The Sun.
London, England, 1861-03-30 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, MARC ti 30, 1861,

N'

. 21,446.

PUBLICATIONS.

NEW WORK BY THE AUTHOR OF " HIGH CHURCH."
Now ready, at all the Libraries, In 3 vols.,
NT 0 CHUR C H.
By the Author of " High Church."
Hurst and Blackett, Publishers, 13, Great Marlborough-
street.

MR. W. S. WOODIN'S NEW ENTERTAIN-
MENT. the CABINET of CURIOSITIES, POLY-
GRAPHIC HALL. King Wil iam-street, Charing-cross,
TO-NIGHT, and EVERY EVENING (except Saturday), at
Eight. Private boxes, £1 is. ; Stalls and box stalls, is. ;
area, 25. ; amphitheatre, is. - A plan of the stalls may be
seen, and seats secured (without extra charge), at the Box-
office, from 10 till 4. Morning Performance, Saturday,
March 2.

Next Week, in Three Vols. post Bvo., with Six Illustrations
by J. E. MILLAis, ILA., price 21s. cloth,
FRAMLEY PARSONAGE.
By ANTHONY TROLLOPE.
London : Smith, Elder, and Co., 65, Cornhill.

COLBURN'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
The APRIL Number is NOW READY.

Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly.

THE PRESENT DISTRESS IN TRADE
I fully explained in J. GItOSSMITII'S
" GOVERNMENT UPON FIRST PRINCIPLES."
The cause is there predicated of the monetary difficulties ex
perienced in 1860. The Crisis is at hand. Anxiety in bus
nese has now become the grim torture. Purity of motive,
intelligently exercised, must animate all Governments, or all
is lost, All denominations of Constitutions are carefully
examined in J. Grossmith's "Government upon First Prin-
ciples."
Kent and Co., late Piper and Co., Paternoster-row.

The Fourth Edition, Just Published, Bvo, in cloth, price ss.
by post free, ss. 6d.
ON TRUE and FALSE SPERMATORRHCEA ;
V with the View to the Correction of wide-spread Errors
in relation to the Treatment and Cure of Sufferers from De-
bility of the Generative system, or Sexual Hypochrondriasis.

Translated from the German of Dr. FICKFORD.

" Dr. fickford is known to English readers by his frequent
practical contributions to German medical literature. This
is the first time, he informs us, that he has addressed himself
to the non-medical reader. We trust that this may not be the
last, if he shall detect any other equally flagrant evil which it
may be in his power to correct."—London Medical Gazette.
" The editor has conferred a great boon on the sufferers
from this distressing malady by translating this little book,
and by laying bare the scandalous practices of unqualified
adventurers, who profess to cure a disease of which they
know nothing,_with no Ober-object ;than to fill their own
l'idriles.—Thefllfference between true Spermatorrhcea and the
various forms of disease which resemole it are accurately de-
scribed, and thus a safe guide is offered for the treatment of
the malady."—Medical Circular.
" We have dilated so long upon the contents of the preli-
minary chapter, that we have scarcely left ourselves space for
any notice of the subject specially treated of by Dr. Pickford ;
but the moderate price at which the •brochure' is sold, places
it-within tpe reach of every one interested in the matter."—
Dublin Medical Press.
London : H. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street

A RGYLL ROOMS. - GRAND MUSICAL
ENTERTAINMENT,
Ncith the Celebrated BAND, Forty in number (established
eleven years), chosen from the Philharmonic Concerts, Royal
Italian Operas, and the Household Troops. Conducted by
Mons. Lamotte. Cornet-a-piston, M. Boulcourt.—Dancing
at Nine o'clock.-Is. admission.

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ROOMS,
High Holborn.—This popular and magnificently ap-
pointed Ball Room, decidedly the most fashionable and best
conducted entertainment in the world. The very excellent
band, under the able direction of Mr. tacker, is constantly
introducing the choicest and latest music of the day—a qua-
drille and polka from Balfe's new opera, Bianca; Colleen
Bawn Waltz, Garibaldi's Triumphal Galop, &c., among others,
now nightly receive the plaudits of the company. The wines
supplied are of the very choicest quality. The refreshment
rooms are elegant in the extreme, and replete with every
comfort. Admission throughout, is.

