The Sun.
London, England, 1866-02-17 00:00:00

From o'.icago to Liverpool.

The Chicago Tribune says that at a recent great
Farmers' Convention in Illinois the speeches and re-
solutions were strongly in favour of a channel of
water communication with Europe of sufficient
capacity to carry the products of the North-west
from Chicago to Liverpool without breaking bulk.
This is a great idea—an idea emanating from a
people suffering much, but accustomed to surmount
difficulties, and determined to surmount those which
now oppress them. The Tribune believes, as firmly
as it believes anything still in the future, that such a
work will be undertaken and pushed to completion
within the next ten years. It would be done though
the cost were three-fold greater, and the natural
obstacles three-fold more formidable than they are.
The surplus products of the North-west will, of their
theeshiteya Npbv
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gorf a
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meat to the consumers with the least handling and
the least delay. The farmers are right in pointing
out the great lakes and the St. Lawrence river as
the route most likely to answer their purposes, and
the Tribune will lend its assistance to the accom-
plishment of this work, not merely because it pro-
mises to make Chicago a greater and more pros-
perous city than ever before, but because it is
susceptible of demonstration that the desired result
can be attained in a manner more cheaply and
quickly than any other. Clearances from Chicago to
Liverpool are not unknown to trade. Years ago the
trip was made by the schooner C. Y. Richmond, and
about once each year we have had a little craft in
Chicago laying down an assorted cargo direct from
Norway. Only the inadequacy of the Welland and
St. Lawrence Canals has prevented this direct trade
with Europe from becominglarger and more profit-
able each season since the first experiment was
made. An inland sea, second only to the Medi-
terranean in volume, discharges its waters over the
Falls of Niagara and down the St. Lawrence river.
The problem is, how to use this water at the falls
and rapids so that it shall be safe for ships suitable
for ocean navigation. And this is really no problem,
for it has already been done on a small scale, and
under conditions which prove that it can be done on
a large scale. Indian corn is now selling in Chicago
at 33/ cents per bushel in gold. It is selling in
Liverpool at $1.10.4 Seventy-six and one-half
cents are consumed in getting one bushel from
Chicago to Liverpool, which is practically a prohi-
bition on the shipment in large quantities. Hence
corn remains ungathered on many farms in Illinois,
or is burned for fuel. But it could be transported
for twenty-five cents per bushel, with a fair profit
to the ship owner, if it could be passed around the
Falls of Niagara and the St. Lawrence rapids with-
out transshipment. Here then is a saving of more
than fifty cents per bushel (in gold) on the great
staple production of the North-west to be effected by
digging, or rather enlarging, a few ditches, and build-
ing a few locks, on this great highway which nature
has marked out for the commerce of the Western
States. It is impossible that the money, the enter-
prise, and the engineering skill should be wanting
where the demands of economy are so imperative,
and the results so certain. Allied with this enter-
prise, but not dependent upon it, is the proposed
improvement and enlargement of water communica-
tion between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi
River. This work we look upon as half accom-
plished, for it is already begun. It is the natural
complement of the St. Lawrence route to the ocean.
It will be finished before the other. It will be in
readiness to pour the treasures of the agricultural
districts, washed:by the Mississippi and its tributaries,
into Chicago warehouses before any vessels shall be
there to transport them across the Atlantic.

- Tins IS FRANK.—A new M.P. writes to us to say
that the Royal Academy have done wisely in voting a Grant
for themselves, for they will never get another out of Par-
liament.—Punch.

Vacancies, Promotions, and Appointments.

(From the Civil Service Gazette)
WAR-OFFICE.---Mr. P. Ramagge has been ap-
pointed to be a commissariat clerk, Gibraltar.
COLONIAL-OFFICE.—Mr. Wm. Conolly has been
appointed to be a writer, Ceylon ; Mr. T. W. Rhys
Davids has been appointed to be a writer, Ceylon.
POOR-LAW BOARD.—A vacancy for a supplemen-
tary clerkship in the office of the Poor-law Board
has occurred in consequence of the resignation of
Mr. Tansley Witt.

