The Sun.
London, England, 1859-09-26 00:00:00

vious telegram.

month.

ST. PETERSBURG, SEPT. 24.

The Northern Bee publishes a correspondence
from Kiachta, which states that the loss of the
Chinese in the affair at the Taku forts was 1,000
killed ; the number of wounded is not stated.

The American Minister had arrived at Pekin,
but is kept confined (tenu enfernze).
The Emperor left Sarskoe•Selo yesterday for
Moscow, whence he will proceed direct to Toula.

CHINA.

TRIESTE, SEPT. 25.

The Austrian Lloyd's steamer has just arrived
from Alexandria, and brings advices from Hong-
kong to the 10th of August.
Nothing further has taken place in reference to
the disaster at Peiho.

It is supposed that the American Minister is
now at Pekin.

Captain Vansittart is reported as having died of
his wounds.
Admiral Hope's state of health is serious.
In the North and at Shanghai several Europeans
have been murdered by the Chinese.
Exchange on London, 4s. 100. to 4s. 114 d.
SHANGHAI, AUG. 1.

Tea favourable. Silk active.
Exchange on London, 6s. 61d. to 6s. 71d.
Freights for tea, £2 10s. to £3 50s. ; silk, £4los,
to £6.

THE AUSTRALIAN MAIL.

MALTA, SEPT. 22,

A letter from Alexandria of the 19th announces
the arrival on that day at Aden of the Salsette,
with the Anstralian mails, with dates from Sydney
to the 15th and Melbourne to the 19th of August.
The dates from Kongkong are to the 21st and King
George's Sound to the 27th of August, and from
the Mauritius to the 10th of September.
Business during the month was very quiet, but
the news by the Bombay created commercial and

money improvement.
Share List :—Bank of New South Wales, £47
10s.; Union, £5O; Commercial, £4B; ditto, new,
£47 12s. 6d.; Australian Joint Stock, new, £4 to
£4 55.; Steam Navigation, £l4 2s. 6d. (ex. div.)
Government debentures were firm. Those due in
1860 sold at 3 per cent. premium, and interest.
Selling rate of Sydney bills on London, 60 days, 3
premium ; buying rate, premium.

CALCUTTA & CHINA MAILS

The Valetta, with the mails from Calcutta and
China, arrived at Marseilles at noon yesterday
(Sunday). The mails left for London at 2 p.m.
The Bombay reached Sydney on the 10th' of

August.
The Elba was receiving cable from the Frank
Watson to be laid down from Alexandria to Rhodes
and thence to Scio, in lieu of the Candia route.
The cable between Cape Passaro and Malta was laid
this morning.

(BY THE RED SEA AND INDIA TELEGRAPH.)
(FROM HARTLEY GISBORNE TO C. L. PEEL, ESQ.,
LONDON.)
ALEXANDRIA, SEPT. 10.
The Salsette, from Australia, arrived at Aden this

morning.

Her dates are—Sydney, 15th; Melbourne, 19th;
Kangaroo Island, 21st; King George's Sound, 27th
of August; Mauritius, 10th of September.
There is no political news of importance.
The Bombay reached Sydney on the 10th of
August.

FRANCE.

PARIS, SUNDAY,

The Emperor and Empress are expected to reach
Paris from Biarritz this evening. Prince Metter-
nich and Count Walewski are also on their way
here.

Sir James Hudson, her Majesty's representative
at Turin, will be in Paris to-morrow on his way. to
London. In all probability he has been summoned
to London for political reasons, especially if there
be any probability of a Congress.

The Spanish Government has let it be known in
Paris and London that in the event of a Congress
concerning the affairs of Italy, Spain would wish
to be represented on account of her participation in
the arrangements of 1815.
The exchange of the ratifications of the Con-

cordat concluded between the Holy See and the
Baden Government took place at Rome on the
12th. The Pope makes no objection to the tempo-
ral gambling carried on there.

The Princess Clotilde will visit Turin next

The French frigate Sane, of 450-horse power,
launched at Cherbourg in 1847, was lost on the
22d inst. on the Raz de Seins, on her way from
Toulon to Brest. All hands saved.

It is stated positively that the Emperor of
Morocco is ready to grant the demands of Spain,
and that he will send troops against the tribes of
the Riff. In confirmation of this, it is said that he
refused to receive the envoy of the Sheik who rules
over those tribes.

