The Sun.
London, England, 1856-05-29 00:00:00

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law

proved to hSve been trf- tha
in effect-torectigiiise sucCma,
That part of the argt
put, was not to his mind
tion which they were really
,on of the status of the defer
n ,tone, who had not violated the laws NTjls
Of Scot] It did not follow because the fruits
of such a. connexion, .if in Scotland, would not
haie been legitimate that they were to deny the
status of legitimacy which the defender possessed
iii his own qountr3-.. The recognition of that status
did not necessarily, or in any degree, import an
approval of the connexion of which he was
the offspring., To pronounce a declarator of
bastardy in regard to him who in England,
his own country, was not a bastard, blit,
on the contrary, was in the full .possession
of the entire status of lawful children, would
be to introduce a new doctrine not forced upon
them by any principle of the law Of Scotland that
he knew of. Ile gave this opinion irrespective of
the Act of 1835. It was not necessary to call 'it
into action in !lig case, for the iparriage was • dis-
solved before l'hd.t date. At the same time the act
had its application, and gave pqwer and strength to
the defendant in this action, because it declared
iiieTii:a—arriages not to be questionable by a proceed-.
ing by which they were formerly questionable.
uch.beitig.hts views on this case, he thought. the
Court should adhere to the interlocutor of the
Lord Ordinary.

[PRICE 4
_D. STAMPED SD•

lAELAND.

1:511 BUN, WEDNISDAY .
• THE TIPPERARY ,BANE. : ' ,
' The Master in Chancery gave judgment yester-
day in the case of Mr. James. Birch Kennedy, and
another batch of shareholders who had disposed Of
their shares in the Tipperary Bank within the last
three years. The Master, . : . . •
After reviewing the. authorities advanced and
noticing the arguments, raised upon them in de-
tail; concluded by decreeing‘that the names of the
parties then before the Court, aa. well as' all other's
who might have disposed of their shares within
the last three years, should' be retained on the
official manager's list.of contributories to the gene-
ral. liabilities of 'the .bank. lie believed there
would be serious difficulties in the way of creditors
recovering at law against particular 'contributories.
The Master then said he prOPosed to make a call -
0f,401. a share, believing it necessazy- for ipany
reasons to do so; One was, that,it would prevent
the creditns who had come into the office to abide
tbe•result of the 'proceedings, there, from being 'in-
jured by other creditors, who. had .not thought it
right to adopt the same. course, ondeavouriug to
recover the amount Of their &aims •by' means of
judgments. For this large call.judginents, if-ne-
cessary, could: bp' Otained: for the benefit of the
Shareholders generally, bUt every care„ he.was de;-
terniped, should 'be taken to prevent' the Slightest
.• •
oppression or ihardship',.npon the parties liable,
There.was•a power enabling .them to enter into
fresh. arrangements or entertain fair
nNopositien?
for receiving t4at *Liarts, :the-obi •
-therviere -dUllosed, . grA
the creditors, to guard againstriiinlue,presstre, an •
to pursue a'moderate, course. This call would be
made on Monday week, because it.was conceived
better 'for all the parties toncerned to do'so."

The other Judges (Lords Ivory, Curriehill, and
Deas) concurred, and the Court decerned accord-
ingly.

MORTALITY IN WAR.

The following statistics of the losses of the Bri-
tish army during the Crimean and Peninsular wars
will be perused with considerable interest. The
improveMents in firearms do not appear to have
occasioned the destruction that was anticipated, the
casualties being nearly balanced. There is, how-

over, a marked increase in the average number of
effic:erp•killed'in the Crimean war, though not in
that of the men. Inquiry should be instituted as
to the causes ail remedietvapplied- ifpossible The- --'
ailvabetititi4o#-eciumiiae6c ,'commissioned
officers to eaeh 1,000 rank and file in the Britith

..t:~ea

army may be estimated at 72 and 40 respectively.
The proportion of the wounded officers who die
from the injuries they have received is considerably
less-than that which obtains among- the private
men ; for out of 1,973 officers (more than two-fifths
of the total number wounded from 1793 to 1815)
only 164 died, being very nearly,
.1 in 12. The
difference An fvour of the officers is no doubt due
to the greater amount of comfort and attention
which they aro generally able. to secure. At the
siege of :Gibraltai only 1 officer died out of, 35
woundeds and out. of 117 wounded at the battle of

Toulouse only 3 died. In both these- cases the
wounded were able to find, better accommodation

than can be the case after a battle fought in an
ordinary campaign. At Gibraltar the proportion
of deaths among the private men was reduced from
one in eight to ou in 10, 101 hiving died out of
1,083 wounded. It may be estimated that from
1793 to 1815 the number of recruits raised for Bri-

tish regiments was 519,040, for foreign and colo-
nial regiments 198, 630, making a total of 717,670,
besides 30,000 forerzn troops temporarily employed
—to these being added the effective force on the Ist
of January, 1793; 46,440 men, the total number
employed during these wars will be 793,110. Of
these 219,420 died, 229,141 were discharged, 20,000
taken prisoners, and 113,273 deserted—leaving an

effective force o'f 211,276 on the. 31st of Dec., 1815.
From a comparison of the mortality of the Army
and Navy duribg war it appears that the man
who entered the army from 1793 to 1815, ran be-
tween two and three times, if a private, between
three and four tmes, if an officer, the risk of injury
in battle that was encountered by one who entered

the navy, and that the general chance of death in
action to the one was double that of the other.

