The Sun.
London, England, 1859-12-06 00:00:00

c'~►~

R"AL ALHAMBRA PALACE CIRCUS,
Leicester-siquare. GREAT WEEK OF NOVEL-
IvZ,----Everybody should witness the performance of the
Dtibiirrild Educated Bull; "Don Juan,"Ppronounted by the
PIN Press to be the Greatest Living Wonder ot- the Age.
/44. Danes Of the FIRE KING, or Italian Salamander.
Worjyris, Richards. Castello, and the Star Riders of the
Past 7 ' Dear twice daily. Mornine at 2, Evening at. half-
._ roprietor, Mr. T.M`COLLIT3I.

PIE CATTLE - SHOW. DON JUAN, the
rim_ Prize Bull.—This first-class animal will appear twice
trZ: 4t. the Alhambra Palace Circus, Leicester-square, in-
Y the Great American Humorist Dan Castello.
nlorning the resent- week-tducatO Bull,
Pre
the tu on his car, sandd drapwn by six grey horses, will leave
keot_bra Palace, at 10 o'clock, 'and pass through Re-
street, Portland-place, New-road, Baker-street, York-
and , and return through Oxford-street. Waterloo-place,
Itt,c,'le Strand' to the Alhambra Palace—Proprietor, Mr. T.

11}1E„,TAtRING and. PERFORMING FISH.
Inottoli— 'Ma Great Wonder, which has caused so much com-
water; for the last four months at all the most fashionable
Its 0,,,„ Places on the Kent and Sussex coast, has arrived at
ter Z.4,,x!libition Rooms, 191, Piccadilly. Her ladyship has
las b,„ "en improved since her last appearance in London, and
neilev'men tautzht several new tricks, which must be seen to be
Open from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. Admission One Shil-
q44l "_
ol a. hildn
hour
ren uder 12, half-price Performances every

AItYYLL 1/013Mg7"13tridiiiill-street -
hand '--!-STIsTO, open every Evening*, with the celebrated
Wind Established 10 years. Conducted by Mons. Lamotte
fleet opal cornet-a-piston. M. Bouleourt. Doors open at half.
kieBi 'e(4llTnence at 9. Close a few minutes before 12. Ad-
ls.

:11110,R, NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ROOMS,
:AL llolborn, formerly CASINO DE VENISE—A
lacfapace on THURSDAY, December Bth, at the above su-
eleeunt eatablishment, supassing any of the pre-
Lalled p,e,tes which have for many years gained for this unri-
rlebriCace of popular slid fashionable resort a world-wide
The'doors will be opened athalf-past 9. and danc-
h:rnence at 10. Supper will be served at 1. Tickets may
4,1,4 of Messrs. Cramer and Co.; Regent-street ; A. W. Ham-
Rezent-street; Mitchell's Royal Library,
, Rtreet ; Chappell's Bond-street ;J. A. Turner's. 19,Corn-
4.tie'e and on the premises N.B.—Mr. Nathan, Castle-street,
-----Z(l".‘qualte, is appointed Costumier.

OR KAHN'S MAGNIFICENT ANATO-
OZedtCAL MUSEITM, Top of the Haymarket (aclmoiv-
ik.,‘„? the whole of the Press to be the most useful and
IE
r
o any in existence): is OPEN DAILY (for gentle-
IN shill?. from 12 till 5, and from 7 till 10. Admission,
004114. T.:nr-r• Descriptive handbook gratis. Dr. KAHN'S
blind 8
0, eetures on the "Philosophy of Marriage.", daily at
acne' elnek preel. SYLLABUS.—IIappy and Unhappy
ti,,and their causes—Yonthful Vices and Indiscretions,
ettr,eir results —Disnealificationti' for Marriage, and their
3ittertii; physiology of Reproduction —Self-inflicted Miseries
4,,PpiheLand its causes—How to secure Moral and Physical
ibypie ht'. Rahn's Treatise on the above subjects. entitled
jr.°BoPhy of Marriage," sent post-free on receipt of
....I,t'adish'l2:l4,a;Driel,reewt. from the Author, 17, Harley-street,

