The Sun.
London, England, 1860-11-09 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 9, 1860.

GARIBALDI'S ARMY.

(From the 'Special Correspondent of the Times.)
CASERTA, Nov. 1.
Yesterday there was a thronging and hastening
of amateurs and idlers towards Santa Maria and
San Angelo. It was owing to an impression that

the bombardment of Capua would begin. Why
just the 31st of October was fixed for the event is,
of course, difficult to explain, but once the idea
started it was not difficult to find believers in it.

The general impatience that it should take place
bad engendered such a credulity on this point that
any wag might send crowds to the front. While
the tendency of sightseers was towards the North,

Garibaldi and his Staff went down to Naples to
assist at the distribution and consecration of their
colours to the Hungarian Legion and to the Hun-

garian Hussars.
These troops belonging to the brigade Eber had
received orders the day before to go down to Naples,
where the ceremony was to take place, on the Largo
del Palazzo, the open space in front of the Royal
palace. It was just the site calculated to set off
such a ceremony, with the facade of the Royal
palace on one side, the two large buildings of the
Foresteria on the right and left, and the church of
St. Francisco di Paola, with its cupola and arcades,
opposite to it. The preparations for the reception
of the King had rather encroached on the space,
cover as they did the part towards the church with
a skeleton triumphal arch and transparencies in
all stages of preparation; but sufficient still re-
mained not to mar the general effect.
An altar was improvised close to the triumphal
arch, and this altar formed the centre of the cere-
mony. To the right of it was drawn up the Legion
and to the left the Hussars, while the opposite side
was occupied by a battalion of the National Guard,
which had been invited to assist at the ceremony.
Two companies of the Bersaglieri of the brigade
Eber formed a double line from the Foresteria to
the centre of the square.

The daughter of General Garibaldi and the Mar-
chesa Pallavicini, the wife of the Pro-Dictator, were
chosen as the madrine or god mothers. The first
not being present was represented by her father.
All being ready, Garibaldi, who came down from
Caserta, and was at his old quarters in the Palazzo
Angri, was informed of the circumstance, and he
drove down in an open carriage. The Mass, which

it is usual to read on such occasions, was over when
he arrived, and the ceremony of consecration was
proceeded to forthwith. Padre Giovanni, a Fran-
ciscan monk, who had accompanied Garibaldi's ex-
pedition almost from its landing at Marsala, per-
formed the ceremony. The colours were brought
up by the officers, and consecrated in the usual man-
ner. After this the ribands were tied on, and the
nails provided with the names of the persons con-
cerned hammered in. This being done the colours
were brought back to Garibaldi, who, taking one
in each hand, addressed the following words to the
officers :

" I am proud to place into your hands and confide
to your valour these two flags, the fraternal colours
of which are so well known on the battle-field of

Italian independence. They will be a new bond be-
tween the two sister nations. Evviva l'ltalia!
Evviva l'Ungheria !"
A general shout was the answer to these words,
after which Garibaldi retired to the Foresteria.

The Hungarian troops then formed a square, and
the formula of the oath was read by Colonel Mog-
gorody :
" I swear before God the All-powerful fidelity to
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, and obedience to
my superiors. I swear not to abandon my colours,
and to defend them to the last drop of blood in the
fight for Italian independence, until circumstances
will permit us to return into our own country. I
swear obedience to the national committee and the
chiefs chosen by it. So may Gold help me."
Shouts of "Evviva l' Italia e Ungheria" followed,
after which General Turr addressed tho officers rind
soldiers, saying :
" Warriors,—l need not recommend you to defend
your colours, for I saw on the Ist of October a
handful of you not only defend them but beat an
enemy far superior in numbers. The commander of
the infantry belonged to the famous 3d battalion of
our War of Independence. Follow him, and I am
sure you will never deviate from the path of
honour."

Then, addressing the Hussars : •
" And what shall I say to you, Hussars ? From

the day you were mounted you have not missed an.
opportunity to increase the immortal name of the
Hungarian Hussars. Our oppressed country looks
to you and expects much from you. As for me, I
am sure that when we are once on the frontiers you
will come down like a hurricane on the enemy who
oppresses us."

