The Sun.
London, England, 1866-09-01 00:00:00

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

TlMES.—There is a touch of Irish humour even I
in the most desperate proceedings of the American
Fenians. Untaught by experience, undismayed by
their recent failure, they announce another inva-
sion in Canada. This new expedition, indeed, they
promised at the time of their late repulse, but whereas
they also promised entire secrecy in the business,
they have been unable to redeem their pledges of
discretion. They actually advertised their expedi-
tion all over the States as " a pic-nic, with military
exercises," and the entertainment was to come off
at Buffalo last Tuesday week. They even reckoned
up their company for the better information of all
whom it might concern, and announced that
" 10,000 persons were expected to be present."
There is, as we have said, something humorous
about such a conceit, but the affair has its trouble-
some aspect also, and we read accordingly that
three battalions of Canadian Volunteers, a battery
of Artillery, a regiment of the Line, and the body-
guard of the Governor-General were ordered to the
Niagara district to see that the " pic-nic" on the
other side of the water went off quietly. "No hostile
demonstration," as we hear, was made this time,
but reinforcements, partially, at least, armed with
breach-loaders, are nevertheless, to be despatched
to Canada, in anticipation of more serious proceed-
ings. This new invasion was threatened before the
prorogation of the Canadian Parliament, and
measures were taken by the Assembly for the or-
ganisation of the colonial defences and the security
of the menaced frontier. The votes made for these
purposes were acknowledged by the Governor-
General to be ample, the efficiency of the Volun-
teers will be promoted by improved armament and
equipment, and the patriotism of the force has
been encouraged by awards of compensation for
losses in the recent raids. It is also especially satis-
factory to observe that the Colonial Government
has now undertakken au obligation which should
have been discharged by the late Admiralty, and has
placed gunboats upon the lakes and rivers. A good
flotilla of these vessels would furnish the colony
with the best possible defence on the American
frontier, just as the absence of such a squadron
would provide an enemy with the greatest oppor-
tunities of mischief. The Canadians voted upwards
of £25,000 for the establishment of this river
patrol, and four boats, hastily equipped, but manned
and armed from the Queen's ships on the station,
are already engaged in this protective service.
Three gunboats, too, from England have now, we
are told, arrived at Kingston ; so that measures
which should have been adopted long ago aro at
last coming into operation. Nobody supposes that
the Fenians are going to conquer Canada, but the
" senseless movement," as the Address of the Cana-
dian Parliament termed it, is throwing heavy ex-
penses on the colony, and making some demands
upon the Government at home. The colony is strong
enough to give any such brigands a wholesome les-
son, but the conditions of the conspiracy are such
that the trouble may be considerable. Fenianism is
now a weed of eight years' growth. The whole of
that time has been spent by practised agitators in
organising a population instinctively disposed to
plots, and _ in playing upon the confidence of the

most credulous rage in the world. A secret oath
which it was rather a pleasure to take, and a smal
subscription which it was not difficult to pay, con.
stituted all that was demanded of the novices o

Fenianism. In return they received assurances of
the conquest of Ireland, the humiliation of Eng-
land, and the triumph of a cause. Nor must it be
forgotten that through a considerable portion of
this period the Fenian agitation was treated with
something more than connivance by a section of
Americans who resented our attitude during the
Cifil War, and who regarded a rupture with this
country as no impossible occurrence. The Fenians,
in short, were led to expect that the hour was at
hand when they might play the part of Confe-
derates, with Americans for neutrals and English-
men for enemies. For the disappointment of these
calculations we have to thank the loyalty and good
faith of President Johnson's Government, bat the
movement is still carried on by the impulse which it
then received. Our readers are aware that the

Fenians themselves are split into two factions on
the question. All are sworn alike to the promotion
of that conspiracy which is to subvert not only Go-
vernment but civilisation in Ireland, and inaugurate
murder, confiscation, and pillage instead ; but all
are not agreed upon the means most likely to con-
duce to these ends. Mr. James Stephens, the
original " Head Centre" and undoubted chief of
the whole conspiracy, maintains that the Irish Go-