When the soldier was ordered on service abroad,
the risk became•as great to the private, and nearly

four times as great 'to the officer—whiie, to those
engaged in actual hostilities, it was respectively 17
and 22 times that of the, sailor, the whole_navy

being considered on active service in time of war.
These ratios, however, would be greatly lessened
if we were to include ,in our 'estimate the danger
from shipwreck, which made the seaman's risk of
death from the casualties of the service three times

that of death in battle. A fleet of 30 sail of the

ine may be oonsicbred as equivalent to an army of

12,00 q Men ; and a single battle on land has been
more destructive to life than 20 Sears of combat at

s, a During the Peninsular war, from 1808 to
1813, the average number Of sick in each 1,000 was
209 in the British army ; in the French army ,of
Spaig, 130 ;, and in the French army of. Portugal,
149. rt appears that On. the 22d of October there
were 6,777 sick, od woundedmat of • 31,042, which
is at the rate of 195 in 1,000. Of, these 328 were
with the army,ancl deducting these and the 1,539 who
were wounded it the Alma, we have, 4,910 sick at
Varna ; and as the total strength at • embarkation
was about 35,000, we have 140 out of 1,000 in hos-
pital before active hostilities took place. During
the time from the landing in Turkey to the Gth of
September, 1854, the mortality, which 'arose from
disease alone, was at the annual` rate of 87 per
1,000 ' - during the 'five mouths from. the 6th of
Serit.,lBs4, to the 15th of Feb., 1855; it was equi-
valent to an annual mm'tality of 108 per 1,000 from
casualties in action, and 391 per 1,000 from disease
isiaking a total mortality of 499 per 1,000 per
annum. Of 1,000 deaths in the hospital at Scutari,
575 were caused_ by diarrhoea and dysentery, 173
by fever, and 55 by wounds ; in the Peninsula
the respective proportions were 291, 398, and 201.
Of 19 great battles of which details have been
procured, only 4 were fought by British armies
unassisted by allies of other nations, so that it is
-necessary to state separately losses sustained by
the British only and by the British and Allies to-
gether. It appears that in these 19 battles an ag-
gregate British force of 438,205 officers and men
were engaged ; that of those 49,281 were either
killed or wounded, and that of these again 14,517
(nearly 30 per cent.) died from the injuries they
received—so that the casualties averaged 114 and
the mortality 33 for every 1,000 men engaged.
The lowest ratio of casualties in these 19 battles is
that of the battle of Busaco, 22 per 1,000 ; the
highest loss for the whole force is at New Orleans,
where the loss in killed and wounded on the side
of the British was 317 in 1,000. At Albuera,
though the casualties of the British and their
al-
lies were only 176 per 1,000, these of the British
alone amounted to 395 per 1,000. A subject to
which hardly sufficient attention appears to have
been paid is the relative efficiency of different wea-
pons. It appears from a return furnished by the
surgeon of the Scots Fusilier Guards, that of
120 men of that regiment wounded at the battle
of Inkerman, 7 were wounded by the bayonet
and 79 by gunshot. Now it has been confidently
and repeatedly .asserted that this battle was won
by the bayonet ; and in the ,Russian official ac-
count of the battle it is called an embittered baY-
onet contest, and it is stated that their troops had
challenged and routed the well-fed and powerful
British troops with what the latter considered
their own particular weapon. Yet the Brigade of
Guards was more constantly and closely engaged
in this action than any other portion of the army ;
for, out of 2,382 casualties suffered by 26 batta-
lions, 594 were borne by the three battalions of
the Guards, so that it is not probable that the pro•
portion of bayonet wounds was greater in any
other regiment than that mentioned above—viz.,
7in 120, or about 51 in 1,000. Again at the bat-
tle of Balaklava the heavy brigade were
opposed by cavalry, and, therefore, most of
the wounds which they received were
made by lances and sabres. Of 106 casualties
among them 9 were fatal; whereas of the 281 among
the light brigade, who suffered from artillery as
well as from hand-to.hand fighting, 169 were fatal,
or more than half, the ordinary proportion being
1 death in 5 casualties. The total amount of killed
and wounded of the British forces in the Crimea,
from the 19th Sept., 1854, to the Bth Sept., 1855,
was 13,880, of which 4,565 arose from siege duties,
4,396 from assaults, and 4,919 from battles. The
ratios of deaths among the wounded officers appears
to have been, nearly the same in 1793-1815 and in
the Crimean campaign ; but the proportions re-
turned as killed vary considerably, being 164 offi-
cers killed to 836 wounded in the former period,
and 233 to 767 in the latter. The proportion of
killed among the private men was nearly the same
in both wars, being 193 to 1,000 in the former'and
190 to .1,000 in-the latter. • The lose sustained by
the Russians during the siege is not known to us.;
but it appearS that -on the 17th and 18th dune,
and: from the 17th Aug. to the Bth Sept. 1855,
inclusively, their loss. Was 27,852. As the total
loss of the English,, in killed and wounded, in the
siege and assaults was 8961, we shall have, taking
e d thosa of the allies at double that of the English,
a total loss-of about 27,000 ;so that the besieged
lost as many in the 25 most sanguinary days of the
siege as the besiegers did during all the' 338.d4s
during which it lasted. The French garriion of
Badadot in 1812, consisting of 4,870 men, inflicted
4,824 casualties on their assailants in 21 days, with
a loco of 1,600 only of their own men, including,
deaths from sickness. In the same year the garri-
son of Burgos, 2,000 strong, repulsed their oppo-
nents with a loss of 2,064, killed and wounded, in
32 days—their own loss being 639.—United Service
Gazette.

The Sardinian Government has come to the determi-
nation to send a representative to the Germanic Diet, in
the event of the relations of Sardinia with. Austria
taking a favourable turn.