The Sun.
London, England, 1856-10-24 00:00:00

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4-4‹ ;fowl-tee le are front The pen of a-gett-
tleman who has recently returned front a partial tour
through the Austra,ian colonies :
On arriving in iNfelleourne or,e is particularly struck
with the rapid strides of civilisation arid the immense
improvements and pregress that must have gone on
during the last two years in the buildings, paving, mak-
ing of roads, draining and lighting of the •.eity. The
streets are wide, well formed, and the buildings mostly
handsome chops and warehouses of blue stone and brick, •
which have almost entirely* supplanted the wretched ,
wooden and iron structures of only there, years since.
Already Melbourne can boast of its water,and gaswork .
in
nu
onipalLiesot, Bay,,,and railways, s
ays:nwdirtih,igtehe.yecl,eucntroiewtetlreagvrealphm,rarea
rapidly coursing the country. 0o: landing from a vessel
shilling fare to the heart of Melbourne, a distance which
two years ago was traversed by very uncertain convey. •
antes for a eu:n varying from 10e. to 203. The Mel-
bourne an-I Geelong Railway will probably open before
the end of the year. Teat with Williamstown is in pro-
gress
of making, and for the ext n-ive lines leading to the
river Murray districts and goldfields surveys have been
made. The great drawback to these undertakings is the
want of labour, not of that kind which caused such allow
of emigration three and four years since—as c!erks,
drapers' e.ssistants, and young., men who have never
handled a spade or tool in their lives, but hone and sinew
are what is wanted—that cites of labour, indeed, which
would derive and produce the greatest benefit by its
emigration, and yek of that very kind which is unable to
assist itself to it, how can a farm labourer or'navvy,
let his wages be taken at their highest, pay his passage
to the Antipodes? it is often that be can barely find food
for his wife and children. The country is taxed by-poor-
rates to find bread for those who cannot find it for
themselvee.
When I left the colony of Victoria in June the com-
monest labour was receiving his 12s. per day of eight
hours' work, this limit having been recently fixed as a ;
day's labour; other and more skilled labour in propor- '
Lion, and many works were suspend( d, owing not so much
to the dearness of labour as its scarcity.
It may be urged that the expenses of living, See., are
proportionate ; this, however, is not so. In Meths:beano
a labourer need never be idle. Meat is cheaper than ire
England, potatoes the 'same, bread a trifle dearer, and a
cot, ageo have , such)ve
in as
thisfew country, labourers_oury ca of the
in
colbatsasled atfrom
especiallyr
refer
'7B. to 108. per week. - - • '
Hovv, then, can this supply of labour be obtained is a
question well worthy the attention of both home and co.
lonia+, Governments. Various suggestions present them-
selves, and in the reduction of the army would it not be
a v,oethy reward to the soldiers of our country, now wo
require their services as such no longer, to offer them
a tree passage to these colonies, • where their presence
would be welcomed, and to the industrious an honest
in•iependonce secured ? To those parishes heavily taxed
for poor-rates the subject is one I should think worth
attention, by trying this as a means of relieving their
surplus labour, leaving those behind better meaaes of
providing for themselves.
The present system of emigration carried on by Go-
vernment is tedious, incomplete, and, instead of facilita-
tieg the object in view, throws so many impediments in
tile way that I venture to sAy one half of those who
al ply fur the forms in Park•street, \Vestrninster, throw
op their intentions from the restrictions they are eon- '
fined to, cr inability to comply with the requisite
regulations, and hence the c doilies are deprived of what '
they are so urgent for, and our own country remains'
burdened with taxation.

[PRICE 4D. STAMPED SD•

ORSINI IN NEWCASTLE.

