The Sun.
London, England, 1860-04-19 00:00:00

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19, 1

.PREVENTION OF SHIP WRECK-NB W
PRISCIPLE IS IRON BHIPBUILDISO.

she was accompanied to Durnoch with a guard of
honour, and being brought before Sergeant Mac-
kenzie, for summary trial, she pleaded " guilty" to
wa to
the various impeachments against her, and had sen-
lehici expiration f)lra4tidoanvso'fimmp.hriicsohnisncenrztensehdiauridioyn hers, at
introduce our heroine to the' inhabitants of the
county of Ross."

2 ILE NA VI.

Few will be prepared to credit the fact that there
is at thi: moment quietly riding in that noble basin
for the reception of British and foreign shipping,
the East and West India Docks, an almost perfect
counterpart, in a structural point of view, of the
celebrated tubular bridge (slung some few years
since by Stephenson over the Menai Straits), in the
form of a fine iron clipper ship, called. the Fanny
Maud, being the first iron steam ship built by
Messrs. Robert Taylerson and Co., of Port Glas•
gow and Comilla, on the "diagonal'' principle, and
which principle is alleged by the projectors to be
the "only" principle in shipbuilding cepeble of re-
sisting the disruption of a vessel in cases of ship-
wreck by casualty and collision. In view, more-
over, of the innumerable melancholy catasti ophes
that ever and anon occur upon our coasts, as deve-
loped in that dark national record of disasters the
" Wreck Chart," a practical attempt like the pre-
sent, in the way of diminishing the loss of property
and life, and redeeming this national disgrace, de-
serves the more serious and attentive consideration,
not only by the Government, but by the mercantile
marine. • When it is known, too, that not less than
80 millions of property—to say nothing of human
life—belonging to this country is constantly afloat
and findieg its way into iron vessels ; that during
the past year, according to the returns of the Board
of Trade, there were not fewer than 1,461 wrecks
and 1,613 lives lost; and thateduring the first three
months of the present year the number of wrecks
has amounted to something like 700, the considera-
tion of the question becomes not only imperative,
but appalling. Doubtless a majority of wrecks
arises from apparently uncontrollable causes, but
in many of these instances, if constructed suffi-
ciently strong, the devoted vessel—or at least her
crew—might be rescued or relieved. The disasters
that daily happen on our coast are at length draw-
ing the attention of Parliament and the public to
the question, and it is hoped that in conjunction
with the efforts of the newly-established association
for the promotion and improvement of naval archi-
tecture, recently established under the scientific
auspices of Mr. R. A. Brooman and Mr. E. J. Reed,
the inquiry into lights, buoys, beacons, and chain
cables something.essentially practical will be done
in this way, despite the prejudice of interested ship-
builders or the apathy of well underwritten ship-
owners, and that a recurrence of those fatal catas-
trophes that have characterised the loss of Royal
Charters, Birkenheads, Hungarians, and Ondines
will to a considerable extent cease. As a first step
in this desirable direction, Messrs. Taylerson have
satisfied themselves that there is a radical defect and
weakness in the existing form of building iron ves•
sels—firstly from the fact of the frames being in a
"vertical'' direction and parallel to each other, not
offering sufficient resistance to any force or strain
having a tendency to tear the ship asunder trans-
versely ; and, secondly, the frames being secured to
the outside shell by rivets running in a direct ver-
tical line from the gunwale to the keel, entailing
one continuous line of weakness in that direction.
Ships built in this way, to use the expressions of
the nautical profession, on encountering any ob-
struction literally " broke their backs," or were
severed in two from gunwale to keel. Messrs.
Taylerson's proposition in relation to their new
" diagonal" principle is, that while in the case of
the vertical principle the line of resistance to any
force acting in the direction of the vertical planes
of the ship will be in a line: with the shortest cir-
cumferetitial line of the body of the ship, thereby
opposing the least amount Off resistance to fracture
coming in the direction of these plane§ ; in the case
of a ship built in accordance with the diagonal prin-
ciple, the line of resistance to forces acting in the
direction of these vertical planes will be diagonal
to the circumferential line of the body of the ship,
thereby opposing the greatest amount of resistance
that can be given at an angle equivalent to the in-
clination of the frames, In addition to the diagonal
the vertical principle is introduced, ere that the ves-
sel becomes a complete network, as it Were, of ada-
meat. Before she can break in two parts ot tear
her plating asunder, as in the case of the Eva, Duke
of Sutherland, Countess of Strathmore, Tayleur,
&c., she must break through 20 frames of angle iron
41 by 3 by 1 inch, as well as 10 reverse frames of
angle iron 3 by 3 by 7-16 inch, diagonal butt ends,
stringers, 4 sister keelsons, deck of iron, &c. ;
whereas, in a ship built on the vertical principle,
the poop, main, and lower deck beams are secured
to one frame only, both on the starboard and port
side, and they are 3 feet apart at least, which leaves
every alternate frame unsustained by any beam ;
she has, therefore, not a single frame to break, but
tears the plating from keel to gunwale without any
resisting power of her frames whatever.
These are the leading novel principles on which
the construction of the Fanny Maud is based. She
is intended, we understand, for the East India,
China, and Australian trade, and lying, as she does
most conveniently, and in contrast between the
Empress Eugenie and the Parsee in the East and
West India Docks, she is well worth a visit. In-
deed, a large number of scientific gentlemen inte-
rested in the progress of steam navigation have been
over her •, and also Captains Robertson and Tulke,
of the Admiralty and Board of Trade, by the direc-
tion of Sir Baldwin Walker, the Surveyor of the
Navy. She is about 2,500 tons burden, and has a
full poop and forecastle, which greatly increases her
available capacity for passengers and stowage of
cargo. The saloons are fitted up so as to combine
the utmost comfort with elegance. They have the
benefit of an efficient system of ventilation, by which
any unpleasant closeness is comparatively prevented,
an I all the lights are so planned as to obviate dan-
ger. The plans and elevations are on the most ap-
proved principle and liberal scale, so far as the
building, outfit, and general completion of the ship
are concerned. The anchors are according to Trot-
man's patent, and the chains are made of the best
Staffordshire iron, and proved in accordance with
the requirements of the Admiralty and Lloyd's
Rules, for 12 years, Class A 1, at least.

