The Sun.
London, England, 1832-08-30 00:00:00

SUPPLEMENT.

There is great solicitude, apparently, that properly qua.
lified persons should be elected to serve in the Reformed
Parliament. It is a question whether this or that com-
munity shall or shall not demand Pledges, or specific en-
gagements always to maintain particular opinions ; and if
candidates are diffident, or object to decide or promise on
great and intricate questions now and for ever, there is
an outcry. Does it ever occur to the Electors to consider
their own qualifications for deciding upon these very ques-
tions? Do they ever. reflect how they have come to this
or that conclusion, and whether their education and ex-
perience has enabled them to form sound opinions upon
hard matters ?

The instruction of Electors is, in truth, as important
as the integrity and ability of the Representatives. Un-
less Voters themselves are well-informed on the subjects
respecting which they demand the sentiments of Candi-
dates, they will neither know what questions to ask, nor
how to decide upon the answers. At present, political
information is supposed to come by inspiration—for no
oi:e ever studies its elements or pursues it as a science ; and
yet every one considers himself competent to decide on the
most important points of the national interest.
Even the newspaper, to be properly understood, re-
quires a cultivation which few have had ; and indeed, it
is not easy to say where it could be procured. There are
teachers and lecturers of all kinds except in political know-
ledge. Ordinary journalis's and speakers discuss particular
questions, or parts of them, according to the views or
wants of the day ; but there are none who have supplied
ample materials and grounds for judging and deciding all
questions in which the interests of the country may be
concerned. This can only be done by arranging and con-
densing, in some accessible form, the principles and prac-
tice of the great State business, as it is conducted.
In any j urnal, it would be difficult to find space for
the development of the State machinery—to exhibit its
working—to examine the taw m aerial on which it is
employed, and the nature and us. es of its manufacture. In
the Spectator, large as it is, the claims on its space are
such as to render it often difficult to pack up in its columns
the ordinary supply of matter. An expedient, has, how-
ever, keen hit upon, which, though involving unprece-
dented labour and expense, still promises advantages of so
striking a nature as to authorise the Proprietors of the
Spectator to run the risk, with the certainty of doing a
valuable service to the Constituency of the country, and at
the same time the hope of establishing another claim upon
die public, which may ultimately he considered and dis-
charged.
In a MONTHLY SUPPLEMENT to the SPECTATOR, Of a
size. equal to the newspaper itself, and wholly devoted to
the exposition of the business of the House of Com slons,
in its character of the grand tribunal of Trade, Commerce,
Taxation, Revenue, Expenditure, and generally of inter-
nal and external Legislation, we shall be able, by means
of systematic arrangement and tabular exhibition, to put
into the hands of our subscribers (gratis), in the course
of a few months, a body of Political Knowledge—a Key
to Parliamentary Information—a Text-book for both Elec-
tor and Candidate, wherein the one will learn what he
ought to require, and the other what it is his duty to do.
By way of exemplification of our views, we will men-
tion the proposed object of the First Supplement ; which
it is intended to dedicate wholly to THE WORKING OF THE
HOUSE OF COMMONS. We shall exhibit in detail the
manner in which that branch of the Legislature performs
its functions : considering the House as a vast and com-
plicated power, we shall examine in what way that power
is effectually applied to the transaction of affairs, and pro.
bably be enabled to suggest some improvement in its ap-
plication, which may be deemed of importance. Under
the various heads of Attendance, Economy of Time, Faci-
lities for Business, Promulgation of Proceedings, &c., we
shall render the House transparent to the world, and, as
it were, put the Legislature under a glass hive, through
which the observer may inspect the labour of his bees,
and what is more, detect the slumbers of his drones, at his
pleasure.
Succeeding Supplements will be of equal importance
according to the opportunities that occur. The Second
will probably be set apart to the grand subject of Finance;
another to Currency, the Bank, and Banks in general ;
another to the Cokmies; another to the Corn Laws, and
so on. The manner will be altogether expository, and not
dogmatical. The object continually kept in view will be,
that each Supplement shall supply ample and well-arranged
materials, so as to enable the Elector to make up his mind
fully and satisfactorily on some one branch of Political
Knowledge, and subsequently retain the Whole, as a guide
and friend of easy access, to which he may apply when
any doubt or difficulty occurs in the course of the exercise
of his political dude+.
The First Supplement (subject, THE WORKING OF
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS) will be published in
London on the 29th September ; and will be despatched
to every town in the kingdom, by the Booksellers' Monthly
Parcels, on the Ist October. Those Subscribers in the
Country who reside in situations where it would he incon-
venient to receive their copies otherwise than by post, may
be accommodated with stamped copies, for the price of the
snoop duty merely, on giving notice, a week before the
publication of each Number, throti.:.4l the Newsy. niter or
Bookseller who supplies them.
3, Wellington-street, 22ti August, 1831.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

EGHAM RACES, Aua. 29.

