The Sun.
London, England, 1835-12-10 00:00:00

FRENCH CORN AVERAGES.

The following arc the average prices of wheat in France,
at the end of November in each year, during the under-
mentioned 17 years, from 1829 to 1835, the whole reduced
into English measure and money :
Per Hectolitre. Pcr Quarter. Per Hectolitre. Per Quarter.
f. c. s. d. f. c. E. d.
1819... 15 4 equal to 34 5 1828... 22 25 51 8
1820... 19 60 43 10 1829... 21 97 50 4
1821... 15 28 35 0 1830... 22 49 51 6
1822... 15 71 35 11 1831... 22 52 51 7
1823... 15 58 35 8 1832... 17 96 41 2
1824... 14 74 33 9 1833... 14 95 34 3
1825... 15 79 36. 2 1834... 14 88 34 1
1826... 15 58 35 8 1835... 14 43 33 1
1827... 20 22 46 4

The average of the whole period is 17f. 60c. per hecto-
litre, which is equal to 40s. 3d. per quarter, and it will be
perceived that the average of November of the present year
is the lowest of the whole period.
To compare the average prices of wheat in France with
those of England and Wales, it is necessary to add 20 1 e:•
cent. to the latter for difference in the quality of the wheat,
and the difference in the mode of taking the averages ; and
it thus appearing that the average price of wheat in Eng-
land and Wales for the six weeks, ending the 28th ult., is
365. 9d. per quarter ; this with the addition of 20 per cent.
makes 445. Id., and the average price of wheat in France
at the same period being 335. ld. per'quarter, it follows that
wheat is 33 1-3 per cent. dearer in England than in France.

BRUSSELS AND GERMAN PAPERS.

BRUSSELS, DEC. 7.—Two petitions are circulated in all
quarters of this city, which are addressed to his Majesty
and to the Chamber of Representatives, proposing to ,mo-
dify the law on the civic guard, and to divide all the citizens
from the age of 20 to 50 in three claws ; the first to in-
clude all the unmarried men from 20 to 35 years of age ;
these to have a military organization, and would become, in
case of war, useful auxiliaries to the national army. In
the second would be placed all the married men (from 20
to 35 years of age), who, in case of need, would act as
patriots for the security of property. In the third would
be placed all citizens from 35 to 50 years of age, who
should be obliged to repair in arms to the central post of
their quarter, in case of disorders and riots.

The Beige says, that the petition to the Chamber of
Representatives is already signed by 200 persons, and that
the same petition, with slight alterations, addressed to the
King, is signed by an equal number. The petition drawn
up by the Committee appointed by the manufacturers of the
district of Verviers, to solicit the intervention of the Legis-
lature with the Government, to induce the latter to take
the necessary steps for our admission into the great Com-
mercial Union of Germany, will be sent in a few days- to
the Chamber of Representatives.
The very Rev. Clement Augustus, Baron Drosteat Bis-
chering, Bishop of Calana, suffragan Bishop of Munster,
was unanimously elected, on the Ist of this month, Arch-
bishop of Cologne.
BRUSSELLS, Drc. B.—The King cane to Brussels the
day before yesterday, and gave audience to Count de La-
tour Mauborg, and M. ('Sullivan de Grass, Charge
d'Affaires at Vienna. His Majesty afterwards gave au-
dience to MOnsignore Gizze, the Apostolic Intcrnuncio, and
to Baron Seckendorff, belonging to the Prussian Legation
at London.

On the 16th, 7'e Deum will be performed in the prin-
cipal churches of the kingdom, on occasion of the anniver-
sary of the King's birth-day.
The average prices of Wheat and Rye during the first
week in December, were respectively 16f. 38c. and 81.66 e.
per hectolitre ; the import duty, therefore, according to the
law of July, 31, 1834, is, on Wheat 76f.. on Rye 43f. per
1,000 kilogrammes. _

The Chamber of Representatives, in its sitting of the
7th, concluded the debates on the project of law relative
to the import duty on Cattle, which was adopted by a ma-
jority of 49 to 20.
Mcrae'', DEC. 2.—Several of our distinguished coun-
trymen have lately returned from Athens ; among them.
is the painter, M. Rottinann, whom his Majesty sent to,
Greece sixteen months ago to prepare a series of Greek
landscapes, and Dotzaner, physician on the Staff, who per-
formed such services during the epedemic in Athens. Both
left Greece about the middle of October, and travelled
without molestation by way of Elehsis,, Mejoura, Corinth,.
and Patras. In the Pclopennesus and the Islands, tram-
quillitv prevailed; on the Continent there was still some
danger from robbers ; and in the Capital and Pirceus, the
inhabitants were beginning to collect again since the epi-
demic had ceased. -Nothing was known at this time of the
arrival of the King of Bavaria. They left his Majesty,
King Otho, in the enjoyment of perfect health ; but the
Chancellor, (Count Arrnansperg) was weighed down by-
'cares, sickness, and his severe domestic misfortune, and had:
made arrangements to limit to cases of absolute necessity
the visits which he has to receive.
VIENNA, Nov. 2S.—We are now seriously threatenctl
with an epidemical nervous fever, which during the last fort-
night has spread in an alarmin,, manner. We have had
scarcely any news from the east for several days. 'The.
Mail from Constantinople has been due for six days, and:
that from Bucharest four days.