THE POST-OFFICE.—A first clerkship in the
British Post-office at Alexandria, Egypt, is vacant.
Salary £250 a year, increasing by £lO a year to
£3OO. Mr. J. H. Moule has been appointed a tem-
porary clerk in the savings bank department, Lon-
don ; Mr. E. Macbeth has been appointed a
temporary clerk in the savings bank department,
London ; Mr. P. C. M. Tribe has been appointed a
temporary clerk in the savings bank department,
London ; Mr. John Black has been appointed to be
a clerk at Glasgow; Mr. William Wilkinson has
been appointed to be a clerk, Liverpool ; Mr. J.
Walker has been promoted from the class of sorting
clerks to the second class of clerks, Derby.

CUSTOMS.—Mr. William Frederick Adams has
been appointed a clerk, London Docks, London ;
Mr. Edward Bradbury, jun., has been appointed a
clerk in the East and West India Docks, London ;
Mr. Edward George Baker has been appointed a
clerk in the Tea-office, London ; Mr. John Cle-
ments has been appointed an extra clerk, London ;
Mr. Henry Stewardson has been appointed a clerk
in the East and West India Docks, London ; Mr.
William James Pethybridge has been appointed a
clerk in the searcher's-office, London ; Mr. William
Riddick has been appointed a clerk for general
business, Liverpool ; Mr. William A. Humphries
has been appointed a clerk for warehousing and
general duty, London ; Mr. George Dickins, as-
sistant secretary, has been promoted to be secre-
tary, H.M.C. ; Mr. John Blagden Hale, senior
committee clerk, secretary's-office, has been pro-
moted to be assistant secretary ; Mr. Robert Bates,
petition clerk, has been promoted to be committee
clerk, secretary's-office ; Mr. William D. Chester,
chief clerk, has been promoted to be petition clerk,
secretary's-office, vice R. Bates ; Mr. John Smith,
first-class clerk, has been promoted to be chief
clerk, vice Chester ; Mr. George Hassell Armstrong
has been promoted from the second dais to the first
class of clerks, vice Smith ; Mr. Frederick W.
Chaplin has been promoted from the third to the
second class of clerks, vice Armstrong.
INLAND REVENUE.—Stamp and Tax Branch; Mr.
S. P. Platt has been appointed a clerk in the legacy
duty office, London ; Mr. T. C. Collett has been
appointed a clerk in the legacy duty office ; Mr.
William Abbott has been appointed a clerk in the
registry of warrants office. Mr. Cyril A. White has
been appointed a clerk in the registry of warrants
office. Excise Branch—Mr. Alfred Churcher, officer,
Glasgow, 9th division, Glasgow collection, has been
promoted to be an examiner ; Mr. Herbert William-
son, officer, Newcastle, 2d division, Stafford collec-
tion, has been promoted to be an examiner ; Mr.
John Pacy, officer, Farnham, Ist division, Ports-
mouth collection, has been promoted to be an exa-
miner.

IRELAND.-Mr. E. W. Salmon has been appointed
assistant clerk in the ,-notice-office of the Landed
Estates Court, Ireland ; Mr. R. T. R. Felgate has
been appointed registrar's clerk in the Probate
Court, Ireland.
THE EAST INDIES.-Mr. C. G. Master has been
appointed to act as sub-secretary to the Board of
Revenue, Madras, during the employment of Mr.
Dalyell on other duty, or until further orders ; Mr.
W. M.Quhae, head assistant to the collector and
magistrate of Cuddapah, has been appointed to act
as sub-collector and joint magistrate of the district
of Coimbatore during the absence of Mr. H. E. Sul-
livan on leave, or until further orders ; Mr. R. Rice
has been appointed assistant to the collector and
magistrate of the Madras district ; Mr. J. G. Hors-
fall has been appointed to act as head assistant to
the collector and magistrate of the Kistna district.
CEYLON.-Mr. W. Morris has been appointed
Government agent and fiscal for the southern pro-
vince, vice Forbes, deceased ; Mr. H. E. O'Grady
has been appointed Government agent, fiscal, and
collector of customs, for the eastern province, vice
Morris, promoted ; Mr. E. L. Mitford has been ap-
pointed Government agent and fiscal for the north-
west province, vice O'Grady, promoted ; Mr. J.
Morphew has been appointed district judge, addi-
tional commissioner of the Court of Requests, and
additional police magistrate of Jaffan, vice Mitford,
promoted ; Mr. R. W. T. Morris has been appointed
assistant at Batticaloa to the Government agent for
the eastern province, vice Morphew ; Mr. G. E.
Worthington has been appointed assistant at Kai-
galle to the Government agent for the western pro-
vince, vice Morris ; Mr. A. Bailey has been appointed
assistant at Trincomalee to the Government agent
for the eastern province.