The King of Naples has published a new decree,
extending to the 30th June, 1860, the period for
the free admission into his dominions of wheat,
flour,7and other articles of food. It appears from
this fact that the harvest in the kingdom of the
Two Sicilies is Rot so good as was expected.
Great anxiety prevails in France with respect
to the vintage. The gathering of the grapes com-
menced some days since in Languedoc, and a good
half average crop is expected. The prices asked
for the new wine are double those accepted at this
season last year.

BOURSE, Sept. 24.—The market has been very
buoyant as the diplomatic difficulties are considered
on the eve of adjustment, and it is announced that
a Congress will soon meet at Brussels. Threes
opened at 69f. 35c., and improved to 69f. 60c. ;
Mobilier varied from 813 f. 75c. to 825 f. ; Lyons,
900 f. to 910 f. ; Orleans, 1,397 f. 50c. to 1,405 f. ;
Northern, 940 f. to 945 f. ; Southern, 512 f. 50c. to
520 f.; Geneva, 530 f. to 545 f. ; Austrian, 552 f. 50e.

to 555 f.; Lombard, 555 f. to 560 f. The following
are the last quotations :

41 per Cents. 96 I Credit Fonder.... -
Do. end month — I Belgian 4k . — -
3 per Cants 69 651Pie,dmontesa (5) .. 86 -
Do. end month 69 551 Roman B6 -
Bank Shams 2845 Austrian -

Credit Mobilier .. 825 Spanish Threes 44 50
Do. Account ..... 822 50 Home Debt 44 25

RAILWAYS.

Cash. Account.
Orleans
Northern 947 50 .. 945
New ditto —2. .. 830
Lyons and Mediterranean 905 .. 911 25
Geneva — .. 550
Southern
Western .. 595 .. 592 50
Eastern
Sardinian 420 .. 420
Austrian
Lombard ..
Exchange on London, at sight, paper, 25f. 121 c. ; money,
25f 10c.; three months, paper, 24f. 971 c.; money, 24f. 921 c.

THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

[By ELECTRIC TELEGRATH.]

PLYMOUTH, MONDAY MORNING.

The Royal Mail steamship Celt, Captain Brown,
has arrived. She left the Cape, August 21st ; St.
Helena, Autrnst 30th; and Ascension, September 3d.
7t. The colonial papers are full of expressions of
regret at the departure of the en-Governor Sir
George Grey, who landed here from the Celt this
morning. The horses were taken from his carriage
at Government-house, and it was drawn by the in-
habitants under triumphal arches to the place of
embarcation. Salutes were fired, and when on
board, his Excellency received addresses from all
the public bodies.
The Celt brings a petition to her Majesty, signed
by 2,000 colonists, praying for the restoration of
Sir George Grey.

The Trans Vaal and Free States aro in a state 0:
peace. _

Natal is flourishing.

The Boscawen has returned from her cruize to
the west coast. The Persian and Lyra are on the
east coast. The Hermes and Brisk are in Simon's
Bay.

Great drought was experienced in the colony, and
provisions were very dear in consequence of it.
News had been received from Dr. Livingstone
up to June 1. The Doctor had been very successful
in exploring the Zambesi and the Shire, and found
them navigable far into the interior, amidst dis-
tricts very favourable for .colonisation.
The Vasco de Gama, which rescued the crew of
the Shah Jehan, has arrived in St. Helena. Captain
111;,1.wreau reports that he saved 64, viz., the cap-
tain, officers, and crew—all the coolies 350
perished. The Shah Jehan was bound to the West
Indies, and was burnt at sea July 1. The crew
was landed at Reunion.

AMERICA.

LIVERPOOL, SUNDAY MORNING

The royal mail steamship Africa, Captain Shan-
non, from Now York on the 14th inst., arrived in
the Mersey this morning; bringing 70 passengers
and 394,266 dols. in specie.
On the 16th inst. she passed a large steamer,
supposed to be the Persia.

The steamship Ocean Queen, from Southampton,
arrived at New York on the 13th inst., and the
Anglo-Saxon hence, at Quebec on, the 11th.
A great fire had occurred at Halifax, Nova Scotia.
A large number of buildings were destroyed in
Hollis-street, Granville-street, and Barrington-
street. The total loss, it was supposed, would
amount to a million dollars.

