The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-14 00:00:00

THE KING OF NAPLES.

Among the summits of our Derbyshire highlands
stands the ruins of a mountain. It was never quite
an Alp, but even within the reach of human tradi-
tion it is said to have been a goodly peak. The
tourist who explores that cavernous district still
pauses to gaze and wonder at the mass of rubble
into -which that shivered mountain has fallen. It
was not split into fragments by any tremendous
volcanic explosion ; no riven rocks or large boul•iers
lie about ; there is nothing grand or picturesque in
the ruin. Some internal weakness seem to have ope-
rated to destroy the cohesion of all the constituent
atoms of that towering sham. Operated upon
by no force which had any effect upon the
limestone rocks around, yielding to some in-
fluence scarcely greater than that of the ordinary
attraction of gravitation, one day it began to
crumble and dissolve ; and now it lies choking
the valley, a prostrate mass of mud—like that
Bourbon Sovereignty which yesterday raised its
head so high in Naples and Sicily, and to-day
crumbles without a touch at the mere menace of an
insurgent chief. Such events, at rare intervals, do
happen both in physics and in morals, but never
without their causes more or less occult, and
never without our special wonder. The passing
away of the Kingdom of Naples is like a story of
magic. It is not less wonderful than those tales
which amused our childhood, wherein we were told
of castles with horrible guardians and dreadful
dungeons, which endured in their tyrannous power
for ages, echoing to the moans of daring knights,
but which in a moment vanished into thin air when
the destined champion blew his blast. Translate

the wildest of these stories into natural language,
and we shall read no more than we may read in
that great European event which has passed before
our eyes during the last fortnight.
Garibaldi is a skilful soldier and an adventurous

leader, but he has not conquered Naples. Even
Garibaldi cannot conquer kingdoms by hurrying
along a little army at the rate of forty-five miles
a day in postchaises. Even Garibaldi does not take
a city by entering it alone in a railway carriage.
This is not war or conquest. It is the operation of
a natural law. It is a sort of political chymistry.
You may see it at any mechanics' institute. The
lecturer will show you some compound substance in
solution ; then he will pour in some third substance
for which one of the constituents of the compound
substance has a greater preference, or chymical
affinity, than it has for its present mate. At
once, and without hesitation and conflict, down
goes the rejected constituent to the bottom of the
glass, or up it flies in gas, and the two new sub-
stances combine and coalesce, happy in their new
form of matter, and, without further care for the
heavy powder that lies at the bottom, or for the
light gas which has bubbled off from the surface.
This is the sort of natural operation which has
taken place at Naples. There was, it seems, no
strong affinity between Francis 11. and even those
soldiers and sailors who were part of his general
system. Even they, by a foice of instinct they could
not resist, were drawn away towards that much
less pompons personage whom Mr. Edwin James
saw in his red shirt, dirty jean trousers, and worn-
out boots, combing his long thin hair at the glass
in a little bedroom. This was the fated man against
whom the fleets and armies of the Sovereign of
Naples were without power. The wretched King,
at the approach of this enemy, felt like a man in a
dream whose arm will not obey his will and who
cannot strike a blow for his life. The moment was
come to join battle with the ragged bands of this
half-clad Filibuster, and there was a well•clad, well-
armed, and well-provisioned army and navy, which
might have made a holiday of such a work. But
that army and navy are but a phantasy. The Ad-
mirals come most respectfully to say that the sea-
men will not fight against Garibaldi. The Generals
follow, and are most loyal in their desires, but they
are sure that if they lead their men into the field
they will all go over to Garibaldi. The National

Guard come next, and their loyalty is such that
they shed tears at the Royal distresses, but they
cannot fight against Garibaldi. And so Francis 11.,
with all the semblance of strength around him,
stood without the proffer of a single sword and
without power over the action of a single soldier.
His police agents, his gaolers, his spies, his tor-
turers all slunk away, hiding themselves from the
great indignation. Nothing was faithful to him on
that day but one holy mountebank, who even to the
last played his blasphemous juggleries with some
effect. A "sweating Virgin" produced a grotesque
Babel of wailing and lamentations in Naples among
crowds who cared nothing for the fall of their
young King. But the time was gone by when the
popular tide could be turned by such a trick as
this. The King, after lingering in vain, and look-
ing vainly into every eye for some encouragement
to remain, departed ; the " sweating Virgin " was
wiped dry, and Garibaldi came in by the railway
train. This ought to be a lesson to Sovereigns who
have not yet arrived at the crisis of that disease

which has proved so fatal to monarchs. No k;ng
or emperor in Europe can be at this moment re-
ceiving stronger assurances of the discipline and
loyalty of his fleet and army than were daily
pressed upsn Francis of Naples by his admirals and
his generals. No minister who now counsels a
reigning Prince could be more certain of the soli-
dity of the throne at the foot a which he stands
then were the ministers who encouraged Francis of
Naples to reject with contumely 'the advice of the
nations which were scandalized by his ill govern-
ment. No `priests. who now suggcst to reigning
Princes " energetic" deeds in service of Holy
Church were more profuse of promiKs of impunity
and protection in the course they Counselled than
were they who directed the conduct of the refugee
who has just gone to seek an asylum from the
Queen of Spain. He seemed to have a right to
say, as he doubtless did say," What fear ? The law
of nations preserves me against the great Powers,
and, to the scum of the population of Italy, I have
well appointed armies and ships. The Church up-
holds me ; lam right, and lam safe." This ap-
peared so when England and' France were impor-
tunate in their remonstrances. The shadow of one
man, however, falls upon this edifice of substantial
power, and it dissolves. The ministers take to
flight, the :men of war shamelessly contradict all
their former assertions, and the Church ungrate-
fully contributes friars and priests armed with
pikes to the ranks of his enemies, and can aid him
with nothing more efficacious than a " sweating
Virgin." Thus it happened to the King of Naples ;
and thus may it again happen wherever a sovereign
shall be found incorrigibly bent upon exercising
his power in cruelty under the direction of an in-
sensate and tyrannical priesthood.—Timea.

TILE WAR IN CHINA.

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)

SHANGHAI, JULY 5.

