The Sun.
London, England, 1860-08-30 00:00:00

N LOND , THURSDAY EVEN EN G, ALTGITST 30, 1860.
THE SU, "

6111•111011111001.seallew
SOUTH WALES IN AUTUMN.
(SOAR]) and LODGING. —A LADY or TWO
SISTERS, wishing for a comfortable Home In a
beautiful and romantic part of South Wales, may be accom-
modated on very favourable terms.
For further particulars apply to Mrs. DURANT, S 5. New-
gate-street, City. London.

PUCATION.—Wanted, A YOUNG MAN.
I from 18 to 25 years of age, as ASSISTANT in a First
Class Private Academy in Oxfordshlre. Applications, with
Mr. And testimonials, to be ad4ressad to Alpha, care
ot Mr. WAXXACE BROWNLOW, 16, Claremont,place, Judd-
street. London., W.C.. •

GREAT WESTgRN RAILWAY.—
WARWICK RACES ,ou ;taw ftla and sth September.—
First and Se:ond Class RETURN Tiricwrs from PAD-
DINGTON to LEAMINGTON and AV'ARvv_telf. will be
available fipm MONDAY, 3d, until THURSDAY, 4,:ixeptit
September Inclaelye. Trains leave Paddington_ ia 6 a.m., g.'44
a.m. OA class), 9.45 a.m., (Fast), 11.45 a.m., 2.45 p.m., and
p.m. (Fast), up Tra‘ina frpm. Warwick at 7.57 a.m., 10 .10
Front
12.40 p.m., g.0".114, (34 PllrtEt3), q.,:;? p.m., and 7.12 p.m.
Leamington h7re minutes tat:q.

L)RESENTS.— ORNAMENTAL and SCIEN-
TIFIC.—ORNAICEUTR for the Drawing-room, Library;
and Dining-room, conslitthos *hew and elegant assortment
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he,tatiful inlaid Tables, Paper weights, AA, in ItalianfAlabas-
ter„ Itsarble, Bronze, Derbyshire Spar, Arz, Imported and
manutaetured by JAMES TENNA.NT, Mineralogist to her
Majesty, 149, gtand, W.C., London.
Mr. Tennant 4,7l,n,cres elementary collections of SHELLS,
SLINERA.LS, and FOSSILS, which will greatly facilitate
the jzteresting study of IatTE.4ALOGY, CONCHOLOGY,
and figOLOGY, at 2,5, 10, 20 50, 109
to guineas each.
pH/WV:IAL INSTRUCTION in GEOLOGY wad MINE-
RALOGI is ii-;_,yen by Mr. TENNANr. at It 9, ,5tr4,44.,

EXCUBSIOX TRAINS.

