The Sun.
London, England, 1859-09-23 00:00:00

THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS.

Among the recent " Selections from the Records
of the Government of India" is a remarkably inte-
resting series of papers en the Andamans. In obe-
dience to instructions from the Court of Directors,
the Indian Government appointed a committee on
the 20th Nov:, 1857, to examine the above-named
group of islands, " with a view to the selection of
a site for the establishment of a penal 'settlement."
The Commissioners were Dr. ,Mouat,lnspector of
Jails, Dr. Playfair, and Lieut. Heathyte, I.N.' and
the result proved that better men eqnld not have
been selected for the purpose. Thougli "placed in
the track of one of the greatest coniMercial high-
ways of the world;" these islands havei-Oly been
known as the fabled haunts of cannibals, and as a
statio male lido carinis. Itnow appears that there
is every reason to luestion the man-eating propen-
sities of the poor savages, though there is no doubt
as to their having massacred "all shipwreitked ma-
riners who fell into their hands, and,perhaps, burnt
their bodies. A party of islanders was, indeed,
once seen gathered about a fire, over which 'a Minim'
body was being consumed, but it was already too
much chaired to be fit. for food. The inhabitants
are actually dwarf negroes, though how they came
there cannot be ascertained, and few of them exceed
five feet in stature. For the most part they -are a
sturdy and well-built race, and ready to do battle
against all comers. It has been suggested, and
with much probability, that their ilitreme ferocity
towards strangers arises rather from desperation
than from natural barbarism,' as the Burmese and
others have frequently been in the habit of landing
on the islands ar:id Carving off the wretched savages
into captivity. The ',natives are too ignorant to dis-
tinguish between different nations, and thus regard
all foreigners as their sworn foes. They are, more-
over, an indolent and improvident people. They
know nothing of agriculture, and live chiefly on
shell-fish. Sometimes they secure a few fish by
shooting them with a bow and' arrows, but
they seem to have no idea of catching them
with. a hook and line. Nets, however, are oc-
casionally used, and in stormy weather they
have recourse to rats and wild pigs, the only animals
found 'in the islands. Even birds are rare, owing
to the scarcity of fresh water, though it may be
found at a very short depth below the surface.
There is no trace of agricultural operations, and the
primeval forest remains in a state of nature. "Their
huts," we are told, "are rude and open on all -sides.
In general they consist of four posts, the two ante-
rior being much higher than the two posterior ones,
which are close to the ground. The former varied
from three or four to about ten feet in height. The
thatch generally consisted of a few
_palm leaves
lightly bound together and overlapping each other.
In every village there were one or two huts of
larger dimensions, some 12 or 14 feet square, with
well-thatched roofs plaited on a rattan frame. One
quadrangular hut was seen, supported on corner
posts, with the eaves of the thatdli within a foot
and a-half of the ground. Most Ofihe others were
quite open in front and at the sides, the rear being
protected by the thatch reaching nearly to the
ground." These huts are often decorated with skulls
of pigs, tortoises, and fish. But neither men nor
women were half so much adorned. With the ex-
ception of a coating of red clay daubed on the top
of the head and the anterior part of the chest they
were entirely naked, even to every hair being
shaved off. To such a degree do they carry their
horror of hirsute appendages, that a deserter, hav-
ing fallen into their hands, had his head shaven
with a piece of bottle glass, but was otherwise well
treated. Their only weapons are bows and arrows,
the latter barbed with iron, and going straight to
a mark at 40 yards' distance, but in no instance has
poison been discovered.' Their canoes are laboriously
excavated by means of a small adze with a wooden
head, in which is fixed a semicircular blade of iron
beaten out. The nautilus-shell serves these simple
islanders as a drinking-cup, and all their household
implements are of the most primitive kind. The
only vegetable food found in their huts was the
fruit of the mangrove, a large 'leguminous bean
sliced in shreds and soaked in fresh water in a
small closely-woven net, and wild spinach. As to
their numbers, nothing could be ascertained,
but in all likelihood they do not exceed a few hun-
dreds. It is painful to think that utter extermina-
tion almost certainly awaits these wretched bar-
barians. Off Interview Island one was captured
by the expedition and taken to Calcutta, but as ho
almost immediately sickened he was sent back with
an ample supply of carpenters'tools, knives, cotton
cloth, thread, cords, axes, metal, pots and pans,
beads, looking-glasses, and objects of savage finery.
It is not stated, however, if anything has since been
heard of this messenger of peace, or even if he sur-
vived to reach his native shores. At present a penal
settlement has been established at Port Blair, in
South Andaman, and, according to Dr. Walker,
with every prospect of success. It must be acknow-
ledged, however, that that gentleman appears to
entertain peculiar notions on the subject of convict
treatment. his " unequalled experience of the
management of Hindostani prisoners," as he him-
self modestly says, encouraged him to undertake to
provide for 10,000 convicts per annum for at least
five consecutive years. But a little further on our
wonder is abated by the significant -statement that
out of '773 convicted landed between the 10th of
March and the 12th of June, 1858, there remained
in custody on the 16th June no more than 481. Of
the others, 64 died in hospital, 140 effected their
escape, 1 committed suicide, and 87 were executed.
We observe, however, that the Calcutta papers re-
ceived by the last mail report Dr. Walker's 'resig-
nation"—the Government having failed to appre-
ciate his " unequalled experience. —Allen's Indian

