The Sun.
London, England, 1859-09-10 00:00:00

FRANCE AND ITALY.

The iifoniteur publishes an article of which the
following is a translation :
" When facts speak for themselves it appears at
the first blush needless to explain them. Never-
theless, when passion or intrigue disfigure the
most simple things, it becomes indispensable to put
them in their proper light, so that every man may
form a correct idea of currentevents.
" In July last, when the Franco-Sardinian and
Austrian armies were face to face between the
Adige and the Mincio, the chances were fairly
balanced on either side ; for if the Franco-Sardinian
army had the moral influence of success obtained
on its side, the Austrian army was numerically
stronger, and relied, not only upon formidable for-
tresses, but upon all Germany, ready, at the first
signal, to come to her assistance. Had such an
event taken place the Emperor Napoleon would
have been obliged to withdraw his troops from the
banks of the Adige to place them on the Rhine, and
then the Italian cause for which the war was under-
taken would have become, if not a dead letter, at
least gravely compromised.
" Under those grave circumstances the Emperor
thought that it would be advantageous for France
in the first place, and then for Italy, to conclude
peace, provided that the conditions were conform-
able to the programme which he had drawn up, and
useful to the cause he wished to serve.
" The first point was to ascertain whether Aus-
tria would cede by treaty the conquered territory ;
the second, whether she would frankly abandon the
supremacy which she had acquired throughout the
whole Italian peninsula; whether she would recog-
nise the principle of an Italian nationality by ad-
mitting a federative system ; whether, finally, she
would consent to grant to Venetia institutions
which would make it a real Italian province.
" As regards the first point, the Emperor of
Austria ceded the conquered territory without hesi-
tation ; and, as regarded the second, he promised
the most large concessions to Venetia, admitting for
its future organisation the same position as Luxem-
burg holds towards the German Confederation ;
but to these concessions he made the condition sine
qua non of the restoration of the Archdukes to
their States.

" Thus, the question was clearly put at Villa-
franca--either the Etnperor had to stipulate nothing
for Venetia and to confine himself to the advantages
tcquired by his arms, or else, to obtain important
concessions and the admission of the principle of
nationality, he had to give his adhesion to the return
of the Archdukes. Common sense, therefore, traced
his line of conduct, for there was no question of re-
storing the Archdukes by foreign troops, bMt, on
the contrary, of restoring them with sure guaran-
tees, by the free will of the populations, to whom
it would be explained how much such restoration
)uld be in the real interest of Italy.
" This is, in a few words, the tine statement of
the negotiations at Villafranca, and every impartial

man will admit that the Emperor Napoleon obtained,
by the treaty of peace, as much, and perhaps more,
than he obtained by force of arms.

" And it must also be admitted that it was not
without a feeling of deep sympathy that the Em-
peror Napoleon beheld the frank and determined
manner with which the Emperor Francis Joseph,
in the interest of the peace of Europe, and with the
desire to establish good relations with France, not
only gave up one of his richest provinces, but relin-
quished the perhaps dangerous policy, yet not
wanting in glory, which had given to Austria the
domination of Italy. _ _

" In fact, if the Treaty was sincerely carried out,
Austria was no longer, for the Italian Peninsula,
that inimical and dreaded Power, opposed to all
national aspirations, from Parma to Rume, and
from Florence to Naples ; on the contrary, she be-
came a friendly Power, because she consented to be
no longer a German Power on that side of the Alps,
and to develope her Italian nationality to the
shores of the Adriatic.

" After the above, it will be easily understood
that if, after the peace, the destinies of Italy had
been entrusted to men more bent upon the future
welfare of their common country than upon small
partial successes, the object of their efforts would
have been to develope,and not to obstruct, the con-
sequences of the Treaty of Villafranca. What, in
fact, could have been more simple and patriotic than
to have said to Austria, You wish the restoration
of the Archdukes.' Well, let it be so ! but then
you will fulfil your promises to Venetia, she will
be granted a free existence, an Italian Government
and army. In other words, the Emperor of Austria
would on the other side of the Alps be simply
Grand Duke of Venetia, as the King of Holland is
Grand Duke of Luxemburg.
" It is even possible that frank and friendly
negotiations might have induced the Emperor of
Austria to adopt measures more in harmony with
the wishes expressed by the Duchies of Modena
and Parma.

