The Sun.
London, England, 1856-03-06 00:00:00

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 6 1856.

PUBLICATIONS.

NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF " WOMAN'S DEVOTION."
Just ready, In 3 vole ,
ATARGARET AND HER BRIDESMAIDS.
v By the Au hor of " Woman's Devotion."
Hunt and Blackett, rublishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13,
Great Marlborough-street.

The Third Edition. Just Published, price 5.., by post, free, ss. 6d.
N TRUE FALSE SPERMATURR.EREA,
with tho View of distinguishing the Imaginary from the
Real Sufferers under this disease, and Correcting of wide-spread
Errors in relation to their Treatment and Cure.
Translated from the German of Dr. PICKFORD.

",Dr. Plckfoin .; known to English readers by his frequent practi.
sal contributions to German medical literature. This is the first
time, he informs as, that he has Addressed himself to the non-medi-
cal reader. We trust this may not be the last, if he shall detect any
other equally flagrant evil which it may be in his p)wer to cor-
rect " —London Medical Gazette. " The tribe of 'Quiet ;sympathisers,'
and Medical Friends,' are mercilessly exposed; and if this book
could find its way into the hands of those who stiffer from the com-
plaint of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would
be saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of
!au Importance, though it is that which the quacks most prize—
much money ......This volume is well qualified to put an end to the
smpirical system of treating Spermatorrhcea, and to place the treat-
ment upon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore,
likely to do much good."
f.ondon: H. Believe. 219, Regent-street.

ti IRE at COVENT GARDEN THE ATRE.—
A' lIARRISO:i and CO., of the PIAZZA and TAVISTOCK
HOTELS, have the pleasure to inform their customers that neither
of thes, houseS have been injured by the above are.

ITNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
Notice is hereby given, that on WEDNESDAY, 2d of April
next, the Senate will proceed to Elect Examiners in the following
Departments :
Exantinerships. Salaries.
ARTS. £ Present Examiners.
T. B Burcham, Esq., M.A.
Two in Classics ..• •••..•• • • IN ST.Smith, LLD.
Two in Mathematics and 150 Itev. Prot. Heaviside, M.A.
Natural l'hilosophy . • • 3 G. B. Jerrard, Esq.•
Two in Logic & Mural & 5O r Rev. 11. Alford, R.D.
Intellectual Philosophy . T. B. Burcham, Esq., M. k.
One in Chemistry.......... 50 Vacant.
One in the French Lamfus...:e 40 C. J. Delille, Esq.
One in the Germ .n Language 40 Itev. A. Walbaum.
Two in the Hebrew Textof
the Old Testament, the Rev, W. Drake, M.A.
Greek Text of the New 50 j Rev. Prof. Gotch, M.A.
Testament, and Scrip-
ture History ..........

MEDICINE.
One in the l'ractice of Me- 1150 Alex. Tweedie, Esq. M.D., F.A.S.
One in 5urgery.......... 150 Joseph Hodgson, Esq.,F.R.S.
One in Anatomy and Phy- 150 Prof. Sharpen M.D., r.R.s.
Biology ......... .....
One in Physiology and
} 100 Prof. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S.
Comparative Anatomy
One in Midwifery and the
Diseases of Women and 100 Edward Rigby, Esq., M.D.
Infants
One in Vateria Modica and/ 100 G. Owen Rees, Esq., M.D., F.R.S.
Pharmacy . _

The present Examiners are eligible, and intend to offer themselves
for re-election.
Candidates must announce their names to the Registrar on or be-
lore the 26th of March.

By order of the Senate.
R. W. ROTHMAN, Registrar.
Burlington House, March sth, 1855.

WEST INDIA AND PACIFIC MAILS.

SOUTHAMPTON, MARCH 5.

By the Royal Mail steam-ship Parana, Captain
Ba,yntnin, with the West India, Mexican, and
Pacific Mails, in charge of Lieut. Daunehay, R.N.,
we have dates from—

