The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-15 00:00:00

AULETTA, PRINCIPALITY OF PALERMO,

SEPT. 4.
We travelled post yesterday from Lagonegro to Sala and
this place, gr, atly amused by the stir created by Colonel
Peard's long beard and Calabrian hat, which caused him to
be mistaken for Garibaldi. The reception he meets with
everywhere is perfectly overwhelming. It is to no purpose
that we try to undeceive the frantic people. They profesi
that they will respect the General's incog., but that they
cannot be deceived as to big- likeness, having seen so
many thousands of bis portraits ; thus the Colonel
must submit and accept the divine honou's intended for
another. Meanwhile, the report of Garibaldi's arrival at
the avant posts will not fail to add to the enthusiasm of
the people already hastening in arms from all the neigh-
bouring country, and to strike dismay and confusion among
the Royal troops. The latter, we are told, are fallen back
from Eboli:and Pagliarono, and are deseriied as huddling
up at Salerno, greatly dispirited, and a prey to dissension
and insubordination. Bosco and Pianolli are said to be in
command there.

We found here at our advanced posts Luigi Fabrizi, of
Modena, a well-informed-officer, who has been labouring to
make the best of the naturally strong position these moun-
tain gorges afford. The valley of Diano, sufficiently wide
and level in its upper course, contracts itself at Polla and
Auletta, and its narrow, winding gorges are protected by
several towns perched up at prodigious heights, command-
ing all the accesses to its deep and narrow basin. All Fa-
brizi's excellent work is not unlikely to turn out unavailing,
as the war will be carried off to dist ant quarters, down to
the walls of Salerno, if not to Naples itself. For the rest,
Auletta being the key to the Calabrias and Basilitica, and
the point at which the road from Naples branches off to
Potenza and Cosenza, is a position of the greatest import-
ance.

NAPLES, SEPT. 7.

When Garibaldi prophesied, upon first landing at Reggio,
that he would, on the Bth of this month, be in Naples to at-
tend the famous solemnity of Pie di Grotta, men shook their
wise heads, for mere material difficulties, the length of the
march, the heat of the season, and other circumstances,
seemed to render such a saying a mere idle boast ; yet here
we are—we, Garibaldi's suite, who precede him one day
before the festive date by him assigned, and here, in all pro-
bability, he will himself be in the course of the afternoon
or evening, ready to perform the King's part in the half-
religious, half military ceremony for which to -morrow is
set apart.
We occupied Salerno yesterday at 4 o'clock in the morn-
Peard and myself, as Garibaldi's forerunners, as
you will have learnt from a letter addressed to you from that
place. As we had done at Eboli, we took possession of the
telegraph, and by conveying to the Court of Naples speedy
information of Garibaldi's movements, and by turns ac-
quainting the General with the enemy's position, we hast-
ened a catastrophe which had long been inevitable.
Having, by the presence of Garibaldi's double, sufficiently
electrified Salerno, and hearing that a large force of 12,000
Royal troops were assembled at Nocera, eight miles from
Salerno, we resolved upon a short excursion to La Cava, a
midway spot between Salerno and Nocera, from which the
Neapolitan vanguard of two battalions had just been with-
drawn. We drove there in the carriage of the Marquis
Atenolfi, a patriotic nobleman, and one of the magnates of
the place, and Colonel Peard's appearance produced its
wonted effect. Not only were we guilty of no imposition,
but we endeavoured, to the best of our abilities, to cure the
self-blinded people of their delusion. Their joy at the sight
of the supposed Liberator was frantic. They listened to no
explanation or remonstrance ; even when falling in with
our denials and the colonel's disclaimers, they assured us
they appreciated our reasons for preserving the incognito,
and promised to "keep our secret." In the meanwhile they
produced every variety of Garibaldi's likeness, compared
them with the supposed original, and pronounced the iden-
tity to be undeniable.
And, truly, upon the error being satisfactorily established,
there was great happiness at La Cava. If the people's feel-
ings might be judged by their noise, no doubt Garibaldi's
benefits would have been bestowed on a grateful people.
There is only one word to describe the joy evinced by the
masses at La Cava—no less than at Salerno and at all other
placesad n e
s betweens n ce Rd
ebgy men of
Reggio
and
Naples—andl that is madness, a
mranks, exhibited without evi
re-
straint by men of every ago and condition. Those who
thought that the Neapolitans had sunk too deep to under-
stand and appreciate the blessings of freedom will not, at
least, deny that they had been made sufficiently mature by
long martyrdom to value the importance of their release
from servitude. The past is at an end for them ; the future
can lave nothing in store to compare with it. Redemption
from slavery is for them no idle metaphorical expression.
At every step, in every group you speak with men from
whose limbs the fetters were removed by the actual arrival
of Garibaldi, or by the terror his approach inspired.
You would almost say every third man you meet has
been a galley-slave ; every one has his own woful
tale to tell; all have endured the tortures of Poerio,

