The Sun.
London, England, 1856-08-28 00:00:00

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, AUG UST 28, 1856.

IRONWORKING AND THE APPLICATION

OF FUEL.

The following letter has been addressed to the editor
of the Times :--
Sir, —The beautifully simple process of Mr. Bessemer
in freeing molten iron from extraneous matter is one of
those inspirations of genius which only occur at rare
intervals, and which are still-born and forgotten, save
when the inventor happens to be endowed with a more
than ordinary share of perseverance and a sufficient
amount of hoarded capital. Now that the process is
before the public its very simplicity makes men marvel
more why it was not done earlier than at the successful
issue, pregnant as it is with a physical feature that will
save much "sweat upon man's brow," while working
changes of enormous magnitude for his future welfare.
Our manufacturing chemistry is in arrear of our me-
chanism. Means for the application of power we have
in abundance, but our processes for the development of
power are still as roundabout as the ironworking which
has grown up bit by bit. We dig up the coal which na-
ture has so abundantly stored in her huge cellars, and
we use it abut as scientifically as the savage who digs
up roots and devours them raw, forcing his stomach to
become a cook as well as a chemist.
The perceptive faculties of James Naysmith detected
the absurdity of setting a number of human beings to
stir up a metallic pudding in order to throw off the scum
in the shape of slag or cinder. His remedy was a me-
chanical one—to cause the mass to boil like a pot, by
forcing steam into it from below, the issue of steam be-
ginning before the molten mass was poured in so as to
insure against the stoppage of the passages. But steam
is not exactly fuel, and, instead of increasing, tends to
lower the temperature of the mass of iron. Mr. Bes
seiner applied air, .the food of fire, which permeated
the mass, and, in conjunction with the carbon of
the iron, intensified the heat and freed the miss from
"matter out of place." It was""reserved'" Ifr.
Bessemer to work out the process of turring to large
practical use a phenomenon known and noticed in many
ways by others destitute of the genius to turn it to
account. A piece of highly heated iron, he'd in
a strong blast of air, may be burnt away. Even in a
still atmosphere the rapid formation of scale is evidence
of combustion, and if a piece of highly-heated iron be
thrown down a deep vertical shaft it will arrive at the
bottom in a state of increased heat. It is merely revers-
ing the condition ; the iron traN els rapidly to the air in-
stead of the air travelling to the iron. In Mr. Bessemer's
plan the air is made to travel rapidly through the iron.
This improvement is analogous to the process of paper
making, when it ceased to be a mere handicraft, in its
ultimate results. The rags go into the paper mill at one
end and come out in miles of paper at the other—a con-
tinuous stream ; and when the results of Mr. Bessemer's
plans lead to their ultimate consequences something
similar will ensue in iron.
The ordinary process is to run the iron from th 3 ore in
the form of pigs—one heat ; then to melt it again and
form it into puddle balls—two heats ; then to form it
into blooms or oblong masses—three h -ats ; then to roll
it into common bars—four heats. So far for common
iron. For better iron the bars are cut into short lengths,
piled on one another, and welded into a mass—five heats;
then rolled into bar—six heats. And this process, ana-
logous to that of the baker in rolling oat, and beating
together, and again rolling out his dough, is sometimes
multiplied two or three times for a similar object, to
make the mass homogeneous, to get rid of cinder and
extraneous matter, with the difference that the flour-
kneader works on a cool material, and the iron-kneader
on incandescent material—an essential difference to the
human frame.