By the arrival of the steamship North Star at New
York we learn that a revolution has taken place, in
Costa Rica. President Mora was seized in his bed,
and carried off to Guatemala. He was accompanied
by his brother, General Mora, and his minister,
Canas. Senor Martellcagro was chosen provisional
president of Costa Rica. Lorenzo Salazar, com-
mander of the troops at San Jose, was the chief of
the 0311spirat ors.

It appears by the statement of the purser of the
steamship ',cilia, arrived at Panama, that the people
of Guayaquil, without the assent of the government
of Ecuador, have made terms with the commander of
the Peruvian blockading force. He says an amnesty
(probably an armistice) has been concluded, to last
fifteen days. From this it is fair to suppose that
the vexed question which caused the blockade will
soon be settled.

A large mass of documents had been received at
Washington from General Harney relative to the
San Juan Island dispute, embracing copies of his
correspondence with Governor Douglas.
Latest advices from Utah territory state that the
election for delegate to Congress had resulted in the
choice of W. 11. Hooper Morgan. A party:of 42
United States dragoons had surprised a band of 150
Indians, concerned in the late massacre of California
emigrants, and had killed 20 of their number.
Another action was anticipated.
The general features of the Money-market arc
inaction and uncertainty.
NEW ORLEANS, Sept. 13.—Cotton has an ad-
vancing tendency ; sales to-day 5,500 bales, at
slightly dearer prices—middling 111 c. Sales of
last three days, 10,500 bales ; receipts, 14,000 bales
against 10,500 in same time last year.
MOBILE, Sept. 13.—Cotton.—Sales to-day 1,700
bales at 10:;.c. to 11c. for middlings. The sales of
the last three days add up 4,200 bales, and the
receipts 5,500.
TORONTO, Sept. 13.—Flour in active demand,
but scarce. Wheat firm and sc. higher. Oats
declined 3c. Barley advanced lc.

DEATH OF PROFESSOR ALISON.—We regret to
notice the death of Dr. William Pulteney Alison, late Pro-
fessor of the Practice of Physic in the University of Edin-
'burgh, which took place at .Edinburgh in the end of last
week. The deceased, who was born in 1790, was the brother
of Sir Arch. Alison, the historian, and was the son of the
Rev. Archibald Alison, an Episcopal clergyman in Edin-
burgh, 'who about the end of last century obtained a con-
siderable literary reputation by the publication of his
" Essays on Taste." Dr. W. P. Alison, who had while a
young man shown the highest talent in and devotion to his
profession as a medical practitioner. was as early as 1820
chosen by the Edinburgh Town Council to fill the chair of
Medical Jurisprudence in the University there, and was
successively promoted to chairs of still higher importance,
until in 1842 he was appointed Professor of the Practice of
Physic. This chair he held till 1855, when he resigned
owing to ill-health, being succeeded in it by Dr. Thomas
Laycock. The deceased was not only for many years one
of the heads of the medical profession at Edinburgh, and
gained for himself a wide reputation by the publication of
various works, but he was still better known in his own
immediate sphere by his unbounded benevolence and phi-
lanthropy. For some years back, suffering under a linger-
ing illness which he endured with much resignation, he
had necessarily withdraws from active professional pur-
suits, and lived in retirement in a quiet suburb of the town.
Now that he is gone his memory will long be cherished
with a degree of affection and admiration which are the
posthumous inberitanee of few. He will long be remem-
bered as one of the most humane, the most upright, and
the most amiable of men.

TEE MARCHIONESS OF LONDON-
DERRY AND HER TENANTRY,

The annual entertainment given by the Dowager
Marchioness of Londonderry to the tenantry on her
estate, took place on Thursday in the Town-hall of
the handsome village of Cairnlough. The village
was decorated with flags and banners, and a few
vessels which lay at anchor in the harbour had their
colours hoisted in honour of the occasion. A band