SAR4?INLf.

A letter from Turin, dated April 15, says—lt is
a fine morning, and all the Vatican thunders 'are
powerless to rob the Piedmontese of sunlight and
warmth. It is perfectly marvellous to see how
well people c..n manage to thrive under the Pope's
excommunication. As in the memorable incident
of the Jackdaw of Rheims, it may be said :
" Never was there such a terrible curse ;
But, what gave rise to no little surprise,
Nobody seemed one penny the worse. '
That is all. People do not even give themselves the
trouble to laugh at Popes' Bulls. We have here in
Turin the Fischietto and Pasplino—under Mr.
Punch, the very beet dealers in jokes the European
press can beast. Well, even these worthies seem
to think St. Peter's artillery beneath a jest.
Come out with me for an hour's walk about
the Turin streets, and you will be able to see the
effects of the Pope's malison. Look into the faces
of these sober, earnest, God-fearing Piedmontese,
the most sensible people on -the Continent. Every
men's face calm, serene, radiant with the con-
sciousness of true freedom, tells you plainly, "le
crams Dieu, ct n'ai point d'autre cravats." Under
the porticoes, in a walk of five minutes, you are
accosted by about, 20 newsmen, hawking about their
cheap goods, wet from the press. The Italian press
may be deficient in means, it may boast nothing
above average talent, but it is gloriously free, suf-
ficiently fair, uncompromising, and not unmindful
of dignity. -Nen &phase the French Emperor,
the Diritto is as boldly outspoken as The' Times,
and the Unione has most nobly fought its way to
the most unlimited discussion of religious subjects.
But on with our walk, up to Piazze Castello, past
the palace where the good King—honest map—
to
is
packing up his portmanteau, ready for a start
Central Italy this afternoon at half-past four; fur-
ther along Dora Grosse, straight up to the Roche-
melon a mountain 9,000 feet high and 30 miles off,
which, in this thin atmosphere, seems almost to bar
the way at the end of the long, straight street.
The Turinese are all up ; some bound to the cafe
for a frugal breakfast, some to hear mass, but all
with their morning paper in their hand or pocket
—a kind of talisman to keep off the evil eye, or
fettatura, of the priests. A mass does no harm,
even though the mass-sayer is not to be trusted.
See,—this huge gloomy building on our left was
the Jesuit College. Have no fear—it was. The
other sombre edifice on our right is the Barnabite
Convent. The monks are few ; they pursue harm-
less studies, and are quietly dying off. Our child-
ren just hear of them as a myth. The rubbish of
the middle ages is fast clearing off.
Now turn to the left, tinder the blossoming
plane avenue, round the half-dismantled citadel—
a fortress making room for a railway station, brute
force blown away by a whiff of steam.
Now out into open space—the Piazza d'Armi or
parade-ground. It is the grandest of European
panoramas—abroad green field fenced round by a
mass of glittering snow, hundreds of miles of Alps
standing on end like the waves round Moses's
host. See! the earth is teeming with spring-
life ; the lark is carolling up in the air ; the
seasons go round, even though Popes may scowl.
On one side of the vast square four legions of Na-
tional Guards are on drill, the Turin burgesses
playing at soldiers; ay, and ehaking off their sloth,
breathing fresh air, engaged in Wholesome, even if
harmless, exercise, learning tidy and clearly habits,
gathering the sold ;" which, according to the wise
German saying, " the morning hour has in its
mouth." People are apt to take the value ofationa free
institutions too much to the letter. Nl
Guards may be of little use either as soldiers or
policemen, btit them ten thousand militiamen, use-
less only because people know not what uses they
may be put to, 12 years ego 'Would have been in
bed, or in their dingy cafes, or, at the utmost, mus-
tering into heeded processions. Now they are
