The Sun.
London, England, 1866-09-19 00:00:00

The Insurrection in Candia.

ATHENS, Sept. 8.
The Candian question daily assumes more serious

may be affirme,

Mustapha Pasha, whom the Turkish Government
has despatched to that island to endeavour to bring
about a reconciliation, will not succeed in his mis-
sion.

A collision has already taken place. During the
night of the 28th ult. the Turkish' inhabitants of
the district of Selimon endeavoured to dislodge a
Greek corps from the position it had taken up, but
after a pretty brisk engagement the Turks were
repulsed. Next day they returned to the attack in
greater force, and the struggle was still continuing
with much vigour upon both sides when the courier
left. Communications being cut off, the letters that
have reached Athens from the seaboard towns con-
tain no details as to the ultimate result. A Turkish
corps encamped in the immediate vicinity of the
scene of action maintained complete neutrality—it
is supposed because its commander did not think it
sufficiently strong to attack. This is the more pro-
bable because the Turkish Government is known to
have sent orders to the Egyptian general to expe-
dite reinforcements by sea, and the latter has re-
fused. In consequence of the discord existing
between the Turkish qnd Egyptian pashas the latter
has been recalled, and the Egyptian troops have
been placed under the command of Sahia Pasha, the
Turkish general.
A more important fact, however, than these
skirmishes is the proclamation of the Cretan
Assembly-General, announcing the annexation of
Candia to Greece. A translation of the document
forwarded to the foreign consuls upon this subject
will be found below. It contains a succinct and
faithful narrative of the rise of the present out-
break, the original object of which was to obtain
domestic reforms, but which has now assumed an
altogether different character.

The impression produced at Athens and in the
provinces by these events is immense. Interior
conflicts are set aside ; partisans of all shades of
opinion are occupied solely with the one idea of
national aggrandisement. The people and the Go-
vernment, however, display great sagacity. The
Greeks are thoroughly well aware that they are not
at present in a position to make war upon Turkey,
and while they do not disguise that their good
wishes and sympathies go with the insurgents, they
do nothing that might compromise them with their
more powerful neighbour. Committees are or-
ganised in all the towns, but only to assist the
wounded and emigrants (more than 3,000 of the
latter, old men, women, and children, have already
arrived). It is said that ships have succeeded in
forcing the blockade and in landing munitions and
volunteers, but, if true, these acts have been
effected with the greatest secrecy.
The attitude of the young King is looked upon
as very judicious. His Majesty is saidto have ad-
dressed expressions of a very warlike character to
the Ministers of the three Powers, but there is not
one word of truth in the report. The papers say
that the Turkish Minister has forwarded repeated
notes to the Greek Government, drawn up in a very
menacing style ; but the fact is that one note only
has been received by King George's administration,
couched in extremely moderate terms, and asking
simply for explanations as to future conduct. The
Greek Government replied that it had determined
to preserve the strictest neutrality, but that the
laws of the country did not permit it to throw ob-
stacles in the way of private displays of opinion.
The Government has also addressed a memorial to
the foreign Powers, in which it pleads the cause of
the iCretans, but this document has not yet been
published.
The following is the communication above alluded
to, as addressed to the foreign consuls by the Cretan
Assembly-General :
MM. les Consuls, —Relying upon the strength of our
rights, positive as well as natural, full of confidence in the
protection of the Most High, and in the support of the
opinion of the civilised world, we boldly raise the standard
of national unity, and declare solemnly that it is our con-
stant and unalterable will to recover our independence.
The undersigned, representatives of the Christian popula-
tion of Candia, hasten to transmit to the representatives of
the Christian Powers the unanimous decision of that people,
and, while asking for that assistance, they call their atten-
tion to the following points calculated to enlighten their
Governments as to the situation. Greeks by descent and
language, we supported with our compatriots, in order to
conquer our independence, a stubborn struggle, which,
commencing in 1821, lasted for nine years. We were forced
to lay down arms in 1830, in obedience to the exhortations
and the promises the great Powers put forward through
their representatives in the protocols of Dec. 12, 1828.
While taking note of the recognition, officially proclaimed
in these protocols, of our acquired rights, we loudly re-
pelled, in the unity of the interest and integrity of the
Greek nation, the state of vassalage proposed to us in 1830,
by virtue of the treaty concluded at London, July 6, 1827,
and we preferred the continuation of slavery to the division
of our nationality into minute portions. From this time
forth wo have not ceased to protest against the injustice of
the decision by force of which we wore separated, like bas-
tard children, from Greece, our mother country. We have
protested, sometimes by taking up arms, as in 1833, 1841,
and 1858, sometimes peaceably and unarmed, as in 1865 and
1866. After having thus repudiated, in the interest of na-
tional unity, the offer of being erected into a principality—
an offer made to us in 1830 through the late King Leopold
of Belgium, and renewed by Lord Palmerston, Oct. 21,
1839—we were again compelled to submit to the orushing
and retrograde rule of the Sublime Porte. Accepting our
fate with resignation, we applied ourselves to developing
our political life in conformity with the civilised principles
of our age. But our efforts have been in vain. The ethno-
logical differences that separate us from the dominant race
race render all progressimpossible. Upon various occasions
—and notably in 1858—we have wrested from the Sublime
Porte privileges and institutions worthy of those that pre-
vail in Europe, but experience lies shown the inutility of
these concessions— an inutility due to the religious charac-
ter of the dominant race. We were wrong to believe in the
sincerity of the concessions made by the Hat-houmayoun of
1857, and wo ventured to unite last year (1865) in order to
submit to the sublime Porte, by means of a respectful peti-
tion, the material, moral, andintellectual wants of the coun-
try. But the present governor, Ismail Pasha (one of the
most civilised governors we ever had) had no sooner learnt
our intention of exercising the right of petition than he
hastened to dissolve the assembly of those we hadappointed
to deliberate upon the wants of the country. lie thus re-
pressed and frustrated the expression of our wishes by
means of corruption and armed force. Possessing neither