Vera Cruz
Tampico — 2 !Barbadoes
Havannah
Santa Martha' Jan. 25 ICarriac Ju
Graytown
Carthagena... ...... 11 St. Lucia — 13
Chagres
Jamaica — 11 Guaialoope - 13
Jacmel
Porto Rico — 17 Antigua
Demerara 91St. Kitt's
Tobago - 17
The Parana brings 25 passengers, among whom
are Capt. Ord, 36th Regiment, and Assistant-Sur-
geon Somerville, 69th Regiment, from Jamaica,
and on freight the following specie :--From Tam-
pico, $998,064 24c. ; Vera Cruz, $301,942 76c. ;
from the Pacific Ports, $167,822 25c. in gold, and
$188,386 in silver • from California, $260,571 value
in gold and gold dust ; from Carthagena, $73,104
in gold (lust ; and Panama, $12,042 in gold and
silver—total value, 1,101,932 dols. 25c., or, say,
220,000/. sterling. The cargo comprisbs 176 serons
of cochineal, 64 scions of indigo, 24 serons ofjalap,
100 cases of cigars, 48 bales of sarsaparilla, 419
bales of bark, 10 packages of vanilla., two live tur-
tles, 8 cases of tortoiseshell, 10 cases of succades,
and 92 packages of sundries.
During the voyage the Parana exchanged signals
on the 25th ult., in lat. 40.28 long. 46.22, with the
bark Evergreen, steering for the Channel ; 29th, in
lat. 46.36, long. 27.12, spoke a Belgian steamer,
steering to the westward ; March 2, in lat. 48.30,
long. 16.7, exchanged signals with the Bremen
brig Plata ; and on the 4th inst., 60 miles west of
the Lizard, passed the Royal mail steam-ship
Atrato, with the outward West India, Mexican,
and Pacific mails.

Several of our files of West India papers, includ-
ing those from Jamaica, and Demerara, have not
come to hand. We are, however, informed that
the island, generally were healthy.
At Antigua the weather was unfavourable for
agricultura operations.
News from Barbadoes states that the high winds
had injured several mills. A letter addressed to
tile Hon. F. Hineks, the Governor, by the Board
of Trade at Quebec, on the subject of reciprocal
trade with the West Indies, together with his Ex-
cellency's reply, has been published. The object
of the letter is to urge on the attention of the Go-
vernor the benefits that' would accrue to the trade
via the river St. Lawrence and provincial canals
from the reciprocal exchange, fi cc of duty, of the
productions of Canada and those of the West India
Islands, by which •Inewure the commercial inter-
course between the British • Canadian colonies
would be assimilated with that existing between
the northern and southern States of the adjoining
Union.

In his answer Mr. Hincics promises that the sub-
ject shall receive his best consideration, but declines
expressing any opinion as to the arrangement until
he has ascertained the views of the Canadian Go-
vernment, as well as the state of public opinion in
those islands with which ho was about to be con-
nected.

Intelligence from Panama reports the isthmus to
be unusually healthy. Business was improving,
although everything continued to look dull. The
opening of the Central American line of steamers
was looked forward to with anxiety, as it would be
the means of having a very beneficial effect upon
the commercial affairs of the isthmus. Rice and
corn were ♦ery scarce, and hardly procurable at
any price. Flour, preserved meats, beef and pork,
&c., were furnished to the Panama market almost
exclusively from Aspinwall ; but prices varied so
much that it is impossible to give quotations. The
railroad was iu good order, and trains passed over
generally two or three times a-day. Although there
was considerable disturbance in the interior of the
State, Panama and the surrounding country was
perfectly quiet.
A great deal of agitation appeared to exist at
Bogota respecting the coming Presidential elec-
tion, and it was by no means improbable that
another revolutionary movement would take place.
The British mail steamer Valdivia arrived at
Panama on the sth ult., with dates from Valpa-
raiso to the 16th, and Callao to the 26th of Jan.

---
Business at Valparaiso was better, and large
speculations were making in the wheat of the
coming harvest. Wheat was sold at from 3.75 to
4.00 the fanega to be delivered in March or April.
Flour had fallen off in price. The grain crops pro-
mised abundance.

The silver exports from Caldera for the last year
were in market valued at $lO the mark :

$ 0.
In 1854 they were 352,543 00
Ditto in 1556

1,699 50
The• total exportation of metals from that port
in 1854 was $5,952,144 82 :
The mint in 1855 coined in silver from
5 to 100 cent pieces 1,546,196
In gold condors and half-condors 650,175

2,196,371
The public expenses for the present 3 o.
year are fixed at 5,707,685 24
The Forte was advertised to sail on the 23d of
January for France, touching at Rio.
The. French transport Infernal, 6 guns, arrived
on the Ist of January, 51 days from Rio. She
brought 36 passengers. She sailed from Brest
with the Perseverante. The two arrived only a
few days apart at Rio.

_
The French brig Alcibiades, 20 guns, 43 days
from Rio, had also arrived. She saluted, on anchor-
ing, the, English and French Admirals.
Peruvian intelligence contains little beyond the
Congressional-"debates respecting the constitution.
Tnelhario reports the arrival at Callao, in the
French frigate Ama, of a Mr. Pelissier' who, it
Says,
.is brother to the French General of that
name.