VIENNA, Nov. y 3022-finmperial Highness the Arch-
duke Palatine, who returned a few days ago from a visit to
the Royal family of Wurtemburg, set out to-day for Bris-
burg. The Nlaii from Constantinople of the 11th has ar-
rived, but brings little news of consequence: Fetid Achmed
Paella, who cane to compliment our Emperor in the name
of the Sultan, had already arrived at Constantinople. The
plague was still spreading, and the complaints of the stag-
nation of trade were as loud as ever.

BELGRADE, Nov. 23.—Letters from Crajowa announce
that Prince Ghika, Hospodar of Wallachia, bad an inter-
view at Kallafat with Prince Milosch, who, according to
accounts from Bogaravatz is expected there on the 27th of
the month.,

VIENNA, Nov. 30.-5 per Cents., 1011 ; 4 per Cents., 100;
Bank Shares, 1,370.—A Ligenzeine Zeitung, Dec. 5.

THE .WEATHER.-ThCre was a considerable fall of
snow on Saturday night at Edinburgh. qff.iil44l

vao;;i.old

LONDON,
THURSDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 10, 1835.

The first Annual Report of the Poor Lew Com-
missioners for England and Wales, addressed to his
Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Home
Department, with a view to its being laid before both
Houses of Parliament, has just been published. It
is a clear, succinct, and masterly exposition of the
principles of the amended system ; the extent and
tenour of its operation ; the prevalent erroneous impres-
sions respecting it ; the circumstances which retard its
universal reception throughout England and Wales ;
and its practical effect upon the habits, comforts, and
moral feelings of the pauper population. We had re-
ceived repeated assurances that the new system worked
well wherever a fair trial was allowed it. We were credi-
bly informed that it was much more popular among,
the paupers themselves, particularly in the agricultu-
ral districts, than the public might be led to believe
from the statements daily put forth and commented
upon by an unprincipled Morning Contemporary ; but
a reference to this Report has satisfied us, that we had
greatly under-rated the strength of the feeling which
prevails among all classes in favour of the Poor Law
Amendment Act. Although it has not been yet
quite a year in operation—and, when approved of by the
Legislature, was assailed by appeals to the ignorant
prejudices of the uneducated and the depraved—
yet, thanks to the firmness, the prudence, and the
conciliatory bearing of the Commissioners, it has al-
ready been productive of the greatest good, moral and
physical. Wherever it has been carried into opera-
tion, the almost immediate consequences have been a
reduction of the rate from 20 to 50 per cent. ; an im-
provement in the physical condition of the paupers
themselves ; a diminution in the catalogue of crime in a
still greater ratio than that referred to in the re-
duction of the rate ; an abolition of the entire
system of parish jobbing ; an improved mode of
voting at vestries, and of levying the parochial funds ;
and a clear understanding between rate-payers and
rate-receivers of their reciprocal duties, and the
real extent of the mutual obligations existing between
them. The Commissioners wisely and humanely avoided
having recourse to harsh or extreme measures. They
weighed the causes of irritation on every side ; re-
ceived the partial and erroneous statements of all par-
.without seeking to wound their feelings by
epubting their veracity ;1 and by calmly and impar-
a adjusting the balance among them, succeeded in
r tlsicing all of the rectitude, and humanity of their
tentions. As we shall have frequent opportunities
;referring to this Report, we shall confine our
present remarks upon it to a detailed account
of the success of the Commissioners, in for-
ming extensive parochial Unions—an improvement
in the new system which we hope to be able to notice

