The Sun.
London, England, 1832-09-08 00:00:00

OLD BAILEY, SEPT. 7.

THE MURDER ON THE THAMES.
William Kennedy, aged 19, a fisherman, and Wil-
liam Brown, aged also 19, a labourer, were indicted
for the wilful murder of William Wilkinson, on the
17th of July last, in the parish of St. George, Ha-
nover-square.

In person Kennedy seemed feeble, and his pale
and ghastly appearance was very striking as he was
put to the bar. He looked quite oppressed, draw-
ing long deep sobs with considerable difficulty.
During the proceedings he muttered often, and
shook his head at particular passages of the evi-
dence. Brown, who is of much stouter make, stood
up without exhibiting atly signs of agitation, but
looked sometimes with a sort of surprise at his fel-
low-prisoner.

gr. BODKIN, who, with Mr. DUNN, appeared for
the crown, stated the facts of the case.

Mr. Smales—l am a printer, in Aldersgate-street.
I knew William Wilkinson. He was a clerk. Ac-
companied him on the river on the 17th July last.
Got into a funny at Bull-stairs, and, as we rowed
up, observed two boats following. This was near
Vauxhall-bridge. On arriving opposite the Spread
Eagle, at Millbank, one boat passed us, and we did
not see her after. The other passed between us and
the Middlesex shore, which was about 14 or 15
yards distant. It wanted two minutes to 10 by my
watch. The boat had two men in her. She went
on some yards, then turned round, and fell foul of
us. Her head struck that of our boat on the out-
side. Deceased desired me to bear a-hand to shove
otr. While I was endeavouring to do so, the head
of their boat reached the centre of ours, when one
of the men knocked the two boats together with his
hand, the other seized the two coats at the feet of
the deceased, and took them into theirs. I raised
the oar and endeavoured to strike them with it.
That moment the boat was getting off, when de-
ceased endeavoured to jump into it ; it was then
distant about six feet. He fell into the water, but
caught the gunwale with his left hand. Did not
strike any part of his person against the boat. The
men began to strike him on the head with the sculls,
while he held on with the left, and struggled with
his right against them. Both men struck him seve-
ral blows with force for three or four minutes. He
had no hat on. He quitted the boat as if he was
struck or pushed hack into the water. A blow was
given a moment before. I threw out a scull and
called to him t seize it, but he made again for the
strange bolt. ‘A hen he got to it, he was pushed or
struck back again. Did not see what was used for
that purpose. It was not a scull. Immediately
after he commenced struggling, and soon sunk. I
never struck deceased. When I made the blow he
was in my boat. The other was then about 0 or
30 yards off, and making across the river. I rowed
after with a scull and an oar, but the oar turned the

John Rowan, Jack-in-the-water at the Spread-
eagle—Was on the causeway at the water's edge
on the 17th of July, ten minutes before ten o'clock.
Heard a cry of murder five minutes after ten, but
that being a frequent thing, did not take any notice
of it until I heard it aga'n. Ran to the edge of the
river and heard "a guggle, goggle," And knew it
was somebody drowning. Ran to the house. The
waiter and I took a gentleman's boat, and before
twenty strokes saw one gentleman standing up in
a boat. He put his hands together, and said, " Oh,
my friend's gone !" he pointed in the direction the
boat had taken, across the river; but witness could
see nothing; it was a dark night.
Mr. W. Davis, surgeon, examined the body of
William Wilkinson. There was a wound on the
bridge of the nose about an inch in length. There
were considerable bruises on nearly the whole of the
forehead. In his opinion, the blow on the nose and
forehead produced stunning, and the man was
drowned. The extravasation on the brain was caused
by that blow.
The depositioris of the prisoners at the Thames-
police-office having been read,
The Learned JUDGE asked Relined y if he had
any thing to say to the Jury?
He put in a written paper, and wept while it was
reading. It stated, that when he and his comrade
went out that night they had no intention of doing
bodily harm to any one. He had been in great dis•
tress for some time before, and they meant to go and
pick up some clothes. It then proceeded to de-
scribe the scuffle for the coats, and attributed the
death of Wilkinson to blows received from his friend
in the agita•ion and alarm of the latter. When they
rowed away, they had no notion that Wilkinson was
in danger, his own boat being near, and he being
"splashing," as if he could swim. In conclusion,
it deprecated the prejudices raised against them by
reports in the newspapers, and appealed to the mer-
ciful consideration of the jury.
Brown next put in his defence, which adopted
Kennedy's account of the scuffle.
The jury returned a verdict of Guilty against both
prisoners.

- The learned JUDGE then sentenced them to be ex-
ecuted on Monday, and directed that their bodies be
buried within the walls of the prison.

COMMITTEE ON THE BANK OF ENG-

LAND CHARTER.

Examination of M. N. ROTHSCHILD, Esq.
Have you had any extensive experience in exchange
transactions ?—Yes.

In those transactions, are you accustomed to make any
estimation of the par of exchange; and if so. bow do you
calculate it ?—There is no par of exchange ; it depends en-
tirely upon whit the value of gold abroad is, and upon
that principle you can only take the par.
Then the par would be ascertained, according to your
estimation, by calculating the value of the currency of one
country against the other, and adding thereto the premium
there might be upon gold ?—Yes.
That would give you not a permanent but a fluctuating
par ?—The principle is this—suppose the exchange shall
be 25.20, what in general the English people call the
par, if the exchange is against us, then you will be obliged
to send a great deal of gold from this country; and you
get no premium upon the gold, the exchanges will be just
as you coi❑ 20 franc pieces for it, which will make it
sometimes 25.10, and sometimes 25.15., after deducting
some small charges on the transit.
What are the greatest variations you have known in the
price of gold at Paris within the last seven years?—lt was
sometimes a quarter to three-eights per cent. premium;
but lately, as the gold comes from foreign countries to this
country, it is about 1 or 2 per cent. premium ; the higher
our exchange goes, the more the premium abroad rises.
If our exchange here goes to 25.80, the premium of gold
gets up in Paris proportionately.

. .
Then your transactions in exchange are calculated upon
the premium on gold ?—Certainly.
What is the present market value of silver as compared
with gold ?--Standard silver is about 59d. per oz, ; it
changes from day to day ; silver has been 60d., but the
importations have been very large, by which silver was
lowered Id. per oz. It depends upon the importation ; if
there is a great importation from South America, silver
will fall.

