The Sun.
London, England, 1859-07-05 00:00:00

THE-- SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, JULY 5, 1859.

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arising from unforeseen pollical comp] ications to be
able thus to play at soldiers, and to wound the feel-
ings and to some extent (image the morale of a fine
part of his troops by sending them thus on a fool's,
errand in Tuscany, while their comrades are win-
ning bloody laurels on the lombard fields. I speak
with atficers and soldiers, who are certainly not in
the most placable mood, and who at every bulletin
44nolincing aefresh victory ate ready to curse their
hard lot, and the four other 'corps of the army of
Italy, who seem unwilling to 'eave anything for the
sth to do. There is also no la)k of men who mutter
something about the Crimea and the "white fpa,
ther," words which I either cb not understand, or
which I must interpret quite n a ()contrary sense to
which they seem to attach to it. If the Prince
really has objections to a scone of carnage, it would
have been far from • good policy to give the him
command of a corps d'armeenever meant to meet
the foe; for the Prince's inaction has already given
rise to an immense amount idle talk, and were
the matter to end as it has heEun the Commander-
in-Chief would leave Italy far more damaged in re-
putation even than he quitted the Crimea. Or if the
two Imperial cousins had madeup their minds that
there was any stain on the nane of the youngest o
them which should and could be washed away, it
was matter of necessity that tie hero to be regene-
rated should court the foremost danger, so far at
least as was consistent with a reasonable amount of
safety,. especially as the Prince's own father-in-law
King Victor Emmanuel, shows himself lavish of his
life to an extent to curdle theblood in his followers'
veins, and has in more than one instance "paid
with his own person" (pay de sa persoime), as the
French have it.

If Prince Napoleon knows, as undoubtedly he
must know, something about the character of the
French people, he must certainly be most uneasy at
a delay which causes such ungenerous comments on
his conduct. He is gracious and affable to the
Italians, many of whom have been won by his
manners ; but the French, and especially the army,
are very particular about that mast indispensable
requisite in a man's character courage. The Prince
must show himself before the enemy, or he had a
thousand times better have stayed at home. And it
is of the greatest consequence to his future station
and influence in France that the new trial to which

his nerve is to be exposed should no longer be put
off. The Italian climate is prolific in fevers, agues,
and other ills human flesh is heir to. Bettor a thou-
sand times for the Prince to be seimed by a conve-
nient fit, and either go home or make the -Ducal
Palace in Parma his home, letting his troops go
without him, than remain at the head of a corps
whose task hitherto has been an idle pageantry,
whose object seems to be to shirk all earnest field
work.

All this I have written merely to convey to you

the state of mind of many of the thinking military
men in the Prince's corps. I repeat, although cir-
cumstances are decidedly against him, and much
time has undoubtedly been suffered to run to waste,
I am convinced Prince Napoleon has only obeyed
his cousin's instructions, and these were dictated by
far different motives than that of screening King
Jerome's son either from harm if he seeks the
danger, or from worse scathe if he shuns it. I
confess myself unable to guess the Emperor's
reasons ; but since I have been in Italy I have
accustomed myself, with the Italians, to attribute
to Napoleon 111. something of *Providence's own
far-reaching sight, and to mistrust my power to
sound his ends or question his means. In the
meanwhi;e it is still possible that the corps may not
have to go all the way to Piacenza, but may attack
the Austrians if they aro still there, or come back
there again, at Brescello, Guastella or Bogoforte,
whence the passage of the river might perhaps be
effected by might of arms. The latter named places
are, so to say, the outworks of the fortress of
Mantua. Even the storming of those places might
be better work than either inaction here or a new
detour by Piacenza.

PARMA, JUNE 28.
Lucretius delights to view a tempest-tossed sea
from a safe position on shore. lam here, in a state

of great ease and serenity of mind contemplating a
storm in a teapot. The Duchy of Parma has a po-
pulation striving hard to reach half a million. Its
capital boasts 40,000 inhabitants ; but when you see
the few loungers moving about its deserted streets,
as if anxious yet unable by their exertions to pre-
vent the grass growing under their feet, you can
hardly help suspectifig that some mistake has oc-
curred in the census. Still Parma is, or was till

yesterday, a State, an independent community,
self-existing ever since Pope Paul 111. detached it
from the ecclesiastical dominions to which they had

been annexed by Julius 11., and gave them in fee

simple to his natural son, Pietro Luigi Farnese.
This Pope's son was three-fourths a villain, and the
rest a maniac ; so that four of his nobles, revolted
at his atrocities, lifted him by his keels as he stood
looking out of a window in the citadel of Piacenza,
and hurled him down into the moat beneath, where