The yellow fever is reported as raging at }lna-
maoliueo, near Trujillo.

OFFICIAL DESPATCHES RESPECTING
THE PALL OF KARS.

We proceed to give a summary of the important
papers presented to both houses of Parliament by
command of her Majesty relative to " Military
Affairs in Asiatic Turkey, and the Defence and
Capitulation of Kars." These papers constitute a
blue book of 356 pages, and 'comprise no less than
390 despatches.
Lord Clarendon's instructions to Lieut.-Colonel
Williams, upon appointing him commissioner to
attend the head-quarters of the Turkish army in
Asia, are dated Aug. 2, 1854. Col. Williams was to
act under the orders of Lord Raglan, and from him
receive more detailed directions for his guidance.
On political matters be was to keep up a commu-
nication with the Foreign-office, sending his cor-
respondence with Lord Clarendon through the em-
bassy at Constantinople, under flying seal, and also
transmitting copies of all his diplomatic letters
to Lordßaglan. Any representations he might wish
to make to the Porte were to be made immediately
through Lord Raglan, and by him through Lord
Stratford de Radcliffe. On urgent military matters
he was allowed to communicate with the Porte di-
rectly through Lord de Rerhliffe. When Colonel
Williams arrived out at Constantinople news of the
defeat of the Turks at Kuruk•Dereh and the occu-
pation of Bayazid by the Russians had just been
received. On the 22d of September we find Lord
Clarendon writing to Lord Radcliffe :
"The Turkish Government still seems animated by the
same spirit, and determined that the army in Asia shall
bring defeat on the Sultan's cause, trnd'Coutinito to be an
embarrassment to the allies of her Majesty: 'A foreign
general of distinction, and said to possess great military
talent, is on the spot and willing to take the command
of Kars. His appointment is advised by the Commander-
in-Chief of the allied armies ; it is specially recommended
by the British ambassador, and agreed to by the whole
of the Ministers, with the exception of the Grand Vizier,
and against all this weight of authority his decision is
allowed to prevail. Her Majesty's Government most
aggin protest against this disregard of the Sultan's in•
terests."

And five days later Lord Clarendon writes to the
same :

" Your Excellency will inform Reschid Pacha of the
great dissatisfaction which all the proceedings in cnnoec•
tion with the array of Asia have caused to her Majesty's
eto v ern m ent."

Ismail Pacha was the new Asiatic commander
proposed by the Turkish Government at this time.

Col. Williams saw Lord Raglan at Varna on the
18th of Aug. and by the 17th of Sept. had reached
Erzeroutn. His correspondence concerns the want
of fuel, provisions, clothing, and pay. His des-
patches to Lord Clarendon on these subjects are
full of details respecting the resources of the Asiatic
army, even to a tabulated statement of the accommo-
dation for troops and horses existing at Erzerouna.
One of the first things he mentions, and
it is a topic to which he frequently returns, is the
cowardice of Selim Pacha, he who afterwards de-
ceived the garrison of Kars until its surrender. In
a letter from Lord Radcliffe to Lord Clarendon,
dated Sept. 27, the ambassador expresses a hope
that the Allies may benble next year (1855) to
send troops to Asia ; in another, from Lord Cla-
rendon to the same, dated Oct. 21, it is represented
that " the operations in Asia in that year will pro-
bably be carried out on a large scale." On the
25th of Oct. Colonel Williams writes his first letter
from Kars, which he had entered the day before.
He transmits to England detailed accounts of the
force there, and recommends certain arms and
equipments, and expresses the opinion " that the
gener.il officers and colonels commanding aro un-
worthy of holding commands." The difficulties
these persons and their chiefs threw in his way, the
frauds practised on the army and on the Sultan at
Kars—for instance, rations being drawn for 35,000
men there were only 14,000—A1l these things, and
the exertions of Col. Williams to overcome them,
are sent.

On the 6th Dec., 1854, Col. Williams has to com-
plain in another quarter. To Lord ReLicliffe he
writes :

