The Sun.
London, England, 1860-02-16 00:00:00

DEATHS.

DEICKWOOD.—On the 12th inst., at Cuborn-terrace, Boy,
L. J. Brickwood, Esq., aged 49.
GERARD.—On the Bth inst., at Mount Sackvifle, near Dub-
lin, Charlee A. Gerard, Esq., brother of Sir R. Gerard,
Bart., aged 42.
GORNIANSTON.—On the 10th inst., at Gormanstovrn
Castle, county Mouth, the Viscount Gortuanston, aged
84.
INNES.—On the 12th inst., at Ayton Castle, Berwickshire,
Wm. 31. Innes, Esq., of Ayton, aged Si.
Mosan.—On the 15th inst., at Tavistock-square, Robert
Moser, aged 76.
RYALL.—On the 13th inst., at Weymouth, Anne, relict of
the late Captain Ityall, aged 92.
SUFEIELD.—On the 11th inst., at Gunton-park, Mabel
Emily Ilarbord, daughter of Lord and Lady Suffield,
aged 14 months.

LONDON : Print©d and Published by MURDO YOUNG
of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at The Sun Office, No. 112,
Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the coutitY °I
Middlesex, Thursday, February IG, 1860.

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THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 16, 1860.

join the Emperor of the French in calling the seri-
ous attention of the Pope to the neoessity of reforms
in the administration of the Papal dominions, which
he admitted were loudly called for. He gave the
Emperor of the French to understand that these
reforms ought not to fall short of what he intended
to do himself for Venetia; but he declared that he
would not associate with any Power, not Roman
Catholic, in addressing remonstrances to the Pope
in favour of changes, and that he would never pro-
pose to his Holiness any cession of territory.
" His Majesty further required that the Grand
Duke of Tuscany and the Duke of Modena should
be reinstated in their respective dominions. Finally,
he declined making the terms of peace a subject of
discussion by a congress.
" After this exchange of opinions, the two
Emperors separated, but communications were
continued between them, and, in the course of the
evening, the preliminaries, the substance of which
are known to her Majesty's Government, wore
signed. On the following morning Count Rech-
bergcame to the French head-quarters, and proposed
that plenipotentiaries from the two sovereigns should
meet at Zurich, in order to convert the preliminaries
into a definitive treaty of peace, which proposal is
now about to be carried into effect."
The tenacity displayed by the Emperor Francis
Joseph appears and re-appears at every turn in the
subsequent interpretation and application of the
preliminaries. From the first the French and Aus-
trian Governments intended to turn them to dif-
ferent purposes, and more than once Napoleon was
obliged to refer to his military superiority, and once
directly to threaten Austria with a renewal of the
war. On the important question whether a foreign
force might be employed to carry out the clause of
the preliminaries which reads—" Le Grand Due de
Toscane et le Duc de Modene rentrent clans lours
Etats en donnant une amnistie generale"—the two
Crowns were continually at variance. It is ex-
pressly stated on the part of France (p. 22) that
"nothing positive had passed between the two Em-
perors on the subject."

sheer Guards, by his Royal Highness the Duke of Cam-
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Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G.
The Bishop of Sierra Leone, by his Grace the Duke of
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Lieutenant W. W. Woodward, on his return from India,
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Commodore Yelverton, on return from foreign service and
promotion, by the Duke of Somerset.

ENOL_IND, FRANCE, AUSTRIA, AND
ITALY.

' In the Illonite- ar of September 9an article op-
peered, intended to influence the mind of Italy, and
to impress the conviction that resistance to the re-
turn of the dethroned Princes was hopeless. In
the telegraphic summary of the article which was
transmitted to Vienna it was said that one of the
consequences of the obstinate rejection of French
advice in this matter would be the release of Aus-
tria from all the obligations she had contracted at
Villafranca. Unfortunately, the important quali-
fying words, "as regards Venetia," were omitted
from the summary, an omission which gave rise to
an amusing revelation of Austrian hopes and in-
tentions. On the 9th Sept. Mr. Fane saw Count
Rechbeig, who appeared very much pleased with
the article. Mr. Fane thus reports what passed :
" Count Rechberg, in reply to a question I ad-
dressed to him, said that if the summary of the article
he had seen was correct, he was disposed to view its
publication with pleasure. It gave, he said, a new
and, in his opinion, a more favourable aspect to the
political embarrassment of the moment. I asked
his excellency in what sense he employed the term
favourable;' and he replied that he meant by the
term, more in consonance with Austrian views.'
I like,' his excellency continued, the admission of
the principle that if the archdukes are not restored,
Austria is freed from the engagements she con-
tracted at Villafranca. One of the especial condi-
tions of the cession of Lombardy was the restora-
tion of the archdukes, and if it be not fultilled, we
are not bound to execute our part of the bargain.'
I asked his excellency to what course of action, on
the part of Austria, the reasoning he employed
would logically lead. Would she march her troops
into Lombardy, and endeavour to recover it from
Sardinia by force ? Count Rechberg replied that
the logical result of his reasoning was that Sardinia
would hold Lombardy de facto, and not de jure ;
that the possession of a state on such terms was
neither secure nor satisfactory ; and that the atti-
tude of Austria would, for the moment, be one of
tranquil expectation. 'lf Sardinia,' his excellency
continued, attacks us, or infringes our rights, we
hope to be strong enough to defend ourselves, and
eves to retaliate with effect.' "