which was in attendance greatly enlivened the pro-
ceedings of the day. The dinner took place in the
Town-hall, which was tastefully fitted up for the
occasion. The lines of tables extended the entire
length of the room, containing banners represent-
ing the several townlands on her ladyship's estate,
and so arranged that each tenant should sit in the
immediate vicinity of his own townland. About
two o'clock Lady Londonderry, accompanied by
Lady Portarlington, Lord Adolphus Vane Tempest.
Sir E. Macnaughtcn, and R. Gordon, Esq., Florida,
arrived at Cairnlough, from Garron Tower, and
were loudly cheered as they entered the room. Lord
Adolphus Vane Tempest presided, and after the
usual loyal toasts,
Mr. MULLOY (tenant-farmer), said—My lord, I
am happy to have the high honour of proposing our
noble landlady's health—the Marchioness of Lon-
donderry. (Applause.) May she live a thousand
years, and may her shadow never grow
(Laughter and applause.)
Lady LONDONDERRY, who was received with
immense cheering, said—Another year has rolled
by, another milestone on my journey of life has
been passed, my friends, and I thankfully find my-
self once more among you. This season lam glad
to have been able to go round this little estate, and
(by visiting most of you who. are accessible from the
road) to judge for myself of your real state and con-
dition. It is a source of pride and comfort for me
to feel that although I am forced to admit much,
much remains to be done, still, there is no doubt,
improvoment is steadily going on. In Druncoon
especially, I see considerable industry and patience
evinced in reclaiming land, repairing houses,
and, above all, I found three water churning-
machines established, and a fourth in progress
of erection. (Applause.) It is by the energy and
resource evinced in such application, that the dffi-
culty of obtaining manual labour, of which I hear
much complaint, will best be met, and thus we may
hope that what at first appears an evil may ulti-
mately lead to good, by stimulating the invention
and industry of a population no longer, as in times
past, too numerous to live in welfare and comfort.
I also observe with satisfaction that a great deal of
' exertion is making in Ballymacaldrick to
build improved dwellings, and also in Doonan.
Legnamanog, Ballyveedy, to reclaim waste land.
• I am, believe me, glad to hear of the increased
- crops of turnips, and, moreover, that some of the
tenantry have turned their attention to the cultiva-
' tion of flax, Mr. Wilson having reported that this
. _ _ _

valuable crop this year is double any previous one.
Still I must, in justice, say that nowhere do I re-
mark the same persevering, patient spirit of toil as
in Drumcroe, where the exposed situation renders

the climate more severe, and where the crops are
so much later in arriving at maturity. Their in •
dustry is bringing its own reward. I was not able
to go there last year; but where the heather
bloomed at my former visit, two years ago, a good
crop of oats is now raised. (Applause.) In Cairn-
lough, I trust, a new era has dawned. I trust its
prosperity will now increase. (Loud applause.)
The dredger has done its work ; the harbour is
deepened and completed ; lighters are no longer re-
quired to ship the limestone, and vessels can enter
in all seasons. This will, no doubt, induce people
to build and settle,and I hope to see Victoria-square
and Havelock-terrace soon filled up, and other sites
taken. (Applause.) There is one subject which I
cannot entirely pass over ; yet I approach it with
great diffidence, having always carefully avoided
interfering or entering into religious argument, and
respecting every one's conscientious belief in their
own creed—(cheers)—but, without at all presum-
ing to offer opinions, it is impossible 'tot to observe
that one result of the much-talked-of revivals
has been the closing of the public-houses, and
the establishment of greater sobriety and
temperance. (Applause.) So far, at least, this
must have a beneficial effect on a population
where the reverse was the besetting sin.
Here, therefore, is another evident improvement
since last year. Let us hope that this change will
be lasting, and that it is not taken up in the enthu-
siasm or impulse of the moment, to be thrown aside
afterwards, but that it is a steady determination
and conviction that may mature into fixed habits
in the future. By the advice of your excellent,
agent, Mr. Wilson, the flower show and the exhibi-
tion of roots have been abandoned, as they were not
supported as he had hoped and wished. The cattle
show has also been discontinued in consequence of
the unequal distances, rendering it impossible for
the secretary to have :fair competition ; but the
farm prizes have been awarded, thanks to the kind-
ness of Mr. Morlin and Mr. O'Neil, who have taken
the trouble of assisting Mr. Wilson in judging the
most deserving individuals. (Her ladyship here
read the list of prizes and continued.) In conclu-
sion, I have to thank the gentlemen who have kindly
shown their friendship to me by attending this
little meeting. It is comforting on these occasions
to be supported and surrounded by old friends, and
I am truly grateful to them for taking the trouble
of coming, and I am sure you must all be flattered
and gratified by their presence. I thank you for
drinking my health, and for all your good wishes.
I fear you sometimes think me severe in lecturing
you, but this time I am afraid I have been too com-
plimentary. If I fall into either extreme it is but
from one motive, and that is an earnest and anxious
desire to see you progress and improve, turning to
advantage the blessings you possess, and becoming
an industrious, thrifty, respectable, prosperous, and
contented set of people; and with this fervent
prayer I bid you farewell. (Loud applause.)
A number of other toasts followed, and the com-
pany separated, after having spent a most agree-
able day.