"Since I fulfilled the duties confided to me, as her
Majesty's commissioner to the hettl-quarters of the army
of Kars, I have had the honour of addressing to your
Excellency 54 despatches. Each packet has been accom-
panied by a private letter containing details and sugge.,-
tions, which, had they found place in my public com-
munications, would have inconveniently lengthened
those documents. On the 23d of September, I was
honoured by a private letter from your lot !ship, appeal-
ing to my 'spirit and humanity,' relative to the cap-
tivity of those unfortunate Russian laliea who had then

recently•been seized and carried int, the mountains by
Sheikh Schamyl, the Circassian chieftain. Since the
above date, I have not been favoured with a line by your
Excellency, even with an acknowled4mont of the recep-
tion of my public or private communications. Te one
who has served your for lship for so many years such a-1
avowal on my part can only be recorded with feelings of
deep disappointment and mortiticaion—feelings which
I have studiously endeavoured to conceal, even from my
aide-de-catnp and secretaries, because ee.ch successive
post was anxiously looked for, in the hope of receiving
answers from your lordship on the Pressing and impor-
tant aff.tirs connected with wy mission to the head-quar-
ters of the army of Kan. I need not trouble your
lordship with a recapitulation of the contents of my
various ide'ntio despatches ; but a. the E irl of Clarendon
and General Lord Raglan will be furnished with a copy
of this commun;cation, I owe it t ) her n.jesty's Govern-
ment and to myself to remind your lordship of c nomu-
nications public and private especially addressed to
you."

Having referred to the points contained in his
former letters, he concludes :
" I shall fail to preserve the power that I ha►e. I
shall not succeed in shielding the troops from starvation
unless my demands be complied with."
But three weeks before Colonel Williams male
these complaints, Lord Redcliffo had presented the
whole of that officer's representations, recommen-
dations, and suggestions, in an imposing and autho-
ritative form, to the Ottoman Government to ob-
tain the rank of Ferik in the Ottoman army, equi-
valent to that of General of Division, for Colonel
Williams. To Lord Clarendon Lord Redcliffe
writes, on the 15th Nov. ;
" Knowing the extreme importance which your lord-
ship attaches to the reinstatement of the Turkish army
at Kars, I make no apology for transmitting the papers
inclosed herewith, which I drew up myself from Colonel
Williams' voluminous despatches, and submitted it to
the Turkish ministers, with au instruction to M. Pisani,
/*commending the whole of th;tt offisier'a demands and
suggestions to their most serious and immediate atten-
tion. Later portions of the same correspondence have
been conveyed in a similar form, and with similar re-
commendations, to the Seraskier] Pacha and his col-
leagues. lam assured by M. Pisani that oa the side
of the Turkish ministers there is every appearance of a
sincere intention to comply with my demands. As soon
as I am satisfied that the supplies are actually sent, and
orders corresponding with the suggestions of Colonel
Williams, issued in stringent terms, I shall not fail to
apprise your lordship of so gratifying a result. The sub-
ject being now relieved of much superfluous and exagge-
rated nutter, the course is main clearer to Turkish ap-
prehension, and I trust that the experience of last year,
which certainly was painfulLenough in its most reduced
proportions, will have its effect in contributing to the
success of my endeavours, grounded on the strenuous
exertions of Coloael Williams, a'id aided by the pecu-
niary supplies derived from the loan."

The, paper, which Lord Radcliffe says he drew
up himself, is a very elaborate and complete state-
ment of the condition of the army at Kars, contain-
ing a series of specific and detailed demands for the
repair of its deficiencies. In a letter of the 28th
Dec. Lord Redcliffe writes to Lord Clarendon :
" It remains for me to say a word respecting my silence
towards Colonel Williams. It has, in truth, continued
longer than I intended. It originated in my anxiety not
to occasion disappointment by announcing measures
which might or might not be carried into effect. I knew
that, during the winter season, little, comparatively,
could be done; and I preferred, under the pres4ure of
business flowing in abundantly from other sources, to
give my correspondent an answer in full, rather than
keep up a succession of partial communications."
The ambassador encloses in this communication
an enumeration of the demands put forward by
Col. Williams, and which he (Lord Redcliffe) had
successfully enforced on the Porte. They refer to
the recall, displacement, nomination, and promo-
tion of officers, including the commander in-chief,
and the advancement of Col. Williams himself to a
position of influence and authority with the army.
In a despatch dated Jan. 11, Lord Clarendon re-
grets the silence which Lord Radcliffe the natural
protector of Colonel Williams, shouldl:ave observed
towards him when "surrounded by robbers and
traitors."