The whole British force has reached the rendezvous at
Ta-lien-hwan. No casualty whatever occurred among the

large fleet of men. of-war and transports, save that one of
the latter, the merchantmen, ran ashore in a fog and
escaped without damage. The Centaur, which I reported
to have grounded in the river through the carelessness of a
pilot, got off in two days without injury. Let us hope that
no long time will elapse before the combined expedition
sails for the Peiho. The Mandarins have driven all flocks
and herds into the interior, and no fresh meat, and few
supplies, can be procured for the large British force which
only waits the signal for action. Up to this moment no
blow has been struck, no blockade enforced, no hostile mea-
sures taken against "the enemy," since the 25th of June,
1859.

When the news of the disaster at the Taku Forts first
reached England it was felt that the intermittent state of
peace and war which had lasted since 1840 must cease, and
for ever. Well did the Duke, apropos of this very Chinese
question, declare the impossibility of England's engaging
in a little war. Regardless of his advice, our Government
waged one little war after another, first nibbling at one ex-
tremity and then at another of this enormous empire, sub-
duing a town or occupying an island, but never even at-
tempting to reach the capital, until Lord Elgin's " happy
audacity" carried him to Tien-tsin in 1858. But the force
which accompanied him was small, and made no impres-
sion on the old Tory party now ruling supreme at the seat
of Government. They did not believe in our power, and
determined to disregard the treaty and prevent the Eng-
lish Ambassador's arrival at Pekin. how they succeeded
for the moment at the Taku Torts last year is matter of
history. _ _ _

Various plans were suggested for bringing the Chinese
Emperor to reason. In 1842 Lord Gough sailed up the
Yang-tso, took Chingkeang-foo, occupied the Grand Canal,
cut off the supplies of grain from Pekin, and advanced to
Nankin, which he was about to assault. In order to save
the ancient capital of China, and restore communication
with the south, the Imperial Court (tame to terms, and
the treaty of Nankin was signed. Here was a precedent to
follow, a policy to pursue. That course which succeeded in
1842 could never be wrong 18 years later. Alas I the legis-
lator who advocated th;s hopeful scheme forgot that Nankin
had been in the possession of rebels since 1853, and that the
occupation so anxiously contended for would bo the greatest
service we could render to the Emperor. Then Nature has
anticipated us at the Grand Canal. In 1851 the Yellow
River,.which had long threatened this splendid monument
of Chinese skill and perseverance, burst its embankments in
the province of Shangtung, and destroyed the canal for a
considerable distance. This disaster occurred some two
hundred miles north of Napkin. Tll♦canal has never been
repaired, and the enormous traffic between the Yang-tse
and Pekin is now transferred to the dangerous Yellow Soa
and the treacherous Gulf of Pechele. So much for the pre-
cedent of 1842.

Another suggestion—supported, I believe, by her Ma-
jesty's Government—was to divide China into two districts,
north and south, the Yang-tse forming the line of partition.
In the southern division are all the ports at present opened
to trade; Shanghai, Ningpo, Foochow, Amoy, Canton, and
Swatow. Here it was proposed that business should be con-
tinued as usual, while the north should be declared in a
state of blockade. At first sight this scheme seems plausible
enough, but it is open to many, and, in my opinion, fatal
objections. The Imperial answer to the allies' ultimatum
was not received until early in Apiil, and no blockade could
have been effected before the end of that month. By that
time the whole of the grain junks from the south had arrived
in the Peiho, and the supply of corn for the year was secured
at Pekin. True it is that after that period enormous quan-
tities of rice and other produce are sent to the capital from
Shanghai and Ningpo. The Shanghai Chamber of Com-
merce reported to Mr. Bruce that this trade afforded em-
ployment for no less than 3,000 or 4,000 junks, manned by
100,000 sailors, the capital invested in it being upwards of
£7,000,000 sterling. All these junks and all this capital
belong to inhabitants of this very southern district which it
was thought desirable to spare, and the 100,000 sailors
form part of the population with which we wish to trade
and whom we are to consider as our very good friends.
They would have been utterly ruined by a lengthened
blockade, and might have caused serious disturbances at
the six ports.

Again, though we have hitherto had no trading relations
with the 200,000,000 of human beings who inhabit the nor.
thorn division of China, the treaty of Tien-tsin opens two
ports in the district, and before long we may hope to till this
enormous field which has so long lain fallow, and which
offers such a prospect for merchant and manufacturer.
While the south is a producing and exporting country,
with a tropical climate and a soil teeming with vegetation,
the wealth of the north mainly consists in timber, in metals,
wool, oil, seed, &c. The south exports the necessaries of
life, and the north receives and requires them in enormous
quantities. In the north the winters are severe, and the
inhabitants are compelled to wear the warmest clothing
that can be procured. They bring manufactures from
Nijni-Novgorod, thousands of miles across Siberia and
Mongolia, though we, when the Tien-tsin treaty is ratified,
can lay down the woollens of Bradford and Leeds at their
very doors through the newly-opened ports of New-Chang
and Tang-Chow. The proposed blockade would have in-
Elided frightful sufferings on this harmless population
while, as the year's grain supply was secured at Pekin, it
would have produced no effect on the war party which now
rules triumphant at the capital. Parcere subjectis et de-
bellars superbos should surely be our rule of conduct here.
To blockade the coast for months before an effectual blow
was struck would have only encouraged Sang-ko-lin-sin in
his resistance, inspired the Mandarins with a belief in our
weakness, and embittered the feelings of the people against
us. So, as Mr. Bruce knew that the troops were on their
way to China, he most wisely awaited their arrival and
forebore from instituting a blockade. We are now ready
to strike, and to strike hard. A resistance will certainly
be made, and it is desirable that it should, for no peace
would be lasting unless our prestige be first re-established.
But there is every reason for thinking that the war will be
short and decisive. Then, with the Mandarins humbled
and the people spared, with our right asserted and our
might made manifest, we may hope to dictate terms which

will place the relations between the two countries on a
satisfactary footing, and insure a lasting peace.
We have accounts as to the number of men at the Taku
forts. These reports have been received from various

quarters, and they agree in estimating the Chinese force at
not more than 25,000 men. As to the army at Tien-tsin
and Pekin, there is no reliable information. The Russian
Minister, General Ignatiaff, states that the Chinese autho-
rities do not believe we have an army, and are preparing
for an attack from the fleet alone. As I have mentioned
General Ignatieff's name, I may say that at an interview I

had with him yesterday he alluded to the reports which
prevailed in England after the Taku disaster last year,
that Russians were in the batteries assisting the Chinese.
He arrived at Pekin two days before the affair, having
travelled post for the purpose of reaching the capital at
the same time as Mr. Bruco. Almost immediately after
his arrival he heard of our defeat, refused to believe it, and
wrote to his Government, stating that the report must be
false. Some four months afterwards he read letters in the
Times which averred that the Russians co-operated with
the Chinese. His first thought was to write to Admiral
Hope upon the subject and assure him that there was not
the slightest foundation for the statements ; but, seeing that
the Times scouted the idea, he "felt satisfied that public
opinion in England would be set right on the subject." I
have made it my business to inquire, and I do not believe
there is the least foundation for these reports. The Eng-
slow to confess it could have been
lish navy was naturally
defeated by the Chinamen alone. Men looked about into
the origin of these reports for a cause, and an officer of
Maxims declared that when within, 40 yards of the forts he

