The Sun.
London, England, 1859-07-13 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY' 13, 1859.

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
ROYALAGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S MEETING
at WARWICK, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday,
the 13th, 14th, and 15th July. Trains will leave the Padding-
ton Station each day as under:—
Departure-6 0 a.m., (7 15 3d class), 950 a.m., 11 45 a.m.,
2 0 p.m, 630 p.m.
Arriving at Warwick-1017 a.m., 1 17 p.m., 12 15 a.m.,
2 45 p.m., 4 55 p.m., 850 p.m.
Returning from Warwick at 7 5 a.m., 7 57 a.m., 10 10 a.m.,
12 45 p.m., 332 p.m., and 7 55 p.m.

aREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
•-A CHEAP EXCURSIONS. —On SATURDAY, July 16,
a Train will leave the Paddington Station, at 2.30 p.m., for
CIRENCESTER and STROUD (fares, Vs and 6s), Glouces-
ter and Cheltenham (148 and 7s), Ross and Hereford (16s and
8s), returning on Monday, July 18, from Hereford, at 5.45
p.m., and intermediate stations as per handbills.
On SUNDAY, July 17, a Train will leave Paddington, at
7.45 a.m., for BATH and BRISTOL, returning the same day
from Bristol at 6.30 p.m., and Bath at 7.0 p.m.—Fares there
And back; Bath, 12s and 6s, Bristol, 14s and 7s.

(I_REAT WESTERN RAILWAY.
k-A CHEAP EXCURSION to the WEST of ENGLAND.
On WEDNESDAY, July 20th, an EXCURSION TRAIN will
leave Paddington at 8 0 a.m., for WESTON-SUPER-MARE
and BRIDGWATER (Fares 20s and 138); Taunton and
iverton-road (22s and 15s) : Exeter (228 6d and 16s); Barn-
staple and Bideford (30s and 208) ; Starcross, Dawlish, and
Teignmouth (25s and 17s) ; Torquay, Newton, and Totness
(27s and 18s); Kingsbridge-road and Plymouth (30s and 205),
returning from Plymouth on Saturday July 30th, at 6.20 a.m.,
and intermediate stations as per handbills. Passengers
wishing to proceed toany station on the West Cornwall Rail-
way will be furnished at Plymouth with Ist and 2d Class Re-
turn Tickets at .a single fare for the double journey, upon pro-
duction of their Excursion Tickets.

TREAT. WESTERN RAILWAY.
CHEAP EXCURSION to SOUTH WALES and
IRELAND. —On WEDNESDAY, the 20th of July, a
train will leave Paddington at 8 a,m., for Chepstow,
Newport, Cardiff (fares. 21s and 148); Bridgend, Port
Talbot, and Neath (fares, 25s and 17s) ' • Swansea.,
Llanelly, and Carmarthen (fares, 30s and 20s); Narberth-
road, Haverfordwest, and Neyland (fares, 35s and 258); Cork
(fares, 425. 6d and 32s 6d): Waterford (fares, 40s and 30s); and
stations on the Waterford and Limerick Railway (fares, 455.
and 355); and Stations on the Waterford and Kilkenny Rail-
way (fares, 42s 6d and 32s 6d), returning from Neyland (fo'r
holders of South Wales• Tickets). on Thursday, 28th of July,
at 10 a.m., and intermediate stations as per bills. Passengers
taking Irish tickets can return by any ordinary train within
14 days of the date of issue.
N.B.—Passengers can proceed from Neyland to Tenby and
back on payment of Is extra for the coach and boat fare by
the new route.
Tio_kets for Killarney via Cork and South-Western Railway
are issued at Cork, available for one week. at 12s 6d each.
Marmioirs pars for Glengariffe and Killarney leave the Im-
perial Hotel daiii; for Killarney, at 15s each.
Tourists' Tickets io Killarney are issued at Waterford,
available for 13 days, at 35s 6d first-class, 255. second-class,
each.

