The Sun.
London, England, 1859-11-14 00:00:00

GARIBALDI AND MAZZINI.

(From the Times.)
The long contest for Italian independence has
produced no nobler man than Joseph Garibaldi. It
is strange how much and for how long a time the
public opinion of Europe, and more especially of
England, has been mistaken as to the character and
ability of this remarkable man. For the most part
he was accepted as a kind of melodramatic hero, fit
at best to astonish the groundlings of London or
Paris at Astley's or Franconi's—a kind of Massani-
_ . .

ello without his nets, or Murat withdut his horse.
He was the hero of broad sa:hes, vulgar pathos, anci
claptrap—the property of the penny novelist and
suburban playwright. By others he was confounded
with the secret conspirators who have unconsciously
done their best to protract the slavery of their coun-
try to a foreign yoke. Now, there are no two men
in Europe more entirely dissimilar than Mazzini and
Garibaldi. The simple, frank, open-hearted soldier
—the man of midday—has nothing in common with
the gloomy, dreaming, burrowing conspirator—the
man of midnight. The language of Garibaldi has
always been, " Follow me"—thy language of Maz-
zini, Go, and I will scheme for you." In what
contest in which he has borne a part has not Gari-
baldi stood in the foremost rank? In what con-

spiracy of the many that Mazzini has set on foot
has he not dexterously slipped his neck out of the
noose and left his victims in the hands of the gaoler
and the executioner ? For a time, no doubt, Gari-
baldi owned the ascendancy of the self-constituted

high priest of Italian independe;ce,curi;;;;;
years past he has disengaged himself from the thral-
dom of that impolitic connection. So strong is the
power of self-assertion, so prone aro his fellow-
creatures to accept a man at his own estimate of
himself, that it is no great wonder if all Italian
patriots, Garibaldi included, gave way for a time
to the vehemence of Mazzinian ideas. But while

one man was losing power the other was gain-
ing it. As sailor, as soldier, as merchant,
Garibaldi was going about the world and
learning in the wholesome school of actual life
the value of ideas and of men, the distinction
between thought and action. Mazzini, on the other
hand, had either shut himself up in sonic solitary
lodging in a foreign capital, or was skulking about
Europe under various disguises, and with passports
made out in any other name but his own. So it
came to pass that he degenerated from the promise
of his youth and early manhood, and year by year
dwindled down into the proportions of a monoma-
niac. He believed in the cloak of darkness ; Gari-

baldi, in many a contest with his fellow-men under
the broad light of day, has taught his hand to use
the sword of sharpness, and we see the result. At
the present moment, the name of Victor Emmanuel
apart, Garibaldi is deservedly the foremost man in
the contest of tie Italians for independence. So

overwhelming, in the long run, is the strength of
simplicity of character, steadfastness of purpose, of
fortitude, and of courage, that the mere presence of
this patriotic chieftian acts like a charm upon his
countrymen. He is the visible embodiment of their

aspirations and hopes. They liTiow, that he will
not lead thorn astray ; that he' has no selfish purpose
of his own to serve ; that, when he says the cause of
Italian independence is dearer to him than life
itself, he has proved the truth of hisnssertion by the
devotion of his life; and, more than this, that in him
are found those great qualities of intelligence, pru-
dence, and professional skill without which the
noblest sentiments are of little avail in the practical
affairs of life.

The truth with regard to Garibaldi has been well
known to the bulk of Italian patriots for many years
past ; it has but slo rely made its way to the under-
standings of Englishmen. A letter addressed by
Lord Ellenborough to Lord Brougham,which we pub-
lished on Wednesday, is the first definite recognition
given by any English statesman to the capacity and
influence of the guerilla chief. Garibaldi had long
maintained that, if Italy was ever to be. independent,
his countrymen must win their own independence in
the long run, however necessary it might be in the
first instance to take advantage of some moment of
general diplomatic complication in order to begin
the strife. The French might sweep the Austrians
out of Lombardy, but that, although the first step
in the struggle, would avail the Italians but little
if the fortunate moment did not find them a nation
of soldiers. Whatever the future destiny of the
Italian Peninsula may be—and we trust it may be
glorious and worthy of its history—there is no
doubt that the Italians must submit for a season to