By the eni of D.ceruber, 1854, the diploma of a
Ferik iu the Turkish army was sent to Colonel
Williams ; the old commander-in-chief at Kars had
been superseded, and Massif Pacha was in com-
mand. The corruption and peculation pervading
every department of the army and its auxiliary
services is the theme of nearly all the letters writ-
ten during the intervals of war. Ex pede lierculem.
An apothecary at Pera was employed to supply the
army with medical stores. Dr. Sandwith reports
to Colonel Williams :--
"M. Della Sella delivers the mediein.s at the retail
price of the shops in Constantinople. No control, I am
told, 's exercised over him. His interest is to supply as
much as possible; but pack noetrurps, Wel.= instrul

ments, pots of pomatunt, eau de Cologne, hair dye, ob-
stretic instruaieuts, and damaged leaves and bark consti-
tute the bulk of the stores furnished. These again,, under
the auspices of Salith Bey, disappear in the most unac-
countable manner, more are sent for, and thus & brisk
trade goes Oa at the expense of the Government, and for
the profit of M. Della Sulla and those Constantinople
authozities whose protection be purchases."
All the qualified medical men in the army left
after a few months' service. _ _

Coining after various communications addressed
by Lord Redcliffe to Reschid Paella, then Grand
Vizier, and to Vassif Pacha, the new commander-
in-chief of the Asiatic army, urging attention to
the subject brought to his notice by Colonel, now
General Williams, is a personal complaint by the
ambassador to Lord Clarendon :

" It is not enough for me to know in general terms
that Brigadier-General Williams is a military officer, in-
structed to act as her Majesty's Commissioner with the
army at Kars. It is further desirable that I should
be made acquainted with the extent of his powers on the
spot, with the degree to which he is independent of the
Commander-in-Chief, and how far it is expected by her
Majesty's Government that I shall insist on obedience
to his demands without reference to any doubts enter-
tained of their expediency, either by the Porte or by me.
It appears that the Com Missioner asserts in practice a
right of, being obeyed without hesitation, whether the
objects of his suggestions be the punishment or removal
of an officer accused by him, the correction of an abuse,
the introduction of an improvement, or the direction of
a military operation. If such are his powers I know not
in what he differs from a commander-in-chief, except that
he is not charged with taking the field in person, and
directing the whole of the operations on his single re-
sponsibility. The Porte most certainly does not put this
construction on thenuthority with which lie is invested,
nor have I so read my instructions as to ask for more on
lie behalf than a fair reliance on his judgment in mat-
ters affecting the administration of an army, a respec-
ful attention to his advice and suggestions for the pro-
motion of its efficiency, and that amount of confidence
as to military moveinente and plans which ought to be
inepired by the intimate relations subsisting between the
respective Governments. Observing in your lordship's
instruction to General Williams that he is directed to
maintain the most friendly relations with the Turkish
officers, I venture to ask whether the tone which he,has
assumed towards them, the abruptness of his charges,
the violence of his threats, the dictatorial spirit which,
according to his own account, has generally characterised
his proceedings, can be said to correspond with that in-
tention, or to favour those dispositions to reform which
it is our object to produce no lees at Kars than through-
out the Turkish empire. We should be inconsistent with
ourselves if we eought`to trample down what remains of
Turkish independence."
Another reference to General Williams's authority
occurs in a message from Reschid Pacha, who sends
word to Lord Radcliffe (Despatch 136) :
" The British commissioner has a right to be consulted
on matters immediately connected with the army in ge-
neral, but not to interfere with orders issued direct from
the Porte to its own officers on internal questions."
On the 25th January, 1855, General Williams
still complains of Lord Redcliffe's silence, and ex-
claims :

" What could I not have done in the shape of reform,
had even a note from Lord Stratford and an order from
the Seraskier reached ma by the return of the first
Turkish post, which was then as regular in its arrival
as that between London and Constantinople."
_ _ _

As to the reforms obtained by Lord Radcliffe of
the Porte, he says :
" My recent reports show that the army of
.Kars re-
mains without a single reform but that which has been
worked by a commissioner unacknowledged, though
feared, by the base man who commanded it, and by those
equally despicable officers who are still, at the end of
January, 1855, at the head of its various regiments and
corps."

•In a roport addressed to Lord Redcliffe by M.
Pisani, occurs the following passage, illustrating
the feeling entertained towards General Williams at
the Turkish Ministry at War. The date is May
15, 1855 :
"Ti this the Seraskier answered, that all this was very
well, but that he wanted to know, for his information and
guidance, whether General Williams was actually the
commander-in-chief of the Kars army, and by whose au-
thority he a,,Aumed the command. I said that General
Williams was not the coinmauder•in•chief of the army,
but her Majesty's commissioner, and as such it was his
bounden duty to keep his Government informed of every-
thing going o❑ in that quarter."
The campaign, which ended with the fall of Kars,
was about this time commencing. On the 3d of
June General Williams writes to Lord Clarendon :

•° If the Russians leave Georgia to attack Kars, it
would show that our spies aria travellers have under-
rated their strength, or that they find no succour coming
to us eith--r from Trebizond or Batou►n ; be this as it
may, I have now fur months' provisions in that garri•
son, and I tru-t the central Government and the allies
will soon prove to this remnant of an army that it is not
absolutely forgotten by them."
• On the 20th June Lord Redeliffe writes :

" I went over to the Forte yesterday. The Seraskier
expressed his declded opinion that a body of 10,000 inn
might be detached from Batouin without danger to that
etitabqchinent, which would still have 4,000 or 2,000 for
its protection. It was proposed, at the came time, that
some vessels of war should he directed to cruise along
the coat of Circassia, and I was requested to submit this
plan to Rear-Admiral Sir E linund Lyons, under an
pressina that a joint operation, in concert with the
French, would be de-irable."
It appears that the Turkish Ministers did not at
thin tinio believe in the possibility of maintaining
Kars, and looked forward to a retreat upon Erze-
routn.

