The Sun.
London, England, 1869-05-28 00:00:00

THE CHINESE IN CALIFOIZNIA.

A gentleman recently from California discusses
the future of the Chinese race in America in an
article extending over five closely-printed columns
of the New York Tribune. The connection so ra-
pidly growing intimate between the Pacific slope
with its virgin lauds and China with its 400,000,000
of inhabitants renders this subject one of enormous
importance, not to the Pacific shores of America
only, but to the whole continent. If all mankind
were marshalled, every third man would wear the
queue and the blouse of a race which could annually
deport emigrants in millions without even causing a
vacuum. As yet it is butfrom the province of Canton
that they come, leaving untouched the remaining
seaboard of China, including Mauchooria and Japan.
Hitherto California has exerted a repelling power
for their exclusion. They are unduly taxed, they
are the victims of unequal laws, and too f, equ aitly
the objects of ill-treatment and oppression ; yet
nearly every place of any importance has its China
town, the meanest and filthiest quarter, and where-
ever a new district is opened the inevitable Celestial
appears. The potency of the reasons for the en-
couragement of Chinese immigration is so apparent
that those who run can read, and must outweigh
other considerations and every opposition. The broad
fact is clear that no tract on earth equals in climate
and resources the country, between the Sierra Ne-
vada and the Pacific, stretching from the Gulf of
California to the north of Vancouver's Island. With
unbounded fertility, with extraordinary mineral
wealth, with a genial climate, that almost uninha-
bited region smiles along an ocean which laves the
shores of densely peopled Japan and China, iuvit-
ing their overcrowded inhabitants to come. On
the one side are nature's untouched treasures
stored in abundance ; on the other labour in over-
flowing masses—the s'lorehouse, and the key which
those in possession have but to apply. The won-
erful resources of California, the cheapness of
the labour furnished by the swarming hives of
China are equally well known, and in this rare com-
bination the Anglo-Saxon settlers of the Pacific slope
possess the only royal road to wealth we know of,
which lies through the Golden Gate and leads to
San Francisco. At first the Chinese were met with
a universal antipathy, but gradually working men
have grown used to them, and employers have dis-
covered their value. Of course the repugnance of
the white labour which they supplant has beosme
more intense, but the Anglo-Saxon settler in Cali-
fornia either is, or in the iminediaienture aspires to be
au employer; therefore the capitalist is backed by
a large class who in other countries would be
ranked among working men, in importing labour
which at a glance might be supposed to compete
against itself. The Chinese work more patiently
and steadily than any other race. If their spades-
ful are less heavy thin those thrown by the Irish
navvy," they are more continuous. They are
willing and reliable, requiring less watching, with-
out strikes, sprees, and holidays. They are good
gardeners, supplying San Francisco and Sacra
rnento with the fiue'A vegetables. The railroads
on the Pacific slope are graded by them, they cut
wood, pick fruit, tend stock, weave cloth, drive en-
ines, and are firemen on steamers. The hotel