1; Felice Orsini addressed a large audience at Newcastle-
•on-Tynedast Monday on the present state of Jtaly. Sir
John Fife took the chair.
Signor ORSINI drew a moving picture cf the wrongs
;and oppressions of his country under the Austrians, and
powerfully swayed the sympathies of his audience. Al-
luding to himself, he said, with deep earnestness—lt
!makes me shudder to remember what I suffered under
,these circumstances, and to which all are exposed in
;Italy who dare entertain the thought of liberating their
'native land, so cruelly oppressed. It is impossible for
you to imagine what I suffered with thousands more in
the different prisons from the insects, the scorpions,
hunger and thirst; the suffoca'ing heat, and the fevers
!produced by the exhalations from the stagnant waters
which surround Mantua on every side. Notwithstanding
liny strong constitution, notwithstanding the firmness of
'mind that nature had given me, sometimes my reason
,vacillated, and I thought I should have gone mad. It
is not seven months since I was a prisoner prostrated by
fever and hunter. I hektrd some of my compat ions, who
;were confined in a dungeon next to mine, conveyed. to
khe scaffold. What I then soff-n-ed more than 100 of
iaur Italian youths are still suffering in that same castle,
and many thousand others - throughout the prisons of
Italy. That any man issues from such places and such
sufferings is amazing; and if he has been able to suffer
many years he is no longer,a, Tan as before. As to me,
who had the misfortune to be several times imprisoned,
Providence has singularly favoured me, in not permitting,
the utter ruin of my health, or my strength of mind to
abandon me. (Applause.) I had accustomed myself to
suffer. Nothing of that kind'is new to me, nor alarms
pie, but what I have gone through, and what my une
happy fellow-country.men are still going through, I do
not forget, and I jant-prer ready-to _face new trials, so
that I can injure the oppressors of my native country.
(Immense cheering.). Although lam nothing—a simple
individual—yet while God grants me ma intellect .ad
physical powers, ever, yes, always, will I work in the
fir:n hope of'seeing at least every bloody foot-track of
Austria cancelled from the soil of Italy. While I have
an Italian heart, while the foreigners are overrunning my
native country, while an Austrian troop is landed on the
western shore of the Adriatic, I will never lay down my
revolutionary attempts or my at ms—never, never, never!
(Loud and protracted cheering ) And if, at my latest
breath, I can say that with deeds and not words alone
I have done something for the land which gave me
birth, I shall die contented and happy. (Renewed
applause.) What hours I have myself experienced !
At the time of my first examination before the Imperial
Court of Justice at Mantua, I k❑ew that I should be
irrevocably sentenced to death. Often I thought of
it, and looked towards the door by which I should have
passed to be hanged ; and although I had some time
before me, still, coolly contemplating the fate which
awaited me horrified me, although my courage failed
not. Although in the field and elsewhere I had seen
death near and seemingly inevitable, yet that idea of
being hanged on a gallows often overawed me. (Hear,
hear.) These are some of the horrors committed by the
Austrian and Italian governments—horrors which we
cannot escape, because no powerful government will as-
sist us. I was, it was true, enabled to escape these mi-
series, but it is perhaps the only example which has ever
been known under the Austrians, and I am certainly the

crisis
roi progress ogr e i
has
b ss of the
panic
ee
been
ins
lBrmercantileesg4ulaanrdi
regularly
1r 5p 50,r
tu.endeimin communityuyp of Mel
; drpf
oarp
ie
tr
as to scarcely require comment from me.s-
Aft.-r a
calamity and amount, the mercantile houses have re-
covered themselves with an elasticity which must have
astonished the world : and, if merchants and shippers
will but study no taste,,, consumption, and absolute
requirements of the marker, it will always be one of our
best customers. I regret to observe that already there
is a disposition to glut the market, which can oely pro-
duce a sinplar effect to that experienced two years since.
A glaace at the circular of Messrs. W. NV. Stables and
Co. shows brandy, British spirits, and wrought leather
to have been shipped during the last three months to an
excess of at least three times the consumption, and I
would warn shippers to note and study these facts
before they find it come home to them by the results.
The riches of Victoria are patent to all ; her wool,
tallow, hides, and auriferous productions aro as yet but
faintly developed to what they will be ; the firstnamed
have steadily increased year by year, and this year we
are seeing the great increase in the production of gold
broughtabout-by the application of niac:linery and scien-
tific princples.
The new constitution has yet to be tried, and would
doubtless bring about contest 4 of conflicting interests,
the probable results of which will only, he the further
development of the wonderful resources of the country.
Sydney, with its beautiful harbour, seems destined to
rank second to Melbourne in commercial importance.
Its export trade is very extensive with the sister colony,
which it rather seems to follow than to lead, for, though
far older in history than Melbourne, is being fast super-
seded by that colony, which seems to possess an energy,
and will go ahead unknown in New South Wales. There
is doubtless a large and valuable trade between this
country and Sydney,' though it is a singular fact that
one-third of the exports thence to Sydney find a market
ultimately in Melbourne.