at length to-morrow. The following is the statement '
contained in the Report :
" We have now to report that at this period the total
number of parishes which have been united by us since the
6th December last, the- date of the first union, and sub-
jected to the progressive introduction of the new Act, is
2,066, constituting 112 unions. The population of the
parishes united and placed under Boards of Guardians,
forms one-tenth of the population of England and Wales ;
but in consequence of the most heavily-burdened districts
being selected for our earliest proceedings, the proportion of
the rates affected by
,the change is one-sixth of the total
amount of rates in England and Wales.
" In the county of Kent, eight old incorporations have
been dissolved by consent ; 211 parishes have been formed
into 13 unions, which include the whole of East Kent.
"In the county of Sussex, five old incorporations have
been dissolved, and 242 parishes, comprising nearly the
whole-of the county, have been formed into sixteen unions.
" Nearly the whole of Hants has been re-organized into
twenty-one unions, comprising 275 parishes.
" The whole of the county of Berks has now been united
in eleven unions, comprising 176 parishes.
" In the county of Oxford, 185 parishes have been formed
into five unions.
" The greater proportion of" the county of Bucks has been
included in seven unions, comprising 162 parishes.
" In the county of Suffolk, three of the old incorporations
have been, dissolved, and 129 parishes have-been united in
four unions.
"In the county of Northampton, 153 parishes have
been formed into seven unions.
"In the county of Cambridge, 61 parishes have been
united into three unions.
" In the county of Essex, 91 parishes have been united
into three unions.
" Nearly the whole of the parishes in the-county of Bed-
ford have been united in four unions.
" The whole of the parishes of the county of Hertford
have been formed into twelve unions.
" In the county of Norfolk, where proceedings have been
recently commenced, 63 parishes have been included in two
unions.
" In Wilts, two unions, comprising 45 parishes have been
formed.
" In Middlesex, one union has been formed.
" In the county of Gloucester; 37 parishes have been
foimed, into one union.'
The following Return shows our progress in the number
narishes'united during each month up to this period
Number of Number Of
Unions Parishes
formed. united.
1834, December.. 1
1835, January 2
February
March
April
May
June
July

Months.

112 2,066
Sutton Courtney plated under a Board of Guardians, 10th
December, 1834.

" St. Niartin-in -the-Fields ditto, 29th April, 1835.
" Battersea ditto, 15th May, 1835.

" The complete statement of tbe'pecuniary results fairly
ascribable to the new Act, or to our proceedings under its
authority, could scarcely be made within the time in which
it is de,irable to present our Report. A considerable num-
ber of ti-:e present parish officers being unlettered men,
their Retarns are, as n:llht be expected, extensively de-
fective. In requirinl any return from the 15,635 places at
present managin7 their own peer, a considerable proportion
errors mast be anticipated."

With re-ueet of the ftTeet of the new system on the
physic.al c,.)nlition of the paupers themselves, the Com-
missioner; make the following statement—which we

would observe is woli authenticated by the declarations
of the Magistracy and . Clergy whose letters to the
Board ate appended to the General Report :
We have directed our most anxious attention to the
general effects produced by the change upon the condition
of the able-bodied paupers, whose allowances in aid of
wages have been discontinued. Careful inquiries have been
made as to. the subsequent condition of those who had re-
fused to accept relief in a workhouse. In the Faringdon
union, for exiimple, all out-doer relief was discontinued, and
relief in the workhouse 'was offered to 240 able-bodied
labourers. Of these, not more than about twenty entered
the workhouse, and not one-half remained there more than
a few days ; the diet in the workhouse being; at the same
time high as compared with the diet of large classes of inde-
pendent labourers. Mr. Guhon found, at the time of_his
inquiry, that the whole of these labourers had got into
independent employment. On inquiry of some of the
limners who had previously represented to him that they
bad then no means of employing any additional labourers,
he received for answer, that the additional employment was
now given in consequence of the improved character of the
labourer,"

The observations of the Commissioners respecting
the operation of the Bastardy clauses, the separation, of
the sexes in workhouses, &c., shall have our earliest
attention. We now find that our view of the Poor
Law Amendment Bill was correct from the very com-
mencement. • Instead of starving the pauper popula-
tion, as the Times so repeatedly predicted, it has—as
we asserted it would at the time it was passing—ma-
terially improved both their moral and physical con-
dition.

We have been favoured with a third edition of the
Autocrat of all the RUSSIA'S speech to the Munici-
pality of Warsaw. The view in which the CZAR
would wish to be regarded by the inhabitants of St.
Petersburg may easily be inferred from it :

LITERAL TRANSLATION FROM THE RUSSIAN OF AN AC-
COUNT OF THE WARSAW SPEECH, AS CIRCULATED IN

ST. PETERSURGII.

