The Sun.
London, England, 1859-10-26 00:00:00

BENSON'S :W AT CHES.
" Perfection of mechanism:"—Morning Post.
Gold Watches .................. 4 to 100 guineas.
Silver Watches ................ 2to 50 guineas.
33 and 31, Ludgate-hill, London, E.C.
Bend 2 stamps for Benson's Illustrated Pamphlet on Watches.

ROYAL ENGLISH OPERA,
COVENT-GA RDEN.
Under the management of Miss L. Fyne and Mr.W.11111719011.
THIS EVENING, DINO R A H. Messrs. Santley, H.
Corri, St. Albyn, and W. Harrison. Misses Pilling, Th-
wall, and Miss Louisa Fyne.
Conductor, Alfred Mellon.
DIVERTISSEMENT. Mlles. Lequine, Pasquale, Pier-
ron, and Mons. Vandris.

Commence at 8 o'clock.

THEATRE-ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buckstone.
TUTS EVENING the performancea ll commence with
THE ROAD TO RUIN. Mr. C. Mathewwis.
And PAUL FRY. Mr. and Mrs. C. Mathews.
Commence at 7.

YA L PLR I THEATRE.--Srls
WITS EVENING, the pessee,
erformances will commence with
HAMLET. Hamlet, Mr. G. Melville; Ghost, Mr. Ryder;
Ophelia, Miss Carlotta Leelereq.
To be followed by a dramatic tableau in Watteau colours,
by J. K..Planclxe, Esq., entitled LOVE AND FORTUNE.

NEW THEATRE - ROYAL, AD ELPHI.
NSole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Ben). Webster.
Open for the Winter Season.
THIS EVENING will be performed ICI ON PARLE
FRANCAIS. Messrs. J. L. Toole, Chas Selby, and Miss
Kelly.
After which, THE WILLOW COPSE. Luke, Mr. Ben.
Webster; Hulks, Mr. David Fisher ; Au,g-ustus, Mr. J. L.
Toole ; Staggers, Mr. Paul Bedford.
Followed by LOVE AND HUNGER. Mr. David Fisher,
Mr. Paul Bedford, C. Selby, C. J. Smith, Miss K. Kelly, Miss
Laidlaw.
Doors open at half-past six—Commence at seven. Box-
Office open front 10 to 5. No charge for securing f
ea
t
s
,
nor fer bills of performance. AU fees to serva thi
establishment are strictly prohibited.
Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith.

ROYAL ST. JAMES'S THEATRE,
King-street, St. James's. Lessee, Mr. T. B. Chatter-
ton. The nearest Theatre to Chelsea, Pimlico, and West-
- minster, the Park being open to carriages and foot passen-
gers all hours of the night.
THIS EVENING, Poole's comedy, THEY'RE BOTH TO
BLA3IE. Messrs. Leigh Murray, Barrett, Walter Carle ;
Mesdames Frank Matthews, Murray, Catharine Hickson.
After which the successful Ballet Farce, by John Oxen-
Thompson, entitled MAGIC TOYS, support xl by Miss Lydia
Miss Clara St. Casse, and a numerous Corps de
Ballet.
To conclude with the New and Original Burlesque, by L.
Buckingham, Esq., of VIRGL.NIUS ; or the Trials of a Fond
Papa.
Reduced Prices—Gallery, 6d ; Pit, Is. The Box-office open
from 11 to 5 daily. Doors open at half-past six ; perform-
ance commences at 7.

ROYAL STRAND THEATRE.
Lessee and Directress, Miss Swanborough
THIS EVENING, THE GOOSE WITH THE GOLDEN
EGGS.
After which THE GItEAT RUSSIAN BEAR; or, An-
other Retreat from Moscow.
Followed by THE VERY LATEST EDITION OF THE
LADY OF LYONS.
And CAUGHT BY THE EARS.
Commence at 7 o'clock.

ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE,
Westminster-road.
Sole Lessee ..... ....Mr. William Cooke.'
Brilliant reception of the New Historical Drama, by
Dra-
Tom
Taylor, Esq., called G.VRIBALDL sustained by a New
matic Company, full Stud of beautiful Horses, Characterist
forthic
Costumes and Picturesque Scenery. Engagement
limited period of the Great Delavanti troupe, Gymnasists
par excellence ; also, Little Menda, the most Wonderful
Juvenile Equestrian in the World. Scenes in the Circle by
Star Riders and talented Equestrians. Terminating with a
Laughable Farce.
Stage Manager, Mr. R. Phillips

CANTERBURY HALL CONCERTS.—
EVERY EVENING.—The Nusie of Verdi's Opera of
MACBETH (now first made public in England at these Con-
certs).
And a Grand Selection from Meyerbeer's new opera of
DINORAH.
Comic Vocalists -Messrs. George Hodson (the Irish Come-
dian and Mimic), W. T. Critelifield, and E. W. Mackney.
Several interesting Pictures are added to the Fine Arts
Gallery. The suite of Halls have been re-decorated and
beautified, and constitute one of the most unique and brilliant
sights of the metropolis.

