The Sun.
London, England, 1866-11-15 00:00:00

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to what the institutions of the United States tend.
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It is against such combinations of class leaders,
eetffowe;ctYietedorukt-nillidise°B:c!ul6lstenc,hl,B3"4lll-"474rei7:-Ti
acting on ignorant mobs, that the great Republican
party of America—that is, the vast body of the
intelligence of the country—has been directed. The
organisation in the South had many points in com-
mon with the municipal corporation of New York
—the leaders played on an ignorant population to
advance their own interests in defiance of all laws
of right. If we want instances to show how every
available means are used by one body to plunder
another there is no necessity to travel out of Lon-
don. Our Limited Liability Act has enabled what
people here call the most respectable class to orga-
nise a system which defrauded the public of Eng-
land, in a few months, out of a sum which all the
wealth of New York put together would scarcely
equal. With such frightful cases of depravity be-
fore us, from the effects of which the people of this
country are now suffering so terribly, it is not for
us to read moral lessons to our neighbours. From
both instances we learn that there is no body of
men into whose hands we can trust large sums of
money to be dealt with without curbing them by
strong and secure checks, and the history of the
world shows that, however strong may be the checks
applied, the ingenuity of some clever thief will
evade them. It is for the interest of a nation to be
governed wisely and honestly. When the people
are sufficiently educated and intelligent to appoint
their own rulers, it becomes every man's business
and duty to see that such abuses are swept away,
and they are much more likely to do this than when
power is confined to a few. A nation cannot be
bribed ; it may be cajoled, though this is highly im-
probable, when its dominions are extensive, and its
interests wide and diversified. The history of Eng-
land has proved that the narrower the electoral
constituencies became the more corrupt they grew.
The tendency of all human institutions is to
deteriorate. But we feel assured that the
soundest and most lasting Government is
that broadly based on an intelligent and well-
educated people. National education on the
widest scale is then the object at which the
leaders of the people should drive. An oligarchy
and a despotism find their fittest tools in the igno-
rance of the masses. The story of the corruption
of the municipal corporation of New York proves
nothing but what is well known—that the de-
pravity of Europe is the depravity of America and
of all mankind. A Board of Directors obtained
power to levy sums to be applied to certain objects.
Like so many of our Boards here they retained a
portion of the money for themselves, and misdi-
rected other portions to objects not intended, till
the corruption was forcibly exposed and national
indignation aroused. Whatever attempts may be
made to turn this story to political account, it has.
nothing to do with politics, and is only an instance
on the other side of the water of what we have
lately. been learning so forcibly on this, that none
can be wholly trusted with the distribution of large
sums. —Anglo-American 7 biles.

BIRD'S -EYE VIEW OF TIIE SUCCESS OF FREE
TRADE IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE.—TWO official
papers that have come into our hands show at a
glance some of the most remarkable points in the
increase of our commerce and that of France since

the inauguration of a free-trade policy in England
in 1842, and the first cautious steps towards such a
policy by the treaty with our neighbours in 1860.
A brief resume of a few of these results can hardly
fail to be interesting to our readers. The official
value of our total imports (official values are, it is
well 'mown, mere measures of quantities, and use-
ful only for comparison) was—in 1842, £65,000,000;
in 1853, £123,000,000 ; iu 1865, £181,000,000.
The official value. of our exports was—in 1842,
£113,000.000 ; in 1853, £242,000,000 ; in 1865,
£363,000,000—a threefold increase in less than
a quarter of a century. The real value of. our•
commerce annually has only been ascertained
since 1851. Since that polio.' the increase has been
as follows :—lmports—in 1854, £152,000,000 ; in
1863, £249,000,000 ; in 1865, £271,000,000.
Exports —in 1851, £115,000,000 ; in 1863,
£196,000,000; in 1865, £218,000,000. The real

or " declared " value of British and Irish manufac-

tures exported has risen thus: In 1842, £47,000,000;
in 1853, £99,000,000 ; in 1865, £165,000,000, or
fourfcld in a quarter of a century. Within the
same period our " tonnage inward and outward"
with cargoes (the measure of our aggregate trade)
has risen from £7,346,000 in 1842 to £25,000,000 in
1865, and our "registered tonnage" (our shipping)
from 2,990,000 tons to 5,760,000. The consump-
tion of some of our chief articles of demand has in-
creased even faster. Thus

