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London, England, 1856-11-27 00:00:00

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k 414 TRUE & FALSE SPERMA.TORIta(EA,
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ea, Sufferers under this disease, and Correcting of wide-spread
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Translated from he blerman of Dr.PICK.FORD.
. fl
4sr l'icalort, ,s known to English readers by his frequent pratstl-
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e original by the closest obserer; they will never change colour or
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hen irQUI 1" " 274

(From the Salisbury Tourri cso
On Thursday evening Earl Stanhope gave a lecture on
" Geography" to the members of the . Wilton Mechanics'
Institute, at the National School-roo zu, which was densely
crowded on the occasion with the in ost respectable families
of the town and neighbourhood. The Right .Ron. S. and
Mrs. Herbert, who had been er,ltertaining a
party of visi-
tors, including the Lord Bish,ap of Oxford, Sir C. Wood,
Bart., M.P., J. Holford, .sq., and other distinguished
guests, were prevented from attending, in consequence of
intelligence having been received duri.og the day of the
death of Prince Woronzow, Mr. Herb ert's uncle. The lec-
ture was listened to with deep attention, and the noble
lecturer was frequentl3 applauded during its delivery.
The Rev. R. S. CHERMSIDR, in opening the proceedings
of the evening, said that it was his painful duty to apo-
logise for the absence of the patron of the society, who, in
conselueuce of the melancholy intelligence having been
received that day of the unexpected death of Prince Woron-
zow , only brother of the late Lady Pembroke, was not
able to attend in person to present his noble guest. He had,
however, commissioned him (Mr. Cherruside) to express his
regret at being unable to attend on that occasion ; and with
these observations he would now introduce to the society
Earl Stanhope. (Applause.)
Earl STANIIan said that when he undertook, at the re-
quest of those who took the principal part in their affairs,
to deliver a lecture, he was left free as to the choice of a
subject, and he had selected " Geography," because he
thought he could throw out some hints as to a more practical
course which should be adopted in studying this science.
He need not urge upon his hearers the great importance
of this study, forasone can doubt its utility in many points,
not only as to its own facts, but as collateral to many other
branches of et ady. The two main pillars of history were
chronology era geography. Thus, if an alleged historical
fact were doubted, there was no better test than that of
geography ; and by this means it must. be possible to dim-
' cern the trv,e from the false, and thus to ascertain what
facts were entitled to our belief. To us, however, as na-
tives of Dog land, there were some special reasons to com-
mend this study, especially in connection with the events
of the last few years. Who amongst us would wish to re-
main igloorant of those who brave feats of arms which had
been successively performed by our fellow-countrymen in
the East, or of the names of those places where the gentler
womawy virtues had succoured the sick and wounded sol-
dier ? (Hear.) Such noble deeds of courageous daring
and of Christian charity could not be devoid of interest.
Again, the study of geography had special claims upon our
attention when we considered there was no portion of the
world in which our colonial possessions were not more or
less extended. Who, for instance, would wish to be like
the old lady who was mentioned in Sir Thomas Munro's
journal, who asked him when ho was going out as Gover-
nor of Madras, to step over and deliver a letter to her son
at Calcatta—(laughter)—places which were further dis-
tant than London and the Orkney Isles. After many
other observations on this subject, his lordship next
proceeded to observe that many facts in connection
with our knowledge of geography corroborated the
statements made in ancient times. Thus, for instance,
1,800 years after Ovid had written his Metamorphoses
the origin of the source of the Nile still remained for dis-
covery. He then quoted from Addison's version of the
story of Phaeton the description of the flight of the rivers,
which concludes as follows
The frighted Nile ran off, and underground
Concealed his head, nor can it yet be found."
The position of the head or fountain of the Nile was still
the greatest deficiency in the geographical knowledge of
the day. The noble lecturer next proceeded to point out
the most efficient mode of studying geography. He did
not, he observed, pretend to have made any new discovery
n this head; but as the more common mode was a great
tax on the memory, he was of opinion, from experience,
that a much shorter method could be adopted. The gene.
ral plan was to commit some book to memory which con-
tained the names of the rivers, seaports, inland cities, and
towns of various countries. He did not think this method
the best, because it required much study, and was a great
tax upon the memory. His advice was, not to study geo-
graphy as a separate science, but whenever they read his-
tory, to look out the places which were referred to on a
map. There was hardly any trouble in this method, while
at the same time it tended to fix the names of places firmly
on the memory. It was impossible for any one to take up
a newspaper to road without feeling the importance of a
knowledge of geography ; and, by the means which he had
pointed out, the memory would become much more reten-
tive than if a whole array of names were shovelled in all of
a lump This method of studying geography, however,