" Scarcely had the spokesman motioned to beoin his
speech and uttered the word Sire,'—' Stop,' said the Em-
peror, I know what von mean to say, rather listen to me.'
The Deputy began to bow. "' Do not bow—you bowed just
so in 1829, and in a shameless manner betrayed and re-
jected the benefits of Alexander, who, for your sakes, did
not spare the- riches of his own country. A precious page
in history you have left ! You yourselves, for yourselves,
built this citadel. Now only dare. On the slightest com-
motion, in twenty-four hours Warsaw ceases to exist, and it
is not I who will rebuild it a second time. Do not place
your hopes on Germans (" Nemtzee," which is often used
indiscriminately for all foreigners) or Frinchmen—hope
only.from my mercy. Honour the laws—love your Mo-
narch. I assure you that only thus can you hope for pros-
perity, and strive to give to your children a different educa-
tion from what you have yourselves received."
The above is brief but pithy. The " now only
dare" is a rhetorical flourish, compared with which
the " quas ego" of the Marine Deity is mere babbling.
The object of the citadel of Warsaw is no longer
doubtful ; and the Poles may be certain that the
EMPEROR has uttered no threat which he is not pre-
pared to execute. As sure as he threatened the de-
struction of Warsaw, so sure will it perish, whatever
may be its subsequent bearing towards his Go-
vernment. He will leave no rallying- point for
Polish emigrants—no city to open • its gates to
the armies of England and France. In the event
of the reduction of Warsaw to a pile of smoking ruins,
we should lament the sacrifice •of human life--we
should mourn over the fate of the. slaughtered Poles ;
but, on every other account, we should rejoice that
Russia had struck a blow capable of rousing into fierce
action the dormant energies of England. The roar of
the cannon mounted on the citadel at Warsaw will,
whensoever heard, proclaim to the nations of Europe
the resuscitation of Polish independence.

Some recent occurrences abroad and at home, have
recalled our attention to the subject of the disabilities
still affecting the Jews in England, a Bill for remov-
ing which has twice passed the Commons, and been
rejected by the Lords.
In June, 1834, the King of PRUSSIA had pub-
lished an edict, making his Jewish subjects in the
Grand Duchy of Posen (who are a very numerous
body), eligible to all municipal offices. During the last
few weeks, the States of the Duchy, instigated chiefly
by the Nobles, proposed to the KING to limit the
number of Jews admissible to these situations ; but
the KING replied, that he " considered it unnecessary
to iestriet the rights which he had granted to his
Jewish subjects." Here we perceive that, under the
rule of the Government of Prussia, Jews are free to
hold all municipal offices. In England, on the con-
trary, they are excluded from these, as well as from
almost every political right. An Act of Parliament,

applying specially to Sheriffs of Cities, was lately
found necessary, in order to enable a Jewish Gentle-
man to accept the situation of Sheriff of London,
to which he had been unanimously elected ; and
upon the same Gentleman being chosen Alder-
man, his election has been declared by the Court of
Aldermen to be void, on the ground of his having de-
clined to take a declaration " upon the true faith of ai
Christian ;" or, in other words, the man who is se-
lected by his fellow-citizens as the fittest to act as
Magistrate is forbidden to do so, because, in addition
to his other merits, he possesses that of disdaining the
smallest hypocrisy ; of disdaining to disown, even for a
moment, the religion in the truth of which he, however
as we think mistakenly at least conscientiously, be-
lieves—the religion which his Fathers followed, and in
which he has been bred.

Even the Emperor NICHOLAS himself has recently
promulgated an Ukase respecting the Jews, dated the
13th April, 1835, which, if we consider whose decree
it is, will appear to be far from illiberal. hallows the
Jews to dwell in specified places in Russia—directs
them to practice agriculture, or certain trades and ma-
nufactures—declares that on condition of their com-
plying with the regulations it contains they shall enjoy
equal rights with other Russian subjects, and makes
their youth admissible to the Universities.
We have also been informed by a Gentleman, on
whose authority we can rely, although we have not
ourselves seen a translation of the ordinance affecting
the change, that the SULTAN has during the last year
freed the Jews of Turkey from all degrading distinc-
tions, on account of their religion.

In Holland, Belgium, France and the United
States, it is well-known that the Jewish subjects have
for many years been on a complete equality :with their
fellow-citizens! . .

Thu& then, it appears, that with respect 'to, the
Jews, England still Maintains degrading restrictions as
a punishment for religious belief, which have lon4
altogether ceased to exist in the four countries just
mentioned, of which Russia and Prussia are beginning
to be ashaMed, and have removed a portion ; and
which the GRAND SEIGNOR has abolished as savour-
ing too much of prejudice, and too little of enlighten-
ment, to suit the atmosphere of Constantinople.
In honour of this state of things, let a few more
leaves be added to the wreaths of laurel that have
already been placed around the brows of the Peers of
England, to commemorate their countless victories over
justice and common sense.