the monotonous schooling of the drill-sergeant and
the dull discipline of the camp. They must fight
the Austrians with their own weapons. The fran-
tic enthusiasm of the devotees of Italian indepcit-
dmee would be worse than useless at the present
epoch of Italian history unless this ardour be
drilled, and controlled, and directed aright. Be-
fore all things the Italians must be soldiers—
not soldiers in the sense of the poet and the
writer of romances, but soldiers as practical men
understand the word when they rest the indepen-
dence and good order of a country—its security
against foreign invasion and
.domestic turmoil—
upon the bayonets of a disciplined host. It is not
on the field of battle that the soldie•
r's highest ca-
pacities are displayed—the field of battle is the
soldier's holyday—but in the slow acquisition of
those higher qualities of fortitude, endurance, and
united action which make the disti▪
nction between
an army and an armed mob. If the trickery of
French and the stolidity of Austrian diplomacy are
now to be paralysed, it is above all things necessary
that there should speedily be found forthcoming in
Central Italy an army worthy of its name. This is
the only manner in which the Gordian knot can be
effectively cut—the only manner in which the
Italians can confJund the devices of their ene-
mies and strengthen the hands of their friends.
'Whatever the wishes of the English may be,
our representatives at any European Congress
can only protest against the use of armed
force in Central Italy ; but, unless the Cen-
tral Italians be prepared to defend their own
hearths, there are many points in which irresistible
pressure can be brought to bear on them without a
specific defiance of the public opinion of Europe.
Some months have now elapsed since the battle of
Solferino was fought, and the conditions of the ar-
mistice at Villafranca should have caused every in-
habitant of Central Italy to feel that he must de-
fend his own independence if he wished to take a
place among the free men of the world. How has
this :breathing-time been employed ? Something
has been done, much has been neglected ; but, on
the whole, it would appear that if the Romagnoli,
the Tuscans, the Parmesans, and the Modenese
would even now awake to the danger of their si-
tuation and take warning by th?, past, the fatal
words " It is too late" have not yet gone forth.
The two points to which we would direct the
attention of the Central Italians are—first, the ne-
cessity of instantly raising a sufficient and a dis-
ciplined force for the defence of the region they in-
habit; the second is, that it would be absolute in-
sanity on their part to provoke a contest with
either France or Austria by any act of aggression
beyond their own frontiers. Within these limits
they have a right to declare that they will live
under any form of government they may choose to
adopt, and to defend their liberties as best they
may. As long as their action is confined to the
defence of their own frontiers it would be a task of
no small difficulty and embarrassment to assail
their position. We can fully appreciate the delicate
nature of the task which Garibaldi is now called
apon to discharge, and how hard it is with the
same breath to excite the sentiment and to restrain
the passions of a multitude ; but upon the success-
ful solution of this problem the cause of Italian in-
dependence rests, at least for the present. The in-
telligence which has reached us during the last few
days seems to show that the Central Italians are
aware of their critical situation. If they are able to
produce in the field a sufficient force to justify their
assumption of independence, we are assured that no

In reply, Brown addressed the Court as follows :
" Virgin ittns,—l did not ask for any quarter at the
time I was taken.. I did not ask to have my life
spared. The Governor of the State of Virginia ten-
dered me his assurance that I should have a fair
trial ; but under no circumstances whatever will I
be able to have a fair a trial. If you seek my blood
you can have it any moment without this mockery
of a trial. I have had no counsel—l have not been
able to advise with anyone. I know nothing about the
feelings of my fellow prisoners, and am utterly unable
to attend in any way to my own defence. My memory
don't serve me—my health is insufficient, although
improving. There are mitigating circumstances
that I would urge in our favour if a fair trial is to
be allowed us ; but if we are to be forced with a
mere form—a trial for execution—you might spare,
yourselves that trouble. I am ready for my fate.
Ido not ask a trial. I beg for no mockery of a trial
—no insult—nothing but that which conscience
gives or cowardice would drive ycu to practise. - I
a- • '4602-3"'in to be excused from the mockery of a trial.
I do nod even know What the Special design of this
examination is. I do not know what is to be the
benefit of it to the commonwealth. I have now
little further to ask, other than that I may
not be
foolishly insulted only as cowardly barbarians in-
sult those who fall into their power."
The trial proceeded, however, and at the latest
dates the case for the prosecution had not closed.