Has silver fallen lately 7—Yes, about 1 d. ; it has been
60d. ; it is now about 59J.
Do you find that the former calculation of the estimated
value between silver and gold has lost its proportion ?_.I
think gold is higher than silver, because there is not so
much i:nportation of gold as there is of silver.
Do you find that the wants of this country for gold have
materially tended to increase the value of that metal in the
markets of the world?—No doubt of it; if you want a
great deal of gold here, it will rise in price abroad, accord-
ing to the nominal rate of exchange.
From your experience, is it your opinion that the
exchanges between London, Paris, Amsterdatn, and Ham-
burg, can be ruled by any individual or any combination
of individuals ?—For a little while. Suppose a powerful
man goes on the Exchange, and buys on two or three
post-days very largely, he can influence the exchanges ; but
it is not possible that he can guide them for a long period.
Would it not be in the power of an individual to guide
the exchange in proportion to the extent of his capital 7
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lsoi circumstances, how business is; if
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o f observed
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Exchange buying bills in that way ; in general, business
upon the Royal Exchange is done fairly ; if any person
requires bills, he purchases them to remit them abroad,
either to get a commission by it, or in return for goods im-
ported ; but in the way of speculation, it was never done,
that 1 remember, to any considerable amount.
Have you observed that the exchanges are materially
altered by the operations of the Bank of England, such as
increasing the issues of notes, or diminishing them ?
When the Bank diminishes its issues, there is always a
fear on the Royal Exchange to do business, because if
money is made scarce, every man of real property draws in
till he sees how far this scarcity of money will go; but for
long it has no effect, it will always find its level, and the
exchanges come round again.
Then, supposing the Bank of England were to diminish
its issues, so as to produce an effect upon the money-
market, how long would it take before the effect was felt
upon the exchanges 7—lt is not possible to judge. The
effect on one side is good, and on the other side it is bad.
Persons of real property will do no business at all, and the
manufacturers and persons in working business are ob-
liged to send their goods abroad, and to sell at any price
But in the mean time things come round, and the Bank
can never guide the exchanges for long ; it may do so for
a short time, for a couple of months, but it is not in any
one's power to do so for long. This country in general is
the bank for the whole world ; I mean, that all transac-
tions in India, in China, in Germany, in Russia, and ifi
the whole world, are all guided here, and settled through
this country ; so that it is not possible for any power to
guide the exchanges for so long as two or three months.
Then you hold, that the balance of payments with those
countries with which you trade, really and truly is the
only guide for the rate of exchange?—Certainly.
When there is an unfavourable exchange, that is to say,
when gold is flowing out, would you consider that the
Bank of England could regulate that exchange, and make
the gold flow back again, by curtailing their issues of bank-
notes ?—For a little while the Bank caa do a great deal,
because they may deter any rich man from doing business,
and they may stop the whole course of trade, but it is not
possible that it should last long, because the exchanges
will come round soon, whatever the Bank may do. A
great many people will be obliged, when money gets
scarce, to sacrifice and to sell all their property ; hut, in
the mean time, persons of real prop rty will be quiet, and
wait till every thing is clear and settled.
By what different channels and means does a scarcity of
money operate upon the foreign exchanges?—There are a
great many merchants from the West Indies who have
bills running upon them for coffee and different kinds of

Have you known particular periods when, money i n
England being very scarce, the merchants in England
would not make the usual advancements for consignments?
think it was so in 1825 ; a great many persons
would not accept upon wool and different other produce.
I know that a great many merchants were obliged to semi
large quantities of goods abroad, purposely to draw upon
the continent to raise money.
Is it your opinion that from the usual mercantile tran-
sactions of this country with the world, the exchanges
would almost invariably be in our favour if they were not
interfered with by demands not strictly commercial, such
as foreignloans, and such as advances at particular period,
to foreign Governments requiring gold for warlike pur.
poses ?—Suppose we have had a bad harvest in this coun-
try, and we import very largely corn, this will have a❑
effect immediately for a short time, but in general the ex-
change is always in our favour ; but if loans are made, I
do not think they will hurt our exchanges much, because
most of the capitalists who hold funded stock, in general
change one stock when they take others, so that it is only
a change of property. For the last four or five years I
have found that when a new loan is made, moss capitalists
only changed one property against another, and very little
property is wanted from this country.
Supposing that since the year 1820 the amount of fo-
reign loans raised in this country should be 50,000,000/.,
must not that periodically have deranged very much our
foreign exchanges ?—There is no doubt foreign loans to
the amount of 50,000,0001, which is a very serious sum,
would have that effect ; but in the last few years I know
that every foreign loan that has been made has done very
little injury to the exchanges, because an immense deal of
stock has always changed hands, and bee❑ resold to foreign
capitalists with a profit.
Does not the interest upon foreign loans atrpresent ope-
rate the other way ; is there not a large annual balance of
payment now made to this country as interest upon foreign
loans?—Certainly.
Do you apprehend that the interest received from fo-
reign loans, for some years past, has amounted to the ca-
pital that has been employed in creating those loans?—lt
has brought a great deal of money here, no doubt, but I
cannot exactly state the amount.
From the evidence you have given, is it your opinion
that the Bank of England, in looking at the foreign ex-
changes as the guide of their issues, act upon a principle
that is correct with regard to their own safety, and a prin-
ciple that is useful with regard to the public ?—For his
own safety, every man has a right to take care of himself ;
but with regard to making money scarce, I do not think
we have occasion to be aft aid, because if gold is wanted to
send abroad, they may make money as scarce as they like;
it will go, because for what reason is gold wanted? Gold
is wanted if there is a war, and in that case the Emperor I,
of Russia, or the King of Prussia, or any other Govern-
ment, will give two or three per cent. more or less for the
gold, because they must have it. When the Emperor of
Russia made war in Poland lately, gold, which went from
Harnburgh to Petersburgh and Warsaw, was paying from
three to four and five per cent. profit ; if five per cent.
will not pay it, ten per cent, will be given.
How does he draw away the gold circulation from
France?—ln the same way.
To what extent ?—lt is not possible to say ; if the
Prussian Government want gold, they will take it at the
lowest price offered. . _

Do not you find from experience, that the premium of
gold at Paris, at Hamburgh, and at Amsterdam, rises in
proportion as that species of demand is urgent or other-
wise ?—Certainly ; if it rises at Hamburgh, it becomes
higher in Amsterdam and in Paris; it levels itself nearly
within a quarter per cent. in all the three places.
Your opinion is, that the Bank of England in attempt-
ing to regulate the exchanges, have not the power of doing
so?—The Bank of England has great power if they do
not care to sacrifice money ; if the Bank of England wish
to make money very scarce for a time, they have it in
their power to do so; but the exchanges cannot be guided
by any body unless circumstances favour it. If there is
a war, and the foreign Governments want specie, they
must have it. I remember France made a loan at 50,
and now they want to make a loan at 90. If any Go-
vernment wants gold, it does not care about any price for
it if they can only get it. So that upon that principle,
the Bank has great power to guide the exchanges in peace
time and in quiet times by making money very scarce, but
in the regular way it is not possible that any body can
guide the exchanges.
Does not a Foreign Government want gold only to pay
it away?—Yes.
When it has paid it away, will it not soon come back ?
—lt does not return so soon in war time.

In the case of the war between Russia and Turkey, how
soon was the effect produced upon foreign exchanges by
taking gold for the payment of the armies counteracted,
and how soon did the gold come back and operate in a
contrary direction ?—lt is impossible to fix when it came
back, and how,—it depends upon the demand for your
produce ; if those people have a demand for your produce,
and have no bills upon England, they are obliged to col-
lect the gold and send it back again ; but in ease they
have no demand for our produce, the gold is distributed
over the world, and does not come back again so easily.