The Chinese have succeeded in raising the Cormorant,
sunk in the Peiho. They built a boat, into which they
transferred the Cormorant's engines. But, alas ! they
would not work, and no one could set them going. So Sang-
ho-lin-sin sent down four watchmakers from Pekin. "You
are accustomed to machines," said he; "set that barbarian
machine to work or I will cut off your heads." The un-
happy watchmakers succeeded in lighting the fires and in-
ducing the smoke to ascend through the funnel. This
seems to have contented their taskmaster, for, though the
engines are not working, we have no account of the watch-
makers' decapitation.

The Emperor is in a state of drunken, helpless imbecility.
Among the many curious institutions of China that of the
Censorate is entitled to a high place. The Censors are in-
trusted with "the care of manners and customs, the inves-
tigation of all public offices within and without the capital,
the discrimination between the good and bad performance
of their business, and between the depravity and upright-
ness of the officers employed in them." These officers ex-
ercise the right of reproof with extraordinary candour and
plainness, though it is to feared that their remonstrances
are frequently unavailing. Some months ago the Censor
protested against the conduct of the Emperor, against his
drunkenness and dissipation, bas attachment to actors, and
love of low society. This reproof to Majesty was published
in the Pekin Gazette, and circulated throughout the length
and breadth of the Empire. Shortly before his degradation,
Ho-kwei-tsing, late Governor-General of this province, in
conjunction with Wang-yu-ling, addressed a long
memorial to the Emperor. They described in
piteous terms the state of the d'strict, with the
regular troops disbanded, the rebels x ictorious on
every side, and Shanghai only preserved from assault by
the presence of the allied forces. They then discussed the
dispute between England and China with considerable
freedom, and in a manner which might have convinced Mr.
Bright that there are two sides to this Chinese question.
Sang-ho-Pin-sing they denounce, as "only thinking of de-
fence, and not versed in the history of negotiations of peace.
Wh'le the commerce of China with the foreigner is a source
of advantage to both parties, these quarrels are, on the
contrary, a source of discontent to both. That the foreigner
has no deep felings of hostility is evinced by his affording
troops to protect the city." They describe the trade as
ruined, the customs' revenue not forthcoming, and the
local banditti "roaming through the country eager to try
conclusions." The only resource they have to suggest is
in negotiation of peace vs 'About loss of time, so that the
English and French may utterly put away hostile feeling.
They wor'd then probably lend their troops, with whose
aid the empire might be relieved from danger. This ad-
dress was foi warded on the 13th of June, since which poor
Ho has been disgraced and remains at Shanghai a prisoner
and in chains, awaiting the arrival of his successor, who
wall send him to Pekin. There is no chance of this re-
monstrance being heeded. It requires blows, not words, to
hammer conviction into the heads of the Pekin Cabinet.

The rebels are making steady progress in this province.
Indeed, there is no authority to oppose them They have
taken the walled city of Tsing-poo, on the banks of the
river, about 30 miles from Shanghai. Both Imperialists
and rebels ravage and pillage the country in every direc-
tion ; but they will stay their hands before they reach
Shanghai. The Europeans are too strong for them, and
there is an armed force of some 2,000 men available for the
defence of the settlement, independently of the Furious and
one or two gunboats.
Tho merchants of Shanghai yesterday presented Lord
Elg7n with an address. His lordship, in his reply, abstains
from discussing the line of policy to be pursued, but his
reference to the large armaments sent by Engle-id end
France, " with the intention of placing the relations be-
tween their countries and China upon a permanently peace-
ful and satisfactory footing," has peculiar significance at
the present moment. His lordship's answer is as follows :
, " Shanghai, July 5, 1860.
" Gentlemen,--I have frequently on fez mer occasions, in
the discharge of my duties in th,s country, availed myself
of information furnished by you at my request ; and I am
glad that at the present conjuncture you should have come
spontaneously forward to communicate to me your views
and sentiments in reference to matters in which you must
necessarily feel the most lively interest.
" Without departing from the reserve which it is my duty
to maintain, I cannot, as you will no doubt at once perceive,
discuss the questions of public policy which are raised in
your address. I may, however, remark that the Govern-
ments of England and France have sent large armaments
to this quarter with the intention of placing the relations
between their countries and China upon a permanently
peaceful and satisfactory footing ; and, as a first step to-
wards that end, with the immediate purpose of enforcing on
the Pekin Court respect for the obligation of treaties.
" It is highly creditable to your patriotic and public spirit
that you should be willing, in your eapacity of merchants,
to make any sacrifice which you may be required to bear in
order to render this lesson effectual.

" You refer with much delicacy, yet in language of which
the import cannot be mistaken, to the confidence and esteem
with which the conduct of her Majesty's Minister in China,
under circumstances of great difficulty and trial, has in-
spired those who have had the best means of watching and
appreciating it. This is a topic upon which, for many ob-
vious reasons, it is impossible for me to dilate. I may,
however, state that his Excellency has placed unreservedly
at my disposal all the information necessary to enable me to
estimate rightly the present state of affairs in China, and
that I believe there is no difference of opinion between us
as to the course which ought to be pursued.
" I have the honour to be, gentlemen, &c.,
" ELGIN AND KINCARDINE.
"(True copy.) "H. HOPE CREALOCK, Lieutenant-
Colonel, Military Secretary."
Lord Elgin sails in the Ferozo to-day for the English
rendezvous at Ta-lien-when, whence my next letter will be
dated. Baron Gros takes his departure on board the Du
Chayla to-morrow to join the French at Chefow.
TA-LIEN-WHAN, JULY 12.