work and household duties are nearly all performed
by them, so they have supplanted washerwomen
and chambermaids, as well as the Irish navvy.
Much of the heavy work of the farms is in their
hands, while the superiatendenta of the woollen
and cotton mills, as well as railway contractors and
others, prefer their labour. They keep small shops,
and may be seen casting up their accounts and
making entries in their ledgers with a brush from
right to left. Even type-setting is performed by
-them swiftly and correcly, considering their
ignorance of the meaning of the words. Thus
by degrees they have displaced white la-
bour, notwithstanding its opposition, for the
simple reason that they can exist on less, and
therefore can work cheaper. Sheep being able to
live where oxen starve, the weaker animal des,,roys
or drives out the stronger. The former nibble close
and fatten, where the great mouth of the ox re-
quiring a substantial tuft, can get nothing. SJ with
Chinese labour; patient, industrious, ever at work
and always nibbling, they undersell the white la-
bourer, and al-sorb every field of manual toil and
handicraft. A hundred thotpand are already on
the Pacific slope, and every 'effort to bar any branch
of industry ag tinst them has as rot faired. Ten
years ago the manufacture of cigars, a branch of
white industry in San Francisco, was invaded by
Chinamen. Alarm was taken, unions formed,
appeals published, cigar, dealers hanging out s.gos
No Coolies employed here," but in vain, for that
industry has entirely passed into the hands of the
Chinese. The Pioneer woollen mills employed
coolies, and were burnt to the ground ; they were
rebuilt, and, like other woollen mills, now employ few
other hands. Irishmen mobbed the first Chinese
navvies, but they were supported by a strong force
of police, and when the Central Pacific worked up
to the Union Pacific, the Californian line was being
run by Chinamen, while the Omahaline was being laid
by Irishmen, a veritable meeting at the Salt Lake of
the East and the %Vest. The Pacific Mailship Com-
pany had to smuggle on board cooly firemen, with
whom they replaced the discharged white men, but
now the Chinamen come and go unmolested. All
this is in obedience to the economic law which
settles such questions, and the influence will extend
as the Chinese increase, till but two classes will
exist in California, the labourer and the employer,
not of one but of two races, not graduating into each
other, but separated by a chasm. Such a state of
society is a reproduction of that in the Southern
States; a new phase of the Negro question on the
Pacficslope.The opposition of the white working man,
who sees in the Celestial a mortal foe, is neutralized
by the growing favour with which he is regarded by
capitalists, and crushed by the sentiment now..per-
vading the nation. If the cheap labour of serfdom is
degradation as well as annihilation- to white labour
on the Pacific slope, it is unbounded wealth and in-
fluence to the Anglo-Saxon settler with means. A
virgin country of unequalled resources, with an un-
limited supply of cheap, patient, enduring labour
form an unparalleled combination considering, that
so happy a conjunction is in the hands of the most
energetic and materialistic of...this world's races.
That they will avail themselves of it regardless of
any considerations cannot be doubted, and with
what result ? On the Pacific slope an oligarchy
will grow with a marvellous speed more wealthy
and powerful than that which nearly shattered the
Republic into ruin. With an unbounded supply
of serfs, with a country of greater wealth and better
climate, with that situation of all others an ambi-
tious community would select, for it dominates the
greatest of oceans, and is strong, in a position most
difficult to invade;—resources so placed can be used
to build up a powerful oligarchy resting on a great
substratum of Chinese labour. They can cultivate
all the fruits of the earth so as to compete with Euro-
peans even in European markets ; they can under-
sell the mannfactures of the Atlantic seaboard, they
command the markets of the Pacific ports, and they
possess the richest of all mines of the precious metals.
The effect of bringing the white labourer into com-
petition with the Chinese is to degrade manual work
as in the Southern States. The country will be
possessed by estate holders, great manufacturers, and
merchants, and they will rule even more thoroughly
than did the Southern planter, for they will not, in
the same degree, come in contact with white immi-
gration, reinforcements of the negro being wholly
excluded, as was the case in the South, but be inti-
mately connected with their storehouse of work-
men in China, repelling poor whites in the same
degree that it draws rich whites, barring Cali-
fornia to Anglo-Saxon labour, while inking it the
paeadise of the capitalist. It is a singular fact that
this formation of society, so wholly opposed to
American principle, will be fostered in a measure
by the American sentiment of the day. The United
States is the asylum of the poor and the oppressed,
alike open to all, and where the law treats all alike.
Legislation calculated to shut the country to any
nationality would be insufferable to New England.
The white workman of California may earnestly
desire it, but it soon will be opposed to the Consti-
tution, which, in the Fifteenth Amendment all but
passed, provides that no such prohibition shall be
made. The capitalist, will naturally avail himself of
this, and the effect will be to generate the very state