By Mr. Bessemer's process one heat suffices. The ore
is run out of the ordinary furnace, not into pigs, but into
a refining-pot, analogous to the puddling hearth. There
the heat is not wasted, but is increased, in the process of
burning away the superfluous carbon. The process being
complete, the metal is run out—malleable iron—into
any form required. When set, the same heat suffices
to pass it through the rolls and form it into bars, abso-
lutely homogeneous. The ore may enter at one end of
the mill and the bars go out at the other.
But now arises a new question. Rolls are cylinders of
iron, with grooves cut in them forming the profile of the
bar, and during its formation the bar passes through
several grooves in succession till the ultimate form is at
tamed. In bars of comparatively small size this is easily
accomplished ; but the process is a clumsy one. When
the bar has passed through one pair of grooves it is caught
up by men with pincers, and passed back again over the
top of the rolls prior to entering a second groove, and so
on. Thus two liftings of the bar are required for every
passage through the rolls ; time is lost, and sometimes a
second heating is required to complete the operation, by
reason of the loss of heat in wasted time.
In the ordinary rolls the cylinders are of considerable
length to afford room for the succession of grooves. This
practice necessitates a great diameter to insure strength;
but if only a single groove were cut in each roll the
strength would be comparatively greater. By placing a
train of rolls in succession, one before the other, the in-
got delivered from Mr. Bessemer's refining furnace might
pass on a rail to the first pair of rolls with its original
heat, and through them to the next, and so on till the
bar were complete, without being touched by hands.
Integral masses of metal not hitherto dreamt of may
by this process be rendered easy of production. And be
it rememeered that, other things being eqeal, in all me•
chanical structures diminution in the numb,r of parts is
a great comparative increase of strength. In wrought-
iron artillery, for example, the difficulty has been to obtain
homogeneous aggregation of numerous pieces. The weld-
ing up of parts in the ordinary moles of making iron is
juncture or contact without union, and the wrought
gun of the American Commodore Stockton, which burst
and killed several American notabilities, and the various
failures tried at Woolwich and elsewhere, are samples of
failure arising from the admixture of oxygenated scale
keeping parts out of union, just as the baker flours his
board to keep his dough from adhering. And the success
of the Mersey gun, male at great cost and with great
expenditure of time, must still be regarded as empirical,
till that or a similar one shall have been cut up
into transverse and longitudinal slices to verify its inter-
nal texture. The metal known as scrap iron is filled with
pores almost like some varieties of wood. Lowmoor and
Bowling iron are very hornogeneou e but their great cost
limits their use. Mr. Bessemer's process givee U 3 homo-
geneous iron at a cost below that of common iron. A
gun may now be cast in malleable iron of any conceivable
or moveable weight, and may be passed through rollers,
if desired to be fibrous, or may in the act of cooling be
increased in density by powerful hydrostatic pressure.
The manufacture of iron bars of good quality has here-
tofore been a compound process—production, subdivi-
sion, and subsequent addition in the form of welding.
The question of welding may now be considered as dis
pensed with in the make of bars, but it enters so largely
into subsequent operations that it needs analysis.
Welding consists in a partial fusion of two surfaces of
iron, which when brought into contact unite ; but to pro-
duce this fusion without oxygenated scale is a problem
yet to be solved, to make it a certain instead of an un-
certain process. The affinity of oxygen for heated iron
is so great that scale forms instantaneously by contact ;
but if the surface of the heated iron be hermetically
sealed in flame, the oxygen must perforce be consumed
before it can penetrate to the iron, and the iron will be
preserved unburned, just as the wick of an ordinary tal-
low candle is preserved unburned by the globe of flame
which surrounds it, but which instantly begins to con-
sume when protruded beyond the globe of flame. The
economical use of crude fuel in the furnace has led to
the use of crude fuel in the forge ; and, in addition to
the want of mechanical convenience, admixtures of sul-
phur and other extraneous matter have been mischievous
impediments in the process.
In producing a welding heat in a forge or furnace the
corners or thin parts are burnt away before the other
parts are heated, and in removing from the forge or fur-
nace to place under the hammer the exposed parts get
scaled by the oxygen of the air, even though it is sought
to cover them with a glaze of silica by throwing sand
on them, a deteriorating material in itself.
The next manipulation of the chemist teaches us the
remedy. For his experiments he discards the forge heat
of solid and commonly impure fuel, and takes to flame
or gaseous combustion, urged by the blowpipe. He can
thus direct his heat where he wills, and procure any in-
tensity he may require. That which is done on the
small scale can be done on the large ; the great welding
blowpipe would be simply inflammable gas and atmos-
pheric or oxygenated air under considerable pressure,
issuing in jets and uniting in intense flame where the
heat might be required, the jets being multiplied to any
extent and covering any amount of surface. The flame
covering the surface will prevent scaling, and, the junc•
tion being effected without withdrawing the flame, the
union will be perfect and homogeneous.
The performance of this mode of welding by carrying
the gas and air in flexible pipes to the spot where the
work is done, instead of the work being carried to the
forge, and the almost unlimited surface which may be
heated simultaneously, brings within our scope opera- .
tions not hitherto impracticable. Wo may weld together
the seams and other parts of our iron ships instead of
ivetting them. We may thus considerably reduce the
quantity of metal, while adding to the strength of the
vessel.

