The Sun.
London, England, 1860-11-10 00:00:00

CHINA.

The following short description of the part of
China in which the allied forces are operating is
published by the Moniteur de l' Armee :--
"China forms an immense State, the political
action of which is entirely concentrated in the city
of Pekin. When any difficulties are to be settled
with the Guvernment of this vast empire, it is the
capital that it is necessary to disquiet. That system,
followed by the allied forces, has just been crowned
with complete success. The city of Pekin is situated
in the province of Tchi-Li which comprises the old
Petchi•Li and a part of the country of the Mand-
choux, and is one of the most important of the
northern provinces of the empire. Its length is
650 kilometres (five-eighths of a mile each), and
its breadth 440. It is crossed by the Peiho, a
broad river which falls into the large bay
of Petehi-Li, situated 600 kilometres from
Shanghai. The Peiho passes by Toung-Tcheou, a
town of great commerce, situated about 160 kilo-
metres from its mouth, on its right bank. One of
the tributary streams of the Peiho, which was
canalised by the Emperor Kang-I.li, in 1685, puts
the capital in communication with Toung-Tcheou,
from which it is distant 20 kilometres. The city
of Pekin is, therefore, 180 kilometres from the Bay
Petchi-Li and from the mouth of the Peiho. As
this river gives direct access to the capital, the Em-
perors of China have, since 1697, raised different
works to defend and fortify its entrance. It is
those works, of which the forts of Taku may be
considered the principal, which have been taken in
such a brilliant manner, and the allied troops are
now only separated from Pekin by the two
towns of Tien• tsin and Toung-Tcheou, situated on
the Peiho, at about 90 kilometres one from the
other. The Bay of Petchi- Li communicates with
the Yellow Sea; it is 380 kilometres long by 200
kilometres broad. On its right extends another
bay, that of Leao-tong, which is. 250 kilometres
long. The opening of the Petehi-Li, between Ping-
tchou, on the island of Chang-Chan, on the coast
of China, and the point of Lao-tienchan on the coast
of the Corea, is 80 kilometres. The Yellow Sea, and
the Bays of Petchi-Li and Leao-tong, are of very
difficult navigation, particularly after the end of
September. The province of Tchi-Lir in which the
allied troops have operated, is traversed by numer-
ous rivers and canals, and is very swampy. These
natural obstacles increase the merit and the glory
of the victory just gained."

MESSRS. CHAPPELL'S PIANOFORTE NIANUFAC-
TonY.—Last night Mr. Brent, the deputy-coroner for the
western division of Middlesex, held a long inquiry at the
house of Mr. Wibrow, the King's Head Tavern, Little
White Lion-street, St. Giles's, respecting the death of Mrs.
Caroline Pitt, aged 37, who lost her life through an explo-
sion which took place at the fire which occurred on Sunday
morning last in the pianoforte manufactory belonging to
Messrs. Chappell and Co., of Phoenix-street, Soho. Evi-
dence having been given in corroboration of the statements
already published, the jury returned the following verdict :
"That Caroline Pitt died from the mortal effects of an ex-
travasation of blood, and other injuries to her head; that
she there did instantly die ; and that the said extravasation
andother injuries were caused by external violence,by means
of a certain piece of iron propelled against her body by an
explosion of pipes during a certain fire ; and that the cause
of the explosion aforesaid is to them (the jurors) un-
known."

The works at the National Gallery (says the
Builder) are being vigorously proceeded with by Messrs.
Cubitt and Co., under Mr. Pennethorne's direttion, but
we can scarcely believe that they will be completed within
the few weeks originally spoken of as the length of tune
during which the gallery would be closed.

31R. BAXTER, 21f.P., ON TILE COMMERCIAL
TREATY.