vernment can Only be subverted by an insurrection
in Ireland, and that an Irish Republic must neces-
sarily be the fruit of a successful rebellion. This
he undertakes, if adequately supported, to organise
and conduct, pledging himself to be " fighting
British troops in Ireland" before the year is out, if
the American Fenians will but obey his instructions
and conform to his plans. But this advice is de-
nounced as impracticable, and even traitorous, by
the.opposite faction, which, with Roberts for its
President and Sweeny for its military chief, advo-
cates the policy of attacking Canada, and organises
the invasion of which we have already had a speci-
men. The Fenians of this faction have been per-
suaded to attempt a lodgment on colonial soil, in
order that thus, having established a Government
on territory in their own occupation, they may be
recognised as " belligerents," enjoy the "neutrality"
of their neighbours, and despatch Fenian privateers
from the provincial ports to prey upon the com-
merce of Britain. This plan, probably from a com-
bination of reasons, has found the greatest favour
with the conspirators in America. It reproduces
with gratifying exactitude the alleged relations
of this country and the United States during
the civil war ; it is so far practicable that it has
been once actually attempted, and, as we now see,
is to be attempted again ; and it provides immediate
occupation for such disbanded soldiers of the Fede-
ral and Confederate armies as look back with regret
to the trade they have quitted. It might have been
expected, perhaps, that the results of .the last expe-
dition would have discouraged the conspirators, but
it must be remembered that they have only a choice
of difficulties before them. Something or other,
either in Ireland or in America, they must needs do,
if Fenianism is to be kept alive, and subscriptions
are to come in. If they will not follow Stephens,
they must follow Roberts, or .give up the whole
thing' together. That the latter course must be
adopted sooner or later may be sure enough, but in
the meantime, as money is still coming in and leaders
are still boastful, the colony is once more put upon
its defence. It is a serious infliction upon the Cana-
dians, but they have entered upon the necessary
measures with excellent spirit.

TIIE " ANGLO -AMERICAN TIMES." -- Lieute-
nant-General Sir William Mansfield K.C.8.,
is Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.
This officer is a man of proved ability—not so
much as a soldier, as a politician and financier.
During the Indian mutiny he served as Lord
Clyde's Chief of the Staff, and from his admirable
powers of combination, directed with extraordinary
success the movements of numerous columns acting
hundreds of miles apart, though all working with
one object. He was given the Command-in-Chief
at Bombay, where he distinguished himself by able
speeches and papers on questions of great financial
interest, and was soon recognised in that Presidency
as the most able statesman there. From this scene
early last year, Sir William being promoted to the
Command-in-Chief in India, took up his residence
at Simla. This great Himalaya sanitary station is
a hot-bed of all the vices of Indian society, without
one of the counteracting influences. In Simla are
grouped for the greater part of the year the aristo-
cracy of the services, the wealth of .the ruling race
on the Bengal side, all those who shirk work, who
skirk exposure, who love pleasure, and who have
money to spend. The Viceroy with all his court,
the Commander-in-Chief with all his staff, Lieute-
nant-Governors, Generals of Division, Commis-
sioners, and Brigadiers swell the gay throng with
innumerable young officers of both the civil and
military services, and all the ladies, with or without
their husbands, who can obtain the funds for their six
months' sojourn on this fascinating height, backed by
its giant chain of mountains covered with eternal
snow. A person must have a strong belief in the ex-
cellence of human nature who imagines that such a
society will " bill and coo" in the mountains with
the innocence of doves. Billing and cooing there
is to any extent; pecking, backbiting, intrigues,
slander, and open war to an equal extent ; and when
the multitude get hold of a promising case —as a
boy rolls up a snowball, increasing in magnitude as
it goes, so grows the scandal, till it rolls into the
plains a perfect avalanche, the noise of which is
echoed all over the Empire. A woman is generally
the nucleus on which the ball is formed, and a wo-
man, we believe, was at the bottom of the present
case. Captain Jervis had for years, as is usual
with one of the aides-de-camp, superintended his
Excellency's household affairs. The newspapers