An Emperor or a President V

The New York Herald advises Maximilian to
resign his crown and get himself elected Republican
President of Mexico. The Herald quotes Shak-
spere's query, " What's in a name ?" and thinks
there would be something gained by this simple
substitution of one title for another. But when he
comes to reflect upon the subject he will discover
that this plan is by no means so absurd as it at first
appears. The Mexicans decidedly object to have
an Emperor, and assassinated the person who as-
sumed that title prior to Maximilian's advent ; but
they have no objections to a Presdent, having
selected the republican form of government unani-
mously. The United States will not allow a
Mexican Empire to be established on their border ;
but they have no right to interfere with a Mexican
President, even though he came from Austria. If
Mexico and the United States were satisfied Maxi-
milian would have no further difficulty in obtaining
all the money he required by means of foreign
loans ; for it is the opposition of the United States
which renders his securities so exceedingly doubtful
in the eyes of European financiers. Napoleon
could find no fault with such an arrangement, and
would, indeed, be flattered by it ; for it is a leaf
from his own book, translated from French to
Mexican. Napoleon's uncle was Emperor of France,
and was deposed by force of arms at Waterloo.
An interval elapsed, and then the present Emperor
saw an opportunity to restore the Napoleonic
dynasty. But at the same time he was shrewd
enough to perceive that France did not wish another
Emperor just then ; and so he hid his crown under
a black silk hat, turned his sceptre into a cane, and,
by a manoeuvre which we still call ballot-box
stuffing, procured •his election as President. After
that, to become Emperor was as easy as taking off
his hat and giving a few commands to well-dis-
ciplined soldiers. There is an example for Mami-
milian. Let hiss make his arrangements for a
presidential election and then resign his crown,
and his position will be secured for the rest of his
life.

[ADVERTISEMENT.]—That the fearful annual mortality of
6,,,0t0 young children and delicate persons of all ages may be
arrested, if, instead of flying blindly to pills and medicines,
which, though apparently relieving the patient, have in
reality no other tendency than that of increasing debility,
and with it the clangor of life, we were simply to study how
to inc. ease the vital force by imparting
new and pure blood,
upon which the harmonious development of the whole frame
depends, has been successfully proved by Du Barry's inva-
lids' and Infants' Food, the Revalenta Ar.bica, and its
thousands of cures annually. It yields three times as inu:th
easily assimilated nourishment as the best meat, and for
children it is the best substitute for human milk. Dr.
Routh, physician to the Samaritan Hospital for Women and
Children—the best authority on such matters —in his admir-
able publication on Food, says—Amongst the vegetable sub-
stances, tit .t which comes closest t) milk in its composition
is, without doubt, Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica Food, con-
t aining both phosphoric acid in abundance and chloride of
potassium ; it al+o includes casein, the same principle which
is foiled in milk in its constituent parts. No wonder, there-
fore, that under its influence many children affected with
atrophy (wasting
away of the body), and marked debt ly,
h ave completely recovered. I have given it with the greatest
i
a lvaidage in such cases ; and so far as I may judge tram my
own experience, practi4e fully carries out what theory,
from a knowledge of its composition, led us to anticipate.—
In tins, Ilb, 2a 9d; 21b, 4s 61 ; 51b, Ils ; 121 b, 2215; 241 b,
4Cs.—Barry Du Barry ant Co., No. 77, Regent-street, London ;
also Phillips, tea dealers, 8, King William-street ; likewise
at 61, Gracechurch-street; 4, Cheapside ; 49, Bishopsgate-
street Within ; 63, 150, and 298, Oxford-street ; 330, Strand ;
54, Upper Baker-street; 103, Tottenham-court-road; 96,
Upper-street, Islington, N.; Harvey, Notting-hill; Close
Brothers, 65, High-street ; and Stubbs, Queen's-terrace, St.
John's-wood, London; and all respectable grocers and che-
mlsts.—Beware of spurious imitations.