:k_ll4ce.ilPASE IMPORTATION OF TEA.—
"4)-"e„,4'44inzthileit)soettlement of the Chinese treaty, supplies
the ports freely, and prices are lower for
is.arncl fine Teas The East India Tea. Company are
ties '-'lll2* the fail benefit to the public. The lowest
tiros still 2s.t 4d. per lb.—Warehouses, 9, Great St. Helen's
:111121tLEY'S FOOD FOR • CATTLE.—Every
i)::;1111(G37% having, an interest in domestic ora f_arm animals
l
ioncaTuvedburraiten(ydd
the Will prove n
approaching
4. 1,,.1'°,* keeping horses good conditiont it is unequal-
% +8 fatten with surprising rapidity upon it, and their
SE, .era,"
lit hat in flavour and value. Cowkeepers will find
itY 151 ths2:e in the increased quantity and
are benefited A milk during its use. All anipials are benefite p
ItjmoniaPihlet on this interesting, subject, aceenll:nall.klo.g
1
W
the principal Nobility, G try
tp lee% rwarded on application. In ecnasks' containing
4Miwi Measures enclosed), price 505., carriage paid to any
N:a 3' Station in the United Kingdom. Post-oflice orders
'LZP.Ite t,..0s Th y, 77, Newgate-street, London.
("vie üblie eutioned against being imposed upon
less Litatlaornes.ea
qNFIRLD PATENT STARCH,
USED IN THE ROYAL LAUNDRY,
v, Often ny FIER MAJESTY'S LAUNDRESS to be
`a.. • ..0 FINEST STARCH SHE EVER USED.
WREN YOU ASK 'FOR
GLENPIELD PATENT STARCH,
)
inierioaElaTLs are oftenATlrl7 0 TITi
rsubstituted.
Ifrown.Sold by all Chandlers, GroceOrs, &c., &c.
& Ca. GLASGW AND LONDON

