The Sun.
London, England, 1866-12-08 00:00:00

THE PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1867.

In continuing our summary of the code of gene-
ral regulations approved by the French Imperial
Commission, we come to the Section 3, which in-
cludes the special arrangements respecting the pro-
ducts of agriculture and industry. Detonating,
explosive, and other substances of a dangerous na-
ture, are distinctly excepted from admission.
Spirits and alcohols, oils and essences, corrosive
substances, and generally substances which may
affect injuriously other products exhibited, or -in-
commode the public, will only be received in strong
vessels specially adapted for the purpose, and of
small dimensions. Percussion caps, fireworks, Luci-
fer matches, and other similar articles, can only
be received when made in imitation, and deprived
•f all inflammable ingredients. Exhibitors of pro-
ducts of an unwholesome and disagreeable nature
will be bound to conform at all times to such mea-
sures of safety as may be subscribed to them. The
Imperial Commission reserves to itself the right to
cause the removal of any products, whether French
or foreign, which by their nature or their bulk
might appear injurious, unsuitable, or incompatible
with the objects of the Exhibition.

Exhibitors of apparatus requiring the use of
water, gas, or steam, are to state, when sending in
their application for space, what amount of water
gas, or steam, will be necessary. Those who wish
to exhibit machines in motion are to state at what
speed each of these machines is to be driven, and the
motive power it will require.
The second chapter of the third section concerns
the despatch, reception, and placing of goods in the
Exhibition building and in the park. The cost of
packing and carriage of the goods sent to the Exhi-
bition and of the goods which have been exhibited
there, is to be borne by the exhibitors, both to and
fro. The Imperial Commission will not interfere in
any way between the contractors for the carriage of
packages and the exhibitors in respect of the des-
patch and the reception of the goods. The exhibi-
tors must, therefore, either personally or by their
agents, see to the transmission and reception of the
packages, and verify their contents. If neither the
exhibitor nor his agent be present to receive the
packages ou their arrival at the Exhibition the car-
rier is bound to remove them immediately. Packages y.
from foreign countries must be marked in such a
way as to show distinctly from whence they come.
The Imperial Commission will mak; arrangements
with the foreign commissioners in order that these
packages may be transmitted in accordance with the
regulations specified in Article 40 for French
packages. On this point, however, the foreign cofcohr
et
ihgeny
goodsinay
rn-
i
a
January, 1867, up to the 10th March following,
consider
bd° een re
receivedrsm owslald
iinsoatpobt teht: eh e FE
rcxeol cbr hsi
andiownh ifrom the 15th
inclusive. The Exhibition is specially constituted a
bonded warehouse. Foreign goods intended for the
Exhibition will be admitted into France, under
bond, up to the sth March, 1867, by the following
ports and frontier towns :—Dunkirk, Lille, Valen-
ciennes, Feignies, Jenmont, Vireux, Givet, Longwy,
Thionville, Forbach, Wissenbourg, Strasbourg, Saint