A little exercise of observation and reflectioa
will enable any man at ;.he present moment to dis-
cern the• action of a great revolution. It is a peace
s
ful revolution, certainly ; but, eiee'
working by convulsions or catastsoph,..es,,rch is not
sa is pro-
ceeding with extreme rapidity, and has already
modified the national character and social relations
of Englishmen. Mr. Disraeli once remarked that
railways would do more for England than monas-
teries had done, and the prediction has been verified
already. Has the reader ever thought of the effect
produced by excursion trains ? He has perused,
probably, the gigantic placards in which these
undertakings are announced, and observed that
anybody may be carried almost anywhere at the
rate of about ten miles for a penny, but has he ever
considered how the system must have operated ? It
has operated by fusing into one whole all the various
divisions of these islands, by effacing provincial
peculiarities, by introducing every county to the
knowledge of every other county, and by embracing
in its infallible effects every class of society. Com-
pared with these results the other effects of rail-
ways are as nothing. It is strange, no doubt, to
think that foreign- travel should have become so
common as to make Custom-house regulations a
topic of popular interest and the passport system „a
genuine grievance of Englishmen. it is rather sur-
prising to hear that the Rhine steamers, which used
to carry 20,000 passengers in a season, now carry
800,000. .Nearer home. it is curious to reflect that
Loch Latrine and Snowdon are now anybody's
money, and we hardly know anything more sug-
gestive than the fact that any Post-office clerk may
now go to Weymouth for his gratification, and live
in the very house occupied by King George 111.
But, though all this is very striking, it is perfectly
insignificant compared with the results of excursion
trains. Here is the real risevement—the great dis-
placement of masses, the momentous change of
level. The poorest artisan, the humblest domestic
servant, can now indulge in travel, and the oppor-
tunity is improved to the utmost. The develop-
ment of the system has been wonderful. It is not
merely that whole families of the middle classes
may migrate to the seaside or the lakes for their
month of recreation, but a few shillings, or even
pence, will transport anybody to a fresh scene.
The organisation of excursion trains now com-
prehends all the principal towns, or, in other
words, all the centres of industry in the kingdom.
The chairman of the Eastern Counties stated the
other day at the meeting of the company that 27
distinct branches of excursion traffic had been esta-
blished on that line alone. Think what this must
do in amalgamating population ! Think how the
practice of pleasure-seeking must have spread when
a single festival at the Crystal Palace brings up
70,000 people from the country ! It is the migra-
tion of a large city. The monster trains drop Lon-
doners in the country and bring countrymen up to
London. There are trains, again, between most pro-
vincial centres, and they stop at all intermediate
places. Not a nurse or kitchen-maid but can go to
her friends and visit her family or her acquaint-
ances. At the beginning of the present century
service at 60 miles' distance from home was almost
equivalent to separation for life. It now hardly
parts people for six months together ; and all this,
too, implies not only expansion of mind but im-
provement of position. Even travelling by an ex-
cursion train costs a shilling or two, and taaes up
a certain amount of time, so that every one of these
millions of passengers must have commanded a holi-
day and acquired the means of enjoying it.
The revolutions in places are as strange as those
affecting their inhabitants, and the most secluded
spots have been the first to change. Anything
primitive or picturesque operates instantly as an
attraction. A village possessing a natural cario-
sity finds a perfect treasure in it. The place is in-
undated by excursionists, who crowd its lodgings
and consume its stores, till new markets are opened,
and new hotels rise like Aladdin's Palace. The
rock, the hill, the well, the Druidical circle, the
waste moor, the haunted cavern—objects which for
centuries have been unknown beyond the immediate
district, are now advertised and exhibited in a re-
gular way of business, till the old-fashioned hamlet
becomes a distinguished place of resort. Strangest
of all are the revolutions along the coast. Our
seaport towns have been turned inside out. So
infallible and unchanging are the attractions of
the ocean that it is enough for any place to stand
on the shore. That one recommendation is suffi-
cient. Down comes the excursion train with its
thousands some with a month's range, others
tethered to a six hours' limit, but all rushing with
one impulse to the water's edge. Where are
they to lodge ? The old " town " is perhaps
half
,a mile inland, and turned as far away
from the sea as possible, for the fishermen
who built it were by no means desirous of
always looking at the sea or having the salt
spray blowing in at their windows. They got as
far back as they could, and nestled in the cliffs or
behind the hill for the sake of shelter and repose.
But this does not suit visitors, whose eyes are always
on the waves, and so a new town rises on the beach.
Marine Terraces, Sea Villas, " Prospect-lodges,"
" Bellevues," hotels,, baths, libraries, and churches
soon accumulate, till at length the old borough is
completely hidden, and perhaps only to be reached
by an omnibus.
Sometimes the people rather grumble at all this,
and complain of the strangers who increase the
price of everything. The Japanese are now raising
exactly this objection against European trade. But
it can never be otherwise than fortunate for a com-
munity to get good prices for its produce. If a mac-
kerel or a chicken costs twice as much as before there
is twice as much money to buy it with. When eggs
were cheap it was because pence -vere few. Take
the thing altogether, and it means only a more gene-
ral distribution of money. Visitors make trade
wherever they go, and often where there would be
no trade without them. Look at the trays bf little
curiosities on the jetty or thebes,ch, from the tempt-
ing piece of polished amber to the common-place
shell, with its descriptive label, "To be sold, in
consequence of the death of the late tenaat ;" look
at the marble knickknacks and the pebble brooches
—they would never' find customers except among
people on a bolyday. Fifty little trades are main-
tained by small pleasuring, for pleasuring in the
end means spending, and where money is spent
there is always somebody who gains.
But where does all the money come from ? That
is one of the most wonderful things of all, and we
commend it to Mr. Bright's attention when he next
reflects on the resources and taxation of England.
Cheap as travelling ia, it costs something, and yet
the luxury is indulged in by every class, down to
the very humblest. It is beneficial, beyond a doubt.
The man who sets aside a portion of his earnings for
the yearly holyday gets a return for his money. He
finds his account in improved health and spirits, in
confirmed strength, and in a longer lease of useful-
ness ; but still the proceeding is optional, and its cost.
must be defrayed out of something like a surplus.
It is not yet a necessary of life. The city trades-
man makes a good investment in airing his brains
with the atmosphere of the Lakes, or the exhilarat-
ing breezes of the German Ocean ; but before he
can invest his money he must have earned it, and
the diversion can only come after more imperative
calls have been satisfied. Now, what must be the
wealth of a country where so enormous a portion
of its population has not only enough, but to spare ?
Let any tourist during these holyday months look
around him, and then think in what a revolution
of things he is participating, and what a prodigious
amount of prosperity the facts imply.—Times.

