The Sun.
London, England, 1860-08-23 00:00:00

THE SUN,' LONDON, THURSDAY' EVENING, AUGUST 23, 186.

the religious view, and we shall be told that the
fanatical Mahomedan party has organised an ex-
terminating war, under the patronage of a member
of the Sultan's family at Constantinople, against
the Christians throughout the East ; and in support
of this assertion we are reminded of the Indian
rebellion, the Morocco war, and the onslaught last
May on the French frontier stations in Algeria.
The Moslems maintain, on the contrary, that they
are the victims of a new crusade, resuscitated by
the Ultramontane party—here the members are
called Jesuites—in order to divert the attention of
Cabinets from Rome to Constantinople, and to pre-
vent the downfall of the Pope by compassing the
destruction of the Sultan. Lastly, we have the
question of races to render the imbroglio all the
more difficult and inexplicable. With such
a ravelled skein before me, I feel great
diffidence in expressing an opinion either
one way or the other, lest an act of injustice should
be committed, for it is impossible to obtain positive
evidence. The utmost we can get is an accordance
of the opinions held by the majority, or an assur-
ance that this or that statement is credited gene-
rally.

Accordingly, then, to general opinion and public
notoriety, the Turkish Government has always
been opposed to the last diplomatic settlement,
which, by the institution of two Kaimakans—one
for the Druses and the other for the Christians—
has greatly enfeebled the power of the Porte. The
Pashas, knowing this, believed they would be re-
warded if they pitted tribe against tribe and sect
against sect, to their mutual destruction. The policy
of divide et impera has disciples in Europe, the dif-
ference being that it is the only one which the
Turkish mind is capable of understanding and per-
sistently following. France has been all along
opposed to the system of two Kamaikans, which
was the result of the quadruple alliance. The pro-
gramme which she has proclaimed is, placing the
Lebanon under one governor, who is to be a Chris-
tian, and to this end her political and religious pro-
paganda has invariably tended. The union of
Druses and Maronites under the same local govern-
ment, with a view to the gradual independence of
the Lebanon, is said to be the French idea as to
how the Eastern question should be solved, The
idea has its advantages and disadvantages. It places
France in contradiction with herself on two points
of the same coast. In Africa she is the enlightened
and impartial protector of Moslems, supporting
their schools and mosques out of the national trea-
sury, and endeavouring to put in practice the pre-
cept of the founder of the Imperial dynasty, that
the reasons which ought to make the ruler of a
Western State a Christian ought also to make him
a Mahomedan in the East. But between the policy
observed in Algeria and that followed -here there
ought to be agreement. If in Algiers France is Mos-
lem, she can hardly be anti-Moslem in Damascus, the
holy city of Islam. When M. Edmond de Lesseps
was here as the consular representative of France,
some two or three years back, he was indefatigable
in striving to extend the influence of his country.
After failing in his advances to the Druses he fell
back upon the Maronites, visiting them in their
homes to promise protection, and inviting them to
his house on great occasions, whence they used to
proceesi, to church in grand procession, thus identi-
fying France with the Maronites in the eyes of the
Moslems. These subjects of the Porte claimed to
be protected by France, and if they committed an
offence they would not be arrested and punished by
the Turkish authorities. This system, although it
has existed for a long time with respect to the con-
ventual establishments in the mountains, has been
productive of endless disturbances and illwill. There
was the case of Tonijos Chahin, a muleteer, who
claimed to be protected by the Lazarists, and who,
when punished for an offence by a Sheik, without
their intervention or permission, intrigued and
brought the people to place themselves under
foreign protection, until in the end he was enabled
to overthrow the nativeprinees and appropriate their
estates. The " Native Christian Association" here
recently received a new and extended development
under the presidency of Monsignor Tobia. They are
accused, without a titee of evidence being forthcom-
ing as yet, of having procured arms and ammunition
for distribution among the Maronites, on condition
that if the arms were ever required for defence they
were not to be paid for, and of having excited the
Christians to rise. Four members of this Maronite
Committee at Beyrout have left the country. Their