GOVERNMENT OFOFFICIALS—R IU EDUCTION IN SCALE
PREM. ,
THE EUROPEAN ASSURANCE SOCIETY
ISSUES POLICIES of GUARANTEE, at reduced
rates, for Officials in or under the Treasury, Customs, Inland
Revenue, Board of Trade, Poor-law Board, Admiralty, and
other public dep ,rtments, and for bank and railway clerks
and persons in commercial employments.
Further reductions on the combination of life assurance
with guarantee. Annuities granted on favourable terms.
Forms and every information may be obtained at the Chief
Office, No. 2, Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, London.

CLARET ONE SHILLING PER BOTTLE,
Twelve Shillings per dozen. HENRY BRETT & CO.
Importers, Holborn Bars.

711 E INDrAN FAXIVE RELIEF .FUND,

Last nimbi the fund now being .raised, under the
auspices of the Lord Mayor, for the relief of the
appalling destitution in Upper India, amounted to
about £4,450. During yesterday, though a kind of
dies non, the sums forwarded to his lordship ex-

ceeded £2OO. The donors were the Earl of Fortes

cue, £5O ; the Hon. D. J. Fortescue, £lO ; Sir Jas,
Weir Hogg, £5O; Anonymous, £3O; Mr. j: J.
Mackenzie, £2O; Mr. James Tulloch, £lO 10; Mr.

EPPS'S COCOA.
The delicious aroma, grateful smoothness. and invigo-
ratinc.r. power of this preparation have procured its general
adoption as
A nosT DESIRABLE BREAKFAST BEVERAGE.
Sold in Vb., Vb., and lib packets, at Is. 6d. per lb., by Grocers

John Davis, £lO ; Mr. J. Fer►aybough, £5; Mr.
Charles Stephens, £5 ; Dr. F. G. Reed, £5 5s ; and
Mr. J, Hood, £5 ss. Besides the list given in our
impression of . yesterday the subjoined donations
were presented on Thursday:—Col. T. Wilkinson,
£lO ; Mr. J. Greatorex, £lO 10s; Sir James W.
Colvill, £lO lOs ; Mr. David T. Morice, by Messrs.
Grindley and Co., £10; Mr. G. Perry, £10; Mr.
John Jones, £5 ; Mr. Richard Clay, £5 ; Harrison
and Son, £5 ss; Mr. John Kendall, £1 ls ; Mrs.

Each packet is labelled.
JAMES EPPS, Homoeopathic Chemist, LONDON.

MILLINERY FOR MOURNING.—Messrs.
JAY have the honour to announce the return of their
Manager from Paris, and that the New'nepartments, recently
added to their -how Rooms, are furnished with the latest
importations of French Millinery for Mourning wear.
THE LONDON GENERAL MOURNING WAREHOUSE,

Droop, £5 ; Dalton and Madeley, £5 5s ; Mr. P.
Northall Laurie, £5 5s ; Rev. W. Emery, £5 ; Mr.
John Miland, £5 Ss; Professor Plumptre, £5; Miss
De Quincey, 2s 6d ; Mr. E. Wilde, jun., £1 ls ; Mr.
Thomas Snelling, £5 5s ; Colonel M. C. Chase, £5 ;
Colonel Sykes, M.P., £5; Mr. C. A. Saunders, £5
5s ; Mr. James Stewart, £5 5s ; Mr. D. M. Gordon,
£5 ss; Messrs. W. Kirk and Son, £5 ss; A Friend,
by Sir P. Melvil, £1 ls ; Mr. J. L. Ovans, £3 3s ;
Mr. Moss King, £2 2s ; Mr. W. Hartridge, £5 5s .
Mr. Deputy Obbard, £5 ss; Mr. G. Bone, £2 2s;
Mr. Malcolm Low, £2 ; Mr. Charles Brown, £5 5s ;
Rev. J. Davis, £2 2s; Mr. B. Mocatta, £5 5s ; Mr.
C. Crawford, £1 ; Major W. P. Arrow, £2 2s ; Col.
Norman, C.B , £5; General E. Day, £5 ; Colonel J.
Purton, £5; Lieutenant-Colonel J. R. Wheeler, £2;
and Mr. S. P. Low, £5 ss.

