The Sun.
London, England, 1835-12-03 00:00:00

•
dependent State, never to he merged in the Mus-
covite empire, but enjoying her own name, het own
laws, and her own civil and military administration.
Vain, we admit, were such parchment precautions
against a faithless and rapacious despotism, like
that of the successor of Catherine II.; nor did

any experienced statesman anticipate that they would
of themselves suffice to frustrate any one scheme of
aziression which Russia might nourish upon the liber-
ties of Poland, as a stepping-stone to invasion.; on a

more-extended scale of the general European interests.
But if the restraints particularized by that treaty of
Vienna could not in the first instance operate as a
prevention of fraud or violence on the part of Russia
towards the Poles, they did substantially provide a
remedy, or what ought to have been a remedy—viz.,
a tribunal by which any wrongs inflicted upon Po-
land in contravention of the .treaty might have been,
and ought to have been, at once redressed. It gave
to injured Poland a right of appeal to the European
States, her protectresses, by whom, in the treaty of
Vienna, the arbitrary power of Russia over her new
territory had received essential modifications, and in-

vested those States (England and France being two o
them) with a right, while it imposed upon them the
solemn duty of direct and efficacious intervention.
This duty they owed to themselves, as the only means
left them of restoring the equilibriu:n of the Continent,
so completely shaken as it must have been by the pros-
tration of Poland under the hoof of Russia, in a degree
not contemplated—nay, positively forbidden—by the
treaty ; and they owed it no less to Poland, which had
been entrapped by the same treaty, into an unresistinr,
submission to the sceptre of the Czar, on the faith
that the integrity of her name and institutions, with
the rights of individuals, and the national religion and
laws, would have been respected by him. It is to be
observed, that the interests of surrounding nations are
not less concerned in restraining the outrages of a
tyrant upon national right, than the encroachments of
a conqueror upon national territory. The quality
and nature of a dominion anywhere acquired by Rdssia
is not less important, often more important, to neigh-
bouring States than the amount of surface over which
that sovereignty extends. The Czar of Muscovy,
exercising only the, powers of a limited mo-
narch over Poland; would be far less dangerous
to European liberty than the same Czar wield-
ing an unmitigated despotism, and" moving Poland ab-
solutely according to his unbridled pleasure. Now the
whole administration of Constantine in Poland was an
open violence to the treaty of Vienna, and a gross of-
fence to the several Governments which had signed it.
That brutal tyrant respected no right or immunity sti-
pulated for the people of Poland by the treaty. His
reign was an incessant challenge to insurrection. If
ever insurrection deserved the name of a " holy right,"
it was that of the Poles against the oppressor, who
had never spared them, but whose life, even in their
first hour of legitimate exasperation, they magnani-
mously spared. It was then that the nations of Eu-
rope—then that the Whigs of England—ought to
have made common cause with the Poles, and insisted
on having justice done them, either by a fair or up-
right system of Government on the part of Russia, or,
if that should be refused, by helping them to shake off
her yoke. England, however, has hitherto evaded both
her most solemn obligations-1. That by which she
had bound herself to the Poles, that the sway of Rus-
sia over them should be regulated by certain princi-
ples, and narrowed within definite limits. 2. That by
which she was bound to protect the interests of Eu-
rope, and of her own wide and vulnerable empire, from
the strides and aggressions of a barbarous power, in-
capable of valuing any objects of ambition, except
further accessions of territory, and of physical force,
to a territory already all but boundless, and a popula-
tion approaching to 50,000,000 of vassals. We had
nearly lost sight of the circumstance which has led us
to a consideration of this interesting and painful sub-
ject, and which is no other' than a letter from a cor-
respondent " Z. A.," a Pole, enlightened as he is
noble, and who feels the wounds of his bleeding coun-
try, and the humiliation of his illustrious countrymen,
as a warrior and a patriot would naturally be affected
by them. His letter is a recital of crimes and sufferings
at which the blood curdles and the heart turns to gall.
The barbarities perpetrated since this Nicholas came to
the throne, we offer chiefly to the notice of our readers,
because it is with Nicholas that Poland, England,
and Europe have henceforth immediately to deal.
The order to rase Sebastopol to the ground is worthy
of all attention. The secret ordinance for transporting,
40,000 families of " Polish gentlemen" from the Go-
vernment of .Podolia to the steppes of Tartary—the
secret order to register the families that were to be
transported, inasmuch as the " Excellency" who was
charged with the execution of this diabolism was cau-
tioned by Nicholas " against publishinc, or making,
known the order,"—this we say is worthy of all at-
tention, as being exquisitely characteristic of the quar-
ter whence it proceeded. So the recent and now re-
cognized speech of Nicholas to the inhabitants of War-
saw is a consistent, a sedate, harmonious, and satisfac-
tory expression of that sort of humanity and that sort
of will which might be expected from the Autocrat of
Siberia ; and our correspondent pronounces, that he
will follow up his threat, for that Warsaw will surely
be annihilated by the Muscovite cannon. Well ! This
will speak at least to the humanity of the people of
England and of Europe, if not to the sympathies or to
the sagacity of their rulers. This is a mocking of hu-
man nature, which the veriest day-labourer in all
Christendom will relish as a whetter to his appetite for
deep and full revenge. The crime we believe will be
committed, and if vengeance be taken by the unsophis-
ticated people of Europe, it will indeed be magnificent
as it will be complete. But one word more. In
our estimation the plots of Russia against the Turkish
empire, instead of being suffered to withdraw the scru-
tiny of Englishmen from her persecutions of Poland,
ought to render every freeman throughout the world
more watchful and inveterate against her The subju-
gation of Turkey would infinitely aggravate the mis-
chiefs and dangers arising out of the state of Poland.
Russia annihilating Poland would be terrible. Russia
annihilating Turkey as well as Poland would be pretty
nearly irresistible. The risk in which both these coun-
tries are placed compels us to regard each with a .more
profound and intense anxiety.—Times.