•
itti)
Prn ICA.L FRIEND AND MARRIAGE GUIDE.
Rt:VTRE NERVOUS AND DEBILITATED.
ent free on receipt of two stamps, , for postage, t.
;e ,„kpicßY_ ,27 Alfred-placet_Bedfoul-square, London,
it Ili" 'ItE GUIDE TO SELF-CUR.E.
-sevie: first rain of the day in these complaints."—Medical
ie11,11°,4, about entering the Marriage. State should peruse
nil.e.r.g invalnabie littl work, as the advice he gives on
..I'die,nd disease reflects much credit upon him as a so d
1,,, Dhilosopher."--Critic.
hire.,, e true
thz.TT Guide to those who desire a speedy and private
..4.11--44,41prwersity Magazine.
Oithnstirdi: AMERICAN DISCOVERY
I._. ts 7 of the English mode of treating
ouchdemonstrates
0o rn .
.
su 1;,,W111 prove a blessing to the afflicted, who may ssafprely.
elliedY.,,„regain pristine health by adopting the mean e
,Pk/11,Tr.,c'verillirr Star. ,
D te'n'el'ir..,-A; a duty due to the profession and the
Dadas ,ti. allY, Dr. Rapkey advises all persons having
' irotarties7:,! legal qualifications of their melt!,
taottpenrocdaunrte,
; 4V
the
Itnuer they may be ab°it ("411sunt the Official List
the e',:hitte :a....Collegre of Surgeons, Lon o ,
A-
e-t Dlembers price ls., or Dr. on receipt ot
-"de I), ;n1 stamps, gladly assist and protectp the afflicted
' "°rWarding the same.
4P.
T . S.ECRET GUIDE TO HEALTH ANI) met 11APp
5t4,11. t. MESS. A MEDICAL WORK. By a PhY-
r Sitost free, on receipt of six penny stamps,_ sent IPM, tot:Y.P, direct from No. 19, Rerners-street, ?xlO a
Yet`Pictio,,"o,ll, illustrated with 100 engravings. I gives
Sla-rrd 4;4! for the perfect restoration of those who are pre-
th,- slinwi'' Inicyediments from entering into the married state,or
tuts 'k end uh the dreadful resultsfrom early abuse,
_go
te, ar4 tsYPhilis, and the benefits arising, from the chemwi_
.1
' 111;8411021e
4 uabieexamination.of the spermatozoa by the ne iy.
- k v ci nacroseope, with powerful lenses, and contain
1. tip.w
A, Prescription of lotion to prevent infection.
---
"`'-',D IMPORTANT DISCOVERY IN THE
I, Pm,
2 lo," (lir SCIENCE OF MEDICINE.
irrn "Cal. of Great Britain. Diplome de I'Ecole de
ti,rtheiu,, ;lee macien de Paris. Imperial College of Me-
th e Pate u"
ke es i,., a ..11tee h
I 1, -as confided the preparation of these Moeedni-
-411
tenth_'Nie-.Ysician of the Royal University of Erlangen,
d c, of the Royal Colleffe of Surgeons g d
tA4I,,Y fttrZmtiered undei the Ne''w Medical Act) rand attends
ter,o the '9, Berners-street, Oxford-street, London, be-
ped), 1n ~ours of 11 and 2, and from 5 till 8 (Sundays ex-
etto,„ order to advise Patients 'on :their Diseases and
I,)l'ittint, and thus add to the speedy certainty of Cure.
te:IP.,ire,PTAR Nos. 1 2, and 3, prepared in the form of a
diZtekntaveld of taste' or smell and can be carried in the
t..,, ,11
itaptoCelertor Sold in tin cases, divided into separate
both sexes.
1)11. 1 A , MEDICAL ADVICE.
el th 14'1 MERT, Registered L.S.A., Honorary.
ticie tniber of the London Hospital Medical Society, M.p.
t„._sli e versity of Erlangen. &c., may be CONSULTED
ilj4iti.a,7,, of Debility, Nervousness, and the Secret In-
la Si, ~ youth and Maturity, from Eleven till Two, and
"il Eight, at his residence,
In-
'` r,
~,,, ta,11.37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON
s, i4triiiP74 E'" has just published, price Sixpence, with nu-
nsa and Cases, a New Edition of his Work,
*lli
rqs co will ~ SELF-PRESERVATION,
pirilliiii „roe sent free 'n l d envelope. by Mann, 30
nt Sta'llll;:i.don, or 'byl - the Author, to any address, for
li
4'l' to N T. CONTENTS.
itt,,,,l'ioN, ,7The Phrri:iiolocry of the Generative Organs.
4 k5`4.113,4.14r,1,....-Pube __Aeanhood -The•Morale of Genera-
. gel no's 3'---True and False Morality.
t I,f.stien,' ..r.i.--Marriage in its 'Moral, Social, and Physical
u; --,4i --its p
ktFelt ''t Ph , ,xPectancies and Disappointments—A.d vn.an-
Nn, r,;;cal Contrasts in securing Healthy Morin,.
• Rp"llity i *—SPermatorrlicea and Impotence—The causes
tikieriot, vvi both Sexes—Self-inflicted Miseries.
%Ike
~14 habit. -The Vices of Schools--Effects of certain per-
Sr -I. Re - Qn the mental and general faculties- Import-
talic'ti sal Neel
,• ty ()II vt Plane,
;'ltri,"-Impot .—Treatment of Nervous and Generative De'
t I,l,l,44,tiutazaerdeeo,itisansdpeciStiesterility—Dangerous Results off
t ears, , .Dietetic, and General,
ilt3P t ' Nre"leal —The Author's
dPeririnveiedpleferoem
CCCROUI practiCe.
11. (-)ltt
t;; b'the f IItINDRED POUNDS REWARD ON
1,, ,p t Awn, d„,_. CONVICTION.
. /k1.),.7.•.1t1ty,„ ?no...ers to invalids from spurious imitations of
!Doh 1:4 it'il valuable HEALTH-RESTORING REVA
I : ' VA '
k tiltattillieati;,„lll,CA FOOD led to an investigation, and,
-.evili`tY gra„-.." 'n 1854 for protection, the High Court of
Illy „,.....arid bt's'ed an injunction restraining !Alfred Hooper
-Ikrry,"ele re, sent, under a penalty of X.. 5,000. from selling
' Eiet44.ltevaililing or being, a colourable imitation of Du ‘4lritr4 2%1,111a Arabica, i:ifet hick we are the sole pro-
mit, Wilt be , erei ore this is Ai give notice that the above
Daht,4 of , Daid, upon'con ~ n, to anyone giving infor- '
14,,,V,squir'8Y breach of the injunction. An intelligent
11 eiVeinptei_nn admo to London/BARRY hopkeepers who
N 0 ~ '.iliositione. DU BARRY
.iolib
A ' SlCltty
411 Ap., ~,, OR ILL-CONDITIONED HORSES
tor, ' 08 itOTHER CATTLP
l'ild ' th °liSle ' , ,
141ek Itie,,e,re effielen ~ and CATTLE-IMPLOTTING FOOD
their,4e or eY, vie'our, endurance, and muscle of ill-
,alye ,aPParently worn-out Horses, Cows, Bul-
i .:11ipeal.,','IleeP, and Pigs. In a short time it improves
'fit'
:,?7, -I;;,,sillid value by 20 and 30 per cent. RAREY
i,beftl,jl casi", '', 8 Quadrant, London. In tins at 35., at Cs.,
tif attpi, ago i.,..: about 450 feeds, 50s. ; of about 1,000 feeds,
Oaire„rded on
~,,,_lo• per teed.
•ve.
v4141)i2d 'welpt of Post-office orders. The casks free
-% It-, free b 110 MORE MEDICINE
-
ATI,. Y hno.
11h,,.. -4/,---,,, a_popular treatise, sixty-four Pages,
ot .-4010, ',I:GENERATION of the DIGESTIVE
Mi4.4,(1q. 'eT4Phistrit. ZORGANs,
,3,,'''ty ,L'on (4„."11,1' the effectual Cure, without Medicine,
14,44 ti ' alpttPePßia), habitual Constipation, Flatulency,
Itieoti,a4daeli4l°,ll of the Heart, Torpidity of the Liver,
i ikilotitlt. Asthr'n IN ermusness, Biliousness, General .Debi-
' ~,_llle, 1,..._5, Consumption,'Despondency, Spleen, &c.,
'resit ur2ativeli. or Medicine of any kind, by a
fsetkk,4,:and infallible means ; adapted to the general
ilatry Du Barry & Co. 77, Regent-street,