arrested by the dog days, whilst even at the Porte
St. Martin the Voie Sacree is still traversed by
triumphant legions, and the enthusiasm of pit and
gallery knows no check. It was rumoured a fort-
night since in Paris that the Emperor was to be at
St. Cloud on the 15th inst., and he is known to
have assured his staff that tey would all celebrate
the St. Napoleon in Paris. The armistice, there-
fore, with all the tales of chivalrous courtesies ex-
changed between the Sovereigns, was in all pro-
bability by no means so sudden an inspiration as it
looked. There is nothing to surprise the English
public in the French Emperor stealing a march on
his ally to come to terms with his enemy, and we
are quite prepared to find him coquetting with
Austria in 1859 as he did with Russia in 1856.
Europe to the Napoleonic mind is an artichoke to be
eaten leaf by leaf, and the simple plan is to play off
one Power against another, using and betraying
each by turn. This plan may certainly succeed for
a time, but it has the disadvantage of all excessive
cunning, and overleaps itself at last. The doubt-
ful friend of each comes to be treated as the common
enemy of 411, and a system of nicely balanced
treacheries is apt to meet the fate of a whist player
whose luck is too well known.

(Famt the Times.)
Let us rejoice, for we have every reason to do
so; let us think not of ourselves, for self is not in
question. We have to announce an event of un-
speakable blessedness. That dreadful war which
many told. us would last to our children's children
and bear us away in the eddy is ended. A few,
days for second thoughts and one morning's meet-
ing have eampowd..a hunOed difficulties and dis-
missed some hundred thousand soldiers to their
distant homes. It wanted but the word, and the
plains of Venetia were to be strewn with gory
carcasses like those of Lombardy ; the air was
to be filled with *fiery missiles ; the walls of
four great fortresses were quaking to their fall
the sea was contributing its share to the work of
destruction, when at the mere concert of two minds
all is once more calm, as if peace had. never fled.
Our mediation has not been wanted. We have
been spared all the labours of diplomacy, all the
ingratitude of the conciliated, all the blunders of
Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipoten-
tiary. Not one British name will appear in the
page that records the fact ; the treaty itself will
only indirectly make its appearance in a blue-book.
No homilies are now required to chastise that na-
tional vanity, which in this instance has nothing
to be proud of. We have nothing to illuminate for ;
Europe is once more at peace, and our bells don't
ring. Our great towns have preached neutrality in
vain. Cobden might have come in ; even Bright
for once finds Peace too quick upon him.
But, though in nowise concerned in the result,
we must admit- its magnitude. Peace alone, on
any terms, after preparations on a scale to shake
the earth, is a great event. Then, how quick the
war has run its course ! It is just half a year since
a sudden outbreak ar. a State ceremony gave Europe
the first misgiving. A quarter of a year since we
were negotiating aftera fashion, and to no purpose.
The war itself has lasted only half that time; yet
the period has been sufficient to produce the most
-,tradoxical consequences. The first two complaints
kustrian oppression and. Papal misgovern-
were
Austria, twice beaten, and threatened
went. 'Yet, . '
,ins mistress of Venetia ; and the
everywhere, rem...
: ilent: is
not possible to find not of the Papal States
Pope is honorary pre,..
alone, but of all Italy.
s in the beginning
'sired to leav e
oervetnhethperoggerremssoof
fththeesewcaorti.glrnsirat,;lo
aw from the I4e.n.a-
-inlar
tRi
oonms e. , i
Tf
hAe uss
at rr idai
nwi
ao
nu lmd
awn ii tfhe
sdtio'
and many
documents from Paris and Turin, were directed
the expulsion of Austria beyond the Alps. rranee
has spent £50,000,000 and 50,000 men only to
m
give Milan a Piedmontese instead of an Austrianaster, and to establish the Pope in a temporal
dignity even beyond his imagining, and capable of
any extension. Is all this real ? The Emperor's
game must be a very long-one. With the best in•
tentions, Constitutiozal States cannot afford to be
so philanthropic. As for Savoy, it is beneath no-
tice. The Emperor would not even mention it.
For so mere a trifle it was not worth his while to
bring suspicion on so glorious an achievement as
the liberation and. organisation of all Italy in one
Federal Union. Austria herself must be struck
with the generosity, the clemency, and the moder-
ation of her foe, and France is content to gain a
friend.