It would require more than ordinary ingenuity to ima-
gine any thing so wretched as the racing this day ; its
only commendable feature was extreme consistency, for
every thing was alike bad ; the rain was incessant, the
Course ankle deep in dirt, the company thin, and the sport
execrable ; to make matters worse, the Royal Family_ were
non est inventus, and Tippo's marquees untenanted. The
demand for cloaks, umbrellas, and clogs was extensive ;
in the latter articles the trade was unusually brisk, especi-
ally on the Course, for we noticed more than one attempt
to " gammon" Gentlemen out of their caleshes, at prices
much beyond the market quotation.. The various stands
must have turned out bad speculations, for, with the ex-
ception of that appropriated to the betting men, all were
empty. The only members of the fashionable world who
had pluck" enough to defy the weather were—the Duke
of Richmond, Lord George Lennox, Hon. F. Berkeley,
Hon. G. Berkeley, Hon. B. Craven, Sir M. Wood, Sir
F. Bathurst, Colonel Salwey, and one or two others. In
the betting stand a few St. Leger bets were made, at 7 to 1
agst Retainer ; 7 to 1 agt Nicotris ; 9 to 1 agst Har-
grave; 15 to 1 agst Ludlow; and 15 to 1 agst Fang;
the rest as before. A strong muster of sporting men is
expected to morrow, and some important betting on the
great race is likely to take place.
The following brief account will suffice for the amuse-
ments of the afternoon :

The Surrey and Middlesex Stakes of 25 soy. each, 15 ft.,
Two miles and a distance.

Mr. J. Day's Liston
Lord Uxbridge's f. by Sultan
Capt. Martyn's Misletoe ..

The heavy state of the ground, and his well-known
quality for going well through dirt, made Liston the fa-
vourite at 3 to 1 agst the field ; 5 to 1 was laid agst Misle-
toe, and Bto 1 agst f. by Sultan. Liston made all the
running, and won very easy by three lengths. Misletoe
was beaten in the first mile. The winner ridden by Pa-
vis. This is about the 42d race old Liston has won.

The MagnA Charta Stakes of 50 soy. each, h. ft., for
three yrs old. A mile.
Sir G. Heathcote's Damascus walked over.
Produce Sweepstakes of 50 soy. each.
This race was off.

The Hopeless Stakes of 5 soy. each, and 30 added. Heats,
about two miles. The winner to be sold for SO soy.
Mr. Thomas's Blinker 1 1
Mr. Oliver's Don Antonio
Mr. Gardnor's King William 3 dr

This was truly a "hopeless" affair ; the horses ran up
to their fetlocks in mud and in the midst of a heavy
shower. In the first beat Blinker's superior strength
made quick work with the other two, notwithstanding he
had travelled from Epsom in the morning ; the second beat
he won in a common canter. Rode by G. Walker; King
William the favourite before the first heat, and any odds on
Blinker after.

It is stated confidently that their Alajesties will be pre-
sent to-morrow (this day.)

PONTEFRACT MEETING, AUG. 28.
Sweeps. of 30 sovs. each, 10 sovs. ft. for three yrs. old
colts and fillies. One mile and three quarters.
Mr. Houldsworth's br. c. Davis 1
Sir J. Beresford's eh. c. by Comus 2
Mr. Patric ch. 1. Lady Barbara 3
Lord Sligo's b. c. Westport 4
The Stapleton Stakes of 50 sovs. each h. ft. for 2 yrs.
old colts and fillies. T.Y.C.
Mr. J. Scott's br. c. Connoisseur walked over.

Pro'auce Stakes of 50 gs: each, h. ft. for 3 yrs. old. One

mile and three quarters.
Mr. N. Ridsdale's b. c. Burgomaster 1
Mr. Houldsworth's b. f. Persian 2
Fifty pounds given by the Town. H.V.S. Jerningham,
one of the Members for the Borough of Pontefract, for
horses, &e. of all ages. Heats one mile and a quarter.
Mr. T. Gascoigne's b. f. Diana, 4 yrs 3 1 1
Sir J. Gerard's br. h. Rex, 5 yrs 1 2 2
Mr. Loy's br. c. Lelevo, 3 yrs 2 3 ilr

TORY PLEDGES.

