The Sun.
London, England, 1856-11-27 00:00:00

....-..............M...DM
he slept at her house that night, pointed to a know Ledge
of the burglary by those two prisoners.
The jury acquitted Homer, and found the prisoners
Clarke and Culling guilty of receiving.
The prisoner Mary Ann Clarke was convicted on the
9th April at the Westminster Sessions in the name of
Jones, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment.
Wotton was also convicted at Westminster on the 18th
September, 1854, for robbing his employer of 101. ss.
3d., and was sentenced to six months' imprisonment.
He had been previously in custody on suspicion of having
robbed three of his employers. Clarke, till recently,
cohabited with a man who was sentenced at the late
Westminster Sessions to kiX years' penal servitude.
The Common Sergeant then sentenced Wott9n to
four years' penal servitude; Clarke to two years' im.
prisonment with hard labour ; and Culling a " stretch,"
or 12 months' imprisonment, with hard labour. Young,
who is a lad of 15 years of age, and was scarcely tall
enough to look over the dock, was ordered to be put
back till next session, that inquiries might be made
about him. He is supposed to be the associate of
, thieves, though of so tender an age.
,h RE-

POLiTICA r, EXECUTIONS IN ITAY.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.

SlR,—Will you kir-idly I,,sert in your cilumns the fol-
lowing authenticated 3ta,i-t,c,, .tf the political executions
in Italy between the
.y earn 1831 and 1854 7

IN THE KINGD OH OF THE Two SICILIES.

In Naples, 11 in 1831, 28 i❑ 1837, 4 in 1841, 20 in
1844, 12 in 1847, 37 in 1848 ll2
In Sicily, under the command of Gen. Filangieri,
from July, 1848, to Aw2u-t, 1851
IN THE PLPAL STATES.
In Iklogna, under th.f Austrian Commander, from
May 23, 1849, t, June 23, 1849
In Ancona, ureter the Austrian Commander, from
June, 1849. to June, 1853 6O
In Rome, fr m August, 1850, to Jure, 1853, by
the Sacra Consulta 44, by the French 2
In Sinigaglia, in three consecutive days in Sept.,
1852, 6,8, 10
In Rome, by the French, on the 24th of January,
1854

IN TUSCANY.
In Leghorn, on the 13'h and 14th of May, 1849,
the Austrians, witliont any form of trial, shot... 200
In Leghorn, on the 13th of September, 1851, by
order of the CAninancler Crenneville
• 40
IN THE LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM.
In Padua arid Rovigo, by th,.. C,uncil of War,
2,154 in 1849, 1,329 in 1850, 223 in January
and March, 1851
4060
In &to, by the Courcil of War, from the 17th of
May to the end of June, 1851
In Brescia, in April, 1849, citizens massacred (not
executed)' under Haynau, whose names have
been preserved
.........
Ditto, unknown or unrecognised .....................
Ditto, hueg on the 9th of Jul 1849
Ditto, bung on the 10th of Jul'ly, 1849
In Mantua, on the 7th of December, 1852, the
Priest Tazzoli and his companions
Ditto, on the 3d of March, 1853,
companions ......... ................................
Tito Speri and
In Milan, in February, 1853
In Piedmont, in 1833, 11 ; in 1834, 2