TILE SCHILLERF ESTIVAL A-71 VIEgrIVA.

VIENNA, Nov. 9.
At half-past 5 o7clock yesterday evening the differ-
ent corporations and guilds of the city met in the
Prater—the Hyde•park of Vienna—and at 6 o'clock
the procession, which was composed of about 5,500
persons bearing torches and lamps of coloured
paper, was on its way towards the city. Three
trumpeters on milk-white steeds opened the pro-
cession, and immediately behind them followed
the "Schiller banner," which was borne by a
man on horseback. On the top of the banner
was a bust of Schiller, and below it his escutcheon:

The procession presented a very striking coup (toed
as it moved up the Rothenthurm-street towards
the place on which stands the cathedral. As far
as the eye could reach, a dense mass of peoplo
formed a living hedge, through which moved a
stream of party-coloured fire. In general, the
guilds had torches, which emitted such
volumes of smoke that the bearers were
from time to time invisible; but almost all the
corporations and societies had lamps of dif-
ferent forms and colours. The tulip-formed " lam-
pions " produced such an excellent effect that their
bearers were loudly cheered both by the populace,
and .by the occupants of the windows past which
the procession moved. The behaviour of the public
was so exemplary that not the slightest accident
occurred, although 200,000 people must have been
in the narrow streets of the city at one and the same
time. As the torch-bearers passed the Stephen's-
place there were not more than 10 or 15 policemen
to be seen, but a strong body followed the proces-
sion to prevent its being " rolled up" by the crowd.
In obedience to a wish expressed by the Imperial'
authorities, there was no illumination of the city ;
but in general the rooms were brilliantly lighted
up, and the windows thrdwn open. The windows
of the Archiepiscopal palace were occupied by cleri-
cal dignitaries, but his Eminence did net appear.
In the palace of the Papal Nuncio all was dark and
still, but the procession did not appear to notice the
silent protest made by the representative of Rome
against the apothesosis of Schiller. The only fault
to be found with the festival is, that it was some-
what monotonous, because there was not enough
music. At first the Archduke William promised
to let three military bands march with the proces-
sion, but subsequently he gave orders that they
should be stationed on the Schiller Place. The two

" civil " bands which accompanied the torch-bearers
were almost exhausted when the procession reached
the glacis. The speech made by M. Laube, the
director of the Court theatre, who stood on an
elevated spot near the statue of Schiller,* ran as
follows :

" We stand before the statue of Frederic Schiller,
in order to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of
his birthday. What did the man do that this day
should be celebrated by every German on the face
of the wide earth? Of lowly birth, he managed to
become one of the first of German authors. In spite
of adversity and sorrow he through his whole career
remained pure as gold. He made such magic use of
our language that every German heart is refreshed,
is elevated, by his words. He created a host of
ideal forms, which have become types and favourites
with old and with young, with rich and with poor.

He has glorified woman, inasmuch as he has repre-
sented her as the depository of virtue, as the worthy
companion of man. He has awakened the best feel-
ings of man—a feeling for independence, a feeling
for the Fatherland, a feeling for everything good
and great. He employed his great talents to a
great end, for his sole object was to improve and
elevate mankind. He has improved and ennobled
a whole nation, and therefore on this tl}e hundredth
anniversary of his birthday the Germans unani-
mously proclaim Frederic Schiller the poet (Dich-
ter) of the German people, who will give to him
their loire, respect, and gratitude to the end of time
(fur and jar)."
The speaker—who was heard and understood by
many thousands as he uttered each sentence sepa-
rately and at the top of his voice—then proposed
—" A thousand-voiced Vivat to the poet of the
Germans, to the beloved Frederic Schiller." A