Loyal Institution.

d

At the weekly meeting of the members of the
Royal Institution yesterday evening, a lecture was
delivered by Colonel Sir Henry James "On
the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem," on which
occasion his Royal Highness Prince Arthur was in
the chair. A contour map of Jerusalem and of the
immediate neighbourhood, and sections and plans
showing the geological character of Judea and the
course of the water supply in former times, were
exhibited to illustrate the various points touched on,
but it was to be regretted that in pointing to these
maps Sir Henry often turned his back to the au-
dience, and many of his observations were conse-
quently inaudible. He commenced by stating the
circumstances under which the survey was under-
taken, and referred to the liberal contributions to-
wards carrying it into operation by the Geographi-
cal Society and other societies. The principal objects
in view were to ascertain the level of the Dead Sea
compared with the Mediterranean, and to trace the
course of the aqueducts by which the city was for-
merly supplied with *Ater. In undertaking the first
part of these operations Jaffa was made the starting
point, and the surveyors proceeded nearly directly
eastward, close to Jerusalem, and thence to the
Dead Sea, the level of which was ascertained to be
1,300 ft. below thelevel of the Mediterranean. From
Jaffa the country rises to a height of about 4,000 ft.
near Jerusalem, and from that point it declined to
the Dead Sea and the Jordan. The water shed of
the country was in the high land near Jerusalem,
where the rivulets run in opposite directions, some
takingthe eastward course and emptying themselves
in the Dead Sea, and the others flowing westward
to the Mediterranean. The axis of the geological
strata is, however, considerably to the west of Jeru-
salem, which is situated on a limestone rock. There
are three kinds of limestone under the city, speci-
mens of which were exhibited, but there are strik-
ing indications of a great denudation of the strata
at some not remote geological epoch, which has
swept away the strata on the west of the axis of
inclination. On the east, not far distant from the
Dead Sea, there is a stratum of limestone,
strongly impregnated with bitumen, of which a
specimen was shown, and to the flowing of the
streams through that bitumenous rock the pecu-
liar character of the water of that sea was attri-
buted. With respect to the water-supply of Jeru-
salem, Sir H. James said that at present nearly all
the water obtained in the city is procured from the
roofs of the buildings, and collected in tanks, and that
there is no drainage from Jerusalem whatever. It
was not so, however, in former times, for there were
discovered the remains of waterworks of great ex-
tent, by which water from the pools of Solomon
were conducted, a distance of 14 miles, along a con-
tinued descent in an aqueduct until a valley ob-
structed the progress of the work, and at that point
a stone syphon was constructed, which carried the
water into the valley and up the opposite hill. There
are also the remains of another aqueduct which, in
connexion with the former, brought water from a
still greater distance. A great part of the lecture
was occupied with exhibiting, by the aid of the elec-
tric lamp, a number of beautiful and highly inte-
resting photographs taken by Captain Wilson, who
was associated with Sir H. James in making the
survey. Several views of the Dome of the Mosque
built over the cave supposed to have been the tomb
of our Saviour were shown, also photographs of dif-
ferent parts of the walls of the city, for the purpose
of proving by the similarity of the character of the
architecture that the structures were erected at the
same period. The buildings were most massive,
some of the stones being upwards of 20 feet long.
In addition to the photographs exhibited there was
a large collection also taken by Captain Wilson, in
a volume placed for inspection on the lecture table.
At the conclusion of the lecture Prince Arthur spoke
to Sir Henry James before leaving.