THE WEATHER.—Smi OFFICE, OCTOBER 26.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
52—highest since noon yesterday.
48—lowest this morning and during the night.
49—this day at noon. _ _

Benomml-29.38.
WlND—South-westerly, strong breeze, with fine weather.

lIIGII WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
THIS DAY.—Morning, lh. 32m.—Afternoon, lh. 53m.
To-Moßßow-Morning, 2h. 13m.—Afternoon, 2h. 33m.

4/I?
LAA.sen„,..6 173.
, z ;
_

• THE SUN.
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1859.

" UNION is strength "—says the old proverb.
There are some cases, however, in which Union is
productive only of weakness, and occasionally even
of a weakness amounting to nothing less than
actual paralysis. Of this exceptional character
certainly the Trades Unions form at times terribly
vivid illustrations. The intermittent Strikes origi-
nating in them paralyse trade, attesting while so
doing the weakness of the victims involved in all
the ruinous consequences of these cruel, and
tyrannous, and pitiless Associations! A weakness
so absolute of its kind that the unfortunate work-
men are revealed to the world in the midst of these
miserable Strikes as powerless in their utter subjec-
tion to the central authority as the obedient slaves
of the old mysterious Vehmgericht.
The honourable member for the city of Edin-
burgh, Mr. ADAM BLACK, the eminent publisher
and bookseller, on Saturday evening very lucidly
argued the whole of those weighty problems of
Wages, Trades Unions, and Strikes, in the course of
an elaborate and masterly lecture on that three-
fold theme, addressed to an audience of two thou-
sand working people. Through the medium
of the public journals, Mr. BLACK'S can-
did, cogent, and as we conceive them
to be, perfectly convincing arguments, will go forth
to the consideration not of thousands but of mil-
lions of working people. They are addressed to
the working classes personally in fact through the
true electric telegrams, the newspapers, and they
are addressed to those classes, avowedly by one
who is proud to call himself a working man also.
The arguments of the member for Edinburgh will
be found upon examination to be no loose and dis-
jbinted notions strung together in an idle hour or
two by one who has crammed for the occasion, like
the majority of amateur lecturers, upon all varieties
of subjects, selected from literature, art, science, and
philosophy. Mr. ADAM BLACK has studied mani-
festly, and studied not only readingly but think-
ingly, at the feet of that great Economic GAMALIEL,
that famous namesake of his own, who is distin-
guishable among all the numerous race of SMITHS
by the magnificent title of Author of" The Wealth
of Nations." Beyond any book-learning, however,
upon these vital problems of Social and Political
Economy taken by him into consideration at a
period peculiarly opportune, and before an audience
in its character necessarily the most likely to be
fully appreciative, Mr. BLACK enjoys the advan-
tages accruing to him from his own prolonged
personal experience ! The advantage of re-mrdinc,
0
these problems (worked out over and over again
by himself in detail) through the light thrown upon
them by his own lengthened labours in the
highest sense as a Workman, and by his own long
realised and fully comprehended responsibilities as
an Employer. At the outset of his valuable and
practical observations on Saturday, he remarks to
his audience This subject is one of very great
importance, as it seriously affects the peace and
prosperity of the country, tha accumulation of
capital, and the protection of property ; and it
more especially affects the happiness of the opera-
ratives and their families." [Row far it does

so, we ourselves took occasion to intimate
only as recently as yesterday.] And Mr. BLACK
goes on then immediately afterwards to observe,
" It is a question, moreover, requiring an attentive
consideration of first principles, with their bearing
upon the common business of life; at the same
time, it is one which is much fobscurecf by the ani-
mosities and excited feelings occasioned by the