mighty cry was immediately raised by the persons
who had heard the toast, and as it was gradually
taken up by more distant groups of people, the
effect of a reverberation of sound was produced.
Two strophes of Schiller's " Ode to Joy" having
been sung, the Burgomaster proposed'' A Vivat for
the Emperor," and it was given by the immense
erowd which had assembled to do honour to the
memory of Schiller. A strophe or two of the
National Anthem was then sung, and as the rain
had begun to fall the people went off in different
directions with the bands, which played " Dint
Deutsche Vaterland" as they quitted the ground.
Persons of my acquaintance saw the procession
pass through different parts of the city, and they
all agree in saying that the people behaved in the
most exemplary manner. In official circles it was
feared that there might be a " row," and conse-
quently very many police agents were in the streets
lit niujh. The troops were kept in barracks, and
consequently had not an opportunity of seeing
how well the Viennese behave when left to them-
selves. After the festival was over last night, a
fellow-countryman remarked that if ever there
should be another revolution in Vienna "it would
be the fault of the rulers." _

Vv
Dr. Schuselka, the gentleman who spoke at the
" Concordia" festival, is likely to get into difficulties
for saying things which had been crossed out of
his written speech by the police. The persons who
intend to speak or propose toasts at the banquet on
Saturday must send in " copies" of their speeches or
toasts to the managing committee, which undertakes
to perform the part of censor. Before the year 1848
the censors were in the habit of substituting pas-
sages for those which they objected to, but it is not
vet), probable that the Schiller committeemen will
take a similar liberty.

NOTE.—As was yesterday stated, a colossal plaster of
Paris statue was erected for the occasion on the future
Schiller Place.

The prospectus has been isstel of the London-
bridge Hotel Company, with a capital of £lOO,OOO in £5
shares. It is to be constructed on a site adjoining the
Brighton Railway station, and communicating with it, and
is to contain 250 sleepinc, apartments, numerous public and
private sitting rooms, and a large hall for meetings. The
Great Western Hotel cost £86,000, including furniture, and
the contract for the New IV estminster Hotel is under £60,000.
The capital proposed on the present occasion is, therefore,
assumed to be ample.
Is CONSUMPTION !INCURABLE ? Invalids labouring
under Consumptive Maladies, and families who have
suffered from the ravages of Consumption (and what
family in the empire is there who has not to deplore a
loss caused by this scourge of the human race ?) will find
a satisfactory answer to the question,
" Is Consumption In-
curable," in an original article by Dr. PENIS CRONIN.
M.D., 35, Bruton-street, Berkeley-square, W. Published in
the "1-Tousehold Physician," in numbers, one penny each,
by G. Berger, 19, Uolywell-stareet, Strand. From Ito 9 now
ready.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
THIS DAY.—Morning, 3h. 51m.—Afternoon, 4h. 12m.
To-Moturtow-Morning.., 4h. 35m.—Afternoon, 4h. 59m.

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rl'llf SUN.

MONDAY, NOVENIBER 14, 1859

Saturday last was a proud day for the Royal
Navy of England. The QUEEN, herself, and her
beloved daughter, our late PRINCESS RoYAL,
honoured the launch of the Mistress of the Seas—
the VICTORIA—the finest, and by far now the
largest ship in the Royal Navy. It was, indeed, a
grand day for Portsmouth to witness such a splen-
did sight. The scene was truly magnificent as it
was auspicious for the future fortunes of British
freedom—the good will of the Emperor NAPOLEON
to the contrary, notwithstanding !
Yes ! let NAPOLEON build ag many ships as he
can for the time being, and let him plate them
with iron or steel, or more appropriately with
brass, and let him try his luck at coming over
here as an invader, instead of a beggar and a
runaway scamp or fugitive, as in other times
he sought our generous hospitality, and he
and his braggart Colonels, with all their
myrmidon rapacious rascals to boot, will,
one and all, receive a far warmer reception
than even the Imperial Guard or the Invincibles
met at Waterloo. Of that let them be well assured,
and let them con it well, and take it to heart with
a sad souvenir of bygone days. We are no brag-
garts—we think, prepare and DO. Therefore we
advise the Alan of _Destiny to think twice before he
acts once.