This bay of Ta-lien-whan lies open to the south-east, and
is completely landlocked in every other quarter. Fully nine
miles in width and 15 or 16 in length it affords an excellent
anchorage. There are no shoals, and the minimum depth
is five fathoms. Morning is dawning as her Majesty's ship
Feroze, with the ensign of the English Ambassador at the
main, steams slowly past the islands which protect the
entrance of this natural harbour. All eyes are on the look-
out for the fleet, and at length, far away to the west, we
distinguish the Chesapeake, with the flag of Admiral
Hope at the fore, while that of Admiral Jones floats from
the mizen of the Imperieuse at the eastern angle of the
bay. Fourteen thousand miles from home this splendid
fleet lies, ready to assert the might and protect the right of
England. By the aid of a good glass we make out 60 pen-
nants. Here is the stately Chesapeake, with her 51 guns.
Under her lee, leashed in like hounds and waiting to be
slipped, are the venomous little gunboats, ready for any
mischief—the Slangy, Leven, Algerine, Kestrel, Janus,
Clown, Woodcock, Drake, Watchful, Havock, Forester,
Opossum, Starling, Firm, Staunch, Banterer, Bustard,
Flamer, Bouncer, and Snap—stinging musquitoes cf the
water—which will soon buzz about the Taku Forts. The
Nimrod, Roebuck, Sparrowhawk, Reynard, Ringdove,
Pioneer, and Beagle, of larger size and greater draught of
water, pray for a good tide to take them over the Peiho bar,
where more than one have old scores to settle with the Celes-
tial braves. The Chesapeake, Imperieuse, Pearl, Scout,
Encounter, Cruiser, Ferooze, Sampson, Odin, Furious, Ma-
gicienne, Centaur, Sphynx, Inflexible, Fury, Cambrian,
and Acteon are too large for the shallow coast of Pechele
bay, but they will lend a hand with the boat expedition, and
send their bluejackets to the naval brigade. Add the war
troopships Simoom, Adventure, Vulcan, Urgent, and Iles-
per, and the steamers of the Bengal Gover.ament, and you
have 60 pennants flying in the bay, besides 16 on detached
service, and seven hospital and troopships at Hong Kong.
128 transports are waiting to convey the army and field.
train to the scene of action, so that nearly 200 vessels can
be counted from the cliffs.
Admiral Hope anchored in the bay on the 25th of June
and found the English expeditionary force assembled and
ready for action. The 25th of June was the anniversary of
the disaster at the Taku Forts last year, and bath Admiral
and General would gladly have been before them again that
day. But they could not advance without our allies, and
the French were not prepared. They are not ready now,
but have undertaken that before the 20th inst. they will
name a time by which their preparations will be completed.
Their men are doing all in their power to make up for lost
time, but the end of the month will arrive before they aro in
condition to start, and they will take the field with a much
smaller force than was anticipated. They brought out no
artillery horses, and the ponies purchased in Japan and
Manilla have never seen a gun. They have just been de-
spatched to Cb.efow, where every exertion is made to render