247, 249, 251, Regenttstreet.
JAY' S.

ANF,W ETA CK SILK. "Noire Imperiale."
Such is the name given by the Lyons mannfac'urers to
a new shade of Black Silk. By the side of other black glace
it will be found brighter, and, _awing to it being made of more
valuahle raw silk it will wear much better than the oldblack,
and never change colour. The price is very little higher than
the commoner black glace.
Messrs. JAY have imported, and will continue to import,
the "Noire imperiale " Glace during the Season, and they
will be happy to fcrward patterns for comparison with the
old-fashioned glace to any part of the country.

JAY'S,
THE LONDON GENERAL MOURNING WAREHOUSE

247, 249, 251, Regent-street.

TtEATING'S COD LIVER OIL, just imported.
The Pale from Newfoundland, and the Light Brown
from Norway. The supplies of the present season have never
been surpassed, the fish being unusually fine, and the oil
nearly tasteless. Professors Taylor and Thompson, of Guy's
and St. Thomas's Hospitals, have analysed, and pronounced
the Pale Newfoundland Oil the best and most desirable for
invalids of very delicate constitution. The Light Brown
being more economical in price is brought within the reach of
all classes. No higher price need be paid than the follow-
ing :—Liglit Brown, per pint, or 3s. per quart. Pale,
is 6d. half-pints, 2s. (Id. pints, 4s. 6d. quarts, or in five-plot
bottles 10s. 6d. imperial measure, at 79, St. Paul's-churchyard,
London.

DR. BUCHAN'S DOMESTIC MEDICINES,
known throughout the world, for the cure of every
disease.
PAT ENT SUGAR-COATED VEGETABLE PILLS for
regulating the bowels and purifying the blood, &c., ls. lid.,
2s. 9d., 4s. 64., and Ils.
CONCENTRATED VEGETABLE ESSENCE for nervous
debility and physi^al disqualifications, &c., 4s. 6d., 115., or
our quantities in one, 335.
VEGETABLE SKIN OINTMENT for all skin eruptions,
sores. deep-seated ulcers, boils. pimples, roughness, and
blotches, &C., Is. it.l., ttutl zs. rd.free> on
application, and " Buchan's Guide for Patients," one stamp.
SoAd by Buchan and Co., 22, Newman-street, Oxford-street,
London, W., and medicines forwarded on receipt of post-
trice order. To be had of all chemists.

Just Published, price 2s. 6d., by post 2s. led.,
SKIN DISEASES and their REMEDIES.
By HOBERT .T. JORDAN, M.D.,
Licentiate of the Royal Coßep:, of Physicians, Edinburgh,
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, &c., &c.
Author of " Diseases of the Skin," price Is., by post
14 stamps, with Photographic Illustrations.
By the same Author, with numerous illustrations, price is. 6d ;
by post 4s. ; abridged edition, is. ; by post, 14 stamps,
sealed, 24, a new Medical Work, entitled
LIFE WORTH LIVING FOR; treating on
Man, Mind. and Matter, showing how nervous debility
and premature decline is produced by disregard of nature's
laws. Contents :—General and acquired debility, from early
inexperience, productive of diseases and disarrangement of
the muscular system, resulting in nervous and physical
irritability, the cause of total or partial prostration.
Hours of Consultation from 11 to 2, and 5 to 8'; or by ap-
pointment.
The above works to be had from the Author 29, George-
street, Hanover-square, London, W.
For qualifications, see Medical Register.

• RUPTURES.—BY ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.
WHITE'S MOO-MAIN LEVER TRUSS
is allowed by upwards of 200 Medical Gentlemen to
be the most effective invention in the curative treatment of
FIERNIA. The use of a steel spring, so often hurtful in its
effects, is here avoided—a soft bandage being worn round the
body, while the requisite resisting power is supplied by the
Moe-Main Pad and Patent Lever, fitting. with so much ease
Ind closeness that it cannot be detected, and may be worn
luring sleep. A descriptive circular may be had,' and the
truss, which cannot fail to fit, forwarded by post, on the eir-
aunference of the body, two inches below the hips, being
gent to the manufueturer,
Mr. WHITE, 228, Piccadilly.
A Single Truss, 165., 215., 265. 6d., and 31s. ficl. Postage, is.
Double Truss, 31s. 6c1., 425., and 525. 6d. Postage, is Bd.
An Umbilical Truss, 425. and 525. ed. Postage, is. 10d.
l'ost-office Orders to be made payable to John White, Post-
office, Piccadilly.