What was the effect produced upon the market of
Europe, for gold, by Russia in the war with Turkey ?—I
believe it was two or three per cent. premium.
How much gold do you think was actually sent out of
this country to meet that Russian demand, by persons
parting with sovereigns of which they bad possession, or
presenting notes upon the Bank and drawing their money
out?—lt is impossible to say.
Do you think it was to the extent of 500,0001. ?
More than that.

Was it not advantageous to this country, inasmuch as
it got a high price for the gold so sent out ?—No doubt it
did that good ; but in the mean time, when you want the
gold in, you give again a good price for it, because you are
obliged to sacrifice a great deal of property to obtain it.
Do not you part with it at a high price estimated in
commodities, and does it not return back at a moderate
price to this country ?—There is no doubt you get a good
premium upon the gold ; but on the other side, if, in
consequence of a good deal of gold going away from this
country, the gold become scarce, the manufacturers are
obliged to send abroad the manufactured goods so much
cheaper, so that in the long run you do not get any thing
by it. When you want it back again, and you force the
market and make a scarcity, the gold never rises, the gold
will always bear a regular premium, but the goods you
send abroad for it will be sacrificed.
When a premium was paid of 2 or 3 per cent. upon
gold, how much were the exchanges affected ?—The pre-
mium of 3 per cent. is not paid here, the premium is
abroad ; the man that delivers it to the Russian Govern-
ments gets the 2 or 3 per cent., the real premium here is
only just at the exchange of 25.20 ; at present the ex-
change is 25-80, and that makes 2 per cent. in favour of
bringing gold here ; at that time the exchange was 25.15
and 25.20.

Is
it not the case that gold is always demanded fir the
military chests, in preference to silver?—Certainly, for
every army. I recollect, about six months ago, the Go-
vernment of Hanover wrote over to get gold from here,
purposely for the military chests, to the amount of about
100,0001.

So that a war in any European country has invariably
the effect of creating a demand for gold ?—Certainly : any
European army has generally from 20,000/. to 30,000/. in
gold.

Does not an army always require gold in preference to
silver, without any reference to their comparative values?—
They do not care fur the prize; if they want it, they will
give any price for it, being more portable.
After the last loan contracted for by the King of Prussia,
did you ever understand that a very considerable portion of
the entire sum was kept in the military chest in sovereigns,
ready for any purposes of war?—The Prussian Govern-
ment has no military chest.
The Bank of England, by diminishing issues so as to
depreciate the value of commodities, may in time operate
upon the exchanges; hut in doing so, does not that opera-
tion of the Bank of England disturb the value of every
commodity throughout this country ?—There is no doubt
if money gets scarce, every kind of property will be cheaper,
but the Bank will not do so without a reason ; the Bank
is nut a kind of body that wishes to do injury to any
property.
Must not they sometimes dO so for their own protec-
tion, if they have to Day their notes in specie the

You have Raid that when any of the continental Power-
wish to supply their military chests, they always make
demand for gold ?—Certainly.
Does not that produce considerable fluctuation in th,
va'ue of gold ?—Not very much, because gold, in general,
is not so much wanted ou the Continent as silver; silver
is the regular coinage of those countries.
Do you think that the value of silver is as little subjec
to variation as the value of gold ?—Silver has no varia
tion, because there is a coinage of silver ; so that there
can be no gre it difference in silver, except at some times,
when it is wanted by any European Government for par-
ticular purposes.
Has there been a great export of gold from France at
different times, for the purposes of foreign war?—Cer-
tainly ; in general the gold is bought up in France beore
it goes from this country ; and if there is a scarcity in
France, then it is fetched from here.

Does the demand for gold from France produce a
scarcity of money in France ?—No.
Why is that ?—Because the gold is in general in private
hands; it is merchandise there.
If there was a demand for silver from France, would
not that produce a scarcity of money in France ?—Cer-
tainly, because it is the coinage of the country.
Then, whenever there is a demand upon a country fat
a metal which is the standard of value, it will produce a
scarcity of money ?—Certainly.
In the winter of 1825, was the supply of gold that wa,
required for this country, supplied in a great measure by
the Bank of France?—No; there was a good deal sup.
plied from the whole world; I imported it, and it was im-
ported almost from every country; we got it from Russia.
from Turkey, from Austria, from almost every quarter in
the world.

Did not a considerable portion of that supply arrive
sovereigns ?—No ; in the beginning we imported about
400,000 or 500,000 sovereigns, which had been sent over
to France when such an enormous quantity of goods came
to this country in 1824, in consequence of Mr.
Huskis-
son's measure at that time.

Has the supply of gold from America been increased
within the last few years ?—We have an account that the
mines have produced upwards of 500,000/. of gold last
year.
Can• you state what the silver mines in North Carolina,
in the United States, have produced ?—I am sorry to say
I am not acquainted with it, but a great deal of gold has
come lately from North America.
If there is a demand for gold for exportation from this
country, is not that generally supplied by the Bank of
England?.—Yes, that is generally supplied from the Bank
The Bank keeps an office, which is called the Bullion-
office, and when a merchant brings gold or silver, it is de
posited there.
In times of political alarm on the continent, when a dis-
position to hoard arises there, what is the metal that par-
ties seek for that purpose; is it gold or silver ?-11lost part
of it is silver, gold is at such a premium on the continent
Do you know whether it is difficult at times to procure
gold for the purposes of currency in France ?—Yes, we
supplied the Bank of France in the time of war with gold
sometimes.

Is it sometimes difficult for individuals, in the ordinary
use of the currency, to procure gold, and do they some-
times give a high premium for it ?—Yes, in the time
when the last crisis was in France, they gave 2 per cent.
for gold.
You recollect the period of the panic in this country
in 1825 ; can you state to the Committee the causes
which you believe produced that crisis of affairs ?—lri 1824
there was a great speculation in wool and in speller, and
in different articles ; an immense deal of bills had been
drawn upon this country, from almost every quarter ; I
myself received to an enormous amount of bills in the
course of two months, from 1,000,0001. to 1,500,000/
sterling. At the end of the year an immense deal of specie
was obliged to be sent to the continent to take up those
bills, because if that had not been done, and tho,e bills
had fallen one or two or three per cent., it would have
given a great alarm ; then in 1825, when the Bank found
that a great deal of gold was going away, the Bank drew
in, and would not discount. In the mean time there was
an immense deal of speculation in corn, by which our
warehouses were filled, and the Bank then began to refuse
to discount the corn bills, and some of the wool bills which
came from Vienna, and likewise some bills drawn for
spelter anti other produce.
From your observation. has the Bank made any discri-
mination with respect to the species of demand which
arises occasionally upon them for gold, that is to say, whe•
ther it be for the payment of loans, or payment in conse-
quence of demands to supply foreign Governments, or
otherwise, or whether they treat it as a common demand
arising out of our general commercial transactions ?—The
Bank never interferes ; any person that pleases may send
over his bank-notes, and the Bank never inquires what it
is for.

