that a few words on the social condition
of this people may be interesting, as so little is known
of the province generally. The means of living are
remarkably contracted, but, fortunately, the views
and desires of the people in this respect are on a
corresponding scale. One great means exists for
the promotion of enlightened views, and this is the
encouragement of commerce. The attainment of this
desirable end would be much facilitated could the
Austrian Government be induced to open the port
of Kick on the Dalmatian coast, This measure
would insure the passage of all merchandise for
these countries through Herzegovina, and by it
would be realised a large yearly income, to say
.nothing of the stimulus it would give to the impor-
tation of goods. But there is no probability of
this taking place, since it would prove a deathblow
to the trade of Trieste. With respect to the relations
existing between the Christian population and the
Government, I was surprised to find how little dis-
content prevails among the former. That they have
had just cause for complaint is true, but it has been
more against the landed proprietors than the Go-
vernment. The principal fault of the latter has
been that it has not made adequate arrangements to
carry out the concessions granted to the Christian
population by the Imperial firman of the 18th of
February, 1856. Up to the present time they have
been the tillers of the soil, and as such very depen
dent on their Mahomedan landlords. These have not
failed to render their yoke most oppressive, exact
ing forced labour, seizing the half of the produce of

the land, and inflicting other grievances,which it is
to be hoped will now be abolished. The Commission
which has been sitting at Mostar, and which will
possibly reassemble again, has literally for
its object the organisation of means to render

valid the firman of 1856, and thus place the
Christians in the position which his Majesty the
late Sultan assigned to them. The proceedings of
the Commission have of course not been made
public, but it is generally known that the following
are among the points of debate :—That the Courts
of Judicature which now sit only at Mostar, and
which consist entirely of Mussulmans, shall be dis-
seminated over the country, and be open to all
religions. This, while it renders an impartial
administration of the law more probable, will go
far to put an end to the system of corruption now BO
prevalent. It is also proposed to distribute Crown
lands among the Christians, which would at once
make them independent of their present masters,
and would insure the employment by Mussulmans
of none but paid labour. Of this waste land there
is an abundance, as all such as is left uncultivated
for three years is appropriated by the Crown. Of
these reforms Bosnia and Herzegovina are doubt-

less most in need, for while Servia has made rapid
strides of late in the march of civilization, these two
provinces remain as they have been during years of

ignorance and oppression—the habitations of a race
of swineherds and brigands. Of Bosnia and Servia
I hope to convey a more exact idea in future letters

from those countries. I must not omit to mention
a fact which speaks strongly for the popularity of
Omar Pasha's rule, and for the odium which
attaches to the rebels. An irregular corps of 1,000
men have volunteered to accompany him to the
frontier. These are in equal numbers of the Greek

N EWS PAPE R
447 3 Oft. 14
- z
and Roman Catholic religions. The m i 7f.',...41-"'Qv./
of this will be to hasten the admission ofstHrkiantri s
into :he ranks o' the army, as was conic taikited in
the Firman, hut which has since been most unjustly
evaded. In a word. the prospeet.s of Turkey are
less gloomy than they have b:en. The want °t
money is severely felt, it is true; but with a
;Stumltaann.
odfeteortninait:a
tc;osh,suasavisitiagmphis dominions, and
carry out his wishes, there is no
retaoso°i4
nrtaonidzeespaand
despair
of the ultimate regeneration of the country. The
only fear to be entertained is that she will not be
allowed to rise again into her place among nations ;
for, saving England, she is absolutely without one
honest friend. Everything tends to prove that her
ultimate destruction is contemplated. Can England
save her? Time will show,
Let us now take a turn in these filthy streets_
Leaving the species of lodging-house, a room of
which I occupy, we must clamber up the rough and
broken steps leading to the main street, the whole
length of which forms a kind of bazaar. The cos-
tumes are varied enough, and dirty enough, but
their wearers deserve a look. There is no doubt
about it, they are fine specimens of humanity,
Amongst the tallest and best dressed are Omar
Pasha's Albanian Guard, who lounge and swagger
about with great effect.. The street is occupied by
a string of ponies laden with forage and salt pro-
visions for the army. Presently we approach a
gateway, against which a Turkish sentinel indo-
lently leans, if he be not seated on the kerbstone at
the corner. A little further, and the peaceful
traveller, unconscious of offence, is accosted with
angry gesticulations by another sentry. The mean-
ing of all this is that he is requested to throw away
and stamp upon his cigarette, the old tower on the
left being used as a magazine. Round it is a weak
attempt at forming a kind of Place d'Armes is
apparent, Omar Pasha having ordered some of the
adjacent houses to be pulled down. This was not
bt fore it was necessary, a fire having broken out in
its vicinity. On that occasion the inhabitants pulled
down a few houses, and left it as extinguished, The
wind rose, and it broke out afresh, taking the direc-
tion of the magazine. frfon this the population
took to the country, and the prisoners who were
located Close by escaped in the general confusion.
Had it not been providentially extinguished, the
place of Mostar would have known it no more.
The prison was only a plain white house, and does
not look as if it could ever have been the sort of
place to have long defied the ingenuity of a Jack
Sheppard or an accomplished London housebreaker
of the present day. Continuing our ramble, we
come to another archway. Let us pass through
this and turn up an uncomfortable-looking hill

to the right. We have not, however, to mount
far before we come to a gate, before which are