sufferings of both masters and _men in their un-
happy contests." By way of timely and vivid illus-
tration, of some of which first principles the honour-
able member for Edinburgh then puts the case
clearly before the judgment of these keen-
sighted working-men in the manner follow-
ing Let us assume," he says, "that the
average rate of interest [for money] is 5 per cent.
when laid out upon good security and without
trouble to the capitalist. If a capitalist, having
£lO,OOO, is desirous of speculating with it, so as to
bring him in a larger return than ordinary interest,
he may invest it in a cotton mill, or in building a
ship, or in publishing books, or in any other specu-
lation ; but, as all trading or commercial specula-
tions are liable to greater risks than money lent on
good security, and as trade demands careful superin-
tendence, he is entitled to a return considerably
higher than he would receive from the funds, or
from lending it on the security of property. Sup-
posing, then, the ordinary rate of interest to be 5 per
cent., a prudent man would not engage in a manu-
facturing or mercantile speculation unless it pro-
mised at least 8 to 10 per cent. ; say, then, that dui._
ing the year he employed 20 men at 20s. a-week,
the wages of the men would be £l,o4o—the inte-
rest of his money at 8 per cent. -would be £BOO,
from which he would have to pay insurance, bad
debts, and small items, and he would require some
remuneration for his own skill and superintendence,
say double the wages of a common workmen, £lO4 ;
then, to render this speculation worth carrying on,
it ought to yield an annual profit of £1,944; and
i it was a work requiring £lOO,OOO, and employ-
ing 200 men, then the annual returns should be just
ten times greater. It would be rash to speak
positively on this subject, as profits are effected
by so many accidental circumstances, but this esti-
mate will serve to explain the nature of the trans-
action. Let us see, then,:what would be the effect of
the 20 workmen demanding a rise in their wages
from 20s to 255. This would be an additional de-
duction from the profits of £260 annually, which
would reduce the return on the capital employed
to £540, or little more than the interest, of money
lent on property ; in. which case, if the capitalist
were a prudent man, he would as soon as possible
withdraw from the trade, and the men would be
thrown idle." Now, there is no getting over an
argument like this. Facts and figures such as those
here grouped together—not speciously, not over in-
geniously, not disingenuously, but as simply
and frankly as any facts and figures can in
any way be at all expressed—are such truly
stubborn things that they absolutely defy contra-
diction. " Whatever" Mr. BLACK then candidly
assures the labouring men who are listening to
him, to the number of two thousand on Saturday
at Edinburgh, but now, and for some time to come,
we doubt not, to the number of many
hundreds of thousands all over the United
Kingdom—" Whatever diminishes the wealth of the
capitalist injuriously affects the workman." And he
forthwith proves the validity of the assertion, to the
apprehension of the meanest capacity by the most
epigrammatic logical device of all the reductio ad
absurdum. " If," says he " any sudden reverse
were to come upon the rich, by which their wealth
was to be annihilated, it would be one of the greatest
calamities that could befal the labouring classes;
the country gentleman would be obliged to pay off
his servants ; the improvements on his estates must
be stopped, and those employed upon them dis-
charged; the manufacturer would not have the
means of carrying on his operations and employing
workmen ; the builder would have no demand for
new houses. This," he adds, of course, "is suppos-
ing an extreme and improbable case, but by look-
ing at the extreme case we more clearly discern the
effects of the same causes in, mitigated circum-
stances." Obviously for the effect (though, of
course, in a lesser degree, or rather, we
should say, in a manner more individualised)
must be the same through the capitalist or em-
ployer, the same (though in a lesser degree) as that
imagined to occur through the Rich, or, so to ex-
press it, the Employers of the Employers. It were
idle, however, to follow Mr. BLACK through the
whole chain of his admirable and manly arguments
link by link. There is his lecture now formally and
verbatim before the public to be scanned and studied,
as we earnestly hope it will be scanned and studied
by the mass of the labouring population. It is a
worthy companion lecture to one we well remem-
ber, as having been delivered some five or six years
ago by the hon. and learned gentleman late M.P.
for Midhurst, the thoughtful and, in many respects,
masterly lecture on Labour delivered by Mr.
SAMUEL WARREN shortly before his first entrance
into the Commons House of Parliament.
Before concluding our remarks upon Mr.BLACK'S
address to the workmen of Edinburgh, we cannot
but refer to his noble and scornful reprehension
of the malign tyranny exercised over the working
classes by these inner dictatorial associations.
" One wonders," he says, "how sensible men—men
calling themselves free-born Britons—have so long
submitted to the dictation of this secret tribunal.
We are accustomed to laud free national constitu-
tions, but freedom to act in all social relations in such
a way as will be most conducive to a man's own
happiness, uncontrolled either by prince or priest,
or by any committee of his own trade, is the most
invaluable of social privileges. Britain has expe-
rienced the blessings of free trade, and I hope and
believe that our countrymen are determined to re-
sist every attempt to deprive them of this source of
national prosperity, and guard it with the greatest
jealousy." We should hear no more of these miser-
ably ruinous Strikes—we may be tolerably certain
ofthat—if the working classes could only be brought
once clearly to understand, what is literally the
truth, that their evil influences fall almost entirely
upon the working classes themselves.