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

-

TIMES.—Some time since, in commenting on the
state of Ireland, we urged that the whole country
should be proclaimed and searched for arms, but ex-
pressed a hope that the suspension of the Habeas
Corpus Act, which was then meditated by the Irish
Government, would be delayed as long as was con-
sistent with the public safety, and only resorted to
after every other means of maintaining order had
failed. We are assured that the time has now come
for the application of the most stringent measures
of repression, and we must, therefore, though with
great regret, accede to the demand which her Ma-
jesty's Ministers will make to-day for extraordinary
powers in dealing with this dangerous conspiracy.
The Irish Government is, of course, better informed
than any private persons can be as to the state of
the country and imminence of the danger. But
enough has been already made public to prove that
cause for the greatest uneasiness exists. Happily,
we know the feeling of the country with considerable
accuracy. In some respects the disaffection is not
so dangerous as in 1848. Then, as now, the peasant
and artisan class was hostile, and, if it had been led
by men less vain and more resolute than Smith
O'Brien and his fellows, might have done no little
mischief. But in those days a part of the trading
and even of the professional class was tainted, and
a week of successful insurrection might have brought
to the rebel ranks recruits from the most respectable
families and the most educated professions. Fe-
nianism, on the other hand, has not, so far as we
know, any such patrons, but among the lower classes
in Ireland it is, if not more extended, more earnest,
practical, and formidable than the " physical force"
movement of 1848. Now, as then, the impulse
comes chiefly from abroad. Smith O'Brien
harangued and plotted at a time when the
thrones of Europe were tottering on every side,
and revolutionists had some ground for pro-
claiming that an indignant people could at any
time overthrow their tyrants in spite of regular
armies or the best drilled police. At the present
time the impulse comes from America, where, in-
deed, the conspiracy has been organised, and whence
it is still directed. In the difference between these
two foreign influences lies the greater danger of the
present conspiracy. Continental Europe gave
Ire-
land nothing but example. Its revolutionary leaders
were almost contemptuous in their treatment of the
Celtic patriots, and for the most part had sufficient
belief in English liberty to reject the theory that
the Irish were groaning under the yoke of tyrants.
But America gave a very different kind of support.
In that vast country there are probably as many of
the Irish race as in Ireland itself, and their hatred
of England, both hereditary and acquired, impels
them to labour with all their might to subvert the
British Government in Ireland. Fenianism, in spite
of the feuds of its leaders, is popular in the United
States. The Irish believe in it, and show their be-
lief by their subscriptions. Money pours from all
parts of the Union into the Fenian Exchequer, and
the largest sums that have been named will pro-
bably be found to fall short of the actual receipts.
This is in itself enough to account for the vitality
of the conspiracy in Ireland. Where ignorant men,
with the true Celtic taste for secret conspiracy, not
only have the pleasure of belonging to a treasonable
association, with its attractive and mysterious hier-
archy, signs, and passwords, but are well paid for
it into the bargain, it is no wonder that treason
should thrive. The American Fenians are rich
enough to send envoys and agents of all kinds across
the ocean ; they remit money for arms and for
maintaining a regular. propaganda in the country.
Nor are subscriptions confined to America. The
Irish Fenians in England are said to be a numerous
and liberal body, and to supply the necessities
of the movement with a steady stream of money.
Nourished from these sources, it is not to be won-
dered at that Fenianism should grow strong and
bold in Ireland. We know not if the Government
have received any new and particular informa-
tion which has induced them to act suddenly, but
in the increased activity of the movement during
the past month, and the presence of a number of
persons in various districts with the scarcely con-
cealed purpose of promoting insurrection, there is
ample reason for the strictest precautions. The ob-
ject of the Irish Government doubtless is to secure
some of the emissaries of American Fenianism who
are now numerous in Ireland, and who are working
with disastrous effect upon the people. These per-
sons are said to be well-chosen with respect to their
knowledge of the country or of particular districts.
Since one or two of them were convicted on the evi-
dence of the papers they carried, they have taken
care to possess nothing that might indicate in the
smallest degree their mission or their connexion
with the conspiracy. An Americanised Irishman
whom the Government well knows to be a Fenian
emissary, and of whom it has probably had intelli-
gence for weeks before, appears in a country town,
perhaps with a military title and a Federal uni-
form ; he is manifestly expected by the peasantry,
and becomes the object of respect and the centre of
information. But if he be apprehended and searched
there is not the smallest documentary evidence
against him, while his oral communications are so
guarded that it is difficult to bring home any offence