Yesterday another Blue-book, containing 370
pages of" Correspondence respecting the affairs of
Italy, from the signature of the preliminaries of
Villafranca to the postponement of the Congress,"
was issued. Although it discloses no fact to startle
by its novelty, it abounds with interest, hero con-
firming suspicion, there resolving a difficulty, and
everywhere instructing the best informed by put-
ting events in a strong and clear light. As the
volume has only a most general unity, instead of
attempting an outline or epitome of its contents, we
shall take up one or two important topics and col-
lect the scattered references made to them through-
out the correspondence.

The starting point in the recent development of
events in Italy is found in the meeting of the two
Emperors atVillafran ca. Many accounts of this inter-
view have been published ; bat, hitherto, we believe,
no authentic narrative of what passed at that time
has been given to the world. On the 16 th of July
Lord Cowley, under instructions from Lord John
Russell, saw Count Walewski, and received from
him an explanation of the motives which had induced
the Emperor to act as he had done. Although simi-
lar explanations have been made from time to time,
every profession of motives on the part of France
has an importance of its own, and this especially so.

"In commencing the war which had been
brought to a conclusion at Villafranca, the Empe-
ror, Count Walewski said, had invariably declared
that, Italy once delivered from the preponderating
influence of Austria, he would leave to Europe the
re-settlement of the Italian Peninsula. His Ma-

jesty had repeated this declaration more than once
during the progress of the war. He had resolved
thereby to give an earnest of his abnegation of all
selfish purposes, such as the aggrandisement of the
French empire, as he hoped by that means to esta-
blish the liberty of Italy on a surer foundation in
obtaining for them the guarantee of Europe. But
as the war proceeded his Majesty could not shut
his eyes to the sacrifices he was demanding of
France in furtherance of foreign interests, and
after the battle of Solferino it became his duty to
examine more closely the state of affairs, and to
weigh well the cost of persevering in a contest
with the chances of final success.
" Now, glorious forthe French arms as had been
the campaign up to the Mincio, that glory had been
dearly bought. The loss of life had been enormous,
and although the Austrians had suffered more, they
could not be held to be defeated. The real difficul-
ties of the campaign were about to commence for
the French. His Majesty did not doubt of final suc-
cess, but it must be at the cost of 25,000 more lives
at least, and the destruction of the city of Venice.
But the Austrians driven out of Italy, it was
uncertain whether there would be as good a
chance of peace as at the present moment, when
the Emperor of Austria, with an army although
beaten, yet not dishonoured, might make sacri-
fices to which further disasters would render
it more difficult to submit. With this conviction
on his mind the Emperor felt that he could not
call upon France to furnish him with money and
reinforcements for tke continuation of a war from
which France was to reap no positive benefit, though
the conditions of peace might fall short of those
which he had once anticipated obtaining. He had,
therefore, determind to put himself into communi-
cation with the Emperor of Austria.
" Such, said Count Walewski, was the simple his-
tory, neither more nor less, of the motives which
had actuated the Emperor in this proceeding."
Count Walewski went on to give Lord Cowley the
following account of what passed between their
Imperial Majesties during the interview which
arose out of the determination taken by the Em-
peror of the French. The language of the Emperor
Francis Joseph is Very striking :
" The Emperor Napoleon, according to Count
Walewaki's statement, spoke as frankly to the Em-
peror Francis Joseph as he (Count Walewski) had
spoken to me ; and after observing that both par-
ties could now treat with honour and on almost
equal terms, proposed, as the basis of peace, the
cession of Lombardy to Sardinia, the erection of a
kingdom of Venetia under an Austrian archduke,
an Italian confederation, and reforms in the Papal
States ; the details of these points to be settled by
an European congress. The Emperor Francis
Joseph answered that his reply would be as frank
as had been the Emperor Napoleon's proposal, and
that if the latter had his position in France to look
to, he could not lose sight of his own in Austria.
His authority had no other foundation than his
rights : those rights, therefore, he could never com-
promise. He might lose his empire, but he would
remain faithful to his principles. He admitted,
that his army had been worsted, and that Lombardy
had been taken from him ; the rights, therefore,
which he possessed in Lombardy he was willing,
much as it might cost his pride, to make over to
the Emperor of the French, if he could thereby ob-
tain the return of peace: more than this he could
not do without dishonouring his army. He would
not make the cession required to the King of Sar-
elinia ; but the Emperor of the French was, of
course, at liberty to do what he pleased with his
own, and if he chose to give Lombardy to Sardinia,
he (the Emperor of Austria) had no observat;ons to
make.