clad like men; they have the bearing of men ; these
musters and manoeuvres, if they do no more,
strengthen, straighten. beautify the whole race,
and mental advancement keeps pace with physical
improvement. These men catch the spirit of dis-
cipline, of association—they become brethren in the
ranks. T National Guards in lady is still an
it in-
to
stituti he
on in its infancy. All efforts to turn
account have been unavailing as yet, though Pied-
mont has the example of Switzerland close at hand
to show how a man may supply the want of a sol-
dier. Yet neither is this citizen militia as idle a
piece of mere show as it is in France. The French
are already too military a people. Mock soldiers
are of little use where every man at the shortest
notice can be turned into a fighting machine ; but
the Italians, and to a certain extent even the Pied-
montese, had no taste for soldiering. The whole of
this Southern race lay prostrate, and almost
thought the trade of arms the exclusive privilege of
the Gaul and Teuton. To make Italy a country it
is necessary to turn the nation into an army.
Better these people should handle even a militia
musket than play on the flute.
Hark ! drums and trumpets! Here come soldiers
in right good earnest. They are some of the batta-
lions who marched up the hill of San Martino in
July last. Heaven save you, brave Macedonians of
Italy ! Your stern discipline and hardened consti-
tutions have redeemed the name of the common
country from obloquy ; they have won over to
your King that crown which has been for so many
centuries the football of the Transalpine nations.
Breathe your sober, earnest, modest spirit into the
Boeotian Lombards and the Attic Tuscaus, whom
your bravery has associated to your destinies.
There is, indeed, good hope that the work of am an
l-
gamation of the Italian military forces m
gassed. so
be prudently, no less than ivigorctusly, ac
Tuscans, IFAmilians, and Lombards are to be ad-
mitted into the Piedmontese corps, without, how-
ever, swamping the old army by the too sudden
and general introduction of te new, raw mate-
rials. Every province of the untied-Italian king-
dom is to be garrisoned by regiments belonging to
some of the other provinces. 'The Pistoia Briga
the
de,
for instance, will be quartered In Piedmonts
Aosta Prigade will take up its abode in Tuscany
only, however, 'With this distinct provision, that
every corps shall be recruited out of thhancee levies
h it may c
supplied by the district in whic
be staticued. By this means a regiment which
consists now entirely of Piedmontese will in a year
admit some hundreds of Lombard recruits ; a Lom-
bard squadron will fill its ranks with Bolognese
or Itornagnese levies. The kernel of the corps
will remain always the same ; it will go by the
same Mune, it will be commanded by the same
officers ; but, as military service is limited to a few
years only, the extraneous elements will gradually
equal and eventually even outnumber the original
mass, and after four or five years the work of assi-
milation will be very nearly complete, without
hating in any sensible manner altered the nature
or organisation of the corps. That the araalgarna-
tion of the army rill lead to the fusion of the
people no man need. doubt. The constant shifting
of garrisons will lead to the mutual understanding
and, it is to be hoped, goodwill of the -serious
members of a fatnily o long estranged from each
other that their very consanguinity had become
mere matter of theory and faith. The arrival of a
regiment in a town of which the soldiers scarcely
knew the name, and in which they are taught to
consider themselves at home, among a people who
hardly understand the new-comers' dialect, and who
are yet made to hail them as brethren, gives the
namewholeass of the population a practical definition
of the of Italy—a name which was hitherto a
mere abstraction, but will heneeforth be used to
designate that fatherland which Providence in-
'ended to belong to the Italians.