But, insulated as we are, and mere spectators and
listeners, we are haunted with the shades of the
past, and with the skeleton that intrudes at the
brightest entertainment. Confederation of Italy !
Was there not once a Confederation of the Rhine,
and what did it end in ? How will this Federation
be arranged? The King of the
Two Sicilies must
have something to say to it. Is he prepared to be
represented in council with Victor Emmanuel, even
under the presi leney -of a Legate ? The Grand
Duke of Tuscany but the other day, having fled
from his subjects, was fighting
against Italy at
Solferino. Will the Tuscan contingent think his
restoration an adequate reward for their summer's
march to the walls of Mantua? Venice is now to
enjoy at once Austrian occupation and possession,
Italian federation and co-operation, and Papal pre-
sidency, temporal as well
as spiritual. Even the
subtle Italian mind may find it difficult to render
unto the Kaiser what is due unto the Kaiser, to
render unto Italy what is due unto Italy, and unto
the Pope what is due unto the Pope. Where will
Parma and Modena go in the readjustment? When
the Emperor has returned home, and shared with
his troops the pure glory of this costly sacrifice, how
long will he find his country content to play so mag-
nificent and sublime a part ? It is true that the
elder Napoleon left France as he found her ; but
then he yielded to overpowering numbers and ad-
verse fortune. France now has the game in her
hands; more successful than she could have expected,
she has Europe before her. She can raise all Italy
misgivingand half the Austrian Empire against those Germans
whom she has so often beaten. Yet on the very
summit of her ambition she recollects and renounces.
Should this, indeed satisfy Napoleon 111. there
arises a new as one contemplates the ex-
treme anxiety which has been shown first to humble,
then to conciliate Austria, and to win both her
respect and her gratitude.
As the personal considerations of the crisis arc
neither glorious to ourselves nor wholly without
suspicious features to a bystander with leisure to
suspect, we content ourselves with the facts. Facts
often survive when schemes have long perished in
the minds that conceived them. Austria is some-
what humbled, vet relieved of a difficulty. Sardinia
is aggrandised with a province that mistrusts her
and a neighbour that has earned an imperishable
and inexhaustible claim to her gratitude. The
Grand Dukes are once more, we suppose, to be
shaken into their thrones. The Papal States are
left as they were, but with a master somewhat
greater than before, He is Honorary President of
the Italian Federation ; and General Goyon holds
the sword at his side. The King of Naples is made
a member of the Italian Federation, and has to learn
the worth of that honour and its trne import.
Europe has to welcome a new Power, the German
Confederation a brother older in dignity, if not in
time. England has nothing to do but to look on.
As the two Emperors left the room at Villafranca
we can fancy them congratulating one another on
no other Power having anything to do with their
Treaty. This is the old Imperial mode of acting;
the meeting of Triumvirs on an 'island, or a bridge,
to divide the world. It is not our way of doing
things, it must be confessed. It took more ado to
restore Greece still more to make Belgium • but
will the new Italian unity last as long as either ?
For the solutiox of this and a thousand questions
we must be content to wait, rejoicing only that, at
any rate, there is a present end of war.

(Promhatthae Post.)
It will be seen
signed which
for rapidity and eclat, carries us back to the age of
Austerlitz. Everything
war to its end, has been in the true Bonapartean
style, if we make only the important exception of
the moderation which has characterised the French
Emperor in victory. Barely three months have
elapsed since peace reigned amongst us, and peace
now reigns once more. One day war is declared,
another day a great battle is fought, again another
great battle—then, while the world is speculating
on the next movement, the clash of arms is sud-
denlyhushed in an armistice, and while we are
studying the portent of this unexpected suspension
of war, and speculating on the probable divergencies
of opinion in an anticipated Congress, we are
startled by the intelligence that the work both of
diplomatists and soldier§ is done. Peace, in a word,
is signed. It is signed by the Emperors themselves,
`and diplomatic formality is cheated even out of the
empty prerogative of a ratification.
This brilliant episode in French annals is, as sv,
have said, fall of historic analogy, but it is new in
its character for moderation and good faith. We
will deal first with the former part of our proposi-
tion. It reminds us of the peace concluded after Aus-
terlitz, the peace concluded after Friedland, and
the peace concluded after Wagram. The battle of