................ 137

• 1 THE P UFOS AD HUNDUAA el 1.,41L WAY. . THE 11111; TV G.ERiff.AN COINAGE.
--..--___
The following letter from Dr. Scherzer, of the BERLIN, Nov. 22,—Tee report of the numismatic
Imperial Academy of Vienna, to Sr. Dun Victor congress has been communicated to all the government,.
Merrell, on cue Honduras, and the proposed Hon- of Germany, inviting them to give in their adhesion to
duras Railway, will be everywhere read with much interest, now than the colossal scheme is fairly be- , fore the civilised world :
VIENNA, AUSTRIA, AUG. 17, 1856. • .
To DON VICTOR HERRAN, MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY
OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDUBA; TO THE COURT OF ST. JAMES'S..
Sir,—You have done me the honour, in your letter the proposed new currency system. Those who had
hoped fur the introduction of one uniform set of weights,
I measures, and coins for all Germany, and looked upon
such a measure as the first step towards the
at eisland, are greatly
wishedfor unanimityd of their f h ardently
isappointe It was hardly, however, to have been eze petted that so great a step should be taken at once.
Leaving out of the question the minor states, which
h their own peculiar monetary ste (Hole
of the Bth net. to ask from me some observations on
sal: Lubeck Mecklenburg, HambUrg,yBLumxesmh
the Republic Of Honduras, of which I made a very Limburg, thorough examination, in the course of my recent tra- , i , and Bremen),
.Gennany consists of three pill•g9 psi roues,- viz., Pruseta with the rixdollars and - rolt
eels in Central America, under the auspices of the 'al-
gers ; and
cebene'; Austria, with its 'fleiins and zwanzi gr
penal Academe of Vieana, end I haeten to comply with
Bavaria,Wurtemburg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau,
your requeet.
and Frankfort, with the light loin and kreutzers. To
The erincipal question which you have propounded an iingiena
.ttihaelsobever,.a great step has been gained by
is, "The poseibiliiy of censtructing a railway across the bringing
and
fie three larger groups into some degree of
relative
Honduras, from Puerto Caballos on the Atlantic, to the for the es nxted proportion, even although they pea Bay of Fonseca on the Pacific, and if the configuration present their original denominations, and nearly
of the country offers any insurmountable obstacles to the same')
Taking the population of Germany as the basis of
the execution of such a work ?"
In reply to this question, lam happy to have it in rn these remarks, it appears from the latest statistical re-
Y turns that the number of inhabitants of the different
power to say, that I have visited and examined with cave groups is as follows :-1 Prussia, Saxony, Hanover
thejgreater part of the country which the -d 1 -
propose rai wa
Y Brune wick, Electorai Hesse, Oldenbu
' • and ther stater:
will traverse, and that lam convinced there is no insur- e ere accounts are kept in rixdollars and grosch. ens, have
mountableobstacle to the execution of the work. In fact, anw" aggregate population of 24 millions (being 54 423
the uiffioulties to be overcome are much less than would
provinces of Austria contain
appear from a first glance at the nog) of Honduras and the per coitS. 2. The German • ' mountain system of the oeuntry. Whoever travels there 2,200,000 (being 26 12.23 per cent.) 3. Bavaria, the Rinne, and other parts where the light florin is current,'
must soon arrive at the coeciusien that the gr,'.At valleys
of the rivers Ulua and Goascuran, the first stream falling Bremen,
8,000,000 (beteg 19 3-23 per cent.); while 4, Holstein,
and the other leaser states that have a separate
into the Atlantic, and the second flowieg into the Pacific, of their own, amount to 1,000,000 (being 4.23
offer every facility for the execution of the work proposed.
Collectively these valleys have a length of 160 English persystem cent.From
the above it is apparent that the rixdollar
miles ; and the greatest elevation of the country, at the group is by far the most populous, being more than one.
point where they may be said to join each other, is but alf of the whole, whilst the light florin group contains
2,400 feet. Tile ehoreuele reports which have been pub.
shout. a fifth.
fished on the prupoeed railway by Mr Squier, formerly
Ministerof the United Sates in Central America, and As the monetary systems of these two groups are
which are doubtless known to you, supported as the
r, ugn
i -I b 1 t into some sort of practical proportion to
are by the high authority of Captain Fitzroy, .R.N., in his
y already
each ether (4 rix dollars equal 7 light florins), they make
•
communication to Lord Clarendon on this subject, ren- together nearly three-quarters of the whole population,
der it unnecessary for me to enter into details, and
ant! the
es I ac- Provinces remaining quarter is made up by the German
of
Austria. It would therefore seem nothing
cordingly confine myself to saying that, throughout my
travels, I have had abundant opportunities of verifying those reports, and can testify to their accuracy.
-Be.acrifice in assimilating her system of currency to that
-- of others. But, on the other hand, it must not be over-
which, from its geugrapuical position, is SJ favourable for 12,200,000, her non-German provinces. (Hungary,