have condemned the practice of converting a mill- '
tary officer into a houSehold steward, but they do
not understand the system established abroad in
the houses of the great public functionaries. In all
communities where a group of officers live at a com-
mon table, one of the members is elected to cater
and control the expenditure, and in India part of
that duty often consists in managing a mutton and
poultry farm, to secure better meat for the table
than can be procured at the bazaars. It :is usual,
in a country where this meat keeps but a very short
time, to send round a book, iu which certain jaints
are specified—the surplus open—for the selection
of those in whose hands the book is placed. Sir
William directed Captain Jervis to form one of
these farms, and the " Aide" proceeded in the usual
manner. A number of lean sheep are bought from
the grazier—folds are erected—a supply of gram
laid in, two or three shepherds are engaged, and
more lean sheep purchased as the fat ones are con-
sumed. An average of the expense is struck, and
the cost of the animal when fit for table is ascer-
tained. This is the price charged to those residents
to whom the surplus is sold. The aide-de-camp
keeps in his Excellency's store pickles, preserves,
hams, tongues, &c., which are generally ordered direct
from England, together with the wines, which make
up a formidable item in the expense of a large In-
dian establishment—the more so when far up the
country, as at Simla. The whole system is familiar
to all regimental messes, and it is considered no more
degrading to carry out this work for the " Chief"
than for one's brother officers. The story which
follows is not rightly understood without this pre-
liminary explanation. It appears Captain Jervis
went on a short leave, when his. Excellency's Eng-
lish butler, who probably did not understand the
" manners and customs" of India, took advantage
of his absence to bring charges of peculation
against this officer. These charges were preferred
through Lady Mansfield, and probably an undue
influence brought to bear on the Commander-
in-Chief. The wise, the brilliant, the sedate Sir
William seems to have lost his head. The officer
was condemned in his absence, and no explanation
allowed. He was placed under arrest, refused an
interview, Sir William declaring he should not be
permitted to come under his roof so long as he
laboured under such grave imputations of theft. A
Court of Inquiry was ordered, and Captain Jervis
directed to appear before it. Enraged, however, at
the extraordinary position in which he had been
placed, and the powerful combination brought to
bear against him, he foolishly refused, and demanded
a Court-martial. The tendency of such disputes
is to grow, and the case was a charming one for
Indian society. All India rushed into the line of
battle with a zest which those only can feel who
have been subjected to the dull routine of Indian
life. The Editors of the Mofussil papers would
have paid a handsome sum for such a case. Here
was matter for leaders—for letters—for sensational
paragraphs. On one side was involved a great and
renowned functionary, on the other the honour and
rights of a member of a vast body. Was the Com-
mander-in-Chief to be permitted by his ipse dixit
to blacken the fame and ruin the prospects of a
British officer, who happened to be serving on his
staff, because members of his household had taken a
dislike to the gentleman and intrigued for his ruin ?
As the dispute grew in its proportions the princi-
pals became envenomed. The Chief determined to
crush the supposed culprit by the exercise of his
official power. The culprit determined to make
an example of the Chief by an appeal to the civil
awe of the land. A Court-martial was assembled
for the trial of Captain Jervis, on various charges
of stealing wine, sausages, jam, and pickles ; and,
on the other hand, two actions were commenced by
Captain Jervis, in the Civil Court, against the
Commander-in-Chief—the one. for money due to
to him, the other for defamation of character. The
Court-martial sat at Simla, and the members had
the honour of being entertained by Lady Mans-
field at a dinner party—a curious proceeding, con-
sidering the circumstances for which they were
assembled. Sir William was subjected to a cross-
examination by counsel, which extended over five
days, an ordeal, from which his Excellency emrged
with a bad grace. He repeatedly insulted the pri-
soner, who appealed to the Court for protection,
and the Chief had to submit to the humiliation of a
strongly implied censure from his own subordinates,
sitting in their judicial capacity. The first act of
the drama is closed, and we presume the proceed-
ings have been forwarded for submission to the
Queen, through his Royal Highness ;—and the
second act will come off at Calcutta.