to him. The Government has probably been con-
vinced that the time has now come to deal summa-
rily with these persons. As the conviction and pun-
ishment of the leading Fenians by the Special Com-
mission, and the proof thereby given that the
educated classes are opposed to the movement, have
not checked the audacity of the agitators or the
confidence of their dupes, it is now necessary, for
the sake of the deluded people themselves, to act
with increased vigour. The precedent of 1848 is
on record as a guide to Parliament. On the 22d of
July of that year Lord John Russell proposed the
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. Singularly
enough the day was Saturday, and the house
passed the bill through all its stages at a single
sitting. On Monday it went to the House of Lords,
and became law as soon after as the Royal assent
could be given. On the present occasion the legisla-
tion will be even more prompt, for the bill, if passed
by the Commons, who will meet at 12 o'clock this
day, will go to the Lords, who meet at 4, and it
may receive the royal assent on Monday. The
reasons given in 1848 for the suspension of the
'Habeas Corpus Act, which was for eight months,
will no doubt be substantially repeated to-day, but
we trust there will be a still closer similarity in the
results. The measure of 1848 brought the treason-
able movement to a crisis, and showed its essential
weakness.' There is reason to hope that the sus-
pension of the Habeas Corpus Act will produce a
similar effect now with as little danger to the country.
When the Fenian emissaries find that they are ex-
posed to summary arrest and imprisonment, they
must make their choice between abandoning their
scheme or boldly taking up the challenge of a power-
ful Government.
THE " ANGLO-AMERICAN TIMES" ON ONE
HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOUR YEARS AGO.
In another column of this paper will be found an
advertisement calling upon all " loyal Americans"
residing in London to meet at Willis's Rooms,
next Thursday evening, for the purpose of cele-
brating, in a becoming manner, the anniversary of
the birthday of Washington. We think it proper
and appropriate to refer, in this place, to the pro-
posed meeting, and to throw out such observa-
tions and suggestions as may present themselves
in view of the contemplated celebration. Four
Four generations of men have lived and died since
that day the anniversary of which it is proposed to
celebrate. And as the name and character of
Washington recedes farther and farther into the
dim past, we have reason to appreciate more and
more the greatness of the mission for which he was
chosen. Every age has had its leaders—every epoch
in the world's history has witnessed its bright and
shining lights, set high up in the mountain peaks of
time, to guide and to illumine the pathway of men.
We cannot express too earnestly the conviction
that George Washington was more than a mere
Statesman or a mere General. When he fought
the battles of American independence, he wielded a
sword which cut asunder not merely the connection
between the colonies and the mother country, but
the traditional prejudices which had arrayed class
against class in other lands. He was the embodi-
ment of a principle—the principle that thrones
and monarchs and a privileged aristocracy were
in themselves vile and wicked, and could only be-
come-;useful and good when they were the free
choice-of the supreme power—the people. This
principle has spread among the nations from that
day to this—it has grown and flourished, not merely
on the free soil of the Republic which he founded,
but it has taken root in England—in France—in all
countries where Christianity and civilisation are
known. The name and fame of Washington belong,
then, not to Americans alone. It is through his
teachings—it is through the establishment among
all peoples of his doctrine—that the Throne of Bri-
tain is to-day so revered and loved by Englishmen.
A hundred years ago monarchs ruled and oppressed
their subjects by the doctrine of " divine right."
To-day no monarch in Europe is powerful enough
to persistently oppose the wishes of the people.
But at the meeting next week, . while we feel sure
that every loyal American citizen will duly appre-
ciate these considerations, there will be other feel-
ings and emotions crowding upon their minds.
With many nations patriotism is merely a senti-
ment—with the American people it is a principle—a
principle as deeply rooted in their hearts as is their
love for their own families or their own religion.
For have they not been called upon to give of their
treasure and their best blood for their country's
sake ? And through all those weary years of dark-
ness and war, did they ever falter or hesitate for an
hour? When the land shook with the thunders of
marching hosts—when the rivers ran incarnadine
with the. blood of the sons of the Republic—when
the wheat-fields and the cotton-fields were trodden
down by the feet of the soldiers—they felt that they
were but defending the birthright which Washing-
ton gave them. And even when their second
Washington sealed his devotion to his country
with a martyr's blood, %Ind the whole people
trembled and staggered under that awful blow, and
Horror sat on their faces and Dismay dwelt in their
hearts, they felt even then that the sacrifice was
not too great—and so, come life or death, they
would preserve their country. And they marched
on hopefully and manfully towards the goal, with
but one thought, one conviction, one irresistible
and all-conquering motto on their worn and tat-
tered battle-flags, " Liberty and Union, one and
inseparable, now and for ever." The Ameri-
can residents in London who meet at Willis's
Rooms next week will have greater reason for
rejoicing than any assembly of their country-
men which has ever met before. Republicanism
has been vindicated—the land of Washington has
been redeemed—and henceforth and forever free-
dom in the New World is more than a name ! How
countless are their broad acres—but there is no
single slave upon them! how majestic their flowing
rivers—but their shores are no longer dotted with
slave cabins 1 how mighty their eternal mountains
—but no fugitive from bondage hides among them !
how grand their old forests—but no bloodhounds
scour them for the runaway slave ! how white
their waving cotton-fields, but no crack of the
slave-driver's whip is heard in their depths !
So we say to those who are to celebrate the birth-
day of Washington, rejoice and be glad ! Let no
frivolous hilarity, no unseemly mirth, be visible
among you. Rejoice as did the pilgrims when
they landed on Plymouth Rock—rejoice with thank-
fulness and gratitude to that Eternal Father who
bath led you across the stormy ocean, and brought
you safely to port. Let no thoughtless words be
spoken. Let dignity and moderation characterise
all your proceedings ; and while you do honour to
your own heroes and renew your vows of fidelity
to your own most cherished institutions, remember
also that in free and constitutional England you
are the representatives of your nation, and should
represent it well. And while the paternal face of
Washington looks down from the canvass upon
you, and the Shade of the dead Patriot and Hero
hovers around you, do not forget that, although
you are the direct custodians of his honour, his
fame and memory belong not to you, but to man-
kind !