MISS MARTINEAU ON SWIMMING FOR LADIES.—
We have proposed every child—and not only every boy.—as
a swimming pupil, because the main reasons for anybody's
being able to swim are good for everybody. English women
have four limbs, and live in an island, and make voyages,
and practise sea-bathing, and need exercise in the water at
school and at home, and go out in boats—in
short, run the
universal risks in regard to water ; and, therefore, they
have a claim to be taught to swim. At the time when the
great school was kept away from the river because a boy
had been drowned, a sensible and wealthy Quaker gentle-
man built a bathipg-house for his young daughters on a
mere in his grounds, which was sufficiently fenced with
reeds to secure privacy; and the girls learned to swim. In
the sea they could all go through the exercises as South Sea
women do. Their fir mes were improved • their health was
improved ; their safety was Improved ; and there was not a
shadow of an objection to be set off on the other side.—
Once a- Week.
The following letter, written by the Emperor
when Prince Napoleon, was
published by the National in
December, 1835, and is now reproduced by some journals as
not without interest :—" Arenemberg, December 11, 1835.
—Several journals have stated that I am about to leave for
Portugal as a pretender to the hand of Queen Donna Maria.
widow of a
However flattering for me may be the supposition of a union
contradict such
witha
cousin
a rumour, since no step known to me can have given rise
whoyou n 5,a,
sbedacuatriftuol,mane.dit viisrtmuyousdutygat o
enz
to it. I must even add that, notwithstanding the lively
interest which is felt in the destinies of a people who have
just acquired their liberties, I should refuse the honour of
oaring the throne of Portugal, if by chance some persons
should cast their eyes on me for it. The noble conduct of
my father, who abdicated in 1810 because he could not re-
concile the interests of France with those of Holland, has
not been forgotten by me. My father, by his just example,
has proved to me how much one's own country is preferable
to a foreign throne. I feel, in fact, that accustomed from
my infancy to love ray country above all things, I eat pre-
fer nothing to French interests. Persuaded thitithe great
name I bear will not always be a ground of excltisioniin the
eyes of my fellow-countrymen, since it reminds then} of 15
years of glory, I await with calm, in a hospitable and' free
country, that the peogle will recall among them those who
were exiled in 1815 by 1,200,000 foreigners. This hope of
one day serving France as a citizen and a soldier fortifies my
heart, and is worth in my eyes all the thrones of the world.
—Accept, &c., NAPOLEON LOUIS BONAPARTE."

THR BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

ABERDEEN, SEPT. 21.
SECTION A.-MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL

SCIENCE.
President—The Earl of ROSSE.

Yesterday Sir DAVID BREWSTER read a paper
" On the Decomposed Glass of Nineveh and other
Places." He described the general appearances of
glass in an extreme state of decomposition, when
the decomposed part was so rotten as to break
easily between the fingers, a piece of undecomposed
glass being generally found in the middle of the
plate. He then explained how, in other specimens,
the decomposition took place around one, two, or
more points, forming hemispherical cups, which
exhibit the black cross and the limits of polarised
light. In illustration of this decomposition he
showed to the meeting three specimens, in one of
which there was no colour, but which consisted of
innumerable circular cavities, with the black cross,
these cavities giving it the appearance of ground
glass. In another specimen the film was of pecu-
liar and of great beauty, showing a complementary
colour by reflected and transmitted light. In a
third variety the films were filled with circular
cavities, exhibiting most beautiful colours, both in
common and polarised light. Various other re-
markable properties of other plates were described
by the author.
SECTION B.—CIIYMISTRY.
President—Dr. LYON PLAYF AIR, C.B.