parliament nor press, nor any other means of manifesting
our feelings and desires, we were again compelled to have
recourse this year to a popular assembly (meeting) to state
of what the country stood in need. Wemet for thispurpose
peaceably and without arms; we drew up a respectful ad-
dress to his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, in which we asked
him to ameliorate our condition to satisfy the material and
intellectual wants of our country. We stated these wants in
very proper language in 10 articles, referring notably to the
burdensome and disproportionate system of taxation, to the
non-admission of the testimony of Christians before the
courts, to the proscription of our language, to the arbitrary
violation of our individual liberty, to the evil state of the tri-
bunals of justice, to the almost continual closing of the vari-
ous ports of the island, to the want of bridges, schools, hos-
pitals, &c. After having forwarded our petition to the go-
vernor-general we dissolved the assembly, and keeping up
only a' permanent committee of 50 unarmed representa-
tives of the people, which constituted the central commit-
tee, we awaited the reply of the Sublime Porte for three
months. During this period the Government, instead of
replying, collected, as if there were question of a revolt or
an insurrection, about 30,000 men of regular troops of the
imperial and of the Egyptian armies. Without previous
notification, and contrary to international law, it blockaded
the island by means of seven steamers in a time of perfect
peace ; it exercised the right of search both upon the ships
of the island and upon ships carrying foreign flags, by the
display of its military forces; it threatened tho Christian
population, who, nevertheless, remained quietly at their
homes. After three months of anxious waiting, the reply
of the Grand Vizier to our supplication at last arrived ; but
the governor-general, in place of calling us together, as we
hoped, or if we refused to attend of coming to us, or even
of communicating to us through a messenger the
contents of the reply, whatever it might be, placed himself,
contrary to all expectation, at the head of 4,000 regular
troops. He marched upon the village of Urysses, in the
district of Apocovonon, and upon reaching that place com-
municated the reply to us through his dragoman, accom-
panying it with threats. He forwarded to us at the same
time an order to declare, in writing, that we wore satisfied
with the Government, and that wo would make no further
use of the right of petition, which, according to the en-
lightened principles of the Sublime Porta, constitutes the
crime of high treason. In presence of the unjustifiable
conduct of the Imperial Government—in presence of the
4000tsfid byoat Gov: • • ,
ro °cold of Dec. 1 for t : T i ns-
tian inhabitants of Candle who are placed under the pro-
tection of the three guaranteeing Powers, we had but one
course left us to take—to defend ourselves by arms and
repel force by force.
Two months has since elapsed; the island has suffered
enormous material losses, the public mind is oppressedwith
anxiety, in presence of an uncertain future; the native
Turks violently eject the Christian inhabitants from the
towns ; the imperial troops commit numerous sacrileges,
abuses, violences, and murders; the honour, the lives, and
the fortunes of the citizens have become so problematical
that the Turkish Ages themselves, have sent a commission
to Constantinople to request either some solution of the
Candian question or permission to emigrate into Asia. In
a word, the Imperial Government, considering our positive
and natural rights as null, repulse us as weak rayas egad
ghiaours.