though their sufferings were hidden by the obscurity of
their remote provincial gaols, " earent quit Gladstone
saere ;" they had no English Senator to trumpet their
grievances about the world, and to brand their tormentors
with well-deserved infamy.

We remained at La Cava long enough to ascertain that
the 12,000 men gathered togethered at Nocera were about
to raise their camp, that the foreign troops refused to fight,
and that the work of dissolution was as complete about the
capital as it had been in the provinces, when we rode back
to Salerno, and a little before six o'clock we joined a long
train of carriages on their way to meet Garibaldi. The
General had left Atiletta in the morning ; he had halted at
Eboli, where, apprised of the real state of things by our
telegrams, and by those of Gen. Trapolli, who came to
Salerno several hours after us, he prepared to make his en-
trance into the town. We came into Salerno in a cloud of
dust, such as Southern Italy alone can boast at the close of
the fourth month of cloudless drought, and made our way
into the palace of the Intendenza, fighting our way through
• a frantic crowd which the very bayonets of the National
Guards were unable to keep back. We again left Salerno
for La Cava s on after witnessing this tumultuous scene,
with a mind to proceed to Naples the same night. But we
found it more convenient to rest for a few hours at La Cava,
and travelled to the capital by the early train of the Vietri
and Naples Railway, for such has been the progressive
character of this Neapolitan campaign, that Garibaldi end
his officers walked through the first stages; they rode as
soon as they won saddle horses ; took to private carriages
when their chargers were knocked up ; then hastened their
speed by posting, and finally ended their, march by steam.
At every step, as we advanced from one to another of the
frequent stations of this siiiiiest of raft* ay lines,y-wer fell in
with the splinters of the broken reed upon which tyranny
has for so many years propped itself. At every station we
found swarms of disbanded, sullen, disheartened soldiers.
We saw them by hundreds and thousands quitting the vast
barracks and the forts with which the whole of this blest
Campania and the smiling bay was lined. The King left in
the afterncon at four o'clock, and embarking in a Spanish
frigate, with all the treasures he could smuggle away, has,
as we are told, betaken himself to Gaeta, ordering his army
to follow him, and leaving behind him a protest, by which
he intimates that, although compelled to quit his metro-
polis, he fully intends to prolong the struggle out of it.
The troops are following to the best of their speed anal in-
clination, with their materiel; but the disorganisation is
complete, and it is doubtful whether they will muster in
sufficient numbers and in such tolerable spirits as to en-
able them to make a stand behind the walls of Gaeta. All
the usual posts in the town are in the meanwhile still oc-
cupied by them, though the National Guards, everywhere
mustering, marching, marshaling, are preparing to take
upon themselves the charge of the place and the mainte-
nance of order. The town, which ever since the promul-
gation of the Constitution had been placed beyond control
of the public force, but which as yet has only been fretting
and murmuring without a mature plan or deliberate aim,
begins now to show symptom of action. Carriages filled
with young men bearing the Italian flag, the tricolor with
the Cross of Savoy, are driving furiously up and down
Toledo, amid deafening shouts of" Viva Garibaldi 1" and
I am told it is dangerous to pass before that national
standard without doffing one's hat. The Comitato dell'Or-
dine, a set of moderate patriots belonging to the intelligent
and honourable classes, have sent a deputation of 80 dis-
tinguished persons to the General at Salerno to invite him
to enter their town, while the so-called Comitato
d'Azione e d'Unita, made up of out-and-out revolution-
ists, have long since endeavoured to bend the mind of the
Dictator to their views. For here, as in Sicily, the country
is split into two hostile factions, consisting of the partisans
of immediate annexation, of expediency and compromise
on the one side, and, on the other, of the so-called thorough
Unitarians, who have set their hearts against all diplo-
matic considerations, and are determined to conquer and
unite all Italy by the mere force of popular revolution,
regardless of the war their scheme may involve
them in with the French at Rome, and the
Austrians at Venice. The former party, which
was represented in Sicily by La Farina, and had its
head in Turin in the Cavour Cabinet, numbers here
among its leaders those Neapolitan exiles just returned from
Turin and Florence —D'Ayola, Pisanelli, Belletti, Bella,
Spaventa, Leopardi, &c.—who are wedded to what are
called Piedmontese ideas. The latter boasts at its head
Doctor, now Gen. Bertani, the fitter out of Garibaldi's ex-
peditions, and is led in Naples by Ricciardi, Agresti, Liber-
tini, and other less distinguished individuals inclined to
democratic, if not republican notions, and who now repu-
diate Mazzini, though they once belonged to his associa-
tion, and, to a great extent, still share his views.
These two factions profess to have a common aim—the
union or unity of Italy under Victor Emmanuel of Savoy ;
but the Moderates wish to attain their object by such pro-
gressive means as seem to them practicable ; and as they'
advised the immediate annexation of Sicily to the north Ita-
lian kingdom soon after Garibaldi's extreme into Palermo,
so they now think, after the deliverance of Naples, no de-
lay should occur in the union of the whole southern to the
northern kingdom. The Revolutionists, on the other hand,
though they act in the name of Victor Emmhnuel, and in-
tend to crown him as sovereign of the whole Peninsula,
prefer to keep their conquests in a provisional state, to
govern them by dictators or pro-dictators of their own
choice, till such time as the whole Italian territory may be
utterly free, when the representatives of the whole nation,
meeting in the natural eternal Italian metropolis, Rome,
shall, by the free consent of all, proceed to the coronation of
their monarch elect.