ILASTIC STOCKINGS, KNEE-CAPS, &0., for
Varicose Veins and all cases of Weakness and Swelling of
the Legs, Sprains, &c. They are porous, light in texture,
,nd inexpensive, and are drawn on like an ordinary stocking.
Price 3s. 6d., 7s. 6d., 105., and 16s. each. Postage 6d.
JOHN WHITE, Manufacturer, 228, Piccadilly.

By the mails of last night a letter, of which a
copy is subjoined, was despatched by the Lord
Mayor, as President of the Committee embodied at
the public meeting in the Egyptian-hall on Thurs-
day, to the Mayor of each city and provincial town,
and to the clergy throughout the country :

FREE ISSUE.
NOTICE.—The following invaluable works have just been
published, and are now beingissued gratis to all who enclose
tw stamps for postage, to No. 27, Alfred-place, Bedford-
square, London:—
ME.
ESSAY on
DR. WATSON'S NEW M
SPERMATORIVEA and URINARY DEPOSITS,
NERVOUS and PHYSICAL DEBILITY, with their EASY
DETEC PION and SELF CURE. Lately discovered and
now made public by the Author, with Vases and Diagrams,
showing the connection between the brain and the sexual
organs. Also prescriptions and the appropriate remedies
for the self treatment and cure of those special diseases, and
whether acquired in youth, manhood, or old age. By Dr.
Watson, F.R.A.S., London, Member of the Medical Society
of 'Rouen, the National Academy of Sciences, Paris, and
Fellow of the Imperial Institute of France, &c. &c. (vide
Diplomas and Medical Directory).
By the same Author,
QECRET DISEASES and their REMEDIES,
Q
containing clear instructions, and certain safe and effec-
tual remedies, recently discovered for the self cure of nervous
debility, organic or local weakness, muscular relaxation,
langour, listlessness,' depression, &c., by which all sufferers
may speedily, effectually, and privately cure themselves at a
trifling cost. Also showing how all impediments to marriage
may be effectually removed, with numerous illustrative cases
of parties who ha e been restored to health by following the
simple means laid down.

" THE INDIAN FAMINE RELIEF FUND.
" Mansion-house, E.C., March 28.
" Sir,—At a public meeting held here this day, a
committee was appointed for devising measures for
alleviating the appalling distress caused by the
famine raging in the North-West Provinces and
other parts of India, and a subscription list having
been opened it was resolved that the local authori-
ties in the United Kingdom be invited to co-operate
in the good work.
" The details which have appeared-in the news-
papers sufficiently demonstrate the necessity of
immediate relief being supplied, and it is therefore
intended to remit to India as large an amount as
possible by the Marseilles mail leaving on the 3d
proximo.
" The committee deem it unnecessary to offer any
suggestions as to the course to be adopted, but
they hope that subscription lists will be opened far
and wide, and that, wherever practicable, public
meetings will be held as early as possible.
" The urgency of the case is so great that the
Committee have not time to forward you any docu-
ments in proof of the distress which prevails, but
any information upon the subject which you may
require I shall be happy to furnish.
" You will please to remit any subscriptions which
you may receive to the credit of the Indian Famine
Relief Committee with the Bank of England, and
the same will be forwarded by each successive mail
to the authorities in India. The detail of the sums
you receive you are requested to forward to me for
an acknowledgment in the public papers.
" I have the honour to be, sir,
" Your most obedient servant

" WM. CUBITT, Mayor."

A similar communication was addressed by the
chief magistrate to the various bankers in the king-
dom.