Mr. Baxter, M.P. for Montrose, addressed his
constituents on Wednesday evening. After allud-
ing to the useless talk of the past session, the re-
jection of Lord John Russell's Reform Bill, which
he regarded as a misfortune, and the public ques-
tions, the hon. gentleman adverted to the commer-
cial treaty with France as of itself redeeming the
session—as one of the greatest and most beneficial
measures of modern times. " Even as the treaty
originally stood—or rather had nothing been
done beyond giving strict effect to its provi•
sions-1 believe it would have proved an un-
mixed blessing to both countries ; but you
know now that the duties are to be lower
than 30 per cent.—that the time for bringing
them into operation, in most instances, is to be
anticipated, and that all those statements put
forth by the limes newspaper about the illibe-
rality and bad faith of the French Government
were fabrications, the object or reason of which I
care not to inquire. I envy not the feelings either
of the conductors of that journal or any one who
followed them in a course as ungenerous as it is
unjust. A gentleman who has given great atten-
tion to this subject said to me the other day, ' I
should not be surprised if the trade with France,
under the treaty, amounted to five millions sterling
the first year.' Perhaps he is right. In the article
of earthenware alone the commerce will be im-
mense. We have all France to supply with plates,
and then those of us who go there will get hot din-
ners, which we never got before. (Laughter.)
The English potteries could send these articles
at the 30 per cent. duty, but the duty is not to
be 30 but 20 per cent., with a further reduction
in three years ; and the duty on porcelain is
to be only 10 per cent. Knives and cutlery
of all sorts—the manufactures of Sheffield in
general—are in the same position. Formerly they
were prohibited—now they are to be admitted at a
moderate rate of duty ; and I believe, gentlemen,
that you have scarcely begun to realise the effect
which this treaty is to have in stimulating and in-
creasing the manufacturing prosperity of Forfar-
shire. The duties—and I am enabled to give them.
on authority—are to be on flax yarns 10 per
cent. ; on linen cloth, 15 per cent,—these rates
being calculated on specific classifications, which.
have been fixed so low, that, on present rates,
the average duty on flax yarns will only be 64t0 6i per cent., and on cloth about 12 per cent.
The duty on jute, in the mean time, is to be 20 per
cent. on cloth and 15 per cent. on yarns, to be re-
duced to 15 per cent. on cloth, and 10 per cent. on
yarns in 1864. The difficulty of getting jute put
in lower arises from the operations of the Naviga-
tion Laws, which lay a heavy sur-tax on the raw
material, if brought in foreign bottoms from India,
and which put a differential duty even on jute
brought by French ships from London. lam in-
formed, however, that this absurd system is likely
to fall to the ground as a necessary consequence of
the reform in the French tariff. Now, gentlemen,
just compare the stale of duties on our staple
manufactures with the total prohibition which has
existed for years, or even with the average rate of
duty under the old tariff, which enabled us in For-
farshire, as we all know, to do a very large business
with France. (Hear.) The average per centage
then was about 17 ; now it will be barely 9 ;
and for this you are indebted to Mr. Cob-
den, ably assisted by the deputation from
Dundee, and also by Mr, Dickson and Dun-
kirk, whose practical knowledge and liberal
views have done good service to the cause of free
trade. Well, but, gentlemen, these are not solitary
or exceptional instances. I learn from the same
unquestionable authority that in all the other ar-
ticles of the tariff the duties will be equally mode-
rate. They will not average 15 per cent., much.
less 30, which the treaty allowed as a maximum,
and which it was the fashion to assume, a few
months ago, the French Government would oppose
on every item, To bring about the great reform in
the French tariff—to give the people of France a
taste of the blessings of free trade—to put in by
this means the small end of the wedge which is
destined eventually to split up all the protec-
tionist and prohibitory tariffs on the Continent—
to open up a trade between two great and.
jealous nations, and to compel them, out of
regard to their material interests, to keep
the peace—in this great and hallowed work my
friend, Mr. Cobden, has toiled and suffered for a
year; and in a letter which I received from a friend
in Paris some weeks ago my correspondent says :
The Commission of Inquiry which has for several
months been hearing French and English witnesses
on every branch of manufactures has now termi-
nated its labours, and they are at the last stage of
their task, arranging the details of the French
tariff. Every article—between 200 and 300 in.
number—has to be revised and discussed, with a
view to fixing a rate of duty in each case. It is a
tedious and laborious task. There is no instance
on record of a government making so sudden and
sweeping a reform in its commercial system as that
which the French are now effecting. (Cheers.)
We took 20 years to do what is here being done in
a twelvemonth."

DEPA.R7URE OF G ARIBALDI FROM

..17APLES.