1R ELA ND,

DUBLIN, TUESDAY 1119RNING.
STATE OF THE LABOUR MARKET.
The Northern Whig of yesterday gives a grftti-
lying report of the state of the crops in that guar-
ter. It says:—
" On the whole, after all the vat logs finnqs
p 1 sor-
row chanted so dolefully on the subject, WO sop-
plies are likely to be given with no sparing •hand,
and in the highest clash of cereals the yield promises
to exceed the average of the last four 'yeara."
But then, it seems, a grave qeestion stands mit
for consiiiesatioass,4olol-y? P4P.prolP:bie scarcity of
hands to gather in the bdantiea Of pe4ioppe, A
gentleman," continues the Belfast paper,
F‘ -Who was travelling some time ago round the
aoaP):l6t 91 Dowltj sNt9 _tl}4,,t fr ..11'firisc(1 to
rep Po M4PY sMaO-1194sfs fq e VQPg tlipcoAnty.
Some of these hp found roofless t ethers in a partial
state of dilapidation, • wit)i flqqs tIo x:fipqo,l,7s
—in fact, seeming as the
,and of de-
bronZ
there were two Al} ttispp nOnbabited honses beat.-
vastator had a 1.17, Ing.y at work. In one case where
ing the evidence of havinj once heEn the homes pf
small farmers, he fennel .q 4144117 'Pia iota foFtneF
occupants had gone to America, and fhat the pur-
chasers of the outgoing tenants'.goodwill were not
permittal to nap the bp4sco haman hatiltatfotia.
In this country a similar praptipe has been going on
under the adeefaistraapp el the Less liberals:4ld more
selfish landowners' property. vast ialinabera of
steatiy, industrious labourers have been gradoally
kither dri•Fen to se4 homes in the different towns
pY~F4§tiPss.ehl Pt nictouqior-i 1144,w0u move.; have
emigrated to distan.t lands, and are now enriching
those soils by the exercise pt' that ipditstaT which
eion).d harp been so well employed io the isle of their
birth, 'h resnit this wretehed nol; ~ev or! the
part of one acetic% or the husdOeraci, uc carried
out, in the tirat Instast9,o7 frem the selfish dread of
increase of poor-rate taxation, has Ifeeo to thin
,the rusre-441stricts of a most valuable class of indm-
trials, and to eansP IsPi4;4l-1§ disarrangernonts of far-
ruers' operations in all times of exi'ra sl9rriand for
labour. sioutOp supplies of labour are just as neces-
sary for the advantage of the rarity as they are cos.
the sncsess of the factory, and apart frem the
cruelty of this e*tsrinating process the extension
of its power will e.§sgredly prose a patlorial
calamity." • •
MR. SMITH O'BRIEN ON VOLUNTEERS.
Probably regarding himself as an authority on
any question relating to the arming of a people,
Mr. Smith O'Brien again appears in print for the
purpose of laying before the military world his
views upon the Volunteer movement now in pro-
gress in Great Britain. The ex-leader has ad-
dressed the following long letter to the honorary
secretary of the Dublin Association, which, .it
seems, still keeps up its skeleton staff, despite the
positive declaration of the Government that there
is no present intention ofputting defensive weapons
into the hands of the Irish people at large :
" Caernioy le, Newcastle West,
Aug. 25,. 1860.
"My dear Sir,—l have to thank you for the
papers relating to the • Volunteer Movement,'
wh:eli you have placed in my hands.
" I take for granted that you have sent them to
me with a view to elicit my opinion in reference to
the question, now so much debated, whether the
people of Ireland ought or ought not to take mea-
sures for the levy of a Volunteer force.
" I am happy to be able to tell you thst I have
viewed with much satisfaction the manifestations
of a desire on the part of a highly respectable por-
tion of our countrymen to enrol a national force,
composed of men belonging to all parties, and pro-
fessin-, different creeds, for the defence of this
island.°
" I have at all times thought that military train-
ing ought to form a portion of the education of
the youth of every country ; and that young
men arriving at manhood should be stimulated to
accustom themselves to the me of arms and to mili-
tary evolutions. Not only does such training give
a manly bearing to the person of a young man, but
it tends to develope vigour of character, to engen-
der habits of order founded upon discipline, and
above all, to nurture a spirit of self-reliance.
" The Swiss Confederation realises, more nearly
perhaps than any other country, the idea that I
have formed of the results which may be expected
from the organisation of a national force, by encou-
raging the military training of the inhabitants of
the country. If I have been rightly informed,
Switzerland, with a population of little more than
two millions, can place under arms, at a fortnight's
notice, an army of 250,000 men. The consequence
is that Switzerland, though comparatively power-
less when measured in point of strength and national