The newspapers by the last, mail from India con

tain many statements indicating the character of
the prevailing distress. Numbers of people on their
way to Delhi and other stations, where relief was
procurable in the shape of food or wages for labour
had perished from want and weakness. Some, it is
stated, get as far as Delhi and fall just as they reach
the place they have been fondly looking to as the
goal where their sufferings are to end. A painful
instance, among others, is related. A family, con-
sisting of father, mother, and three children, were
found on the road near the fort. The father, mother,
and two of the children were dead; and the re-
maining child, still living, was clinging to its dead
mother's breast. Many impoverished and starving
parents were said to be anxious to give away or sell
their children to save their lives. It is stated on
the authority of the Meerut Relief Committee that
up to the 22d of January the deaths from starva-
tion in that district amounted to 109, and there was
reason for believing that many more bad occurred.
The average number of applicants iese in a week
from 400 to 800. Poor-houses and dispensaries had
been established, and during the month of January
the numbers who had received relief were—in the
city poor-house, 8,205, equal to the whole popula-
tion of an ordinary provincial town ; sick in the
dispensary, 2,714 ; in Ghazeeabad, 11,345 ; in
Hauper, 3,600; total, 25,864 persons. Besides
whom, 7,121 had been forwarded to the different
public works which had been opened on the Rhor-
kee and Dehra road, at Hauper and at Shahjehan-

4, GREAT MARLBOROUGH
-STREET, W., NEAR
PANTHEON.
DR. CULVERWELL, Member of the Royal
College of Surgeons, Licentiate of Midwifery, and Apo-
hecariec' Hall, London, can be consulted daily (only) as
,hove, on all cases of Nervous Debility, Languor, Incapacity,
Loss of Memory, Sterility, and all Funeticnal Derangements
-4 both Sexes, emanating from early and excessive lindul-
ences
Haa lasi published, prise Is. ; by post, 11 stamps;
18 sealed,
No. 4,
Aug entire new and original Work, entithd
OURSELVES.
4ynopsis : The Physiology and Anatomy of our Generatiou
—The Origin of Disease—Symptoms, Treatment, and Cure.
, isa, an Exposition of. and Remedy for, all Urinary Derange-
-cuts and Marital Disqualifications,
MALE.
The modern treatment of Syphilis, Stricture, Blennorrhag,ia
Gonorrhoea), Snermatorrhcea, Impotency, and all Diseases of
he Urinary Organs, with Prescriptions, AtC.S
FEMALE.
The Physiology and Anatomy of Women—Functional Ir-
regularities in Health and Sickness—Choice in Marriage—
Their Expectancies and Disappointments—Tim Cause and
Removal of Sterility—The Theory and Symptoms of Gesta-
tion—Use of the Speculum. Also,
No. I.
HEALTH, HAPPINESS, and LONGEVITY;
On Debility, Nervousness, Dyspepsia. and Indigestion;
No. 2.
LOVE AND MARRIAGE :
Their Obligations, Happiness, and Disappointments; Love
and other Matches. Sterility Removed, and Healthy Off-
piing secured.:

pore. The admissions into the City poor-house
had been confined solely to persons positively
incapacitated by age or infirmity, or by weak•
ness arising from absolute starvation from earn-
ing a livelihood by labour. The majority
were either joolahas or chumars, and a great
proportion were women with large families of
young helpless children. Many had been received
in the last stage of destitution. Some starving
natives had reached the works at the Fort at Agra
in such a state of exhaustion that they died before
relief could be afforded. In a fortnight some 12,000
fugitives from the famine-stricken districts had
sought refuge in Lucknow. There, at a public
meeting presided over by Sir It. Walpole, a famine
relief fund had been organised, and 13,000 rupees
were raised during the. proceedings, In Travancore
a season of scarcity had resulted in a famine of
great intensity. Not only had the crops of grain
and esculent roots failed, but the trees were
withered away. A black caterpillar, hitherto un-
known, had devoured the standing crops. The
people were selling their children to the Mahome-
dans. " Of the people," says a correspondent of the
Madras Times, " directly connected with the mis-
sions alone 1,500 had died by the end of November."
The Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Wed

No. E.
TIIE CASE BOOK :
100 Cases of SPERMATOREII(EA,
Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment, ContessionS and
Cure by Cauterisations, Galvanism, &c. &c. &c.
be had of Mann, 30, Cornbill ; and the Authors.
Idvicc to the Workinr, Classes tee Hali-a-GUilleg.
(SPECIAL NOTICE.)
Dr. Culvorwell is the only legally qualified medical practi-
• that name, and can be consulted (only as
tioner living, of
above).