he lay a shapeless, motionless mass, never to rise.
Now, it seems fated that monarchies, great or small,
should end as they began. An Augustulus closes
a dynasty commencing with an Augustus. The
late and last Duke of Parma, Carlo 111., was nine-
tenths a madman and one-tenth a monster ; he died
by the hand and gimlet of a common workman,
one of the 500 persons of all ranks whom the Duke
had subjected to the ignominious punishment of
the bastinado. This free use of the stick, in a
country where corporal punishment had been struck
out of the penal code, was greatly obnoxious to
the people here. A revolution has been effected ;
the patriots have carried their point. Parma
has ceased to exist ; one star has disappeared
in the galaxy of Italian States. King Victor
Emmanuel has accepted the sovereignty offered by
the Parmesans. Half a million of people have been

annexed to what is to become theßegno dell' Alta
Italia—Kingdom of Upper or Northern Italy.
Piedmontese carabirieers or gendarmes have been

trusted with the maintenance of public order, in
stead of the Ducal dragoons or gendarmes, who
have been sent to Alessandria. The King has sent,
as his Governor-General, charged with the powers
of an alter ego, Count Pallieri, a man of great talent
for business, and of a remarkably firm though ami-
able character, the only Piedmontese who was both
obeyed and beloved by the stubborn people of
Genoa ; he has charged with the duties of Inten-
dente-Generale, or Prefect, Domenico Marco, one of
the most distinguished members of the House of
Deputies, a man gifted with considerable rhetorical
powers, no less than with a dignified and concili-
ating address, and yet, and for all that, there are
men here who are not quite satisfied—men who re-
gret that the great change should have taken place
with hardly any cola).* et and positively no blood-
shed, who rage at the idea that the opportunity for
revenge should have been lost, in whose heart still
rankles the smart of the degrading bastinado. There
are not many who regret the loss of their importance
as citizens of a self-existing State; hardly any who
suffer from any excess of loyalty towards the per-
sons of the noble-minded Duchess-Regent, or of the
guiltless infant Duke Robert, heir of the throne,
but the scars of the Ducal cudgel are still on many
an honourable man's back, and not a drop of blood
has been shed to avenge the outrage on the minions
of the tyrant who lent a hand in the infliction of
the barbarous punishment. This is the secret cause
lying at the bottom of all the discontent of which
the symptoms are perceptible at the surface of this
still somewhat unsettled community. The tiger mul-
titude has been baffled of its prey. On the departure
of the Duchess, who released both civilians and
military from their oath of allegiance, some of the
officers in the little Ducal army, who knew that be-
tween them and the people no reconciliation, how-
ever hollow, could ever take place, were improvident
enough to attempt to lead their soldiers to Brescello
and Guastalla, with a view to join the Modenese

and with them pass over to the Austrians, but they
were deserted .by their troops en masse, most of
whom, as released from service, returned to their
homes. The officers themselves, with one excep-
tion, aware that. Austria would hardly welcome
them without followers, abandoned their scheme
and came baok, hiding here and there about the
country ; they were and are hunted for by the
people in town and country ; they were brought,
some of them utter a little rough handling, to the
prisons in the capital, and delivered over to the
eimstituted authorities, with a hope that summary
justice would be executed on them ; but the Go-
vernment, wisely objecting to rip up old grievances,

smuggled most of them out of the country, and
convoyed them to Piedmont, where I have no doubt

they will still be turned to better uses than hang-
ing. The majority of wise people approve this
mild measure. Not so the young and heedless
multitude, especially those ill-conditioned men who

are misnamed Democrats, who belong, in sober
truth, to the party of disorder, and who were orga-
nised in a sort of brotherhood of the dagger, and
perpetrated some of the very worst deeds of assas-
sination, bath under. the Duke and in the early
period of the Regency. So long as either Pied-
montese or French troops are on the spot, there
is no shadow of a fear of mischief; but regular
troops are wanted in the fields of Lombardy, and
the town and State will soon be left to the care of
the few but trusty Carabineers and the = National
Guard. The National Guard—a very useless ins -
tution in France—is a very desirable establishment
in Italy, where it answers the purpose of spreading
military tastes, habits, and rules of discipline among
an idle population, and may with proper manage-
ment be turned into an efficient nursery for the
army. The Italian people, in all their movements

since 1831, have recourse to arms on the slightest
chance of a political change, and here, on the first
flight of the Duchess, a national guard.was organized
under the command of Giuseppe Gallenga, a man
deservedly popular with men of all classes and par-
ties. Unfortunately, however, the multitude at the
first outbreak rifled the Ducal arsenals, and the
men breathing vengeance have the muskets in their
hands ; they have secreted them in their houses, and
it will require no trifling tact and address to coax
or force them out of their clutches. Unfortunately,
again, the better classes show great remissness in
the service and pusillanimity, and there is no great
chance of mustering the habentes against the non
habentes. Between the patriots who mistake dis-
order for freedom, and those who think both liberty
and order to be no business of theirs, the struggle
would hardly be equal. The Piedmontese Govern-
ment, however, and the men charged by them
with the reorganisation of the State;are well aware
of the storms which may be brewing, and I have
no doubt they will be able to meet the difficulties
by which they are threatened, and to turn this
petty discrowned capital into as well behaved and
quiet a provincial town as Alessandria, Casale, or
Ivrea.