1842. 1853. 1865.
Sugar (cwt.) 3,868,000 ... 7,272,000 '10,187,000
Tea (lb.) 37,C00,000 ... 58,800,000 ... 98,000,000
Tobacco (lb.) 22,000,000 29350 000 .., 38,000,000
Wine (gallons) 4,815,000 6,813,000 ... 12,000,000
And to crown the whole, while our aggregate re-
venue has risen from £52,763,000 in 1842 to
£67,812,000 in 1865, the aggregate amount of taxa-
tion repealed over that imposed has been
£21,000,000. With regard to France the results
have been to the full as remarkable and encou-
raging. Her total exports have risen from
2f266,000,000 of francs in 1859 to 2,924,000,000
in 1864, and the increase in certain specified articles
has been as follows :

Cotton Tissues. Linen Tis. Woollen Tis. Yarns.
Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs.
1859 67,000,000 15,000,000 186,000,000 8,000,000
1864 93,000,000 24,000,000 356,000,000 43,000,000
Her exports to Great Britain have been :-
1859. 1864.
Woollens ...francs 39,000,000 ......
98,500,000000
Cottons
878 670,,000
Yarns " 400,000 ......
8,900,000

Metals " 4,400,000 ••• •• AiO,'Ooo
Fish " 1,000,000 ......
Upwards of twenty million persons have visited
the Crystal Palace during the eleven years and a
half it has been open to the public, making a daily
average of over five thousand per day.
From some remarks made by M. Delangle, the
Procureur-General, at the opening of the French
Courts of Justice for the winter session, it is inferred
that duelling will be more severely dealt with for
the future. Light is
.now thrown on the Porte
Maillot affair. M. Seguin, the man who was killed,
was the son of a banker established at St. Peters-
burg. On the evening of the duel he went to the
Cafe Frontin, where he met Lieutenant Leca, of the
Zouaves, who owed him forty francs. M. Seguin
claimed this sum, and whilst the lieutenant's hand
was in his pocket he struck him.
gels
:au.
boionLnt
a.
ecneFtdaor
jdosert
fin repeatedoi
ad
Friends
" Seguin, you have committed a brutal action, and
astyhtnoeedup
bplvleiodl wl eoagrnrilde
principalsat
demanded
nm,tdoabs-numedte
eootdrnhr
seconds
swdnagulae'
iSaaede
to the Poissoniere barracks forittoire:narito
pters ; the maitre
d'armes refused them at so late an hour, but gave
some foils, which were taken to an arm ourer's where
the buttons were removed andthe points sharpened.
Thence the party went to the Porte Maillot and
got to work. Almost at the first pass Seguin was
touched in the arm, and Leca wished the affair to
stop there. Seguin, however, declared that if he did
not defend himself he would spit him like a dog.
After a few more passes the unfortunate provoker
rushed on to his adversary's sword, and expired
almost immediately. M. Leca has been placed un-
der arrest for fighting at -an undue hour. His
second and the maitre d'armes share his fate.
THE
o OF ANICSGIVING.—The Arch-
bishop NfEjar Fit°erubliii THry, in accordance with instruc-
tions from the CrONVII, has sent to the clergy the following
form of thanksgiving, which is to be used in all churches
in his Grace's province on Sunday next, instead of the
prayer which has been used for a long time past :--" 0
Almighty Lord, Father of mercies and God of all comfort,
we give Thee humble and hearty thanks for that Thou
hast vsmclisafed to assuage the severity of the plague and
pestilence with which we have been visited. We bless Thy
holy name for having thus far restored to our dwellings
health and the voice of gladness, and spared for our suste-
nance the remnant of our flocks and herds. Continue, we
s
pray Thee, these Thy acts of Providence over us ; and
although, by reason of our manifold transgression; wo
have Aprthily deserved Thy chastisements, yet be pl eased
of Thy great goodness, and in compassion to our infirmi-
ties, wholly
sickness, to ou
t to withdraw
reliefithd and Thywfromus glory, thisplagueand grievous
through Jesus
Christ Our Lord. Amen."

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