involved one thing—you should never read history without
having a snap before you, and there were plenty of maps
which could be procured at the present day at a very low
price. He also advised his he,rers to couple with this mode
of study theperusal of interesting books of travel, some of
which were equal to the most delightful novels. His own
experience had suggested to him this course, and he could
only say if it should benefit only one person who was thei
present he should feel highly gratified. With respect to books
on the subject of geography, he .might observe that none
ranked higher than those which were written by English
I ladies. Mrs. Somerville had never been surpassed by her
works on this science in connection with geology ; and
Lady Falmouth had written a most excellent elementary
work on this subject. His lordship next proceeded to
observe that not only was the study of geography most
useful, but a knowledge of this science could be employed
as a testing point in history and criticism. Take, for in-
stance, one of the great events of the world— the battle of
Marathon. We had at the present time the authority of only
one side, the testimony of the Greek historians, the Persian
records being silent. The Greek historians stated that
10,000 Athenians defeated as many as 500,000 Persians.
Here then would be seen the advantages of geography.
One of our own countrymen, Col. Leake, had measured the
plain, and had proved by the number of feet and yards that
it wasimpossible that 500,000 persons could ever have stood
on this ground. This proved what had often been suspected,
that the account of the Greek historians was an exaggera-
tion. Here then was an instance of geography as applied to
history; he would now refer to the case of a book which
was well known, and which was, in fact, one of the most
delightful works of fiction that was ever published, the
novel of " Gil Blas," which was written by a Frenchman,
named Le Sage. The story was represented as taking
place on Spanish ground, and so jealous were the Spaniards
of the fame of this celebrated work, that it had been
asserted Le Sage was not the author, but that he found a
manuscript in the Spanish language, which he translated
into French. In this work, while there was found an ac-
curate knowledge of Spanish life and scenes, there were
many mistakes in a geographical point of view, which it
was impossible for any one who had travelled through the
country to have made. The noble lord then cited several
cases in illustration of this point, observing particularly
that in " Gil Bias" it was stated that Grenada could b
reached from Madrid in four days, whereas it would take
more than twice four days to perform the journey. He
next pointed out the great interest which could not fail to
be excited by a comparison of countries at the present time
with the descriptions which were given of them in ancient,
or even in mediaeval times, and referred toVirgil's descrip-
tion of the climate of Italy, which was not at all borne out
by the climate iu that.country at the present day, which
had evidently undergone considerable variation through the
space of 2,0J0 years. He then observed that the study of
geography was connected with sublime speculations, seeing
that wo had been enabled to determine the precise figure of
the earth, which was net completely spherical, but pro-
jected at the equator, and was flattened at the poles. This
had been determined by several modes, but more especially
by the pendulum, the mere act of its swinging determining
the precise figure of the earth. Did not this seem really
marvellous? He would endeavour to explain this in a few
words. What was it that made the pendulum to swing to
and fro ?It was the action of two forces—the one being a
propelling power, and the other force was that of attraction.
The propelling Power was the same here as at the equator,
but the power of attraction varied, and the vibrations of
the pendulum were consequently longer or shorter as the
pendulum receded from or was nearer to the equator. By
the light of science, too, man had been enabled to calculate
the weight and measure of this great globe; and surely
such results could not be devoid of interest to the inquiring
mind. In proportion, too, as our knowledge increases, do
the most interesting discoveries come crowding upon us.
How interesting it was to read of the extinct races of birds
in New Zealand, some of which were much larger than
the ostrich, being no less than 11 or 12 feet high. The
size of these birds was not, however, a matter of uncer-
tainty, for that able man, Professor Owen, was at this
moment, at the British Museum, constructing and repro-
ducing the skeleton of one of these gigantic birds. His
lordship then referred to the condor of South America,
and related an anecdote from a work written by Sir Francis
B. Head, describing a fight between one of those immense
birds and a Cornish miner, in which the latter came off
characteristics of South America, referring with much
victorious. He then alluded at great length to the national
plea-
sure
to the Journal and Researches of Mr. Chas. Darwin,
a work which, he stated, was full of interest, containing
great mass of important matter respecting Buenos
Ayres, and which he recommended to the perusal of his hearers
in dwelling on this part of his subject, the noble lord par-
ticularly alluded to the discovery of that gigantic and
wonderful plant, the Victoria Regia, and observed that
Sir Joseph Paxton had stated that the manner in which
this plant grew had first suggested to hire the idea of the
supports of the Crystal Palace. (Applause.) He then
pointed out the contrast in South America between the
lofty 1041C104 4144 t4O Mains which oxtviulvd lauudroab of