" With regard to Venetia, his Majesty declared
that he would not make any concession of his un-
doubted rights in that province • he would not
transfer them to an Austrian archduke as long as
he could defend them. He might be driven out of
Venetia as he had been driven out of Lombardy,
hut ho would rather lose it altogether than enter
into any treaty engagement either respecting its
future sovereign, crifhe were to retain it, respecting
its future administration. At the same time his
Majesty said that he had no difficulty in stating
introducing
great he himself felt the necessity of
great changes, and he had no objection to give his
word cf honour that Venetia, in his hands, would
not only be happy but satisfied (' qu'elle serait non
seulernent heureuso, mail satisfaite'). These were
the only terms on which he could listen to the pro-
posals for peace.
" With regard to an Italian Confederation, the
Emperor of stria said that he had no objection to
the plan ; that he thought it might be attended
with advantage to Italy; that he would willingly
enter it with Venetia, and join the Emperor of the
French iu recommending its adoption by the other
Italian States.

His Majesty further professes his readiness to

Five days afterwards the Austrian Foreign
Minister repeated, in an interview with Lord Loftus,
that " the concessions made by Austria at Villa franca
had been conditional, and consequently that she
would be released from her engagements, if those
taken towards her remained unfulfilled. The cession
of Lombardy would not be legalised unless the other
conditions of the Treaty were carried out, and that,
consequently, thetenure of that province by Sardinia
would be one dejigeto, and not de jure." In referring
to the restoration of the Archdukes, his excellency
stated that the Emperor Francis Joseph had made
this point a sine qua non condition of the peace; and
that, as a matter of justice and of right, it could not
be yielded. He added that Austria had no intention
to recur to force to reinstate the Grand Duke of
Tuscany. Count Rechberg, however, from time to
time, renewed the subject, being apparently most
anxious to keep alive the right of his Government
to interfere by force in Central Italy ; and when
Lord Loftus observed to him that the abstract
right of Austria to interfere iY Tuscany and Mo-
dena on account of her reversionary right ought to
yield to the interest of Europe, the count replied by
asking, " what Europe had done for Austria that
she should be disposed to make such sacrifices of
her rights ?',
The Emperor's letter to " Monsieur mon Frere,'
the King of Sardinia, dated Oct. 10, caused consi-
derable excitement on its publication a week later.
Lord Cowley was assured by the French Government
that that publication had taken place without its
sanction. In that letter, it will be remembered,
were enumerated many points respecting which
France would have proposions to make in Congress.
The document caused great astonishment at Vienna.
In an interview, on the 9th November, with our
Minister, Count Rechberg said that the letter of
the Emperor Napoleon did not at all accord with
the stipulations of the treaties on the point of being
signed at Zurich. which were strictly based on the
preliminaries signed at Villafrauca. Those preli-
minaries had fixed the limit of the concessions which
the Emperor his master had agreed to, and his Ma-
jesty was not prepared to go beyond that limit.
"I remarked that the Emperor's letter, however,
had stated that Austria had ceded her right of gar-
risen in Ferrara and Commachio, and I inquired of
his Excellency whether this was so. His Excellency
replied, that although Austria had not yet posi-
tively ceded that right, still she was prepared to do
so. He added, that Austria had no wish or inten-
tion to interfere in the affairs of Central Italy, and
that she no longer desired to maintain the right of
garrison in places beyond her frontier. 'With refe-
rence to that part of the Emperor's letter requiring
that the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera shoiljd
become federal fortresses, Count Rechberg staled
that even were this to be the case they would still
remain in the exclusive possession of Austria, and
would be garrisoned alone by Austrian troops. His
Excellency referred to the German Federal forces,
and instanced Landau, which being on Bavarian soil
was solely garrisoned by Bavarian troops. Where it
happened that the state on whose ground the fortress
was built was unequal to provide a sufficient force
for its security, as in the case of ltadstadt in the
Grand Duchy of Baden, or of Mayence in the
Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, then it became
the duty of the Confederation to provide an efficient
garrison ; but in those eases the question of the
troops to be supplied was decided by a majority of
votes of the Diet, and a veto was reserved to the
state on whose soil the fortress stood. Thus, his
Excellency said, if the Grand Duke of Baden had
persisted in his refusal to have a Prussian contin-
gent at Radstadt,his veto must have been respected.
Count Rechberg further alluded to the proposals of
the Emperor Napoleon that Parma and Piacenza
should be added to Piedmont, and that the Duchess
of Parma should be indemnified by the Duchy o f
Modena. And his Excellency stated that Austria
would never recognise the principle that thy power
was entitled to interfere with the sovereign rights
of independent princes. We hold, said his Excel-
lency, to the strict limits of the preliminaries at
Villafranca ; we shall not go beyond them!'
In the middle of November the Prince Eugene of
Savoy appointed M. Boncompagni to be Regent of
Central Italy. Just at that time Prince Metternich,
the Austrian ambassador at Paris, had received the
letters addressed by his government to the different
powers who were to be invited to a congress; but
he informed the Emperor, then at ComPlega°o