The Sun.
London, England, 1856-04-08 00:00:00

THE DANUBE.

91
90

A.ccording to a teleg aphic -despatch from Ga-
latz," sayA a Vienna letter, " the Austrian war
steamer Castalone, which directs the labours'
ahrarviveedbeetnheuirea,deantdo,
of . the vessels charged wki the clearing of
atl'illetheSnuleigneassarymopuretphacaltiiaodns
commence at once their labours. On. the 20th,
21st, 22d, and 23d March terrible storms took place
'in the Black Sea. The commerce between Turkey
'and the Principalities has experienced much ani-
mation. The same has taken place between Ger•
many and the countries of the Lower Danube:'
Zollverein goods are carried by rail to Vienna 'b.f-
-NW], where they are embarked on the Danube..
They-,takeonly ten days to go from Pesth to giur-
gevo (Bucharest station) or to Galatz.,, On M91141,-:
'next will open the weekly lino of rapid steamers
froginPesth .to .Galatz in connection with the Lloyd
steamers, which go from Galatz to Constantinople.,
'These passages are so organised that the journey
from Pesth to Constantinople will be performed in
flight- days.

. ,
RUSSIA.
A, St. Petersburg o3rrespondent, writing' to the'
.
Cologne Gazette the dayibigore the signature of the;
treaty, says : -
. , . • •
•" There is.tothing here:hut enthusiasm for the tauCh"
longed for peace. People care little • about its' terms,
but only want to know that it is signed. - Russiw4l4l
take a lesson from her political and economical expe-
rience, and hasten to supply what is lacking in her re'
sources. These are, first, the progress and dovelopmeut
of the. neefut -ar4o-1-'44 -venct,-a better—orgenieation• of;
the army.. The Emperor. is working energetically for
both objects.' .

POLAND. . .. ,
WARSAW, March 2L--.The country awaits with
anxiety the issue of the Conferences. •We have
riot yet lost the hope that after the English, French,
Turks, and Sardinians, our turn will also conie.
Doubtless, we shall zi o longer fire groat guns and
hariardAhe little that remains to us to please 00
foreign newspapers, as we did in 18A6 and in 1818;
but if you will, act frankly with us, we are all
ready.• --If, on the contrary, you conclude-peace
withoutruaking any alteration in onr present posi-
tion, I Cannot answer for the consequences. . - •
In the official world every order his for soMe
time had a military tendency ; &figs fot 300,000.
men have been ordered for the military 'sterei of
'this country alane. Is this a hoax, to make, people
.believe that we are ready for
a subsequent" war?
For it is genera* believed that eierythirio• that :is
done here is immediately; known abroad 7:, Theie,
• are- noiegular troops at Warsaw, and very few in
the kingdom of Poland; the service is entirely per-
formed by the militia, who perform it very unWill-
ingly, their service having already exceeded the
,period for -which they considered they were en
The new recruiting
is croing on with great raVi-
dity ; it amounts, in our little kingdom alone, to
30,000 men.
Some officers of distinction believe that it is not
pae and
ulators on
impotence theg eenxe
i
thought in. Russia that Cronstadt can resist the new
whonewspapers
call
its
weakness and
speculators
armaments. Russia laughs in its sleeve at
the
foreign
changes
rosity and disinterestedness. B3fore Europe they
ut on the mask of magnanimity ; before theie
onntryniein that-of astuteness. They say that they
re breaking upthe Anglo-French alliance for their
Own interest, and that they will johi France either
agairuti Englana- or, what is more likely, against
Austria. • - ,

There ianothingne*here bnt a new set of officials.
'Nothing in the system is changed. On the conirary;
the Ruseian language, whioh had formerly been

falling into neglect, is nei:W becoming the official lan-
guage in the the diiision into classes, which
is the consequence of Russian legislation, and which
is not customary in the kingdom of Poland, is much
more evident " under Prince :Gortscbakoff than
under the MarShal (Paskiewitch), who, being , him-
self a parvenu,, willingly, anillgamated them. The
Jews and traddrs, a class ,so powerful here, are
already dissatisfied with: the new., state of things.
There is, at present, a: little hue and cry after
thieves : a very notorious one, General Wikinski,
Ailinister of the Interior, has already been dismissed.
But they have appointed in his 'place 'a Mr.
.Mouchanoff, late Chief Inspector of Schools, who
will fill both these situations, and who is a than
inimical to thecustoms and literature of the country.
Count Andrew Zamoyski has been .charged to
Superintend the construction of 'a bridge-a 4 Warsaw:
'The other... Polish governments . annexed .to Russia
are about in have their etections, and they propose,
to imitate the demands of the government of Vilna,
without being, discouraged at the unfavourable re-
ception of the former petition 6., •
The question of the bishopi is still undecided.
There must be some insoluble difficulties, at Rome.
We are :.Wipeitting every moment the announce-
..ment of the Emperor's arrival ; the horses are
ready';' but it wt 11 probably depend on the progress
of the Conferences.