two sentries, rather more alert than their fellows.
Officers may be seen passing to and fro. This
is the house occupied by Omar Pasha, and a few
paces beyond may be seen the flagstaff of the
Austrian Consulate. We must now return to
the main street, which continues in unbroken mo-
notony for something under a quarter of a mile,
with gateways at intervals. If we have sufficient
patience to continue our stroll, we come upon the
bttrial ground. On both sides high hills hem us in,
while the tiny stream of the Narenta winds away
to the northward. There is nothing more to show,
that I am aware of, except the bridge over the
river, which is a magnificent relic of ancient Rome ;
although the Turks affirm that it was built by
Solymnn the Magnificent, it is, beyond a doubt, the
work of either Traj An or of Hadrian. The General-
issimo has to-day inspected the Christian Volun-
teers, and very fine fellows they are, all armed with
rifles. These arms of precision are mostly made in
Bosnia, where there are two or three establishments
for that purpose. A reinforcement of 450 Turkish
Irregular Volunteers, being the quota contributed
by Mostar, left to-day for the frontier. Of these
300 are infantry, and the remainder cavalry. Their
first march is to Bosnia, only two hours' distant.
There the English Consul has a very nice country
house, which used to belong to the Vizier.
I have just received visits from the Austrian and
Russian Consuls, the latter of whoni expounded his
views on the present question. They were natu-
rally much in favour of Montenegro, and it was
easy to detect that he would willingly see Herze-
govina throw off the Turkish rule and become amal-
gimatEd with the former province. his strong
point is, of tours, the grievances endured by the
Coristians.; let us hops that these are now to h.

IRELAND.

DUBLIN, THURSDAY.
The speech of Lord Ellenborough and the com-
ments upon it by the journals have had the effect of
raising in Ireland the feeling of discontent at being
excluded from the Volunteer movement. The so-
ciety formed in this city last year, with the object of
getting this stigma upon the country removed, has
shown some signs of resuscitation. Lord Massereene
and Ferrara has written a letter to the Secretary,
in which he says he cannot but .express the regret
and surprise he felt the other day when, on return-
ing from a lengthened absence abroad, he found the
Volunteer movement in Ireland had in no way pro-
gressed. He had communicated with some mem-
bers of the Government, even when abroad, " re-
specting the injustice and folly of refusing to coun-
tenance the establishment of Volunteers in this part
of the kingdom, but with no satisfactory result."
His lordship considers that it is a slight that Ire-
land should no longer bear; "to have to expatriate
themselves before they can be trusted to take part
in the defence of their hearths and homes." The
time is much more favourable for the consideration
of the subject now than it was a year or two ago.
There is scarcely a whisper of disaffection in any,
part of the country. The conduct of Louis Napo-
leon towards the Pope seems to have extinguished
the desire of the anti-Engiish and Ultramontane
party for a French invasion, and the hope of aid
from America has vanished entirely from the minds
even of ignorant Phoenix men. Time has dissipated
the illusions of the most ill-conditioned fanatics,
who once got themselves drilled among the Kerry
mountains for the purpose of breaking the yoke of
England. But if the Volunteer movement is to be
extended to Ireland, the question must be taken up
by parties to whom all classes of the community can
look up with confidence.
A case of pauper deportation, in which it is al-
leged the recent Act of Parliament has been grossly
Tiolated, is now occupying the attention of the Poor-
Law Commissioners. A woman, named Mary Flana-
gan, with her three children, was sent on a removal
warrant from Preston to Dundalk, which, the soli-
citor of the Dundalk Guardians contends, was ille-
gally done. The woman was born in the. parish of
Newry, whence she was taken by her parents to
Preston. 17 years ago, where she remained ever since,
employed in a cotton-mill. She was married in 1853
to a fellow-worker, who enlisted in 1858, when his
wife was obliged to apply to the guardians for relief,
which she received. Subsequently got employment
in Manchester and Bishop Auckland, where she had
a child born, got some relief, and was sent back to
Y)
Preston, and she remained for tea days in
workhouse, whence she was sent to Ireland
It under an
order of removal by two magistrates. is alleged
that the requirements of the act were not complied
with. The warrant is not addressed to the relieving
officer who should have applied for it, the magistrates
were not sitting at petty sessions, it does not con-
tain the reputed age of the pauper, or the name of
the place where she was born or where she last
resided for three years, nor anything about the state
of her health and her children's health. The war-
rant is not addressed to the Dundalk or Newry
Guardians, as it should have been, nor was a copy
of it sent to the clerk cf the board as the act directs.
These are the allegations which are under the consi-
deration of the commissioners. It is the first case of
the kind that has arisen under the act of last session,
Surgeon Cussack died last night, about 9 o'clock,
at his residence in Merrion-square, in the 74th year
of his age. He was the head of the profession of
surgeons in this country, and for many years occu-
pied the most distinguished positions connected
with it in Dublin. His death causes many vacan-
cies. He was a fellow of the Royal College of Sur-
geons, of which he has been mare than once presi-
sident ; he was consulting surgeon of Stephen's
Hospital and of Swift's Hospital, a member of the
Board of Superintendence of Hospitals, and on the
ed
death of Sir Philip Crampton he was a vOOOl no cr
Surgeon in Ordinary to the Queen. e_
ago he
pied the position of Regius Professor
Trinity College. Till about a hospitals
the
continued to discharge his dutiesA toattack of
and to see patients at his house.
fortnight
as one of the greatest ornaments
bron-
chitis baffled the skill of his medicnal attendants—
the most eminent men in thweeaistYheladoefinwci'l rtfa sht bhe uae rmhg regardedgrdyhieeimedical
profession in Ireland, and
annePl public:
arrived at Berehaven at 6
'esteemo,eTloheek
ocbnyh
M the
The harbour is said
to be espableoonfdeay g'
containing with safety all the ships
in the British navy.