A communication was read by J. G. MACVICAR,
D.D., " On the Organic Elements, and their Rela-
tions to each other, and to the Medium of Light,"
illustrated by models, according to the author's
theory of the forms and structures of the molecules
of bodies. He began by recalling to the memory
of the audience the remarks which had been made
on the philosophy of chemistry on preceding days,
which brought the subject into that position in
which his own theory desired to find it, viz., an
admitted analogy of function in the entire series
of chemical agents, to which it is to be
inferred that an analogy in structure corresponds,
abolishing from the philosophy of chystistry the
division of chymical agents into simple and com-
pound, and viewing them all as compound, the con-
stituent atom, or truly simple element, being some-
thing that is lighter than hydrogen, and a physical
rather than a recognised chymical agent. In order
to find it he then stated the sanction which modern
science has given to the aneient doctrine of an uni-
versal ether constituting the medium of light and
radiant heat, and composed of particles, all similar
to each other, and animated by repulsive and at-
tractive forces, like the molecules of common
bodies. He then proceeded to show that by giving
an affirmative answer to the query of Sir I. New-
ton, as to whether the molecules of dense bodies
may not be composed of particles of the medium of
light, a molecular theory resulted which satisfied
and explained to a wonderful extent the well-
known atomic weights and phenomena generally
of chymical agents. The principle on which he
conducted his synthesis of molecules was that of
statical equilibrium or symmetry ; and here he pro-
ceeded to the construction of a few of the simpler
of them. The first in the series, of which a repre-
sentative in the laboratory is to be looked for, is a
molecule composed of five particles of light or ether,
three to form an equator and two to form poles.
He showed that this molecule, when viewed in re-
lation to its own exquisite mechanical structure
and to the medium of light in which it continues
to exist, gave as its mechanical and optical proper-
ties the same as observation gave as the properties
of hydrogen gas, so that this molecule becomes in
science a valuable representative of hydrogen and
a reminder of its properties. He then reached
the structural representatives of carbon, to show
how simply his theory explained the hydro-
carbons, the principle of symmetrical con-
structions immediately giving two eminent
hydro-carbons, the one with a carbon and the
other with a hydrogen nucleus, the numbers of
whose constituent hydrogens and carbons being
counted gave numbers identical with the chemical
formula of caoutchoue and of the essential oils. He
stated that he was prepared to go into similar de-
tails with regard to the other hydro-carbons, and to
discuss the other organic elements, oxygen and
nitrogen ; but, the time being limited, he preferred
bestowing what time was left in illustrating his
method. _ _ _ _

A commendatory discussion ensued, in which
Professor L. Playfair, Professor Williamson, and
the Abbe Moigno took a part, but without giving
their adhesion, as might be expected, to a theory
which cannot be accepted without entering on a new
era in chemistry.