In payment of the interest in arrear to the date when
the final settlement takes place, and for its entire
amount, new Bonds will be issued of 201. and 501. each,
or of large amounts, as may be convenient to the bond•
holders, such bonds being entitled to interest from and
after the year 1861, as follows :
From 1861 to 1865 inclusive 1 per cent. per annum.
From 1866 to 1870 „
From 1871 and after 2
12
A sinking fund being setapart from 1861 from the new
bonds until their entire redemption of per cent. per
annum (one half), or say the 200th part of the whole
amount, or if more agreeable to the creditors, the Govern-
ment propose that 3-4hha of the whole amount
of the arrears of interest (or 75 per cent.) only
be recognised, issuing in payment of this
sum, bonds to bear interest as follows :
From 1361 to 1865 inclusive, 1 per cent, per annum.
From 1866 to 1870 „ 2
~
lf
From IS7I and after
3 97 79
There still being set aside from 1861 as a sinking fund for
such new bonds until their entireredemption, per cent.
per annum (one-half), or say the 200th part of the whole
amount. In any event the Government of Buenos Ayres
will remain at liberty to apply to the redemption of the
new bonds, by means of public or private purchase, any
sums which it might find convenient at any period after
their issue, and even before said bonds commence gain-
ing any interest whatever.
In payment of the deficiency arising (36.0000, be-
tween the sum assigned for the payment of interest on
the original debt in 1857 and 1858, and what is esta-
blished in the contract, there will also be issued, at a
fitting opportunity, new bonds under the same condi-
tions proposed for the payment of the interest due to
date,

cause it to be
Any arrangement which may be settled upon the pre-
ceding bases will not take effect until a'ter having been
eanpdprtohveedGobvyertntitue
willeLietgoifslßatuiveenoCshAaymrbesers towards which
presented to them as soon as concluded.

The CHAIRMAN said whatever merit was due for the
obtainment of these terms, ought to be given to Mr.
Parish and Mr. Gire, their commissioner.

A BONDHOLDER asked if the offer had been made by
the Minister, or only by Messrs. Baring ?
Mr. POWLES replied that it was from the Government,
who left it to Messrs. Baring to see it :carried out. If
the bondholders approved of it, it would have to be sent
back to Buenos Ayres to be ratified by the Government
there. Messrs. Baring would have no power to alter
the terms without the approval of the Government.
Mr. ROBERTSON gave the greatest credit to the com-
mittee for their exertions, but thought if
amend-
ment to the terms should be thought of, the whole ques-
tion had better be referred back to Messrs. Baring for
their exertions being, used in behalf of the bondholders.
any
The CHAIRMAN said it was of no importance if the
bondholders wished the matter now left in their hands to
obtain any improvement that might be deemed advisable
by the committee.
Mr. CATEL thought one advantage they would obtain
would be, to get, very probably, three per cent. on the
arrears of interest.

A BONDHOLDER thought Messrs. Baring would be able
better to obtain any amelioration than the committee
perhaps three per cent on the whole.
In answer to a BONDHOLDER.
The CHAIRMAN said the first proposition was most
approved of by the committee, because it did not involve
any sacrifice of principle.
After some discussion it was proposed to leave the new
proposals altogether in the hands of Messrs. Barirg, in
order that they might conclude the negotiation for the
ndjuistinent of tiic kaid debt on tJau basts orciaii444 re the
.•
a