The real theoretical point at issue between these parties
is subordinate to their respective notions of what seems to
them practicable or possible; but a great deal of passion
and prejudice, of personal ambition and interest mingles
with their feelings, and gives rise to mutual grievances and
bitter recriminations. Bertani and his revolutionist friends,
elated by the astounding success of Garibaldi, reproach
Cavottr and his Cabinet with their little faith in the fortune
and ability of that great leader; they charge them with
thwarting the hero of Varese in his prdjected attack upon
the Marches and Umbria at Cattolica last autumn—an at-
tack by which the emancipation of South Italy would-have
been anticipated by a whole twelvemonth ; they accuse them
of remissness in aiding Garibaldi's scheme at the time of hie
landing in Sicily, and during the whole of the now so happily
terminating campaign in the island and the mainland; they
feel sure that the success waiting upon Garibaldi in his
struggle against the Bourbon will equally be faithful to
him against Lamoriciere, and even against the separate or
combined forces of Austria and France. They contend
that the Italian nation can win its own, can recover Rome
and Venice in spite of the opposition. of all the Powers in
Europe ; for the Powers are nothing without their people,
and the justice of their cause and the transcendent genius
of Garibaldi enlist all popular sympathies on their side.
Bertani and his friends, it would be vain to deny, possess
the key to the heart of Garibaldi; they are almost exclu-
sively round about him ; they aggravate the feeling of dis-
pleasure which that great and good man harbours fgainst
Cavour ; they dwell on the heartless, unprincipled sicrifice
made by that statesman of Garibaldi's own native city,
Nice ; they refer to the unnecessary harshness and indig-
nity with which the Minister treated the blunt
soldier-
patriot in Parliament; they dwell upon the shortcomings
who could have
of the Piedmontese Government, and
much and did so little to aid the Sicilian enterprise , done. so
on
conclude by limiting their allegiance to the
pers alone of
the King-honest-man, repudiating any connection or good
understanding with his present advisors. that in the matter of
The Moderates, of course, reply
Nice Cavour was acting under thepressure of an. irresistible
necessity, to which all sensible patriots equally bowed ;
that the Sicilian and Calabrian expeditioits were aided by
them underhand by all means which the law of nations
allowed_; and indeed that more could not have been done
without Limning an open war with Austria, and perhaps
also with France, for which the country was not prepared;
and that the annexation of the Two Sicilies to North Italy,
if it. can be accon3plished 'with the more or less reluctant
ought to satisfy patriots for
consent of Europe, the present
as a consummation which would allow the country to or-
ganise and in due time and under favourable circum-
stances empower it to put forth its further claims to Rome
and Venetia.