Austerlitz was fought on the 2d of December ; op
the day afterwards the Emperor of Austria sued
for peace, and within the year, then within a feiv
weeks of its termination, the great Treaty of Frei-
burg was signed. Friedland was fought on the
14th of June, and so soon . afterwards was the
Treaty of Tilsit concluded that Copenhagen was
bombarded, as a. consequence 4 its secret provi-
sions, so early as September in the same year. -go
also with Wagram and the-peace of Vienna which.
followed it. It is just so with the late Italian carh-
paign and the treaty which has now concluded it.
We see at this day equal glory in war, equal
vigour in negotiation, and a rapidity of action both
in the one and the other which are truly amazing.
But in the terms of the peace, which reached us in
the course of yesterday, we find evidence of a mo-
deration only to be compared to the scrupulohs
fidelity with which the Emperor of the French has
fulfilled his promise to the Italians. The soul of this treaty, so far as its provisions
have reached us, and so far as they have been coin-
municated to Parliament by Lord John Russell, is
the nationality of Italy, guaranteed, under every
variety of local government, in a confederacy of the
Italian States. The Pope is to be the nominal or
honorary head,ofthis Conferation ; he is to be e-
cognised in possession of the dignity necessarily at-
taching to his office in a country -where the Catholic
religion prevails, but he is to be shorn virtually lof
that temporal supremacy in Italy which be has
always hitherto aspired to wield. Here, then, e
have at once the germ of a secularised Confede ra-
tion, still acknowledging, with discreet deferent to
the national religion of Italy, the honour that is due
d
to the head of the Catholic ChurCh. - The Pope, in
a word, is depriVed of the substance, but he is; to
keep the-shadow. The Emperor of Austria cedes
the kingdoin of Lombardy for ever, not to the
King of Sardinia, but to the Emperor of the
French ; and the Emperor of the French makes over
his conquest to the King of Sardinia. Lomba dy
and Sardinia become therefore henceforth one Sta e.
Thus we arrive at once at another of the ,cardihal
points .of renovated Italy.. In order to secure, the
Confederation by the constitution of one Master-
throne in the North of Italy, a single State, with a
population of- eight millions, is created.: That
State, too, is just :the State which is the aroii-
type of the whole future of Italian domestic Po-
vernment. The Emperor of Austria, ceding the
kingdom- of Lombardy, retains that of Venice or
rather, he receives a new kingdom of small ext 'nt,
in place of a large kingdom ; for he is 'to hold his
rights as King of Venetia on a' title altoge er
new. The old Austrian title' is abolished, ' and an
Italian title is constituted in its place. The Aus-
trian Emperor is to be King. of Venetia, solely as
an integral member of the Confederation of Itily.
He is to be no more an Austrian Sovereign in Italy
than George IV. or Williath IV. was felt in lldno-
ver to be an English, and not a German, Sovereign.
There will, no doubt, be a distinct Administration,
a distinct code of laws, and a distinct army. r.'lle
King of Venetia, though he will also possess [the
Crown of Austria, will assume his rights, as it were,
(speaking from an Englishman's vocabulary), 4n El:
Parliamentary title. He will be, he must be, essen-
tially an Italian; he will rule less than three millions
of Italians'.' and he will be controlled by a Cotde-
deration ruling not less than twenty-six millions.
Finally, the two Emperors have agreed to demand
reforms at the hands of the Pope. To add to this
a general amnesty is proclaimed. We anticipate
that there will be no Congress ; the few details re-
maining to be arranged are surely unworthy of its
assembling.
It remains to glance at what France has done,
and to see how We are to judge of France in ,the
future. She has effected all this within three
,months ; her credit is excellent ; her army is admir-
able;her spirit is buoyant. 'All this has cost her
bu t th
e ,momentary nerving of an arm. • Yet she has
gained ne ,`^rritory for herself. She made sacrifices
in war; and ii*.reen doubted her sincerity then, they
now see that shb practiseS self-denial in pe4ce.
Twice only has .Napoleon 111. drawn the sword.
He drew it in 1854 to piotect Turkey from Russia,
and he drew it again last siring to nationalise and
reform Italy. There has bbz'n no war waged,
therefore, by France under Napoleb:i 111., but where
there has been a substantial grGimd for its
adoption. We have, then, every reason to be con-
fident - that France will never of her 0,-n -accord
disturb the peace of the world. She now r2layses
into peace, to tend the manifold interests of her
domestic Government, and to watch the develop-
ment of the new Confederated Government which
she has secured for Italy. Thus everything bids
fair to be established as she would have it. Eng-
land wishes to see Austria remain a great Power,
and a great Power she will remain. She. deSires
also to see French and Austrian troops equally
withdrawn from Italy ; and in this, also, her pOlicy
will be fulfilled. Our own Country, therefore; has
good reason to- be. satisfied' with; the :results. pt.) the
campaign, which has thrown. so mudi.,glory
!and;
imparted so much firmness to her neighbour. ,
,