Provinces, acknowledging the generosity of the
relief committee at Calcutta in placing three-fifths
of the sum they may collect at his disposal, writes
as follows :

" For the relief of those who from age and infir-
mity are unable to work I have established relief
committees at the headquarters of each of the
distressed districts and a cetitral committee at Agra
i for the purpose of inviting‘and realising subscrip-
tions. The central commit ee has been placed in
communication with the se
,eral district relief com-
mittees and requested to ketp themselves informed
as to the available funds and wants of each ; and
to aid it in due proportion to its requirements, so
far as the money at their disposal would permit.
In case it may not be generally known, I may state
that, with the sanction of the Governor-General, I
have engaged on the part,:of the Government to
double all donations and 'monthly subscriptions
that may be received from rthe public. This has
operated in these provinces as a great encourage-
ment to a liberal support of the Government in its
endeavours to alleviate the existing distress, and if
it be made generally known, will probably have the
same effect elsewhere."

On the application of the Bengal Chamber of
Commerce, the Government had deputed Col. Baird
Smith, who is described as an experienced officer,
to the North Western Provinces, with the view of
ascertaining and reporting upon the state of the
distressed districts, with special reference to the in-
fluence which the calamity may have on the im-
port trade of Bengal.
anni•=immoommeM
771 E =IYAZI,RIO

Day by day this noble frigate continues to
advance rapidly towards completion, and there is
little doubt but that in the course of six weeks or
so more she will be in a condition to go round under
steam to Portsmouth, where she is to be rigged and
masted and got ready for sea with all despatch.
But with a new vessel of stch an entirely experi-
mental character as this armour ship innumerable
details have to be considered and even tried before
finally approved of, so that, even if her equipment
progresses faster than it has hitherto done, it is
still likely to be towards the middle or end of Sep-
tember before her guns and stores are in, and she
can be ranked as an effective man of war. The
labour of putting on the enprmous armour-plates,
which are all dovetailed iato each other, is one
which must necessarily be slowly completed, and
the question which occurs tc every one on seeing
this process is how could t)ne be got off again in
case of its being fractured by a shot. To do this it
would be almost necessary t) strip the side of the
vessel, for the flanges of each plate fit so deeply
and closely into those all arcand it that, supposing
one broken at the water. line a double row of those
above it would have to he removed before the
injured plate could be repllced. In one most im-
portant point, however, the Warrior is far advanced,
and that is the matter of he steam machinery. No
matter what may be the doubts existing as to the
soundness of the scientific principles upon which
the vessel itself has been constructed, there can be
none as to the excellence of the engines by which
she will be propelled. These have been completed,
are all in position, and steam has been got up in
them on two or three occasions. By keeping the
vessel's bows against the side of the Victoria Dock
they have been worked with full power ahead, with
results satisfactory almost beyond anticipation.
Not a bearing heated, not a single screw or nut
required readjustment or alteration, and the ma-
chinery, in fzet, was perfect. They are, beyond a
doubt, the most splendid specimensof marine engines
ever produced. The Lords of the Admiralty have in-
spected them, and expressed their admiration, but the
British public also happens to be taking a lively
interest just now in naval matters, and we may
therefore be rendering it no unacceptable service if
we describe these magnificent machines in detail.