3, GREAT MARLBOROUGH-STREET, W., NEAR
THE PANTHEON.II
DR. CULVERWELL, Member of the Royal
College of Surgeons, Licentiate of Midwifery, and Apo-"
the:caries' Hall, London, can be consulted daily (only) as
above, on all cases of Nervous Debility, Languor, Incapacity,
Less of Memory, Sterility, and all Functional Derangements'
of both Sexes, emanating from early and excessive indul-'
gences.
Has Just published, price ls. ; by post, 13 stamps,
18 sealed,
No. 4,
An entire new and original Work, entitled
OURSELVES.
Synopsis : The Physiology and Anatomy of our Generation
--The Ori;•in of Disease—Symptoms, Treatment, and Cure.
Also, an Exposition of, and Remedy for, all Urinary Derango
meats and Marital Disqualifications,
MALE.
The modern treatment of Syphilis, Stricture, Blennerrhagia
(Gonorrhoea), Spermatorrhcea, Impotency, and all Diseases of
the Urinary Organs, with Prescriptions, &c.
FEMALE.
The Physiology and Anatomy of Women--Functional Ir-
regularities in Health and Sickness—Choice in Marriage—
Their Expectancies and Disappointments—The Cause, and
Removal of Sterility—The Theory and Symptoms of Gesta-
tion—Use of the Speculum, and the securing of Healthy
Offspring. Also,
No. 1.
HEALTH, HAPPINESS, and LONGEVITY;
On Debility, Nervousness, Dyspepsia, and Indigestion,
No. 2.
LOVE AND MARRIAGE :
Their Obligations, Thqminess, and Disappointments ; Love
and other Matches. Sterility Removed, and Healthy Off-
spring secured.
No. 3.
THE CASE BOOK :
100 Cases of SPERNATORRITCEA,
Their Causes, Symptons, and Treatment, Confessions and
Cure by Cauterisations, Galvanism, &c. &c. &c.
To be had of Mann. 39. Cornitill ; and the Authors.
Advice to the Working Classes, fee Half-a-Guinea.

DU BARRY'S REVALENTA ARABICA
CHOCOLATE POWDER Contains the greatest
amount of easily assimilated nourishment for strengthening
delicate persons, children, and infants with weak stPmadist
chest, or nerves, and, at 3-pence, per meal, affords a delicious
breakfast, lunch, or slipper. It is the best dietetic homcepa.
tide preparation, and may be eaten either alone or mixed with
Du Barry's itevalenta Arabica Food. Admirably adapted to
rear Infants with. In Tins at is. Gd ; 11b., 35.; 21b., ss. lid. ;
51b., 12s. ; 121 b., 2Gs. The 121 b. forwarded carriage free, on
receipt et Post-office order. Du Barry and Co., 77, Regent-
street, London ; and through all Grocers and Chemists. ;
NO MORE MEDICINE