The whole of the Paris journals of Tuesday have
been received. The only intelligence contained in
them of the slightest importance will be found in the
following extracts. Madrid journals of the Ist instant
had reached the French capital on Tuesday, but the
only trews they contained was, that the debate on the
Address, in answer to the Royal Speech on opening
the Cortes, was opened in the Chamber of Procura-
dores on the 30th ult.:—

PARIS, DEC. B.—Letters from the frontiers say--" All
the troops that went to Behobia have returned to their
cantonments, after having been reviewed by Gen. Harispe."
" The Carlists, according to the stipulations entered into,
have completed the demolition of all the works erected to-
wards the Bidassoa, and have retired. It is said that they
are gone towards Guetaria, which they intend to besiege ;
500 men have remained to keep Irun. _

" Five Carlist battalions have just arrived at Tolosa,
chased, it is said, by the two united corps of Jaureguy and
Colonel Evans. We hear of an engagement in the Valley
of Boston, in which the Queen's troops are said to have
had the advantage, but we have no details".—lndicateur.
It is said.the Government have resolved to remove to a
distance from. the frontiers the Spanish fugitives, who
are daily arriving in the department next the Pyrenees,
and that funds for this purpose will be asked of the Cham-
bers as soon as the session opens. It is said that the naval
department is seriously engaged on measures to place our
fleet. on a respectable footing. All the largest ships of the
line, and the strongest frigates that may be soon ready for
sea, have especially drawn the attention of Admiral Du-
pure. The Minister of Marine, to put each of the ships
of our squadron in a condition, in case of a war,
to contend singly with American ships of the same ralf,
intends, for the present, to send to sea only ships of
of the line of 100 to 110 guns, and frigates of 50 guns in-
creasing the crews of those vessels by one-third or one
fourth. It is well known that in the last war, American
ships of 74 and 44 guns carried, in fact, the former from-
-100 to 110 guns ; the latter from 60 to 64 guns, of large
calibre ; and that their crews were more numerous by a
third or fourth, than those of the English ships. This
lesson taught by experience is not thrown away on Admi-
ral Duperre, who endeavours, before hostilities commence,
to establish an equilibrium with respect to their crews and
guns, between our ships and those with which they may
perhaps have to contend.
Orders have been received at Toulon to complete the
Hercules of 100 guns, building there, so that it may put
to sea in the course of January.—Messager, Dec. 8.

FRENCH FUNDS.—Nais, DECEMBER 8.
Five per Cents., 107 f. 65c. 70c. 95c. 108 f. 10c. 15c. 10c
Four per Cents., 931. 75c. 8 'c
Three per Cents., 73E S:C. 70c. 85c. 79f. 30c.
Bank Actions, 2,1P,0f. 2,1051. 2,110 f. 2,120 f. 2,127 f. We.
Rente de Naples, 96E 25c 40c. 50e.
Roman Fire per Cents., 101.
Belgian Loan, Five per Cents., 101!x.
Portuguese Loan, Five per Cents., 84.
Portuguese Three per Cents SL.
EXCOANGE ON LONDON.
One month, paper, 25c. s;c. ; money, 25' 52!;c.
'Three months, paper, 251.40 c. ; money, 251. 5734 c
o,rs Authentivle.

BOURSE THREE o'CLocx.—The Monileur's pacific article
on the American question has brought many purchasers into
the money-market. The 3 per Cents., which opened at
78f. 60c., ex div., gradually rose to 79f. 25c. to 30c. The
Spanish securities have also risen considerably ; no news, how-
ever, from Spain.
QUARTER TO FOUR.-Five per Cents., 108 E 60c. ; Three
per Cents., 79f. 45c. ; Five per Cents. Spanish, —; Three
per Cents. Spanish, —; Cortes, —; Coupons, 23 ; Gueb-
bards, —; Differes, I 7 ; New Loan, —; Actives, 45a ;
Passives, 14; Ducats, 96 70; Romans, 1011 ; Pedros, 84;
Belgians, 101 i ;I Dutch, —f. —c. ; Haytians, —f. .—c. ;
Miguels, —; Brabant Bank, —; Belgian Bank, —; Con-
tinuation, —c. ; New Differes, 23 ; Five per Cent. Perpe-
tuelles,