Spirit of the Public Journals.

(From th,e Times of this day.)

It is but natOral that those evils in the state of
Italy to which ive havei 'called attention should in.
terest the Italian Power which has not -long
ceased to auffer from many Of them. The King of
Sardinia, 'hefore-he entered on a war, with Russia,
had fought- a long-laattleiwith foes nearer home.
The domination of" =A Istria and the privileges of
the priesthood weretlearly:seen to be the chief ina.,
pedimentstioiosperity both in Piedmont and the
`States of the peninSula. 13y a course of policy_both
old and cautious the Sardinian statesmen freed
their country from these obstacles. They, have given
their SoVereign the right to speak in the name of
the whole Italian rate, and have insured him allies
who will listen with the fullest. sympathy to his
remonstrances. We have heard with great plea-
sure, therefore, that the state of Italy has been
formally brought liefore the Conferences by the
Sardinian Plenipotentiaries. To • a reported ex-
clamation of the French Emperor, of " What can.
'one do for Italy r Count Cavour has answered
by a memorial which states the principal grievancels
of Italy in general; as_ well as of the individual
'States. The Milanese and Venetian territories, the
Papal States, the kingdom of Naples, all suffer from
different forms of the same- malady. Despotic go-
vernment and priestly interference ruin and taint
,everything from the Alps tolSicily. No iniprove-
:eient has taken place during long years, of peace ;
"on the contrary, the Governments are every day be-
coming more narrow in their principles, more rigid
in their dispipline,,.more relentless in their resent
nents. The Sardinian statesmen have there-
fore felt tb-at.' the time has come when the whole
matter shouldC be d-Ncussed and a remedy applied.
No-one can believe that the present state of things
is permanent"; and, if reforms be not adopted,
there can be no alternative hut fresh convulsions,
succeeded by even more grinding tyranny. • Con-
,fident in her pOsition, Sardinia has resolved to
speak out, an= it is difficult to form too high a no-
'tion of the holdneig wh:chanimates the State papers
put forth by lie 4• Plenipotentiaries. Certainly
neither the statesmen of liberal England nor demp
()ratio France have ever inveighed in such .plain
.
`terms against the corruptions of any foreign Go-
'vernment. Thingaare indeed called by their right
names in the Sardinian ,memorials, which,: if re
sponded to by the allies; must be the commence
spent of a new period in ;Italian history.
Taking it for granted that there must be for a
low time to come'a struggle between the Liberal
and. Absolutist ,principles in Europe, S.4rdinia is
anxious to range herself and her, sister States on
the side of freedom, as represented by France and

..•
England. Austria she Considers 'as only tem-
porarily and by: chance the opponent of the Czar.
The Emperor olitiany disjointed proVincesand: dis •
cordant nationalities: can only rule 'by Oie full
Supremacy of the,autocratic principle, and by that,
Cunning refiuernent of it which is expressed: in they
maxim, "Divide and govern." The SardinianS.
therefore belieVe that the Western'Powers will db:-
well to encourage such an amount o,f national in
dependence and-, political liberty in Italy as will;
unite in some degree the. various States,- and place:
theth for the future on the same side which •Sar--
dinia has taken in the late conflict. The Matters
brought before the Conferencearelate to Oprytth.ril
Of Italy, but the chief importance is ,given. to the
deplorable condition of .the —Papal territories.,
Nothing that a Protestant Assembly in Edinburgh,
or Belfast could say of the government of Pone
Pius IX. would go beyond the diplomatic repro-
,sentations which,. A Catholic and Italian State.
now makes solemnly in -the presence of Europe,
It is urged that the' temporal supremacy of
the priesthood is au evil which human nature
can no longer
~bear that'''eVen the govern.„
inent of the sk,rd is better, than the`.goVern--
ment of the surplice.; that the ecelesiaaficaf
ruler of 3,000;000 of- Italians is only kept
.on, his,
:throne by foreign troops, and- •would: again be
:driven forth if tis subjects were Teleased for a
week from foreign repression,: The character of
the priesthood is-..spokcia of in severe language, and
i!',Fl incapacity forits high functions boldly declared.,
,Then comes thepractical part of the matter. ,The
allies are invited to deliberate on the reconstrUc
tiori of the Roman G-overnment. Sardinia 'totally:
repudiates the position that temperal. power
,ceseary for the Pope so that he may fully exert'
cise his spiritual authority. She-considers that hil•
'functions naiglit_be wisely restrained to ecclesias-
tical matters,,.ori:if.hiS'rights as a temporal Sove6
reign be deemed inalienabhi it might be insisted.'
itlia 'he should entirely distinguish between his
duties as head of the Church and his, duties as an
'ltalian Sovereign ; and that,- while ecclesiastical.
posts are held by Cardinals and Bishops, all that
,concerns the 'population Whieli` is subject to him
:should be committed to responsible' Ministers;
jebosen from the laity, under the safeguard of new
and salutary* laws.
While Rome is heldr.by French troops the Lega-,
Lions are under 'the control of an Austrian General.