THE SEARCH FOR SIR J. FRANKLIN

" An Arctic Navigator" writes to a contemporary
as follows :

" We Arctic officers of her Majesty's navy are a
great deal too well satisfied with the result of our
10 years' labour, a result which has been so happily
crowned by the gallant M'Clintock, and his noble
comrades in the yacht Fox, to wish to throw stones
at others, to complain at the unkind slap you have
lately had at our enthusiasm, or to prove that we
were right, and others wrong, in persevering to the
end. We will not squabble over the lonely graves
of our poor dear friends and comrades; but let me
point out two important omissions in your own as
well as other influential journals in their recent re•
marks upon the results of the cruiseo,fctihinetlocokxw.
The successful expedition under m
ay
equipped in 1857 against the recorded opinions of
the Admiralty, and the expense of it has fallen
heavily upon Lady Franklin, who has sunk in it all
her remaining fortune.
The reception of Capt. M'Clintock by the Admi-
ralty, and the unusual empressement with which the
Board placed at your disposal the information re-
ceived from Capt. M'Clintock, are cheering signs,
and lead Arctic sailors to hope that those bold ad-
mirals, though men of the sword and devoted to war,
think sometimes of the officers who strive
in the not less glorious fields of science, or,
may be, are not on this occasion unwilling to
escape from a dilemma. It behoves all men to
welcome repentance or refornLation, and to point
out in what mannea it may be IL'ost gracefully
accomplished, Let me place the followLng sugges-
tions before them and the public.
To recommend the Treasury to refund to Lau.,
Franklin the sum she has sunk in fitting out and
paying the Fox and her crew, somewhere about
£lO,OOO, and to move her Most Gracious Majesty
to grant the widow of the Admiral who fell in the
execution of his duty a home for her declining days
in her palace of Kensington. It is not certain that
Lady Franklin would accept the one, or that her
failing health, which now detains her in Southern
France, would allow her to avail herself of the
other, but the offers would be none the less graceful,
or better express the warm sympathy of the world
at large for her noble sacrifices and exertions.
Capt. M'Clintock should, by order in Council, be
allowed sea time as a naval officer while he com-
manded the Fox, and receive his well-merited
knighthood.
The officers and crew of the Fox ought to get the
remaining £lO,OOO reward for solving the fate of
the lost expedition. Lastly, as an act of common
justice, the Admiralty might offer some reparation
to the son of their old secretary, John Barrow, for
having rudely placed him, a young and able man,
upon the retired list, for no other offence than that
of having been the first man in 1847 to urge a
rescue of Franklin, the last to say that further
efforts to solve his fate were needless, and the tried
and faithful friend and supporter of every naval or
mercantile sailor who was willing to devote his
energy or ability to the solution of that glorious
problem—the fate of Sir John Franklin and his 140
followers.

DEATH OF THE CONSUL-GENERAL OF RUSSIA.--
Mr. George Krehmer, Russian Consul-General, died sud-
denly on Saturday morning at his residence, 2, Chester-
terrace, Chester-square. His physician, Dr. Aldis, was sent
for, who pronounced recovery to bo hopeless. The lamented
gentleman had for a long period been engaged in diplomacy
in Russia, America, and England. On the day before his
decease he had dined out, and appeared to be in excellent
health.