Do you not think that it would be an advantageous at-
tention on the part of the Bank to observe what the de
[nand is for, and whether it be for a special purpose, or
whether it arises out of circumstances that may be perma-
nent in their nature ?—There is no doubt, that as the
Bank Directors are clever men, they will know, if any
person sends for gold largely, what operation is going for-
ward, but they do not ask him any question whatever;
you bring in your bank-notes, they give you the gold.
Might it not be judicious in the Bank to alter their system,
according to whether the demand was special or likely to
be permanent ?—I do not know how the Bank could
change their mode of paying bank-notes ; if I have a
bank-note and I want sovereigns for it, I have no occasion
to tell the Bank for what I want it, but they must pay
upon the demand.
The question does not assume any doubt of that ; but
the question assumes that the Bank might be justified io
diminishing their issues if the demand for gold were to be
inconvenient, when they might not be justified if the de-
mand was limited and for a special object, the extent of
which was known to the Bank ?—The demand for gold
is upon a different principle. There is no man in this
kingdom who can send away so large a sum of gold at
once as will make the Bank alarmed. The gold goes out
gradually ; it does not go all in one week or one month ;
it will go in five or six months' time ; and if it is an ope-
ration for supplying a Government, it is not all wanted at
the same time ; the Government abroad want it one
month after another, and they give time enough for col-
lecting it. If there is a bad harvest, and any large quantity
of gold goes abroad, every merchant will know it ; if gold
is wanted in Ilamburgh, every body will know it; if gold
is wanted in Amsterdam, the exchanges will let you kwon
it ; if gold is wanted for an army, the Bank will know it
immediately ; if gold is wanted for the importation of corn,
for importation of wool, or for any other importation, the
exchanges themselves will show it.
Supposing that any capitalists are engaged in making a
great payment at any one time abroad, ought the Bank
to take that into consideration, and to diminish the circu-
lation of the country, in order to counteract that expert ut
gold ?—No, I do not think the Bank has any right to in-
terfere in any such kind of transactions : because, if mo-
nied people are engaged in those transactions, and they
cannot get gold at two per cent., they will give five pet
cent., and therefore it will do no good for the Bank to
make a scarcity of money when they cannot control it, un-
less the law shall be, that no man in this country shall
make any foreign loan ; but as long as the law is, that
every person here can make a loan, and do whatever he
likes with his money, it will do no good to interfere.
Supposing the bullion is drawn from the Bank by pay-
ing an amount of bank-notes, do you think that the Bank
ought to take any extraordinary steps to issue those notes
again to the public ?—lt depends upon how the Bank feel,.
it ; if the Bank feels itself strong enough, it may do it ;
but they must act according to their means.
Would not the effect of the batik-notes being paid ir,
order to draw out gold from the Bank, be to diminish the
amount of the circulation of the country to the amount to
which the notes were so paid in ?—There is no doubt of it.
Do you think, then, that in such case the flank ought
to go into the market and purchase Exchequer-bills or
other securities, in order to push its notes out again, be-
yond what the usual demands of the commerce would re-
quire?—lt depends upon circumstances : if there is a
general war. the Busk should prutact itself; but if there

Is not that increased demand from abroad in conse-
quence of the cheapness of price here, the mode in which
the exchanges turn and are rectified?—The exportation
may be more from the Custom house, but I do not think
the consumption will be increased ; if goods are too cheap,
they will not sell so well.
You have stated that you consider that ti e exchange,
but for foreign loans and for advances to foreign Govern-
ments, would be almost always, under mere commercial
transactions, in favour of this country?—Yes, unless you
have a great importation of corn.
Will you state the grounds upon which you consider
that to be the case ?—lf you send manufactured goods
abroad, you send them gradually, and you receive your
remittances every month gradually for them ; but if y.:ir
have an importation of corn, every corn-merchant writes
abroad, and gets his corn shipped immediately, and the
bills are drawn, and a great quantity of bills comes all it
once from the continent.

If the exchanges be in the long-run almost invariably
in favour of this country, must not that be because there is
a considerable balance owing from other countries to this?
—Yes.

How do you consider that there is a considerabl ba-
lance owing from other countries to this ?—Because Eng-
land is the place of settlement f.,ti the whole world ; what
is wanting in India, in the Brazils, &c. gets settled here ;
and secondly, suppose you import iron from Sweden, if
you receive 1,0001. worth of iron and manufacture, you
will then get 10,0001. for it, and then, when it is mann.
factored, it is sent to all the world. Suppose you get
cotton from America, the cotton costs there 3d. or 6,1.
pound, but when it is manufactured, that pound of cotton
is worth four times as much. In the regular course of
things, the exchange with every country must be in favour
of this. But upon the oilier side, wool awl other com-
modities come in here from abroad. Besides which, there
are a great many English living abroad, and when loans
are made, or when corn or wool, &c is imported, certainly
the exchange will go against you, but not for any length
of time.

You consider, then, that it arises from this country
being the great emporium for the commercial transactions
of the world I—Certainly ; if this country is left alone, 1
think it is the first country in the world.
. .

And, therefore, the more that can be done to make this
country the emporium of the trade of the world, the mure
advantageous it is ?—Yes.
Do you think the quantity of commodities that we ex-
port or import depends upon the quantity of B ink-notes
in circulation P—No ; that will depend entirely on the re-
lative supplies and demands in the several markets.

Do net you think tbat when money is abundant, dis-
counts are easily obtained, and the p-ices of commodities
are rather high ?—Of course when money is abundant,
hills are easily discountable, but that does not influence
materially : the price of commodities depends entirely upon
the importation ; if you have plenty of commodities from
the rest of the world, persons will buy them, and they
keep a fair price.
If your opinion be true, that if there were no importa-
tion of corn into this country, and if there were no foreign
loans wanted from this country, the exchanges would
►lways be in favour of this country, must not it inevitably
!ollow that all the gold and silver in the world must come
to this country?—lt will tend to come here.
Must not there be some counteracting check ?—Yes, if
there was n st, the world could ❑ot go on; if we had not
sometimes importations of corn, and sometimes foreign
loan. wanted, I do not know how the people on the Con-
tinent could live.
You have taken into consideration the commodities
that go out, but have you taken into consideration the
wine and other articles brought here for consumption ?
If it were not for those things, I do not know what
would become of the people abroad.

Do not you think that all the articles of luxury con-
sumed here in exchange for British manufactured articles,
have a tendency to correct the exchanges ?—Partly.
What are the materials by which you form your jurl.
ment?—By dealing extensively i❑ bills I can judge. The
bills on wine and brandy are of no great consequence ;
'hey may amount to a couple of millions or thereabout ;
but in times of quiet, I purchase regularly, week by week,
from 80,0001. to 100,0001. worth of bills, which are drawn
for goods shipped from this country.
You think that, putting aside the foreign loans and the
importation of corn into this country, there is such a sur-
plus of articles exported from this country above those im-
ported, that there is a regular payment of gold from the
whole world to this country ?—Certainly, that is my opi-
nion ; I experience it so in my own business.
In order to form a judgment upon the subject, is it not
necessary to take into account the whole transactions of
the empire, and not to judge merely from the transactions
,if any individual merchant ?—.The result proves it, because
what I receive in large sums, other people receive in small
sums. I buy on the Exchange bills drawn from Liver-
pool, Manchester, Newcastle, and other places, and which
come to every banker and merchant in London. I pur-
chase 6,0001. or 7,0001., and sometimes 10,000/. of those
bills in a week, and I send them to the Continent to my
,louses; my houses purchase against them bills upon this
country, which are drawn for wine, wool, and other corn..
inodities ; but if there is not a sufficient supply of hills
abroad on this country, we are obliged to get gold from
Paris, Hamburgh, and other places, which proves that
he bills drawn upon the Royal Exchange must bring the
told from those countries.