DU BARRY'S DELICIOUS HEALTH-RESTORING
REVALENTA A RABICA FOOD Cures effectually Indiges-
tion (dyspepsia), constipation, fiatulency;phlegm, nervousness,
biliousness, liver complaints, hysteria, neuralgia, sleepless-
ness, acidity, palpitation, heartburn, eruptions, impurities,
irritability, low spirits, diarrhoea, dysentery, hemorrhoids,
headache, noises in the head and ears, debility, diabetes,
pains between the shoulders, despondency, cramps, spasms,
nausea, and sickness (during pregnancy or at sea), sinking
fits, cough, asthma, bronchitis, consumption, also Children's
complaints.
We extract a few out of 50,000 expressions of gratitude from
nvalids thus cured : Cure No. 1,771. Lord Stuart de Decies of
many years' dyspepsia. Care No. 49,832. "Fifty years' in-
describable agony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma,
cough, oonztipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness at the
stomach and vomiting, have been removed by Du Barry's
excellent Food," Maria Joly. Cure No. 53,814. Field Mar-
shall the Duke of Pluskow, of dyspepsia, constipation, ner-
vousness and liver complaints which had resisted all baths
and medical treatment. Cure No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth
Jacobs, of extreme nervousness, indigestion, gatherings, low
spirits, and nervous fancies. Cure No. 18,216.,Dr. Andrew
lire, of constipation, dyspepsia, andnervous irritability. Cure
No. 34,210. Dr. Shorland, of dropsy and debility. Cure No.
36,212. Captain Allan, of epileptic fits. Cure No. 36,418. Rev.
Dr. Minster, of cramps, spasms and daily vomitings. Cure No.
26,418. Dr. Hervey, of diarrhoea an d debility. Cure No. 29,628. Dr.
Wnrtzerof consumption. Cure N 0.46,270. Mr. James Roberts.
merchant, Frimley, Surrey, of 10 years diseased lungs, spitting;
of blood, liver derangement, partial deafness. Cure No. 4,208.
Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with cramps,
spasms, and nausea, have been effectually cured by Du Barry's
health-restoring Food. Rev. John W. Flavell, Ridlington
Rectory, Norfolk."—Cure No. 3,906, of thirteen years' cough,
12anlbd.
1224
21.
ndigestion, and general debility. James Porter, Athol-street,
P e r
KuperPerth., r e Sfi on ledd iin canisters,quality, 5111.2121bs
;2 sb.
3.;
32s
.1 b 4hs
e 6 d 101.13;
canisters are forwarded carriage free, on receipt of Post-office
order. Barry Du Barry and Co., 77, Regent-street, London ;
Fortnum, Mason, and Co., purveyors to her Majesty, 182,
Piccadilly ; also at 60, Gracechurch-street ; 330, Strand ; 4,
Cheapside ; 49 and 60, Bishopsgate-street ; 105 and 63, Oxford-
street ; R 5 Tottenham-court-road ; also in Liverpool, at
Nixon& 1,-Castle-street ; Leeds, Reinhardt and Co. Dublin,
Dr. Butler, Medical all ; uauchester, sharp snd 80Q8
Edlubtugh, Raimes and Co;