We find the following in the City article of a
Morning Contemporary :
" One of the immediate effects of the anticipated rup-
ture between France and the United States has been to
greatly increase the business of ship insurances. Amongst
other eircumstances worthy of note, we find that insurances
on American bottoms, from ports in the United States to
ports in the Mediterranean and France, have been sent
over to be effected here, because Jonathan prefers to
throw the risk from his own shoulders on to those of the
members of Lloyd's. Policies have been signed on Ame-
rican bottoms at 10 per cent., which includes the war
and common risk. There is also a good deal of activity
among the principal ship-builders on the river, chiefly
confined, however, to steam shipping. Several of this
class of vessels, of a very superior description, are now
on the stocks, the largest and finest of which are for
the East India Company, the General Steam Navigation
Company, and the Peninsular trade. The General Steam
Navigation Company are said to be preparing vessels also
for the river trade of a class and character calculated to
excel the surprising performances of some of the present
river steam packets. We also find that many of the lead-
ng shipowners are standing out for higher freights."
Assuming the above statement to be correct, we
have only to observe that the French participate to a
very trifling extent indeed, in the fears entertained by
" brother Jonathan." We have received advises from
Paris this very morning, in which we are assured that
premiums, including sea and war risks on French
ships bound for New York, do not exceed two, and at
the very highest, three per cent. However, the ex-
treme caution of merchants in any part of the world is
no standard by which to determine the certainty of an-
ticipated hostilities. The war between France and
America will be altogether of a diplomatic complexion.
There will be a direful "effusion of—ink I

A pamphlet, entitled " Protestant or Orange As-
sociations," published at Hereford, has been sent to
us. The author, apprehensive—needlessly, as it ap-
pears to us lest the politico-religious fanatics,
M'GHEE, O'SuLuvAN, and Co., should make con-
verts to their aristocratical system among the people
of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, where they were
vagabondizing last autumn, -has taken the trouble to

expose the humbug which these worthies endeavoured
to play off upon the simple and the credulous. In ac-
complishing the task which the author had prescribed to
himself, he shows that the great body of the Catholics
are no more responsible for the doctrines of that old
bigot, PETER DENS, than the Protestants are for
the opinions published by any minister of the Pro-
testant faith ; and moreover, that the Church of Eng-
land holds certain doctrines as horrible as any broached
by DENS. In proof of this assertion, he instances the
Athanasian creed, which condemns to everlasting per..
dition all who do not believe every one of its
contradictory propositions, whether they ever heard even
the sound of Christianity or not. Several other parts
of the Book of Common Prayer are also adduced with
great effect as evidence of the same thing. The au-
thor then proceeds to denounce the cruel persecution
which the Irish Catholics have been made to suffer for
their conscientious adherence to their religion, and
describes, in strong and just language, the innumerable
ecclesiastical abuses which the present Government are
endeavouring to reform, in order to maintain the exis-
tence of a Church Establishment in Ireland. Some
of the thick-and-thin advocates of Toryism have at-
tempted to justify the cruel treatment of the Catholics,
as well as the monopoly of the ecclesiastical revenues
of Ireland, by the small minority of the population pro-
fessing the Protestant religion. To such reasoners we
recommend the attentive consideration of the following
observations :
" In all views of the internal state of Ireland, common jus-
tice obliges us to bear in mind that the Irish have ever been,
as they are now, nationally Roman Catholic; and that as Bri-
tish subjects they are constitutionally entitled to a free and full
participation in the rights and privileges enjoyed by their fel-
low subjects of England and Scotland. Above all, we must
never lose sight of the question—would not the British people
be as discontented and as turbulent, in fact, more discontented
and turbulent, if so large a majority of them were circum-
-stanced similarly to the Catholics of Ireland ? As an instance.
-let it be.supposed that the:present:English, Established Church
Wero•Roman Catholic, and the nation, as it is now, were al-
most entirely Protestant, would the present-Protestant popula-
tion submit to Catholic dominaticy ? ..Would.not the ,English
Protestants forthwith deitroy, not such Churich,"but its domi-
nancy ? The answer is obvious. This is the just, the honest
way of putting the actual position of Ireland to the view of the
fair, the honest English Protestant." •

Those who are anxious to know why the Protest-
antism has made so few converts in Ireland, and to as-
certain whether Catholics can conscientiously hold out
the right hand of fellowship to Protestants, and even
shield them from persecution, will derive benefit from
the perusal of the brief sketch of Irish Church history
which we subjoin :