only one who has ever escaped from the Castle of Klan -
tua. (Tremendous cheering.) But what did it require ?
The forced dissimulation of an entire year—the greatest
abrogation, carried even to the point of stifling every
complaint of whatever they did. If I have succeeded I
owe it to the assistance of friends, such friends as I never
dreamt to find in human form, having had too often and
too bitterly to lament the deceptions of false friendship.
Now let me speak impartially. Suppose that English-
men were subjected to the same kind of tyranny as Italy,
would they ❑ut revolt ? But with what effect if all Eu-
rope were leagued against them as they are against Italy ?
Even England tnu,st then obey the law of the strongest.
God grant this may never be. (A pplause.) Is it not an

anomaly that in the civilised Europe of 1856 the most
lovely region of the world should be oppressed by such a
state of things; that the land of Cosier, of Cato, of Dante,
of Michael Angelo, and of Raffaelle, should be cursed
by the worst of tyrannies? that priests and cowled monks,
whose very footmarks render the earth barren as if salt
had been strewn over it, should trample upon the soil of
the arts? Is it not an absurdity that the man who calls
himself by the old Pagan name " Pontifex Maximus"
should mix up in mundane matters to the bane of
humanity ? that he should issue edicts of proscription
and of the galleys, of death or life, to the ruin and misery
of thousands of families ? And all this in the name of
God, of the people, and of public order ? Shall Europe
permit such a monstrous thing to defile our land for
ever ? Liberty to be crushed, humanity to be forgotten,
and Christianity to be scandalised and a most dangerous
apathy put in its place 1 But the times are approaching
in which we shall see Ahe fall of priestly tyranny ; in
which the free nations by sacred instinct will aid us, that
we may live. The attitude of the ,free add liberallEng-
ILh wintldcl-tor titne is neer.
I hear the name of Italy mentioned with sympathy from
one end of your land to the other, It is a new and cheer•
ins fact for Italians. Seas separate us ; our customs
and language are different, and our governments have
always tried to make the English name hateful in the
land of Dante ; but the people understand each other ;
and the proud British islander, who fearlessly rules the
waves
,wherever his ship can float, begins to reflect on
our country's misery, and his generous heart is moved
towards the classic land which gave Columbus to the
world. The children of that soil whose heroes iu ancient
times were masters of the world, the lords of earth and
sea, shall be allowed to work out their great destinies,
and shall not for ever be bound by the keys of the Va-
tican and by all the demptic powers of Europe. Signor
Orsini resumed his seat amidst great cheering.
Mr. W. Coox, of Gateshead, moved the following re-
solution, which, being seconded by the Rev. J. PRINGLE!,
was carried unanimously:—" That the thanks of this
meeting be rendered to Signor Orsini for his able lee-
ture this evening, and it deplores the evils, which his
country suffers from the outrageous tyranny to which it
is subjected. Further, that this meeting recognises the
right of the Italian people to a national existence, and
believes it to be the duty of all nations to aid them in
their struggle to ohtain is."

Adelaide is considerably in arrear of either Melbourne
or Sydney, but is pursuing the even teuour of her . way,
au Is. rAmkt -egricultaaaa ipsoducer
for the other c-donies. She has of late months been
greatly impoverished in her supp'y of labour by the drain
that has been made upon it by the superior wages add
inducements of Victoria, and which bad at length be-
come so great as to cause the local Govcrument much
anxiety.

The-opening up of the paviL-ration 'Of the River Mur-
ray aq disc;,vered and practically applied by Captain
Cadeil wit pr.,ve of the utmost importance to Adelaide,
and may ultimately cause great changes in the several
markets from which the River Muiray districts and
goldfields are supplied.

PRIZE ESSAY OA TII E NATIONAL DEBT.

The council of the Society of Arts have received the
following letter :

