The Sun.
London, England, 1866-06-02 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, JUNE 2, 1866.

Archaeological Institute.

Yesterday afternoon the usual monthly meeting
of the members of the Archeological Institute was
held in the rooms of the Arundel Society, New Bond-
street—the Marquis Camden in the chair.
The first paper read was " On the Ermine and
Ikenild Streets," by Mr. J. Beldam, in which he
pointed out the distinction between ancient British
and Roman roa4, and traced the directicin of the

two streets the immediate subject of the paper. A
paper by Mr. Waller, " On a curious brass at Cow-
ling Castle," was next read. The brass is fixed
outside the castle, and is enamelled.

Mr. J. IL PARKER then explained in an animated
manner the results of some recent archaeological
researches in Rome, which were illustrated by a
large plan of) the city, and by numerous photo-
graphs. Mr. Parker said his object was to show
that the descriptions givai of Rome by Livy were
literally correct, and to protest against the system
adopted by the German critics of assuming that the
descriptions were erroneous, and then concocting
systems of their own for which there was no real
foundation. He mentioned with great minuteness
many points which fully bore out the accounts of
Livy, and said that, taking that author forhis guide,
he was able to trace the original walls of the kings
of Rome, the hills that were first occupied and forti-
fied, and the various gates and other works men-
tioned. The photographs, which were large, illus-
trated his observations, and represented the remains
of some architectural works of early Rome, which
indicated that the architects of the middle ages had
copied most of their designs from the Romans. His
researches had thrown light on several curious
points of the architecture of ancient Rome,
among which were evidences of the almost general
use of wood in 'their structures, and the alteration
that took place in the mode of .building after
the use Of lime as a cement had been in-
troduced which did not - occur until the time of
Augustus. Mr. Parker noticed also the change from
the piling up of large masses of stone, which were
retained in position by their own weight, and the
building, with stones of smaller size, as serving to
indicate different periods. A remarkable proof of
the general use of wood by the Romans in making
their earliest dwellings was observed in a low hut
excavated from the solid rock, in which imitation
beams were hewn out in the roof to resemble the
customary beams of wood. Mr. Parker proceeded
at considerable length to describe numerous other
discoveries he had made, of great archaeological in-
terest, tending to confirm the account given by Livy
of the building of ancient Rome.
The Rev. Dr. ROCK mentioned, in connection with
the subject, a curious discovery of some extremely
valuable encaustic paintings, brought from Rome,
which were recently purchased at a sale in Maryle-
bone as rubbish for 10s. They had since come into
the possession of Mr. Richmond, who had cleaned
them, and he was now in treaty for the sale of them
to the trustees of the, British Museum for £5,000, at
which sum Mr. Rock considered they would be very
cheap.
Mr. E. A. FREEMAN made some observations on
Mr. Parker's disquisition, protesting against receiv-
ingsacc
account of the foundation of Rome as an
hi LstoriivcYal record.

Various objects of antiquarian interest were exhi.
bited and commented on before the meeting ad.
j ourned.

The Killed in the Late American War.

(Front the Tribune.)

When Abraham Lincoln, on the 15th day of April, 1861,
called for 75,000 militia for three months' service, thearmy
of the United Siates had the names of about 14,000 men on
its rolls. During the ensuing four years 2,688,523 men
were enlisted for the following periods of time:
For three months • 191,985
For six months 19,076
For nine months 87,558
For one year
For two years ........................ ; ..... .
For three years
For four years 1,040

Total 2,688,523
_ _

The records of the office of the Provost-Marshal Gene-
ral show from what State, county, or town these men
came, and what became of each one. These records tell
, us that of this large number of troops, 2,408,103 left the
army alive. Some of thorn deserted; a few were dismissed
before their term of service expired ; a glorious band went
home armless, legless, eyeless, through their patriotic en-
deavours to save their country from dismemberment. But
the majority returned safe and sound to the place of enlist-
ment, there to be mustered out for home.
But 280,426 men, good, true, and loyal, sealed their pa-
triotism with their blood. Death met them in every shape.
Over 60,000 died on the field of blittle; 35,000 survived the
shock of the conflict only to die of wounds, while 184,000
died of disease in tent or hospital, or by the wayside. To
give the exact 'figures, 96,089 died in battle or of wounds,
while 184,331 died of disease. This proves that the great
mortality of war does not arise from the deadly bullet. It
is the hardship of the campaign, the change of mode of life,
the difference id climate, that rolls up the terrible record
of dead. Two persons died of disease in, this 'war for every
one that . fell from an enemy's weapon. Yet this per
tentage of disease is far less than that of other countries
land other ages.• In the Crimean war, seven-eighths of the
mortality of thd British troops during the entire campaign
were due to disease, and one-eighth only to, deaths from
wounds received in action. In January, 1855,. the month
of the greatest mortality of that campaign, ninety-seven
per cent. of the entire mortality of the British troops re-
sulted from disease. "At this rate," says Elliott, "to
supply the loss occasioned merely by death, this army
would need be replaced by a new army of equtil numbers
once in aboiit ten months."