The value of the work done by Mr. Bessemer, not for
Great Britain only, but for the whole world, cannot at
present be estimated. The cheapening of iron, as well
as the improvement of its quality, will make it a sub-
stitute for timber and brick in buildings. But thero is
one other process we have yet to get at—so covering its
surface as to make it practically imperishable by the
agency of oxygen, hermetically sealing it with some sub-
stance impregnable to air and moisture.

Great as is the benefaction conferred on the human
race by this process, there is a class of men who will be
dissatisfied with it. It is the subject of a patent, and
probably patents. Sapporo it wale not so, by what pro-
cess would Mr. Bessemer be compensated for his labour?
The whole race of ironmasters and iron agents would
the inventor of the rolling mill, and the general public
laugh at him, and leave him to the condition of Cort,
would rejoice in cheap iron. The manufacturer and
iron merchant looks only to low cost price as a means
of increasing the sale and profits. Lie did not see that
the brain of the man of genius is a working element ; he
cannot weigh that by the ton, and he calls it monopoly,
forgetting, or possibly remembering, that his own mo•

nopoly lies in his large capital. But for the hoped re-
ward, the probability is that the inventor would not
have been stimulated to exertion, and the world would
have been without the invention. How is it that the
iron trade, with all their appliances and means, with
scarcely any need for outlay in the experiments, in their
large works, have left it to Cort and Bessemer to make
the great discoveries that constitute epochs ? Or will
they do any one of the great things that yet remain be-
hind ? In truth, the inventor, like the poet, actor, mu-
s,cian, painter, has a peculiar brain, as much so as the
man of business, only more rare in occurrence. The
man of business scoffs at him as a "schemer" while un-
successful—the money test being in his mind the only
test of success—and in thq event of success he is de-
nounced as a monopolist till the man of business gets
possession of his scheme, and then it becomes a "suc-
cessful speculation."

I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
W. BRIDGES ADAMS.