"To the Chairman of the Council of the Society of Arts.
" Sir,—The financial position of this country, and the
enormous national debt, must always be subjects of great
commercial importance, and of grave interest to English-
men, even during the times of peaco and prosperity.
ILicent events of great importance, such as the influx of
gold from Australia and California, the drain of silver to
the East Indies and to China, the establishment of fre
trade, and the va,t extension •.f our commerce, have ma-
terially alti-rad the financial positien, and will cause a
revi,ioil ci the suttject to he very useful and interesting.
Tile important reetults that might be obtained by the re-
newed ;,p;;': cation to the reduction of the debt of the
principle f cornuound accumulation, the essential prin-
rteuxnaaßtieintyatbieoenn,
u[aurip,al:l,:ni'elelliaeftluiso
hrivdte't
e which aofssfut
ffe(r)
thesea
tu,,t,on:eat
rsiu
at
:ed.
would nedlocLii;:e(rvceinNito,,,n,usi d
of ltiehop,eru,nv thooteaivfe talti.euasieoaciety
fin-
ancialelicit
sciences. As, however, the funis of the society
are devoted to objects of great national interest and im-
portance, I shall have pleasnre in offeiing a prizefor the
oi:tcussien, should the council approve of the proposal.
That is to say—a prize of 200 guineas fur the best essay
on the present financial
iposition of the country, as af-
fected by recent events, n which the principle of a sink-
ing fund Aiould be diseus,ed, and also au investigation
made as to the best node of gradually liquidating the
national debt.—l am, sir, your very humble servant.
"HENRY JOHNSON.
"London, 39, Crutched-friar,, Oct. 14, 1856."
The council have resolved that the best thanks of the
society he conveyed to Mr. Johnson for his very liberal
offer of a Ariz of 200 guinta,, and that the same be ac-
cepted on the conditilus stated in Mr. Johnson's letter.

Ur. COWEN then moved a vote of thanks to Sir J. Fife
for the cordial and hearty warner in which he had taken
the oflic:: of chairman ; and the motion havirg been se-
conded by Mr. THOMAS, was carried by acclamation.

Sir JOIIN FIFE replied ; and the meeting separated.
The Newcastle Chronicle, from whim we derive the
maurials of this short report, says :—" Since his return
to En,gia,ncl, Orsini has applied himself to the study of
the English language. his lecture on Monday night
was read from the inanucript, and this, of course, made

It less impressive than an extempore oration would have
been ; but the Eliglish was remarkably good, and Sig-
norOrsini's pronunciation much more distinct and in-

telligible than might have been expected, considering
how short a time he has had to become acquainted with
our language. The lecture was well understood by all,
and went straight to the hearts of those who heard him.
The personal appearance of Orsini corresponds well with
his mental qualities—a firm, vigorous, well-set frame ;
a frank, soldier like bearing ; a determined, yet pleasing
countenance, proclaim the man of resolution and action.
The audience received him on his first appearance with
enthusiastic cheering, and the applause throughout the
evening was as hearty as could be wished.

BRII7BII BAGGAGE IN MT.PLTERSBURG.

Such a turning np of boxes and turning out of their
contents, and mixture of their several ties, pell-
mell, biggledy-piggledy, helter-skelter, jerry-cum-
tumble, butter upon bacon, topsy-turvy, muck, mess,
and muddle, I never saw in my life. There was a
villanous douanier, who held a bandbox under one arm,
and seemed desirous of emulating the popular hat
trick of Herr Dobler ; for he kept up a continual cascade
of gloves, collars, eau-de-Cologne bottles, combs, hair-
brushes, guide books, pincushions, and lace cuffs, till I
turned to look for the accomplice who was supplying
him with fresh bandboxtr. Now, the Custom-house
officers of every nation I have yet travelled through
have a different manner of examining your luggage.
Your crusty, phlegmatic E#glishman turas over each
article separately, but carefully. • Your stupid Belgian
rummages your trunk as if he were trying to catch a
lizard ; your courteous Frenchman either lightly turns up
your fine linen, as though he were making a lobster salad,
or, more frequently, if you tell him you have nothing to
declare, and are polite to him, just peeps into one corner
of your portmanteau, and says, " C'est a.sez." Your
sententious C4t4.man ponders deeply over your trunk,
pokes his fat forefinger into the bosom of your dress
shirts, and motions you to shut it again. But none of
these peculiarities had the Russians. They had a way of
their own. They twisted, they touted, they turned
over, they held writing cases open, bottom upwards, and
shook out the manuscript contents like snow flakes.
They held up coats and shirts, and examined them like
pawnbrokers. They fingered ladies' dresses, like Jew
clothesmen. They punched hats, and looked into their
linings; passed Cashmere shawls from one to the wher
for inspection ; opened letters, and tried to read their
contents (upside down) ; drew silk stockings over
their arms ; held boots by the toes, and thook
then) ; opened bottles, and closed them again with
wrong corks ; left the impress of their dirty hands upon
clean linen and virgin writing-papers ; crammed ladies'
under-garments into gentlemen's carpet-bags, forced a
bootjack into the little French actress's reticule, dropped
things underfoot, trode on them, tore them, anJ
laughed, spilt eau-de-Cologne, greased silk with puma-
turn, forced hinges, sprained locks, ruined springs,
br,ke cigars, rumpled muslin, and raised a cloud of
puff-powder and dentifrice. And all this .was done,
perhap,4 not wantonly, perhaps only in • ignorant
savagery, but with such a reckless want of the com-
monest care, with such a hideous vacarme of shouting,
screaming, trampling, and plunging, that the only
light
I could view the scene in—besides the Schinderhanues
one—was in the improbable event of Mr. and Mrs.
Keeley travelling through the country of the Patago•
Diana falling into a gigantic ambuscade, and having,
their theatrical wardrobe overhauled by those overgrown
savages.—Houselsold Words.

