The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-03 00:00:00

Commence at 7.

ADELPHI, NEW THEATRE-ROYAL.
.Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Benj. Webster.
Last nights of the popular Adelphi Drama of Janet Pride.
THIS EVENING, JANET PRIDE. Messrs. B. Webster.
J. L. Toole, P. Bedford, Stuart, C. Selby ; Miss Woolgar and
Was Laldlaw.
After which, THAT BLESSED BABY. Mr. Billington,
J. L. Toole, and Miss K. Kelly.
Doors open at half-past 6—Commence at 7.
Box-eltlee open from 10 till 5.
No charge for booking.
Private bow, £2 2s. ; Family Boxes, £l.
Orchestra Stalls, ss. ; Balcony, 4s. ; Front Circle Stalls, Is. ;
Pit Stalls, 21.; Pit, Is. 6d. ; Amphitheatre, le ; Gallery, 6d,
Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith.

A STLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.—
Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Wm. BATTY.
Crowded Houses.—Re-engagement of the celebrated Dela-
vanti Troupe, Mr. George Hutchingson, and the Wonder of
the World, the Great Little Menoni.
PA Grand MID-DAY PERFORMANCE will take place on
SATURDAY next, Sept 8, commencing at Two o'clock.
This Evening, Lord Byron's splendid Hippo-drama of
MAZEPP.A AND THE WILD HORSE, with entirely new
and beautiful scenery, costly costumes, and appointments,
introducing the largest stud of highly-trained Horses, Po-
Rua, Buffaloes, and Camels in the World.
To be followed by Soenes in the Arena by the Star Riders
of the day, including the greatest Equestrienne in the world,
Madlle. de Berg, and the Wonder of -Wonders, Little Menoni.
Doors open at half-past 8, performance oommenoe at 7.
Bow-offloe open daily from 11 till 4.
stage manager—Mr. W. WEST.
Director of the Arena—M. Felix Revolff.

CANTERBURY HALL CONCERTS.-
EVERT EVENING,
A Grand Selection from
MARTHA,
And Selections from
DINORAH, TROVATORE, MACBETH,
And numerous other Entertainments.
Balcony, ls , .Hall. Bd.
Comic Vocalists—Messrs. George Hodson (the Irish Come-
dian and Mimic), and C. Marshall.
The ETHIOPIANS, consisting of 17 performers (organised
expressly for this Establishment), for the performance of
Vocal and Instrumental Music, Comic and Sentimental, with
Negro delineations, anecdotes, &c, in addition to the usual
entertainments.
The Fine Arts Gallery is open from 5 till 11 on Sunday
Evening.

THE WEATHER.—SUN OFpuns, SEPT. 2, 1860.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADS.
66—highest since noon yesterday.
49—lowest this morning and daring the night.
62—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-29.98 ; rising steadily.
WIND—North-Westerly; light, with fine dry haves'
weather. _

SEPT. 3.

THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
66—highest since moon yesterday.
51—lowest this morning and during the night.
61—this day at noon.

Biatommzu-30.13 ; still rising.
WlND—Northerly ; light, with fine sunshiny weather,

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tsze Day.—Morning, 3h. 30m.—Afternoon, 3h. 44w
To-monnow.-Morning, 3h. 58m.—Afternoon, 4h. 12m

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`4[T-off'

THE SUN.

LONDON, MONDAY, SEPT. 3, 1860.