names are Ayoub Trabelsy, member of the criminal
tribunal; Mansour Tean, member of the civil tri-
bunal; and Nicola Naccache and Naoom Kikano,
native bankers.
The Turkish authorities here are accused of hav-
ing informed the Druses of a Maronite plot against
them, and of having supplied them with arms and
ammunition, the latter from the arsenal at Constan-
tinople. It is, therefore, not surprising when mat-
ters had been brought to this point—the train, in
fact, laid—when rival races and sectaries had been
irritated against one another, and encouraged by
European political intrigues, that an explosion
should occur, and that the outbreak, when it came,
should take proportions never. contemplated, burst-
ing from all control, and wrapping the country in
flames and blood. That any one concerned in
these proceedings ever imagined they would be fol-
lowed by the atrocities which have filled Christen-
dom with disgust and horror no one for an instant
supposes. God forbid that any policy or any sect
should incur so terrible a responsibility. But people
ought to have learned by this time that if revolu-
tions are not to be made by rose water, neither are
the antipathies of race and religion to be excited
with impunity.
For some time murders and outrages had been
committed by the two tribes on one another, but
they had been so common that they were held to
constitute the normal condition of society in the
Lebanon. At the beginning of the year the Maro-
nites made armed incursions, or promenades mill-
taires, into the Druse country, boasting that in a
short time they would drive out the Druses or ex-
terminate them. The Moslems sent in messengers
asking for peace. At Beit-maxi they even sent their
children to their Maronite acquaintances to be kept
;a
as
egiet_sra tahrthat
tleft hostages.
e war
ta
rB
accordingly,
s they
inevitable.
w e
arne
d w, returnedTerhee filreBdwpitrhu
on; s
etmsh eeosvf-
turnel, fought, and were defeated. Subsequently
they returned with reinforcements, and, though
still numerically inferior, were victorious, when
the massaMe and firing of houses were effected. So
far as I have been able to learn, this is the true
statement of the first outrage which may be said to
indicate a departure from the usual proceedings of
chronic assassination and outrage.
The telegram which was despatched on the Gth
will have informed you of the position of affairs at
Damascus, and I now forward a resume of the
letters and documents on which it was founded.
On the 28th of July 'uad Pasha arrived at Da-
mascus with the Muschir, accompanied by some
3,000 troops, which tranquilised the people, and put
a stop to the exciting reports that before were daily
circulated, and served to keep up the panic. On
the following day his firman was read, and early in
to pay
aittch
hihisne s respects.afromday
co or
n
the morning Mr. Brant, the English Consul, called
st
twa on
toi fn
ohp il se
,arrival nhe ei
despatches
it
se
snudeedd per xe
epleadmi tai
toi
sf,
WFhrieenhcwh n greetheeiviend-
ertreo
dapisst.ribHuteedaitnonthcee
non°
towns and along the seaboard,
stating that they
were coming with the Sultan's consent; for it was
feared that, with the excited state of the Moslem
mind, the rumour of a hostile expedition, or of e
C
any-
thing looking like a crusade of the Cross against the
Crescent, would render the fanatics furious,
pro-
voke perhaps fresh massacres, and
jeopardise the
small Christian communities scattered over the
country. In Damascus the fanatics boasted that,
with the help of Druses, Kurds, and Arabs, they
th could defend themselves against the Sultan and his
allies. Meanwhile Fuad Pasha was taking informa-
tion, and awaiting the arrival of two battalions
which he had asked from the military commander
at Beyrout, Ismail Pasha, better known in England
as General Kmety, one of the valiant defenders of
Kars.

On the 3d, Fund Pasha, having received these re-
inforcements, commenced acting with extraordinary,
vigour, which at once inspired the Christians with
confidence, and induced them to say, "We do not

go."

need the French." In his first interview with the
Great Medjlis, Fuad made a hasty salute in return
for salams, &c., and did not invite any one to sit
down. He then addressed them to the following
effect :

"By this affair you have done three things--you have
violated the religious law; you have trampled under foot
the civil law of the Empire; you have placed the Sultan
and his Ministers in a position from which they do not see
how to extricate themselves. Now, let each of you bring
me a list of the guilty parties—authors, leaders, and aetors
in the affair ; and any one who does not bring such a list I
shall count one of the authors of the massacre. You may