The passages reserved outside the exhibiting
space being strictly calculated for the purpose of
circulation, packages and empty cases are not
allowed to remain therein. Cases must, therefore,
be unpacked as fast as they are received. The
Imperial Commission will direct its own officers to
unpack for the exhibitors, and at their risk and
peril, the cases left in the passages intended for cir-
culation. From the 11th to the 28th March, 1867,
the goods already unpacked and placed in the stalls
arc to be arranged and displayed for exhibition. The
29th and 30th March are reserved for the purpose
of a general cleaning. A review of the whole Exhi-
bition, as we have already announced, will take place
on the 31st March. The Imperial Commission will
take all measures necessary to have the Exhibition
complete in all its parts by the 28th March. It will
therefore dispose of all those portions of space
which, on the 14th January, 1867, are not occupied
by stalls ready for the reception of goods, and of all
those stalls which, on the 10th March, do not con-
tain goods enough to fill them. Immediately after
they have been unpacked the cases that have been
used for the carriage of the goods, either in France
or from abroad, are to be removed by the exhibitors
or their agents. If they should fail to do this with-
out delay the Imperial Commission will remove the
cases and packing, and will not be in any way re-
sponsible for their preservation. Special instruc-
tions will be published hereafter for the organisation
and arrangement of the products and objects for
exhibition which are to be placed in the park.
By the 3d chapter, the general administration
and police arrangements are precisely set out. The
name of the producer will be affixed to the goods
exhibited. The name of the retailer who usually
acts as his agent may be added with the producer's
consent. The Imperial Commission will, when re-
quired, make arrangements for the exhibition of
goods under the name of the retailer when they are
not sent for exhibition by the producer. Exhibitors
are requested to insert after their own names, or
the names of their firms, the names of those persons
who have contributed in a special manner to the
merit of the products exhibited, either as inventors
or designers, or by some process of manufacture,
or by some remarkable skill in the workman-
ship. The cash price of the objects exhibited,
and the place where they may be purchased, may be
stated. The information must be given upon all
objects included in Class 91. In all the classes
the prices, if stated, must be adhered to by the
exhibitor as respects the buyer, under penalty of
exclusion from competition. Objects sold may not
be removed before the close of the Exhibition with-
out the special permission of the Imperial Commis-
sion. The Imperial Commission will take every
means to preserve from damage the articles ex-
hibited, but it will not hold itself in any way re-
sponsible for any loss by fire, or for any accident,
damage, or injury, great or small, which may
happen to them, from whatever cause it may arise.
Exhibitors must take upon themselves the expense
of insurance if they should see fit to avail them-
selves of that precaution. The .goods exhibited will
be watched by the necessary staff, but the commis-
sion will not be responsible for any thefts or em-
bezzlements which may be committed. A special
notice, posted in the Exhibition building and in the
park, will make known the staff appointed to orga-
nise the interior of the building. It will also con-
tain the names of the officers whose duty it will be
to give assistance to the exhibitors, and to watch
over the security of the Exhibition. A ticket will
be delivered to each exhibitor, which will give him
free admission to the Exhibition. This ticket will
not be transferable. If it should be proved that the
exhibitor has lent or given his ticket to some other
person it will be forfeited, without prejudice to
further proceedings at law. To secure the carrying
out of this regulation, the ticket of admission must
be signed by the holder, who will have to enter the
Exhibition by certain prescribed doors only, and he
may be required to establish his identity by signing
his name in a book to be kept for that purpose. Ex-
hibitorsb; the
illbaegaelnletws
theye maydto have
el aysetehet,eir goods taker
care of
but they must
be approved of by the Imperial commission. Person al
tickes of free admission will be given to these
agents under the conditions laid down in the fore-
going article. An exhibitor's agent can only re-
ceive one ticket of admission whatever number of
exhibitors he may represent. Exhibitors or their
agents must not solicit visitors to make purchases ;
they will confine themselves to answering inquiries,
to handing the address cards, prospectuses, and lists
of prices which they may be asked for. The Impe-
rial Commission will fix hereafter the prices of ad-
mission to be p mid by visitors in order to be ad-
mitted into the Exbibition. An international jury
for making the awards will be formed, divided into

up, and perhaps agreed to by the Lords, for
disfranchising the commonalty proper in every
shire, and procuring the election of knights of shires
"by common choice of the better people of the said
counties." But Edward refused his assent to the
proposed invasion. "The King," he replied,
" willeth that they be chosen by common assent of
all the county." Their defeat was a great-discou-
ragement, and left them to the mercy of their exas-
perated constituencies. During the three next
reigns many unsuccessful endeavours were made to
absorb into the Parliamentary system some of the
many local and exempt jurisdictions then existing.
But we find no trace of another attempt to " un-
create their own creators" till the reign of
Henry VI., and during the Regencies of his uncles.
It was not till 1430 the intrigue of 1376 was renewed,
and then with success. The Commons of Parliament