My long familiarity with most of Garibaldi's officers
inclines. me to think that by far the greater number, if not
all, embrace extreme, uncompromising views, and I have
also no doubt that their principles are virtually adopted by
their adventurous leader himself. Two deputies from the
Committee of Order, Dr. Tommast and Professor Pivia,
both personal friends of Garibaldi, were sent out yesterday
to greet him, and met him at Auletta, whence they fol-
lowed him to Eboli and Salerno. Their mission was to be-
seech the Dictator in the name of the Moderates to proceed
to the immediate annexation of Naples and Sicily to the
North Italian States. Garibaldi rceoived the messengers
with his wonted courtesy and affability, but ho developed
views totally at variance with tho-se of their party. lie
expressed the utmost confidence in the entire success of the
whole scheme ; felt sure that Napoleon himself could not
stand both against Italy and the unpopularity which his
opposition to the Italian cause would raise against him in
France; he spoke of Count Cavour in no measured terms,
and, in fact, showed to whit extent Doctor, now General
Bertani had inoculated him with his own views. Tom
masi and Pivia came back from their mission thoroughly
dispirited.
Nor do the loudest complaints of the Moderate party
merely turn upon matters of abstract principle. In NAP-,
as in Sicily, the appointment of Prn-ri.taors and other_
rulers of the provinow has fallen, and falls, on nien_
_whom the Moderates speak in the very worst terms. n_
f
promote
acquainted with persons, they say, Garibaldi P
Bertani's creatures only, and the country falls into the
hands of men equally destitute of intelligence and_ charac-
ter, They complain that the revolution is only bringing

" the dregs to the surface" (as if that could be AVoideart
any popular ermmotion), and anticipate from this provi-
sional a'a
state of things an aggravation rather than an elle- •
viation of that anarchy which constituted the worst feature.
of the despotic Government now departed.
I simply state the position and disposition of these par-
ties, shrinking from the responsibility-of giving an opinion
as to their respective merits. Ido believe the evils of divi-
sion will prove far less serious than either of the hostile - -
factions represent them. The faith of the 'whole country
both in the King and Garibaldi is unshaken ; it is not to be
shaken; and if Victor Emmanuel could be inspired to come
to Naples without delay, taking care to leave Count Cavour •
behind him, or even taking into his Council for Naples
Itattazzi and some of those members of the Opposition
whose hostility to Cavour ig of no long date, and admits,
perhaps, of future reconciliation, no doubt but events would
proceed without any irreparable breach between honest
patrioti of all parties.