Last Thursday night the military were on the alert.
At dawn yesterday the guards were doubled, and
new ones stationed. The gates of the city were all
closed and guarded, and no one permitted to pass.
The city was terrified, and did not know what was
coming. Much plunder was collected, but the ob-
ject was the arrest of the criminals. About 400 were
arrested, as mentioned in the despatch, up to the
4th, and the private letters received yesterday, the
7th, state that 1,800 are in prison awaiting their
trial, that every Christian and Jew appears to have
regained his courage, and that no Moslem dares
look Europeans in the face. Among the latter
Fuad is very popular. They are unanimous in
praising his energy, and they ask, "How is such a
man to be humbugged, cajoled, misled, or bribed ?"
The heaviest indictment made against the Turkish
officials and Moslems of Damascus is by a Nlahome-
dan gentleman, in the shape of a letter, of which I
subjoin a translation from the original Turkish:—
"May the most merciful God take vengeance.
"The sole cause which stirred up the people of Damascus
and of the villages to bring about the insurrection described
below is this :—That before the breaking- out of this wicked-
ness by 20 days some of the worthless fellows and baser
people had been appointed, by order of Government and
the decision of the chief council of Damascus, to be police-
captains, and officers and policemen, and thereupon these
persons, being themselves the chiefs of the sedition, collected
a number of the lowest and basest fellows, and commenced
supplying them with arms, and, as they were appointed to
guard the Christian quarter, this circumstance incited the
thoughts of all the Damascenes to preparation for this work
(the rising), whereas no one would have thought of the oc-
currence of such a sad event as this.
"On Monday, the 27th of June (0. S.), 1860 (July 9,
N. S.), at about 2 o'clock p.m., some boys made crosses in
every section of the city, and began to cause the passers-by
to tread upon them and otherwise to insult the Christians ;
and the making of these crosses and these insults were not of
such a nature as would naturally occur to these boys, but
they must have been instructed by some of the leaders of the
sedition. After half an hour the report of the affair of the
crosses and of the audacity manifested in insulting and hu-
miliating the Christians had by some means or other reached
the Government, and immediately the chief of the police,
with some of his men, went forth and seized a part of the
boys and other persons, and sent them to the Government,
when they were put in chains, and sent forth to the market
to sweep the streets, and actually began sweeping. Then
there gathered around them the Moslems of the neighbour-
hood, and rescued these boys from the police, and broke off
the chains from their feet and cast them away ; and as soon
as the boys were set free all the shops of the whole market
(bazaars) were closed within the space of 5 or 10 minutes,
and in a quarter of an hour two cannon were fired, and
from that time guns began to be fired. The traitor, &line,
Agra of the Medan, an officer (Boulik Basha) of the irregu-
lar troops, took with him an immense number of the worst
people of the Medan, armed, and led them at once to the
Christian quarter; and as soon as he entered that quarter
immediately fell upon the houses of such Christians as he
p reviously had his eye upon, and breaking open the doors,
he and his companions set about plundering, and burning,
afid killing; and, inasmuch as the wretch alluded to had
under his command a number of armed villains, no one was
able to get the start of them in carrying off the most choice
and valuable of the plunder.
" True, the people of the villages surrounding Damascus,
and the Arabs, and Druses came in crowds to the city after
some hours and filled it, and they also plundered much, and
were fierce in shedding blood and burning. But the
assembling and agreement and union and concert and pur-
pose of all the people of Damascus with the villagers and
Arabs in the Emcee of an hour, for the accomplishment of
this sedition in Damascus, could not have occurred without
some previous determination on the part of the leading men.
And that this was the case is made clear as day by the cir-
cumstance that, within the space of five or ten minutes,
white and green banners were displayed from prominent
positiens on all the Moslem houses, no ono forbidding. And
is it possible that at such an evil time such a procedure
should occur to any one without his having been previously
prepared for it ?
" The city guards and irregular troops that had been en-
rolled and officered by the order of the Great Council of the
city professedly for the protection of the Christian quarter,
they were the ones who first began plundering and burning
and killing. Had these city police and people of the Medan
who were enrolled as guards kept the heads of the streets
leading to the Christian quarter, and bolted the gates of the
quarter, and fired upon invaders, and endeavoured to turn
them back and prevent them from entering the Christian
quarter like the regular troops, the affair would not have
arrived at such a pass, but would probably have been soon
stopped.
" Had the members of the Great Council and the leading
men and principal persons of the town proceeded at that
time to the Christian quarter, nothing whatever would have
occurred. Whereas in these circumstances no one of the
aforementioned members of leading men said to any one,
" Desist." And from this it is evident that the calamity
which has fallen upon the heads of the poor Christians,
upon their posterity, their houses, their children, and their
wives, was by previous intent of their leading men, or was
moreover apparent from all the indications manifest in their
conduct. Many of the Christians concealed themselves in
their houses, and were consumed in the flames, and many
of them, after being subjected to severe tortures in order
that they might disclose the places where their property
was concealed, were butchered within their houses after
making such disclosures, lest they should afterwards make
complaint. Many of the women from whom they could not
draw their bracelets quickly had their hands cut off, as were
likewise the fingers of many others who had rings which
could not easily be removed. They were not satisfied with
this, but killed and' estroyed many of them, and there were
many women also not able to remove their ear-rings free]
their ears who had their ears torn open or cut off in conse-
quence. Some of the Christians were taken out by the fol-
lowers of A.bd-el-Bader, Algerine, from the wells and
other places where they had concealed themselves, and
while they were being conveyed to the Castle they were
fired upon end wounded by bullets.
" His Excellency Abd-el-Bader, above mentioned, took a
large number of the Christians to his house and saved them,
and his men also saved a great number and took them to the
Castle, and in that distress there was no one but he and his
followers who made any effort to save the Christians. It is
true that some persons among the Moslems took from the
Christian quarter a few men, women, and children; and
conveyed them to their houses, and they also took some
persons to their houses from the Castle, asking the privilege
of taking them, as if they had merciful intentions towards
them ; but, alas for these poor people ! what harm and tor •
ture they inflicted upon them in their houses, in order to
make them disclose the places whore they had concealed
their property ; and how many acts of wicked violence were
inflicted upon thorn ! On the morrow they would return a
part to the Castle and kill a part, while others were com-
pelled to become Moslems. Many vile persons took from
the Castle a number of women and children without giving
surety for them, and as soon as they got them out of the
Castle gates they chose out the youngest of them and left
the older in the street.
" I was present in the Castle on that day, and saw persOns
of the lowest class picking out children, whom they took
away without -any one saying to them ' What are you
doing ?' They opened the Armenian, Greek, and Catholic
Churches, carried off the vessels and killed the priests, and
then burned the churches. They plundered the Russian
Consulate, and burned it. The consul is at present in the
Government Palace, but the Consulates of England and
France were not touched, as they were in the Moslem
quarter. There were in the Custom-house about 200 Chris-
tians at that time, and I immediately went in haste to the
Palace and brought some of the regular soldiers and took
them away, and thus I secured the salvation of these poor
people.