The War For the Union and the War
Against it.

The New York Times, in an able article under the
above head, quotes the testimony of General Grant
to the good faith with which the citizens of the
South acquiesce in the verdict of the war, and re-
sume their allegiance to the old flag. The terms
dictated by General Grant, with the full knowledge
of President Lincoln, were calculated to bring about
this happy condition of affairs. The great soldier
who guided the struggle to its end dreamed not of
arrogating to himself the functions of conqueror,
or of imposing upon the South terms of vassalage.
They who did the fighting felt always that they
were fighting, not to extend a conqueror's flag over
alien territory, not to add provinces to a republic
and make its glorious symbol " a flaunting lie," but
to put down rebels and restore the authority of the
Union over all its component parts. The armies
of the Union fought only for that. And when that
was accomplished, soldiers and people alike felt that
the work of the war was ended, and that nothing
remained to keep Northern and Southern States
apart. The Union' was restored, and with the re-
stored Union came back the equality of the States
and the full title of each to the privileges conferred
by the constitution. The Northern people have
gone yet further. From the moment when the re-
bellion was known to be suppressed, they have
striven to heal the wounds occasioned by the war,
and to reassure the South in every respect. They
have established lines of steam communication
almost without number. They have provided the
means of reconstructing railroads. They have fur-
nished capital to cultivate plantations and to pro-
mote industrial and commercial enterprises in every
Southern State. They have settled liberally with
Southern debtors, and have sent on credit goods to
supply the Southern market. In this manner the
question of the Union and the relations of Northern
States to Southern States have been virtually and
satisfactorily settled by the peoples of the two sec-
tions. Southern people go to the North and find
friends and fellow-citizens, instead of aliens and
subjugators. Northern people go there and find,
in the varied resources of States now freed from
the curse of slavery, fresh grounds of confidence in
the power and prosperity of the Union.

The " New York Herald" on the Downfall

of England.

The New York Herald has a standing editorial
heading, for use in its editions for Europe, entitled
" The Downfall of England." In the last effusion
of this kind our spicy American contemporary dis-
cusses English finance, and declares that there is a
good deal more in the threatening aspect which
financial affairs in England have assumed than can
be inferred from the large exports to America. The•
wealth of England has its mainstay in the coal and
iron deposits of that country, and the opinion has
gained ground there for some time that the suPPIY
in these minerals was getting rapidly exhausted•
Investigations have been made by the geologists)
and the result is the conviction on the part of a
good many that the coal and iron cannot last more
than fifty or sixty years longer ; some give their
productive capacity a limit of a hundred years-
When the coal and iron give out it is pretty evi-
dent that the British Empire will give out too, and
probably the long-headed portion of the commercial
people of England foresee the short lease of its ex=l
istence, and hence we may account for the evident
disposition to invest English capital in the United
States. They know that while the mineral Pro-
ducts of Great Britain will only last for a hundred"
years at most, the mineral wealth of America will
last for fifty thousand years ; and they are, in fact,
preparing for a contingency which, according to
geological surveys, must occur within a century'
and capitalists are, therefore, looking that distance
of time ahead. The labour, capital, and manti"
factures of England will be transferred to the
United States before many years. Already, in-
deed, the initiative steps have been taken in this
direction. America is gradually drawing off skilled
labour from the manufacturing towns of England,
and English capital is finding investment in Ame-
rican railroads and mines, because capitalists have
discovered that the Great Republic is the most
stable Government in the world, and the safest
place in which to invest their means. The argu-
ment of the London Times and other journals,
while they are probably intended to weaken con-
fidence in American securities and depreciate the
credit of American merchants, logically sustain this
view of the subject and admit the stern facts upon
which it is based. We may assume that the time
is coming when the British empire—as represented
by its capital, labour, and manufactures--will be
found to exist in America. There it will not be
scattered over many colonies in all parts of the
globe, but will be concentrated in one territory,
embracing within its limits all climates, from the
tropics to the temperate and frigid zones, and com-
manding resources without limit.