for the construction of a railway between the seas as Poland, Italy, Dalmatia, &c.) contan an (a
discs.
that afforded by the Isthmus of Honduras, and whether
we look to the transport of passengers or of merchan- population of 26 millions, making a total of 38 millions; disc, the rapid transmission of the mails and of treasure and as of course the proposed alteration in the currency
between applicable to the whole of the monarchy, whose
between the Atlantic States of the United States will
and California, or between Europe and Australia and total pepulation is equal to that of all dermany, there China—in all these respects its advantages are most ob• is no reason to impute to Austria the moral oblige-
tion to bear a greater share of the onus than other
virus. The ports which form the points of departure
i states. However, it is Austria that makes the greatest
on both seas, combine the conditions most favourable for concession, which will not fail to cause great derange-
the realisation of this vast enterpi ise; but more especially meet in all monetary transactions, and create for a long
that on the Pacific. The Bay of Fonseca may perhaps perithl confusim and misunderstandings quarrels, and
be considered as the safest and most commodious port l
on the entire western coast of America. All the navies ; and it is therefore extremely praiseworthy inAustria that she voluntarily makes this great sacrifice.
of the world might meet in the grand basin, to exchange It is by no means the. least advantageous part of the
for the benefit of humanity the delicious produCts of the new arrangement that it is assimilated, to a certain de-
tropics, against the manufactures of European civilise- gree, to the French system, which is by far the most
tion.
simple and perfect ever invented by the genius of man.
The many material resources of Honduras will greatly The new unit of value is the well defined German cue.
contribute to facilitate the construction of the Proposed tom-house weight of pure silver, which is exactly 500
railway, the adjacent forests will supply the necessary grammes, or half a kilogramme. As the value of the
timber, and the rivers, navigable in the rainy season for
considerable distances, will easily permit of the trans
p fine silver (which is equal to 233.8555 grannies), and out
ducts of the soil, ore Prussian rixdollar at present is based upon the mark of
tation of materials, and of supplies, as well as of the pro- of this 14 dollars are coined, it follows that in each dollar
there is of pure silver 16 7-10 grammes. But as the new
But what gives most importance to the plateau of unit of value is the custom-house pound, or 500 grammes
Honduras, apart from its fertility and its temperature. of silver, and this quantity is to be contained io 30 rio
of perpetual springs, is the salubrity of its climate, which dollars, the intrinsic value of the dollar will be 16 2-3
allows colonists from northern regions to cultivate the grammes ; so that the depreciation in the value will not
soil and pursue their avocations without danger to their be more than 1-30th of a gramme, or about 2 per mille,
health. I have visited the greater part of North America, which will make no perceptible difference, particularly an
from Canada and Lake Superior to Louisiana and Vie it is not even so much as tLe amount usually allowed in
Gulf of Mexico, but I have riewhere found a territory coining (3 per milie)for wearing away when in circulation
which offers the same advantages to agriculture with the for a number ef years. Twee, for all genera purposes,
plateaux of Central America: Cominenciug at an eleva- the value of the dollar will remain unaltered, and cause
tion of 3,000 feet above the sea, Enropeanagriculeurists no embarrassment or derangement of the monetary
flys-
will find throughout a climate perfectly salubrious,
for
The meteorological observationtom which I made in dif-
population. 24 millions of Germans, or more than half the
ferent parts of the country, extending over a period of
The proportion between the dollar and the new Aus-
two years, and which I propose very soon to publish, trian florin is exceeding!), simple, and will greatly
show that at the elevation of 3,000 beet the thermometer facilitate the calculation, whilst it cannot fail to promote
very rarely falls below 60 deg., and seldom rises above and increase the international commerce between the
82 deg. of Fah. The mean temperature of the summer
, or hot season, is from 69 deg. to 75 deg. of Fah. The north and the south of Germany. The dollar will beequal to a new Austrian florin and a half, coos&
soil of Honduras, with few exceptions, is of such quently the florin will be exactly two-thirds of a dollar,
fertility as to require no manuring in order to yield and the calculations in the common transactions of
two or three crops 'a year, The products of the life will be much facilitated by the coinage of two-
torrid zone—sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, cotton, rice, to- florin pieces, as intended by Austria, three of which (at
bacco, maize, bananas, yams,yucas, potatoes, &c.—rnay be 1i dollar each) will be equal to four dollars, so that no
cultivated side by side with the wheat, barley, oats, rye, loss will be occasioned on either side. On the other
and the other cereal grains and useful plants of Europe, hand, the proportion between the dollar and the light