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

At a meeting held on 22d November—Mr. J.
Locke, M.P., president, in the chair,
The whole of the evening was occupied by the
discussion upon Mr Amos's paper "'On the Govern-
ment Waterworks, Trafalgar-square." It was re-
marked that the rnain point sought to be established
in the paper appeared to be that an abundant and
reliable supply of water could be obtained from these
wells, whilst it was admitted that very different re-
sults had taken place at various other establishments
where attempts had been made to procure a large and
permanent supply of water from the sand and chalk
'under London. Now ithad been contended for many
years past either that a' large supply Mild not be
pumped np from the 'chalk, or that if it-was mischief
would be done in other qnarterk. It had been argued
that, froth an aggregate of causes, a general
depression of the 'water level under London had
been produced. This opinion was confirmed, by
the case Under' consideration, for it was stated in
the paper that the water in the wells had origi-
nally stood at 48 feet below Thames high water-
mark, Whilst now it was 66 feet below that datum.
It had been concluded that there was an infiltra-
tion from the river Thames, because it was found
that the depression under London was extending
more rapidly towards the north than at the centre
of the greatest abstraction by pumping ; and it we
was believed that the depressed level rose towards
the tidal outfall. In a paper which was read at the
institution in May, 1855, it was shown, by the
analyses of different waters, especially from the
wells at Trafalgar-square, that there was a larger
amount of saline . matter than was ordinarily
found in chalk water ; and it was argued that
filtered Thames water was being pumped from
the Trafalgar wells, It was a well ascer-
tained fact that the water did not find its way
into wells sunk below the level of the tidal out-
fall. This was the case at Ramsgate, at Liver-
pool, and at Portsmouth. One of the wells at Has-
lar Hospital having become infected with salt water,
an inquiry was instituted, when it was found that
the salt water came through a sand beneath the sub-
jacent clay, into which the tidal water found its
way, from an artificial cause. This evil had now
been remedied by shutting out the tidal water, and
sinking the bore-pipe to 'a lower stratum. In con-,
firmation of the opinion as to the general depres-
sion of the water-level under' London, it was stated
that brewers and others'had been obliged repeatedly
to lower their pumps. This plan had been recom
mended in the Covent-garden well, but it was
decided to sink a pipe, 3 inches in diameter, deeper
into the chalk, in the belief that an inexhaustible
supply would be reached. No water was, however,
obtained, and the pumps had to be lowered, as at first
proposed, after an unnecessary and useless outlay of
money. The pumps were 15 ft., or 20 ft. higher than
at Messrs. Combe 's brewery, so that it was neces-
sary to commence pumping early in the morning,
or else the water would be down too low. On one
occasion, a further supply of water being required
by Messrs. Combe, they were persuaded to sink an
additional well, with a view of reaching what was
termed the " backbone " of the chalk, and to shut
out the sand-water. The failure which arose was
predicted. Subsequently by boring holes from the
cylinders into the sand. formation, a supply, it was
said, of 70 gallons
.per minute was obtained. In
consequence of the discovery that the water in the
well was gradually lowering, daily gaugings had
been taken for the last thirty-two years of the rise
and fall of the water. From these observations a
diagram had been constructed, which had enabled
a prediction to' be made in 1846, that the well
would be dry in 1857, and it proved correct.
Another diagram was also exhibited, showing the
monthly rainfall over the same period. On the
other hand it was contended that the paper dis-
tinctly stated that the level of the water in the
Trafalgar-square wells had not been permanently
depressed, but that, on the contrary, the water stood
at the same height in Dec., 1857, as it had done in
Dec., 1847, notwithstanding the large quantity of
water pumped in the interval. That there had been
variations in the level was not disputed, for after a
heavy rainfall, or much snow in the winter, the
water in the wells increased in' the following'spring,
and under opposite circumstances the level of the
water fell. It was believed that when wells were
properly made and sunk, in suitable localities, into
the chalk, the water would stand for a series of
years at the same level as when the wells were ori-
oinally sunk. Two analyses made by a competent
Chemist at a long interval of time also showed
that the water from the Trafalgar•square wells
contained less saline matter than formerly. With
regard to the statements as to the general and
permanent depression of the' level of the water in,
all the wells in the chalk in the north of London,
it was advisable that the situation and particulars
of the wells in which this had been noticed should
be given, and also the quantity of water daily
pumped, and the manner in which the observations
rated were
imade.n this Unlessn to ht these aa sns e
isolatedr t assertionswi
ne
sr
te a concrer, obbo-
n t
by numerous examples—they did not prove much:
It had been urged that it was impossible to get a
large supply of water from the chalk. To this it
was replied, that in 1853 a company was formed to
supply Charlton, Plumstead, and Woolwich from