" Those Christian houses which were in the Moslem quar-
ter were also burned after they had been plundered of
everything in them. The number of such houses was about

" On the 9th of July, O.S. (21, N.S.), Khaled Pasha, the
military governor, in accordance with the decision of the

Great Council, commenced sending to the Christian quarter
and taking otit the property concealed there, forbidding any
_ .

to enter except those thus employed, and some of the Chris-
tians who were in the Castle also obtained permission to go to
the Christian quart and search for WhatcTer might in Mild
in their burnt houses. Three days since a few of the
Christians began to issue out into the streets nearest to the
Castle, but it was reported that a Christian Was killed near
the Kaimardepob. •
" On the day of the outbreak they took the bell of one of
the churches and placed it in vii inverted position on the
middle of the Cross, which has been from ancient times
lying under foot in the street of the Emweh Mosque. On
the day of this affair and the following night, the gates of
the city remained unclosed that there might be no obstacle
to the removal of the plunder to the houses of the plun-
derers. After the dwelling-houses of the Christians were
finished, their shops also were broken open and ihe goods
carried off in the night. Matiy of the Sheiks, Ulemas, and
principal men disguised themselves and plundered in the
Christian quarter ; and in short no one in Damascus re-
_ _

frained from plundering- the property of the Christians, not
even the old Women."