THE BUILDEES'

Whatever may be the issue of the present strike,
we do most sincerely trust that it may attract the
attention of the public to the general proceedings
of Trades' Unions. It is but a short time, compara-
tively speaking, since the organization and action
of these bodies became legalized by statute, where-
as they have now assumed such extraordinary
authority, and have carried their interference to
such unexpected lengths, that it is high time the
subject should be impartially scrutinized in the in-
terests of society at large. .We are not founding
our observations either directly or exclusively on
have
the quarrel now pending, nor do we, as we
already shown, consider that the cause
of the
labouring classes is less important than that of the
class by which their labour is employed. We are
looking at the question from broad public grounds,
as it affeects one class with another, and not the
least that of the operatives themselves.
The obvious design of the Legislature in en' fair
the workpeople was to give them a
fair
opportunity of turning their labour—their
only
mem
possession— to good account. If the beri; of
any particular trade were left free to confer together
upon the conditions of their calling, to concert their
terms of engagement, and to provide each other with
mutual support, it was plain that such privilege
must be for their (tar antage. At any rate, it was
considered unjust to fbrbid such proceedings, anu•
accordingly the "combinations" of workmen, which
had been formerly forbidlen, received. so far the
recognition and sanction of ti2e law. It was cer-,
tainly, however, never conceived
Unions would assume the functions to Whit
they now lay claim, and it was distinctly assumed.
that nothing like coercion should be practise 5
Unionists might combine among themselve.
but with themselves their proceedings (yoga
that Trade!
to begin and end. On these two points, 11'9W.:
ever, the policy and conduct of Trades' Unieul:
have so far exceeded all anticipations that the ma'
ter cannot be too carefully considered.
have be_ee
The organisation of these societies has become
infinitely more extensive than could
thought probable. Railways, penny postage, tell -
graphs, and excursion trains have prodigieeerif
multiplied the means of intercourse and concern.,
till at length we find, not only that the 51,,,5t
trades are in union over many districts, but I.'to
other unions of other trades can be brought into
prompt combination with them when oecal.;
soave
invites. The principles, too, on which the
ties proceed in framing their regulations ha
~
n aturb,_..'
taken a remarkable turn. It was perfectly
that they should endeavour to mainta.in et',
enhance the value of labour generally t4,11.e0h
indeed, may be considered the ordinary fun"' re
of a Trades' Union as distinguished from a lite
Benefit Society. It was also natural, thollgto
not very allowable, that they should attemPt
~
„,
make their own trades as select as
adoptingpossible ~
limiting the number of apprentices, and
other well-known expedients for that PurPesejj,
That has been the practice of Guilds of Trade in all
ages, and we saw it strikingly developed some se/rs..
years ago in the case of the Amalgamated Engineers.
But these doctrines touch only the relations °f men
with masters, whereas there are others whifhi, bear
acquired extraordinary prominence, and wille-
other.
directly on the relations of the men with each
secure
The one great object of Trades' Unions is
to
their
work for the greatest possible number laudable
members—an object in some respects 'a- sto
enough, but which is pursued so arbitrarily..a in
inflict immense injury upon the trade insell-hoe
some work, they ordain that no
order to provide that every member Intl ball
have too much. They look at member 0,
as
eneployrneul_ Alt
a species of common fund on which no 11ut,
to encroach. Accordingly they forbid
vidual workman has a right, beyond a certain Fog yf
—a species of contract by which ~ pi.ecw,u_7o,
might earn extra wages, but as 1
_n earning lili;
extra wages he would be taking more than
.`,d.
shareo of employment, the practice is &Wenn
On the same principle they forbid " overtitateest
ambition to rise in the world, might
industrious man with a large fiimily, or an "-
a superior artisan
n able
be his 0-2.ue
and willing to work an hour or two above hibsurt Ili
lar time, and to carry off a little more pay '
Unions hold that all a man's work beyond. his nexus...a
lar work belongs properly to someboal
that he has therefore no right to take it,• or.
more preposterously is this princillie
actually
ried out,:in7;detail, until at last we
tof
find recognised usages limiting ten arnel3.ll his
strength which a workman, when gaged ln the
duties, may put forth. The fact is, that, the
Unions do not want any man to get thrng,' ho
much work in a day ; on the contrary, the less la
does the more there remains for others to do. ,;„,
else, ;iiii
the end, as we now see, they ventured on e• from
fr,,t;