I have been so particular in my description of this
Parmesan microcosm, because, with but little variety
of cause and effect, the state of Parma bears
close resemblance to that of Modena and Reggio,
of Massa and Carrara, and of the various emanci-
pated Lombard provinces. For the countries im-
mediately annexed to the Kingdom of Upper Italy
the Sardinian Government will be able to provide.
Its course is simple and straightforward, and it has
only to apply to them that political mechanism
which works very well at Piedmont and at Genoa.
But matters bear a different aspect in Tuscany,
where the parties of annexation and of municipalism
are struggling for mastery, and a still more sinister
look in the Romagna, where the population is
fiere and addicted to the use of the knife, and where
the somewhat urfVilligible policy of the Emperor
Napoleon keeps men's minds in a cruel suspense.
D'Azeglio, who has been appointed Governor at
Bologna, still tarries at Turin, as if loth to meet the
perils of the situation allotted to him. In Perugia,
as you well know, already deeds of carnage and
barbarous outrages have been perpetrated. The
Pope is as dangerous a stumbling block in the path
of Italian nationality as the Austrians, and Na-
poleon 111. still hesitates to remove him. To what
extent the farce of a protectorate which allows
the dismemberment of a protected State is to be
played out, I am unable to say; but certainly the
Emperor will soon be driven to the alternative be-

tween sacrificing Italian nationality or suffering
the Papal temporal authority to come to an end.

The uncertainties as to the movements of the
Fifth Corps have ceased at last. Many of the
French troops marched off this morning towards
Colorno. The French pioneers are now busy at
the construction of a bridge of boats at Casal
Maggiore, over which the whole of the troops under
Prince Napoleon will travel into Lombardy, pro-
bably in the direction of Mantua. The Prince is
off to-day to superintend the work of the bridge.
The Tuscans under Ulloa are to follow presently.
The Tuscan General Staff is to leave this on the
Ist of duly.
Kossuth came to Parma on Sunday last, and had
a long interview with the Prince. He speaks as a
Potentate, like one who holds both Hungary and
the troops of that nation in the Austrian service in
his pocket, to be playe3 off against the Court of
Vienna whenever it may suit his purpose. lam at
a loss to understand what he can possibly want,
either from the French or the Piedmontese Govern-
ment. If he can effect either the revolution of
Hungary or the desertion en masse of the Hunga-
rian, why, he is master of the situation, and neither
French nor Piedmontese can help him in the mat-
ter, whatever benefits may accrue to them from the
success of his schemes. It reminds one of that
alchymist who solicited a reward from Pope Cle-
ment XII. for his discovery of the art of turning
stones into gold. The witty Pope gave him a very,
very long purse, saying that a man who had it in
his power to make gold only wanted a purse to put
it in.

ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDE.
P.ENDENCE.

The 83d anniversary of the Declaration of the
Independence of the United States was celebrated
last night by a public dinner at St. James's-hall.
General Robert B. Campbell, United States' Consul
at London, presided on the occasion, and was sup-
ported on his right by his Excellency Mr. Dallas,
and on his left by Mr. Bright, M.P. Among the
guests, who were upwards of 170 in number, we
particularly noticed Mr. Digby Seymour; M.P.,
Captain O'Connell, Mr. Philip N. Dallas, Secretary
of the American Legation, Judge Pascal, of Texas,
Mr. J. R. Croskey, General Vandenburgh, Mr.
Thornton Hunt, Colonel J. L. Chester, Dr. W. It.
Ballard, Mr. N. S. Dodge, Major J. B. Wheelock,
General Campbell, Mr. J. Shapter, Captain E. G.
Tinker, Mr. Cyrus W. Field, Mr. J. G. Drake, the
historian of the American Indians, Mr. Rarey, Mr.
Alpheus Billings, Mr. J. F. Cropsey, and Dr.
Browning. The hall in which the banquet was
held was decorated most tastefully with flags,
among which the stars and stripes and union jack
were pre-eminent. At the lower end of the room
the portraits of General and Lady Washington,
painted by Rembrandt Peel, an American artist,
were hung, while Winterhalter's portrait of the
Queen, which was most kindly lent by her Majesty
for the occasion, overhung the chair of the Presi-
dent. The galleries surrounding the hall were
filled with ladies, whose various coloured dresses
added great brilliancy and animation to the scene.
The CHAIRMAN, in proposing the first toast, said
that sunrise this 83 years ago dawned on 13 States
and 3,000,000 people, subjects of a foreign Kin 0.,
but before the sun had set these subjects met, and
declared the independence of the American colonies,
and left George 111. not one subject in America,
from the water meadows of Florida to the mouths
of the St. Lawrence. Since that time the United
States had advanced at a pace unparalleled in the
annals of other nations ; they had grown with more
than a giant's growth and more than a gianes
power—a power which he was proud to say had
never been abased, but used for the most beneficent
ends. While, then, the firmness and decision of