A delicious climate permits the emigrant to labour and florin (four of the former being equal to seven of the
follow his avocations for the entire year. With less latter, or 1=1e) is, to be more inconvenient, but it has
effort he obtains ten times the products which he could the advantage of
being well understood on both sides
secure in Europe. In many parts of the State are found from long custom, and will make no derangement in the
mines of silver, geld, lead, copper, and iron, yet unde- accounts of nearly nine millions of Germans.
veloped, and only awaiting the introduction of capital It ay be termed a decided improvement that the pro.
and of intelligent workmen. m
The plateau of Honduras, as well as the plateaux of
portion of alloy to pure silver in the new coinage will be Central America, in general, justify the belie considerably reduced. It is fixed at nine-tenths silver
f that the world may enjoy the different products of the fro and ote tenth copper, which is the exact Proportion in the
so essential to civilisatien, such as cotton, coffee,
and pics, coins of France, and whilst it will make the new coinage
sugar, without the nece more light and handy, it will prevent them from being
ssOy of having recourse to the melted down, unless under some unforeseen and extra-
ordinary circu;ustances.
abominable institution of slavery ; and that alt thet,e
products may be cultivated by free labour, through
With regard to the new coinage—to be called gold
the medium of European colonies, which may be este,
cro one and half-crowna—net so much is to be said in
blished here, without the hut danger to health, or risk their favour. They are to be, respectively, the one-
to life.
fiftitth and one-hundredth part of the custom-house
I should trespass perhaps oath on your time and a_ pound of pure gold, and are also to contain nine parts of
hence were I to enumerate the many advantages which gold to one part of alloy. As it has been found impos-
capital, whether engaged in emigration, industry, or sable to give these coins a uniform and fixed value in
commerce, might secure in the ad/nimble countries of
the isthmus, mast especially if devoted to the construe- either ot the new silver currencies, on account of the
tion of a railway there, free for all nations. B ever flocteating proportion between the value of gold
y opening and shyer, it might, perhaps, have been better to assi-
its high plains—picturesque and fertile beyond compaii- (Dilate them more—if not exactly—to the French Na-
son, but now solo ary for lack of inhabitants, to foreign poleun d'or, or twenty franc piece, considering the
emigration—Honduras could not fail to attract speeuily extensive and rapidly
increasing commerce between
the accumulated capital, skill, and intelligence of Eu-
rope, Germany on the one hand, and France, Italy, and
anish
American Republics.
piec
and take a superior position amongst the Sp Swies tzerlandson the other, where the abovenamed gold
all circulate freely.
As you have expressed your wish to give these lines to
The final and decisive congress on this subject is to be
the public (which, if you deem them of sufficient interest
held at Vienna in the course of next month, and as the
you are welcome to do), I regret hat lam unable, at governments of all the forty two states of Germany have
this moment, to present to you an adequate tableau of been invited to send plenipotentiaries to it, With full
this country, concerning which I might add a thousand
interesting details. But you will find most of these in powers and instructions to join the convention, it is not
impossible that, as all the heavy work is already accom-
a work on the " States of Nicaragua, Honduras, and
plutbed by the commissioners of the seven states, to
San Salvador," which has just been issued from the whom is due the credit of having taken the lead and,put
Brunswick (German) press.
the proposals into a tangible shape (Austria, Prussia,
In one word, Ido not believe there is, in the entire Bavaria, Electoral Hesse, Hanover, Hesse Darmstadt,
new continent, a country which presents so great ad- and Fraekiert), the treay may be signed and ratified
vantages for European colonisation, industry, and by the end of the present year.
cenlinerce as central America. Situated between tie)
two great ~ceans of the globe, it offers, on its eastern
coast, the same facilities for commerce with the United
States and Europe that it affords on its western shores
for that of China, Australia, and the East Indies, The
construction of a railway to cross the isthmus of Hon-
duran, passing through a country healthful and fertile,
would, in my opiniote be the signal for the saili g f a
fleet of ship-, from European shores, laden with colonists
going to establish themselves on the table-lauds of Central
Awenea. It will be a sublime spectacle to witness Vie
development of this happy country, for those who may
contribute, by their position, their intelligence, or their
capital, to open its immense solitudes to populations
and to industry. But, apart from the service which
they will render to humanity, I believe that all who
contribute to these good resuos, will also receive a just
and profitable return for their efforts and expeneiture.
With high respect, I am, Sir, yours, &c..
CARL SCHERZER.