I pledge myself, through thick and thin,
To labour still, with zeal devout,
To get the Outs, poor devils, in,
And turn the Ins, the wretches, out.

I pledge myself, though much bereft
Of ways and means of ruling ill,
To make the most of what are left,
And stick to all that's rotten still.

Though gone the days of place and pelf,
And drones no more take all the honey,
I pledge myself to cram myself
With all I can of public money.

To quarter on that social purse
My nephews, nieces, sisters, brothers,
Not, so we prosper, care a curse
How much 'tis at th' expense of others.
I pledge myself, whenever Right
And Might on any point divide,
Nat to ask which is black or white,
But take, at once, the strongest side.
For instance, in all Tithe discussions,
I'm for the Reverend encroachers :
I loathe the Poles, applaud the Russians,—
Am for the Squires, against the Poachers

Betwixt the Corn-Lords and the Poor
I've not the slightest hesitation,—
The People must be starv'd, t' insure
The Land its due remuneration.

I pledge myself to be no more
With Ireland's wrongs beprosed or shamm'd ;-
1 vote her grievances a bore,
So she may suffer, and be d—d,
Or if she kick, let it console us,
We still have plenty of redcoats,
To cram the Church, that general bolus,
Down any giv'n amount of throats.
I dearly love the Frankfort Diet,—
Think newspapers the worst of crimes ;
And would, to give some chance of quiet,
Hang all the writers of the Times ;
Break all their correspondent's bones,
All authors of " Reply," " Rejoinder,"
From the Anti-Tory, Colonel J—es,
To the Anti-Suttee, Mr. P—ynd—r.
Such are the Pledges I propose,
And though I can't now offer gold,
There's many a way of buying those
Who've but a taste for being sold.

So here's, with three times three hurrahs,
A toast, of which you'll not complain,—
" Long life to jobbing ; may the days
" Of Peculation shine again !" Times.

HOP INTELLIGENCE.—The plantations near
Maidstone continued to improve until Saturday; since
then the high winds and colder weather will, we fear,
stop their growth, and diminish their quantity and qua-
lity. From the Weald of Kent we have various reports;
at some places slight improvement, and at others not so
good. The Sussex plantation has generally improved ;
and the East Kent we consider likely to produce about half
of an average crop. We calculate the picking will com-
mence about the 12th of September. Duty called 156,0001.
which we consider too high. The plantations in the
neighbourhood of Cranbrook have somewhat improved ;
and should the weather be favourable this week, two-
thirds of the grounds will produce a fair crop. The
grounds of 'garden and adjoining villages have made con-
siderable progress in appearance within the last week ;
and we now anticipate more hops in these grounds, which
have been much affeled by honey and lice, than we a short
time ago expected.—Maidstone Gazette.

ADVERTISEMENT.—TEMPERANCE.--We
should study as much as possible those habits which tend
to establish a healthful system. Temperance is to the body
what peace is to the mind; if the former be studied, the
latter will follow in a great or small degree. As the
present period contains more dangers to the bodily system
than we have hitherto met with at this portion of the year,
it behoves us to use stricter precautions, therday rearing
a defence against the evils which surround us. If the ac-
tions of the stomach are rendered unhealthy, we find a
lassitude, and the blood, instead of having a free circula-
tion, is propelled upwards in greater quantities than is re-
quired by nature. The head being inflamed by the cause
we have mentioned, it requires an aid to lessen the heat.
If we throw over it a covering which excludes the atmos-
phere, we render it still more inflamed ! but, if the texture
will act as a ventilator, we lessen the inflammation.
Some hats, by their great weight, will add to the evil,
while others, by their lightness and ventilatin4 qualities,
will materially lower its strength. The latter kind of hats
we have met with at Duggin and Co.'s Manufactory, in
Newgate-street, the excellent properties of which are assi-
milated to our opinion. As a proof that these bats are
properly appreciated, we can state that extensive orders are
sent for them from India, where any think of a trivial
weight upon the head would at once be rejected.
Yesteiday, a young woman, in a fit of disap-
pointed love, swallowed a large quantity (480 drops) of
laudanum, with a view to put an end to her life. The act,
however, soon became known, and she was carried to the
Royal Infirmary, where means to counteract the poison
were successfully employed, and she was pronounced out
of danger last night.—Caledonian Merc4ry,

LITERATURE.