(Front the Morning Herald.)

peace has followed rapidly on the armistice.
The publio Date. scarcely recovered froin one sur-
prise ere anotht is prepared for them. The ,Em-
perors of Austria a.7d of France met on Monday
last, at Villafranca, ana L'he result of that interview
is a treaty of peace. The fo:lowing account of this
sudden termination of the strit:2 was received at
Paris yesterday :—" Valeggio, July 1;, 1859. The
Emperor to the Empress.—A treaty of }:seace has
been signed between the Emperor of Austrit4 and
myself. The conditions of peace are the following:
—An Italian Confederation under the honorary
presidency of the Pope. The Emperor of Austria
gives up his rights over Lombardy to the Emperor
of the French, who remits them to the King of Sar-
dinia. The Emperor of Austria keeps Venetia, but
it is to form part of the Italian Confederation. A
general amnesty is to be granted." Straim to re-
late, these are precisely the terms which Lord Pal-
merston refused in 1848. Had the Premieraccepted
the concessions then offered by Austria, the late
effusion of blood might have been prevented, and
great benefits achieved for Europe through the in-
fluence of England. However, we rejoice that tran-
quillity is restored, and we are not now inclined to
criticise the manner in which it has been effected,
or the bases on which it is concluded. We presume
that, as in the case of the Russian war, a Congress
will be assembled, and that the Great Powers of
Europe will be called upon to decide upon this new
arrangement of the territory of Italy. One thing
seems to be required to rer.der tranquillity lasting,
and that is the reduction by the leading continental
nations of those formidable armaments that foment
discords, keep alive jealousies, and exhaust the re-
sources of the nations. We trust that some definite
arrangement will be made on this point, and then
Europe will no longer be suffered to wear the ap-
pearance of one large camp. In that case the
people will believe in the security of peace, and be
relieved of those burdens which the extraordinary
armaments of the last few years necessarily entail.

(From the Morning Chronicle.)

A treaty of peace has been signed by Pie Emperor
of the French and the :Emperor of Austria. The
great work of the- liberation of Italy has been ac-
complished in nine weeks. While we, in this
sultry July weather, have been discussing the mean-
ing of the armistice which was concluded but four
days since, our doubts have been quickly resolved
in the maturing of that, final conciliation which is
the best that the most sanguine could have hoped
from it. The feeling expressed by the two houses
of Parliament, which waited in breathless silence
for the expected announcement, and received it
with joyful acclamations, is but a foreshadowing of
the exultation with which the people of England
will hail the news that this terrible war is at an
end, that, the right cause has triumphed, and
Europe is once more tranquil.
Lombardy, which was conquered on the field of
Magenta, is to be annexed to Sardinia, in accord-
ance with the wishes of her citizens. Austria,
crippled and defeated in the conflict of Solferino,
has consented perforce to relinquish her hold on
Italy. The States of Italy are to form a free con-
federation. Venetia, under an Austrian governor,
with a separate administration and laws is to form
one State of this federated Italy, just as Holstein,
though governed by Denmark, forms a part of the
German Union. A general amnesty forms a neces-
sary and most welcome part of this Treaty of Peace.
The success of the Emperor of the French in this
brief struggle is so complete and so wonderful, that
its history will read like an episode in some Arabian
tale, rather than as a chapter in our sober modern
history. To have arrived at the summit of his
wishes, in spite of all the hostile array that the
oldest and by no means the feeblest of European
Empires could bring into the field against him—to
have succeeded, in the brief space of two summer
months, in solving by means of the sword the most
difficult., problem that in times past or present
has occupied the minds of statesmen4to have
driven the foe steadily from W.s imntage-
ground, on territories fortified by all defences
of nature and art—to have thoroughly com-
pleted his programme in one campaian and
achieved all that heart could desire—this is indeed