The Sun.
London, England, 1860-10-16 00:00:00

BENSON'S WATOIIES.
" Perfection of inechaufaut."--31oraing Post.
Gold
Silver
Send 2 stamps for Benson's Illustrated Pamphlet, descrip-
tive of every construction of watch now made, with their
prices.
Watches sent to all parts of the kingdom free by post, or to
India and the Colonies for ss. extra.
33 and 34, Ludgate-hill, London, B.C. Established 1749.

110YAL ENGLISH OPERA, COVENT-
GARDEN—under the Management of Miss LOUISA
FYNE and Mr. W. HARRISON, Sole Lessees.—THlS
EVENING and TO-MORROW, LURLENE ; Messrs. H.
Wharton, H. Corr', G. Kelley, and Mr. W. Harrison ; Miss
Leffler, Miss Albertazzi, and Miss Louisa Pyne.—Conductor,
Mr. Alfred Mellon. OVERTURE to ZAMPA after the
Opera. DIVERTISSEMENT. Doors open at Seven. Com-
mence at Hall-past.

THEATRE-ROYAL, HAYMARKET,
Lesisee, Mr. J. B. Bueketone.

THIS EVENING the performances will commence with
the new comedy, DOES HE LOVE ME ? Messrs. Howe,
Chippendale. E. Villiers, and Buckstone ; Miss Amy Sedg-
wick, Miss Florence Haydon, and Mrs. Wilkins.
Followed by a new comedy, entitled ROMANCE AND
REALITY. Messrs. Chippendale, Howe, Rogers, W. Farren,
and John Brougham ; Miss Florence Haydon; Mrs. Wilkins,
and Mrs. E. ritzwilliam.
And THE SUN AND THE WIND. By the Leelere4s.

Commence at 7.

THEATRE-ROYAL LYCEUM
Sole Lessee and Directress, Madame CELESTE.

Brilliant and decided success of the celebrated Comedienne,
Miss Gougenheim, from the principal Theatres of America.
THIS EVENING, and during the Week, the performances
will commence with THE MIDDY ASHORE : Harry
Halcyon, Miss Lydia Thompson.
After which, a comedy, written by Dion Boucicault, Esq.,
eatitled THE IRISH HEIRESS. The new Scenery painted
by Mr. William Callcott. Principal characters by Mr. George
Vining, Mr. Henry Neville (his Bth appearance in Londo),
Mr. John Rouse, Mr. Villiers, Mr. Lyon, Mr. IL Butler, Miss
Kate Saville, Miss Hatton, and Miss Gougenheim (her Bth
appearance in England).
To conclude with the romantic drama of THE ABBE
VATJDREITIL, in which the celebrated Dancers, the Misses
Marie and Annie Collinson, vrill make their Bth appearance
in London. The Abbe Vaudreuil, Madame Celeste.

ADELPHI, NEW THEATRE-ROYAL.
Sole PrOpTiCtOT and Manager, at.
Bel* Webster.
Great Success of the new Drama, by Dion Bourchault, Esq.,
The Colleen Barns'—Miss Agnes Robertson every even-

ing.
THIS EVENING, THE RIFLE CORPS. Messrs. W.
Smith. D. Fisher, C. Selby, ]hiss Woolgar, Miss Kate Kelly,
and sirs. Billington.
Alter which, THE COLLEEN BAWN. D. Bourcicault, D.
Fisher, Billington, Falconer, Stephenson. C. J. Smith, Romer.
3riss Agnes Robertson, Miss Woolgar, Mrs. Billington, and
Mrs. Chatterley,
To conclude with MUSIC BATH CHARMS. Mr. David
Fisher. _

Doors open at half-past 6—Commence at 7.
Box-office open from 10 till 5.
No charge for bookins.
Private boxes, £2 gs. ; Family loxes, :61.
Orchestra Stalls, as. ; Balcony, 4s. ; Front Circle Stalls, Is. •
Pit Stalls, 25.; Pit, is. sd. ; Amphitheatre, 111 ; Gallery, 6d:
Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith.

A STLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.-
Proprietor and Manager, MY. WM. BATTY.
Immense success of Pitzball's new Spectacle of RODIN
HOOD, pronounced by the Press and the Public the most
beautiful and interesting Hippo-Drama ever produced at this
Theatre.
This Evening, the entertainments will commence with the
new Spectacle, in Three Acts, entitled ROBIN HOOD ; or,
the Merry Outlaws of Sherwood ; Allan-a-Dale, Miss Rebecca
Isaacs ; Robin Hood, Mr. John Pritchard.
To be followed by Scenes in the Arena by the Star Riders
of the day, including Mdlle. de Berg and Mr. James Cooke.
Doors open at half-past 6, performance commence at 7.
BoX-office open daily from II till 4.
Stage Manager—Mr. W. WEST.
Director of the Arena—Mr. Pearson.

CANTERBURY HALL CONCERTS.
EVERY EVENING,
A Grand Selection from the opera of
NORMA.

Norma ...................... Miss RUSSELL.
Adalzisa .................... Madame MARIA,
(Her first appearance in this country.)
After which the ETHIOPIANS, consisting of Seventeen Per-
formers. orE,ranised expressly for this establishment, for the
Performance of Vocal and Instrumental Music, Comic and
Sentimental, with Negro Delineations, Anecdotes, dm Prin-
cipal Negro Artistes, Messrs. Joe Brown, G. W. Pell, H.
Drummond, and Charley Fox.
Musical Director, Mr. F. JONGHMANS.

Balcony, le, Hall. 6d.

TSB WEATHER.—Bux OFFICE, Oar. 16, Is6o.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.

57—this day at noon.
53—lowest this morning and during the night.
51—highest since noon yesterday.
BAROMETER-29.64.
Wxwo—South-Westerly ; light, with dull rainy weather,
It has rained now for nearly two days and nights.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
THIS DAY.—Morning, 2h. 25m.—Afternoon, 2h. 47m,
To-monnow.-Morning, a. 9m.—Afternoon, 311. 31m,

The King of SARDINIA'S Proclamation to the
people of Southern Italy, which we published in
full last evening, is a document worthy of his posi-
tion. He rises in it, of necessity, above the forma-
lities of diplomacy, for he has to deal with a people
and with facts, not with a cunning Minister or
Ambassador, and with plausible lies and inventions.
At the suggestion of a patriot General, who
entered the capital of the Two Sicilies, not by force
of arms, but by the wish of a whole people, who
received him with acclamations VICTOR EM-
MANUEL was by the same acclamations invited to
the throne vacated by the young REHOBOAM ;
since then deputations from public bodies of all
kinds have confirmed the invitation of the first
popular acclaim ; and VICTOR EMMANUEL has
now quite as good ground to accept their in-
igitation as WILLIAM 111. had to accept that
of the English in 1688. The crisis is
ono for facts, not for formalities, and these latter
must be given to the winds when fundamental
rights are at stake, and when "the people, the
legitimgte source of all power," are appealed to.
VICTOR EMMANUEL, with good reason, there..
hat he has been, and to what he
fore, appeals to
has done, as the ground of what he now does. I
inherit, he says, from a father who bequeathed me,
when dying in exile and of a broken heart, the
cause of Italian liberation ; and his memory has
been my guardian star. I accepted the inheritance;
and in Piedmont, as the nucleus of national eman-
cipation, I have strengthened liberty of every kind.
I have cherished representative institutions, free-
dom of commerce, and while respecting the Catholic
religion, I have also respected freedom of conscience.
The free press, and free speech, the concord
of sovereign and people, in maintaining civil and
political liberty, told on the rest of Italy, and the
nation looked to me to lead it in the march to
freedom.
My share in the Crimean war enabled
my Ambassador to plead your cause for the first
time before all Europe. The volunteers who flocked
to my standard in the late war showed that all
parts of Italy regarded me as the leader in fighting
for its emancipation. The acts of those States
which ejected their rulers and united themselves
under my Government showed also their confidence
in the lead of my Government, and I accepted their
request though it cost me two moat noble provinces
of the kingdom of my ancestors. Such very briefly
are the personal claims which the KING considers
that he has on the confidence of all Italians who
desire that their country should be united, inde-
pendent, and free.
But he has to justify what seems more difficult
assuming the reins of Government while the late
King of the country has not yet quitted its soil.
He could only say that FRANCIS 11. had quitted
its capital, but that has been done by Sovereigns
before now, whom Europe yet acknowledged.
What can he say for himself ? Why, first, the
Congress of Paris condemned the Government of
FERDINAND, and prepared the people to demand
deliverance. Then in Sicily a fight for freedom
began. " A brave warrior, devoted to Italy and
to me," went to their aid. " Could I, ought I, to
have prevented them ?" for they were Italians. The
ew Government was inaugurated in my name,
but (if we translate descriptive into brief and plain
language) Republicanism sought to establish itself
under the prestige of GARIBALDI ; sensible Ita-
lians asked me to step in and avert the
dander of divisiona, I have done so, and