resources with some of the great Powers of Europe,
has yet been able to preserve an attitude which
commands the respect of all mankind.
" When I was in America last year it gave me
great satisfaction to find myself surrounded, not
only in New Yark and in other cities of the United
States, but even in Canada, by Irishmen who were
formed into military companies corresponding to
the volunteer force which we desire to establish in
this country. How much more intense would be
my satisfaction if I could see 10,000 men under arms
in the city of Limerick, arrayed in regiments repre-
senting the manhood or the counties of Limerick, of
Clare, and of other districts, of which Limerick is
the natural capital. How proud would be our
'exultation if we could witness a review of 50,000
Irish volunteers in the Pheonix•park of Dublin ?
• " To me it seems that it is not necessary or de-
sirable that hostility to any other country in the
world should be connected with the motives which
induce us to desire the formation of a volunteer
force in Ireland. In England the movement appears
to be founded upon an apprehension of France.
Now, while I respect much the national ardour
which has been excited both in England and Scot-
land in reference to the formation of a volunteer
force, I do not think it necessary to imitate our
neighbours in the disposition which they have
evinced to cherish in connection with this movement
a spirit of hostility towards France. The Emperor
of the French disavowt; the intention imputed to
him of invading England. The French press dis-
avows it. I have recently travelled through a con-
siderable, section of France, and have conversed with
a very large number of Frenchmen. Ail of those
with whom I so conversed disavowed the desire of
quarrelling with England which is imputed to
them. We have, therefore, no right to assume that
the French or any other nation intend to invade
England or Ireland. But we have a right, and it
is our duty, to take care that we shall be prepared
for any eventuality that may arise, and that the
safety of oar domestic hearths shall not be left to
the mercy, nor shall be dependent upon the protec-
tion of any people under the sun except the Irish
nation.
"If an invasion of what is called the United
Kingdom,' were really impending,
it would be for
the interest of the people of England that the in-
vader should be attracted to our shores rather than
to the shores of England ; it would be for their ad-
vantage that the Irish nation should be divided
into two hostile camps, rather than that we should
be united, and by such union should become arbiters
of the destiny of the empire. It is not surprising
to me, therefore, that our shores should be left de-
fenceless, and that our people should be prevented
from taking steps which would discourage, if they
would not prevent, an invasion by the formation of
a Volunteer force composed of the united strength
of the Catholic and Protestant population of Ireland.
" For myself, I can truly say that there is not in
Ireland a single person who would more earnestly
than I deprecate an invasion. It would produce
results exactly opposite to those which I desire to
attain. It would introduce massacre, and plunder,
and conflagration, and proscription, and confisca-
tion, and civil war into the heart of our country,
whereas it is my desire that the Irish should enjoy
peace, and order, and unity, under a national Go-
vernment, and that, in regard of external polity,
they should preserve friendly relations, not only
with England, but with all the rest of mankind.
" I feel assured that nothing would tend so much
to produce these results as-an indiscriminate arm-
ing of the Irish nation. The only event in our
recent history, to which all Irishmen look back
with pride, is the Volunteer movement of 1782.
The formation of a national force for the pro-
tection of this island against all its foes had at that
time the effect of bringing into kindly co- operatiOn
elements which had been previously
antagonistic to
each other ; and I believe it to be a mere pretext—
a pretext insulting to us as a nation—to tell us that
we must be treated as children, to whom sharp-
edged implements are denied lest they should injure
each other, and that, while the population of Eng-
land and of Scotland are encouraged to prepare
themselves for the defence of their country, we are
to be denied the first privilege of freemen—the
right of bearing arms—because we .shall employ
these arms in butchering each other.
" On the contrary, I feel convinced that if the
Protestants and Catholics of Ulster were in the
habit of associating together under a common
standard, as members of a volunteer force, such
unhappy incidents as that which occurred a few