How do we get rid of the gold ?—lt is drawn out of tlie
Bank in the shape of coin. Likewise the increase of po-
pulation has a great tendency to augment the demand for
specie.

Did the run that took place two months ago take the
<old out of the country ?—No ; it was caused by demands
in the country. _ .

•
If gold is constantly flowing in, does it not produce the
very effect which you consider so desirable for this coun-
try—namely, to make the currency abundant?—Certainly.
Does it not happen, that the more gold there is, the
higher the price of commodities will be?—l do not think so,
May not the excess partly be taken off in gold plate?--.
Certainly.

Does not what you have stated prove that there is a
gradual impoverishment of every other country in the
world ?—I do not know that ; because you must consider
he quantity of gold we receive from the mining countries.
We bought lately in Paris 800,0001. of cold, which came
.rom the Dey of Algiers, that was locked up in his cellar,
and did nobody any good.
If other countries are not able to pay their debts to U 9
by sending to us the commodities they produce, but are
obliged to send us gold, must they not be in a state of
gradual impoverishment?,--Certainly; and what is the
consequence ? The result is, that we always make a loan
when they get very poor ; they always come for a loan of
3,000,000 or 10,000,000, or whatever they want.
Do you think that they are in a state of gradu it de-
cay ?—I do not say they are decaying, but they may want
money occasionally.
Do you consider the occasional demand for corn in this
country, in large quantities, to be one of the causes which
operate most upon the exchanges ?—Yes ; because if any
person imports corn largely from abroad, he wishes to
tiring it to market immediately. Most persons who deaf
in corn have but limited credit, they draw their bills im-
mediately, and sell them without reference to the exchang,',
and that always has an effect.

Therefore the demand for corn occurring only occasi,n-
ally, when it occurs it disturbs the exchanges, rind acts
injuriously on the currency of this country?—Certainly.
How were we paid for our goods durine tie Bank re-
,triction, when we did not require gold ?—The 13,1; pa-
per was exactly like money, the exchanges on Auisteida
went down at last to eight guilders, stud it is Dow at 12

guilders; the exchange was against this country 32 per
cent.
Did not that arise from an excess of circulation ?—No;
it arose from the great expenditure by the armies of this
country, and likewise there were subsidies paid to foreign
Powers. -
Was it not owing to our foreign expenditure for warlike
and other purposes upon the continent that our paper was
so much depreciated ?—Certainly ; you had a great many
payments to make on the continent. •
Then your opinion is, that it was.not from excess of
paper, but from foreign expenditure, that our paper, com-
pared with the gold, was so much at a discount ?—Yes.
What is the meaning of excess of paper in this country;
how do you determine the excess of paper ?—I have not
said " excess of paper."

. .
Do you think the depreciation was 33 per cent. ?—I
cannot say exactly. . _

Is not the premium at Paris upon gold, by the quotation
of this dsy, three per cent. ?—lt is one per cent. ; I have
received today 1,400,000 francs from Paris, and it cost
me 14,000 francs premium.
In November, 1825, after the exchanges had turned
and become favourable to this country, when the panic
was considerable, did the Bank of England refuse to dis-
count good hills ?—I think the Bank of England dis-
counted all the bills sent in as liberally as possible ; at the
beginning the Bank was rather timid, and did not dis-
count sn freely ; but about 14 days after, the Bank dis-
counted every thing ; they behaved in the most liberal
way that could be.
The question refers to the period before they became
so liberal, after the exchanges turned and became favour-
able, and before the panic reached its height ; was the
Bank of England liberal in its discounts at that period, or
did it at that time reject good bills tendered for discount?—
Before the panic began, there was an immense number of
hills drawn for corn, wool, spelter, &c. ; and when the
Bank found so many of those bills coming, they refused en
discount ; but about 10 or 12 days after, the Bank found
it would do no good not to discount. and then they dis-
counted any bills that were sent in, drawn on good houses,
to any extent. _

The object of the question was to distinguish between
the period when the exchanges were unfavourable in the
end of October, and the period when the exchanges
turned in November, and prior to the panic having reached
its height ; was there not an intermediate period, when
the exchanges were favourable, and when still the Bank
were very restricted in their discounts ?—No doubt, be-
cause so many bills bad been drawn on this country by
speculations in corn, wool, &c., that the Bank thought it
right to discourage speculation by limiting their dis-
counts ; but in consequence of the run in the interior of the
country, and the failure of some bankers, the B .nk then
did all in their power to relieve the distress, and they dis-
counted as liberally as any body of men could do, and
they deserve the greatest credit from the country for what
they did.
Would not the restriction of discounts by the Bank
while the exchanges were favourable, have the effect of in-
creaing alarm and increasing distress ?—No ; there was
so much speculation at that time, there were so many bills
drawn upon this country for the produce which I men-
tioned before, for corn, wool, &c., that the Bank were
induced to check speculation by not discounting those bills
an freely.

Must not the spirit of speculation have been checked be-
fore the exchanges became favourable ?—No ; it was
checked before the Bank discounted very largely, when the
exchange was against the country.
At the latter end of November did not the Bank refuse
to discount bills ? Yes.

Do you think that discounting largely with an adverse
exchange, and contracting the discounts with a favourabl,
exchange, and a panic rising, was prudent management?—
I think the Bank managed at that time very well indeed ;
there was a great demand for specie, and a great demand
for discounts, and very great speculation, and a great many
bankers failing, and I think the Bank at that time aced in
as honest and ciinscientious a manner as could be. _

Were you aware at tint time that the amotrot of bullion
in the hands of the Bank was very small ?—lt was re-
ported so, but no man knew how much the Bank had.
Can you generally form a tolerable guess as to whether
the Bank is well supplied with bullion or not ?—No.

You have described London as the centre to all the great
commercial transactions of the world, do you think there
would he any advantage in having joint stock banks in the
metropolis, and each of those banks issuing its paper ; or
Flo you think it would he better to confine the circulation
of paper to one bank like the Bank of England think
you must leave it to one hank ; because if you divide it
among several hanks, every bank will be jealous of the
other; and if the Bank of Endand had 4,000,0001. of
gold, another would say we will have 4,200,000/. ; hut it
the strings are all in one hand, and if one bank holds the
specie, it can be useful to Government, useful to the
country, and useful to every body. If there were several
banks one of them might act in an imprudent manner,
and cause a run upon itself, which would materially pre-
judice the others, and shake confidence to a great extent.
Upon the whole, you think there is more steadiness in
the circulation insured by having one hank of issue in the
metropolis than by having several?—Certainly.
Do you think that by having one great bank, it has a
grea•er bold upon the circulation, and can act more deci-
ded.y in a time of crisis ?—I do not like the phrase "hold
of the circulation." I like the Bank of England to be the
head bank, and to have all the specie under their care, and
to have all the issues under their care, and to be as liberal
of money as they can.