that the working day itself should be reduced of
ten ten hours to nine—still with this one obice her
making the common fund of labour go flirt
among its divisors. doe
UCII a '
Our readers will discern at once that S ,;e0
trine as this must operate greatly to the prejn," _
of all workmen with spirit, strength,
enterprise in any degree above the common. Never
was a system more effectually devised for redn,,el ;
to a dead level of mediocrity or worse all do
qualities which in every calling of life We .(P cur
best to encourage. Excellence is made Pena'A the
man is permitted to rise above his fellows, auu'hi
clever, ingenious, and thrifty workman floc? ,131 r-
- shackled at every turn for the sitnrie 11l r
pose of protecting the bungler, the drunker`",' L
the sloven. A man is reckoned and tick
ability,_oeLr
one of a community every member Of, which s.
must be held equal, and must receive equal 15'-ps
There are skilled workmen, and there are labourerto,
but beyond these two divisions no difference to
be recognized. One skilled workman repre6l..,
precisely the equivalent of another skilled thel,o
roan, and one labourer is entitled to exactly ,
same pay as another labourer. These are the effee"
which Trades Unions are producing on trade. i
We cannot say, however, that these resn",',
whatever may be their essential character, 11.4 e
-
in contravention of the law. They maY ~',,t
unexpected, and they may be prejudicial, of
we do not see that they imply any breach
rr f
e
statute. They would simply prove that in ee`
recent legislation we had been sanctioning
taro principles probably not contemplated by. e%
ill
laooowtkgmit lawgivers
re
certainer
ls
merely
; under
bute
or t thathtehr
e proceedings
excitement
e iatlel
m. e
nt If,
00
ff h
totivece vu
.pe :Ili
e, i 0
:11:5:,
contest, but in their regular, methodical, an u 5
sejn_b_
tematic policy, we shall not find it so easy to aerlilitt
privilege of voluntary combination
They are certainly not- content with the
them.
the
law
which
llows.
thata ever They commence action on the assumption
y workman in a particular trade ought to
belong to the Union of that trade. In many ca
with
in companys
Unionists are ordered not to work w't-
non-Unionists, and other practices are adopted forthe express purpose of driving men into the Unie,t
These proceedings may be veiled under the disgui_lei
of " moral suasion," but it is pretty evident avaa
character they realy assume. Workmen refusiegt
to conform to Unionist rules are " blacked," or pll
under a species of interdict almost tantamount tet)
deprivation of subsistence. By this system no
only is a Trades' Union transformed from a velunn-
tary and harmless association into a tYra7-
nical and dictatorial club, but its operation In
the particulars we have described above becomes
tate to the trade, the greater, of course,
worse than before. The more the Unions can dies
their numbers, and with their numbers increased
the temptation to proclaim levelling doctrines, an,
the power to put those doctrines into force. If Oleg_
amongsu
;:ave so many hundreds of members they
mush the more likely to have slack hands
them, t;,.tid so much the more inducement to with
work by the master beconis
mand that these hands also shall be provided ~..
society's funds. We do not believe that a sing'
aster instead of coming upon the
instance can be cited in which the action of these
Unions has been productive of any good to society,
or even to their own members, though in number;
less cases it has produced undeniable mischief'
Scarcely an improvement has occurred in the or
plication of skilled labour or machinery to ant
department of trade or agriculture which thes_er
associations have not endeavoured to thwart °
ts_
annihilate. A history of the various atteMP
which have been made by the so-called advocate
of the rights of labour to crush the efforts (1
genius, and to blast the success of the grandes
improvements in science, would form one of •tif
most instructive chapters in the annals of ci•vills,'
tion. The Trades' Unions, though a more order 2
development, still are a development of the Priirl,,eo,
pie which, in a ruder form, inspired the Ludullito
the Swing rioters, and the various other outbn,r:vo
of brute force against intellect ands kill whieh e•
been the shame of this country fel- the last haNlyf
century. Could they have had tlair waYso', no
rre
1.1._ 0
should have had n, steam printing'
threshing machines, no powerlooms, nor any'
those marvellous applications of science to !?.,,og_
ustihle
land a hundred fold, and formed an inexha
ii . to
matter, which have increased the capital of -r)
fund for the employment of that very labororo
which it is assumed to be an enemy. Such •
oporatiro:
expressed
We have already and repeatedly aoliin!i,
some of the results of the system now in a
our
~
a.
greatly mistaßea., •
capital maintained, but we are
thcse pricl-
sire to see the fair privileges of labour. 1' —if
we have not said enough to show that • 5
leges have been most seriously ebused.--Tone •