The Sun.
London, England, 1860-11-01 00:00:00

LITERATURE.

Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches in
New Granada, :Equador, Peru, and Chile, with
Observations on the Pre incarial, Incarial, and
other Monuments of Peruvian Nations. By
William Bollaert, F.R.G.S., Corr. Mem. of the
University of Chile, &e. London : Trubner and
Co.
We congratulate Mr. Bollaert on having in his
present work given a most important and valuable
contribution to ethnological and antiquarian science.
It is evident that in the volume before us the author
has studied more to compile a mass of curious and
interesting facts but little known to the general
reader, than to arrange those facts in a systematic
form, or with much attention to the mere graces of
composition. It is as a work of reference, as a
i storehouse of information on the ethnology and
antiquities of South America, derived from many
years' residence and travels in all parts of that
country, that M. Bollaert's volume is especially
valuable to the student in geographical and anti-
' quarian science. .
After giving us a brief but interesting introduc-
tory account of New Granada, our author discusses
at some length the history of the aboriginal inha-
bitants of the Plateau of Bogotei, known by the
names of the Chibchas or Miniscas. These tribes
are in all respects as distinct from the Mexicans on
the one side as they are from the Peruvians on the
other. The religion, laws, and social customs of the
Cliebchas are discussed at some length, and many
singular instances are given of their state of scien-
tific knowledge, especially in astronomy. A curious
vocabulary of the language of the Cliebchas is also
appended to this portion of the work.
The account which Mr. Bollaert gives of the
manufacture and importance of quinine, will be
read with equal interest by the medical prac-
titioner and the political economist. We learn
that the British Government pays annually for
quinine no less a sum than £60,000. In the hope
of in some measure reducing this expenditure, it
appears that Mr. Markham, the author of " Cuzco
and Lima," has been sent by our Government to
Peru to collect young cinchona plants, and trans-
port them to our possessions in India. The well-
known botanist Spence is also at the present mo-
ment, and with a similar object, engaged in collect-
ing cinchona plants in Equador, and Mr. Pritchett
in the forest of Huanaco, in Peru.
Quito is the next country examined by Mr. Bol-
laert, and here undoubtedly he opens up much new
ground, especially in the departments of ethnology
and mineralogy.
It is, however, in treating of the history and
antiquities of Peru that Mr. Bollaert writes most
con an'ore, and this doubtless may be attributed to
his long residence in the country,:his affection for
its inhabitants, and his thorough acquaintance with
the ancient history of Peru, of which he gives us a
very interesting summary. It seems to us that if
some man like Mr. Bollaert were employed to
arrange the ethnological collection, particularly
that of South America, which is now existing in the
greatest state of confusion in the British Museum,
the scientific world would gain a considerable ad-
vantage.
A singular proof of the state of astronomical
learning among the Peruvians is afforded us by our
author's discovery of an ancient Peruvian Zodiac,
of which he gives us a fall description.
The mineral and mercantile treasures which
exist in the form of silver, nitrate of soda, loran -
&c., in the province of Tarapaca, are well worthy
the attention of speculators, and the results of our
author's own personal examination in the nitrate
districts show what a rich harvest they promise to
the enterprising.
Perhaps to the general reader the account which
Mr. Bollaert gives of his trip to, and subsequent
ascent of, the great mountain Tata Jachma, and his
admirable observations thereon, will be more ac-
ceptable even than his more scientific disquisitions.
We next come to Chile and the various tribes of
Chango and other Indians which inhabit that
country. The descriptions which Mr. Bollaert
gives of Copiapo, Valparaiso, and Santiago are
well worth perusal, especially that of the last
named rich and beautiful city.
At Atacama we again find him actively analysing
the soil for the discovery of various mineral and
chemical productions, and we have also a full de-
scription of the manners and customs of the ex-
traordinary tribe of Indians which inhabit those
parts of the country.
It is the concluding portion of his volume which
our author devotes chiefly to the study of anti-
quarian remains, and much curious information is
given us of the Pre-incarial, Incarial, and other
monuments of ancient Peruvian nations, particu-
larly those of Tia-Huanaco, and around Lake Titi-
caca. We only regret lack of space obliges us to
content ourselves with the brief abstract we have
given of Mr. Bollaert's three principal divisions of
his work ; but we can assure the lover of ethno-
logical, geographical, and antiquarian science that
he will find in this new addition to the history of
South !America a mass of information such as he
will scarcely meet with in any work recently pub-
lished on these portions of the nAw world.
The volume is illustrated with numerous litho-
graphs of scenery and antiquarian remains, which
add materially to its interest and value.

ACTION AGAINST A CLERGYMAN FOR RE-
.MOVING A GRAVE BAILING.