PLAN OF LIEUT. PIM", R.N., FOR A RENEWED SEARCH
FOR FHE SIIRVIYORB OF THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION.
A meeting of the Royal Geographical Society was held
last night at No. 15, Whitehall.place, at which a con-
siderable number of ladies and gentlemen attended. Sir
R. Murchison presided, and the company included
Major-General Sir George Pollock, Lieut. Montagu
O'Reilly, Dr. Barth, the explorer of Africa, Dr. Rae,
Captain Maguire, the Bishop of Rupert's-land, Dr.
King, Dr. Fogel, Mr. Anderson, Dr. Armstrong, Lieut,
Cheyne, Mr. Hayes, Major-General For, Mr. Cyrus
Field, etc., etc.
After some preliminary business was dispossd of,
Lieutenant Tim, R.N., read the following paper
:
I believe the sympathy of every member of this society
is with me on the subject which I am now about to in
troduce, viz., the fate of Sir John Franklin and his
brave companions, I therefore hope I shall find it an
easy task to induce you to take a warm interest in a
further effort to elucidate the mystery of their disappear-
anoe: A decisive clue has been obtained, and I think I
can show that it is not at all improbable some of the.
unfortunates so long cut off from their home and friends
may still be alive and anxiously awaiting that succour
which will restore them once more in safety to their
country. The fate of Franklin remained as much in the
dark as ever, when, by the merest accident, a clue was
obtained, which once more .encouraged the hopes that
some at least of the party might be saved. The relics
now lodged in Greenwich Hospital afford the clue I
allude to. They were purchased from the E,quirnaux
by Dr. Rae during his survey of part of Boothia ; that
this discovery was unexpected is proved by his own
words—" I do not mention the lost navigators, as there
is not the slightest hope of finding any of them in the
quarter to which I am going." The clue having at
length been found, it was naturally supposed the mys-
tery ;would now be solved; this important duty was in-
trusted to the Hudson's Bay Company, but their at-
tempt to follow it up proved, from various causes, a
failure. By the time the scene of operation was reached,
it was necessary to return. There was no interpreter,
and in short all that was effected was the discovery of
additional relics of such a description as to lead any one,
'rased in arctic affairs, to infer that the ships could not
be far distant. Not the smallest vestige of human re
mains was found, and there is not a particle of evidence
to prove the death of even one man belonging to Frank-
lin's ships since they sailed from Beechy Island. The
case now stands thus : undoubted relics of the Franklin
expedition have been found, and from them an inference
is drawn which points to a certain locality as the posi-
tion of the missing ships; that locality, I think every
one agrees, is King William Land. Thus research is
li-
mited to a comparatively small extent of country, and as
the settlements of the Esquiriaax must have been reached
by Franklin's men as evidenced by their possession of
the relics, it is more than probable some of the party
may yet be living domesticated among these tribes.
With such a certain indication to guide us, is it not
more than strange that our efforts in the search have
slackened, in fact, I grieve to say, ceased altogether ?
This naturally brings me
.to the plan of searc I are
anxious to propose to this society. The scheme is a
comprehensive one, and cannot, I think, fail of success.
(Hear.) A small screw vessel, with a complement of
twenty men, to penetrate as far down Peel Sound as
possible, take up winter quarters, and, assisted by teams
of dogs purchased at Disco or Uppernaick, extend the
search down both shores of the Sound. Another vessel,
similarly equipped, to push through Behring Straits, and
winter at King William Land, whilst an overland party
descend the Great Fish River, with orders to make for
a certain rendezvous, previously arranged. Thus a corn-
r2rehensive scheme of search would be organised, which
could hardly fail of success ; for it will at once be seen
that the very winds and currents which prove an ob-
stacle to the advance of one party will have precisely the
opposite effect upon the other, and thus insure that at
least one vessel will reach her destination. You will see
that I lay great stress upon the smallness of the ships
and the use of dogs for travelling purposes. My experi-
ence proves the superiority of small ye 'eels, with limited
crews, over large ships and corresponding companies.
Who will doubt, that had Sir John Franklin commanded
20 men instead of 138, he would have escaped from his
icy prison like Sir John Ross ? The smaller number
would enjoy abundance, while the larger were perishing
of hunger. As regards the use of dogs, their superiority
for sledging purposes, over men has been abundantly
proved. If only one man is taken ill on a journey, the
increased ratio of labour on his comrades is such as seri-
ously to impede progress, it becoming necessary to place
him on the sledge. If two men are overtaken by illness
the object of the journey must be given up mad a speedy
return to bead quarters becomes imperative, whereas
with dogs, the failure of 1,2, or 3 does not in any
way entail additional labour on the others, as
the sick ones follow the sledge until recovered,