This section of, the Pool territory formed part of
the kingdom of Italy, and at the
,downfall of Napo-
Aeon received With reluctance the old system. As
the people are bitterly opposed to the Papal sway,:
which has condemned Jhern to years of foreign
occupation, Sardinia preposea' tliat they should b 4
at once released.frorn it; and dissovered froth the
'States of the Church. The territory, o constituted
should be placeid under the government either of
i!an hereditary abuse or a Viceroy nominally depen-
dent on the ?oVe, but.app2inted under conditions
sanctioned by the allies. 'Atistrian, soCeppation
should be strictti prohibited, the Co,cle. Ndpe,/eeii
introduced with such., modifications as. might be
necessary, and ;the administration- by the clergy
entirely abolisod. These measures Sardinia: 'con-
siders of the higtiest iniportance and, necessary for
the peace of Italy.
With respect. to Naples the Plenipotentiaries are
very outgpOken. They look on-the state ofithat
' kingdom as a disgrace to the Italian name and
suggest the intervention of the allieS, and the es-
tablishment of guarkitees for, a, just' adnainis-
tration. The case of ' Poerio is, alluded
.to by
name, and he, is declared to be the victim of a
-Government which seeks to crush-all that is= noble
and healthy: in Italy. When Sardinia comes to
speak of the direct ,Austrian dominion it is,' of
course, necessary 'to proceed with caution. The
Plenipotentiaries state that circumstances will not
allow them to discuss the separation ofLoinbardy
and Venice: from the Austrian empire. :Any
change in this direction must arise from the even-
tualities of the future.. However, they assert that
these provineeS'forin part;: of Italy; and are jus-
parably Anited.-- with their own
,country and the
rest of the Peninsula. They complain of the poli-
tical proscriptitins which have taken place, and the.
unsatisfactory4natuk, of -the so-called amnesty.:
The obstacles,'lflterpo)led.:betWeen I.oinhard,Z;and
Piedmonkare mentioned. High duties, it is said;
are placed on iPiedniontese productions, and,.Pasa-
ports are with difficulty obtained by .Austrian sub-
jects, and needlessly scrutinised when a, Sardinian
would cross !the frontier, The discOntent -Which
prevails in the AuStro-Itilian"Statee is noticed,
and declared to be the effect of an oppreSsive
Government. - For all these wrongs Sardinia asks
redress. Sonie acknowledoenterif of a national unity
in Italy i con;aidered,by theetateSmenOf Turin 'to
be the first step in insurink'prospetity, and peace.
A Customs' ;union, it is alleged., would develop° the
resources oftliS country and facilitate. that inter-
communication which is so3inneh wanted. Material
irnprovqrneriti .Would :follow the removal of politi-
cal oppression;;'.slid "whole state of ItalY.is recom-
mended to the care,Of the Plenipotentiaries now
assembled in Tads, who are reminded that the
Congress of Vienna did not scruple to interfere 'in
the affairs,of every nation, and to settle questions
relating little to the war,Which then ended:
We have laid befbre the Public this sketch.a
the queAimis which haVe grown out of the late con-
flict, believing that they will not.possess less in-
terest than: the terbs or the pacification itself.
We canns Nut be surprised and grp,tified at the
courage ivith'Which a small. State has ventured 'to
appeal for j,uatice in the face of Europe. A spirit
and a langua,ge almost new in diplomacy; seem to
augur changes which may astonish Old. World
statesmen. EveiS, Englishman will await with in-
terest tie result of these new discussions.