solution of these problems with others equally
puzzling, prominent among which may be men-
tioned that of placing the whole apparatus so far
below the water-line as to be perfectly inaccessible
to shot. Hence, the concentration of parts we find
in the engines of the Warrior, hence the enormous
cylinders placed horizontally (and which, though
standing in their lower rim, you cannot reach their
Upper circumference witha walking-stick) will still
be seven feet below the line at which any fire of an
enemy could reach them, The weight and size of
the pistons might seem at first sight incompatible
with the theory laid down, but the apparent light-
ness of them are indispensable, in order to make
the tremendous steam-power fully available ; and,
in fact, all the dimensions have been carefully regu-
lated by this paramount consideration. As all other
things being equal, the man with the most capa-
cious lungs will win the race, so the marine engine
which can utilise the largest volume of steam will
be the best and swiftest sea horse. Surveying the
condensing-apparatus, with its nine-inch injection
pipes, these scientific principles become forcibly
impressed on the mind. The slides may be referred
to as illustrations of the finished workmanship which
characterises every portion of the machinery anij
which is also essential to the general result, Their
surfaces are 6 ft. by 5 ft. 6 in., yet they are scraped
to a true surface with extraordinary care in order
to reduce to a minimum the power exerted by the
action of the eccentric in pushing them to and fro.
We now come to the steam shaft, which is forged
in one piece of malleable iron 30 ft. long and 20 in.
in diameter, having two cranks in its length cut out
of the solid. It is not quite so large as the shaft of
the Great• Eastern engines;but from the fact of its
having two throws or cranks in it was even more
difficult to make. It is a wonderful specimen of
smith's work, and a grand proof of what the steam
hammer has enabled unto accomplish in overcoming
these mechanical difficulties. The screw, 24 ft. in
diameter, and weighing about 18 tons, is 120 ft.
from the engines, and is connected with the main
shaft by successive shafts each 26 ft. long by 18 in.
in diameter, The screw alley is 9 ft. wide by 7 high,
at the stern there is the usual well, fitted with the
hoisting apparatus for raising the screw to the deck.
The bearings on which the screw works are lined
with lignum vita, a very beautiful, economical, and
simple application, first discovered by Mr, Penn,
and by which the immense cost of repairs from the
effect of friction on the old brass bearings are re-
duced to a nominal amount. The Warrior will
have two funnels, each 8 feet in diameter and 25
feet above the deck, but of course made telescopic.
Taken altogether, the machinery required for pro-
pulsion will weigh 890 tons—a great weight, cer-
tainly, though not so much when one remembers
that the power exerted by it will be little short of
6,000 horses indicated. Great cara has been taken
with the framing, foundations, and other accessories
of the engines and screw, so that whatever test they
may be put to in actual war service all risk of their
being found defective in point of strength is avoided.
Thus, in the possible event of the Warrior being
used as a ram—an idea which seems now exploded
—the engines are bedded down firmly in wrought-
iron girders of the most massive kind, which are
built into the frame of the ship. So, again, the
stern and rudder posts, on which the screw revolves,
are prodigious forgings, involving such extraordi-
nary difficulties in their execution that the former
was only completed after nine months' labour, car-
ried on day and night without intermission. One
striking result of the gigantic scale on which these
engines are planned is that it will be quite safe for
the engineers in charge to move about among the
working parts while in motion—an advantage
which has been facilitated by the introduction of
light iron ladders in various places. In a similar
spirit the cylinder covers and those of the conden-
sers can be removed and the internal parts exa-
mined whenever necessary, and the whole replaced
again in twenty-four hours. In case of leak, besides

Their vast, but simple,proportions—their union of the ordinary provision made for such mishaps,
strength with lightness, ft nd even _almost elVia-tier 13144 I"36Miltt 171.1-'"e I—'4-4""1bn°143 -ttimPrbr_tob*
for pumping. The boilers can all be worked. in-
of form—the tremendous concentration of force
(3,