weeks ago in the county of Armagh would never
take plane,
" In this parL of Ireland the Catholics would form
a largo majority of the Volunteer force, and I feel
convinced that they would take their places side by,
side with their Protestant neighbours without giv-
ing cause for jealousy or disunion ; and that, what-
ever may be their feelings
Teivectively towards
Pr Vfance, they would both stand toge-
titer for the defence of Ireland—their conantoA hotne.

,f.-Now with respect to the Nest uic,de of evoking
the nattqual teclino on the F,ulaieet of volunteering,
it SPOMS tp me to he very desirable that, as tqe
forge is to be altogether of a lop' 0-itailetg,
o.4'tilc! 0!) "-PT seal nature,
lealopsi.q! w)glit ~iyc it it were supposed that the
whole of this national 'ketire to be placed
under the control of a Central clique in Dublin. I
would, therefore, recommend that in each c,o4n.ty
the most influential resident§ tohollici got up A re-
quisition to the WO; Shetiff by which Ito should
lie invited to call n county mectiAg for the purpose
Of taking measures Felitriitiary to the formation of
a Ycll.pitc.,;er
" I take for granted that the (imm-
inent would not veuture to resist the waited wish
fit' till classes of the population of Ireland t but
if it should have the audacity to proscribe as a
crime in
_lreland that which is encouraged as a
virtue Angland and Scotland, the Irish nation
have the remedy in their owil, '4'he Q4iSt •
ing law 4,e; livovirat i,o'diyiduals, except in
prltu
(iciaed 4i§tnets,"from learning the la A a 4rio.
The law prohibits repiruent;; ti..oAin,?.,lp,tit it does
nqt upon th 9 practice. lay_indi-
vidualS 'Of the act of rifle ‘ile.gtlq;4, and I conceive
that any numb,,,,,,r peons may meet to try 6;04
shill as -piarlcsmen. Let the leading (4e4tlenaeu of
Ireland, without distincftAn ai party, 4.fer prips
fqr In riffs shooting: and,. its easii of
tt4arrye.ctoomvpaytile; woilld eth;eted without difficulty
need, the u4'gq,niSaffi.CT, Ostl.olz ;:i‘.-,,oeri into mill-
in tew iyeeks, perhaps in a few days,
" If any effort should be. ;;i1,40 bj, (he Ueda-
shpu:
esphsec4at
?l
attempts
iremilirhlt7o4lll:4tafc, :hopi
laeersisn:itiaaoatiwsiloolt!ia:
oti,
iwouldatsit ventures
ri es jemntot
dange-
rous to contravene the wishes of an united people.
"I have the honour to he yew obedient servant,
WILLIAM S. O'BRIEN.
Mr. William Richardson, Hon. Secretary
to the Volunteer Association,"