The following tables show the causes of mortality in
our armies during the whole war, and the arms of service
in which that mortality occurred :
KLLLED. DIED OF DISEASE.
Arms of Service. Officers. Men.
_Officers. Man.
REGULARS.

Total

Cavalry 23 284 . 18 470 795
Artillery • 32 308 12. 472 824
Infantry ... 102 1,298 . 53 . 1,807 3,260

Total 157 1890
VOLUNTEERS.

83 - 2,749 4,879

Cavalry 522 10,834 331 24,702 36,389
Artillery 126 2,585 99 8,725 11,535
Infantry 4,246 72,732 1,718 119,623 198,319

Total 4,891 86,151 2,148 153,050 246,243
COLOURED TROOPS. ,

Cavalry 4 131 1 883 1,019
Artillery 4 67 16 3,508 3,595
Infantry 162 2,629 73 21,820 24,684

.--_ -
Total l7O 2,827 90 26,211 29,298
CAVALRY.

Regulars 23 284 18 470 795
Volunteers 522 10,884 331' 24,702 36,389
Coloured 4 131 1 883 1,019

Total
519 11,219 350 28,055 38,203
ARTILLERY.

Regulars 32 308 12 472 824
Volunteers 126 2,585 99 8,725 11,535
Coloured 4 67 16 3,508 3,595

Total
INFANTRY.

Regulars 5
102 1,298 •
38:326190
Volunteers 4,246 72,732 1,7183 ' 48
119,62037 19
Coloured

---•
Total 4,510 76,659 1,844 143,250 226,263
GRAND TOTALS.

Whole number of deaths in Regular Army 4,879
Whole number of deaths in V01unteer5.,.,,.... 246,243
Whole number of deaths in Coloured Troops 29,298

Total 280,420
Whole number of deaths in Cavalry 38,203
Whole number of deaths in Artillery 15,954
Whole number of deaths in Infantry 226,263

Total ..................... c 80,420
From these tables it appears that 5,221 officers and
90,868 enlisted men were killed on tile battlefield, or sub-
sequently died of their wounds; while 2,321 officers and
182,010 enlisted. men died of disease.. So that about one
officer was slain in battle for every 18 men ; while only
one officer died for every 80 men in the hospital. This
excess of loss of life among the officers in battle is partly
due to the fact that in battle they are expected to lead their
men on; and still more, it may be, that when sickness
intervenes they have medicine; care, and nourishing
iood that circumstances forbid to be given to the bulk of
he army.
Tho number of white troops enlisted was almost exactly
2,500,000 men ; the number of deaths among them,
251,122, or one death out of ten.: The number of coloured
troops was 180,000, of whom 29,298 died, or about one out
of six. The death-rate of the coloured troops was there-
fore nearly double that of the white ; but the death-rate
from disease alone was far worse than this. Out
g the white troops
tolfireeevdeiryed oenighthte (.Ifieealiclisof abnlaotntle, and five from dis-
ease. Out of every nine deaths among the blacks, one
died on the field of battle and eight fromdisease. The
negro, as slavery has left him, feeble of will and with but
little moral stamina, is less capable than the white man of
enduring the physical trials of the military services.
The above tables show that the regular service is far
safer, both on the battle-field and in the hospital, than the
vOlunteer force. Out of the same /number of troops of
eithex face seven volunteers would cI.N to six regulars; the

mortality among the former was nearly 15 per cent. greater
than among the latter.

These army records give the pl.eciso number of men wit_
died while in their country's service. It does not tell re
of that great host who, dismissed at their own request fo
disability, wont home to die. Az t examination of the pen-
sion records would partly supply this want ; but the full
number of those who gave their lives to their country can
never be known.