SECTION E.—GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY.
President—Admiral Sir J. C. Ross.
Sir R. MURCHISON stated in this section yester-
day that at a meeting of the committee of this sec-
tion, held in the morning, he had proposed a motion
relative to the communication read on the previous
day regarding a memorial to the great and illus-
trious Humboldt. That motion had been most un-
animously and heartily adopted, and he (Sir R.
Murchison) trusted it would meet the same favour-
able reception from the section at large—a section
which should be the first to do honour to the tra-
veller whose name was known throughout the
whole world. (Hear.) He (Sir Roderick) having
had the deepest personal regard for Baron Hum-
boldt, and having received encouragement from him
during many years of his scientific life, and having
further, in 1840, proposed that there should be a
meeting, on a great scale, of the scientific men
from all nations at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, and to
honour Humboldt by asking him to preside, he (Sir
Roderick) in those circumstances thought it fitting
enough that the motion which he would now read
should emanate from him. (Applause.) The motion
was as follows :
" That the Committee of the Geographical and Ethno-
logical section of the British Association, being deeply in-
terested in the promotion of any project by which the li
memory of the truly illustrious Humboldt shall be honoured
and science advanced, do hereby express their 'sympathy
with the wishes of his Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
respecting the establishment of the Humboldt Foundation
for Physical Science and Travels.' "
The motion was passed amid cordial applause.
Mr. A. AMEUNEY, a Syrian gentleman, read a
paper " On the Arabic speaking Population of the
World."
Dr. MACGOWAN then delivered an address " On
Chinese Genealogical Tables," which drew forth
some discussion.
In answer to questions from Principal CAMP-
BELL regarding the rebellion in China—namely,
whether those portions of China in possession of
the rebels were the native districts of those men,
or if they had come from other parts of the country
—whether they were marauders, and if the rebel-
lion was on the increase, and what was likely to be
its effect on the future of China,—
Sir JOHN BOWRING said that he did not believe
any one of the leaders of the rebels, or any man
holding an influential position, was connected with
the localities in their possession. The rebels had
found to support or sympathy from the inhabitants
of the quarters into which they had advanced.
They lived solely on plunder, and their progress
from town to town, and from place to place, was
one track of desolation. They were very ignorant,
had no common bund of union, and wherever re-
bellion had been experienced the progress of civi-
lisation and education had been retarded. So far
as he (Sir John) had watched the progress of the
rebels, it had been marked by barbarism and
destruction of property and life. He looked with
great apprehension upon the security of China,
for where Government was so corrupt, and its
laws but so partlally obeyed—where justice was
so impure and religion so little thought
of, he was afraid in that country there was nothing
to be anticipated but great disorganisation and in-
creasing misery.
SECTION F.—ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS.
Yesterday a paper, " On the British Trade with
India," prepared by Mr. R. Valpy, was read by the
secretary. It stated that in the year 1858 the ex-
ports of British produce from England to India
amounted, to £16,782,515, and exceeded those to
the United States, which were not more than
X 14,510,61
Inow amount, it was true, for the
United States!.the first six months of 1859 the
value of Britisl
duce exported had been
£11,783,796 to the
produce
States, and L 10,109,563
to India. In 1815, the first year, after the opening
aßrtit merchants,ieszhiaorts at th thetotal
count
value of the
of the Indian imports
o
n
ry
from and to India amounted to
X 10,701,000. In
1858 the amount was £31,754,000.
In 1858, there-
fore, the value of the British trade with India was
in
three times more than it was lBl5. The computed
real value of the total imports from India in each
year since 1854, w hen the real valu- imports
.3 of the
was first ascertained at the Custom-house, way,__
1.54 ........................ £10,672,000
1855 ........................ 12,088,000
17,262,000
... 1856
1857
1858
This increase was not so striking as that of the ex-
ports of British produce to India, the totals, o_ to
n a
from 1850
comparison of similar periods—viz.,
1858 oser 1815 to 1819—for the respective periot!s
being about £11,600,000 against £2,800,000. In
1850 there was a large increase in the imports of
Indian cotton, the quantity being 118,872,7421 b ,
which since had steadily increased. The paper no-
ticed the various articles of imports and exports,
showing that India is the best customer we have
for the most important of our industrial produc-
tions. For example, in 1854 the quantity of cotton
7nanufaetured goods exported was only 39,000,000 1
ox& and in 1858 it rose to 728,000,000 yards.
Tb 4 total value of our exports of cotton stuffs and
yams to India in 1858 was £10,249,826. Ma- .

chinery has been exported to India since 1855 to
the extent of £500,000 annually.
The business of the sections was concluded yes-
terday, with the exception of a few papers, which
are to be read to-day, in the Mathematical, Che-
mical, and Geological Sections.
At a meeting of the General Committee held to-
day in the Library of Mariscbal College, Dr. Robin-
son presiding, grants of money for scientific ob-
jects, to the amount of £930, including £5OO to
Kew Observatory, were passed unanimously. The
reports of the various sectional committees were
read and approved.

TUSCA7Y, MORENA, AND PARKA.

(From Me Times.)