Do you think there would be any disadvantage in the
Bank of England being required to publish from time to
time an exact account of the whole of its transactions,
which should include a statement of the whole of its pub-
lic and private secutities, deposits, the amount of bank
notes issued, and, also, the amount of bullion held by
the Bank ?.—I think it would be a dangerous plan for this
country.
Is your apprehension of danger limited to a disclosure of
the amount of bullion ?—I think it would be a party busi-
ness. Suppose the Bank published at one time that they
had 10,000,0001. or 12:000,0001. of gold, and suppose
at the end of the next six months they had only 9,000,000/.
of gold, and after another six months only 7,000,0001.,
people would be alarmed, and there would immediately be
a run upon the Bank for gold.
Suppose the effect of publicity was to make the Bank
keep in its possession a regular amount of bullion ?
Then you mast stop the is=oe, and say, as soon as you find
you have only 5,000,0001. of gold, you must issue no
more. I think it is much better that the Bank should
not tell the public what gold and what silver they have.
Supposing that in the operations of commerce the bank
note maintained its full value in gold, what should induce
individuals under ordinary circumstances to go to the Bark
to get gold ?—We are not all alike; many persons would
be frightened, and would go to the Bank and get a great
quantity of sovereigns to lay them by.
Supposing persons saw, from the periodical publict-
tion of the Bank affairs, that by comparing the deposi!s
and other liabilities of the Bank with tl.e amount of pub-
fie securities and the amount of their bullion, the Bank
were perfectly solvent, and their means greatly exceeded
their liabilities, do you not think that the knowledge of
that fact would tend to prevent any alarm ?—A great
many people do not read at all ; if they hear there is a
gr.:at deal of gold fetched from the Bank, they will all
run, like a flock of sheep, and fetch their money out.
130 not you think that if persons like yourself, of intel-
ligence awl wealth in the metropolis, showed entire co• fi-
dence in the ability of the Bank of England to meet all its
demands, that would tend to discourage the alarms of igno-
rant people?—No, it is not possibe; we may do all we c,n,
but when people get frightened, one fetches his 10/. and
and another his 20/., and the middle class of people will
all fetch out their money.
Supposing the rule of the B:nk is to keep one third of the
amount of their liabilities in bullion, do you think it possible
that any alarm of that kind could endanger the drawing out
of the whole stock of bullion ?—it will not endanger the

Bank, but it will endanger the commercial business. Sup-
pose the Bank has 30,000,000/. altogether, and they have
10,000,0001. of gold, and suppose that truin the
_ _ _

10,000,000/. of gold there are 6,066,000/. or 7,000,0001.
taken out, if I was a Director myself I should be frightened,
and afraid of stopping payment, unless I had a paper in my
pocket, signed by the Government, saying, you have no
occasion to pay in gold.
Why should the drawing out of the gold de.range com-
merce, because the gold can only be drawn out by car-
rying in hank notes?—Suppose any London banker has
100 customers, and they have bal inces of 500/. or 1,000!.
each, and they determine to have a large quantity o: gold
at home, they draw their balances from the banker, and
the b inker finds that inste►d of having 500,000/. he has
only 100,0001. Then that banker has other customers
who want discounts, and when they come to him
for discounts he cannot afford them ; then those
customers go to the Bank, and the Bank says, " If we
give these discounts we shall be obliged to issue bank-
notes, those bank-notes may be fetched away a,;ain, and
gold demanded tin• them, and we cannot go on upon
this principle." Then those people that want to buy pro-
duce have not the means, and they must stop from shipping,
and the man that buys bills on 'Change, when he gets no
bids in return for them, does not buy any more bills on
'Change, and stops gradually the whole rmichine. And
sit het are the persona that have the gold? It ii not the

large monied men, but the middle classes, who are the
first to take alirm. _ _

Do you think that class of people believe now that the
Bank have deposited in their coffers a sufficient amount of
bullion to pay all their notes in circulation ?—That ques-
tion would be answered best by sending to the Governor of the
Bank to know what was the amount of the notes that were
brought for payment at the time of the run, and by whom;
you will find that it was the middle class of people.
Does the gold circulate the same as bank-notes, and does
it answer the same purpose?—Certainly.
Do you mean that gold drawn out for such a purpose
as that circulates ?—Certainly; a 1 o it mut that has 101 or
20/. fetches his money away. There is about 15,000,0001.
in the savings' banks belonging to pour people.
Does not the Bank of France publish periodically an
account of the whole of its transactions, including the
amount of its bullion ?—Yes.

DO you know what amount of specie is kept by the
Bank of France in proportion to its liabilities ?—I believe
that the Bank of France has 250,000,000 in silver ; I
think they have outstanding a third part of this sum in
bank notes; that is, supposing they have 6.000,000/
sterling in specie in their coffers, they have 2,000,0001.
sterling of paper in circulation.
Do you now know whether the Bank of France are
thinking of issuing paper for 100 francs?—No ; it is not
the case ; they do not do it, because there have been so
many forgeries made in the 500 franc notes.
Have they bad it under discussion ?—They have.
Was the fear of forgery the chief cause of their abandon-
ing it ?—Yes, I believe so.
Do you know what is the practice with the banks in the
United States, with respect to the publication of their ac-
counts?--I am ,orry to say that I cannot say.
Is it the practice of the Bank of Prussia, or any other
banks on the continent, to publish their accounts ?—No.
In thoso banks, does not the amount of notes bear a very

small proportion to the whole circulation ?—They have a
very small quantity of bank-notes out ; hut they have a
very small quantity of silver, too, in the Prussian Bank at
Berlin; the whole amount is 3,000,000 of dollars.
To what extent do you think it possible that a combina-
tion of four or five individuals acting together, could draw
money from the Bank of England, for the purpose of dis-
tressing or breaking the Bank ?—I do not think any body
can do it; suppose there are five people that have get a
million sterling, they can take their own money, but they
cannot any more, and they will soon be tired of that, he-
cause they will not get anything by it.
Therefore, in case of a publication being made by the
Bank, you do not think the Bank would run any risk of
heina di'.tressed by any combination of individuals ?—No,
I do not think any per+ons would be so mad.
You do not think that there is any other ground of ap-
prehension than that which would arise from individuals
bolding 101. or 201. or 501. notes, who, in a time of great
alarm, would press for gold for the purpose of hoarding?--
Certainly. _

That is the only objection you think that applies to the
publication ?—A publication that was only read by indi-
viduals Pensilile enough to understand it, would have no
bad effect; but the danger would be with the lower classes
of people, who would read wrong statements in the news-
papers.
Although the public might feel alarmed at first, when
. .

they beeline habituated to-this publication do not you
think that the good sense of the upper classes of society
and the intelligent and wealthy persons would operate upon
the lower classes, and prevent any evil ?—No, Ido not
think it could.