the result now depends on your votes in the
balloting urn.

Such is the spirit of this preciamatio a. Little,
indeed, does it contain to satisfy the demands of
routine diplomacy, but quite enough to satisfy
those to whom it is addressed. They have voted
FRANCIS 11. and tyranny out; it but remains to
vote VICTOR EMMANUEL and liberty in. When a
whole nation, with the exception of a fortress held
by the rejected KING) votes for the candidate
King, the case is, and ought to be, settled. A for-
tress, and the remnant of a large army,
have no
title to make or keep a King for eleven millions of
people ; and all the diplomacy in the world cannot
alter the fact that that is now the position of things
in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The more
promptly the King of ITALY, for so we must now
begin to style him, ejects the pretender from the
threshold of the kingdom the better. A speedy
settlement is wanted, and that will be effected
when the last Bourbon has quitted Italy.

An army at home competent to resist an invasion,
but subject to reduction in proportion to the de-
velopment of our navy—the army to be reduced to
a peace establishment when the navy has attained
what would be required in a state of war—this is
Sir HOWARD DOUGLAS'S general view of what we
need for complete defence. There are, however,
two points on which, at the present time, the chief
interest of his observations will centre ; his
decided preference for defending London, not by
forts, nor by a railway girdle, but by an army well
posted in the field; and his illustration of the value
of guerilla corps such as our Volunteer corps might
become, and that in a high state of efficiency.
To take the last of these first. Suppose an
invading army landed, and, we presume, making
for the capital—the first duty would be to em-
barrass their proceedings in every way. To drive
away cattle, and to destroy or remove all other
means of support on their line of march ; to break
up railways, and canals too, where they might be
of use in flooding the ground around the enemy,
and thus to impede his march by all possible phy-
sical difficulties. Our navvies especially might
occasion them endless trouble, breaking up all the
roads in advance of the invader. But the most
formidable impediments to his advance, in addition
to the regular troops, might be a guerrilla force,
such as we could now easily provide, and which, if
well managed, might give him no rest. Our author