them efficient as speedily as possible. Their gunboats were
sent in pieces on board the transports. Some have turned
up and are being put together, but many are still wanting.
Now, let there be no mistake on this subject. The summer
is waning fast, the time for prompt and immediate action
has arrived, and yet our expeditionary force, which costs at
least a million monthly, is lying idle at Ta-lien-Irwan. It
could be embarked and sail to-morrow. It has been ready
for days. The delay lies with the French, and with them
alone. I readily admit the difficulties encountered by our
allies at such a distance from here, and with no depots at
Hong Kong and in India. I make eery allowance for the
increase in difficulties from the loss of many of their tran-
sports. But the consequences of delay may be so serious,
and the facts are so unquestionable, that I should fail in
my duty did I omit to state them.
This bay was intended as a rendezvous only. It was
never imagined that the troops would disembark. When
Sir Hope Grant saw we should be kept back for some
weeks he determined at once to get men and horses out of
the ships, and put the men under canvass. This was
accordingly done, and the whole force—horse, foot, and artil-
lery—is now encamped on either side of the bay. The
British expeditionary army to China is composed as follows :
—Commander-in-Chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Hope
Grant, K.C.B. ; Aides-de-Camp, Major the Hon. A. An-
son, V.C., 7th Hussars; Captain Grant, sth Lancers; and
Captain Farquharson, 60th Rifles ; and Military Secretary,
Captain Biddulph,R.A, Deputy-Adjutant-General, Lieut.-
Col. Stephenson, C. 8., Scots Fusileer Guards; Assistant-
Adjutant-General, Major the Hon. J. C. Dormer, 13th
Light Infantry; Deputy-Assistant-Adjutant-General, Ma-
jor H. Taylor, Madras army ; Deputy-Quartermaster-Gene-
ral, Lieut.-Col. Mackenzie, C. 8., 92d Highlanders; Assis-
tant-Quartermaster-General, Lieut.-Col. Ross, 93d High-
landers; Deputy-Assistant-Quartermaster-General, Lieut.-
Col. Wolseley, 90th Light Infantry, and Captain Williams,
Ist Royals; Judge-Advocate-General, Major Wilmot, Rifle
Brigade; French officer attached to English head-quarters,
Major Reboul ; naval officer attached to English head-
quarters, Lieut. Johnson, R.N.; Provost Marshal, Captain
Usher, Royal Marine Light Infantry ; Postmaster, Captaia
llanmer, 87th Reg:ment ; Principal Medical Officer, W.
Muir, M.D.; Surgeon on Personal Staff, Surgeon A. Home,
V.C. ; Deputy-Commissa.ry-General, Philip Turner ; Se-
nior Purveyor, C. J. Mirinly; Deputy Military Storekeeper,
W. L. Young, C. 8.; Principe' Chaplain, Rev. R. M'Ghee;
Roman Catholic Chaplain, Rev. J. Mahe. The army is
divided into two divisions, in addition to a cavalry and an
artillery brigade. The Firit Disision consists of her Ma-
jesty's Ist, 31st, 2d, 60th, end 15th Punjaub, with Barry's
and Desborough's batteries of Royal Artillery attached,
and;Fisher's Company of Royal Engineers. It is commanded
by Major-Gen. Sir J. Michel, K.C.8., with Lieut.-Col.
Elkington, 6th Foot, as his Aide-de-Camp ; Capt. Green,
77th Regiment, is Deputy-Assistant-Adjutant-General,
and Lieut. Allgood, Bengal Army, Deputy-Assistant-Quar-
termaster-General of this division. The First Brigade, con-
sisting of the Ist and 31st, is commanded by Brigadier
Staveley, C. 8., 41th Regiment, with Ensign Irwine, 44th
Regiment, Orderly Officer, and Capt. Brook, 60th, Brigade-
Major ;,the Second (2d, 60th, 15th Punjaub), by Brigadier
W. Sutton, 31st, with Lieut. Hon. A. Stewart,R.A.,Orderly
Officer, and Capt. Straubenzee, 9th Foot, Brigade Major.
Major-General Sir R.Napier, K.C.B, commands the Second
Division, of which Major Dillon, Rifle Brigade, is Deputy-
Assistant-Adjutant. General, and Lieut. Lumsden, Bengal
Army, Deputy-Assistant-Quartermaster-General; Capt.
Brooke, 48th, and Major Greathead, Bengal Engineers,
are Aides-de-camp to Gen. Napier. This division consists
of her Majesty's 44th and 3d Buffs and the Bth Punjaub,
forming the First Brigade; and her Majesty's 67th and
99th and the 19th Punjaub, which compose the second,
with Govan's and Mowbray's batteries of Royal Artillery
and Graham's company of Royal Engineers attached. The
First Brigade is commanded by Brigadier Jephson, 2d
Queen's, with Ensign Kelly, 2d, Orderly Officer, and Capt.
Hamilton, 44th Regiment, Brigade Major; the second by
Brigadier Reeves, 99th, with Lieut. Kempson, 99th, Or-
derly Officer; and Major Walker, V.C., 3d Buffs, 111:gade
Major. Brigadier Crofton, R.A., commands the reserve,
consisting of Royal Artillery, Madras Artillery and Sap-
pers, and the Military Train. Lieut. Hickes, R.A., is his
Aide-de-Camp, Capt. They, R.A., his Brigade-Major, and
Capt. Brabazon, R.A., Deputy-Assistant-Quartermaster-
General. The cavalry consists of one squadron King's
Dragoon Guards, Probyn's Horse, and Fane's Horse, with
Milward's battery of Royal Artillery attached. It is com-
manded by Brigadier Pattie, King's Dragoon Guards ; the
Hon. Capt. Thesiger, 6th Inuiskillings, is his Aide-de-
Camp,' and Lieut.-Colonel Walker, 2d Dragoon Guards,
Deputy-Assistant- Quartermaster-General'of the Brigade.
The effective force of this army consists of 6,357 British,
and 2,173 Native Infantry, 1,012 Cavalry, 1,793 Artillery,
435 Engineers, and 286 Military Train ; making a total of
12,111 men. There are two batteries of Armstrong guns
(12-pounders), three batteries (9. pounders), two and a-half
Madras mountain batteries, and a siege train, consisting of
light 32-pounders and 8 inch howitzers ; 1,689 horses are
in camp, besides a number of ponies and bullocks.
The first cliN;sion is encami- ed on the west, the
second division, and the artillery, cavalry, and Land
Transport, on the east side of the harbour. Looking
over the hills which surround the bay, you can hardly
believe that this is the farthest east. Approaching from
the sea, the rocks rose high and precipitous, much like the
cliffs of Freshwater. Ascending the bay the hills recede
from the water, become terraced, and bear a striking resem-
blance to old friends on the west of Scotland—MO, for in-
stance. Sand and shingle form the beach en the western
side. Between it and the hills is a large plateau, varying
in width from two miles to ten. Mount the height, and
undulating slopes neeetyour eye, scantily covered with short
sweet grass and wild thyme. " The very place for a sheep-
walk," cries a friend, of no small experience. Merinos
would be the thing hero, for they don't like your rich, fat
herbage, but prefer taking a constitutional between meals.
At the head of the bay and all along the promontory which
forms the eastern side is a magnificent plain, well and care-
fully cultivated. The inhabitants are colonists from Shan-
tung, who have supplanted the lazy, thriftless Manchoos.
Lord Elgin pronounces them the finest men he has seen in
China. Many are six feet high, and stout in proportion..
Their husbandry is excellent. We see bearded wheat, bar-
ley, Indian corn, millet, beans, peas, carrots, turnips, yams,
sweet potatoes, cabbages, and lettuce. The corn is in straight
furrows, evidently sown in drills. The gardens contain
apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, pears, cherries, and
small grapes, none of which are ripe, fortunately for the
British soldier. Carnations, pinks, roses, and hollyhocks
form part of the Manchoorian flora, and in the few hedge-
rows dog roses and honeysuckles abound, with forget-me-
nots and anemones. There are thistles enough to please
even the most enthusiastic Scotchman, while such fami-
liar weeds as dandelions, dockens, and briers spring up in
places which have eluded the care of the farmer. Foot-
paths intersect the fields, the swallow skims by, and the
lark " can scarce get out his notes for joy" as we take our
quiet evening walk. Small villages dot the plain in every
direction. Near most of them is a clump of trees—fir,
dwarf oak, willow, birch, poplar, acacia, walnut, and
yew. There is but little game. A few pigeons have been
potted, and one hare has been shot at by half the British
army, but she is too quick for them. The cottages are
good and substantial, built of large stones plastered
over with mud mortar, and very well thatched with
sea-weed. Each house contains two rooms, and a large
sort of oven to warm the place in winter. Few agrieultu.7,
labourers in England are better lodged, but I fear our .
i
dustrious Chinaman pays little attention to cleanelinoo .
cleanliness, for
a villanous bad smell salutes you on entering the doorway.
In a cottage occupied by Brigadier Pettie'a orderly is a
Chinese print, cut from the Illustrated. News of the country,
and posted on the wall. It represents the defeat of the
"barbarians" B
at the Taku forts. The raves are brave in-
deed, in all the glories of
yellow ochre and bright vermilion.
y f stands a
v our
bridge of a steamer,
The "barbarians' " despair is depicted in every variety of
gloomy, sombre colohuirs fa
s.
Acedmbligaraalelkla withlintorp vipoor ee s
t B n
n
tih
Chinaman appreciates his signal
on his men regardless of the shower of bullets most liberally
bestowed upon him. The gunboat has a magnificent main-
top, into which a 32-pounder has been hoisted. Its shot
falls harmless among the Braves. Not so the guns from
the fort: One of these is pointed on a cutter, containing
two British naval and two military officers in full uniform.
The shot streams full upon their faces, which exhibit the
most curious expression of passive endurance. A regiment
of Tartars--due to the imagination of the paiater—sabres
the marines and blue jackets in the mud, while three man-
darins in a lofty chair of state look serenely upon the fight.
It is a curious print to find, for we aro 600 miles from
Pekin by land, and there is little or no trade.
The climate is delicious. The thermometer in the shade
has never exceeded 81, and a fine breeze springs up in the
evening. August among the hills will give a fair idea of
it. Captain Hand, in the Sampson, surveyed the bay last
winter. There were 18 degrees of cold in the worst weather,
but the north wind swept sharp and keen over the hills.
The villages are peaceful, unarmed, and well disposed,
though terribly frightened at seeing the large force.
Soria after our arrival half a dozen of our fellows got
into one of the villages, and during a " row" one of
the peasants was accidentally shot. Next day three officers,
ignorant of this, landed at the same village. They had re-
volvers in their belts, and the peasants attacked them, got
them down, and took away their weapons. They then con-
ducted them to their boat without inflicting any injury.
Sir Hope Grant the following morning sent an aide-de-
camp and interpreter to require them to give up the arms.
This demand they at once complied with, explaining that
they meant no harm, but, seeing three men armed, they
feared a repetition of the scene of the previous day, and so
thought it best to possess themselves of the pistols. Most
stringent orders have been. issued by the Admiral and Gene-
ral against looting or annoying the people. These orders
'hate been well carried o'tt, and supplies are oensequelltlY