LECTURES ON THE STEAM-ENGINE,
BY THE REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D., &c.

LONDON. TAYLOR.

The above work has reached its fourth edi-
tion, but has received such considerable addi-
tions as to contain double the matter it formerly
did. The new matter is of a most interesting
description, consisting chiefly of an account of
the Liverpool railway, and of the preparations
for working steam-carriages upon turnpike roads.
This subject is of such vast importance to the
nation at large—for there cannot be a doubt that
it is upon steam power that we shall ere long
have to look for the maintenance of our superi-
ority over the rest of the world—that we shall
not apologise for making some rather copious
extracts from the interesting work before us.
The first we shall make will show the amount of
traffic upon the Manchester and Liverpool rail-
road, with the profits of the projectors. Dr.
Lardrer thus introduces it :
" The Liverpool and Manchester railway has now been
in operation for the conveyance of passengers and mer
chandise for the space of eighteen months, and the practi-
cability of the speculation, considered as a commercial in-
vestment, has been fully proved• The extent, however,
of its advantages is still unascertained. The expenses at-
tending the work have been greatly increased by the want
of previous experience in the construction of fit engines;
and although none of the engines constructed can be re-
garded as failures, yet the course of improvement has been
so rapid, that the company have been forced to lay engines
aside, not because they performed less than was expected,
but because others were contrived which performed more.
The expenses of the concern has thus been very materially
increased in amount; and any future similar undertaking,
profiting by the experience thus gained, will effect a cor-
responding saving.

Notwithstanding these disadvantages, which must
inevitably have attended a great public experiment of this
nature, the proprietors have already realised a considerable
profit on the capital invested, and this profit has been to
the present time going on at a rapid rate of increase.
The following extract from the half yearly reports of the
Company will show the traffic ou that road during the
year 1831, together with the receipts and expenditure.
Ist of January to Ist of July, 1831.

Tons.
Merchandise between Liverpool and Manchester 35,865
Ditto between Liverpool and the Bolton Junction ...

42,692

Coals from collieries near Liverpool 2,889
Passengers booked at Company's office, 188,726 (exclusive
of passengers taken up on the road.)
The gross receipts on this traffic were as follow :
Passengers
Merchandise 21,875 0 1
Coal 2lB 6 2

£65,693 13 8
Amounting to 4s. 74d. per passenger booked, and 10s. 3d.
per ton for merchandise.

The disbursements upon the same traffic were as follows :
Coaching department for passengers £19,099 16 5
Merchandise, &c 16,279 7 5

Profit

Total 35,379 3 10
30,314 9 10

£65,69313 8
ht July to 31st December, 1831.

Tons.
Merchandise between Liverpool and Manchester 52,224
Trattic on the road 2,347

54,57

Between Liverpool and the Bolton Junction 10,917
Coal from the adjacent collieries 8,396
Passengers booked, exclusive of those taken up en the
ro id 256.321.
RECEIPTS.
- . .

Coach department £58,348 10 0
Merchandise 00,7M 17 8
Coal 695 14 4

£89,809 2 0

_ .
ExPENsEs.
Passengers department £25,930 1 1
Merchandise 21,841 4 10
Coal department 505 16 3
Bolton Junction 748 16 3

Net profit

49,025 18 5
40,783 3 7

£89,800 2 0
The capital expended in the completion of the way and
works, including the engines, coaches, waggons, &c. &c.
to 31st December, 1831, amounted to 992,0541. 3s. 6d.
The profits from the opening were as follows :
From the 16th September to the 31st Dec. 1830,... £14,432 19 5
From the Ist January to 30th June, 1831 30,314 9 10
From the Ist July to 31st Dec. 1831 40,783 3 7

Total £83,53012 10
The dividends have been as follows :-
31st December, 1830, 6375 shares of 1001. at 21. per
share£l2,7so 0 0
Ditto ditto, to the 30th June, 1831, 0375 shares of
1001. at 4/. 10s. per share. Ditto ditto, 6375 shares
of 25/. at 9s. per share 31,556 5 0
Ditto ditto, 31st December, 1831, 7968? shares of
1001. at 4/. Ios. per share 35,859 7 6