Suppose there was a tendency to a run, and that the
wealthy and intelligent merchants of London met together,
and declared that they were ready to take the notes,' of the
Bank of England ; that they were ready net to press for
payment of their notes, and explain to the public, that if
the Bank was insecure, the whole national Exchequer was
insecure also ; do not you think that a declaration of that
kind would tend to allay any alarm 7—lt might do for that
time, but a man would say " What occasion have I to be-
lieve Mr. Rothschild or any body else." The little shop-
keepers, and people of that kind, do not stop to inquire,
but they say, I will gt t my money while I can ; if I wait
another week I may not get it.
Do you think that the demands of the country banks
upon the Bank of England would be more likely to effect a
serious drain than the demands of the little holders?—The
reason they are obliged to come to the Bank for gold is, to
satisfy the demands of the little people, otherwise they
would not do so, because they are obliged to pay for it.
Then, when you speak of the holders of 101. or 201
notes, you mean to include the holders of country notes?—
Yes, I include every body.
Have you ever considered to what extent a drain by per-
sons holding 101. or 201. notes might go?—No.
Would not the danger or the prudence of a publication
very much depend upon the extent to which such a drain
might go, as compared with the quantity of bullion which
the Bank may be supposed to have in store. If the Bank
published that they had 10,000,0001. in the month
of January, and in the month of February published
9,000,000/. ; if the public found out that in the course of
two months the Bank had 2,000,000/. less, there would
be a run upon the Bank.
Supppose the average quantity of bullion the Bank may
be supposed to keep is 8,000,0001. or 9,000,0001., and
that the greatest run that has ever been known upon the
Bank, from those little people who hold small notes,
should appear to amount to about 1,600,000/., would that
afford any reasonable ground for not publishing the amount
of bullion ?—lf the Bank once begin to have a run upon
them, you do not know where it will end; if once people
get frightened, it is like a flock of sheep, they all run, and
the whole 9,000,0001. may go before any man thinks of it.
Is not the amount to which that run can go, limited b)
the amount of 101. or 201. bank-notes which those little
people may hold at the time ?—When I say little people, I
only mean that the little people would begin the run, but
alter those little people, there will be people who will
fetch their 3,0001., or 4,000/, or 5,000/. A banker told
me lately that be had an order to fetch 20,000 sovereigns,
and lock them up in his iron chest, and a week after, the
sane gentleman came again, and said, " Do me the favour,
to fetch me 10,000 more sovereigns."
Must not the extent of this danger to the Bank depend
upon the experience which they have had of the extent to
which similar runs at any former time have been carried,
that is to say, runs by people holding small notes with a
view to distress the Government?—No, I did not say to
distress the Government ; they run, because they are
frightened.

Do not you think that the run that took place in May
last, was not from any apprehension of the solvency of the
Bank, but with a view, through the medium of the Bank,
to distress the Government ?—I do not think so; I think
the reason of the run upon the Bank was, because they
thought there might be a revolution.
If those little people apply to the Bank for payment of
their 10/. or 201., would they not, after a short time,
• from their own necessities, be obliged to part with that
gold, which they had drawn out for their ordinary pay-
ments, and may it not, therefore, iu a short time, be ex-
pected to flow back again?—No doubt of it, in a little
time it will find its way back again. But my argument
is, that if the Bank show the public that a diminu ion
in the amount of their stock of gold has taken place, most
persons would take the alarm, and cause a run.
If, together with the gold, were published the amount
of the capital of the Bank, and it were seen that it had
11,000,000/. or 15,000,000/. of securities held by the
Government, which must be annihilated before the Bank
can be broken, would not all endeavours to distress the
Bank be likely to be ineffectual?—l do not think the
Bank can ever be broken, although its payments in gold
'might be suspended.

If the Bank, having so large a capital as 14,000,0001. or
15,000,0001., cannot be broken, and the public are con.
vinced of that, will they not see that all attempts to dis-
tress the Bank would be in the long run quite ineffec-
tual ?—I come back to my old argument, and I say, that
I think it is much better that the Bank should keep se-
'cret what gold and silver they hold, than to let it be
known, bet:use if the people know that there is a dimi-
nution in their stock of gold and silver, people will get
frightened, and be induced to hoard; at last the Bank
itself will feel alarm, and curtail its issues to such a de-
gree as to cause a great deal of mischief to commerce.
Is it not desirable that the B ink shall act upon good
and fixed principles in their mode of conducting' the
business of the Bank ?—Yes, and I believe they act upon
good principles.
What security have you that they do so, if they do not
make known what their principles are, and how far they
adhere to those principles?—They will not tell those
principles to any body ; I have heard the question asked
many times, but they keep them secret; though I have
reason to think them good.
From what you know of the management of the Bank,
do you think it is good management?—l think it is very
good management; sometimes a circumstance may happen
where they do nut manage so well as it might be done, but
we cannot always tell upon what ground a thing is done ;
but at the time of the last panic, there was a great deal of
credit due to the Governor of the Bank of England.

How do you know that the management is good if you
are not told what it is?—Because I feel the management,
and I know that it is goal. When the last panic took
place, the Bank immediately came forward, and &red to
lend to every body money upon good security; now if the
Bank bad been frightened at that time; they would have

said, "Na, we will not lend anything ;" and you would
have had a worse panic than you ever had before.
You think the best principle the Bank can adopt is to
issue largely, and to make the currency abundant ?—Yes ;
if this country has money in abundance, it will have all the
trade from the whole world ; and if you make money very
scarce, the trade will go to other countries.
In the event of the bullion of the Bank being published
periodically, and that the amount should materially di-
minish, do you not think that it would become a matter of
speculation among persons connected with trade ?
Certainly ; people will speculate upon it more in this coun-
try than in any other.
Do you think that commentaries upon the subject, by
the public press, might influence the public judgment ?
Yes ; the Bank have kept up their credit because its con-
cerns are not made public.
Do you apprehend that there was any thing like a toler-
able accuracy in the judgment of the public as to the
quantity of bullion ?hat there was at any time in the
Bank ?—I think if you asked 50 different people, one
would say the Bank has 10,000,000/ , and another would
say 5,000,000/., and another 20,000,000/., and another
would say the Bank has none at all.
In times of ordinary confidence do not you think that
the great majority of the holders of bank-notes think there
is a much larger supply of bullion in the bank than there
really is ?—No doubt of it. If you go and ask any
man who has property you will find that he thinks the
Bank has twice as much money in gold as it has, because
he wishes it to be so; and if that man knew what quan-
tity of gold the Bank has I think it would be an injury to
their credit. _ _

If the amount of bullion in the Bank was published,
and therefore it was known when they wanted to buy
bullion, would it be in the power of any combination of
individuals to make it difficult for them to buy bullion and
to raise the price ?—They might raise the price for a little
while, but I do not think long; it is impossible they can
keep it up. If bullion comes to this country, it comes to
such an extent that no individual can keep it up. If he
speculates upon it, he will lose a great deal of money by
the interest upon it.
Supposing the confidence of the holders of the notes
were not shaken in ordinary times by the publicity of the
amount of bullion, are you of opinion that in the prudent
management of the Bank the fear of alarm from publica-
tion would operate upon the directors, and induce them
to contract their circulation?—l do not think it would
frighten the directors, unless the gold was taken out for a
long period : but if it should go on for some months, then
they will be alarmed.
Would net the perpetual fear of a run, arising from
publicity, operate materially upon their management?—
Yes, I do think it would.
Do not you think it might be a considerable benefit to the
trade of this country to reduce the stamps on bills of ex-
change?—No, I wou d leave it as it is; it is of no conse-
quence to pay a 1/. note upon a 1,0001. bill.