The Parana, which is due from the West Indies at the
end of this montu, will, it is expected, bring home the
officers and Crew, and all that was saved from the Tay
which was wrecked in the gtilph of Mexicti.
In order to arrest the progress of the fraudulent trans-
actions which have been so frequent of late on the part
of the pay sergeants of regiments, a degrading example
was, on Monday, made of a defaulter in the Royal Ar-
tillery corps at Woolwich, who was stripped of his but-
tons in front of the barracks in the presence of every
man and officer of hie battalion, and publicly drummed
out cf her Majesty's service. On arriving at the gates
which separate the garrison from the town, he was
handed over to the charge of the civil autho7ties for
the purpose of being subjected to a term of imprison-

(ADVERTISEMENT.] SIGHT AMID HEARING SPECTACLES,
POWERFUL TELESCOPES, OPERA, PACE, AND PERSPECTIVE
GLASSES.—Messrs. S. and B. Selections, opticians, 39, Albe-
marle-street, Piccadilly. Observe—opposite the York Hotel.en_
By her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent for valuable d
ul and
extraordinary improvements in the most
brilliant Telescopes, Camp,
These Opera, telescopes
Spectivo Glasses, to know the distances.
throe and a-half
possess such extraordinary powers that some throe
Jupiter's
inches, with an extra eye-piece, uill show e
With the same
moons, Saturn's ring, and the double stars
Racecourse, P°w and Per.
telescope can be seellwiwathpoiin'scoroLgs
to 20 They are of
half distant, and an object from lli a co. three miles and a
powers accordingly.—The
larger and all sizes,
Royal Exhibition, 1851. wly-i nvented, very small,
utht,eybyawnsht
icingouun
be Seen and known , miles
a person can
urge, and at the opera houses,
every purpose on the race-course,
waistcoat-pocket glass, the
country scenery,
.
site of
odfisatawantln;
• aluable for shooting,deer-stalking, yachting, to
They are Inv
sportsmen, gentlemen., gamekeepers, and tourists. Opera,
and ships clearly seen at Bto 10 miles
c trap, and- perspective glasses, with wonderfai
The valuable advantave de •
p:loc:e-er.°LrNsee'w1Y-constrz.zted Spectacle Lenses of the great.
est transparent power.
that
f _ s . c, rived
dteliesneetlenresceosiroef
tahemufreehguleessnt maelagnangifye:
from this invention is, a., vision becoming impaired ii
preserved and strengthened, and very aged persons ar•
enabled to employ their sight at tne most minute occr.
pation- ts
us effects of further powerful assistance.
theywith
llersons'ean be suited at the most remote part of the world,
by sending one of the glasses out pf their spectacles in a
letter, and stating the distance from the oyes they can read
small newspaper print with it; and those who have
lugto power—andt
the d anugseei
not ulado use of spectacles by stating their ago. Deaf-
ness. !-- New Discovery. The Organic Vibrator, an cx-
trto:dinary powerful, small, newly-invented instrument for
deafness, entirely different from all others, to gnrpows any
thin; of the kind that has been, or probably ever can be,
produced. Being of the same colour as the skin, is not per-
ceptible ; it enables deaf persons to bear distinctly at church
and at public
,assemblies ; the unpleasant sensation of sins ing
noises in the ears is entirely removed ; and it affords all th t
assistance that p'ossibly• could be desired.-39, Albemarle.
st.reet, Piccadilly. Observe—opposite the York Hotel,