and if very ill and useless can be dispensed with
altogether ; moreover, frost is the most dreaded
enemy of the men, whilst dogs are exposed ta the
severest inclemency of the winter with impunity.
In addition, I may remark, that the average daily jour-
ney with men is about ten miles, with dogs more than
double. I will now say a few words on the relative ad-
vantages of the eastern and western routes as, in the
event of the whole scheme not being adopted it may be
desirable to have some idea which of the two is the safest
best known, and above all most certain road by which
we can arrive at that most interesting locality, King
William Land. I must request your attention to the
map. King William Land is situated at the mouth of
Great Fish River, and I would particularly draw your
attention to its proximity to the magnetic pole as most
interesting and attractive to all arctic navigators : also,
to the fact that a number ofeE,quirnaux inhabit its vi-
cinity, who, beyond a doubt, are the depositories of that
secret, to obtain possession of which s ) many gallant
efforts have been made, and so many hundreds of then-
sands of pounds have been expended. Having thus
pointed out the field of search, I will first describe the
eastern route to it, viz, that by way of Lanca-ter Sound.
The passage through Baffin's Bay is well known to be
most uncertain, and it is equally well known that the
season whuld be too far advanced by the arrival of the
vessel at Peel Sound to leave time for the officer, and
crew to do anything beyond putting their vessel into
winter quarters Moreover, from a short distance within
the entrance of Peel Sound, the land is a terra incognita,
some geographers even asserting that it is a cul de sac ;
but be that as it may, all is uacertaiu after passing Lan-
caster Sound, and indeed it would be most disappointing
to the officer in charge of that branch of the service to
find himself compelled to winter at a great distance from
the scene of operations. His parties would be worn out
and his resources almost exhausted before even arriving
at the point where exploration would commence, Next,
as regards the Western nute, viz., through Bhering
Straits, weare assured by every navigator that, sooner or
later, each year, the northern sh.tres of the American
continent can be coasted by ships. I understand that
by the untiring efforts of our late President, Sir R. Mur-
chison, and others, the Government has been induced to
take into consideration the despatch of another expedi-
tion. I sincerely hope that it may be determined upon ;
but I am assured that even if this prove to be the case
the ship or ships will Ise sent only by the Eastern reuse,
namely, Barrow Straits. Having myself entered the
Polar Sea by both routes, I cannot be supposed to be
prejudiced in favour of either ; but as each expedition by
the latter route, Baffin's Bay, bas invariably met with
serious obstacles to an advance to the westward, we
cannot hope that this one will be more fortunate than
its predecessors; then, indeed, most bitter would be the
disappointment at the failure of this final Government
effort from causes so clearly foreseen. This society, the
leading one beyond doubt in a great maritime nation
like,England, has, from first to last, taken the deepest
interest in the fate of the Erebus and Terror, and it
would indeed be ajust recompense if the glory of solving
the vexed question fell to its lot. With this end in view,
I now urge upon its members, impressed as they must
be with the dire necessity of the case, to equip a small
everyvesseldespatch toe push
will be used, and she would leave sh through Bhering Straits. In their hands
Eng-
land in proper time, viz., before the end of January.
One word in conclusion. I need scarcely add that as soon
as a further effort is determined upon, plenty of volunteers
will be found anxious to devote themselves to so noble a
service. To those who cry out about the risk of life, I
would simply state that Captain Collinson's able and in-
teresting journals fully prove the northern coast of America
eta Bhering Straits, to be far more healthy than many
stations ; say coast of Africa, China, West Indie,,
where our sailors are always serviag. Time
presses nowt but should I have a future opportunity
nellpyriancttoicdaelityailtse,
which I feel confident the willing guidance of the natives
h si
sh aslo ch t hya
of
enteringiile.atra fte
may be secured. (Applause.) appysebtoemdeo so,
and
The paper was received with applause, and an interest-
ing discussion ensued, and the Bishop of Rupert's-land
expressed a hope that, if the government would sanction
another expedition, they would endeavour to do same
peed to the Eqquirnaux in a religious point of view.
ratLEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND

AMERICA.
Mr. CYRUS FIELD, at the suggestion of the Chairman,
begged to present to the meeting the profile of the At-
lantic between Newfoundland and Valentia Bay, Ireland.
(A. laugb.) He pointed out on a map the plateau at the
bottom of the ocean OA which it is proposed to lay the
cable containing the electric wires. On the 4th July,
1776, the Americans had declared themselves Indepen-
dent of Great Britain, and on the 4th July, 1857, he
hoped they would be united with her. (Laughter.)
TIO UlePtin adiQUllle4 to Monday, the 8U December.