(From the Wolverhampton Chronicle.)
Mr. Bessemer's discovery of a method of making mal-
leable iron and "semi-steel" without subjecting pig iron
to the process of refining and puddling, by which a
large saving in fuel, and labour, and machinery will be
effected, continues to excite great attention in this
neighbourhood. In our last publication we give Mr.
Basemer'e account of his invention, as detailed at the
meeting of the British Association for Advancing Art
and Science at Cheltenham; and in ,our present paper
we furnish a further account of an experimental trial
which took place in London on Friday last. The opera-
tion was witnessed by a numerous company of gentlemen
connected with the iron trade, and pronounced success-
ful. Two conditions, however, were wanting to that
thorough fulfilment of the promises which Mr. Bes-
semer's invention holds-out, which may seem to require
some explanation ' • and this explanation it is now our
mrpose to afford. The exPeriment, for several good
reasons, took place in London ; but neither in London
nor its neighbourhood are blast furnaces or iron mills
and forges to be found. The operation, consequently,
was carried into effect upon pig, iron melted in a
cupola, instead of melted iron flowing from a blast
furnace; but this in no particular favoured the experi-
ment, for the bulk from which the contents of Mr. Bes-
semer's cylinder were taken being less than that of "a
charge" in a blast furnace, the heat, in all probability,
was less, and the metal, consequently, not so well pre-
pared for that admixture of atmospheric air by which
its high state of incandescence is acquired. The second
condition attaching to the experiment that could not he
fulfilled was the conversion of the contents of the cylin-,
der into bar iron. No attempt to do this could be made
in consequence of none of the machinery for the purpose
having been erected in connection with establishments
tor melting iron in the metropolis or its neighbourhood;
but the fact that malleable iron, fibrous iron, has been
made by Mr. Bessemer's process, is, we understand,
placed beyond doubt by the exhibition of bars that are
the result of the process. Thus the process would seem
complete, and the evidence of its completion before our
eyes. Still the discovery is so simple, yet so great and
unexpected, and the results so extensive and important,
that some amount of doubt as to its immediate per-
fection may be excusably entertained. There is not,
so far as we can understand, any chemical difficulty
whatever in the way of the invention. On the con-
trary, through its chemical action—that is, by
the infusion of compressed atmospherib air into
the mass of melted iron in the cylinder—it works
out the chemical change effected by puddling, and at
the same time suppled that mechanical motion in the
mass which the puddler with his long iron bar can only
with great labour effect. The liquid iron owing to the
intense heat gained literally boils, bubbles, and the scum
is cast off ; taken from the cylinder in this state it is
" semi-steel : " &lowed to remain a little longer, it
becomes, as thickened liquids after the evaporation of
portions of their aqueous contents often do, of a pasty
and stringy character—of that consistence that gives the
fibre to the iron. How this is effected is not quite clear.
We know the modus operandi, but the cau-e of the
change is beyond our view. In the case of Mr. Besse-
mer's iron it seems to be effected by intense heat ; in
the present practice the heat is less, and the exposure to
the influence of atmospheric air, modified cr changed by
its progress through the puddling furnace, would appear
to be greater ; for the surface of iron presented to atmo-
spheiie influence in Mr. Bessemer's cylinder cannot be
more than the superficies of its circumference. Hence,
in the two operations there is an important difference.
Whether that difference eads in precisely the same re-
sult, so far as obtaining malleable iron is concerned, is a
circumstance which only practice can substantiate.
Mr. Bessemer, in the present position of his discovery,
and the comparatively imperfect state in which it has
been submitted to the public, must expect to encounter
many doubts—doubts that only its general adoption
can solve. As may be guessed from our preceding re-
marks, some of these have already appeared, and have
received a most satisfactory and conclusive answer.
Another of these doubts is the character of the pig iron
which has been the subject of experiment. A writer,
who adopts the signature of "Iromnaster," wishes "to
know what the quality of pig was that he used in his
experiments ; whether it was cold air, hot air, mine, cin-
der, or any of these mixed," as a knowledge of this is
necessary to render the comparative loss by puddling and
" boiling" accurately known—and, of course, to some ex-
tent, the value of the invention. We have ourselves,
from good authority, heard of Shropshire pig iron of such
excellent quality that, upon being heated in a black-
smith's forge and hammered, it was, without puddling or
any other process, converted into excellent malleable iron.
We cannot here enter int) any description of the
qualities that constitute good iron further than to state
tha.z its ductility and capability of extension, either by
elongation or in breadth, or by both, with its anti-
laminating nature, are the constituent merits of high-
class iron. It is, of course, too soon to ask that Mr.
Bessemer should present us with specimens of iron of
the high qaality we have indicated. All that the terms
of his invention allo s us to require is that malleable
iron, produced from pig iron without puddling, should
be shown. And this is, indeed, a high require-
ment.in iron making will be super-
r. Bessemer's invention should
s
of fibrous iron. Improvements
spt
nerdoosedtdu caeTbOirtii
leoyiuosasf
,gitapoh
iwrenoeccdel principal,asissfesms and most expensive, and
would naturally follow ; and the cost of iron being re-
duced, its wonderful adaptability to the requirements and
the accommodations of life would be rendered more and
more evident as human ingenuity, ever progressing,
devised.

It has not been our purpose, as the reader will per-
ceive, to dwell upon the more immediate and pecu-
niary results of Mr. Bessemer's invention. We wish
to indicate its bearingsr not merely with regard to its
local or national, but its social results. We take it
fur granted tkat the cost of the production of iron
will be materially diminished, and the consequent ap-
pliance of it to many purposes yet unperceived take
place; hence a greater demand, a greater manufacture,
and greater employment. No useful invention has
ever diminished employment. A change of the mode
of employment has become necessary ; bat the more
re Wily that change bas been accepted the greater has
been the well-doing of the individuals concerned. In
the present case, so hard and so life-destroying is the
puddler's labour that we believe there does not exist
any serious objection to its relinquishment on the part
of very many concerned. Loss of human life, they
wisely think—and their own lives arc the lives con-
cerned—would be exhausted.