Thus, faithful to our oath of 1821, animated by the de-
sire for tho greatness of Greece and for national unity, full
of confidence in the justice of our cause, we reject all offers,
and declare loudly before God and man that our unanimous
and ardent des:re is to see ourselves re-united to our
mother country, Greece. We supplicate the Most High
God, the protector of the weak and oppressed, to bless our
arms and give us victory.—We have the honour to be, &c.,
THE MEMBERS OF THE ORtTA-N ASSEMBLY GENERAL.
Done at Pvosneron, in the district of Apocovonon, this
16th (28th). August, 1866.

The Oldest House in Piccadilly.

"Burlington's fair palaco still remains,"

wrote Gay, in 1724, and so it has remained until
the present time ; but a great change is now im-
pending. The recent decision of the Government to
present to the Royal Academy a portion of the house
and grounds, and the proposed destruction of its
most distinctive feature, the classic collonade and
gateway, will destroy almost all that is interesting
of the "oldest house in Piccadilly."
In Faithorne's map of London, published just
before the restoration of Charles IL, we may see
that a traveller leaving London front its western
side would find himself in a quiet country road,
with pleasant fields on either baud, and before him
open country as far as the eye could reach. During
the reign of Charles IL theaspect was much altered;
the residence of the Court at Whitehall, the improve-
ments made by the famous French gardener, Le
Notre, in St. James's Park, and the popularity of
the Mall as a place of public resort, naturally led to
the adjacent parts being selected by the nobility for
the erection of their mansions. The earliest of these
were those of Lords Clarendon and Berkeley, and
the mansion since known as Burlington House. The
latter was begun by the poet architect Sir John
Denham in 1665; from some cause, not clearly ex-
plained, but darkly alluded to by Pepys as trouble
arising out of his wife's conduct at the Court of the
Merry Monarch, the house passed into the hands of
Boyle, Lord Burlington, and was completed by him
in 1668. Quaint Samuel Pepys gives an amusing
account of the mishap that occurred to him on his
first visit to Burlington House. "Sept. 28, 1668
Thence to my Lord Burlington's house, the first
time I ever was there, it being the house built by Sir
John Denham next to Clarendon House. . .

Here I first saw and saluted my Lady Burlington, a
very fine speaking lady and a good woman, but old
and not handsome, but a brave woman. Here I also,
standing by a candle that was brought for sealing a
letter, do set my perriwig on fire, which made such an
odd noise, nobody.could tell what it was, till they saw
the flame, my back being to the candle." The first
house was of red brick, almost devoid of ornament,
surrounded by a low wall, the front planted with
trees, with a pleasant garden in the rear, stretching
away to the Conduit-mead, the name of which is
still preserved in the street, where, as Macaulay
says, "He who then rambled to what is now the
gayest and most crowded part of Regent-street,
found himself in a solitude, and was sometimes so
fortunate as to have a shot at a woodcock." On
the western side stood the splendid mansion of Lord
Chancellor Clarendon, and at a short distance,
Lord Berkeley of Stratton's, the site of which is now
Berkeley-square. Shortly after houses were built
on the eastern side by Sir Thomas Clarges and the
Countess Denbigh.