OCCUPATIONS OF EMIGRANTS.-It appears from
the official returns that last year 1,856 agricultural
labourers, gardeners, carters, &c., emigrated ; of these 235
went to the United States, 54 to British North America,
1,525 to Australasia, and 42 to "all other places." The
number of bakers, confectioners, &c., amounted to 330 ;
of these 251 settled in the United States, 21 in British
North America, 56 in Australasia, and 2 in "all other
places." Blacksmiths and farriers numbered 319 ; of
this number 125 went to the United States, 10
to British North America, 180 to Australasia, and
4 to "all other places." Bookbinders and stationers,
27 ; 14 to the United States, 2 to British North America,
and 11 to Australasia. Boot and shoemakers, 726-viz., to
the before-named places respectively, 418, 135, 152, and
1; braziers, tinsmiths, whitesmiths, &c., 411-375, 13, and
23 ; brick and tile makers, potters, &c., 37-22, 4, and 11;
bricklayers, plasterers, masons, slaters, &c., 1,272-956, 67,
245, and 4 ; builders, 126-102, 2, 12, and 10 ; butchers,
poulterers, s&c.,- 156 -89, 10, 52, and 5 ; cabinetmakers and
upholsterers, 32 -6, 1, and 25 ; carpenters and joiners,
2,334-1,425, 487, 415, and 7 ; carvers and gliders, 47-38,
1, and 8 ; clerks, 1,619-838, 422, 196, and 163 ; clock and
watchmakers, 152-88, 55, 10, and 2 ; coachmakers and
trimmers, 19-viz., 6 to the United States and 13 to
Australasia ; coal miners, 484-455, 26, and 3 ; coopers,
183-147, 24,11, and 1; cutler; 60, allto the United States ;
domestic servants, 232-111, 24, 63, and 34; dyers, 52 -47,
1,3, and 1; engine-drivers, stoker; &c., 41-21, 3, 11, and
6 ; engineers, 339-207, 28, 67, and 37 ; engravers, 27-25,
1, and 1; farmers, 6,334-4,460, 1,073, 669, and 132 ; gen-
tlemen, professional men, merchants, &c., 6,195-2,960,
1,157, 1,258, and 820; jewellers and silversmiths, 79 -72,
3,3, and 1; labourers, general, 53,966-41,994, 3,449, 8,287,
and 236 ; locksmith; gunsmiths, &c., 15-10 to the United
States, 1 to British North America, 4 to Australasia, and
to "all other places" 1; millers, maltsters, &c., 116-89, 8,
,and 19 ; millwrights, 51-46, 1, and 4; miners and quarry-
men, 5,643 - 3,962, 771, 821, and 89; painters, paperhangers,
plumbers, and glazier; 440 -338, 37, 64, and 1; pen-
sioners, 11-5, 1 and 5 ; printers, 164-119, 18, 24, and 3 ;
ropemakers, 6-viz., to the United States 3, and to British
North America 3 ; saddlers and harness-makers, 73, 51, 3,
and 19 ; sailmakers, 6-3 to the United States and 3 to Aus-
tralasia ; sawyers, 70-14, 8, and 48 ; seamen, 356-214,
91, 43, and 8; shipwrights, 36-9, 6, 18, and 3; shop-
keepers, shopmen, &c., 532-304, 72, 114, and 42 ; smiths,
general, 903-778, 31, 92, and 2 ; spinners and weavers,
764-666, 79, and 19 ; sugar-bakers, boilers, &c., 49-viz.,
46 to the United States, 2 to Australasia, and 1 to " all
other places ;" surveyors, 13-3, 1,8,1 ; tailor; 2,619-
2,037, 525, 54, and 3 ; tallow-chandlers and soap-makers, 1
-viz., to Australasia : tanners and curriers, 55, 22, 4, 17,
and 2 ; turners, 39-36, 2, and 1; wheelwrights, 51-12,
1, and 38 ; woolcombers and sorter; 4-viz., 2 to the United
States and 2to Australasia. Trades and professions
not before specified, 4,322-2,734, 611, 908, and 69.
Not distinguished, 9,725,-viz., 4,493 to the United
States, 421 to British North America, 2,149 to Austra-
lasia, and 2,662 to " all other places." As regards the other
six, 9,900 were returned last year as domestic and farm
servants, nurses, &c ; of this number 5,459 emigrated to
the United State; 198 to British North America, 4,057 to
Australasia, and 186 to " all other places;" 784 were returned
as gentlewomen and governesses, viz., to the before-named
places respectively, 369, 138, 197, and 80. Milliner; dress-
maker; and needlowomen numbered 919,-810, 15, 91, and
3 ; married women, 23,959,-15,725, 1984, 5,179, and
1,071. Shopwomen, 9,-viz., to the United State; none
to British North America, 3 to Austrlasia, and 1 to "all
other places." Trades and professions not before specified,
72,--50, 3, and 19. Not distinguished, 27,021,-21,608,
-1,863, 2,880, and 670. The number of boys under 12
taken abroad last year was 15,719,-viz., to the United
States, 11,009, to British North America, 1,285 to Austra-
lasia, 3,054, and to "all other places," 371. The number of
girls was 14,307-viz., to the before-named places re-
spectively, 10,084, 1,055, 2,814, and 354; male infants,
4,036, 3,048, 321, 598, and 69 ; female infant; 3,836,
2,847, 338, 604, and 47. The number of male chil-
dren not distinguished as to age was 3,664, of
this number 2,866 were taken to the Unaited States,
177 to British North America, none to Australasia, and
621 to "all other, places." The number of female children
not distinguished as to age was 2,066, 1,825 were taken to
the United States, 50 to British North America, and 181
to "all other places." The total emigration was 209,801
-viz., to the United States, 147,258 ; to British North
America, 17,211; to Australasia, 37,283 ; and to "all other
places," 8,049; 61,345 were English, 12,870 Scotch,
100,676 Irish, 28,619 foreigners, and 6,291 not distin-
guished. Tho Irish emigrants formed 47.91 per cent. of
the whole emigration, and 55.74 per cent. of the emigrants
who went to the United States. There were among the
Irish who went to the United States 31,943 single men,
being in the proportion of 38.9 to the whole Irish emigra-
tion.

ANOTHER SHOCKING CASE OF CHILD-WHIPPING.
—The Oswego Times reports the brutal whipping of a lad
about 12 years of uge by his father, a man named Euphra-
tes Lake of that city. Lake is a Seventh-day Baptist, and
whipped his son in a shocking manner because ho did not
want to work on Sunday; when told to do so by his
father. It is said that a short time ago the same man
turned out of doors his daughter, to years old, because she
would not work on Sunday.

Adah Isaacs Menken is playing at Nashville,
Tennessee.