of society t °defeat which that and other Ainendmeufg
were proposed. Indeed it is not easy to estimate
the effect Chinese immigration is likely to work on
the Union. If it flows in the abundant stream
anticipated to the shores of the Pacific, it will
rise over the Rocky Mountains and pour down ya
the Eastern States. In truth, the Mongul invasion
once begun c tunot be controlled, a China tore
being the result in every great city of America, ana
who can tell with what effect. This meeting of,
the East and West, of the youngest and oldest of
nations, of the petrified Chinaman and the rest'
less, energetic, brain-working Yankee, will Le the
great problem of the next generation, and perhaps
prove a harder nut to crack than was ever offered
by the simple, docile Negro.—Anglo-Ainericao
Times.

BUDGET OF PERSONAL--The Governor-Genera'
of Canada costs the Dominion 852,000 a year salarY.""
William Pitkin, merchant and ex-Mayor of Rochester,
New York, died in that city, May 3.—A statue of George
H. Stuart is to be placed on the Lincoln monument et
New York.—An Indian Chief has turned up out West
named White Feather." He is going on a lecturing,
tour. Boutwell is turning out" badly, the discharged
clerks say.—Boston Post. —lie is proving himself a refer'
mer, as he intends to prohibit smoking, chatting, visiting,
and drinking among the Treasury clerks during business
hours.—Madame Parepa-Rosa is rehearsing for perfor-
mances in Oratorio.—Hon. Eugene Casserly, Senator from
California, is a five millionaire.—Senator Pomeroy is going
to preach famale suffrage in Brigham Young's tabernacle
at Salt Lake.—Senator Sprague was at the Fifth-avenue
Hotel, New York, May s.—The Hon. George Villiers, Oil
of Lord Clarendon, left New York for Washington May
—The Hon. J. Lothrop Motley, Minister to England, la'
the Hon. Samuel Hooper, M.C., left New York for Boston'
We learn by telegraph that he sailed for England lel
Wednesday.—Lord Berkeley Paget, Lord Waterpark, aD
Mr. Wigram, from England, arrived at New York by the
Scotia, and are stopping at the Brevoort House.—James
Hunnewell, a merchant, of Boston, identified 'with the
Sandwich Island and California trade over half a centurft
died on Sunday May 2, at the age of 70.—Mr John Hooper!
born in Oxford, England, in 1802, and for more than 30 yeo
a resident in New York, has just died.—Gen. John Ely, re'
cently appointed United States Marshal for the East+ Vl'
-trict of Pennsylvania, has died suddenly in Philath jphia.
Hon. Henry L. Dawes, M.C., celebrated his silver wedding
at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Monday, May 3.—The
Ignatius Donnelly, known for his attack on Mr. Wash;
burns, will be an independent candidate for Governor 0'
Minnesota at the next election.—President Grant returns
an income of $560. This is independently of his salmi.'
from which the tax is deducted before payment.—V
Edward Cunard left an estate valued at $3,300,000. N
his will 81,500,000 goes to his eldest son, Backe
Cunard; $700,000 each to his second and third sons'
and $lOO,OOO each, and the accumulation thereof, t°
his four daughters, all quite young. —William E. PAO
has been re-elected President of the New York Chair
her of Commerce.—John Destonet of Philadelphia, f°r
merly of the firm of Destonet, Brothers, a French fey
porting house, fell dead in Chestnut-street, of heart disease,'
—J. J. Atkinson, treasurer of the Baltimore and Ohm
Railroad, died suddenly in Baltimore, on Saturday n.g11.14
May I.—J. Lothrop Motley has been elected a member
the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.-- lion. Alexandra
H. Bullock, late Governor of Massachusetk and the
C. H. A. Dalt of Boston, were present at the 53d miniver,'
sary of the Peace Society last Tuesday in London.--'
Republican State Convention is to be held -at Banger,'
Maine, on the 24th of June, to nominate a canal;
date for Governor.- Mr. D. D. Young, President of
the Quebec Bank, is dead. Ex-President Pierce has e°l,l
his " Boar's Head" farm on "Rye Beach," New BOW
shire, but reserves his private summer residence there."...
Preparations are making to convey the Empress Charlotte
to Baguet% s-de-Luchon, iu France, where she will pass th
season.—Baron Gerolt, who has safely arrived iu Enroe:t
had continuously represented the Prussian Governal°.
for 22 years.— General Hancock is reported to be discont
tented with the command assigned to him.—Samuel
has just returned to Greenfield, Massachusetts,
California, after having been mourned by his parents
dead for seventeen years.—Dr. Brewser, what died et
Pittsfield, on Monday, May 3, was born in. Becket to
1789, and was a lineal descendant of one of the
in the Mayflower. v— D. Waldo Lincoln, of Iv °"/
tester, Massachusetts, has been elected one °
the trustees of the State Agricultural Coller.;
John P. Hale's mansion at Dover, New Hampehire,l..
being put into complete order, in anticipation of his retur`:
from Madrid. - Professor C. 11. Hitchcock, of New Har°l'
shire, state geologist, and son of the President Hitchcocw
of Amherst, has been elected Hall Professor of Geologrij
and Mineralogy in Darmouth College.—General B&W° f
M. Lee, of Guildford, lately confirmed as Secreto9 `
Wyoming territory, left on Friday, April3o, for Cheyeune,
—Mr. C. E. Daelong, of Nevada, has received three
;0
months' leave to settlo his affairs More proceeding to w
mission in Japan.