We are now practically reminded that we have a
distinguished ally. On the principle that every
man ought to be willing to pay for his honours,
what ought we not willingly to pay for the honour
of the NAPOLEON Alliance ? If our LEATHAMS,
CHARLESWORTHS, and CARDENS will spend four or
five thousand pounds for the honour of representing
us, ought we, the represented, to complain of pay-
ing eightpence in the pound on one half-year's
income, nineteenpence in all, because a NAPOLEON
occupies the throne of France ? We know all
about the coming demand, to be sure; but tax-
paying is one of those inevitable evils which we
shut our eyes to till the moment they overtake us ;
and which, therefore, always seems to overtake us
suddenly. Oar rent, to be sure, is a very regular
demand; but we glance around, and like the look
of our accustomed dwelling-place, and probably
think it worth the money, as houses go; and our
grocer's bills, and certain others which our wives
and daughters present—. Well, we have had a
quid pro quo, and we are partial to our tea and
coffee, and the last new gown, minus always the
crinoline, suits our taste, so we cheerfully pay.
Not so with a tax—above all, with an income tax—
that dead pull upon us. What do we see for it ?
Our very post-rates serve us for a reply to the
beggar; and water, and pavements, and lights are
daily conveniences—but this vile income tax, and
this viler Bd. addition to it, what do we get for
that ? Answer," A fieot of new ships." And what

do we want new ships for ; did we not build plenty
during the Russian war? Answer," His Majesty,
our faithful ally, the Emperor of the FRENCH, wills
it—He will build, and we can but imitate him."

In plain English, there is no reason on earth why
we should now be paying much more than double
income tax, but the schemes, whatever they may
be, of the man who is master of France, and, there-
with, absolute master of half a million of soldiers,
of a fleet nearly as large as our own, and of 40,000
sailors, whom he can any day order to man it, and.
sail it to our shores. Disguise it as we may, every
additional penny we pay this year is wantonly ex-
tracted from our pockets by
.NAPOLEON 111.
While we had been napping after the Russian war,
we one fine morning found out that he had about
overtaken us in steamships of the line, and that if
his whim should be, any day, to fulfil what he has
declared to be his destiny—to avenge Waterloo,
and to do it on the coasts of the country whose
general had defeated his uncle, and whose Prince
Regent had sent him to end his days on a rock—
we should have hardly a ship to spare from the
mere defence of the Channel. This looked some-
what unpleasant. Our first Lord of the Admiralty
rubbed his eyes, took up his predecessors' estimates,
which he had at first cut down, asked for more
money, and even then spent four or five millions
more than he asked for, to hurry on the ships that
were begun ; and that five millions we are paying
this Michaelmas. It is the LOUIS NAPOLEON Eight-

pence.