says—
" There are distinguished military men among us who
maintain that our sole dependence must be placed on eur
regular army, and that we should derive no benefit from
an armed population ; while there are some who
contend that our regular army is too small in point of num-
bers to enable it to oppose the invaders in the field; and
these persons would have us trust only to the desultory
actions of the bands of volunteers, whom their love of their
country would bring forth in time of need. The experience
which the author acquired during the Peninsular War
enables him, however, to assert with confidence, that neither
the regular army nor the bands of volunteers, alone, would
suffice to save the country from the ruin in which a suc-
cessful invasion would result; and that, to obtain this
end, both of these means of defence must be judiciously
combined."
SirHOWARD DOUGLAS does not write theoretically.
He was sent in 1811 to Spain, to examine into the
state of military means there, regular and irregular,
and it fell to his lot to have a great deal to do with
the guerilla forces. At that time the capital and
all the large towns had submitted to the French ;
the regular armies had all been defeated and dis-
persed, but the guerillas were leading the French
such a life of it, that even in towns they had con-
quered the French were afraid to remain within
them during the night ; they withdrew always
to their fortified camp, and the guerillas entered
and made merry with the inhabitants, retiring in
their turn in the day time. But the French never
knew when and where they were safe. All the in-
habitants were spies for the guerillas. Not a move-
ment of any small body could take place without
danger of attack from their well-informed, and
ever-watchful enemies. Here is a picture of the
kind of life which our young friends of Wimble-
don and Hyde-park would lead, such of
the fire-eating colonels as might be gratified in
their request to be led to London to bury us—three
millions of assassins—in the ruins of our houses :
,4 The guerilla chief, Don Juan Sanchez, observing that
the Governor of Ciudad Rodrigo was in the habit of taking
an airing on horseback in the country, attended by a small
escort, made arrangements for his capture, and carried him
off prisoner, with all his attendants, in the sight of the
place. And numerous other instances of this description
occurred in the course of the war. When any officers of
the French garrison, established in a city or town, were
desirous of indulging in a shooting excursion, pickets of
cavalry and infantry were sent out to form a complete line
of sentries and videttes round the whole of the space upon
which the party was to act, before the sportsmen dared
proceed to the ground. A circumstance of this kind the
author witnessed, when near Astorga."
The Duke of WELLINGTON, in a letter which is
quoted, strongly expresses his sense of the service
rendered by the guerillas. In one instance we are
told that 10,000 infantry, 24 guns, and 4,000 ca-
valry, were happily kept off from Lord WELLING-
TON'S hands, at the battle of Salamanca, through
the operations of the Spanish irregular forces, and
as the result of the whole, that " Without the co-
operation of these powerful auxiliaries, the army of
WELLINGTON might have been overmatched by a
concentration of all the French forces in the field
againsthim ; but the two forces effected, conjointly,
that great object which neither could have accom-
plished singly."
We dwell somewhat on this subject for the en-
couragement of our Volunteers, who should, how-
ever, procure and read the pamphlet for themselves.
It is a most encouraging one to them ; it shows
them how, by such partial encounters, by the
effects of disease, and by other accidents which
always happen in a country where the people are
hostile to an army, that, without incurring much
loss themselves, the Volunteers may inflict in a few
months greater losses on the enemy than they
would have sustained in a general engagement.
" The principle on which a guerilla warfare should be
carried on, is to avoid general engagements with disciplined
troops arranged in order of battle ; such engagements being
the particular duty of the regular army of the country, as
part of the strategical combinations of the general com-
manding in chief the whole force of the nation. The parti-
zan bands should hover on the flanks, and in. the rear of
the invading army ; they should attack its detachments,
overpowering all escorts which may be too weak to resist
them, seizing treasure, getting possession of despatches
from the enemy's commanders, and cutting off all stragglers
on the line of march. A warfare thus conducted, under
the direction of skilful leaders, will not fail to keep the
enemy in constant alarm : he will be attacked on every
road, and will bo compelled to fight in every defile, where
the riflemen of the country will await him; he will not be
able to send the smallest supply from one place to another
without a considerable escort—thus wearying out his troops
and exposing them to numerous petty losses, without the
acquisition of honour or sivantage."
Sir HOWARD DOUGLAS tells us it is astonishing
now an attack on their native country
calls out military genius in the guerilla
stamp. The skilful leaders of the Spanish
peasantry against the French were a miller, a
curate, a surgeon, and a shepherd ! And it is
stated on good authority that during the seven
years that the war in Spain continued more than
500,000 French soldiers perished in that country
by the guerilla bands alone.
system of forts our
To the defence of London by a

, .'„,,,-„T., , ~-..-`..:: •,.. •
.%
• ~. 7. 0 4:„.... . _...„..,, . .....
4. • .... , o :-71-"c• .
rx.'ill? . 411110: "lir Jr- m`. - . =.lll. 3k. ' ,•...,j
imialk-.- . ''.'' 114111011111 b, •"i '.":'.l"
-,..

THE SUN.
LONDON, TUESDAY, OCT. 16, 1860.