The origin of the name of Piccadilly is somewhat
uncertain ; Lord Clarendon mentions the gaming
house which stood at the end of the Haymarket,
"as a fair house of entertainment, called Picca-
dilly." Coventry House, the residence of Lord
Keeper Coventry, was afterwards built on the site.
Pennant says that the name was derived from the
piccadillas or turnovers sold there, whilst Cunning-
ham suggests that the most likely solution is that
it was so called after one Higgins,
who built it
temp. James 1., and who got most of his estate by
pickadilles, a kind of stiff collar much worn in Eng-
land from 1605 to 1620. The name was at first
the street reaching
only applied aptphlieedutoaytmhaatrkpeotrtitoon of
Sackville-street • , from
thence to where Albemarle-street now stands was
called Portugal-street, after Catherine of Braganza,
o Redin . After the great fire
Queen of Charles 11. beyond was thg
e reat
Bath-road, or way t g
in 1666 the nobility gradually migrated westward.
M„aulay, in his graphic account of the state of
England at the death of Charles 11., tells us " that
the stately dwellings on the south and west of Lin-
coln's-inn-fields, the Piazza in Covent-garden,
Southampton-square (which is now called Blooms-
bury-square), and King's-square in Soho-field,
which is now called Soho-square, were among the
favourite spots." Foreign princes were carried to
see Bloomsbury-square as one of the wonders of
England. Soho-square, which had just been built,
was to our ancestors a subject of pride with which
their posterity will hardly sympathise. About
1680, on the space then known as St. James-
fields, Jermyn-street, with St. James's-square and
the adjacent streets, were built by Henry J ermyn,
Lord St. Alban's, who also contributed largely
towards the building of StJames's Church, designed
and completed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1865,
the district allotted to which had previously formed
part of the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-fields.
With an exterior, plain almost to meanness, the
interior has justly been considered one of Wren's

~_~_~

happiest efforts. Tenison was the first of a long
line of eminent divines who have held the rector-
ship. In the year 1700 the costly edifice erected
by Lord Clarendon, which at his fall passed into the
hands of Monk, Duke of Albemarle, and afterwards
into those of the Duke of Ormond, was purchased
by Sir Thomas Bond, by whose orders it was pulled
down, and on the site of the house and grounds
was built Albemarle and Bond-streets. The
Clarendon Hotel and the Royal Institution now
occupy the ground where the house stood. Shortly
afterwards Grafton-street was built on the adjoining
land, and for many years these streets were the
popular resort of the rank and fashion of the time.
Richard Boyle, third Earl of Burlington, came
into possession of Burlington House .ou attaining
his majority in 1716. His lordship was devotedly
fond of architecture, and immediately resolved on
an almost entire reconstruction of the house, the
design selected being that of a palace at Vicenza,
by Palladio, adopted by Cohn Campbell, who
assisted the earl in its erection. The colonnade and
gate are the portions of the work that have attracted
the greatest notice. The archway has a lofty pedi-
ment flanked by the supporters of the family arms,
supported by four rusticated columns coupled.
Ralph refers to the front" as the most expensive
wall in England. The height wonderfully propor-
tioned to the length, and the decorations both
simple and magnificent. The grand entrance, by
covering the house entirely from the eye, gives
pleasure and surprise at the opening of the whole
front with the area before it at once."

Horace Walpole, referring to it, says, "As we
have few samples of architecture more antique and
imposing than that colonnade, I cannot help men-
tioning the effect it had on myself. I had not only
never seen it, but never heard of it, at least with
any attention, when soon after my return from
Italy I was invited to a ball at the house. As I passed
under the gate by night it could not strike me. At
daybreak, looking out of the windows to see the sun
rise, I was surprised with the vision of the colonnade
that fronted me. It seemed one of those edifices
that are raised in fairy tales bygenii in a night time."
Sir William Chambers, the architect of Somerset
House, also mentions it as one of the finest pieces of
architecture in Europe. Although this seems extra-
vagant praise, most persons will admit that it has
considerable merit, and that the terms " hideous"
and " u 1 " recentl a lied to it by some of our
o -116g-arth's print called
" The Man of Taste," in which he attacks Pope for
his satire on the Duke of Chandos, contains a view
of the gate, on the summit of which Kent is repre-
sented in his threefold capacity of painter, sculptor,
and architect, flourishing his palette and pencils over
the heads of his astonished supporters, Michael An-
gelo and Raphael. On a scaffold lower down stands
Pope whitewashing the front, and while he makes
the pilasters clean his wet brush bespatters the Duke
of Chandos, who is passing by. Lord Burlington
serves the poet in the capacity of labourer. His
lordship was fond of the society of men of letters,
and among others who frequented Burlington House
at this time may be mentioned Pope, Arbuthnot, and
Gay. The latter in his " Trivia" thus alludes to
it :--

