The Sun.
London, England, 1832-05-31 00:00:00

(I\o. 12,:392.)

FRANCE.

HOW WILL ALL THIS TERMINATE ?-IN ITALI
SPAIN, PORTUGAL, AND GERMANY.

LETTER HI.

When Reform has become necessary, and the period for i:
accomplishment has arrived, attempts to stifle only tend t
hasten its progress."

To the EDITOR of the MORNING CHRONICLE.
Paris; May 27, 1832.
Sin,-1-listory and experience—the past ant

present—have only supplied us with three
sorts of Government. At different periods
these different modes have secured to the go-
verned a portion of prosperity and repose.
The first is absolute Monarchy, after the man-
ner of Louis XIV., of the immortal Frederick.
The second is a Parliamentary Government,
after the manner of England ! And the third
is a representative democracy, after the manner
of the United States of America ! Absolu►e
Monarchy is no longer possible in France. No
one will have it, not even the blind subscribers

of the Gazette de France. The Aristocratical
form of Government which has just fallen in
England cannot be established in a country
where, since the time of Cardinal Richelieu,
there has been no Aristocracy at all. On the
. .

other hand, the principle of Democracy is be-
coming greater and mare operative, and the
right of election is propagated and extended
even among Kings ! These are symptoms
which clearly announce, that a little sooner or
later the whole of Europe will be obliged to
adopt the political forms of the Transatlantic
elective Monarchy, which is temporary but
strong, and which has in it the only good
which belongs to a Monarchy in the person of
its President, viz. the force of unity possessed
by the Chief of the State.
These ideas I cannot but apply to the sub-
ject of to-day's discussion : " How will all this
terminate in Italy, where a blind Pope and
blinder Cardinals would burn Virgil and execute
political offenders in the name of Jesus Christ

(I now speak facts) ; in Spain, where that poor
creature Ferdinand plays billiards, and commutes
hanging for strangling ! as a proof of his bene-
volence (I now speak facts) ; in Portugal,
where the possession of a particle of sense or
honour is a passport to a prison (I also speak
facts) ; and in Germany, where the petty, ig-
norant, stupid, infatuated Princes are conspiring
to arrest the progress of the schoolmaster, and
the liberty of the press (I again speak facts) ?"
Yes, how will all this terminate i❑ these
countries, if not by a complete change in the
political forms of government, and the substitu-
tion of the principle of democracy, i.e. a repre-
sentative and elective system, for that which
now exists, of absolute and brutal Monarchies ?

It is not true that Monarchical Governments are
the only guarantees of order ! ! I am as great
a friend of order As any creature now living
can possibly be, but have not these Monarchical
Governments led to all the resistance, and insur-
rections, and revolutions, and wars, which have
devastated the earth ? It is false that Mo-
narchical Governments are necessary to the
maintenance of order. I make these preliminary
observations because I am about to tell sonic
startling truths, and to commit to paper some
bold, though correct opinions, as well as facts,
as to the fate of these Monarchical Govern-
ments of Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Germany,
and I am anxious at the outset to protest with
the utmost sincerity, and in the strongest
language, against being considered an enemy to
order ! No, no ; " order is Heaven's first
law," and there can be no real liberty where
there is not order ; but liberty must be first
secured, and where real liberty exists, order must
be its companion.
We will begin with Italy. " How will al
this terminate in Italy ?" By the triumph of the
Pope ? No. By the permanent occupation of
Italy by the Austrian troops ? No. By the con-
quest of Italy by Austria ? No. By the division
of Italy between Austria and France ? No ! By
an arrangement with the courts of Turin and
Naples ? No ! By the people of Romania
ceding their rights, and abandoning their de-
mands? No ! By the joint occupation of the
agitated portions of Italy by French and Aus-
trian bayonets ? No ! By the Pope yielding to
the people, and consenting to become a sort Of
hereditary head of an Italian Republic—as Na-
poleon, Emperor of the French Republic ? No!
By the massacre of the Italian patriots, and by
the crushing of the spirit and love of freedom
in the South of Europe ? No ! ! Then how
will all this terminate in Italy ? Do not start !
do not suppose that I magnify the evils which
exist or increase with the magnifying glass of my
own imagination, the patriotic ardour and devo-
tion of the inhabitants of Italy ! No such thing.
I merely write as one who knows what is passing
in Europe—who knows what is passing beneath
the surface of human society—who knows that
it is too late to attempt to reconcile conflicting
principles, and who is as certain now of what he
is stating as he was when he wrote in 1829 that
in 1830 the Bourbons would be overthrown in
France, and banished—that the affairs of Italy
will never be arranged, and the present agitation
never terminate, until the present Governments
in Italy shall be destroyed. The Pope cannot
continue much longer to reign, even though he
should make concessions to the people. The
jugglery of the union of the spiritual and tem-
poral character in the same person is nearly at.an
end ; your Legislative Bishops, and your Cleri-
cal Magistrates will in like manner be soon got
rid of, and it was with pleasure I read the other
day that the bishops begin to feel the folly of ap-
pearing in public decked out in the fripperies of
gone-by days, when a bishop was a god, and the
people were slaves. The Duke of Modena, and
Duchess of Parma, and all the other little Dukes
and Duchesses who now infest the South of
Europe, will all be quietly but permanently ba-
nished from their states. They are public nui-
sances. They are enemies to reading and writ-
ing. They ought to have been born, and died
at least 100 years ago. They are in the South
of Europe, " the last of the pigtails"—and as
they are obstacles to the progress of knowledge
and civilization, why they must be quietly re-
moved—not insulted—not beaten—not impri-
soned, not massacred—but quietly sent to some
monastery or religious establishment, there to
spend in useless regrets and vain reproaches the
remainder of their lives. All attempts to main-
tain permanently the present state of things in
Italy must prove abortive. Not may prove so—
but must prove so. Austria cannot, and Aus-