The Sun.
London, England, 1859-01-31 00:00:00

ELECTION INTELLIGENCE.

EAST WORCESTERSIIIRE.—Mr. J. S. Pakington,
son of the First Lord of the Admiralty, is now a
candidate for the representation of East Worcester-
shire. Late on Friday that gentleman issued an
address announcing that he had acceded to the
wishes of many influential friends to allow
himself to be put in nomination. He says;--
" While my political principles are Conser-
vative, no man can be more sincerely desirous
than myself to promote progressive improve-
ment, both social and political; aud, as I
bgieve these to be the sentiments of the present
ministry, I should, as your representative, give to
the government of Lord Derby a general but inde-
pendent support. lam firmly attached to the
Protestant Church of England, and anxious for the
proper maintenance of her venerable fabrics ; but,
at the same time, I am opposed to the compulsory
exaction of church rates from those who conscien-
tiously object to them; and I would support this
principle in any measure which may be brought
forward with the hope of settling this long.-disputed
question. In the same spirit I would be willing to
give my support to any measure which, having for
its object the improvement of our representative
system, will combine a just desire to extend popu-
lar rights with due regard to the maintenance of
the Constitution. I also attach great importance to
the amendment of our laws, and would promote any
well-considered attempt to effect that purpose."
REPRESENTATION OF THE WEST RIDING.—The
names of the Right Hon. M. T. Baines, M.P. ; Sir
Y. W. Ramsden, M.P., the principal proprietor of
Huddersfield ; R. Monckton Milnes, Esq., M.P. ;
and W. E. Forster, Esq., of Burnley, have been al-
ready mentioned in connexion with the representa-
tion of the West Riding, in the room of Viscount
Goderich. A meeting of the leading Liberals of
important division of the county will be forthwith
called, when the whole subject will be fully con-
sidered.

REPRESENTATION OF NORTH WILTS. We
(Wilts Standard) regret to hear that Mr. Long,
one of our highly-respected members for North
Wilts, has expressed his intentions of withdrawing
from the representation at the close of the present
Parliament.

GALWAY ELECTION.--DUBLIN, Monday.—YeE-
terday the walls of Galway were covered with
placards announcing that Mr. Lever, who is at
present in that town, intends to contest its repro.
sentation, and calling upon the people to adopt.as
their watchward, Orrell Lever and the prosperity.
of Galway ! Countless handbills have been distri-
buted to the same effect. These preparations have
taken the Redington party by surprise.

THE GAS WORKS AND , GAS FITTINGS FOR
LIGHTING WELLINGTON COLLEGE.—The erection of the
gas works for the exclusive use of the college was intrusted
to Mr. Geo. 'Walcott, C.E., who completed the whole to the
perfect satisfaction of the authorities in the brief period of
three months. Competent judges have pronounced the ar-
rangement of the gas worhs to be excellent, forming a combi-
nation of everything necessary to insure easy working with
perfect purity. All the dormitories, rooms, halls, offices, and
passages in the College are lighted with gas, the fittings
have been also supplied and fixed by Mr. George Walcott,
their goodness and style have given great satisfaction Is
the authorities, who highly complimented their engineer
for the manner the contract has been performed.
WOODIN'S " OLIO " AT DUBLIN.—We observe
from Saunders's News-letter that this gifted polyphonist is
delighting the good citizens of Dublin, night after night,
with his inimitable entertainment.
REFORM MEETING AT CHELTENHAM.-011 Friday
last a meeting of about 2,000 of the reformers of Chelten-
ham was held to consider the question of Parliamentary
Reform. Colonel Berkeley, M.P., addressed the meeting,
and said that as it was understood Lord Derby had a Re-
form Bill ready, he thought that the Government measure
should have a fair discussion, and ho declined to pledge
himself to any measure at the present time.
TESTIMONIAL TO MR. E. T. WAY, SUPERINTEN-
DENT AT THE DOVER RAILWAY STATION.—A meeting
was held at the Royal Oak Hotel on Monday last, for the
purpose of promoting a testimonial to the respected super-
intendent of the South-Eastern Railway Station at Dover,
at which a very cordial and unanimous feeling was mani-
fested in its behalf. The Rev. W. Yate was chosen trea-
surer to the fund. Nearly £3O has been already subscribed,
and when it is more publicly known we doubt not a very
large accession to the subscription list will be made. Mr.
Way has held his present responsible position, with credit
to himself and satisfaction to the company, for the last 15
years, and although the ex-Queen of the French, the Em-
peror Napoleon 111., and the Prince Frederick William of
Prussia, with others of less note, have marked their ap-
proval by presenting him handsome presents, nothing has
ever been done by the inhabitants of Dover to show in a
substantial way their appreciation of his long and useful
services. Station-masters at inferior stations on this line
are continually receiving tokens of public regard, but Mr.
Way has been neglected up to the present moment. We
trust, therefore, his friends will cordially join in giving ex-
pression to their gratitude and respect, by subscribing their
names at once to the subscription lists which are now open.
•
.We shall be • happy to receive contributions at this tffee,s
and trust tliat ere long we shall have to announce the e
suc-
cess-' d theleommittee's efforts in providing a handsome
tystinignial for §O. Worthy i41411.--,Dyrcr,Chrmic4e. • •