The sanguinary retribution now being dealt out
by FuAD PACHA among the fanatical ringleaders
of the Syrian revolt and massacres, will not be
sufficient to satisfy the just demands, or to allay
the natural solicitude excited by late events
throughout Christendom. Something more is re-
quired to bring about either of these good results
than a series of ruthless executions. A few among
the more conspicuous of the blood-stained marauders
who have descended from their fastnesses in the
range of the Lebanon Mountains, to carry death
and desolation, fire and sword, through cities and
villages, throughout the whole country side, down
to the very shores of the Mediterranean—the chief
among these wretches it may be have already died
the death in well-merited expiation of their
wholesale atrocities—but when their remains
have all been buried away under the polluted
soil of Syria, the source of all these
horrors, unless something else be done, unless some-
thing better than mere retributive executions be
adventured upon by order of the Divan, will still
remain ! And that source—what is it but the
weakness and demoralisation of the Turkish Govern-
ment? The recognition of this is in no way restricted
to one or two, or yet to two or three, of the Five
Great Powers of Europe. The whole of those five
great Powers recognise the fact that it is so with
equal clearness. They have come now to be of one
'mind upon the subject,. England, and France, and
Austria, and Prussia, and Russia all think alike as
to the absolute and imperative necessity at length
of the Ottoman Porte putting its house in order
if it wishes still to maintain its position on this
side of the Bosphorus. For four hundred years
and upwards the Turk has held that anomalous
position simply upon sufferance. The jealousies of
the Christian sovereignties have alone secured to
Lim during these four centuries this otherwise
bewildering and explicable toleration. Eventually
the evil has been growing more potent than the
jealousies in the midst of which it has been rank-
ling and expanding.
The last magnanimous war undertaken by the
Western Powers with a view to repel the
daring advance of the Autocrat for the law-
less seizure of Constantinople, has exhausted the
generosity of the two most civilized and puissant
among the great powers of Christendom. In return
for the blood and treasure squandered in generous
defence of the rights" (such as they are) of Turkey,
under the walls of Sebastopol,now but half-a-dozen
years ago, by Franee and England—the Christian
population of Syria has been treacherously
butchered in cold blood to the number of many
thousands, old and young, men, women, and
children, with the connivance, if not with the actual
co-operation, of the Mussulman authorities. Prior
to these dreadful occurrences, the weakness and the
demoralisation of the Turkish Government had been
fully recognised by the five great Powers of Chris-
tendom. The Syrian massacres have only
confirmed those five great Powers in tho
conviction at which they had already arrived—
namely, a conviction as to the necessity, at last, for
their simultaneous interposition in behalf of the
Christian population of Turkey—a population long
notoriously ground down to the very dust under
the heel of the Mahometan Government. As far
back as the 23d of April, Prince GORTSCHAKOFF
had written explicitly upon this point to the various
Russian diplomatic agents, in the name, of course,
exclusively of the Government of the AUTOCRAT,
'limit in the fullest accord and coincidence with the
views entertained upon the subject by the whole of
tho four other great Powers of Christendom. For
the express purpose, in effect, of setting the matter
in question at rest definitively—wrote the IZussian
Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the date and in the
document already indicated—" and wishing to
e stablish as complete an understanding as possible,
I, by order of the EMPEROR, assembled round me
tt te representatives England, Austria, France, and
P. rugs,. I pointed out to them the danger of
Ea crisis, the urgency of preventing it, and

the means which we thought the best calculated
to effect this object. I requested them to make the
necessary communications to their Governments,
and to unite in the steps we proposed to take.
Wishing to fix on some determinate bases for
these proceedings, the representatives, under the
reserve of the sanction of their respective Courts
agreed with me on the following points:--1. Anim-
mediate declaration on the part of the five Great
Powers that they could no longer tolerate the pre-
sent state of things in the Christian provinces of
the Ottoman empire. 2. A demand for an organi-
sation, having for object to give to the Christian
provinces of the Porte effectual guarantees calcu-
lated to satisfy the legitimate complaints of the
people, and at the same time to tranquillise Eu-
rope with regard to the possibility of complications
which affected her general interests as well as those
of Turkey." These were the basis agreed upon,
remember, in the Spring by the representa-
tives of the Five Great Powers assembled
together at St. Petersburg, in delibera-
tion upon the state of affairs in Turkey. And
in the Summer—came the Syrian Massacre of the
Christian population ! And—in the Autumn—has
arrived the punishment of the leading assassins !
A punishment which, as we have said, will not suf-
fice to satisfy the just demands, or to allay the
natural solicitude of the powers of Christendom.
These executions are only sufficient for the specific
offence, for the heinous guilt of -which they are, as
far as they can be, the expiation upon a compara-
tively few individuals. Larger results must follow.
Upon this England, and France, and Russia, and
Austria, and Prussia are alike resolved.