Sir ARTHUR CHICHESTER'S hounds will
meet at Breudon, near Linton, on Tuesday next, the 11th
inst., at 10 o'clock, for the purpose of bunting a stag.

The Gazette of last night contains an Order
in Council to authorise the burial of persons who may die
of the disease of cholera in the prisons of the city of Exe-
ter without the usual form of holding an inquest on the
body. The certificate of the Gaol Surgeon that the death
was occasioned by cholera is to be a sufficient authority
during the present year for interment within 24 hours
after decease. It appears that the difficulty of obtaining
Jurors to incur the iisk of disease, by their attendance on
such inquests, and the consequent delay of burial, which
threatened to aggravate the epidemic, were the causes
which produced this Order.

The cholera, we are happy to state, is gene-
rally declining in Exeter. A wealthy and respectable
tradesman, named Nictuns, died on Wednesday, after a
few hours' illness. He had had some admonitory and in.
cipient hints thit the malady was in his system some days
previously, but, being an experienced sportsman, he could
not resist the chance of bagging some partridge. which a
gentleman told him he had seen on his old shooting
ground. He sallied out in the morning, got into a bog
up to his waist, was seized with the cramps, drove home
in, his gig with his son, and died within four hours.
PUBLIC HEALTH IN LONDON.—Rather a
remarkable variation has occurred in the mortality of the
metropolis during the past fortnight; and it seems to have
been connected, or, at all events, was simultaneous with a
surlch.n and considerable change in the atmospheric
pressure. On Tuesday, the 28th ultimo, the barometer
had fal en to 29. 18, being lower than at any time since
February ; and the period of seven days gave an increase
in the number of rleaths within the bills of mortality, as
compared to the preceding week, of 477. Since the 28th
the barometer has been gradually recovering its former
elevation, and on Tuesday last reached 30.21 ; the bills
of mortality up to which ay gave a decrease in the num-
ber of deaths of not less than 497. We are happy to be
able to add, that among these the diminution in cholera is
from 274 to 157. This cannot, it is true, be regarded
as the total number of deaths by cholera, but we are
enabled to state, that taking the whole metropolis, the dis-
ease has and rgone no increase during the week just con-
cluded.—Medical Gazette.

DAVID BLAME, ESQ. W.S.—We have
to record the sudden death of this Gentleman with feel-
ings of the most acute nature. He was educated to the
law in Scotland; but having a marked turn for literary
pursuits, he became the originator and editor of the Edin-
burgh Evening Post, and afterwards of the Edinburgh
Literary Gazette, of the merits of which namesake we
have not spoken more highly than they deserve in our
own Journal. On Sunday last, about noon, he was
seized with cholera, and sunk under this appalling ma-
lady at five o'clock on Monday morning. And melancholy
additions have been thrown upon this calamity by domes•
tic circumstances and other afflictions. Mr. BLAIKIE'S
widow having been moved to Grove House, Broaipton, the
residence of Mr. JERDAN, was safely delivered of a daughter
at one o'clock on Friday morning, within twelve hcurs of
her husband's funeral. But a young and esteemed friend
was even before this hour added to the tragedy. GEORGE
WATT, Esq., the only son of WATT, Esq. late
surgeon of Aberdeen, a fine young man, of the fairest
promise, and with every prospect of auspicious fortune
before him, died after five hours' attack on Thursday.
lie went to Grove House at ten o'clock, to accompany
Mr. JERDAN to their late friend's burial, but became so
unwell that Mr. 1 fearing the t (feet upon his spirits,
dissuaded him from attending, and advised him to seek me-
dical aid and retire home. He did so about eleven o'clock,
and by five he was a corpse.—Literary Gazette.
ANTI-CHOLERA BRANDY.—Advertisements
are constantly appearing in which various nostrums for
cholera are recommended, and among others we have anti-
cholera brandy. We have been led to make some in-
quiries on the subject, which have satisfied us that brandy,
either neat or variously prepared and disguised, is very
exteEsively used—and by those, too, who idght have been
expected to know better—as an antidote to the present
epidemic. It is impossible to calculate the mischief which
accrues from this most pernicious practice, and we ear-
nestly intreat our readers to use their influence in coun-
teracting it. Among the few points connected with cho-
lera about which the intelligent part of the profession in
in this country are agreed, we may state one to be that
the method of treatment by stimulants, however plausible
in theory, has totally failed in practice. In fact, the op.
pusite principles, of regarding the vomiting and purging
as a sanitory effort on the part of the system to relieve
itself of the poison, and the necessity in the low state of
vitality to which the patient is reduced, of avoiding over-
stimulation as we would shun the fire in a case of frost-
bite, are daily gaining ground. Let the bowels be freed
by a moderate purgative at the beginning, and let brandy,
laudanum, and every thing analogous, be laid aside, either
in the prevention or cure of cholera, except in very mi-
nute quan'ities, and under particular circumstances, and
the probability is, that the rate of mortality will be greatly
diminished. At all events let the dram bottle (rendered
yet more poisonous by spices and other fiery additions) be
forthwith discarded by all those who are not tired of their
lives.—Medical Gazette.

A small pamphlet, written by T. HORTON
JAMES, Esq., on the importance of making the Sandwich
and Bonin Islands an appendage to the British Crown,
includes the mention of a personaee who once figured in the
diurnals of the metropolis, as chief attendant on the King
and Queen of the SANDWICII ISLANDS. " Madame Boki,
as she has been nicknamed, may be seen in almost a state
of nudity every day, in her straw hovel in Woahoo, beastly
drunk ; a quart or bottle of strong raw rum in the course
of the morning being nothing to her. And this lady, the
only one of the lot that has survival the visit to Europe,
from her intemperate habits, c ,nnot be expected to live
long. If then this woman, who, it must be admitted, is
person by birth, manners, dress, &c., among
chiefs of all the islands, notwithstanding the
tt
hh
ee highn
a t
vees t
good example which she has had of a better state of things,
during her temporary residence in the Adelphi, is so bad
and abandoned, what can be expected of the others, who
have not had such advantages ? The demi-civilized chiefs
of the islands, I have no hesitation in saying, are infinitely
worse than any savages I have ever seen in all the Pacific
Ocean,"

REFORM ACT REGISTRATION.