" Nearly every discontent, nearly every disturbance, nearly
every homicide, even absenteeism, or the self-banishment of
the owners of the soil from their native land, may, with soli-
tary exceptions, be traced to the abominations of the Protestant
Irish Churii. The cruelties perpetrated by Irish Catholics
at various times have been but deeds of retaliation, avenging
the black crimes of their rulers and myrmidons, perpetrated to
uphold, to maintain the crying, the ungodly abuses of the Lish
Church. The Protestant ,Clergy of Ireland, as a body, have
ever been notorious for their idleness and inefficiency ; and the
religion of the Church of England, as by law established,-pro-
tected by the law, and maintained by the military, has made
slower progress in Ireland than that of any sect of Christians
in all other parts of the world.
" It cannot be too often repeated that the Irish Protestant
Clergy have ever been the drones of the hive. At the 'Refor-
mation, had the judicious measure of Henry heeh steadily
pursued—had the barons and toparchy been conciliated by
kindness—had the people been won by gentle remonstrance,
the Papacy would soon have lost its Irish followers ; but
measures far different were pursued, and we all know the
consequence. The reformed Clergy were strangely culpable
and negligent. We are told by an. Irish Chancellor of the
time, that they did not preach more than once ti year, and that
this annual sermon was the only instruction they vouchsafed to
afford their flocks. In default of more efficacious means, they
placed their reliance on Acts of Parliament and bands of sol-
diers, substituting the law of the sword for the Gospel and the
cross.' Surely this is a description of Irish Protestantism in
our days. ' means of conversion which the Protector
Somerset designed to use in Ireland were soon exemplified.
A party, issuing from the garrison of Athlone, attacked the
ancient church of Clonmacnoise, destroyed its ornaments, and
defiled its altars. Similar excesses were committed in other
parts of the country ; and the first impression produced by the
advocates of the reformed religion was that the new system
sanctioned sacrilege and blood. The death of Edward VI.
produced a new revolution. The officers of state changed
their religion with the same facility they had displayed on for-
mer occasions, and the great body of the Clergy followed their
example. The Queen (Mary) commenced her reign by seve-
ral acts ,equally just, humane, and politic. The restoration of
the old (Roman Catholic) religiose was effected without vio-
lence ; no persecution of the Protestants was attempted, and
several of the English, who fled from the furious zeal of Mary's
inquisitors, found a safe retreat among the Catholics of Ire-
land. It is but justice to this maligned body (the Catholics)
to add, hat on the three occasions of their obtaining the upper
hand, they never injured a single person in life or limb for
professing a religion different from their own. They have
suffered persecution and learned mercy, as they showed in the
reign of Mary, in the wars from 1641 to 1648, and during the
brief triumph of James the 2d.' Shortly after the accession of
Elizabeth, the Earl of Sussex was intrusted with ' special di-
rections to restore the reformed worship. So far as the pre-
lates and Parliament were concerned the Deputy found little
opposition. After some opposition, Acts were passed for in-
flicting severe penalties on all who absented themselves from the
service of the Church of England.' Here the Protestants have
another proof that the spirit of intolerance has animated Pro-
testant as well as Catholic bosoms. But ' there were two par-
ties overlooked by the wise legislators in this transaction, who
were not to be changed so rapidly and so easily as the peers
and the prelates. These were the inferior clergy and the people.
Whether this influential body (the inferior clergy) could have
been induced to support the new system, if measures had been
taken to conciliate their affections, is uncertain. The experi-
ment was never tried. They were not even asked to change
their opinions, but were unceremoniously driven from their
cures, and their places filled by strangers, the refuse of the
English Church.' This is, indeed, the true Church of Eng-
land mode of maintaining its Protestant ascendancy The
conversion of the people was seemingly not meditated by those
who patronised the reformation in Ireland. Compulsion was
the only means of diffusing the reformed doctrine which they
understood ; and their unsparing use of it soon made the name
of Protestant detested. The very first and most essential part
of the Protestant discipline was neglected. The boast of the
Reformers justly was, that the prayers being no longer read in
an unknown tongue, all the congregation might share with
heart and spirit in the worship of their Heavenly Father. But,
though it was notorious that no language but Irish was intelli-
gible beyond the walls of Dublin, no provision was made for a
liturgy or preaching in the only language known to the great
majority of the population. In the very Act that established
the reformed liturgy, its framers, with whimsical inconsistency,
introduced a clause permitting the service to be celebrated in
Latin, where an English reader could not be procured. Of
English and Latin, the multitude being equally ignorant, pre.
ferred that which was sanctioned by old associations. With
greater reason they adhered to a Clergy who understood their
language, felt for their wants, and sympathized with their feel-
ings, in preference to a host of foreigners, with whom they could
maintain no conversation, and by whom they were regarded as
an inferior order of beings. The attachment of the Irish to
Popery, is not unfrequently brought as a serious charge against
them—when, in truth, they were driven to embrace that reli-
gious system by the pertinacious folly. of their Protestant Go-
vernors. The Clergymen imported into Ireland by the Go-
vernment were for the most part needy adventurers, as bank-
rupt in reputation as they were in fortune. They were col.
lected from the candidates that had been refused admission to
the English Church, and sent over, like a band of conscripts,
to Ireland. A few made some exertions to discharge their duty;
but 'the difference of language was a stumbling-block which
they had not the industrylo remove. The rest paid no regard
to the matter; they collected their revenues in those districts
where the authority of Government was supported by the
presence of an army ; where that protection was wanting they
abandoned the field,to the native Clergy, and contented them-
selves with petitioning the Government against the horrid
abuse of allowing their tithes to be directed to the support of
Popery. One of the statutes for establishing the reformed
religion in Ireland enacted, that every Rector, on induction,
should take an oath to establish and maintain a school in his
parish, for the educafion of the poor. so far the statute was
obeyed. The oath was regularly taken [mark this well, all
who have listened to the malignities of the M'Ghees and
0' Sullivans], and its obligation as regularly disregarded, down
to the commencement of the present century."
The last part of the pamphlet is devoted to the
purpose of showing the identity of the so-called Pro-
testant Associations formed under the auspices of
I.VPGFIEE and O'SumavAN With the Orange Associa-
tions, the' object of which is political.
The author, at the close, thus recapitulates his ob-
servations