that source, when from a single well 600,000 gal-
lens per- day had been obtained. In' 1857 'a new
borehole,lB inches diameter, was carried down from
the bottom of the well to a further depth 'if 509
feet, by which the supply had been increased to
1,000,000 gallons per day, and yet the water stood
at the same level as. at first. The Kent Waterworks
Company had followed this example, and had sunk
a well from which upwards of 1,250,000 gallons per
day had been pumped, without producing any effect
whatever upon the supply to the
,Plumstead works.
Another well wits then sunk, not 500 yards from the
first, the yield from which exceeded 1,500,000 galls
per day ; and the two together produced, upwards
of 3,000,000 gallons per day, yet the level of the
water eemained, the same. • 'Thus a large: district of
the metropolis was supplied with water from the
chalk, and the water was practically free from salt
(chloride of sodium), containing no more salt per
gallon than the Mimics Water above TeddingtOn
lock. It was explained that the water of the
PlUinpstead: well was undoubtedly deriied from the
chalk, but the London basin did not extend so far,
being interrupted by-a fault or faults, so that no
fair comparison could be instituted ?etween the
Wells under Londomand those at.Plumstead. Also,
that analyses of the water from the Traftelger square
wells showed 79.9. grains of sea salt per gallon,
and little or no carbonate offfme, thus proving that
it was sand and salt water, and net chalk water. It
was thought that the_paper failed to give informa-
tion on several points on which explanation was
much needed. From 1841 to 1856, it had been pub-
licly contended that at the Trafalgar-squere,wells
no water came from the sand, but that it was de-
rived entirely from the chalk. The increase in the
supply, amounting, it was said, to 600 gallons instead
of 100 gallons per minute, had been attributed to
thee-enlargement of the fer extending fissures of the
chalk. If this was the case it had been found by
calculation that 100 gallons per minute, at atmos-
pheric pressure, passing through say 20 miles of
chalk fissure, would require a borepipe 20 inches
diameter; whereas the actual borepipe was only
seven inches diameter; and to admit the increased
supply of 600 gallons per minute this pipe ought to
be 19 inches, diameter. Thequantity of chalk which
must have been displaced under such circumstances
was enormous, and yet no account had been given of
it. The members should also have been told that in
driving the tunnel between the two wells, owing to
the want of proper precautions; the sand spring
built in and nearly drowned the well-sinkers. It was
thought the blowing of sand which took place in
sinking the second well did not arise, as had been
alleged, from the screws which held the joints of
the pipes being shaken out, but from the excess of
pumping over a limited area. It was not until after
some days' pumping' of sand into the cisterns of
Buckingham Palace and elsewhere that this fact
was discovered. It was asserted that the wells in
Orange-street and Trafalgar-square were not excep-
tional to, the general laws governing the rise and
fall of waters. They were sand and not chalk
spring wells, so that the water supplied to the
Palace and Government offices was not pure chalk
water, but was derived from the sand, and was
partly saline, It was stated that since 1832 the
pumps-in a well in Cowper-street, City-road, had
to be lowered twice, the water level having sunk at
last 30ft., though the quantity of water pumped
had remained the same. Mention was made of the
abundant supply of water in the chalk at Ipswich.
There was a large tract of rising country behind,
and the chalk cropped out on the. upper side of the
river Orwell, into which considerable streams of
fresh water ran. It was stated that the town of
Colchester' containing about 20,000 inhabitants,
had since 1851 been supplied with water from a
well and a boring into the chalk to the depth of
390 ft. from the surface. The quantity raised ave-
raged 1,250,000 gallons per week, but more could
be obtained if necessary, There had been no appae
rent diminution in the yield, and the water stood
at the same level as it did nine years ago, which
was about five feet above high-water mark. An ac-
count was then given of a deep boring recently pro-
secuted at Harwich, for the purpose of obtaining an
adequate, supply of fresh water for the inhabitants
and for the shipping frequenting the harbdur.
Harwich was situated immediately upon the, ada
coast, about 12 miles in an eosterly direction
from Colchester, and about 12 miles in a southerly
from Ipswich, at both of which places an abundant
supply of water had been derived from the chalk ,
formation. Many unsuccessful attempts had pre-
viously becn made. due it was believed, to suffi-
cient care not leaving. been taken to shut out the
salt water. It was therefore determined to use east-
iron-pipes, with water-tight joints, and to sink
them sufficiently , deep into the chalk to shut out
the saltwater. Pipes 10 inches diameter,\ and in
lenghts of 9ft. were employed, • and these were
forced down 50ft. in the chalk, by which it was
hoped that the saltwater would be prevented from
descending into the borehole. The boring was then
prosecuted with a--view of reaching the deep
springs which had' been ascertained to exist in the
chalk at no very great distance; but the only re-
sult was, saltwater of precisely the sane character
as that in the harbour and the sea immediately ad-
jacent. The cylinders were then forced down to a
depth of 480 ft., and the boring was continued with-
out any fresh-w ater spring being apparently tapped,
as the 'bore-hole remained filled with salt ,water.
The expedient was then resorted to of pumping out
the salt water, but it flowed in as fast as it was with-
drawn: The boring was then continued. without
any better results in the upper green sand, and sub-
sequently through the gault to the lower green sand,
which was the same stratum that supplied the great
boring at Grenelle, in the Paris basin. A few grains
of coloured sand, mixed with gault, were met with,
giving indications of the existrnee of this forma-
tion,-when suddenly an extremely hard rocky stra-
tum was encountered. It somewhat resembled
slate, having aline of cleavage with bed-joints dip-
ping considerably, and containing no fossils. The
work 'was then abandoned, and the boring remained
in that state at the present time, the water in the
pipe ebbing and flowing with the tide. The surface
of the ground where this boring was made was six
feet above high water, the chalk being met with at
74 feet below it. At Colchester the chalk was 121
feet below the same datum. The peculiarity which
had been noticed in the' stratification; and the
failure in finding fresh water, could only be ac-
counted for by the supposition that there was a
local fault within a short distance. A similar un-
successful attempt had been made at Walton-on-
the-Naze, about six miles from Harwich. It was
mentioned that in the 'West of Ireland, at a place
about 13 miles from the sea, a well had been sunk
through the cavernous limestone. The shaft was
9ft. in diameter, and from 50ft. to 60ft. deep. A
supply of water was obtained, but as it was not
sufficient an auger hole 3in, diameter was inserted
to a further depth of 30ft., or about the level of the
sea, and far below the possibility of drainage by
the adjacent rivers, when the water entirely disapt
peered. In that district rivers disappeared for a
distance of three or four miles and then reappeared
upon the surface. It was considered that it was
most objectionable to derive the supply of water
for the metropolis from the river Thames, and that
if practicable some other source should be resorted
to. The large demands already made by the me-
tropolitan population upon the waters of the Thames
had during dry seasons tended to injure the navi-
gation, by reducing the scour, and of late years the
abstraction of water from the Thames had been
greatly increased, aaappeared from the returns of
the water companies. It therefore became import-
ant to ascertain whether that portion of the rainfall
'which was absorbed and percolated into the chalk
beneath London, and did not reflow into the river
Thames, might not be made available for the supply
of the metropolis, without reducing the quantity. of
inetchommt
fresh water flowing down the Thames or
g . b
inches eight
ingin-
rus
of rainfall inatihnefrallresppeer annum descended descended into the
chalk basin surrounding London, a bare statement
of facts, showing that certain wells were being de-
pressed, whilst others were not, was not deemed
sufficient upon which to base an argument that an
important source of water supply might not be de-
rived from the chalk formation, or that the present
injurious demand upon the waters of the Thames
should be continued. It was remarked that in the
new red sandstone, the coal measures, the chalk and
other geological formations, the great volume of
water existed in the strata bitween 300 ft. and 900
feet deep. Therefore; the idea of getting a larger
quantity by sinking deeper was fallacious. Great
caution should be observed' in relying upon a sup-
ply_ of water from wells for large communities.
Ancient Rome, New York, Liverpool, and Man-
chester had originally been supplied from wells.
But in' all these cases the local wells had to be
abandoned, or else to be largely assisted by going
to sources where the water was on the surface. At
the same time wells should , not be wholly repu-
diated for small populations. In reference to the
remarks which had been made as to wells near the
sea coast, the well at Worthing was alluded to. It
was situated at less than a quarter of a mile from
the sea coast, and where the surface of the groend
was about 300 ft. above high water. The surface
water was tubbed out by cast-iron cylinders for a
depth of 70fW and then the chalk was bored into