Experiments to test the invention wlll, we hear, soon
take place. It will be advisable that they should be as
numerous and as much diversified as circumstances will
ought invention is
tobeOtsno important that no citted, for by its capability
,n-
-ocpefeirvsmatabintieditneTgshtsethese tests its value fillet be ascertains f.
These tests, so far as we can judge, are likely to be
rigorous, yet fair, and, we may add, conducted with
every wish to find them successful. The theory of the
invention, so far as we can ascertain, is believed to be
perfect ; in its practice, beyond. the experimental range
of Mr. Bessemer, some difficulties are assumed, but they
are not considered to be insurmountable ; and while
the testing spirit is awakened, that of inquiry cannot
slumber—they must work together ; and we believe we
can say that experiments upon a scale calculated to
show whether the invention is one of limited or of
universal applicability will soon be undertaken. In a
few weeks we shall, upon safe ground, be able to speak
of one of the greatest inventions of the day ; and this
we might say upon the supposition that it proceeds
no further than its " semi steel process. For our-
selves, we do not quit it here, for we have faith ; we
believe that the contemplated experiments will verify the
statements of the inventor. _ _

We have yet a word to say. It is that the informa-
tion of the invention has not been received with dissatis•
faction by the working classes in this neighbourhood,

THE CASE OF HENRY CORY'S
DAUGHTEI?.

The following letter has been addressed to the editor
of the Times:—

Sir,—lf the request of a further brief xpace in your
columns is not an encroachment on the kindness which
inserted my late letter, I am anxious to state a few par-
ticulars which, besides their conneeti tri with the claims
of the individual sufferers in the Curt tragedy, have a
considerable public interest.
It is, perhaps, little known to those it mast con-
cerns—Cne recipients of small pensions—that out of the
pittance ordered in their original warrants 7 per
cent, has been commonly abstracted to aid in paying
the interest of several millions borrowed to discharge
the private debts of George I. and George 11. A
further benevolence of 6 per cent. was claimed fur
Westminster land tax, though it is difficult to the
inventor of the rolling-mill, and the general public to
discern the connection between this impost and a grant
of charity to deserving persons in some distant part of
the kingdom. Under the shadowy title of Exchequer fees
a further exhaustion of 7i to 12i per cent, depletes the
Crown gift 20 to 25 per cent. alogether below the nomi-
nal bounty—surety a strange series of arrangements for
distributing the charities of a great nation, especially the
last, which introduced a poor pensioner on the official
scene as a prize or booty to gladden the r C 8 angustee of,
we must presume, the under-paid servauts of the State.