orknun Mai' l'aciio-, La::

MAILS DUE.

- ustratia and New Zealand, via :lout hainctoa..... June
...iitto, via trseilles , . Juno 14
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.73
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• •
Cape of Good EL T°, Ascension. and St. Helena._ Juno
5,
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india,via Southampton MAY 29
......
uitto, via M .
may arselltes
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Ditto, Marseilles UsY
•evrfoundla ......
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uthamg ton
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eortugal June 4'
United States, i anada. California, &c., by British
oacket MAY 29
Ditto ditt. (Baltimore)
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Ditto, by Inman packet Dfay 28$
West Coast of Africa, siadeira, and Teneriffe •June
Bina lass, via New 1- ork
West Indies and razific (except Mexico and Baba-
3,129
man)
Cube and lexico llaY -
Bermuda. via II

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BIRTIM. , tll6
S
LAMBERT—On tho 25th inst., at 37,
-ussox-garaenS,
wife of Alan Lambert, Esq., of a son. Old
Moltßis—On the 27th inst., at 9, Manchester-square'
wife of Henry Morris, Esq., of a son.

EARRIAGES.
HATSE —WESTALL—On the 28th lust , at St.l -.robo;
Church, by the Rev. A.J. J Cachou:mile, o'
eldest son of John liaise Esq., of Acton, formerithe
St. James's Palace, to Frederic.,,' eldest daughter (). reet,
late Samuel IVestall Esq of 108, Guildford-bt
Ilu4sell-Equure, formerly of"Nen'r-ine. No cards
,100,
M'Kutuow—BRUNLEES - On the 27th inst., at ICenbuiejdest
Alexander fil‘lierrow, E q. C.E. to Mary •T
daughter of James Brunlees, C.E., Argyle Ls°
dD
Wimbledon.

DEATHS. RADCLIFFE —On the 27th inst, at Surbiton-hill, llse t•
MI
Admiral Wm. Radeli9, age,' .72 tb
Su -On the 26th instff. , Robert.w
Ed in Smith, of -Br ed'
WALsit—At South,Lambeth, J. W.4Walsh, Esq.!
street, Oheapside so:ietor. • d 8 .
8011610t1
aged 52.
-....1

ste,
London: Printed and Published by WILLIAM AND7.;r9,13c1,
of. No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Tun SUN Office, N 0.112,
in
.t..ue Precinct of the Savoy, in the County of Middle'
Fnday, May 28, 1569.