within the closest compass and in the smallest
number of parts, and above all the perfect finish of
the workmanship make it impossible to survey these
great machines without feelings of astonishment
and almost of awe. Nominally yielding an aggre-
grate force of 1,250 horses, their indicated power
will probably be little, if at all short of 6,000 horses.
Each cylinder is nine feet four inches in diameter,
and they require for their joint service the evapora-
tion of 16,250 gallons, or 2,600 cubic feet of water
per hour. If the reader bears in mind that every
cubic foot of water yields 1,000 cubic feet of steam
he will cease to be surprised when we say that the
main steam-pipe is 2 feet 8 inches across, and that
a big man could not only pass down it and either
of its branches into the cylinders, but thence through
the passages of the slide valves into the condensers
themselves. In these latter he would find himself
in a two-roomed space 15 feet long by 12 feet broad
and 9 feet high, each compartment supplied with a
9-ft. pipe (the size of a large street main) for con-
densing purposes, and with a 7-inch pipe for con-
veying the hot water back again to the boilers. It
is difficult for the most lively imagination to realise
the extent of the chymical and mechanical. agencies
which are intended to operate within the limits and
proportions we have thus partially indicated. To set
them in motion 10 boilers are necessary, ranged five
on either side of the ship, each boiler fed by four fur-
naces, 40 in all, with a stokehole or passage between
more than 12 feet wide, every boiler with a comple-
ment of 440 tubes, through which the flame passes,
and capable of containing, when filled to their work-
ing level, 19 tons, or 4,256 gallons of water. Let us
suppose the 40 furnaces lighted, the 10 great boilers,
each 14 feet long by 10 feet 3 inches broad, and 12
feet 4 inches high, all charged with water, and the

steam rushing down the pipe made to escape from
its iron prison. It can only do so by forcing its
way through the slides, pushing to and fro the
huge piston, and dashing through the slide valve to
be quenched in the condensor—yet what a tremen-
dous force is required to overcome even these ob-
stacles ! The weight of the piston and the parts
connecting it with the crank are no less than 13
tons, the stroke four feet, and the number of revo-
lutions calculated at 50 per minute. Here is a

weight of 13 tons moving backwards and forwards

dependently of each other, and the slides are so
arranged that no mistake can possibly be made
in turning on steam. Viewed as a whole, what
strikes us most in these engines is not so much
their size or the simplicity of the general design, or
even the artistic proportions of the details ; it is the
combination of these qualities with an almost mar-
vellous perfection of workmanship which gives to
the whole its chief interest and importance. Enor-
mous sizes in machinery are in themselves matters
of comparatively easy accomplishment but to unite
with these the same soundness, finish, and accuracy
of fitting as are attainable with moderate dimen-
sions is a matter of the utmost difficulty. To
accomplish this is the real test of mechanical excel-
lence, and of such excellence the engines of the
Warrior are unrivalled examples. When our
engineers first attempted marine engines on the
great scale required for ocean steam navigation they
were not very successful; but by simplifying the
parts, paying increased attention to the quality of
the material, and striving to secure perfect accuracy
and finish in every detail, they have at length
triumphed over all obstacles. Messrs. Penn and
Son, beginning with the little river boats, and
working up from that standard to the largest
engines for war purposes, have led the way in this
direction, and thus secured their eminent position
as marine engine makers. Of that eminence the
engines of the Warrior are a splendid proof. The
engines of the Black Prince, recently launched by
Napier at Glasgow, will be precisely similar to
those of the Warrior. These have also been com-
pleted by Messrs. Penn, and are now being put
together on the Clyde.—Tines.

100 times in that brief interval, or in fact driven by

the steam power at the rate of more than 400 feet
a minute. Of course, the principles of mechanism
are essentially the same as those by which the
smallest river steamer is propelled, but when one
examines attentively the immense size and weight

of a ship constructed like the Warrior, and endea-
vours to estimate the magnitude of the power re-

quired to drive her through the water at a speed
of 14 knots, the difference in degree is something
-very difficult to realise. If by any process she could
be weighed when all her stores, armaments, and
equipments are completed, she would overbalance
nearly 9,000 tons, or within 1,000 tons of the
weight of the Great Eastern when launching. This
alone is a vis inertia one would imagine sufficiently
great to overcome without a resisting medium like
Yet, with these engines and
water superadded,
her street of boilers in her vast hold, it is confi-
dently anticipated that she will attain :a speed
hitherto unknown in the navy. Of course, as the
propelling power lies entirely in the steam, the en-
gines being merely the medium for communicating
that power to the progress of the ship, the less force
that them up to their work
the
or is expended
exerted for the attainment
mee remainsended in
to keepingb e
of the final object. It has, therefore, been the
constant study of our great mechanical engineers
to bring down marine engines to the simplest
possible proportions, and to finish every detail
in the most perfect manner, so as to re-
duce to a minimum the tax on the steam-
for mere engine-driving. In
power required
the man-of-war they have to combine the