" The Emperor Napoleon, after what had taken
place, ought to have been able to rely upon the
common sense and patriotism of Italy, and to be-
lieve that it would understand the mainsprings of
his policy expressed in the following sentences :
" ' Instead of risking an European war, and
consequently the independence of his country—in-
stead of spending an additional 300,000,000 and
shedding the blood of 50,000 men, the Emperor
Napoleon accepted a peace which, for the first time
since centuries, sanctions the nationality of Italy.
Piedmont, which more essentially represents the
Italian cause, finds her power considerably in-
creased, and, if the confederation is established,
she will take the principal part ; but one single
condition is put to all these advantages—it is the
restoration of the ancient Sovereign houses to their
States.
" This language, we still believe, will be under-
stood by the healthy part of the nation, for with-
out it what will happen ? The French Govern•
ment has already declared it ; the Archdukes will
not be reinstated in their States by foreign arms,
but, one portion of the Treaty of Villafranca not
having been fulfilled, the Emperor, of Austria will
hold himself free of all engagements as regards
Venetia. Alarmed by hostile demonstrations on
the right bank of the Po, he will keep up a war
footing on thee left bank, and, instead of a policy
of conciliation and peace, we shall witness a renewal
of a policy of mistrust and hatred which will lead
to new troubles and to new disasters.
" Much hope is entertained from a European
Congress; we invoke it ourselves with all our
heart, but we doubt whether a Congress will ob-
tain better conditions for Italy. A Congress will
only ask for what is just; and would it be just to
ask for important concessions from a great Power
without offering it equitable compensation in re-
turn ? The only resource would be war. But let
not Italy be deceived. There is but one Power in
Europe that wages war for an idea; that Power is
France, and France has accomplished her task."

The 7inzes' Paris correspondent (Second Edition

says :

" The article in to-day's MOniteur is the engross-
ing topic of conversation and comment. The effect
in public is unfavourable ; and future complica-
tions, again menacing to the peace of Europe, are
generally anticipated. The article came last
night direct from St. Sauveur to the Moniteur,
and in the well-known handwriting employed
on these occasions. It did not pass through
the channel of the Foreign-office. Not only
was it thought superfluous to submit it to M.
IValewski before publication, but it was not
deemed worth while to inform him of the fact,
and the first information the Minister for Foreign
Affairs had of this new view of the Italian question
was from the official columns at the same time as
every tailor and hairdresser in Paris.
"In this document we have once more the proof
that the Emperor had not carefully considered all
the difficulties, nor taken a sufficient view of the
complications which would attend a struggle against
Austria. It is not very flattering or consoling to
be told that so much blood and treasure have been
spent by France in obtaining results admitted to be
comparatively so limited. The Italians, as well as
the French, may reply that it was not when he
was in the midst of the difficulties mentioned in
this document that it should have first occurred to
the Emperor that all Germany would, on the first
signal, come to the aid of Austria ; and that the
four great fortresses which arrested the French
armies were not built merely since the war broke
out, or bad lain unknown and unsuspected up to
that period.

"The Moniteur says that common sense required
the acceptance of the conditions of Villafranca ;
that is, the promised reforms for Venetia, and the
recognition of the principle of nationality, on con-
dition of the restoration of the Grand Dukes. But
had common sense' nothing to do with the Milan
proclamation, when Italy was to be free ' from the
Alps to the Adriatic ?' The fact is, that this sweep-
ing liberation from mountain to sea, so magnifi-
cently announced, was given up because the Em-
peror was, notwithstanding his victories, getting a
little out of his depth, and encountering obstacles
not easily overcome, but which a man of less judg-
ment mid foresight than he is reported to be should
have taken into his calculations and provided
against.