On the 10th of June the rust attack on Kars was
nude by the Russians. On the 30th of June a
council of Turkish Ministers was held, when Lord
'fetich& was present. He writes of Kars :
" It appears from the En4lish statements that the de-
fences of the fortress were deemed to be of considerable
strength, that the place was provisioned fur a month,
and that the Turkish army may be estimated at 18,000
men. It was clear to all present, that whether the
Russians besieged or turned Kars, the Turkish army re-
quired an effort to be made for its relief with ail practi-
cable de patch, and that of three possible modes of act-
?vg for that purpose, the only one likely to prove effec-
tive was an expedition by Kutais into Georgia. To
send reinforcements by Trebiz )nd would be at best a
palliative. To establish an entrenched camp at Re-
(lout Kaleh would at this unhealthy season be equiva-
lent to consigning the troupe to destruction. The real
qUestion was, whether a force numerically sufficient, and
in all respects effective, could be collected in time at
Kutais t ) make a❑ excursion into Georgia and threaten
the communications of the Russian army, placing it in-
deed between two hostile forces should the Turkish army
still be in a condition t.) take the field. It was for the
Turkinh ministers to solve this problem, and they pro-
posed that the expeditionary force shoutd be composed
of 12,000 rain irons Bstoutn and the aeighbouring sta-
tions ; of the tr•iops made over to General Vivian, and
estimated at 10,000 of all arms ; of General Beatson's
leregelar Cavalry ;. of 10,000 men to be detached from
the army in Bulgaria as the complement of the Turkish
Contingent ; of 5,000 more derived from the same
source ; of an Egyptian regiment of horse now here,
and of another regiment expected from Tunis. To these
the Seraskier proposed to add 2,000 Albanians by way
of riflemen. These several forces completed, according
to the figures, would present a total of 44,400 men, not
perhaps to be ;reckoned with prudence at more than
36,000 iffectives."

Lord Redeliffe called attention to the importance
of not exposing the Turkish Contingent, or Gen.
Beatson's Horse, prematurely to a trial beyond
their strength. The Seraskier reported that no
aid was to be expected from the population of
Mingrelia after the events of the previous year.
The Porte proposed to give the command of the
army to General Vivian. This general was invited
on the following day to give his opinion, and,
asked for exact details of the means on which
he might reckon of transport inland. They
could not be given, and he said it was one thing to
throw an army on a coast, and another to feed and
move it. He was asked then to make out a list of
what would be required.
In a despatch dated July 13, Lord Clarendon
condemns the, whole scheme. He said :

"It would be in the greatest degree imprudent to
throw on an unwholesome coast, without means of land
transport, without any certainty of provisions, without
an assured communication with the rear, without an ac-
curate knowledge of the country to be traversed, or the
strength of the enemy to be encountered, and with the
probability of a hostile population, 40,000 men, hur-
riedly collected from various quarters, imperfectly disci-
plined, doubtfully armed and equipped, and as yet un-
organised, and to expose them at once to all the hazards
and difficulties of a campaign against a Russian army.
They would fall ill between Itedout Kaleh and Kutais,
and be defeated between Kutais and Tiflis."

He advised that reinforcements should be sent to
Trebizoud, and thence to Erzeroum
"If the army at Kars cannot maintain that position
against the Russians, it should fail back upon Erse-
roum, and the whole Turkish force should be concentrat-
ed there. If the Russians are to be defeated, it will be
easier to defeat them by the whole force collected, than
by divided portions of that force ; and the defeat would
be the more decisive the further it took place within the
Tulkish-frontier."
On the 14th of July Lord Panmure wrote to
Gen. Vivian on the plan proposed by the Porte :
‘• It is too late to regret the policy which has left Bri-
gadier-General Williams and his army exposed to such
straits; but it would be only opening the way to fresh
f tilure to follow out such schemes as have been proposed
for the purpose of relieving him."
. In, the middle.of June Omer Pacha sent to the ge-
male and admirals commanding-in-chief the French