took advantage of the, minority of a new King and
the discords of his guardians to obtain the confir-
mation of the Act Bth Henry VI., c. 7, which was
made perpetual by the 10th Henry VI., c. 2, and
became the law of the land. By these acts, for the
first time in the history of England, a popular fran-
chise became limited to the select few, and the law
was made familiar with the principle of arbitrary
disfranchisement. When the shilling was fifteen
times its value in the time of George IV., the
possession of freehold lands or tenements within the
shire, to, the nett minimum yearly value of 405., was
made the condition of the elective franchise for the
shire. The pretext was set forth in the preamble in
words which per se contain the clearest acknowledg-
ment, 1, of the pre-existence of unrestricted suffrage;
2, of the universal exercise of that right ; 3, of the non-
appearance, down to the passing of the Act, of any
of the mischiefs therein suggested, and whose pos-
sibility the framers pretended to apprehend ; and
4, that the true purpose thereof was to create a new
constituency, composed of the knightage and
squireage alone. The effect was to hand over the
county elections for the next several reigns to the
small but wealthy classes described in the pre-
amble. The Commons of the Shire-court soon felt

the change, and it formed a prominent grievance
among those set forth by Cade's Proclamation. Still
those acts of Henry VI. were confined to the coun ties.
To this hour they have never been extended by
legislation to other constituencies. These acts were
an alarming innovation, and fraught with every
kind of evil consequence. The saddles of a few
knights and squires were placed on the backs of the
constituencies. They established in permanence a
war of class against class, to the immediate advan-
tage of an expectant prerogative. The whole frame
of the Parliamentary system of control was undone
which had stood the people in so much stead, and
kept prerogative in so much dependence ; a system
the like whereof has never since appeared in Eng-
lish history, and the county constituencies became
involved in the first flood of the stream of
corruption which in after years was to deluge
the face of all the land. Those acts of Henry VI.
were no doubt unconstitutional, and but for the dis-
tractions and civil wars that ensued the courts of
law might have been called in aid of the subject to
pronounce them illegal and void. However (adds
Mr. Anstey) I am contented to assume for the pre-
sent purpose their entire legality, and to admit
that., to that extent, the electoral franchise—which
was the only foundation on which the Lower House
was built—the common law was changed. That
at least was the utmost extent of alteration ; the
other constituencies remained untouched, and con-
tinued to prevail with no other statutory qualifica-

tion than that of residency. In after reigns the
" Common right" was invaded in another fashion
by Royal Charter or by house of Commons votes ;
in either case by ways and means that were simply
illegal. Kings and Parliament appear to have aided
and abetted each other in illegalities. But the law
relating to the Electoral Franchise remains un-
changed. Even in 1624 the words of the Commons'
resolution were as follows :—" In a borough, not
being a corporation, there being uo free burgesses, nor
charter, nor custom for election, the election is to
be made by all the householders, and not only by
the freeholders," That resolution has never been

