The Sun.
London, England, 1866-10-01 00:00:00

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very well for a time, but ou the death of .their
author they fell into disuse, and now indiscriminate
relief is the rule. The police-officer should be
restored to his post again—the honest man will
not fear him, the rogue will. If we can weed
out only one-half of the 75 per cent. of profes-
sional " cadgers" who now disgust the work-
house masters and taint the very name of casual,
some better relief could be afforded to the
workmen in search of work, or the honest woman
in search of her husband, than the regulation six
ounces of bread and pint of skilly. It is a shame
that in consequence of the bad behaviour of tramps
an honest man receives worse treatment from the
workhouse authorities than the felon. If a man
commits a robbery and is sent to Portland, he gets
for his breakfast a pound of bread, a pint of cocoa,
and two ounces of cheese. If he is simply honest,
and wants a lodging for the night, he has six ounces
of bread and a basin of gruel ! Can wo wonder
that those who are dishonestly inclined prefer the
prison? Aud let us imagine the conditions under
which a poor man seeks the casual ward in a work-
house. He is mentally and physically depressed by
being out of work and food; there is. in his
heart a secret resentment against society, which
he holds reponsible for this want ; just
when in this frame of mind, the Poor-law pro-
vides for him a sort of club, in which he is thrown
in contact with cadgers and tramps. He hears
their fine stories, their adventures, he is
put up to their dodges for living upon the commu-
nity, and for thieving between whiles. Is it won-
derful that scholars in this frame of mind should
become victims to such apt masters? But we ask,
is it not infamous that the law should lend itself to
such a teaching ? To throw the honest man, under
such circumstances, cheek by jowl with the profes-
sional tramp or thief is a moral offence which is
avenged by the moral law. If we knowingly foster
the cadger class and deliberately bring them in con-
tact with the poor creature wavering upon the edge
of criminalty, we establish a school of thieves which
is certain to be more successful than any that is pre-
sided over by the art of Fagan.
ANGLO-AMERICAN TIMES. The Birmingham
and Midland " Freedman's Aid Association"
have published their second annual Report, and
we are happy to state that this charitable
institution has attained a fair measure of sup-
port. The tremendous revolution worked in the
South by the American war has there disorganised
society to an extent which we can here little appre-
ciate. It is easy to state that four millions of
slaves were at once emancipated in a certain number
of States of the Union, and sldvery for ever abolished
as an institution of the United States. . But it
requires no light strain of the mind to take in and
appreciate this fact. It must be remembered that
on slavery was built up the society of the South.
Two races intimately intermixed in all the relations
of life, generation succeeding generation on the
same soil, the one the lord and master, the other
the slave and servant, suddenly found the relation
in which they stood to each other severed. To ac-
complish this—the greatest fact of this century—the
lord and master had to be overthrown in arms, and
to complete the work it was necessary to employ a
portion of the servants and slaves. The effect was
to debase in his own eyes the most arrogant and
domineering race in Christendom, and to leave
these millions of untaught negroes in the midst of
their former masters to their own resources. The
knot of slavery was emphatically a Gordian knot,
impossible to untie except by the means used by
Alexander the Great. The sword was the only so-
lution, which, though it forcibly severed, did nothing
to reunite. The task it left —to rebuild the edifice
overthrown—is one of the greatest which has fallen
to the lot of man to accomplish. We are thankful
that this task has fallen into the most able hands.
It might be a matter of despair to any other people
than those of the States of North America. Even
to them the difficulties are almost overwhelming,
and in the work they require the countenance and
support of all good' en. To furnish these is the
object of the Freedmen's Aid Association. The
Report informs us that " they have thus far fulfilled
the pledge given, and more than realised the
hopes expressed at the anniversary celebrated
June 13th, 1865. Meanwhile the character and
prospects of the freedmen have obviously im-
proved ; still, while much suffering has been pre-
vented, removed, or mitigated, and many schools
and orphanages have been established, very much
remains to be done by their friends on both sides
of the Atlantic. Last year they reported receipts
of money, £1,821; this year, £5,701. Last year
the whole, both goods and money remitted, was
over £7,000 ; this year they considerably exceed
£17,000." Nor does this represent all : the differ-
ence in value is enormously increased when the
articles are received in America, being admitted by
the Government " duty free," and conveyed by the
liberality of the large shipowners from Liverpool
free of freight. The Committee express their
warmest thanks to Messrs. Inman and Co., Messrs.
Guion and Co., Messrs. Grimshaw and Co.,
Messrs. Rathbone, Brothers, and Co., the
Cunard Co., and the National Steam Boat Co.,
for their continued generosity shown in forwarding
700 packages from Liverpool to America for 'the
freedmen during the year, making a total of 1,151
in all. They include in this acknowledgment
Elihu Burritt, Esq., United States Consul in
Birminghau, for his disinterested aid and uniform
courtesy.
nobtteolhenBa:ched cotton cloth. Cottonades,
The following is the enumeration of
colour, stripes or plaid. Printed
merchandise needed in supplying the wants of the
endlkilyerseys, tweeds, linseys. Cotton and
women, children, and men. Madras,
taood—hams:flfeao:44rantrher handkerchiefs. Drills, table cloths,
4Men's cottonsize.
ulaßlankets,
ts, woollenrugt unde
sive
afcadThreoouoleinait:ieec.ihrukl
tmdosl
eeenenn:ieis
7rhihgeeeoaoaidapownsßen,rilhgelsueaseehrnf
Buffalo
corduroy, flannels of any colour.
cover-
lets, bed tick, striped regattas. White and coloured spool
cotton. Black and assorted colours linen thread. Needles,
00, 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 10, darners. Thimbles, scissors, shears,
buttons of all sorts, pins. Tapes, bindings, cotton and
worsted. Boots and shoes, clogs, caps, hoods, gloves.
Trace chains, hoes, axes, locks. Crockery, glassware,
window glass."