"Burlington's fair palace still remains.
Beauty within—without proportion reigns.
Beneath his eye declining art revives;
The wall with animated picture lives.
There Handel strikes the strings; the melting strain
Transports the soul and thrills through every vein.
There oft I enter, but with cleaner shoes—
For Burlington's beloved by every muse."
Gay died at the house of the Duke of Queensbury,
iu Burlington-gardens. From Pope's lines
"Luxurious lobster nights farewell,
For sober studious days,
And Burlington's delicious meal,
For salads, tarts, and peas"—
we may infer that while there was a " feast of
reason" the comforts of the inner man were not
neglected. Handel lived three years in the house.
The pictures spoken of in Gay's lines were those on
the staircase and ceiling, executed for the earl by
Sebastian and Marco Ricci, with the exception of
that in the reception-saloon, which is attributed to
Sir James Thornhill. Earl Burlington died in
1753. Lord Orford, in his "Anecdotes of Painting,"
says that, " It has been observed of him that, never
was protection and great wealth more generously
and more judiciously diffused than by this great
person, who had every quality of a genius and artist
except envy." Nor was his munificence confined to
himself and his own houses, lie spent great sums in
contributing to public works, and was known to
choose that the expense should fall on himself rather
than his country should be deprived of them. At
his death the title became extinct; by the marriage
of his daughter the house passed into the family of
Cavendish. With the exception of some alterations
of a minor character, made early in the present
century, the exterior remains unchanged. The
Duk of Portland occupied it during the time he
was Prime Minister. After the conclusion of peace,
in 1815, the Allied Sovereigns were entertained here
by the members of White's Club at a grand banquet,
at which 2,000 persons are said to have been present
and the cost to have been nearly £lO,OOO. In 1852
the house and grounds were purchased by the Go-
vernment for the sum of £170,000 ; it is nearly four
acres in extent. It has since•been jointly occupied
by the University of London and the Royal and
other learned societies. If some interest is attached
to it relating to the past, the future is of brightest
promise. By the proposed union of science and art
at this spot we trust the walls may yet with
" animated pictures live," and philosophers listen to
" The fairy tales of science and the slow results of time,"
in a home worthy of their high purpose.

NEW ROYALTY.—When Miss Kelly opened her
little theatre in Dean-street, Soho, the street had
been more distinguished for painters than for players.
"Jack's Coffee-house," indeed, had its name from John
prelates,
e and wasfashionable.
a merchant time
Roberts, ono of Garrick's obscure singing actors, but gen-
tility changed the title to Walker's Hotel. Within eall of
it Hayman lived and Harlowe died.
There
Iwthwenasthteheetre,,etthainnad tthing" for
r dukes, neighbourhood
princes to have town houses in Soho-square. The Pantheon
then was not so far away from the world as it seems now.
Dean-street itself was inhabited, during the London sea-
son, by persons of wealth, if not of rank, and Mrs. Thrale
received company in it; while lines of carriages vouched
(as the "gig" did for the criminal) for the respectability of
the owners. Dean-street is now as shabby a locality as
lovers of the drama can be invited to; but thither Miss M.
Oliver summons the public, and, as princes go as far east
as Tottenham-street, she may hope to catch them, or at
least a few peers, in Soho.
" There is no shame to our manhood if we distrust
our own ability to endure the anguish of the body. . . It
is no secret that of late local anmthesia has been produced to
such a degree that the patient, retaining his consciousness,
can watch the surgeon's knife as it cuts to cure, and yet be
without the slightest sensation of physical suffering."—Daily
g elegraph, July 13, 1865. "To none is the public more in-
debted than to Mr. Day."—lllustrated News, page 826, June
description of
ti. "Mr. Day has succeeded in robbing tooth extraction of its
horrors, and we think we are only fulfilling an act of duty in
giving publicity to the fact."—Court Journal, p. 582, May 2d.
ofE Every description
Painful teeth, or diseased stumps extracted without pain.
No chloroform, and perfectly safe.
tion, and all nervous,b 'lions,
teeth, combining the latest inventions and improvement in
dental mechanism, may be procured from Kr DAY, dentist
-
• AY dentist
(late principal assistant to Mr. Eskell,
health
W.), 291, Regent-street (3 doors from the Polytechnic).
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