But we may well begin to ask how many more
NAPOLEON'S eightpences are we to pay ? That no
one knows. At present the man seems determined
to give us a run. It is not denied that if, as a con-
tinental Power, he has a right to an army four or
five times as big as ours, we, as an insular Power,
with our innumerable colonies, have a right to a
correspondingly large navy. If we have consider-
ably the larger navy, but no army that we could
spare for an invasion, we could not materially
injure France; if France, again, has considerably
the larger army, but not a navy that could cope
with ours, she could not use her large army to
invade us. Common sense indicates the kind of
force which each should keep to be practically on
equal terms. Yet obvious as all this is, the EM-
PEROR strains every nerve to equal us in ships,
while he outstrips us five to one in soldiers ! Can
he have an honest motive ? It is he himself who raises
these questions. Even in the days of the hot-headed
young JOINVILLE we were not menaced by a deter-
mination that we should not have, if possible, a ship
afloat more than France. Now, no sooner is it
seen that England has built a few more ships than
France, than we read of fresh vessels ordered,--
steel-plated vessels,—the plates able to resist for
hours a sixty-eight pounder at short range !
Does the EMPEROR really think to beggar our
Exchequer ? SHARPLEY, the acting briber at
Wakefield, said his chief business was to go among
the Conservative electors, and by " insinuating'
offers of larger sums, to make the Conservatives
pay handsomely for their election, even if
they got it. Does the EMPEROR mean to make us
pay handsomely for our fleet if we are determined
to be superior to France on the ocean, as she is to
us on the land ? He may rest assured the attempt
is utterly futile. While we might curse him as we
pulled the Napoleon's eightpences out of our
pockets, we should pay it for all our lives, rather
than subsist as a nation at his imperial will and
pleasure. We might also begin to consider whe-
ther it is well for us to supply, with coal especially,
the man who was putting us to such enormous ex.-
, penses. Coal is now a munition of naval war.
Or has he any deeper design ? Does he intend to
be master of the Mediterranean ? It is a favourite
idea with our vain-glorious neighbours, who, with
their little trade, yet covet the display of power.
What mean these interferences in the Spanish
freak with Morocco. Is it the purpose to get a
footing, by alliance with Spain, in new ports of the
Mediterranean ? Does he intend to add the occu-
pation of Ancona to that of Rome, since he cannot
get hold of Central Italy ? And is even the unlucky
Suez Canal a visionary part of the same scheme—of
making the Mediterranean a French lake ?
- To such questions no one, of course, can yet give
an answer; of one thing we may, however, be
pretty sure, whether he be plotting against us or
against our outlying possessions, he is determined
that he will not be second to us by sea, while he
is vastly ahead of us by land ; and then, whatever
ambitious project he may cherish in the East or
the West—he will pursue it with an impunity his
uncle never enjoyed. We would, however, just
whisper in his ear, France may build ships, but
she cannot build NELSONS.

LORD I. RU6SELL AND 7RE SPANISH
ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITIES.

A demand having been made by the Spanish
ecclesiastical authorities for the disinterment of an
English child, who had been buried in a Protestant
cemetery at Denia, in the province of Valencia, in
consequence of its having been baptised by the sur-
geon who assisted at the birth, and who was a
Roman Catholic, an appeal was made to Lord John
Russell, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
who instantly took steps to protect the parents from
molestation, and to prevent the Spanish ecclesiasti-
cal authorities from carrying their threat into exe-
cution, as will be seen by the official answer, viz.:—
"
Foreign Office, Oct. 15.
" Sir, —I am directed by Lord John Russell to
acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the `29th
ult., inclosing a statement received by you from Mr.
G. Graham, relative to a demand which had been
addressed to him by the parish priest of Denia, in
the province of Valencia, requiring him to disinter
the body of his child, which had been buried in the
Protestant cemetery ; and 1 am to acquaint you that
the British Consul -at Alicante having, in conse-
quence of the representation made to him by the
British Vice-Consul at Denia, brought Mr. Graham's
complaint before Mr. Buchanan, the British Minis-
ter at Madrid, Mr. Buchanan has addressed to the
Spanish Minister 'for Foreign Affairs a formal re-
monstrance against the proceedings of the ecclesias-
tical authorities in this matter:XLord John Russell
has approved of the steps taken by Mr. Buchanan
for the protection of Mr. Graham, and has in-
structed him to use every endeavour to secure that
gentleman from molestation on the part of the
ecclesiastical authorities.

" I am, Sir, your obedient humble servant,
" E. HAMMOND."

His Excellency the Turkish Ambassador has
arrived at St. Leonards from Paris. His Excellency and
Madame Musurus and family s ill return to town to-day
from St. Leonards.

His Excellency the Austrian Minister arrived at
Chandos House on Monday evening, from visiting the
Marquis and Marchioness of Salisbury at Hatfield.
The Duke and Duchess of Richmond are expected
in town in a few days from Scotland.

The Marquis and Marchioness of Normanby have
[eft the St. George's Hotel for Brighton. _ _ _

The Earl and Countess of Abergavenny have left
Birling Manor for Bridge Castle, Kent.

The Earl of Winchelsea his left the St. Gcerge's
Hotel.

The Earl of Kilmorey has left the St. George's
Hotel.

Lord Panmure has arrived at Brechin Castle for
the winter from Invermark, his lordship's shooting quar-
ters in the north.

Lord and Lady Wodehouse have arrived at their
residence in Bry anston-square, from Kimberley Park,
Norfolk.

The Right Hon. the Speaker and Lady Charlotte
Denison have arrived at Osslington Hall, Notts, from Long-
well, the Duke of Portland's shooting box in Caithness-
shire.

Sir W. "Hylton Jolliffe, M.P., qualified at the
quarter sessions held at Wells last week to act as a magis-
trate for Somorsetshire. The right hon. baronet subse-
quently left Ammerdown Park for Knowsley, on a visit to
the Earl of Derby,