Up to the present date we have no news of the
French expedition. Nevertheless the Commissariat

is active in preparing for the troops. The Turkish

troops, whose pay is from 18 months to two years
in arrear, have addressed a petition to the Sultan,
praying that if there should be any fighting they
may be employed without French assistance, until
it be proved that they are unable to uphold the
Sultan's authority.

The latest intelligence received from Aleppo states
with respect to that city nothing disastrous or
alarming has happened, though the recollection of
the troubles experienced some years since keeps the
Christian inhabitants constantly in mind of their
danger. They hope to escape a recurrence of those
scenes, especially through the wakefulness shown by
the Government of the district, and the measures
taken'for the prevention of Moslem risings,and more
particularly at the present time, since the issue of the
Sultan's decree reached Aleppo, conferring upon his
Excellency Fuad Pasha full authority for the punish-
ment of those who have shed human blood. Never-
theless, when the news of the Damascus massacres
arrived in Aleppo the Moslems began to show bad
feelings towards the Christians. The boys began to
curse the Christians and threaten them, preventing
them from going about in the streets. They made
crosses on the ground and also on pieces of paper,
hanging them about the necks of dogs, and if they
saw a Christian passing they would spit upon him
and curse his cross. Previous to this the Christians
had presented a sum of money on the feast of Kour-
ban Bairam to the sheikhs and ages. On account of
this state of matters the Christians, especially the
women, did not, at the date of the last letters, leave
their houses, and they were alarmed by Moslems
coming and saying, " To-night will be the rising,"
and pretending that news had been received of mas-
sacres in other towns—Jerusalem, Hems, llama,
Antioch, Bilan, Adani, Orfa, Aintab, and Saarit.
The day before the Damascus post arrived in Aleppo
bringing the news of the outbreak there the Moslems
knew what had happened there, the news having
been brought by a Bedouin, who had come from Da-
mascus. When Ismail Pasha, the now governor of
the district, arrived, the firman was read, and eight
of the ages were summoned and received with hon-
our. Leave was given to each one to have a certain
number of men under them as soldiers. They imme-
diately commenced to arrest the rabble of the town,
who patrolled the streets with arms, and gave the
Christians who wished an opportunity to escape
from the town, and about 50 persons left for Alex-
andretta, and by the next opportunity others in-
tended leaving, but when this came to the ears of
the Government ,a deputy came to the Christian
quarters, accompanied by Ali Effendi Gabri, one
of the members of the Medjlis, who said that they
had heard some of the Christians intended to leave,
and that they had come on the part of the Pasha
and the Medjlis to assure them there was no cause
for fear, and they gave orders not to give tazkeras,
except to those who went on business. On the
21st of July express advices were received from
Diarbekir, stating that 3,000 or 4,000 soldiers were
to proceed to Aleppo, and were expected about
the 30th. This somewhat reassured. the Chris-
tian inhabitants, but up to the date of the last
letters the Government had not released the six
innocent Christian prisoners who had been then 50
days unjustly imprisoned. At Saarit the Moslems
burnt a'sehool belonging to the Keldan,and searched
for a distinguished Christian who resided there, to
kill him, but he fled, and the result is not known.
The Moslems of Orfa are at variance among them-
selves ; in Aintab they refuse to pay taxes.
We have quite a large fleet off the town, and
Beyrout roadstead presents a most animated ap-
peatance: There are here :

British—The Marlborough (flag), the Exmouth (liner),
will leave for Candia in a day or two; the Liffey (frigate),
the Racoon (corvette), the Lapwing and the Mohawk
(despatch vessels), to leave to-day for Alexandria with
mails; and the Firefly (surveying vessel).
French—The Donawerth (flag of Rear-Admiral•Jehenne)
the Redoubtable (liner), and the Moselle (steam transport),
to sail for Toulon on the 9th.

Turkish—The Fathie (flag of Mustapha Pasha), the
Geattiere (liner), and one screw corvette.