,for a depth of 295 ft. About 150,000 gallons • per
day were' pumped, and. as yet there had been no
'perceptible diminution in the quantity, nor was the
water at all salt. It was believed that the strata
of the district was capable of yielding a much larger
-supply. The experience obtained in sinking a'
.large number,of wells into the chalk went to show
that. a variation in the water level might alivays be
anticipated, according as the previous. • season had
been wet or dry. This would not be conclusive whei•
the water was being drawn from wells much below
the natural outfit!l or the level of the sea. In those
cases It was aPprenetided .that the rise or • fall'
would.depend on the extent of the water-bearing
strata .within the- influence of the pumping.
In reply to some of the statements which had been
made in 'the ebb tse of the'disctission, it was observed
that the supply from the , Trafalgar-square wells
had not, been increased at one time. At first 100
gallons per minute were theught sufficient. 'When
a larger quantity was required 300 galls, per minute
were ,obtained, and now 600 gallons were pumped.
It.had been stated in the paper that the abstraction
of that quantity had lowered the water 24' ft., be-
yond which it•could not be depressed. A daily re-
cord has been kept during 11 years of the height of
the water in the wells, and the highest and lowest
:levels at which the water stood in each of these'
years were given.

After the meeting Mr. J. Poole exhibited and
explained a parallel motion safety. valve. It was
pointed out that the ordinary valve rested on it•
face, or seat ;' its vertical or upright motion being
guided by a, spindle on the lower side, passing
through a box or feathers in the steam pipe. The
area of the "difieharge pipe was thus reduced one-
third, and in some cases as much as one-half. This
valve was pressed upon by a weighted lever, mov-
ing on a hinge, or centre, on one side. When in a
state of rest, the lever and the centre of the spindle
were at right angles to each other; but 'as soon as
the valve rose the angle became more acute. This
brought an unequal load upon the valve, and caused
the valve to jam, or stick. Tho guide spindle, be-
ing below the valve face, was also liable to be cer-
roded by foal or dirty water, and to unegnal con-
traction and, expansion. It was likewise found that
these valves, when out of order, invariably leaped
on the side nearest the hinge of the lever. In the
parallel motion safety- valve the spindle was on the
upper side, the seat or face was flat, and the dis-
charge
was free of interior incumbrances, so that
less leverage and weight were necessary. The
spindle passed through a guide above, and to the
centre of the spindle, on which the valve was hinged,
the parallel motion was attached. It was shown,
by a sectional model, that the radial action of the
lever did not control the vertical action of the valve,
which therefore could not stick or jam in its seat.