It may well be supposed that the Ducal houses
of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma will not consent
to fall without a struggle. The sympathies of the
present age are not, indeed, likely to be much en-
listed on the side of pretenders to thrones. The
days when a Stuart was honoured in Rome and
Paris, and a Bourbon received the homage of Eng-
lish visitors at Hartwell, are for ever gone by. The
rightful heir of St. Louis lives unnoticed and
almost forgotten in his German retirement, and
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte has baen received at
once into the rank of European Sovereigns, his only
credentials being the possession of supreme power
in his own country. But if the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany and his compeers foresee the obscurity which
awaits them should Italy ever exclude them from
its limits, they are all the more anxious to leave no
means untried for the preservation of the authority
which only belongs to them as long as they hold it.
Nor are they without powerful friends and many
hopes of success. Like the frontier Barons of
the middle ages, they find security in the rivalry
of the great potentates on whose limits they live.
The Grand Duke, no doubt, considers himself, to
use the phrase of the day, the only possible solu-
tion of the Tuscan question. Who shall rule the
fair city of Florence and its classic land ? Not
Austria, for she has for ever renounced the right
of interference. Not Sardinia, for Austria will go
to extremities to prevent it, and the French Empe-
ror, nettled at Victor Emmanuel's independence
and the alleged ingratitude of the Piedmontese,
will play into the hands of his late enemy before
allowing a powerful State to be founded on his
frontiers. The objections of the Tuscans to a
French Imperial Prince, and the transfer to one
foreigner of the supremacy lately snatched from
another, seem likely to forbid the settlement which
is supposed to be favoured by France. There are
difficulties in the way of any new arrangement, and
the exiled Princes may well believe that they are
destined to return to their capitals, if not amid the
enthusiasm, at least with the acquiescence, of their
subjects.
That in spite of elections by universal suffrage,
and votes by an unamimous assembly, these are te
hopes of the Grand Dukes and their followers is
abundantly manifest. They are working hard
among courtiers and diplomatists to set the in-
ternational machine in motion against the deci-
sion of liberated Italy. The recent movement in
the Peninsula is, indeed. almost without paral-
lel in history. The charge that disaffection was
confined only to a few restless spirits has been
summarily disproved. As soon as the pressure
of Austrian military strength was taken off, the
whole of Central Italy rose against its oppres-
sors—against its worst oppressors, the Italian
Princes themselves. Never was greater una-
nimity. Army, civil officials, professional men,
traders, handicraftsmen, and peasants, all joined in
expelling the rulers who had made their dominions
mere provinces of the Viennese Emperor. The
Grand Duke of Tuscany had a respectable military
force, relying on which he had made a treaty with
Austria for the permanent subjection of Italy. But
they were Tuscan officers who announced to him
that his power had passed away, and it was an es-
cort of Tuscan cavalry which, under the orders of a
Provisional Government, conducted the legitimate
ruler beyond the frontiers of his Duchy. Nearly the
same thing took place in Modena, and even in
Parma the respectable character of the Regent was
unable to preserve the principality for her child.
These revolutions were accomplished while an im-
mense Austrian army was actually in possession of
the strongest places in Italy, when the issue of the
war was still doubtful, when the reputation of
Francis Joseph's troops still gave reason to suppose
that Piacenza and Pavia might be destined to break
the tide of French invasion, and perhaps to roll it
back on Piedmontese soil.

But the most striking proof of the unanimity of
the Italians is to be found in the events which have
taken place in the Legations. Here the authority
of the most ancient and venerable throne in Chris-
tendom has been thrown off by a population taught
from infancy only to listen and obey. What must
not the strength of that impulse be -which can
turn men who have been governed by Austrian
commandants and educated by Romish priests

into the assertors of liberty, and the as yet suc-
cessful maintainers of order ? Yet it is these Tus-
cans, Modenese, and revolted subjects of the Pope
whom it is now necessary to represent as fail-
ing in their objects, as repenting of their late pro-
ceedings, as unable to organise independence or
freedom, and as conscious of their own inca-
pacity. It cannot be doubted that if the belief
became general that the Italians were unwilling
participators in the late revolutions, or that order
would be threatened by the exclusion of the Grand
Dukes, a great point would be gained by the
partisans of the exiled families. They have
for them Austria, the Pope, perhaps the French
Emperor, and certainly the Government of the Two
Sicilies. They may calculate on powerful support
if ever a Congress meets ; and we cannot but think
that even the desire of thwarting English inter-
ference would operate largely on more then one
Continental Power. They have the Princes and
mighty ones of the earth on their side, but they
fear that with the people their case is different.
Th9y have been expelled by popular movements,
and not a hand has been raised in their cause. And
as long as this is the conviction of Europe it will
be difficult to restrain Sardinia from accepting the
fusion which has been proposed by the new Go-
vernments. There is enough of public conscience in
Europl to prevent any gross outrage on a people
which is merely seeking its own happiness. Let
the world remain in the belief that the Dukes are
not wanted by the Italians, and neither France
nor Austria will have the courage to reinstate
them. But there is one way of sapping the
strength of the new Governments, and of giving
their enemies an excuse for summary measures. It
is by making it appear that the mass of the popu-
lation in the Duchies is coerced by a few dema-
gogues, and that, while honest men are strongly
desirous of seeing again their legitimate rulers, a
set of adventurers are passing off their own deci-
sions as the will of their countrymen. A long letter
has reached us to this effect, purporting to come
from a Tuscan ; it complains of the tyranny of the
Government, the impossibility of conversing freely
without danger of delation and imprisonment. It
charges the elections with corruption, declares that
only a small percentage of the people voted, and
that in many cases votes were openly extorted.
Now, all this is to be expected from a beaten party.
Any one who is acquainted with the hi story of re-
volutions knows that the existence of a party at-
tached to the old institutions and the persons of
the banished rulers is always to be found, strangely
tenacious of life, clinging to its traditions closely,
and satisfying its animosities bitterly. This was
the case in England for 70 years ; it is
still the case in France : why should
Italy be an exception ? As for the asser-
tion that the people are careless about, or averse
form, the movement, even if it be true, the same
might be said of many of the most salutary changes.
In every country it is only a minority which takes
an active share in politics, and we should not ask
what the peasant or the huckster engaged in sordid
cares thinks about the fate ofltaly, but what have been
the principles and the action of the educated classes
throughout the chief cities of the North and Centre?
We by no means allow that the people are indif-
ferent to the recent changes, but, even allowing it
for the sake of argument, it is nevertheless certain
that every man of mind and honour is committed
to the cause of freedom, and that under the guid-
ance of such men the political character of the
Italians is rapidly recovering from the contempt
which had for ages been cast upon it.