That he does intend to invade England, and it
may be Ireland too, there seems now to be little
doubt. To avenge Waterloo and St. Helena may
be a splendid " idea " in the French mind, but to
accomplish so desirable a feat may prove a more
chivalrous idea than he has yet bargained for.
lie may believe in destiny, and feel, or suppose
he feels, certain of his purpose. We, too, believe
in destiny—but with a firm determination to bring
dlstiny to book if ever she attempt any mock
oracular tricks with hearts resolved and arms pre-
pared to "do or die." That the French are
unquestionably brave we fully admit, while we
admire their spirit—but we are no cowards, either
on sea or land—and if the French invaders find
us to be cowards on British ground, why then we
shall forgive them, and pay the penalty as a
matter of course.

And now a word or two to the Lords of the
Admiralty and Sir BALDWIN WANE WALKER, the
best surveyor of the Navy ever yet apppointed.
"We recommend that instead of building so many
three deckers, they should build shipi of 100 guns
on two decks, such as the Con:pen:P., I onerl, and
others. These ships with heavy metal' will be a
match for any three-docker in tne world. They
will besides be better sea boats—roll less—and be
infinitely more handy in rough weather. Let ui
have some twenty or thirty of them—and a few
scores of 91's—the best of sailors, and the more
manageable of fighting ships.
Then as to our old sailing ships lying up idle in
ordinary--a prey to the worms and old time to•
gether—they have been good ships in their day,
ar.d may be made very available in oqr day of
coming danger. They can be made very useful as
guard ships in harbour, and even in the offing, as-
sisted in their movements by tug steamers. Let
them be jury rigged, well armed and manned, and

if NAroLEoN break through their rough nurse_

*ng

we will forgive him. .
Why should we not have a large proportion of
seamen and marines to man our chief naval
arsenals instead of soldiers? The cost of one is no
more than that of the other, while their value upon
an emergency is incomparably greater. They can
handle heavy artillery on land as well as afloat;
and, if need ~be, they can man our :ships with a
will and a readiness equal to the occasion. They
are handy on land, and

" Their home is on the deep !"

Let the Admiralty look to it, and we will answer
for the consequence.
And now, a word of advice to the Coming In-
vader—" Yon may build as many plated steel ships
as there are stars in the firmament, but when the
day of battle comes, your evil star will darken in
its destiny, and, instead of shining in its present
ascendancy, will serve to lure your hosts to
disaster and yourself to ruin."

Steel-clad ships may be all very well, if other ships
be so foolish as to waste powder and shot in firing
at them: has it occurred to NAPOLEON- that
British seamen -" make no bones" of iron or steel,
but " close to and board the enemy in the smoke ?"
Aye, blow all his boarding trappings and nets to
the winds by a broadside of chain-shot, then with a
good hearty cheer sweep his decks with a whirl-
wind rush of battle—and all is over Let NAPO-
LEON and his sabreurs ponder over this: He had
better clothe his men in steel—but what of their
hearts ?