Garibaldi in the meantime had come out on the
balcony of the Foresteria, where the sight of him,
as usual, excited hurrahs and demands for a few
words. Having acknowledged the enthusiastic
reception he addressed the people, saying :--
" This is a memorable day for you, for it cements
the alliance of two peoples and establishes the fra-
ternity of the people. To-day you have destroyed
that principle of egotism which has kept the nations
separated, and thus has facilitated the servitude of
all. The people with whom you have fraternised
to-day have the same enemies who threaten you.
Your cause is theirs, and theirs is yours.
" But before fighting against this enemy outside

you have internal enemies to beat down, and I will
tell you that the chief of them is the Pope. If I
have acquired any merit, I have acquired that
of telling you the truth frankly and without a veil.
In using this privilege I tell you that your chief
enemy is the Pope.
" I am a Christian as you are ; yes, I am of that
religion which has broken the bonds of slavery and
has proclaimed the freedom of men; the Pope who
oppresses his subjects and is an enemy of Italian
independence is no Christian ; he denies the very
principle of Christianity—he is the Antichrist.
"This truth you must spread among all those
who are near to you, for it is only when all Italians
shall he thoroughly convinced of this truth that
Italy will be really free and united."
Garibaldi had several times to interrupt his
speech on account of the applause which his words
elicited from the multitude below.
After a breakfast which had been prepared in
the salle of the Foresteria, Garibaldi went to see
Colonel Dungoo, an Hungarian, wounded on the
Ist, whose leg had been amputated in the morning.
Before returning to Caserta he went likewise to see
Bixio, who is laid up with his broken leg at the
Palazzo An gri.

Nov. 2.

Yesterday afternoon at 4 p.m. our batteries
opened on Capua ; this morning at dawn the com-
mander of the fortress sent out to say that he was
ready to treat. The negotiations began at 10 a.m.
at Santa Maria, and in the evening the capitulation
was signed. Thus the bugbear which has so long
excited Neapolitan imaginations has at last disap-
peared. I have often repeated that Capua itself is
nothing, and that it was only important as part of
the line of defence of a large army. This army
once thrown back, and the line of defence broken,
through, it could not hold out for a day.
When the approach of the Piedmontese from the
north and Garibaldi's expedition across the Volturno
made the main body of the Neapolitans withdraw
behind the Carigliano, the preparations to reduce
Capua began. Capua lies in one of the numerous
sudden bends which the river Volturno makes in
its course towards the sea. The whole town is built
on the left or south bank of the river, and resembles
in shape an ivy leaf, two sides of which are defended
by the Volturno, while only the third, between the
two river bends, opens out towards St. Tamaro,
Santa Maria, and St. Angelo. It was against the

side that the attack was directed. On the opposite
side of the river a single battalion, with two field
guns, was detached from the Piedmontese force at
Sessa, to prevent any issue on the high road from
Capua to Gaeta. •

The line of attack was divided between our forces
and the Piedmontese who came under Sonnaz and
landed at Naples. These latter consist of two bri-
gades, both of them weak, and one of them, the
Brigata Re, with two battalions at Naples. These
two brigades, in all about 4,000, took the left attack,
from St. Tamaro and La Foresta to Santa Maria.
The Cosenz Division remained in its position at
Santa Maria, and was employed in the attacks on
the centre; while Medici's Division, which had re-
lieved the Piedmontese at St. Angelo, had the right
attack. General della Rocca was sent from the
Piedmontese head-quarters to direct the whole
attack, and took up his quarters in the centre at
Santa Maria. Each side constructed its own bat-
teries, and manned them too, but, as we were rather
short of artillery officers, some were lent to us for
the bombardment by the Piedmontese. All to the
south of Capua stretches out the plain of the Cam-
pania, so it was in vain to seek for dominating posi-
tions ; indeed, it is the position of Capua which
commands everything around it within cannon shot.
But if this was rather a disadvantage it was more
than compensated by the circumstance that, except
in the immediate vicinity of Capua, where the
trees had been cleared away, the whole country
behind is covered with olive and other woods, which
serve for training the vines upon them. This gave
great facilities in the construction of batteries, the
existence and position of which could be hidden up
to the last moment. The points against which the
batteries were erected were on the Piedmontese
side, the south-westerly angle, which lies close to
the river, in the direction of La Foresta; from
Santa Maria the bastion of St. Salvatore, which
protects the entrance of the railway and of all the
southern roads from Averse and Santa Maria into
Capua; and on the right the bastion of Santa
Maddalena, which looks in the direction of St.
Angelo.
To reduce the first the Piedmontese erected two
batteries, one of three rifled 12-pounders ,and two
10-inch mortars at a distance of about 1,600 metres
from the St. Tamaro side, and another of seven rifled
guns to the left in the direction of La Foresta.
Against St. Salvatore a battery of three rifled guns
and three mortars were erected to the right of the
Santa Maria road, and a battery of two mortars to
the right rear of this battery. Against Santa Mad-
dalena, finally, there was a battery of six rifled guns
to take it in its left flank, and another of two 32-
pounders to take it in front.