"A Custom's union is simply the fusion of
Customs' interests between two or more States. It
consequently and necessarily supposes certain
preliminary and essential conditions. If all, or the
greatest part of these conditions, do not exist there
would be no real Customs' league or union, but a
mere treaty of commerce and of Customs, whatever
be the name and form given to the arrangements
agreed upon by the contracting States.
" These conditions may be reduced to four :
"1. Uniformity of Customs' tariffs regarding
commerce with a foreign country; in others unifor-
mity of the laws on importation, exportation, and
transit.

" 2. Liberty of exchange in the products of the
States so united.

"3. Unity of frontier Customs between the
States united with relation to foreign States, and
consequently suppression of the Customs' line be-
tween the former.

" 4. Community of Customs' revenues, excepting
as to the allotment of them, which might be estab-
lished in. favour of each State in virtue of certain
bases agreed upon.

" The different Customs' Unions which have been
formed in Europe are founded strictly on the prin-
ciples which I have just enumerated. It is hardly
necessary to mention the German Zollverein and
the treaty of 1833; but the convention of 1852,
between Austria, Modena, and Parma, would
furnish me with a proof still more conclusive as
respects Austria, inasmuch as she was the contract-
ing and directing party in that union.
" I consider it superfluous, M. le Comte, to notice
in detail here the different provisions of these tran-
sactions. I will confine myself to mentioning
the 4th, sth, 6th, 16th, 17th, 20th, and 21st
Articles of the German Convention of 1833, and
the Ist, 2d, Bth, 10th, 12th, 18th, 23d, and 24th of
the Austro-Italian Convention of 1852.
" Let us now see whether the stipulations of the
treaty of the 9th October, 1851, are in conformity,
wholly or in part, with those principles.
"First, as regards the unity of commercial legi-
slation, the Convention of the sth of October, after
having declared in the Ist Article that there should
be a Customs league between Austria and Modena,
immediately adds a second paragraph to the 2d
Article, to the effect that each of the two States
shall be enabled to adopt a special tariff-Ist, for
the merchandise intended exclusively for its terri-
tory; 2d, for the merchandise leaving its territory
directly for a foreign country; and 3d, for the
merchandise merely in transit through its terri-
tory.

"In execution of this article the Duchy of Mo-
dena promulgated on the 13th of October, 1857, a
new tariff, which is quite different from the Aus-
trian tariff. That difference refers to the most im-
portant objects of consumption, such as sugar,
coffee, grain, spirituous liquors, wines, &c., and
extends to nearly all produce fabricated and manu-
factured.
"The difference of the tariff would render almost
impossible the reciprocal freedom of the territorial
exchanges of both states ; in fact, the sth Article
establishes that, from the diversity of the special
tariffs provided for by the 11th Article, several ex-
ceptions to the rule of free exchange having be-
come necessary, the contracting parties have agreed
on the duties to be imposed on each object. An
annex of the treaty consequently contains a tariff
to which the commerce in the products of the two
states has to be submitted.