-..igrAr
)
_!....474„_ ...„
./17,f,
,
darins a
initeni'it.,'"
..,.---"
and chin-,___ , ~,,_. They brought sheeVeggi,l
fowls, and tea. Gen. Crofton received them most graciously,
tried to dispel their fears, and gave them a bottle of sherry
and anot her of brandy. They admired the wine-glasses so
much thaVhey were added to the gift, and they went away
rejoicing. Excellent springs of water have been found in
Odin's Bay. The place is so safe and convenient, so near
the Peiho and the scene of future operations, that the naval
and military authorities have determined on making Ta-
lien-hwan a depot for stores, provisions, and munitions of
war during the expedition. The Engineers are erecting
two small forts to command the landing, and a battery of
artillery, with some infantry, will remain behind in charge _ _
when we sail for the Peiho.
Let us land and sec the camp of the first division. To
the left of a rude jetty thrown out by our mcn are the tents
of the Royal Engineers. They are busy directing Coolies
at work sinking wells and obtaining a supply of water,
which is more scarce here than on the other side. Turning
bg
t the right we come among the Royals—the weakest regi-
ment of the force, beinr, little more than 500 strong. Having
garrisoned Hong Kon
has produced • for nearly two years, the climate
its usual effect. But the fine, brisk breeze
from the bay is fast setting them right. A visible im-
provement has taken
place, and their hospital list is sen-
sibly diminished. Their band is playing before a host of
loungers, naval and military, and the men are lying about
their tents enjoying their otitent after a hard day's work.
The 31st are next to the Royals, and have the best camp
in the army. Branches of fir-trees adorn their encamp-
ment, and the soldiers have made excellent walks between
each row of tents, so that the place has all the air of being
tenanted by old campaigners. The 31st is the strongest
regiment in the force. Many of the men are volunteers
from the 64th and other regiments distinguished during
the Indian mutiny, and they evidently know how to make
themselves comfortable. Half-an-hour's walk through
the corn-fieldi bring us to the second battalion of the 60th
Rifles, who are out for drill and exercise. Fine active fel-
lows are they as eye could desire to look on, quick and ready
in their light infantry movements, and steady as a wall in
marching. The Sikhs are on an eminence beyond them.
They have just killed a goat and are cooking it for their
evening meal. .Mirabile dicta ! not one of them has been
up before the Provost-Marshal for looting. The 2d Queen's
are to the extreme west of the camp, just on the borders of
a large village where one of their sentries is stationed.
Within pistol-shot of this man a peasant is pulling beans
to sell in camp, and in every direction, except where the
ground is wanted for manoeuvring, the crops are untouched
and uninjured. We walk on and reach a large field of
barley falling under the sickle, soon to be disposed of by its
owner for the use of the cavalry across the bay. In fact,
there is no looting whatever, thanks to Sir Hope Grant and
Admiral Hope. Even where the crops have necessarily
been destroyed in forming the camp, the owners will re-
ceive compensation.

Crossing the bay in the steamer which daily plies be-
tween the various divisions of the fleet and army, we reach
Odin Bay, where the Artillery and cavalry have been
landed. The Armstrong guns are still on board ship, but
some of the ammunition waggons have been landed, and
are perfectly sound and good. The carriages have been
shipped and transhipped some half-dozen times, but I am
assured on all hands that nothing could be sounder than
their condition, and they were well worked at Kowloon.
The waggons I can vouch for myself. Ample supplies
of ammunition have arrived, and Brigadier Crofton and
Major Hay are perfectly satisfied of the entire effi-
cacy of this most important arm. Beyond the Artillery
are the King's Dragoon Guards, Probyn's Horse, and
F.ane's Horse. Both men and beasts are in splendid condi-
tion. Indeed, out of 1,689 horses there are but 40 sick.
Colonel Mackenzie understands how to disembark horses;
not one was lost, and but two or three suffered injuries of
any consequence. What a beau ideal of light cavalry these
irregulars afford, and how their marches would astonish
our so-called Light Dragoons 1 Probyn and Fane started
nearly at the same time from Cawnpore and Lucknow to
embark at Calcutta. They marched one against the other,
and performed the distance-700 miles—in less than a
month. Probyn outmanceuvred Fane by leaving the main
road about 200 miles from his destination, and making a
flank march across country, but he only won the race by a
couple of days. I have not had time to visit Gen. Napier's
division, but I hear it is most efficient. The 67th has but

1 per cent. on the sick list. The sanitary arrangements
are excellent. There iq no foul smell about the camps,
which vie with each other in clearly neatness. The natu-
ral consequences have ensued. There are but 13 officers
and 648 men on the sick list out of the 12,000 composing
the force. With the exception of 116 cases on board the
hospital ships, the diseases are of a very trivial character.
This speaks volumes in favour of Dr. Muir and the medical
staff, and particularly of Dr. Rutherford, who is charged
with all local sanitary arrangements. The Coolie Corps
ilas not been so successful as might be desired. Sir Hope
Grant wished to raise a force of 6,000 Ccolies, but rather
less than 2,000 have been secured. There is no hope of
procuring any addition before we reach Tien-tsin. How-
ever, we shall never be far from the sea, and the Lena
Transport has a fine supply of ponies.
No plan of operations has yet been settled. Sir Hope
Grant went to Chefow on Tuesday, and returned yesterday
The French Admiral and General are expected to-morrow,
and we hope they may ba able to fix a day by which they
will be prepared. This much, however, seems certain,—
the French will land to the south, the English to the north
of the Taku forts. The place selected by us is Peh-tan;;,
about eight miles from the Peiho, and at the mouth of the
river which Mr. Ward, the American Ambassador, as-
cended on his late journey to Pekin. A naval brigade will
probably be formed from the blue jackets and the Marines,
which will act with the army, and while the troops attack
the forts in the rear, the gunboats will tackle them in front.