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16th Dec., 1850.
that think it bat common
justice to yon to state that I have used Du Barry's neva-
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nursed, though every care was taken to prevent it. Had I
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on receipt of post-
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t0pt0314144 hgal es

S F.; Va., PAP E

4.1-4ce4, eee
Ary
"sea lawyers," who are so unportifi,ilA'ay,
3eni to have crept into the Houlof
Incl on Monday last they were especially
busy in their vexatious industry: After asking the
Secretary to the Admiralty a great number of very
interesting questions, and making an almost endless
quantity of tiresome speeches, none of which have
been read Tiy one not compelled to the task, they •
took advantage of the forms of the house, and by
smart technical objections prevented him opening
his mouth to answer them. The consequence is that.
we have on hand a heap of condemned stores in the
shape of weevily speeches b€longing to Admirals or
tic last eenturynone of whose names, so far as we
know, are intimately connected with the plenning
of any great British victory,—and we are still lack-
ii°e the explanations , which the Government was
ready to afford as to its intentions in respect to
many points of very great interest both to the
public and to the naval service. This is a method
of interfering with public business which is con-
cinch.° rather to the amusement of aged officers
than to the advancement. of the interests of the ecr-
vice which, in their more juvenile days, those
officers ornamented. The player who plays Mee-
cut in, and is killed off early in the tragedy, is sails.-
tied when his part is over, and goes to bed, lleVer
waiting, jaded old hand as he is, to see how the
Romeo drinks the poison, or how the 'Juliet
flourishes the dagger. So these veteran officers
seem • to have thought. that when they had made
their speeches all the rest was time wasted, and the --
sooner the curtain dropped the better for all who
had spoken.
Sufficient, however, has been said to make it quite
evident that the project of a Navy Reserve has
proved an absolute failure. So little is tie Admi-
ralty competent to deal with the subject of manning
the ships they build, and so little do the profes-
sional men they ccnsult understand the influencing
motives of the men they command, that they have
produced an elaborate scheme which has for the;
men no inducements whatever. All- those papers.
we saw stuck about everywhere last autumn,-which
were so special in their requisitions and so guarded
in their offers, turn out to be so much waste paper.
The Admiralty have contrived to invent 50,000
places under Government which no one will
accept. Every one who dared to act upon the
dictates of mere common sense said at the time
that it must be so. Even we ourselves, who
were most anxious to sec success attend any
project for manning the Navy, could only
hopelessly wish this one well. It seemed to
be absurd ; but non-professional people must not
rashly apply the rules of common sense to profes-
sional suggestions until professional incompetence
has been proved by the result. That has now
been abundantly accomplished. Those old gentle-
men at the Admiralty have shown themselves ut-
terly unable to put their pinch of salt upon Jack's
pigtail. That achievement requires some intelli-
gence, some knowledge of the world as it is, some
acquaintance with the human nature of the nine-
teenth century. They can build ships and pull
them to pieces again, but they cannot raise, dis-
perse, and congregate men by official letters. The
trap has failed, the springes are all empty, and v: o.
have no Naval Reserve. In this respect we stand
just in the position we held when Ministers under-
took the work last year. Then for a little moment
public opinion was fixed upon the importance
of this question. It was thought to be not
impossible that some occasion might occur
to render it essential that we should be able
at any given moment to man every ship
we could put afloat in these English seas. Con-
trasts were then drawn between the facilities en-
joyed by our neighbours and the difficulties which
we ourselves laboured under in this respect,
People thought gravely of the French system, by
which large bodies of conscripts are trained to act
as soldiers on seaboard, and of that further French
convenience which compels every seagoing French-
man to be registered for service in time of war.
Unfavourable comparisons were made between
this system and ours, which is to go into the
market and buy the men up as we want
them, but to make no preparations against any
unusual necessities. Under pressure of these re-
flections Assets determined to have a Naval Reserve.
Everybody saw the absolute necessity for it, and
almost everybody thought he saw the best means
by which that necessity could be met—that is to
say, by paying the market price for it. The Coast-
guard seemed, however, to some to be capable of
expansion into a perfect system for keeping a suf-
ficient body of seamen in employment until we
wanted them. The Admiralty thought that .E 5
year would be a retaining fee sufficient to keep all
the Mercantile Navy at the command of the Queen's
Captains. Our advice at that time was to do the
thing substantially and 'efficiently at once, and not
to grudge spending upon the means of manning
your ships and your guns three per cent. of the
.rnemeewhich you are annually lavishing, and t>
no slight extent. Wasting,- upon those ships and
those guns. Of conrie; we were riot listened to.
The Admiralty were Sure they could have the men
upon their own terms. It now proves that their
Coastguard Reserve is not a reserve at all ; that
the men enrolled in it are to a very large amount
not gunners, not men-of-war's-men, not even
sailors, bat mere landsmen ; that the Naval Volun-
teers as a force do not exist ; that all the argu-
ments which were last year pressed so forcibly
against the absurdity of building ships and neglect-
ing the most obvious precaution for manning them
apply as stringently at this hour as they did ten
months ago, when the whole nation was moved by