rescinded to this hour. To the last they recognised
while shamefully violating its authority. Thus up
to the time of the Revolution the following were
the only restraints known :-1. Residency in all
cases. 2. Ownership of lands of a 40 shillings clear
yearly value in the case of counties only. 3. Clauses
of limitation in Royal Charters of grant in case of a
Parliamentary borough. 4. The like in case of a
corporation. 5. Custom or prescription immemo-
rial. G. Incapacity through natural causes. 7.
Incapacity on account of personal crime or infamy.
These restraints only were known to the law, and
the law was well known to the men who by resolutions
and determinations habitually broke it. Their purl.
pose in doing so was a deliberate one, and had its
origin in the most sordid and sellis4 apprehensions
of pecuniary loss. The infringement came from
owners of property, and more especially of lauded
property. In the time of good Queen Bess, the
Parliament of England by statute went beyond the
mere disfranchisement of the mass of the. people,
for it enjoined the depopulation of all the rural
parts of the realm. Every family living in a cot-
tage was compelled to hold four acres of land, and
no cottage was permitted to harbour more than one
family. This Act remained in the Statute-book for
nearly two centuries when it was repealed in 1775.
A Parliament that could pass so infamous a law
as that would not shrink from depriving the com-
monalty of this realm of their electoral rights. Yet
sow holly was it opposed to the Constitution that
no direct infringement was made by statute on the
franchise from the time of Henry VI. till the pas-
sage of the Reform Bill in 1832. But though no
statute was passed by the three estates, the Com-
mons " determined" certain measures, and gave the
force of law to the " last determinations," thus re-
stricting the franchise till, aided by time, the people's
rights were eventually reduced to the crying evil
and absurdity partially reformed by Earl Russell's
Bill. In the second year of the reign of William
and Mary, in the case of the borough of Cirencester,
the Commons, after resolving that the right of
election was not in all the inhabitants, for the
lodgers or inmates had no such right, " determined,"
as follows, "that the inhabitants of said borough
being inmates have not a right to vote in electing
burghesses to serve in Parliament." That " deter-
mination" was in force till the first election under
Lord John Russell's Reform Act. The next case
was that of Pontefract in the same reign, when
the House not only disfranchised the constituency,
but proceeded to create a new one. The committee
of privileges had reported " that the right of elec-
tion was agreed to be in such persons as have an
inheritance or freehold of burgage tenure within
the borough." " The agreed" was probably the peti-
tion of an unsuccessful candidate, praying to be de-
clared the sitting member in place of one unduly
returned ; and the House appears to have taken
advantage of what may have been the collusion be-
tween the competitors for altering the legal course
of election in Pontefract from au " inhabitancy"
or an " universal " suffrage to one
.by " fee
or freehold burgage tenure." At the coming
in of the Hanoverian line they went a step further
in the same direction, and by the same device in
respect to the same borough. But the wheel of
fortune restored the franchise to the inhabitants of
Pontefract, and it remained the only survivor in
1831, where the "right" of the inhabitants had con-
tinued to exist. In 1816 there were but four other-
free boroughs—Preston, Taunton, Honiton, and Tre-
gony, a miserable result, and a striking instance of
what the usurpations of the Commons had led to.
Thus, by referring to committees of privilege, the
petitions of unsuccessful candidates and others, the
" common right" of suffrage had been all but extin-
guished. By "resolutions"and "determinations" the
House eventually arrived at such contradictions
and confusion that few constituencies could clearly
define what theirrights were. In 1761 the meaning
of the words, " Populacy," " Populace," and
" Popularity," were defined by a series of " deter-
minations :" 1. Residency or habitation. 2. House-
holding, which they further narrowed down into the
exclusive right to the outward door of the building
of a dwelling-house. 3. Payment and performance
of scot and lot. It mattered little to the House
that in carrying through this detinitiou they broke
the very letter of the Act of Parliament by which they
gave effect to the " last determination" of the
House in all cases. Hardly two recorded instances
of " determinations" are to be found during the
whole post-Revolution period which do not most ma-
terially contradict each other at every point. But
all agree in one important respect, namely, in the
result to which these determinations led, and that
result was disfranchisement. A curious instance is
given to what these contradictory determinations
led to. In the years 1785-1787 two sets of members
were in one and the same Parliament sitting to re-
present Saltash. We regret that our space will not
allow us further to consider this important subject,
and we close our Review in the words of the author
—that no scheme of Reconstruction will be com-
plete which does not answer iu substance the fol-
lowing proposals :
I. To repeal all acts of Parliament whereby the
franchise is restricted in counties, cities, towns, and
cinque ports, whether in regard of quality of tenure
or quantity of estate.
11. To declare or enact the common rights of all
residents, as do provide for themselves and are not
under the disabilities or incapacities thereinafter to
be specified, and whether single or compound house-
holders, inmates, lodgers, or persons living under
the same roof with others or not, to vote at elec-
tions for the places where they are so domiciled.