Yesterday morning, about the hour when the
enlightened tagragocracy of the commercial metro-
polis of the world were gathering together to assist
at the barbarous mysteries of Gog and Magog;
when turtle-minded civic dignitaries were sitting,
pompous and stuffy, a spectacle to gods and men,
in awful pride and circumstance of equipage and
costume ; when Aldermen and Common Councillors
were courting the east wind for an appetite, and
trying to look as if they had invented London—at
that very hour a very different scene was being
enacted in Southern Italy; a scene startling
enough to the modern mind of men of business and
to"the positive wisdom of this age of gold. A vic-
torious soldier, a powerful ruler, a sovereign in all
but the name, was offering up the rich guerdon of
his heroic self-devotion on the altar of an emanci-
pated country, and departing amidst tears and
blessings, poor as he came—a conqueror, a deli-
verer, a Dictator, a plain man, without honour, or
reward, or favour of earthly sort—back to the lonely
island and the humble farm. Lord of the hearts of
a liberated nation, master of an island kingdom,
and of the fairest province of the garden of Europe,
Garibaldi, at the summit of power and in the ful-
ness of triumph, salutes the King of Italy, and into
his chosen Sovereign's hands commits the solemn
trust of the national independence which his own
right arm has achieved. History, in its most
legendary epochs, has few pages like this ; and eve,
the latest heirs of time, can ill afford to let an ex-
ample that redeems the baseness of a century die
out in a day like a Lord Mayor's fooling.
We can well imagine that the stern simplicity of
this great, good man's farewell will seem fantastic
in the lofty regions of diplomacy and finance, and
will somewhat disconcert the fastidious properties
of courtly circles. These antique heroes are well
enough on the stage, or as themes for schoolboy de-
clamation. Self-sacrifice is a touching effect in a
drama ; it sounds well in a sermon ; it is one ofthose
moral dainties which serve to titillate the exhausted
sentiment of good society; and it is all the more pun-
gent that it is absurdly unreal. It is a picture, a poem ;
an operatic scena, a luxury of the senses and the
imagination ; but in the waking world of actual
men and women—fi done !—self-sacrifice is an
anachronism, a fable, a romance of vulgar and
empty radical conceit. What is to become of
" Order," and of all the virtues which are fostered
by the monarchical principle, and spring up with
rank parasitical abundance in the atmosphere of
Courts, if the world is to witness such a spectacle as
this of a man bestowing kingdoms, yet content to
serve his country withoub reward; a man faithful
to his word, destitute of personal ambition, flying
from wealth and worldly distinctions, and as eager
to escape the caresses of fortune, and the fickle
enthusiasm of shouting cities, as the vulgar great
are in their pursuit ?
Happily for the thrones and aristocracies which
the world still worships, a Washington and a Gari-
baldi are exceptional figures, and their example is
not catching. A selfish conspirator who has confis-
cated the liberties of a nation in a night, and who
steeps a people in corruption for the security of a
despot's throne ; a monarch more or less legitimate,
who buys allegiance with bayonets, and whose cour-
tiers dance over dungeons in which intellect, and
conscience, and dauntless patriotism are wasting to
death—these are the heroes of the high world's
admiring sympathy and respect. If , calamity over-
takes them, what a shack to society . If they dis-
appear, what a vacuum they leave behind.
rom the moment when, with
a handful of de-
voted followers, the liberator of Italy stepped ashore
at Marsala, to the moment when he exchanged a
simple sailor's farewell with Admiral Mundy at
s '
Naples, the glory of Garibaldi enterprise has
never suffered a moments eclipse. Bravest of the
brave, gentlest of the gentle, simplest of the simple-
hearted, truest of the true, from first to last ! Never
sparing his own precious life, never shedding a
drop even of an enemy's blood without pity in-
capable of dissembling,
impatient only of dis-
semblers, he leaves to the Neapolitan people,
degraded by long servitude, an ideal of all
Christian and heroic virtues ; of courage, tem-
per„ ce, patience. self-denial, simplicity, kind-
ness, fidelity. May Italy look through the dangers
and darkness of the future to that lonely isle of
caprera as the stormtossed seaman looks to the
light burning over the waters. When Italy is in
perils Garibaldi will be in her "
midst again; it i 3
only in the hour of her triumph that he is seen no
more,—La ill/ News.

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