All these batteries had been prepared, without a
shot being fired from any of them until all were ready
yesterday afternoon. Thus the position of them
remained unknown to the fortress up to the last
moment. Partly to conceal the position of these
batteries in case of a reconnaissance in force on the
part of the enemy, partly to protect them against a
coup de main, the outposts were gradually pushed
forward'until those on the right were at the edge
of the glaeis, at not more than 400 or 500 yards from
the ramparts.. Little parapets were thrown up to
protect them. One must allow that the Neapolitans
tried their best to break through this circle, which
shut them in more and more, and scarcely a day
passed without some demonstration or attack being
undertaken against our outposts—above all against
those of Medici towards St. Angelo. In spite of
the assistance which these attacks derived from
the vicinity of the fortress, they were invariably
repulsed, but often only with serious loss.

Yesterday afternoon, at 4 p.m., the signal for the
opening of fire was given at last, and our batteries
went merrily at it. But neither did the fortress
remain idle, and for the first hour a perfect shower
of missiles was sent in the direction of the batteries,
which, however, caused us very small damage. The
aim could be but imperfect, for the trees prevented
a7good view, and all was but guess work. It was
the same on our side, only the bastions were larger
objects, and therefore more easily hit. During the
bombardment Victor Emmanuel arrived at St. An-
gelo, and went up to the heights to have a view of
the proceedings. But he very soon returned towards
Sessa. Towards nightfall the fire became slack on
both sides, and, with the exception of now and then
a shell which you could see traversing the air, all
was still. The outposts reported, however, to have
heard great noise and confusion in the town, which
increased every time a shell fell.
The plan was not to bombard indefinitely, but to
recommence a few hours next morning, and then
assault the place. And,the dispositions were taken
to effect this, all the troops receiving orders to be
ready to march. But all these preparations became
useless, for at dawn the message came from General
du Cornet, the Swiss commander of the fortress,
that he was ready to capitulate. The negotiations,
which were carried on with Della Rocca at Santa
Maria, lasted several hours. I have not yet heard
the exact tenour of the capitulation, but the garri-
son will be prisoners of war, and already the order
has been sent to Naples to prepare the barracks of
the Granito for them. Their number is supposed to
be about 6,000. The Cosenz Division is to occupy
Capua. It was to have taken possession of the place
this evening, but it was deferred till to-morrow
morning.

NOVEMBER 3.

It seems that the garrison of Capua is much larger
than we anticipated. They turn out to be between
9,000 and 10,000 men, among them a number of the
gendarmerie, who had taken refuge there as in a safe
place. How the Neapolitans could leave so large a
force as a kind of forlorn hope seems incredible,
unless we suppose that their retreat was so hasty
when they saw us crossing the Volturno that all the
troops on the Volturno line, from Cajazzo down-
wards, made their way into Capus, as the nearest
place of retreat. 9,000 or 10,000 men make a large
hole in an army, and if any one could have sup-
posed that Capua harboured so large a force, it
would have invested the place with far greater in-
terest than it otherwise possessed. .

The general impression is that the King will not
wait for the fall of Gaeta, but go to Naples before.
In spite of the occupation during the voting of a
large district by the Neapolitans, the result has
been such as to leave no doubt about the wishes of
the population, and now nothing remains but for-
malities to fulfil, and the sooner these are fulfilled
the better it will be.
People who are in communication with Gaeta
maintain that the King would have left long ago
had it not been for the exertions of the Spanish
Minister, who kept him up to the mark.