FRE VCH EXPEDITION AGAINST THE

KABY I,AS.

The Paris Constitutionnel thus prepares the public
mind for the great expedition which is to be directed by
France in the sprit.g against the independent tribes of
Kabylia. ft describ-s the grievauces hitherto sup-
ported with patience by France, and dwells on the
necessity of completing -be '` pacification" of the Al-
gtrian territory ; it moreover depicts the measures
taken by the chiefs of the menaced tithes in anticipation
of the approaching storm. We extract the following
passaces :
" Alga: la possesses the privilege of always exciting
public attention to a lively degree, but at the present
moment it must be studied with particular care. In the
ceinmg sr ng a erand enterprise is projected ; hie sought
to remove the last resistance of Great Kabylia, the in-
dependence of which is a defiance hurled at our power
and a permaneet menace for our peaceable domination in
French Africa. Already in the campaign of autumn,
when our troops struggled with so much energy against
the &fficulties of the ground, the rigours of tine climate,
and tte• ohstinate vaiour of the enemy, this labour of
definitive pacification was commenced ; we have the
firm confidence that it will be completely terminated
next year, in spite of the obstacles which will oppose
greatttbhhe
i,lc because
gupeswrevehotvoihacteihs:maatmdth,
dtaohstnetgaros
lively
the expeoition But it is precisely for this reason, and
otuhur
en tnrienytti .erarenessd. informationt cllos respecting °ea sinteptyae
iccauthri enetdgn eettxhoopei eeric to
nvd eei 11.-
scription of the province of Algiers that is concentrated
the principal interest of :he political and military move-
ments, for that province comprises the mountainous
districts of Djurjura. Alrady, in 1844, Marshal
Bugeaud advocated a decisive expedition to these re-
gions ; his sagacity as a commander and an administra-
tor revealed to him the necessity of leaving no point of
the Algerian territory unconquered by our arms. H e
then expressed his conviction that, after the submission
of the Arab district-e , he Kabyles would give rise to
seriote, difficulties ; and his desire was We
to concludewin
notthe
task he had so gloriously commenced
dwell on the manifold causes whichn now
opposed the realisa-
tion of his projects. But it is
as to impose obe-
c,insmon pruience recommendsr
fxations of the 13jur.,
years this hilly dis-
trict a continual agitation.
jduieran.ee oFnort.htehewel
trict has been the centre of
Id never prove dangerous 10 our do-
This agitation would
o lonise-
mination in the remainder of the c untry,s for the inha-
ralsitkefizoo
defences offered by their rocks. But
quit the natural
pernicious influe
. proceedings have a certain nee on
bitants of those districts would never feel inclined to
their
with more or less sincerity. More-
over, our authority
the neighbouring tribes of the same race, who have ac-
ceptedinto the fertile
this slate of things prevents the work cf
from penetrating . .
the high
valleys, which
Con
extend towards the declivities of the high plaits of Djur-
over,
We are already acquainted with one ady anturer
jura.fur years, smceeded in
• wee, during , keeping alive the
5 ' elements of rebellion amongst some powerful tribe. This
46 chief, Boa Bagherla, after a brilliant career fell in an oh-
_ 13 I score manner in a skirmish. But at this moment an
anaiu;ous role is performed by the Marabout Si-Et-Fladji
Total
to Bou • • • • - •
If, in regarding this frightful total, we take into once is superior Bagherla. This individual is not a
consideration that these. returns do net include the cherif; that is, a man who dote rattier the inspiration of
victims executed after the revolutions of 1821 in Sicily, the Musulunan secret societies. lie is a wealthy, inflnen-
Naples, and Piedmont, or of 1831 in Central Italy ; that tial, well connected marabout one of the chiefs of, that
religious aristocracy which
exercises in the country of
they do not reach later than 1854, and that the same
atrocities are perpetrated to this hour; if we recall the the Kltbyles an authority similar to that arrogated by
fate of Ciei uacehio and his companions (not down in the the railitery aristocracy in the Arab districts. During
authenticated lie.) murdere3, not executed; if we think.id the lifetime of Bel-Kassemuu-Kass,the
celebratedlservices
of the countless thousands or prisoners and exiles, ex_ieee. Aga of • Sebacu, who rendered us
.such.stigr
But
_ services,
and imprisoned solely for their love of country atidesfr.s. • the marabout occupied a secondstry riositioe
fliefrtatl
dom, we may form some faint idea of the deathl c des. death of the former has placed him: h
bout has. openly
termination of the Italians ,0 win Italy for themselves. After certain tergiversations the-ma
IV; be wlito a few month g
declared himself against us. It
—I am, sir, your obedient servant, S w .
it
na 4
who
excited
et,,
JAMES STANSFELD, Hon. age gave the signal_ of a holy wig, ,
amongst the latter
Office of the EmancipaTinn of Italy Fund
, severe' confederations to revolt, and
in whose territory he regidee.
Committee, 22, SleeeeeLtreet,'Keighte- ' is that of the Beni Baten,
„ v 1., 71 0 . lit' jilt tllO soul of rosifitauo ila .12,403714!.,
bridge, INTov, ~o.