451,4,4

them,
Something must be done to repair this disgrace-
ful failure. So far as the Coastguard is concerned,
Sir Charles Napier has given notice of an intention
to bring it specially before the House of Commons.
Sir Charles, however, has not the art of investing a
subject with interest, or of inspiringhis shiphis heawill
rep!
with confidence that his schemes or s
work. What the public require is not a general
wrangle among all the ancient naval officers who
have seats in the House of Commons, but a means
of manning the navy. We want a naval reserve—
but only as cheap as may be
as cheap as may be,
consistent with certainty and efficiency. e want
a new institution by which men may be obtained
at any moment of emergency to man all those ships
we are building at such a treneendous cost. If we
are not to have the men, then let us save our annual
fifteen millions and retrench the luxury of the s
less ships. If we are to have the ships, then let us
make up our minds to buy that last " ha'porth of
tar" which is necessary to make them ships of
war. At present we are not even tending towards
such an object as this. Failing our in
ridiculous
offer to buy a reserve ready grown, we are not even
attempting to breed one. W
Naval Schools and Training e have, indeed, our
Ships, but they'
are altogether inadequate even as a partial
effort towards this object. But why do we ot
use the ships we have in commission for till's
purpose ? Boys may be had in any number.
V,neducated, ungrown, unformed boys, are the,
great drug of our social system. You may have
as many as you like of them at
.any
.moment.
Why should not that proud. fleet which is sailing
about from port to port, gaining such glory front
wh occamiold nal encounter with a breezey
shou not that fleet in these piten-knotping times of
peace be half-handed with boys ?So of that other
gay squadron which is doing its holiday work so
gallantly in the blue waters and in the pleasant
sunshine of the Mediterranean, but which has no
immediate prospect of hard work or heavy Mews
—why should not that second fleet be a train-
ing school for future tars 't'The Captains
and
the First-Lieutenants world, of course, ex-
claim in full chorus against any such proposi-
tion ; and, if a man-of-war were the captain's private
yacht, and were maintained out of the captain's
private funds, it would be most reasonable i h
n ien
and his First Lieutenant to do so. Under such
circumstances a captain should never be asked to,
carry troops, or to burden himself with stores, or
to take any man on board who might not be rated.
on his books as an able
as the ex i enci bodiecl seaman.. lie should.
g es of his own
pass from port to port
temperament might yequire., and he should put
back unquestioned into his favourite chckyard.
whenever his master reported.to his
that an extra
gallon of water was foun.d inside his ship. But we
Would venture to submit. that so long as a ship-
of-war is built with public money, and kept afloat
at the expense ot.some hundred thousand pounds
a year, it is equitable as well as Exp(dient that
she should conduce to the sustentation of the
service whereof she forms part. There are
times when she must wear out able-bodied
seamen, bnt there are also times when she ought
to create
andinexpensively done, in this direction ; but we
do not suggest that, the particular wasn't of a nave-
reserve could be thus altogether satisfied. Thehabit of employing and educating a large number
of boys, however, would have a tendency to make
the British seaman rather a less rare and difficult
to be caught animal than he has recently been.
What we complain of is the neglect of many obvious
means, such as that which we hat ave
t just pointed
out, by which the Navy might, he sacrifice
some prejudices, and at the cost of a little trouble,
be made to a greater extent self-sustaining. But
upon the main question of a Naval Reserve we say
again what we ineffectually said ten months ago—
that there would be no difficulty in saving any sum
necessary to be spent on the human machines out
of the money already wasted upon the wooden and
iron 011C§e"" 21 e6O