Yesterday afternoon Garibaldi went to town to
assist at the burial of Gambardilla, the lazzaroni
chief. This man, belonging to the population of
fishermen, had acquired an uncontrolled influence
over his caste, and invariably exerted it in the in-
terest of freedom. He suffered accordingly ;he
remained for more than a year in prison, and re-
ceived over 150 blows. It was due to his influence
that the rabble of Naples has been kept in order,
without any regular force, tinder most difficult cir-
cumstances, an
Garibaldi appreciating this treated
ti
him as a friend.
Gambardilla was going towards his house this
morning and was stabbed from behind. The knife
entered near the left shoulder blade, and came out
at the chest. He lived half an hour. The assassin
ran away, and has not been found yet, but there is
an ex•gendarme suspected, who has been looked
after, but who has disappeared, together with his
family. Thousands of people were attracted by
the funeral.

To-morrow the distribution of the medals takes
place to those who landed at Marsala. The cere-
mony will be held on the Largo del Palazzo, at
Naples, and of course Garibaldi will assist. The
number of those remaining is very little more than
SOO, or about half,

LORD TEYNHA IV ON THE DUTY OF

THE PEOPLE,

Lord Teynham, following up the idea of a Na-
tional Association of Political Councils, lately
broached by his lordship in a letter to the Secre-
tary of the Northern Reform Union, again writes
to that gentleman-as follows !--
" Maidenhead, Oct. 24,

" Sir,—Should thelNorthena Reform Union now mani-
fest impaired vigour (pardon the supposition), it would be
said—the standard bearer of the army of reform fainteth ;
and the recent overthrowers of the Commons would shout,
and lift their outrageous feet to trample again on the
liberties of the people. It is true no voice lately raised
in the United Kingdom can evoke more than the faintest
echo from the arch of freedom which is supposed to
canopy our people. Yet, if it ever have been manly and
humane to work and speak for the electors, who, without
the ballot, are but partially free, and for the non-electors,
who know not more than semi-freedom, more abundantly
is it so to-day. _ .

" During the last session of Parliament, the House of the
Commons of England was speaking. It tried to put forth a
measure of reform of the very lightest description : one
would have thought that the faintest breath might have
wafted it to the Lords ; but it had not even strength enough
to pooh pooh it on its way.
" A heavy Bankruptcy Bill was put into its hands to carry
to the Upper House, and, as might have been expected, it
fell from them, leaving, alas I many of our countrymen in
prison, debtors, of many of whom it may be said that their
only crime is unexpected poverty ; leaving also the property
of creditors in the estates of bankrupts still to be swallowed
up to a large extent by the cost of law.
" It put also its little shoulders under one of the burdens
of the people, the paper duty, and tried to lift it off them,
showing some courage at first, which damped ; and the re-
presentatives of the people had only just strength enough
to do the beginning of their work, and send the Relief Bill to
the Lords. These, seeing the mannikins they had to deal
with, made a shuttlecock of it, and knocked it away. The
Commons heard of the game, and instead of, like men—
like wise men who had acted pertinently; like fathers of
the people who had been working for their good—perfect-
ing their work as they might have done, notwithstanding
the majority of the Lords ; like a turtle thrown upon its
back, it contented its3lf with boasting of what it would do
when on its feet again, should any hereafter amuse them-
selves at its expense by upsetting it as it went along.
" A House of Commons that cannot carry the people's
measures needs that the people should carry it. If there
be any better litter on which to place it than the National
Association of Political Councils I have proposed, let it be
patented and used at once. If not, let the people thus sup-
port their representatives in the Lower House.
" But are the people as weak as their representatives ?
Do we dwell in Lilliput ? If not, les them arise upon their
feet, and stretch themselves to the full stature of men, and
have a solemn proclamation read, ere they march to fight
for freedom once again.