" The diversity of the tariffs and the non-liberty
of commerce between Austria and Modena have,
moreover, rendered necessary the existence of the
separate frontier Customs. The 11th Article de-
clares, in fact, that there is an intermediate Cus-
turns' line between the two States. Finally, tho
principle of the community of the Customs' revenues
has been completely and explicitly set aside by the
14th article.

" It results from the foregoing that none of the
bases which constitute a real Customs' union have
been admitted by the convention of the sth of
October, 1857. There is neither unity of tariff, nor
liberty of commerce, nor unity of frontier, nor com-
munity of revenue.

" Far, then, from constituting that complete
union formally required by the treaty of 1851 be-
tween Sardina and Austria, the convention between
Austria and Modena does not contain even an
imperfect union. In reality it is but an ordinary
treaty of commerce and of of Customs, 'with certain
clauses more or less liberal, and to which it was
thought the name of Customs' Union might be
given.
"In this state of things the King's Government
consider they are in a position to demand and
obtain from the Austrian Government all the
facilities and favours which have been granted to
the Duchy of Modena by the convention of the sth
of October. These favours have to be accorded on
the instant and gratuitously, as expressed in the
15th Article of our treaty of 1851.
" I do not doubt that the Imperial Government
will admit the justice and equity of our demand,
founded on a clear and precise convention, and that
it will not be slow to take the necessary measures
in order that our trade shall be placed in a position
to enjoy as soon as pcs4ble the advantages which
are secured that of Modena. It is with this object
that I address myself with full confidence to the
enlightened judgment of your Excellency.
" I seize the opportunity of renewing my
assurances, Btr.c.,i-

• CAVOVIV,
There- has been •no- uns"*.er to thaS note, and the
silence of M. Buol formsone of the grounds of
complaint against the Austrian Government.

DESPATCH FROM COUNT CAVOUR TO
COUNT BUOL.

The following despatch, addressed by Count
Cavour to Count Buol, has not yet been made
public

" Turin, 25th November, 1858.
" Monsieur le Comte,--The Customs' convention
signed on the sth October, 1857, between Austria
and the Duchy of Modena, places me in a position
to address a few observations to your Excellency.
" By the 15th article of the Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation concluded in 1851 between San,
dinia and Austria it was agreed that all the reduc-
tions, restitutions of duties, or other favours to be
in future accorded by the Imperial Government to
other States should be extended at the same instant
and gratuitously to Sardinia. On the other hand,
Sardinia took the same engagement towards Austria.
"By a separate article annexed to the treaty it
was declared that the advantages and the favours
which might be accorded to other States in virtue
of a complete Customs' Union would not be con-
sidered as derogating from the above-mentioned
principle of reciprocity.
" The following year, namely, 1852, Austria
concluded a Customs' League with the Duchies of
Modena and Parma. By this act the Imperial
Government accorded to these two Italian States
very considerable reductions and favours on impor-
tation, exportation, and transit. •
" The separate article of the treaty of 1851 evi-
dently authorised Austria to grant such facilities
without affecting the established principle of reci-
procity, and the Government of his Majesty has
raised no objection on that score.
" The Customs' Union between Austria and the
Italian States was to remain in force for five years.
On the expiration of that terms, the contracting
parties reserved to themselves the right of dropping
the Union, or of introducing such modifications as
they might judge expedient.
" Experience having shown that the Union was
not favourable to the interests of the duchies of
Modena and Parma, these two States declared at
the proper time that they were not disposed to
renew it, and, in point of fact, the Union terminated
in the month of October, 1857.
" Another treaty was, however, concluded on the
sth of the same month, not (as before) between the
the three States, but only between Austria and
Modena. Although the term Customs' Union'
was given to this treaty, yet, from the examination
to which the Sardinian Government submitted this
act, it appeared that it does not constitute the com-
plete Customs' Union contemplated in the separate
article of our treaty of 1851; and that, consequently,
we have the right to demand, and to obtain, what
has been accorded to the duchy of Modena in virtue
of the stipulation contained in the 15th Article. I
mean to demonstrate this fact to you, M. le Comte,
in the present despatch.