Total .Z 60,165 12 6

" From the above statement it will appear that the
traffic on the road, as well in passengers as in merchan-
dise, went on continually increasing up to the close of 1831,
nor has this increase yet ceased. In the half-year ending
the 31st December, 1831, the average quantity of mer-
chandise conveyed in six weeks was 15,112 tous: the
quantity conveyed in the six weeks ending 23d March,
1832, was 16,632 tons. The receipts in the department
for passengers in the 12 weeks ending 23d March, 1831,
was 13,9651 6s. 11 d. ; and in the 12 weeks ending 23d
March, 1832, was 15,4961. 11s. 3d.
" Iu the account of the expenditure contained in the
above abstract, considerab!e sums are included which are
in fact unconnected with the railway, and arising al-
together from local circumstances. The extremities of the
railway being a considerable distance from the centre of
business in Liverpool and M,nchester, it was found exile•
dient, with a view to encourage the traffic in passengers,
that the company should bear the expense of horse car-
riages to transport the passengers from the centres of the
towns to the extremities of the rail-road. This expense,
from the Ist of January to Ist of July, 1831, amounted
to one third of the sum received for the passengers booked ;
and from Ist of July to 31st of December, it amounted to
nearly half that sum : thus, above 50001. in this item
alone should be deducted from the expenditure of the rail-
way transport. The account of expenses also includes
5,6471. interest for capital borrowed, which should
also be deducted. These would leave the expenditure
nearly 11,0001. less, and the profits as much more. But
besides this, owing to improvements in the engines,
the consumption of coke, expenses of repairs, &c. have
gone on gradually decreasing. Under all the circumstances
now explained there can be no doubt that, while the traffic
on the road continues to increase, the expenditure of the
Company will be certainly and rapidly diminished, due
regard being bad to the tonnage and the Ember of pas
sengers."

Our next extract, though taken from Dr.
Lardner's book, is, in fact, a summary of the
report of a Committee of the House of Com-
mons, appointed last year to examine into the
subject of steam power, as applied to the pro-
pulsion of carriages, in consequence of a peti-
tion presented by Mr. Gurney, to whom the
public is indebted for the first idea of running
steam-carriages on a common turnpike-road. The
Committee states :
" 1. That carriages can be propered by steam on com-
mon roads at an average rate of 10 miles per hour.
" 2. That at this rate they have conveyed upwards of
14 passengers.
4, 3. That their weight, including engine, fuel, water,
and attendants, may be under three tons.
~ 4. That they can ascend and descend hills of consi-
derable inclination with facility and safety.
46 5. That they are perfectly safe for passengers.
cc 6. That they are not (or need not be, if proper'y
constructed) nuisances to the public.

7. That they will become a speedier and che.p,r
mode of conveyance than carriages drawn by horses.
‘, 8. That, as they admit of greater breadth of tire
than other carriages, and as the roads are not acted on so
injuriously as by the feet of horses in common draught,
such carriages will cause less wear of roads than coaches
drawn by horses.

g, 9. That rates of toll have been imposed on steam-
carriages, which would prohibit their being used n several
lines of road, were such charges permitted to remain un-
altered."

Our next quotation is made with a view to do
away with a prejudice which has arisen in the
minds of some against steam-carriages, on ac-

count of the injury they fancy they will inflie
upon agriculture. Dr. Lardner says :
.