Besides alleviating the sufferings of the freed-
men under the peculiar circumstances in which they
are placed, the Association have strongly directed
their attention to aid in the establishment of schools
and orphanages, and have been cheered by the
diligence and success of their pupils, both old
and young. Schooling is felt to be the pressing
necessity of the transition period. Education is a
matter of State prerogative and regulation, not that
of the Federal Government, and little encourage-
ment is 1040 for, considering the antipathy of the
South generally to the elevation of the negro.
While lessening their physical suffering and pro-
viding for their moral well-being, the Committee
turn to the material advancement of the race. For
this purpose they use a portion of their funds to take
advantage of the " Homestead Act," by which
every loyal freedman above 21 years of age can
have an 80-acre allotment of public land in either
Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, or Florida, on
payment of $5. This law provides that, if at the
end of five years the land shall have been held and
cultivated by an applicant, a patent, giving him a
legal title, will be issued on payment of $5 more.
"It seems next to impossible," the report statecT
"to over-rate the value of the Homestead,, I,.Vr.he
" promptly and properly applied."
"future of the freedmen will mainly dependropic
" God on the way in which. the Treat Britain
" and Christian people of America and
tiort
has been
" shall deal with them uow.
Adoneas not reach its
" born in a day. But a nation
freedmen
whose
need more
" manhood in an age. The
csand Great Britain
,c than all the people 1,1? America
ianity, the love of
under
" can do for them. . P
she recently did for us
" tude to America forwewll
hat we owe to the
" civil and religious lit'
"in our distress, s_ rnhtyaa,etsthw,e. obligations of grati-
oesecauuncompen
caused to be en-
', slaved, and the produceusedin almost every British home,
" freedmen
~ toil Vas been
_g_
th
bindhi
44 all "demands. this. let
4 t dissoluble ties which.__.England and America
44 together, the inestimable. importance to themselves
44 and others of . cementing and perpetuating the
~ closest friendship between the two most free, en-
,, lightened, and Christian nations on earth, and the
44 rich blessing with which the MosT HIGH has' l d a rea y
~ signalised our efforts, awl the efforts of
those with
~ whom we are co-workers, as well as the perils
" which menace indifference and neglect—all these
" considerations imperatively demand that we should
" prayerfully brace ourselves anew
for the work--
,4 the circumstances and claims of which have
" scarcely a parallel in history."