111. To specify those disabilities or incapacities
under oue or other of these heads:—

1. Physical incapacity.
2. Accident.
3. Restraint of body.
4. Crime and punishment.
5. Outlawry ; and
G. Personal statute.

Morgan v. M'Adara.

(Before Vice-Chancellor Sir W. P. Wood.)
The plaintiffs in this suit carry on business as
manufacturers of black lead crucibles, under the
style of " The Patent Plumbago Crucible Company,"
which title was first adopted by them about 1856
upon their purchase from Messrs. Dixon, of New
Jersey, United States, of the goodwill and sole right
of selling in Europe and Australia crucibles manu-
factured according to Dixon's improved process, for
the sale of which the plaintiffs had been for some,
years the sole agents in this country. These cru-
cibles, which had been imported from the United
States for sale by the plaintiffs ever since 1852,
were stamped by them " Morgan and Co., J. Dixon
and Co.'s Patent," and sold as patent black lead
crucibles ; the term " plumbago crucibles" having
been adopted by the plaintiffs when they com-
menced manufacturing on their own account to
indicate the fact that such crucibles were of a
material superior to the ordinary black lead of
commerce. The defendant M'Adam was a manu-
facturer of crucibles at Glasgow, with a depot in
London, and in the Business Directory of London
for 1865 an entry of the " Patent Plumbago
Crucible Company," with the name of the defendant
and his address at Glasgow, together with that of
his London depot, immediately followed the entry
of the plaintiffs' firm, " The Patent Plumbago
Crucible Company." The plaintiffs in February,
1865, took proceedings under the Merchandise
Marks Act at the Clerkenwell Police Court against
the defendant for infringing the style and trade
marks of their firm, but the summons was dismissed
by the magistrate, who seems to have held that
there was not sufficient similarity between the
trade marks of plaintiff and defendant to justify
him in convicting. In the course of these pro-
ceedings at the police court it was 'brought out
in evidence that Dixon and Co. had no patent
for crucibles in America, and that the plaintiffs
(who stated that they had always been under
the impression that Dixon held an American patent),
were calling their crucibles " patent" without any
warrant for so doing. The present bill was filedin
July, 1865, for the purpose of restraining the de-
fendant from assuming the title of "The Patent
Plumbago Crucible Company," in imitation of the
designation of the plaintiffs' business.
In reference to the purchase from Dixon, the
plaintiffs insisted that they had been assured, and ,

'The United States (1803) made eaglets with a
cap on the head weighing 11 dwts. 6 grains, 11-12
fine, at $lO ; they were then more valuable than
silver. In 1832 Congress ml-1.) them a tender for
$10.60, and made a new coinage with the hair
curled, 9-10 fine, which are the eagles that peoPle
now talk about, but do nut often see.

And by the changes of the coinage of two nations
you may see why a pound was once called $4.449
and now $4.84 to $4.85. New pounds are worth
$4.86 38-1000, if not worn.
The habit is still to call the pound $4-44 4, and
then add 91 per cent., which brings it up to 134 85
for a pound. By this incongruity of calling the
pound one sum, and estimating it at another, the
contradiction is presented that exchange between
England and the United States is really at ilsrl
when it is nominally at 94 per cent. premium lu
favour of England.

COUNTRY MARKETS.

WAKEFIELD.—FRIDAY.
Wheat is is per qr lower than on Friday last, but salt!
are not pressed to any extent. Barley met with a 61"
trade, and prices also is lower. In beans and oats there
is no material alteration.

LINCOLN.—FRIDAY.
Wheat was in limited request, and prices were mucht
lower than last week. Barley was in plentiful supply, o
not much sought after, and last week's prices receded ls;
A moderate show of oats, and prices quite as high. Betty
a small show, and prices as before.
New white wheat, 60s to 68s ; new red, 54s to GOs per 36
stone. Barley for malting, 49s to Ms per qr ; grinTl
26s to 36s per 30 stone. Oats, 24s to 31s. Beaus, 48s
50s per 38 stone.