Upon the Ist of January, 1860—now fast ap-
proaching us—the Reserve Force of Royal Naval
Volunteers will begin to be formally enrolled. This
is as it should be—as it should have been long
since. It is a grand step in advance. It is the
next step naturally to be taken in sequenee after
the creation of a Channel Fleet. The latter bul-
wark we now actually possess—thanks to Sir JOHN
PAKINGTON. And a Chancel Fleet, moreover,
worthy of its position of awful responsibility. A
Fleet that, although so recently organised, if it
cannot direct the storm, has certainly proved during
the late fearful gales that it can ride [out] the
whirlwind. And now that we have a Channel
Fleet, now that the late First Lord of the Admi-
ralty's promise to arm England with this great
buckler of defence has been promptly and resplen-
dently fulfilled—it is well that the suggestion ac-
companying that engagement should be effectively
and efficiently realised. The suggestion, namely,
that in addition to the regular maritime armament
even thus considerably increased and reorganised,
England should possess, besides a Channel fleet, an
adequate reserve force of Royal Naval Volunteers.
The last-mentioned project is no longer, we
rejoice to think, merely an alluring day-dream or
patriotic scheme purely in nubibus. So far from
this it is at this moment that we might describe it
as a project even now in 'process of development.
An official notification, published elsewhere in our
impression of this evening, indicates clearly enough
how perfectly well authorised we are in making
this emphatic announcement. It is a notification
to the effect " that any seaman possessing [certain]
qualifications may be enrolled as a Royal Naval
Volunteer in the Reserve Force, and will there-
upon be entitled to the advantages and be subject
to the obligations mentioned"—elsewhere in The
Sun of to-night through the explicit medium of the
Admiralty advertisement. In regard to this
Reserve Force of Royal Naval Volunteers it may
be remarked at once that the qualifications are four,
that the advantages are ten, andthat the obligations
are eig'at—the whole of these 22 subdivisions
being specified in very plain and comprehensble terms
consecutively. First, as to the four requisite Quali-
fications, The volunteer must be a British subject
—free from infirmity—not over 35, and, finally,
" he must," we are told, " within the ten years pre-
vious to his joining tfie Reserve, have been five
years at sea, one year of that time an A. 8." Than
all which clearly nothing could be well more rea-
sonable. Now, as to the ten advantages. There
is, first of all, and chiefly to be taken into considera-

tion, the annual payment or retainer to be
awarded to each of these Royal Naval Volunteers.
Of the reasonableness of this we are not
so perfectly satisfied, and we are earnestly
in hopes that it may be regarded as the
one exceptional point which may yet be
taken into reconsideration; for the annual payment,
we observe, is fixed at no more than £O, payable
quarterly. Surely, a retainer hardly worthy of the
occasion, or of the high purpose towards which it is
directed. Gladly would we see in place of £6—
£8 as the annual payment to the volunteers. It
can hardly be objected that £2 a quarter would be
any exorbitant remuneration. And this difference is
merely the question of a few shillings in each of
these periodical instalments. We must not be hig-
gling over the few coins doled out to our maritime

volunteers when the question is one really affecting
our national safety. Another advantage is thus
set forth before the intending volunteer, " he will,
if he fulfils his obligations and is in the reserve the
requisite time, receive a pension of not less than
£l2 a year Iwhenever he becomes incapacitated
from earning a livelihood, or at-sixty years of age,
if not previously incapacitated." According to
another " he will, if called on actual service, re-
ceive the same pay, a:lowances, and victuals, and
have the same prospect of promotion, and prize
money, as a continuous service seaman of the fleet,
and he will, on joining receive the same clothing,
bedding." And, finally, the volunteer is told" he
may quit the reserve, if not at the time called for
actual service, at the end of every five years ; ho
may also quit it, when not called out, on paying
back the retainers he has received ; or, without
payment, if he passed an examination as a master
or mate, and obtain bone fide employment as
master or mate." The obligations, to the number
of eight, chiefly relate to matters of discipline.
They testify the care with which this noble re-
serve force is about to be formally and, we hope,
permanently organised.

Shall we give up further search for records and
even for survivors of the FRANKLIN expedition ?
To both parts of this question Dr. KING replies,
" No—send me ;—you have spent £2,000,000 of
money in ill-advised Government expeditions ; you
have spent a large sum in private expeditions ; even
one of these latter, which came nearest to the spot,
turned back with little but rumours, one of them a
calumnious report, in its possession ; the last and
most successful of all, could not accomplish all that
was desirable, because it was a naval expedition ;
—send me, send me hy land—l will go for £l,OOO
—but one two-thousandth part of what the Ad-
miralty has thrown into the sea."

We cordially and hopefully accept Dr. KING'S
proposal. He may have four times the money he
asks, so far as we are concerned ; and we shall
commend not blame the item in the next Admiralty
estimates, and Mr. GLADSTONE'S next bill; the
money is nothing, and the object one of superlative
interest. We must own, indeed, that we can hardly
bring ourselves to believe that any of the 105 noble
fellows sacrificed to official obstinacy can yet sur-
vive amongst the Esquimaux. lint, Dr. KING
thinks this possible, and the existence of records
not yet obtained, almost certain. This is enough