COURT ,OF KING'S BENCH, DUBLIN.-THE
KING V. GEORGE O'MALLEY IRWIN, ESQ.—After a pro-
tracted trial of two days, the defendant in this case was,
last Saturday, found guilty. The facts of the case (ac-
cording to the Pilot) as stated by the Attorney-General,
are as follow :—lt was an. indictment for a misdemeanour
in forging a letter to the Right Hon. Edward John Little-
ton with the view to deceive the Lord Lieutenant, touch-
ing the assistant-barristership of Mayo. Mr. Johnston had
served the office of assistant-barrister for twenty-seven
years, five of which were in Mayo. The traverser is also
a gentleman of the bar, of the requisite standing, and was
anxious to get an appointment. The sessions for Mayo oc-
curred on the 9th of October, at Claremorris. On the Gth
the traverser wept to the Castle and handed in the letter,
which is the subject of this indictment It was dated 3d
October, 1834, and was to the effect that Mr. Johnston
tendered his resignation, claiming a retiring pension. On
7th of October the traverser handed a letter to Mr. Craig,
Mr. Littleton's private secretary, apprising him that the
sessions were near. The late Mr. Maurice King was ac-
cordingly, for that term, sent down to Mayo, and Mr.
Johnston, as a matter of course, had no power to sit and
discharge the duties. When Mr. King went down, he
found Mr. Johnston discharging the duties. Letters had
been written by the Government to the Clerk of the Peace
to adjourn the sessions, in order to give time ; but the let-
ters missed, and Mr. Johnston was accordingly sitting when
Mr. King arrived. Mr. Irwin also went down to Clare-
morris. A communication was made to the Government
by Mr. King, apprising them of the facts, and that Mr.
Johnston denied having resigned. On the lath of Octo-
ber Mr. Johnston Navin; had an interview with Mr. King,
and seen his warrant, concluded that its effect was to super-
sede him, and he, accordingly, wrote to Mr. Littleton,
stating his claim to a pension, and referring to a letter of
Mr. Littleton's of the 7th. This was answered by him, in
a letter requiring to know the length of his services.

SHIPWRECK.--The brig Stella, of Palermo, com-
manded by Giovanne Cafiero, and bound for Greenock,
went ashore at nine o'clock on the morning of the 18th
current, at Kilhoman Bay, in the island of Islay, during a
gale from the N.W. The crew were all saved by taking
t 6 the 10n'..-boat ; but as not one of them can speak a word
of English, no information regarding the cause of the wreck
has yet been obtained. The vessel became a total wreck
a few hours after striking ; but some casks of wine have
been saved.—Edinburgh Courant.