How should we speak oe think of a private gentleman
who had a charity to dispense and bargained to eke out
his butler's and porter's wages by abstractions of two-
pences and threepences in the shilling ?
But it must, I conceive, be still less known that the
acts of Parliament establishing these deductions from
pensions and salaries on the civil list exempt all pee-
sions less than 1001. a year, and all' of the .nature of
charitable donations, whatever the amount ; and yet it
is the incredible fact that these exemptions have not only
not been attended to, but that the smallest charities
have been subjected to the heaviest fines. When, upon
the appeal of 16 bankers, merchants, and members of
Parliament, Mr. Pitt relieved the distress of Henry Cort
by a pension of 2001. a year, in 1794, five years after the
national benefactor had been pillaged by that Minister's
bosom friend, this bounty, both in the petition and in
the grant, was especially characterised as a charity, yet
the disobedient and inexorable official sponge wiped
away 401. yearly. On his premature decease, in 1800,
a pension of 1251. was continued to Elizabeth C rt, his
widow, on the report of the Controller of the Navy
(Sir Andrew Hammond) tbat herself and orphan family
were truly objects for national relief. This, surdy, was
a charity ; yet 1001. only was paid to her. Dying in
1816, two pensions -of 251. Os. each were accorded to
two unmarried daughters, and then, as if vi Motion were
the very rule of office, these pensions, which possessed
the double claim to exemption of both conditions, being
both charities and less than 1001. a year, were taxed
with increased deductions ; 191. per annum only
has been paid on each. The &rarity roll of the British
empire has taken public credit for 121. 12s. yearly which
it did not pay, and the sign manual of its Sovereign
stood before the world fur 40 years at a discount. of
morn than 25 per cent.
It is difficult to trace Vie commencement or the final
erect'on of these illegalities. Necessitous crecipients
needing these small sums were probw ly in no position
to make complaint, even had theyknown their grrev.
mice. The expensive re nedy provided in the respec,
tive acts—petition to the. Barons of the Exchequer—
was likely to swallow up the whole instead ofa part 'of
the pensions ; it might be natural to fear that a pension
granted during pleasure could be cancelled by dis-
pleasure, and thus the poor, who could least afford the
imposition, were only too glad to take what they conld
get out of a gift. From documents attached to the re-
port of a select committee on pensions, 1808 (reprinted
1838), it appears that the clumsy device for filtering
sub rosa certain charges of deduction out of other charges
had led to infinite troubles and irregularities. Inter
alia it is reported that numerous officers who were in a
position to help themselves had habitually paid to them-
selves their pensions or salaries in full for so long a
period that their utter ruin would have been the con-
sequence of the Exchequer surcharging them with de-
ductions legally due. The great fishes having broken
through the net of law, the small fry of poor pensioners
were, I presume, illegally grilled to' make good the 'de-
ficiency. What the powerful rich would not pay the
defenceless poor, the Corts, among the rest, IN ere made
to pay.

This narrative offers but a mean and disparaging pic-
ture of the almoners of the British empire up to the ac-
cession of William IV. At that time a nominal change
was made to remove the scandal and inconvenience of
such complicated intricacy, but a relation of the steps
taken to render illegal deductions permanent in the face
of new acts of Parliament declaring their abolition, and
which are still more inconceivable than the previous
regularity, would double the length of this already too
long letter. Should you consider its details of sufficient
importance to warrant their insertion, connected as
they are with the most enduring scientific and com-
mercial facts in the world's history, I shall then presume
to trouble you with the conclusion of the story.
I remain, Sir, your obedient servant,
Albany-street, Aug. 25. DAVID MIISHET.

[PRICE 4D. STAMPED 5D

THE WOMEN' FLOGGING IN MARY LE

BONE WORKUOUSB.