" The Moniteur says, that to every impartial
mind it is evident that the Emperor Napoleon ob-
tained by the treaty of peace as much, and it may
be more, than he had won by his arms.' lam not
sure that the Italians, who have some interest in
the question, will assent to this. Lombardy is a
conluest worth something ; it is a material gua-
rantee, which we take for granted the Lombards
themselves willingly accepted, and with which there
is no doubt the Piedmontese are very well satisfied.
And looking at this solid acquisition we may doubt
whether it is so very valueless in comparison with
vague assurances of reforms in Venetia, and the
promise of the diminution of Austrian influence in
Central Italy, proved, I suppose, by Austria insist-
ing on the restoration of her devoted agents in
Tuscany and Modena.
The prominent men of Central Italy, who,
perhaps, think themselves quite as good Italians
and as good patriots as the cosmopolitan legitimist
M. Poniatowski, will not feel greatly flattered at
the allusion made to them in the St. Sauvear
conununique
"' It is easy to understand that if,
after
peace, the destinies of Italy had been entrusted
men more occupied with the future welfare o
t ft_ theire
dthte
common country than with partial succe_veesphses2oe
scope of their efforts would have been o
and not to obstruct, the consequences of the Treaty'
d
of Villafranca, &c.' "
merit' O On
etphrios
atchheeltalitiansfor m
hi gahvt observe
i ng steorov ei
m that,plc iitfl
y they
ac-
cepted the declaration of theplrtoaglry, anaininde.
baobroeuatdeixly-
polling every Austrian from
responded to the call from their liberator to rise in
arms and aid him. The fate of Venice now., it
appears, depends on the sacrifice of Tuscany and
Modena. Austria will premise certain reforms in
the administration of Venetia, and thus show that
she means not to meddle any more in Italian poli-
tics, on the simple condition that these States shall
again receive the yoke of her devoted Lieutenants.

This is a question for the Tuscans and MD

to decide. -
" If one may judge by the closing paragraph
there is but iittle chance of a Congress. ' A Con-
gress,' says the 111oniteur, `would only demand
what is just, and you cannot ask a great Power to
make important concessions without offering equit-
able compensations in return. The only means
would be war; but let Italy not deceive herself,r
there is but one Power in Europe that makes wa
for an idea—it is France ; and France has accom-

plished her task.'
" This, indeed, is as true as if the chief of his
Majesty's Cabinet himself said it. The war in Italy
was for an idea ;' and, so far as the interesting
captive that was to be set free is concerned, the
results promise to be ideal enough. But the impor-
tant question now is, what will all this lead to ? If
Central Italy persists in refusing to take back from
the Austrian camp the fugitive Dukes, will Austria
consider herself released from her Villafranca stipu-
lations ? And if so, will she in her turn insist
upon Lombardy being restored to her, and take up
arms to enforce her demand ? If P iedmont be
attacked, will the Emperor of the French send
another army to her aid ? Or will he assist No"
tria in maintaining the stipulations of Villafranca ?
"It is clear that his Majesty is dissatisfied
with the Tuscans, Modenese, and Parmesans, as
well as with the Piedmontese ; and that not much
love seems to be lost between them. From the
friendly and even kind tone in which Austria is
spoken of in the St. Sauveur article,
we may infer
that the distance between Austria and France is
rapidly diminishing ; that a rapprochement is cer-
tain ; that the proposed interview between the
Emperors has not been absolutely rejected; and
that an Austro-French alliance is not so impro-
bable after all.
BOURSE, Sept. 9.—The market was heavy at the
opening, but afterwards rallied. Threes, after
having been done at 68f. 65c. to 68f. 50c., declined
to 68f. 30c., and have now rallied to 68f. 60c. Mc"
bilier varied from 807 f. to 807 f. 50c. ; Austrian,
547 f. 50c. to 550 f. ; Lombard, 552 f. 50c. to 5531
75e. ; Orleans, 1,362 f. 50c. to 1,366 f. 25c. ; Lyons,
865 f. to 868 f. 75c. ; Southern, 500 f. to 505 f. the
following were the last quotations :-
14 per Cents. 94 75 Credit Foncier....
Do. end month 95 I Belgian 4f ......
3 per Cents 6B 55 Piedmonteso (5) 85 50
Do. end month 6B 60 Roman B6 76
Bank Shares 2780 Austrian
Credit Mobi:er .. 805 Spanish Threes
47
Do. Account BOB 75 Home Debt ...... "rni -
RAILWAYS.
Cash. Amount
Orleans
"'-
Northern . -
New ditto BO5 80,
Lyons and Mediterranean
867522 6500 85
625
Geneva
Southern
Western 575 • 572
Eastern
Sardinian 412 50 ..
Austrian
Lombard -
Exchange on London, at sight, paper, 25f. 121 e. ; °J.L,„,e3r9
25f 10c.; three months, paper, 24f. 971 c.; money, 241.