Sardinian—The Eurydice (frigate) and one steam sloop.
Austrian—One frigate, the Radetzky, and one steam
sloop (paddle).
Dutch—One frigate, the Admiral Von Wassenaar.
Greek—The Ariadne (corvette), the Athena (blig),
brought bread for the poor; and one gunboat.
At Sidon—The Neptune (English liner).
At Jaffa—The Victor Emmanuel (English liner), and
La Sentinelle (French screw brig).

HEALTH OF LONDON DU.RINa THE
WEEK.
(From the Registrar-General's Weekly Return.)
The deaths in London, which ware 999 in the
previous week, rose to 1,029 in the week that ended
last Saturday. If the deaths from epidemic cholera
in the 33d week of 1854 are excluded from the re-
turns of previous years it will be found that the
average number of deaths in corresponding weeks
of the last ten years is 1,091. With this average,
corrected for increase of population, the present
return may be compared, in which case it will
appear that the deaths of last week. were less than
the calculated number by 171..
The births registered last week exceeded the
deaths in the same period by 656.
I)iarrhcea, which had been increasing slightly
during the previous five weeks and in the week
ending the 11th inst. was fatal in 90 cases, exhibited
no increase last week,in which the deaths from it
sere 87. There were also in the week 6 deaths
from cholera and choleraic diarrheea, all of which
were those of infants except one. A warehouse-
man, aged 46 years, died on the 15th instant, at 68,
Havelock-street, Islington, of cholera, after 47

hours' illness. Not more than 7 cases of small-pox
were fatal; of scarlatina there were 37, and of
diphtheria 6. Three girls died in one family of
scarlatina, within three days, at 3, Litchfield-
street, Soho.

A master butcher, aged 31 years, died of delirium
tremens, the result of intense anxiety and losses.
An officer of the Indian civil service died of ele-
phantiasis. A man and a woman died at the ad-
vanced ages respectively of 97 and 96 years.
Last week the births of 829 boys and 856 girls,
in all 1,685 children, were registered in London.
In the ten corresponding weeks of the years 1850-59,
the average number was 1,589.
At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean
height of the barometer in the week was 29.477 in.
The barometrical readings rose from 29.67
in. on Sunday, and fell to 29.22 in. on Thurs-
day. The mean temperature of the air in the
week was 57.8 deg., which is 3.6 deg. below the
average of the same week in 43 years (as deter-
mined by Mr. Glaisher). The mean daily tempera-
ture was below the average throughout the week, and
on Saturday the amount of deficiency was 8.2 deg.
The highest point attained hi the week by the ther-
mometer in the shade was 70.8 deg, on Thursday,
the lowest was 48.8 deg. on'Saturday. The entire
range of temperature in the week was therefore 22
deg. The mean daily range was 14.7 deg. The
mean temperature of the water of the Thames was
61 deg. The difference between the mean dew-
point temperature and air temperature was 4.6 deg.
The mean degree of humidity of the air was 86,
complete saturation being represented by 100. The
humidity varied from 76 on Friday to 96 on Satur-
day. The wind blew from the north-west generally
on the first two days, afterwards' chiefly from the
south-west. Half an inch of rain fell, most of it on
Tuesday and Saturday, and a less quantity on ei'erY
other day. The magnets were disturbed on the
12th, 13th, 16th, 17th, and 18th.

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expect to be distrusted in all others. •Packed in tins 11b.
2s. 9d.; 21b. 4s. 6d. ; 51b. Ils. ; 121 b. 225. ; 241 b. 40s. The
121 b, and 241 b. canisters are sent carriage free on receipt
of Post-office order by Barry Du Barry and Co., 77, Re-
gent-street, London; Fortnum Mason, and Co.; Abbis,
60, Gracechurch-street ; 4, Cheapside ; 63 and 150, Ox-
ford-street ; 330 and 451, Strand ; 49 and 60, Bishopsgate-
street ; Batty, 16, Finsbury Pavement ; Phillips, and Co,
tea•clealers; Petty, Wood, and Co., King William-street,
City ; at 127, High Holborn ; and all grocers.