. NEWS FROM ABROAD.—The Memorial
Dtplomatique, on the authority of a London correspondent,
announces that the armaments of Great Britain are being
increased upon a vast scale. The same correspondent
states that "Mr. Disraeli has prepared a Reform Bill much
more liberal than that which was proposed by Mr. Glad-
stone. The new bill will confer the electoral franchise
upon every Englishman possessing a home and paying
taxes. It is universal suffrage, excluding the indigent,
rimival, and vagabond classes."

NEWSPAPER
ZbliA
.1 x4t.t.„4
The Great Western Mil Oil - ktp
Almost all the great companies having kern,
London carry daily large quantities of 'frit k. o
take the Great IVestern for example—in a single
week iu the current year, notwithstanding the Cattle
plague, as much as 66,000 gallons have been deli-
vered at Paddington Station. This en6rinous quan-
tity required about 5,000 cans for its conveyance.
These tall brass-bound taper vessels are sufficiently
familiar objects to almost everybody as to render
description They are to be seen on the
passenger unnecessary.platforms, and not at the out-of-sight
goods stations; the milk being in all cases, for rt.;
pidity of transit, conveyed by passenger trains: It
is difficult to realise sach a quantity as 66,000. gal-
lons, or the number of cows required to produce the
quantity, or the area of land necessary for grazing
and feeding the vast herd. The average yield of
milch kine is very variously estimated, the range
between the lowest and the largest yields is very
wide indeed according to the breed of the cows,
being from one quart a day to twenty. Assuming
eight quarts as a fair average, and dividing the 66,,000
gallons over the seven days of the week—for cows
have to be milked and hens persist in laying on Sun-
days, whether it be proper or not for railways to
utilise their produce—we have 9,428 gallons deli-
vered per day, or 37,712 quarts, which at eight
quarts per day each is the produce of 4,714 cows. If
21 acres are allowed for grazing and feeding each
cow, we have an aggregate for the herd of 11,785
acres, or about 18 square miles, and this, in rela-
tion to the delivery at only one out of half a dozen
milk-carrying London lines, and exclusive of the
butter and cheese sent by the same or other graz-
ing districts. In quoting the delivery of 66,000
gallons a maximum rather than an average quantity
has been stated. Unfortunately for the consumers
of milk the quantities delivered by rail fluctuate
greatly from season to season, and even week to
week. The family order for milk is tolerably con-
stant for one week to another, or even from month
to month, but the deliveries of milk at the Great
Western and other stations will sometimes vary by
10,000 gallons in one week as compared with that
immediately preceding or following it. If the milk
dealers only resorted to " the cow with the iron
tail" to make up the deficiency there would be no
serious harm done, but it is to be feared that the
" experts" in the milk trade resort to tricks for giv-
ing even water pure and simple the appearance of
rich milk without imparting any of its nutritive
properties, and this renders the genuine milk to
which the villanous sophisticator is applied not stale
merely, but absolutely putrid in a few hours. It was
doubtless the milk so tampered with that Dr. Druitt
referred to as the means of effectually quieting babies
who are a burden to their unnatural or profligate
mothers. The milk delivered daily at the Padding-
ton station comes from some of the richest graZing
districts in England, the supply being mainly from
Berks, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, tux' Wilts.
On the West Midland line considerable quantities
come from Bourton-on-the-Water, Stow-on-the-
Wold, and thereabouts. Oa the main line consign-
ments of milk are received daily from almost every
station, as far as Bath inclusive. Swindon station
alone sends 800 to 900 cans daily ; Wootton Bassett
and Chippanham, celebrated as cheese markets, also
send large quantities.—Railway News.

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