Yesterday, at the Salford Court of Record, before Dr.
Wheeler, Q.C., the Judge, Mr. Joseph Kinch brought an
action to recover damages from the Rev. Charles Marshall,
rector 'of Ilarmhey, for removing a railing from the
grave of his daughter, Alice Ann Kinch, in the parish
churchyard of Harpurhey. Mr. Higgin and Mr. Ambrose
appeared for the plaintiff; and Mossrs.Ovens and Holker for
the defendant. The only question which was put to the
Jury was whether Mr. Marshall had consented to the
railing being placed on the grave or not; several other
questions involved in the case, such as the jurisdiction of
the Court to try, &c. being, by consent, reserved fora higher
court. The facts of the case were, that on the 15th of
February, 1859, Mr. Kinch's daughter died, and Mrs. Mary
Ann Marsland, a niece to Mr. Kinch, was sent to the Rev.
C. Marshall to purchase a grave in the Harpurhey
church-yard. The account of the interview was given
by Mrs. Marsland, who remembered all the conversation
verbatim. Mr. Marshall told her that the graves were
of two kinds, either one guinea or two guinea ones. She
decided on having a guinea grave, and subsequently paid
him for it; and in reply to a question from her, he told
her the grave would be Mr. Kinch's to do as he liked with.
This, however, Mr. Marshall denied; and his receipt for
the grave money was given in writing as for a "single in-
terment." Soma conversation also took place about the
headstone, and Mr. Marshall said that unless the headstone
was purchased of him in less than three months the right
to put it down would be lost. The headstone was paid for
and put up about April, 1859, and subsequently the stone-
work and railings were put up, and the grave was visited
weekly by Mrs. Kinch up to April, 1860. In April, 1860,
Mrs. Kinch took some paint, and painted the railings, and
while doing so Mr. Marshall passed through the church-
yard. In May, 1860, Mr. Kinch received a letter from Mr.
Msaying that if the right to erect the railing over
thwas not paid for he should take the railing down.
ea r
gs hr
gavl le,
Marsland, upon the receipt of this note by Mr. Kinch,
went a second time to Mr. Marshall, and dared him, at him
peril, to remove the railings ; but Mr. Marshall told her he
should undoubtedly do so if the money was not paid. The
money was not paid, and Mr. Marshall or his servant removed
I the railings, placed them inside the church, and then sent to

. _
Mr. Kinch to say he might fetch them, which Mr. Kinch
declined to do.—Mr. Marshall, in his evidence, explained
that a person paying
only a guinea for a grave had only a
right to inter one body, and the bodies of any other persons
might be buried above it in the same grave. It was at his
option whether ho would permit a headstone to be placed
at the grave or not. On the other hand, a two-guinea
grave was reserved for the burial of persons who were all
members of the same family ; and the family had the right
of putting down a headstone, &c.—The defence was that
the plaintiff had unlawfully, and to the damage of the de-
fendant's freehold, put up the railings ; and therefore the
defendant removed them. In the course of his examina-
tion, Mr. Marshall added that he took the advice of his
bishop before he wrote the letter to Mr. Kinch, but he de-
clined to say whether he was advised to pursue the course
ho had taken. He also said that his attention was only
drawn to the railing two months before be wrote the letter
to Mr. Kinch demanding payment for the right.--The
Learned Judge told the Jury they would have to say
whether or not the railings were put up unlawfully and
without the leave and license, and against the will of the
defendant; and in order to arrive at that conclusion they
would have to determine whether or not the acts of the de-
fendant indicated a knowledge of the existence of the rail-
ings in the place where they were put, and whether he ac-
quiesced in their remaining where they were.--The Jury,
after a brief consultation, returned a verdict fvr the plaintiff
—damages £3.

the approaching wedding of her
At a dinner party recently given by Queen
lsr daughter was formally announced.
Christinaje yaLll,llya lsmi
nagi
The young Princess Christina, now in her 20th year, will
shortly marry the l‘tarquis de Catnpo-Sagrado, son ofi the
marquis of that namet who_ occupies a high post in the
diplomatic service, and whose usual residence is in the
Asturias. The marriage will be celebrated bathe chapel of
the chateau of Malmaison.
, consisting, of 40 bags of
newspapers, on board the Galway and Boston
The whole of the mail
er Connaught, which was burnt in the Atlantic,
the Admiralty
As soon as the steamer caught fire Lieutenant
letters and
veaaennidd.
agent on hoard of her, com-
menced getting up the bags on deck from the mail-room
Cavell, R.N.,
below, and they were put on board the int boat that left
the Connaught for the American brig which saved the pas-
sengers. Besides the passengers nothing was saved from
the Connaught but the mails. Lieut. Cavell has received
the special thanks of the p t
os raaster- General for his eau,.
dons.