CONCLUSION OF THE INQUIRY.
Yesterday the poor law investigation as to the alleged
flogging of the females in Marylebone Workhouse was
resumed before Mr. R. B. Cane, the inspector.
A lar.fe number of the directors and guardians, and
the accused parties, were again present.
Chas. Wetherington was first sworn. He said, lam
19 years of age, and an inmate of Marylebone Work-
house. I know Mary Ann Sullivan. On the 22d July,
about one in the afternoon, I heard a scream, and on go-
ing into the yard to see what it was, I saw Mr. Ryan and
Green locking up two girls, Sullivan and Reynolds, in
the cells. Their shoes were taken from them. Mr. Ryan
went to the carpenter, and spoke to him, and the car-
penter then went and nailed s,me wood over the grating'
which lets the air into the cell in which Reynolds was
placed. About 8 o'clock that night I was in the yard
again, and saw Ryan and Brown go and unlock the cells.
Sullivan came out into the yard, and just as Reynolds
came out of the cell-door Brown struck her with his hand
on the shoulder. Sullivan then ran back to Brown, and
he caught bold of her by the hair of her head, and
dragged her by it into the cell, which Reynolds had just
le't. A little while after I saw Ryan and Green bring
another girl, namei Howard, take her shoes off, and
lock her up. About a quarter-past 10 the same night I
was in my ward and heard some one unlocking . gate.
I went out and saw Ryan go to the cells and tell Howard
and Sullivan to come out. They asked for water, and
said as they had been there all day without anything,
they might as well be there all night. On this R' an
ent to the mi idle of the lard and whistled, and then
Brown and Green came to the cells and pulled them
o I', Brown bad hold of Sullivan and Green of Ho Nerd.
They went up the yard, and I then saw Brown lift Sul-
livan completely off the ground by the hair of her head
with bith hands, and carry her in that way for same
yards. They then took the girls into the passage, and I
afterwards heard great screaming.
By members of the Board—l considered the conduct
of the porters very cruel, but I did not give evidence
before the board of guardians because I was not called.
By Brown—l will swear I saw you lift Sullivan off
the ground by the hair of her head with both your
hands. I did not see anyone strike Sullivan. She was
taken to the passage, and I then heard a lashing of
canes, and screams. I know they were canes, because
saw them in the hands of Brown and Green. Mr.
Ryan, I think, had a whip in his hands. I have been
in Maidstone Gaol for three months. I have been in
prison three times--once for assaulting Mr. Tubbs, the
relieving officer, and twice for felony.
Michael Hickey and John Butler, two other inmates
of the same ward, gave similar testimony. Hickey ad-
mitted that he had been in gaol for bad conduct. •
Mr. William Bsyd Musket examined—l am house-
surgeon of Marylebone Workhouse, and know Mary Ann
Sullivan, an inmate. On Wednesday, the 231 July, she
aske Ime to look at her back. I found she had weals
on her back and shoulders. She bad also a mark down
her right jaw, from which there was oozing of blood. I
made memoranda of the cases at the time. I have them
in my hand. There was also some extravas,tion of
blood, about the size of a crown piece, on the left
shoulder, and a bruise with suffused discolouration on
the inside of the right arm. She attributed these marks
to her having been flogged about 1E or 16 hours previ-
ously. The marks on back and shoulders were con-
sistent with that statement. I did not observe that the
marks on her back had been bleeding. My opinion as
to the blows, judging the marks is that they must have
been of a severe character, I cannot say that such
blows were inflicted with the stays on. I know Eiiza-
beth Edmonds. I saw her on the same morning.
Her back was in much the same condition as Sul-
livan's. I saw her back again on the 23tb, and the
marks bad then nearly disappeared. I know S•iphia
Howard. I was sent to see her on the same Wed•
nesday morning. She was in bed, and said she was ill,
when Sullivan and Edmonds told me she had been also
flogged. She was shy in allowing me to examine her, bat
I looked at her back and found marks similar to those
on Sullivan and Edmonds. I examined her again on the
28th, and found the marks presented a greenish die-
colouration. Howard had also some severe marks over
the forehead and nose, having the appearance of burns.
They were such marks as would be inflicted with a cane
or whip. I think they may have been produced with
the same instrument as the marks on the back. The
blows producing such marks as were on Howard's back
must have been of a severe character. She complained
of pain over the stomach from having been knelt on,
and as she had some amount of constitutional disturb.
ance I prescribed medicine for her. That might have
been produced independently of the flagging. She was
under my care two or three days, but I cannot say if
she kept her bed all that time.
By Dr. Gourley— I should think the marks more
likely to be rua le by a cane than anything else.
The witness having been cross-examined by the por-
ters, Brown and Green,
The Inspector said he would now hear any witnesses
Mr. Ryan or Brown or Green thought proper to produce.
Henry Balch, who was called by the mvter, was then
sworn. He said—l am superintendent of the kitchen.
On the 22d of July I heard Burchall, Edmonds, and the
girls making use of gross and violent language against
the master, wholly unfit to repeat. They were conspiring
to lay violent hands on the master, and do him it,jury,
and I felt it my duty to report it to him.
The Rev. Peter Moody, the chaplain, was also called
by the master to prove the character of the girls. Ed-
monds he knew as a girl of very bad character, but she
had conducted herself well under proper restraint. Her
general character is as bad as it could possibly be. He
was not particularly acquainted with Sullivau s charac-
ter, and of Howard he knew nothing. Had been obliged
to stop the service in chapel to seed Edmonds out.
Burchalt's character was equally bad.
Wm. Henry Collins was called by Brown. He said--
lam an inmate. I had charge of the gate leading to the
yard. About half-past 9on the night of the 22•1 July
I let the master and Mr. Brown and Mr. Green through
the gate. I taw Sullivan taken out of the first cell.
When she got out she laid hold of Mr. Brown. I never
saw Mr. Brown lift her up by the hair of the head, and
carry her any distance. Had he done so while they
were in the inner yard I must have seen it.
Green declined calling any witnesses.
The Poor-law Inspector said if either Mr. Ryan or
Mr. Green or Brown wished to make any voluntary
statements, either on oath or otherwise, they could now
do so. The master wished to make his statements on
oath, and Green and Brown were requested to withdraw
while be did so.