THE MEDITERRANEAN ELECTRIC

CABLE.

Readers of the English papers are already
aware that the British Government have agreed to
continue the guarantee on the other half of the
old capital of the Mediterranean Extension Tele-
graph Company, thus renewing the entire payment
of the original subsidy, on their laying down and
maintaining a now line between Corfu and Otranto,
in the heel of the Italian Peninsula. Mr. Andrews,
the company's engineer and superintendent, pro-
ceeded on the 6th inst. to Corfu, by the English
steamer Zebra, for the purpose of selecting the
landing-places in that island and in Italy,
erecting the land wires, and making such arrange-
ments as may be found necessary. Two spas
are proposed for landing the cable, one at or near
Cape Drasti, on the north side of Corfu, and
the other at or near Cape rallaalims' be on the
other
the side. One of the lines run
the
Fano, and other
the Islands of Merlera and
south of the group
s
of islets of which the two
one The
.atter line
men-
tioned form the principal
would take about seven nautical miles more cable,
but would be safer and more easily accessible from
the town of Corfu. It is probable, however, that
owing to the difficulty of landing the cable at or near
Cape Pallacrum, on account.lbe between Lavinga Point
and of the high mountains,
the
di
landing-place
riverw Leondari, which wouldr
south. take
If
thislino
only tiahabne out two nautical miles further
last point be selected there will be about 13 miles
ocit•
of land wire, the greater part of the
ses stores for which
are on the spot. The landing-place
Italy will be as near Otranto as nle.theThheeeslubof.
marine cable will be of the same size and descrip-
tion as that Sicily,
which between Malta and
which continues to work- in the most satisfactory
manner, and is now being manufactured by Messrs.
Glass, Elliot, and Co., the contractors for laying it
down. The screw steamer Berwick, belonging to
that firm, with the cable on board, may be expected
in the Mediterranean early in October, calling at
Malta for coal, I understand that Mr. Andrews
has made a proposal to the directors of the com-
pany to construct a land line, for the purpose of
connecting their two cables—that is to say, the
Malta and Sicily cable and the Corfu and Otranto
one—through the island of Sicily and Southern
Italy, and to complete the communication by lay-
ing a short submarine cable across the Straits of
Messina. This would render the telegraphic com-
munication between Malta and Corfu instantane-
ous, and would greatly facilitate the transmission
of intelligence between both islands and the United
Kingdom. It is also suggested that at or near the
junction of the wires at Castrovillari in Southern
Italy an Englishman should be appointed who
would have the entire control of the correspondence.
In conjunction with these lines the French Govern-
submarine curable betweepn Toulon, Corsica, and
s_is_
which when completed will, for tariff and trti.nremeeh
siou purposes, render Gaeta virtually 1
d aaecelerate
•frontier, and will greatly simplify "Malta, the
telegraphic communication betsveetn
er
h plan
s and England.
pro-
posed by Mr. Andrews, and I believe
nnect Corfu with
proved by the directors, i 5 :tit, by means of a
Another
already ap-
Tirkcy, Greece, and the Levant,
and Albania.
betweenlf li e
attempts will be made
new submarine line
much cable
If time and weather admit,
nboth the Cagliari and Corfu
so long interrupted .and • 111
thish;le season
Lichs n tiiosve repair
ecovered.
be r
as possible will operations failing, as
the event of these bee

s sion s"
amongst.stealing - - -
-,
A JUST PUNISHMENT.—George Brown was xpc
gas fittings
ftroerdmaYthteri
he do
ua
st a tshoe
fMI
ii c
ed dnl es
es ed
victuallers s e
those of lair. Wilby, the Crown .wt them were
taking away of which caused such i inchester-street, the
He was convicted on two amentable consequences.
to two years' imprisonment charges, and sentenced on each
sentence to commence at thewith
hard labour, the second
making it in
all expiration of the first, thus
four years' imprisonment.

AL ENGLISH OPERA, COVENT-
• ARDEN—__ander the 3fauager, =Lot' Miss LOIJIsA.-.
and'3l7.7 liAratlSON—will open for the Fifth
on MONDAY, October Ist.

THEATRE- RO YAL, HAY idARKET.
Lesmec, Mr. J. B. Baoltstone.
THIS EVENING the performances will cornrcenoe with
THE OVERLAND ROUTE. Messrs. Charles Mathews,
Bcekstone, Compton, Chippendale. Rogers, Mrs. Charles
Mathews, Miss Weekes, and Mrs. Wilkins.
Pr After which, NAVAL ENGGEENTS. Miss Florence
Haydon (her 2d a,pearance) and Miss Mortimer.
And A DAUGHTERCo TO MRRat
7.
mmenAce Y.

A DgLpITT, NEW THEATRE-ROYAL.
_rm. Sole P.-oprietor and Manac,rer, Mr. Ben.). Webster.
THIS. EVENING, a new drama, by Dion Bourcicault, en-
titled THE COLLEEN BAWN. Messrs D. Bourcicault, D.
Fisher, Billinn-ton, Falconer, Stephenson. C. J. Smith, Romer.
MISS Agnes Robertson, Miss Woolgar, Mrs. Billington, and
Mrs. Chatterley.
Alter which, SITE WOULD BE AN ACTRESS. Miss
Agnes Robertson, Mr. W. Smith, and Mr. P. Bedford.
To conclude with MUSIC ITATH CHARMS. Mr. David
Fisher.
Doors open at half-past 6—Commence at 7.
Box-office open from 10 till 5.
No charge for booking.
Private boxes, .£2 2s. ; Family Boxes,"X/.
Orchestra Stalls, ss. ; Balcony, is.: Front Circle Stalls, :S.
Pit Stalls, 25.: Pit, is. esd. ; Amphitheatre, Is ; Gallery, 6d.
Aottn9,- Manager —Mr. Wm. Smith.

A STLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.-
_173. Proprietor and Manager, Mr. WM. BATTY.
Crowded Houses.—Second Week of the celebrated Dela-
vanti Troupe, Mr. George Hiitching,son, and the Wonder of
the World, the Great Little Menoni.
A Grand MID-DAY PERFORMANCE will take place on
SATURDAY next, Sept 35, commencing at Two o'clock.
This Evening, Lord Byron's splendid HlPP:.drama of
MAZEPPA AND THE WILD HORSE, with entirely new
and beautiful scenery, costly costumes, and appointments,
Introducing the largest stud of highly-trained Horses, Po-
nies, Buffaloes, and Camels in the -World.
To be followed by Scenes in the Arnarien by thein the world,
Star Riders
of the day, including, the greatest Ee
questne
Madlle. de Ber,, and the Wonder of Wonders, Little Menoni.
Doors open at halt-Fast 6, performance commence at 7.
Boni-office open daily from 11 till 4.
Stakemanager—Mr. W. WEST.
.Directorot the Arena—M. Felix

CANTERBURY IT,AENDTG,
VLL CONCERTS.-
E VERY E
A Grand Selection from
MARTHA,
And Selections from
DINORAII, TROVATORE, MACBETH,
And numerous other Entertainments.
Balcony, Is, Hall. 6d.
Comic Vocalists —Messrs. George Hodson (the Irish Come-
dian and Mimic), and C. Marshall.
The ETHIOPIANS, consisting of 17 performers (organised
expressly for this Establishment), for the performance of
Vocal and Instrumental Music, Comic and Sentimental, with
gegro delineations, anecdotes, &c., in addition to the usual
entertainments.
The Fine Arts Gallery is open from 5 till 11 on Sunday
Evening.

THE WEATHER.-SUN OFFICE, SEPT. 14, 1860.
THERMOMETER, TN THE SHADE.

65—this day at noon.
53—lowest this morning and during the night.
6 t—highest since noon yesterday.
BAROMETER—Down to 29.66; now up to 29.70.
Wisp—South-Westerly; fresh, with rain in the night—
but fine now, though cloudy. It blew a gale yesterday
afternoon.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
TECIB DAY.—Morning, 12h. 44m.—Afternoon, lb. Sm
To-mounow.-Morning, lh. 29m.—Afternoon, Ih. 49m,

,
' —a"—t..:," t r:vi-;
t 1 - 0,T.c., !.V , i '
\ 1., 7% 4:',/;:..-
40 •(5 It
Le c.k.' 41t, 1' . °7% ;''..f.:;-- )..4H
~..z, ' , 1.,,.&-1
..,. 'l, ~.....„, . ~, ,
L.,.. , ..,,
4 . ._(,„
•
,• 3t 9:1,,,,,,.. ,', , -, i..„:0`0 „,, - --* ..:4":
4,,..,:‘,......

THE SUN.

LONDON, FRIDAY, SEPT. 14, 1860.

Our last information is that the Emperor of the
FRENCH has broken off diplomatic relations with
the King of SARDINIA. His representative is to
leave the Court of Turin, and a secretary only to
remain, for the transaction of business. The reason
assigned is the entrance of the KING'S troops into
the Papal States.
What does it all mean ? In the case of a straight-
forward Government, no such question need be
asked ; yet in that of the French EMPEROR the
question will arise, grave as the step may seem, Is
it more than a blind? We all know that he over-
threw the liberties of France by two armies, one
of priests, and one of soldiers ; by the
help of the former he triumphed at the ballot•box,
and kept the superstitious and ignorant peasantry
right. Is he then now only providing the requi-
site defence for a Pope's protector ? Does he want
to be able to say—" I forbid him to save the Pope's
subjects even from the mercenaries of his Holiness
—and, not satisfied with that, when he marched
his troops over the border to stop Perugianism, I
withdrew my representative ; what more could I
do ?" This is quite a natural supposition in the
case of such a man and under such circumstances.

But, of course, its first aspect is threatening, and
simply such. NAPOLEON may be really angry.
He may be disposed to show what he can do. He,
though intervening himself at Rome, may be dis-
posed to show that he will allow no other interven-
tion. His plans may be doubly thwarted—by the
awkward position in which he will be placed if the
Romans find means to proclaim their preference of
the Sardinian to the French intervention ; and by
the meeting of the KING'S troops and GARIBALDI'S,
thus completing, much sooner than he likes, the
military as well as the civil union of Italy. He
may think that Austria, emboldened by the present
good nature of Russia, will issue from the Quadrangle
and compel the King of SARDINIA to retreat, or
that Sardinia may by his threat
be frightened
merely.

Some will see in it a move for a new European
war. Of that, however, there is, we think, little
danger. Russia has work enough on hand with
the emancipation of her serfs, and her destitution
of money. Austria has still more difficulty in
moving, while every province of her empire is un-
settled, and wanting but some occasion of raising
commotion, while money she has none. And the
rest of Germany—what can it do ? Will Protes-
tant Prussia help the Porn against his sub-
jects? Then, do what the EMPEROR will,
he cannot free himself from suspicion. Even
if he meant to meet the wishes of- the other
"POwers" he could not make them sure of it. He
will never be trusted again. As to our country we can
express but one opinion. The universal feeling of
England will be, that despite all Papal protesta-
tions, if the POPE would hire the scum of Europe
to butcher Italians, VICTOR EMMANT'EL was quite
justified in leading his own Italians to the succour
of their fellow-countrymen.

Insensibility to human suffering, and pleasure
in torturing those who resist or oppose, is charac-
teristic of Ecclesiastics. Here and there a HAPS-
BURG or a BOURBON, and once in our own country
the last of STUART Kings, found gratification in the
agonies of patriots on the rack ; but singular it is
that all these civilian potentates had been trained
in ecclesiastical schools; Our JAMES IT., who de-
lighted in witnessing the effects of the boot and
the thumbscrew, the whole race almost of the
HAPSBURGS since the time of the Reformation and
the thirty years' war, and last not least, the
BOURBONS of the Two Sicilies, were all devoted
adherents of the priesthood, and their education,
with hardly an exception, conducted under the
auspices, or even the dirnt superintendence of the
Jesuits. Jesuits also, either in the confessional, or
openly in the
council
chamber, have been the ad-
visers of all these worse than brutal rulers—for it
were libelling the brutes to suppose them taking
pleasure in pain. Only one of the priest-trained
torturers now retains his throne—he of Vienna ;
and he, though bad enough in this re-
spect, is yet a vast improvement some of his I