Tire following is the letter alluded to above :
Sir,—The impossibility which we unhappy Tus-
cans feel by any means to make the truth known
through the press of our own country, the punish-
ment which too often awaits any private interchange
o f our real opinion, induce me to appeal to your
invaluable assistance in endeavouring to undeceive
those statesmen in your country Nilo appear too
ready to be led away by false assertions, so often
repeated, of tranquillity, which exists but on the
and of a pretended national election, which
had its origin in intimidation and deception.
We exist at this moment under oppression with-.
thought left to
out example, have hardly even the liberty. of
area
on the slightest. suspicion wo
are imprisoinlerdeuvasopu_cao.ndemned without any legal
sentence.
most
21 vote so much boasted mil-
per cent of tire population,
prised at the
and if we make the deduction of those votes
ex-
torted by compulsion,. there will hardly remitin the
expression of opinion of more than 1 per cent.
of the Tuscan. people..
free
The municipalities are said to have voted spon-
taneously the annexation to Piedmont. Nothinr,
can be further from the truth. I myself belong tot'
a municipality whose real opinions I well know. All are sincerely desirous of the return of the exist-

ing dynasty, and yet their votes are recorded for the
fusion. There cannot be a greater proof that the
majority of the population really desire the return
of our present Sovereign, so deservedly popular,
than the thousands of persons who, without other-
wise compromising themselves, left their cards
with Prince Poniatowski, as an indication that they_
had no sympathy with the existing-fifferS; by
whom he had been so ill received, but ardently
desired the return of the existing representative of
their late mild and paternal Government.
The public treasury has been plundered, the
revenue of the next 18 months anticipated. In the
last four months more than 50,000,000 Tuscan lire
have been squandered, and if this system of extra-
vagant corruption is much longer continued the
country will be entirely raised. The Piedmontese
influence was by No mean extiegialshed by the de-
parture of the Commissioner. He still continues
in all the departments to exercise the same powers
through the agents he had placed and through
salaried agitators. It is now notorious that it wits
Piedmontese money scattered on all sides beforethe
27th of April which brought about the insurrection.
Two superior officers received immense sums for
procuring the disaffection of the troops, in order to
make evident to the Prince that his arm 3 had
thrown off its allegiance. The great majority of
my countrymen, deprived of any external support,
oppressed by daily despotism, besot in the public
streets by lawless agitators, imprisoned without
just cause if they seek justice from the authorities,
find themselves almost withonfthe power of devising
any means of giving expression to their wish for
the return of their lawful Sovereign.
It is therefore hoped that through your columns
this sincere contradiction of the untruths daily
circulated may be allowed to appear, and that your
eminent statesmen may no longer be deceived into
giving the moral weight of their support- and opin-
ion to the revolution in Tuscany. I trust I have
at the same time taken the best means of convinc-
ing you, by the most satisfactory reference, that I
am a person of respectability, who, living on the
spot, would not make any assertions of which I
could not prove the truth.—l am, Sir, your obe-
dient humble servant, A TUSCAN.
Florence, Sept. 12.