Mr. Richard Ryan was then sworn. He said—l am
roaster of Mazyli-ibone Workhouse. It is quite clear
from the evidenee that Sullivan, E lmonds, and Howard,
have been caned under circumstances of great provoca-
tion, but I gave no orders to the parties to use a cane,
and I never attempted to use a cane or whip myself.
That is all I have to say.
Charles Brown made his statement also upon oath.
He said—l was late night porter in Marylebone Work-
house. For several days previous to the 22d July there
had been an unusual amount of riotous and disorderly
conduct going on between the girls who had been exa-
mined and several others. In order to suppress this
conduct Mr. Ryan, on the 13th July, sent me notice
that it was necessary for me to do duty in the women's
yard from 2in the afternoon till 6. This was extra to
my 12 hours' duty at night. While I was on this duty
as many as 16 or 26 punishments by confinement in the
cells took place. On the evening of the 22d July I was
called upon by the master four times to render him as?
sistance. On the third time I told him I thought it was
necessary to have the assistance of Green, as the girls
seemed to be getting roasters over us, and that it was
necessary to have something with us for cur protection,
as the way in which I had been beaten and kicked
showed that some prompt measures were required to
put a stop to it. The blows given to Edmonds were
given during the time she was assaulting me. Sullivan
was not s'ruck by me at all. That is all I have to say.
Matthew Gree❑ was also sworn. He said—l ate day
porter at Marylebone Workhouse. On Tuesday, the
22nd July, about a quarter past 9, Mr. Ryan came to
my room and stated he wished me to come and get 10
or 12 girls in the yard to go to bed. I went with him
and Brown and stood in the passage near the women's
hall. I heard Mr. Ryan request the girls many times
to go to bed, and three or four voices reply that they
would not. In about 10 minutes they all jumped up,
some running one way and some the other. Mr. Ryan
then called me and Brown. They went after Edinoads
and BurchaP, and I across the yard to the passage
where were English, Lynch and some other girls. I
caught hold of English quietly and told her to go to
She crouched down in the corner, and 11 oen and Ed-
monds came into the passage. Brown said, "Now,
Edinonds, go to bed," when she squared like a man and
struck him three or four times in the breast. After a
scuffle she went to bed, and I took English upstairs.
After half-past ten, Mr. Ryan again came and asked me
to go with him to let Sullivan and Howard out of the
black-hole. Mr. Ryan called on Sullivan and Howard
to come out of the cells several times. They refused,
and swore and made use of filthy language. Ur. Ryan
then called me and Brown. I took Burcball by the
wrist to the passage leading from the men's yard to the
chapel-yard. She screamed " Murder," and threw her-
self du wn, and used filthy words. She kicked me so vio-
lently that I had three distinct scars on my left leg.
Mrs. Parktr cams up and took her acsay. I may say
that fn• several days previously the house had been iu
continuous uproar, caused up the girls, and I believe
Burchall and Edmonds were the ringleaders of the whole
atiair. I have nothing more to say, but in consequence
of the terrible and disagreeable duty which has occurred
here, and is likely to arise hereafter, I have resigned my
situation.

Mr. Cane here said, so far as he was concerned, the
proceedings were now concluded, and he had to thank
the directors and guardians for the use of the Board-
room, and for the facility they had afforded in ascertain-
iug the truth.
This protracted inquiry then terminated.

M. Vallette has appealed against the judgment sen•
fencing him -to restore to the Princes of Orleans three
yolames: gt autograph and unpripted manuscripts he-
Onging to the late Eli* Louis Philippe.