" The erroneous opinions entertained by many persons
respecting the injurious effects which may be produced by
shin improvement on the agricultural interests are conclu-
tively refuted in the evidence of Colonel Torrens. On
the contrary, as he there clearly proves, so far from injur-
ing the agricultural interests, such improvements in the
means of transport must materially serve them. Agri-
culture is prosperous in proportion as the quantity of pro-
duce brought to market exceeds the quantity expended
in bringing it there. If steam-carriages be employed
instead of carriages drawn by horses, it will be
because that mode of conveyance is cheaper.—
Cheapening the transport of produce must necessarily
diminish the quantity of produce expended in bring-
ing a giving quantity to market, and will, therefore, in-
crease the net surplus which constitutes the encourage.
ment to agriculture. There are many tracts of land
which cannot now be cultivated, because the expense of
cultivation and transport exceeds the quantity which that
expenditure would bring to market ; but if you diminish
the quantity expended in bringing a given quantity to
market, then you obtain a surplus produce from such in-
ferior soils, and, consequently, allow cultivation to be ex-
tended over tracts which could not otherwise be tilled.
It is a well known principle, also, that every improvement
which allows us to cultivate land of a quality which could
not previously be cultivated, also enables us to cultivate
more highly land already under tillage.
" The sudden introduction of steam-carriages, were it
possible, might produce temporary inconvenience, by the
quantity of horses which would thereby become displaced;
but this introduction can never be suddenly so extensive as
to produce that effect. Meanwhile the beneficial effects
upon the profits of trade, produced by the reduction of
the cost of transport, must encourage industry and enlarge
the demand for labour. The demand for labour depends
upon the quantity of food and raw materials which can be
cheaply obtained. The displacing of horses by steam-
engines will set free more food and more material, and the
demand for labour will, therefore, instead of being dimi-
nished, be greatly increased. It has been calculated that,
upon common roads, in Great Britain, the number of
horses employed amount to a million; and it is said that
as much land is required for the support of one horse as
would sustain eight men. If steam-carriages should
supersede horses altogether upon the roads, it would fol-
low therefore that there would be available food;1 and, a
demand for eight millions of additional population; but
when it is considered that, in addition to this, the low
price of transport would extend cultivation to inferior de-
scriptions of soil, which are now unproductive, and would
further enable us to apply additional labour to soils already
under tillage, it may be fairly concluded that the introduc-
tion of elementary power upon common roads, to super-
sede horses, would ultimately double the population, the
wealth, and power of Great Britain.
" It has been objected, that there are soils which are
capable of producing nothing but what is adapted for the
support of horses. To this it may be answered, first, that
the total displacement of horses cannot be supposed, and
that it will happen unavoidably, that a considerable
number must continue to be in use, for the purposes of
pleasure as well as in those cases to which, from a variety of
causes, steam is inapplicable, and that if there be such land
as is capable of only supporting horses, the quantity of such
land does not exceed that which would be sufficient 1.. r
the horses which, at all events, must continue to be re-
quired. It is also to be considered, that even were such
lands thrown out of culivation, the persons employed in
cultivating them would find a more than equivalent de-
mand from the extended cultivation of other laud not of
this particular quality: but secondly, the fact of there be-
ing any land profitable to cultivate, which is not capable
of raising some other produce than oats, for which the in-
creasing population would create a demand, is extremely
doubtful.

" If the sudden introduction of steam-carriages for the
conveyance of passengers should produce a temporary
fall in the demand for agricultural produce, other effects
would ensue which would compensate the agriculturists
for such an injury. As the demand for agricultural produce
falls, the price must likewise fall, and that would benefit,
partly the I tbouring class and partly the capitalists—the
one by receiving higher real wages, and the other higher
profits. This would produce a great encouragement to
manufacturing industry. This would naturally lead to an
increase in the manufacturing population, and to the
amount of capital thus employed. The consequence would
be, after some pressure upon the agriculturists, the in-
creased population would create the same demand for agri-
cultural pro (lice which the employment of horses formerly
created, so that, on the improbable, nay, impossible, suppo-
sition that steam carriages should never be employed for
agricultural purposes, the benefit to the country would
still be great, by enabling the country to support an in-
creased industrious population, and to become, even more
extensively than at present, the great workshop of the
world.

" The replacing of horses by mechanical power would
have the same effect upon the population and wealth of
England, as if the actual extent of the country were to be
increased by adding to it as much additional fertile terri
tory as would be equal to the land which supports all the
horses now employed upon common roads. Such an ad-
dition to the territory of the country would, in the first
instance, lower the value of agricultural produce, and be
injurious to the proprietors of the former territory ; but
no person could therefore contend, that to enlarge the
country by additional tracts of fertile land would be to
injure the public interests; yet it is not less absurd to
object to increase the availab!e food for human beings by
displacing horses and substituting for them mechanical
power. Instead of raising the means of locomotion from
the surface of the ground, we draw it front the bowels of
the earth. Men are capable of being supported by the
one, but cannot derive nourishment from the other."

FINE ARTS.

PORTRAIT OF EARL GREY.

Mr. Wilkin will do himself credit by this
lithograph portrait, which is characterized by
extraordinary fidelity as a resemblance, with the
exception, perhaps, that the lower part of the
countenance is a little too much flattered. The
eye and brow, however, are singularly true to
nature.

PORTRAIT OF THOS. ATTWOOD, ESQ

We have just seen a proof engraving of Thos.
Attwood, Esq., of Birmingham, which, as a
likeness, is creditable, and, as a work of art, is
of the usual average, being neither above nor
below mediocrity. It derives its chief interest
from its choice of subject.