I and English forces a letter, in which for reason
therein stated ho proposed that he. should proceed
with the force he brought with him from Eupatoria
(25,000 men) to Asia, to make a diversion in favour
of the garrison of Kars and the army of Asia, and
asked a conference on the subject. A conference
was called, and held at the French head-quarters
on the 14th, Omer Pacha, General Pelissier, Gen.
La Marmora, Vice-Admiral Sir E. Lyons, Vice-
Admiral Bruat, Rear-Admiral Stewart, and General
Simpson were present. Omer Pacha urged that
his army was the only one, and he the only Turkish
general who could successfully oppose the Russians
in Asia. At the same time, if a decisive operation
were in contemplation for the execution of which
the presence of his army was necessary, and which
would have for its object the capture of Sebastopol,
he should consider himself bound to remain, as,
Sebastopol taken, the affairs of Asia become of com-
paratively trifling importance. If, on the contrary,
no pi in likely to lead to a decisive result bas been
decided upon, and the fate of Sebastopol should
not be settled this summer, the position of the
Russians in Asia becomes of the last importance,
and might eventually decide the fate of Sebastopol.
All the members of the conference, without excep-
tion, objected to the withdrawal of any troops from
the Crimea at that time, and Omer Pasha, dissatis-
fied, left the day after for Constantinople. General
Simpson wrote to Lord Redcliffe, to beg him to use
his powerful influence with the Porte, to cause the
opinion of the conference to prevail over that of his
highness ; and the ambassador wrote in the same
sense to Lord Clarendon.
The plan of Omer Pacha, as submitted to the
conference, was characterised by its author. as
powerful diversion from Redout Kaleh, and its ob-
ject, as described by its author, was to " menace
thence the communication of the Russians, and so
oblige them to abandon the siege of Kars. " The pro-
jectfound favour at Constantinople, and Lord Cla-
rendon was of opinion that Omer Pacha should be at
liberty to employ his troops as his Government might
think fit. To Lord Cowley he wrote regretting
that the French Government should oppose the
expedition, and stadia., that her Majesty's Govern-
ment would doubt whether it were wise, even if
they had the right to do so, to object to the adop-
tion of such a course by the Porte, since the void
by the withdrawal of Omer Paella's troops from
the Crimea might be filled up by sending Vivian's
Contingent to either Balaklava or Eupatoria. On
the 4th of Aug. Lord Cowley replied by telegraph :
"The French Government will not oppose the pro-
jected expedition to Asia Minor, under Omer Pasha,
provided that the numbers of the Turkish Contingent
before Sebastopol are not diminished,"

On the same day Lord Olarendon telegraphed to
Lord Radcliffe :
" Omer Pacha can go to relieve Kars provided be
does not diminish the Turkish troops before Sebastepol,
or disturb the garrison of Yenikale. Desire Vivian to
hold himself in readiness to go to Eupatoria with his
Turkish Contingent."
The French Emperor's opinion of Omer Paella's
diversion is thus intimated iu a despatch from Lord
Cowley to Lord Clarendon, dated Aug. 29 :
"The Emperor has no objection to the removal of the
Turkish troops from Balaklava, and to their being re-
placed by other', provided that the allied commandeis-
in-chief have no objection ; but he will not take upon
himself the responsibility of saying more."
Omer Pacha was exceedingly anxious to take
with him to Asia the troops before Sebastopol, as
being a more homogeneous and better trained corps
than that at Eupatoria ; but General Simpson pro-
tested against the exchange of those troops for the
Contingent. The fall of Sebastopol put an end to
these difficulties and delays. On the 13th of Oc-
tober news reached Constantinople of the glorious
repulse of the Russians before Kars, on the 29th
Sept. 'On the 12th of Oct. following General
Wiltiatns was writing to Lord kedcliffe
Notwithstanding the severe defeat experienced by tbe
enemy, he still blockades us closely, and the erection
of huts in his camp this morning shows that he intends
to continue this course. He knows that all our cavalry
horses and the great majority of the Artillery horses are
dead of starvation, and that we cannot take the field ;
he is- also aware that cholera inflicts severe losses on us,
which are aggravatel by the difficulty welhave'of burying
the horses. Under these circumstances I address these
few lines to your Lordship, with a hope that such repre-
sentations may be instantly male to General Omer, to
act with vigour and decision against Georgia ; otherwise,
in spite of our bril:iant victory we must ultimat-ly fall
into the enemy's hands."
On the 6th of November Gen. Williams writes :
"1- hope Omer Pacha is acting like a brave and
resoluta man ;" but he complains that that coin-,
mander pays no regard to his letters. On the 24th
of November, Lord Redcliffe bids M. Pisani ex-
press to the Turkish government " the regret
which I feel at the apparent inefficiency of Outer
Paella's movements, at his neglecting to communi-
cate by Batount with Kars." At the same time
Omer Paella was entreating the ministers at Con-
stantinople to send hint every available transport
horse. The Seraskier exonerated Omer Pacha
from the blame cast on him by Lord Redcliffe,
and said—