Garibaldi came in from Salerno by ralil
.o' CIL omcitscs
erciMt.h
e
solemn entrance ; but the town, which a few hours ago
was quite downcast, is now frantic with joyous excitement.
The Dictator alighted at the Falazzo della Foresteira, one
iTStro -waaa di
of the wings of the Royal Palace appointed for the resi-
dence of foreign princes. Re is, however, likely to take up
his quarters at the Palazzo d'Ancri in Toledo.
SEPT, 8, MORNING.
The townie at rest. We had last night a sort of politics
Carnival, which was prolonged till a late hour. I had oc-
casion to cross the narrowest and busiest streets along tho
ward of Santa Lucia and the port, and found the iztdustri-
ous classes of Naples as silent and unconcerned as it mo-
ot hhi
agt
sh at
the
happened.e houses
were meetly
thronged with an insane multitude, a prey to a Bacchanalian
fury which I should be sorry if I was able to describe. The
crowd consisted of the lowest rabble, with a sprinkling of,
men and women of the middle orders. It was a flag and
torch procession with cries and shouts, such as can only be
an
uttered by Neapolitan throats. Besides the incesst,
deafening " Viva Garrubbaldo ! Viva Galibalda r and a
hundred other distortions of the name of. the hero of
meonglig the
lighted Riviera
up, r
_a andled
and
T©
ad
day to which we betA to be accustomed, the cry vout •-
roser;4ore--40/44,47iea Crafts UTnx 1 Poyliame 1'1.014 a
Una !" There were a few shouts for Victor triMaiiiidi
and an occasional exclamation of " Death to the Bourbons I" _
For the rest the huge mob did not know what it wished or
what all the noise was about. But it did not care,—it
swarmed and eddied and boiled and bubbled about like the
waves at Charybdis, throng of carriages, throng of me n
throng of women, the men brandishing naked swords, or
waving flags or hats ; the women, bareheaded,
dishevelled, with disordered garments, cheering, em-
bracing, and kissing, as they passed each other,
like so many victims of a rabid drunkenness.
in which, however, drink had no part.' Many of the wo-
men were girls of loose character about town. They had
been flaunting about in hackney coaches from an early
hour, and showed now how a legion of Vesuv4nnes could be
much better mustered here in Naples than at Paris; but I
saw also, in the evening, young women of a better descrip-
tion, girls of 18 or 19, belonging to the class immediately
below the middle orders, modest girls, as one could safely
judge from appearances, whom the tide of popular paision
had allured into that giddy turmoil. We stood—my friend
Silvio Sparenta and I—gazing at one of these young stan-
dardbearers,who was a paragon of loveliness—a cherub-face
lighted up with the fire of more than human excitement.
Such glowing eyes I—such flushed complexion I you would
have said an archangel was leading the heavenly hosts.
There was a mingling and blending of classes and sexes; a
full license to beggars and pickpockets to jostle honest citi-
zens and patriots ; yet the manyheaded monster was in its
best humour. We did not see one case of actual drunken-
ness, nor did we hear of a row or fight, or any other acci-
dent or offence.
All this time the Royal troops still virtually held the
town; for four battalions of Cacciatori were still quartered
in their barracks, and the four castles, St. Elmo, Nuevo,
Del Carmine, and Dell'Uovo, had still no other garrisons
than the troops left behind by the King. Garibaldi reigned
in Naples by his own prestige, and had no other protection
than a few of his Staff, and the still somewhat discordant
National Guards. Yesterday afternoon, however, a great
triumph was achieved. The Neapolitan fleet, which, with
the exception of the frigate Partenope, was all anchored in the
bay hoisted the Italian (Sardinian) colours and put itself un-
der the orders of Admiral Persano, who, with three of his
Sardinian frigates, has been on the spot for several
days. No doubt is entertained that the Partenope, which
is only repairing her engine, will soon join the other ships,
and the spirit of the Neapolitan marine is described as
excellent. Thus is all the uneasiness about this fleet,
which the King was said to contemplate to send to Trieste
in order to put it at the disposal of Austria, completely re-
moved.

12 O'CLOCK AT NOON.
Garibaldi has succeeded in appointing a government for
the kingdom of Naples. The two committees of " order "
and "action," or, at least, some of the members of each of
them, had, with the Dictator's approval, constituted a
joint committee, charged with the temporary preserva-
tion of public tranquillity. It consisted of seven. men—
three, Ricciardi, Libertini, and Agresti, belonging to the
extreme; three—Colonna, Caraccioli, and Pizanelli, to the
moderate party ; and ona, Conforti, is looked upon as a•
man of neutral politics. These men, upon their return
from an interview with the General, assumed the title and
authority of a Provisional Government, and issued a de-
cree by which they appointed Garibaldi Dictator of the
kingdom of Naples. Indignant at this absurd imperti-
nence, the General ordered them to be arrested, though ho
soon afterwards released them, as men who knew not what
they were doing. He then charged General Cosenz with •
the task of forming a Ministry. Cosenz himself is the
Minister for War ; Desauget, fils, Under-Secretary for
War ; Liberio Romano, Home Minister ; Pisanelli, Minis-
ter of Justice; Giacchi, Minister or Director of the Police;
De Cesare holds the portfolio of the finances ; Arditi is tho
prefect for the city and territory of Naples. None of them
belong to the extreme party, so that it would seem as if the
influence of the good Cosenz prevailed over the more dan-
gerous suggestions of Bertani. The appointment of Ro-
mano and Giacchi, former Ministers of King Francis during
the short constitutional rule of the last few weeks, has given
but little satisfaction.