'Liverpool took the lead in giving England and
the world the greatest boon next to the steam-
engine itself—the Railway ; and if America has
preceded us in the street railway, still young
Liverpool has taken the lead in giving England
the street railway. While Sir BENJAMIN HALL
and Lord JOHN MANNERS were waited on by
deputations to promote the object in vain, badgered
as they were by hostile parties also, other minds ,
determined to do the thing, somewhere. If a street
railway in successful and profitable working could
but be shown to the business men of this eountry,
then it was certain that the street railway would
become as common as the road railway, and Bir-
kenhead was the town in which the local commis-
sioners had the good sense to give the plan a fair
trial. Of course the mechanical success of the
undertaking was made quite sure by trials some
time before ; but last Thursday, the 30th of August,
was the day on which the new system was fairly
brought before the public, by the formal opening
of the railway. A merry day it seems to have been
in Birkenhead, as it deserved to be. Vast crowds
assembled to witness the running of the new car-
riages on the new road, and of course a banquet
and speeches wound up the business of the day.
As some of our readers may have overlooked
the description of the railway and its carriage,
we may advert again to the most important points.
The horse tramway, as it might be more properly
called, is nothing more than what most of us have
seen before in private establishments, where the
amount of hauling to be done is large. It consists
of two long parallel flat plates of iron, with the
outer edges of each turned up a little to prevent the
carriage from running off easily, but yet not so high
as to interfere with the ordinary traffic ; indeed,
common carriages can use them, turning off, of
course, when the omnibus for which they were laid
down makes its appearance. The tramways are
laid on longitudinal sleepers, and the work com-
pletely falsifies all the predictions of alarmists as to
any bad effect on the road itself, or as to its being
any obstacle to the traffic of all kinds and in all
directions. A kind of road is merely furnished,
which, by diminishing the friction, enables two
horses to do easily what would be hard, or impos-
sible work, for four. Even the benevolent fear ex-
pressed lest stones and rubbish getting on the tram-
way should make the draught still too laborious,
turns out, like all the other croakings, to be ground-
less. The carriage is fitted with sweepers, which
keep its road as clear from such minor obstructions
as can be desired ; and easy stoppage as Well as
easy progress is provided for, hand-breaks at each
end fixing all the four wheels at once.
The carriages themselves appear already to be
all that can be desired ; certainly they are luxury
itself compared with what we now endure, squeezed
in the inside, perplexed to get past a double row
of hostile knees to enjoy even that privilege, and
equally perplexed to get out ; not to mention the
miseries of. the elevated " knife-board," or your
alternative in front of the nudgings of the driver's
elbow, or the pressure of a thin rail of iron some-
where beloW the " fifth rib." You are allowed to
walk upright, if of the ordinary stature, seven feet
being allowed you for that purpose. Seven feet
are also allowed you in width, which leaves so
much room between the double row of knees that
it is proposed to utilise it when wanted, like the
aisles of SPURGEON'S Tabernacle, as standing
room. In a shower of rain it would certainly be
somewhat ungallant to refuse to stand up to admit
a lady to a seat ; on the other hand—we speak
without having yet seen—we should think it would
be no little diminution from comfort to have a
living wall, two or three feet thick and five or six
feet high, before you for half an hour. Such mat-
ters will, however, be soon adjusted between pro-
prietors and the public. As the carriages are 24
feet long, they will seat 22 inside, as many on the
row ; and, it is said, as many more can stand if they
please—about 70 in all ! The wheels of the carriages
are like those of a railway carriage, but somewhat
smaller; and at each end of the vehicle is a small
platform about a foot from the ground, by which
passengers enter with ease, while it is protected
from the horses, which can be yoked to either end
by a large splash board.
Such are some of the principal features of the
new machine, as we may call it—for the rails and
the carriage form but one machine—by which we
are certainly at no distant time to traverse our
crowded streets. At present the omnibus ride is
the daily necessity and misery of ihousands,—of all
who do not keep their own carriage, or who can-
not afford to " call a cab," as their regular means of
conveyance to the suburbs. Equally is it the bore
of those who must take one from the railway sta-
tion, an annoyance which the Metropolitan Rail-
way will soon materially diminish. We need not
say that another nuisance, frequently a greater
trial to patience than all, will be, we may hope,
entirely got rid of. Many times in the busy parts
of the day we haw known what it is to save time
by keeping to the pavement, from Temple Bar to
the foot of London-bridge, and of course over it;
not to mention the advantage, if health and strength
permitted, of avoiding the shaking and squeezing,
as well as the it tolerable waiting till the lock-up of
carriages somehow got lose again. When a singe
omnibus will supersede three of the present aggres-
sors on our time, we may hope to get along a
little faster than our legs could easily curly us.
-And yet another advantage we may look for—the
probability of finding a place in wet weather. Who
does not know that, unless he be near where the
omnibus starts from, he has no chance at all if the
day be one in which he most needs a conveyance