" Ail this requires money for its execution. The
treasury is much embarrassed, and unless 100,000 purses
or 50,000,000 of piastres are pail them on account, out
of the loan, every operation must be stopped. Oilier
Podia &man& money, Vassit Pacha likewise, and the
commander at Eupatoria. Thsides, the grain mei chants
and others refuse to give provisions unless they be paid
ready money. Under these circumstances, both the
Grand Vizer and Fuld Pacha urgently- beg of your
Excellency to be so gaol as to taka their demand into
due consideration, and issue oilers to the prop,r quar-
ter."

Gor:eral Mansfield gives an account of an inter-
view lie had with the Scraskier at this time (No-
vember 25.)
" Ia conclusion, his Excellency turned round t) me
and said that I was as well aware as he of the contiou•
ous exertion made ti help the garrison by him, but that
from the first we had been agreed on the neces-ity of a
large and well combined eff.mt. That Omer Paella had
been delayd by causes over which, unfortunately, he
could exercise no control. It wag an affair of the Alliance.
It had all abmg been understood that such me isures aL
it was in their power to take without the army which
had been detained in the Crimea, would not suffice for
the object in view : still they had persevered, as in duty
been]. His Excellency then proceeded to tell me, with
couch force, that the Turks were absolutely debarred
from executing what was necessary for the prosecution
of the campaign, by the da'ay in giving them the advan-
tage of Ow loa”. The grain, to the amount of 1,000,000
of kiloes, bought by him fur the service of the army, was
not forwarded to the coast because they could not pay
for it."

General Mansfield added his own conviction that
in a supply of money lay alone the chance of re-
lieving Kars.
Meanwhile General Williams NMI straining every
nerve to feed the garrisons and town, and induce
Selim Pacha to join him with his forces ; but nei-
ther persuasions nor orders would induce this man
to move : to every solicitation he replies with a
promise, which is never fulfilled. An order was
sent from the Port to advance at all hazards, with
the assurance that he would not be held responsi-
ble if his army were lost in the attempt to help the
garrison of Kars.
By the 19th of Nov., Col. Simmons was writing
to Lord Clarendon that Omer Pacha had nct many
more than 20,000 men wherewith to meet the
enemy in an advanced position, and on the 19th of
Dec. Lord Clarendon was impressing on the French
Government the danger to which Omer Paella was
exposed.
On the 21st of Dec. the Earl of Clarendon re-
ceived from Consul Brant, of Erzeroum, whose zeal
shines through the whole of these papers, a note,
dated Nov. 27, announcing the surrender of Kars.
The fall of this fortress increased the anxiety of
the Porte to strengthen the remains of the Asiatic
army, but on the 10th of. December we find Gen.
Codringtou writing to Lord Radcliffe :
" I wrote to Marshal Pelissier in the general tone of
your letter, expressing-to him the great object it seemed
to be to get the Turkish troops to Trebizond, and that,
if done at all, it should be done at once, and offering my
assistance, if I could, by communication with our navy,
to further this object. His answer was, that he couid
not consent to their leaving Eupatoria without the ex-
press sanction of the Emperor of the French."
And Lord Radcliffe replies
The Turks are sadly mortified by the embargo which
appears to have been laid on the Egyptian troops at
Eupatoria.
We conclude this examination with an extract
from General Mansfield's memorandum on the
measures taken for the relief of Kars since his arri-
val at Constantinople on the 26th of June, 1855.
He says
" The ambassador never ceased from making the most
urgent representations to the Seraskier and the Porte.
On the receipt of every fresh despatch from Kars or
Erzeroum, either M. Pisani or myself was sent to enforce
the necessity of relief. My appearance at the Seras-
kierat might indeed have been considered an ill omen
for the garrison of Kara, so frequently was I obliged to
make the-same -representation: AA may be seen' from
my numerous reports of the last four or five months,
there was no want of alacrity on the part of the Turkish
Government. There was a dilemma from which they
sought to extricate themselves, but in vain. They
could only accomplish reinforcements by driblets to the
garrison of Erzeroum, and they were thwarted by the
apathy of their own comManders. If I may be allowod
to offer an opinion Q the zeal cause of trio Lustrous