DERBY—FRIDAY. 36
New white wheat, 62s to 66s ; old red, 56s to 61s per
stone. Barley for malting, 44s to 48s per qr. ; grinding
37s to 38s per 30 stone. Oats, new, 27s to 29s ; 2'50°3
34s per 24 stone. Beans, old, 50s to 525; new, 46s to
per 38 stone.

LIVERPOOL.--FRIDAY.
We had a moderate attendance at our market to-(115;
Wheat was in limited demand, and quotations upon t a
decline. Flour sells slowly, from 6d to is per sack an
it
barrel lower than last week's prices. Indian corn in
limited request. Oats and oatmeal easier to buy, but yep
slow. Beans, peas, and barley nct so brisk.

S TAMP ORD—FRIDAY. 86
New white wheat, 56s to 60s ; red do., 52s to 56s per
stone. Barley, malting, 42s to 48s; grinding, 34s to ou
per qr. Oats, new, 24s to 28s ; old, 28s to 32s per 24 stone'
Beans, 52s to 54s per 38 stone. Peas as of late.

RIPON—FRIDAY.
There was a better supply of grain at market to-d 4;
and the demand was steady. Wheat is to 2s per qr. . lest,
than last week. Malting barley was fully as dear. tll9
grain as before.
White wheat, 8s 6d to 9s Od per bushel • red, Gs 6d to 65
6d ; beans, 7s 6d to 7s 9d ; oats, 26s to 32' s per qr ;
34s to 42s Od.

BRISTOL SUGAR.—FRIDAY. of
There has been an improved demand for all kinds do
raw and refined sugar this last week, and the sales mode
in the former were at rather higher quotations. Rum sells
slowly at late rates.

Births.
>fe of
HILL—On the 6th inst., at Rockwood, Llandaff, the
E. S. Hill, Esq., Lieut.-Col. Glam. Artillery Volunteer
of a daughter.
LUTTENS—At 16, Onslow-square, Brompton, the wile C.
Lutyens, Esq., of a son.
LYLE—On the 6th inst., at 2, Temple Villas, Dover, the
wife of Captain H. C. Lyle, Royal Artillery, of a Wu' ce
STAVELEY— On the 4th tilt., at Poona, Bombay, the "
of Brigadier-Gen. Sir C. Staveley, K.C.8., of a son.

•
Marriages.
BERENS—STEwART—On the 6th inst. at Sparsholt,
Winchester, Alex. A. Berens, Esq., of Ashby St. Ladge.o,
Northamptonshire, to Louisa Winifred, fifth daughter
the Rev. Edward Stewart, vicar of Sparsholt.
G URNEY—IVAINMAN— On the sth inst., at Christ Cbu,-.rt,'
high Harrogate, Arthur Gurney, Esq., of Dalian],
rey, to Mary Anne, youngest daughter of the late
Wainman, Esq., of Armley, near Leeds.
Deaths.
GUTHRIE— On the 6th inst., at St. Leonard's, Jas. Guthrie'
Esq., of Craigie, Forfarshire.
HAMILTON—On the 4th inst., at Cliff House, Bournemouth',
Lady C. Baillie-Hamilton, daughter of the 9th Eart °v.
Home, and widow of the Hon. and Rev. C. 13. wanilto
HUTCHENS—On the 6th inst., at 7, Blandford-square, J3rae
Hutchens, Esq., aged 72.
JEAFFRESON—On the 7th inst., at 8, Finsbury-square, L'rertri
Jeaffreson M.D., aged 57.
MANLEY—On the sth inst., at Brentwood Villa, R. Itiaul°''
Esq., aged 40.
REEVES—On the 6th inst., at Halterwortb, Romsey, OAS.
Reeves, Esq., aged 51.

- .
.pvf E
London : Printed r, ad Pubiiched by WILLIAM AN 33... f,.
of No. 112, Strand, Printer at Pim SUN 01116 c, No.
Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the County
Midtileoew.— Saturday, December 8, ißea