" Look, Britons, to the kinsmen of your fathers, who
were colonists in North America, taxed, or attempted to be
taxed, being unrepresented. They petitioned Parliament
that it might not be so, and the prayer of their petitions
was rejected. Under these circumstances they asked their
hearts what should freemen do, and the reply was, ask
your swords. These gave them freedom.
" People of the United Kingdom, unrepresented, yet
heavily taxed ; or, if represented, being without the pro-
tection of the secret ballot, tempted by the avaricious, who
would buy you with bribery, to sell you again to your loss
and for their sordid gain ; or trampled on by dominating
landlords and their imperious agents, or by wealthy female
buyers who enter shops, that the tradesmen's vote mny be
theirs, though not by stealthy ways, yet by persuasion,
barbed with covert threats, hearken ?
" When Liberty shall gather together her soldiers from
various climes, and of every age, to crown her victors with
laurel, the freemen of the United States that became war-
riors, the warriors that became freemen doubly free, will
rise in judgment against you, unless you petition Parlia-
ment for manhood suffrage and vote by ballot, and unless
you continue to back your petitions with the sword of
truth—now and here we need no coarser weapons—until
all the freedom you could and should have is yours and
your children's while Britain is the Briton's home.
"And bo sure of this, the American colonies had never
been independent States had they not first become United
States. And ye, my fellow-countrymen, ye will not have
your liberties perfected, ye will not have the inhuman poor-
laws amended, so that they may gracefully direct the per-
fcrmance of your purposes of charity—unless by means of
a National Association of Political Councils, or by some
other device, you become and remain a united people. —I
remain, sir, for the people, yours faithfully.

" TETNIIAM.
Mr. R. B. Reed, Hon. Sec. Northern Reform Union,
Newcastle-on-Tyne."

TILE BIGHT MON. E. ELLICE, M.P.

The following letter has been addressed by Mr.
Ellice to his constituents, in reply to a communica-
tion from the Mayor of Coventry :

" Brechin Castle, Oct. 31.
"My dear Sir,—Your letter, which had been
following me from place to place, reached me here
to-day. I read it with true despair, both as regards
the state of the trade in Coventry, and all parties,
whether manufacturers or weavers, engaged in it,
and as regards the object of it, for I know no means
and see no way by which I can bring either reason
or influence to bear on Mr. Gladstone, to induce
him to review the decision he has communicated to
you with respect to the drawback on paper used in
the manufacture or ill preparation of ribands for
sale.

" The whole proceedings of the financial depart-
ments of the Government have been so inconsistent,
and so utterly devoid of caution and foresight, that
it has been impossible for members of Parliament
representing the interests of large constituencies
either to insist upon a due examination of the man-
ner in which their interests would be affected by
the measures of Government, or to provide by pre-
cautionary suggestions against injury unnecessarily
inflicted upon them by the precipitancy and incon-
siderate manner in which these violent changes
have been made. _ _ _

_......_
" On no part of the Budget has this been more
remarkable than in the proceeding with respect to

the paper duties. The particular object in proposing
their repeal at the beginning of last session, in
addition to the repeal of the duties connected with
the French Treaty, would appear to have been to
satisfy the exigencies of individual members of the
Cabinet, and to conciliate the support of a certain
party out of it, connected • with them, without
sufficient consideration of the general and public
interests involved in the question. To favour that
proceeding, the whole expenditure of the country
was concealed from Parliament, and, as will be
e result, estimates of revenue were grossly
seen by ti.Z.
exaggerated. When I say the expenditure was
concealed, I refer to the amount required for for-
tifications, the report and estimate for which were
in the hands of the Cabinet at the time the Budget
was proposed, and the requirements of the unfor-
tunate China war, which were obvious to all the
world. It is useless to refer to the manner in
which the repeal of the paper duties was defeated.
When defeated, the Chancellor of the Exchequer
did not think proper to act upon his own convic-
tions, and to insist upon a reconsideration of the
decision, but found his revenge in repealing the
Customs' duties on the importation of paper, on
what I consider a strained construction of the
article in the French Treaty. The question of
Free Trade, as bearing on the point, was equally
strained to suit his purpose. The duties had been
revised and settled by able men on that principle
a few years before. He now admits the difficulties
in which several interests, beyond those of the silk
manufacturers, have been involved by his want bf
foresight in framing his measure, and pleads that
as a reason for not relieving the Coventry trade
frc,,rn a grievance, which he fully admits to be
Of course, all this is intended as a
preface toa renewed proposal in the next Ses-
sion to repeal duties,
from such injustice,
nufacturer.s
relieve the, silk m.;
,be paper which would clearly
and it would hf, the be.St remedy in many respects,
tatute-book the last law
beyond removing fromthe b.
'
upon an important
of this mea-
hope or chant,e ibnrilanicethinogf mEaxneuisfeacrtue
" But is there more
greu.lutions
:
nenditure
will have been greater, our revenue I sadij7 fear
sure passing the next Session ? Our ex
less, than has been calculated, and the probability
is we may be compelled, by the public necessities,
rather to augment than reduce taxation. When
of reduction comes, the poor will have
th• question