Ist. The doctrines and discipline of the Church of Eng-
land when interpreted•' and grammatically,' as set
forth in the Book of Common Prayer, are equally as horrible
as are the doctrines in Dens"lsheology, and that members of
the Church of England are as justly chargeable with maintain-
ing the doctrines of intolerance, persecution, and cruelty, as
are the Catholics of England or Ireland :—corollary, it is anti-
Christian, for the M'Clrees and O'Sullivans to exhibit the
mote that is in their brother's eye, before they cast out the
beam that is in their own eye.
" 2dly. That the 'sayings arid doings' of the British Catho-
lics—the only sure test of human actions—prove that they are
as peaceful subjects, as good citizens, as exemplary husbands,
fathers, brothers, friends, as any other sect of Christians;—

corollary, that their lives falsify the M'Ghee and O'SulliVan
anti-Christian charges of intolerance, persecution, and cruelty.
"3dly. That the history of Catholicism in Ireland proves that
the Irish nation, i. e., the Irish Catholics and Dissenters, are
more " sinned against than sinning ;" that their revolts have
been begotten by the most cruel persecutions, and that they
have suffered oppression to a point to which the British people,
in similar circumstances, would never have endured it to reach :
corollary, that it is the duty of every English member of the
Established Church to prove the sincerity of his faith in the
divine precept—." Do unto others as you would they should do
unto you,"—by recognising the claims of every Catholic and
Dissenter to the full participation with himself of equal civil
and religious rights.
" 4thly. That the actual state of the Established Church of
Ireland exhibits a mass of abominations unparalleled in the
worst days of the Romish or any other Church, ancient or
modern ; and that the Melbourne Ministry, and the majority
in the House of Commons, and the minority in the. House of
Lords, for their endeavours to reform the Church, are entitled
to the thanks and support of every Christian who believes that
the buildings, and the acres, and the revenues of the Church,
form no clement of true Christianity : corollary, that the
M'Ghee and O'Sullivan cries of the Church is in danger
from Popery,' and the M'Ghee and O'Sullivan denunciations
of the Melbourne Government and their supporters in and out
of Parliament, demonstrate that the real object of their Pro-
testant Associations is Political, NOT Religious.
" sthly. That the objects of the Orange Associations and
the Protestant Associations are identical: inasmuch as the
ostensible objects of the Grand Orange Association, of which
the Duke of Cumberland is Grand Master, Lord Kenyon
(President of the late Meeting in Exeter Hall) is Deputy
Grand Master, and the Rev. Mortimer O'Sullivan (the intole-
rant apostle of the Tories) is a Deputy Grand Chaplain ; and
the ostensible objects of the Herefordshire Association, pro-
jected by Orangemen, lectured by Orangemen, and officered
and fostered by the most violent Tories in the county are the
same—the ostensible objects of both being religious, though in
reality political—corollary, that the Herefordshire and Wor-
cestershire Associations being to all intents and purposes
Orange Associations, will ultimately prove " highly dangerous
to the peace of his Majesty's subjects."

6th and lastly,—That Orange Institutions having been pro-
nounced by a Committee of the House of Commons, to be
dangerous to the peace of his Majesty's subjects, and highly
injurious to the discipline of his Majesty's army, are disloyal,
and, above all, Anti-Christian Institutions—corollary, every
sincere believer in the great principles of Christianity—peace
and good-will unto all mankind, and equal privileges to all
men of equal rights, will hurl frsm him the Orange Councils
of the Orangeman Mortimer O'Sullivan, and his Protestant
Associations, as a farmer would cast out a flaring firebrand
flung into the heart of his homestead.