GREECE.
Letters from Athens, of 2d inst., state that pre-
parations are now being made for a general election
in Greece. The King has published a proclamation,
in which for the first time it is laid down as a prin-
ciple that the Government has a right to suggest
the names of deputies to be elected, The people
are displeased at seeing the authorities oppose, ill
several cases, men who had loudly declared in
favour of Italian independence, and among thew
General Colicotrini, one of the most influential
men in the Peloponnesus. The King of Greece
had laid with some ceremony the first stone of s
palace for the Greek Academy, which Baron Si"'
the wealthy Greek banker at Vienna, has under-
taken to build at his own cost. The King, on fixing
the stone, expressed his pleasure at the, task de-
volving on him, his gratitude to Baron Sina,'and
his hope that the Academy would be able to revive
the ancient scientific glory o Greece. M. de Mon-
therot, the French ministerf , had left Athens, to
proceed to his new post at Baden.

BELGRADE.
Belgradeanncoonudition that they
announces the release
of theA
imprisoned from
senators, on
es that may be strhiablulnaalpspteoara,nswwheernansyumcmhaornged, before the local
pre-
ferred against them. The Circassian deputation
which has been expected for some time arrived- a
few days ago, with addresses from all the chiefs of
the Caucusus for the Porte and the English, French,
and Austrian ambassadors. In consequence of
reiterated complaints, the bishop of Poleanis
(Macedonia) has been removed from his office.
The greater part of the population of that
country being Bulgarians, they requested that
their bishop and priests should be tbeir coun-
try-men, stating that if this was not granted
them they would apply to Rome. The ne-
posed bishop, who is besides accused d
innumerable abuses, had chosen to comply with the
orders issued by the propaganda of Macedonia it
Athens in their 719th circular, to all the bsshops
Macedonia and Thessaly, to the effect that none
but their own teachers—who were to give a gra-
tuitous education—should be received in the
schools for the propagation of philhellenic jai"'
The population of Poleanis have refused to recall'.
these teachers, and assert the privilege of appoint-
ing themselves Bulgarian teachers andecclesiastics•

SPAIN.
The Madrid journals of the sth state that the
Spanish Cabinet has replied to the note of the
English Government on the subject of the con'
centration of troops at Algesiras. The replyis represented to be drawn up
terms, but to say with great firmness that, as
Algesiras is in Spanish territory, no (Weill-
ment has the right to ask why troops are c°11"
centrated there, and that it would have been
discreet not to have put the cluestion. DleCer‘.
in
theless, it says that Spain has numerous
to avenge upon the Moors, and that it is for that,
in courteous
purpose that the troops have been collected. -1.1
adds that Spain, strong in her right, will not allow
herself to be checked in her project by any eel,:
barrassment which may be created. The jourp,n
state that the troops at Algesiras are to be divflaeu•
-4. not
affair with Morocco assuming gravity, it :7', not
into three brigades, arid that in the event o the
unlikely that 40 provincial battalionriL
will pro"
armed ; they say, too, that General Prim _ pont
bhbly be authorised to raise a free corps of fr
6,000 to 8,000 Catalonians.