The Sun.
London, England, 1860-01-09 00:00:00

TRAMWAYS IN THE CITY.

The expediency of laying tramways along the
principal traffic routes of the city having been fre-
quently brought under the consideration of the
Commissioners-of Sewers, Mr. Heywood, their en-
gineer and surveyor, was directed to report upon
the subject generally, but more particularly with
reference to a proposal submitted by Mr. John B.
Redman.

Mr. Heywood has accordingly presented an able
report, in the course of which he says that in great
towns the advantages of tramways may be thus
stated :

Firstly,—The diminution of friction, the conse-
quent facilitation of the draught of vehicles, and
reduction of the strain on horses.
Secondly,—The diminution of noise and vibra-
tion, and the increased comfort, both to travellers
and inhabitants, consequent thereupon.
Thirdly,—An increased duration of surface, the
consequent diminution in the frequency of surface
repairs, with the inconveniences attending repara-
tions.

In addition to the foregoing, they are very use-
ful in streets having much pedestrian traffic, where
the footway space is small; they prevent to a large
extent the splashing from the wheels of vehicles,
are always cleaner and drier than ordinary pave-
ments, and are more readily kept clean by the
scavengers.

" For many reasons, therefore, the adoption of
tramways, where practicable, in largo crowded
cities, is desirable.

" 'Within the City of London and elsewhere in
the metropolis, the Commercial-road excepted,
they, until recent years, applied in narrow streets
only, lines for both wheels being laid where but a
single carriage of traffic could pass. A few years
ago the rapid degradation of the breasts and chan-
nels in certain important thoroughfares, caused by
the near wheels of vehicles travelling upon the
same track, induced me to lay down in some of them
a single line of tram-stone next to the kerbs ; the
main object was to obtain increased duration, and
the avoidance of frequent reparation in streets so
thronged, and the improvement in that respect has
been considerable ; but owing to their being laid
upon one side only, the other advantages before
enumerated are only realised in a minor degree.
" The traffic in those streets is now such as to
render it difficult to maintain even those tramways
in a good condition for a long period. The wheels
have cut grooves in the edge of those in Fcnchurch-
street, averaging three-quarters of an inch in depth,
within a period of twelvemonths. The same has
occurred in Leadenhall-street in a much shorter
space of time ; and in other places, where the ordi-
nary paving only is laid, it seems that the tram-
stones and channels will have to be replaced every
year, if they are to be maintained in a thoroughly
good state of repair.
" The granites used have been those of Devon-
shire or Aberdeen, but chiefly the latter ; those
having been considered the hardest which could be
used consistently with safety. In the present year
tram-stones of Guernsey, of less width than those
usually laid, were put down in the Poultry, next
to the kerbs, and their duration will certainly be
greater than that of the other materials, but
nevertheless in six months a very perceptible
wear has taken place upon their edges. Now,Guern-
sey is the hardest granite in the London market,
and if that is also rapidly worn away, I know of no
other which could be had recourse to in the hope of
a greater durability.
" Therefore the adoption of the hardest material
which the safety of the traffic will admit of becomes
a matter of necessity, and iron at once suggests it-
self for the purpose ; the fear that it may prove
seriously slippery has been the only obstacle
hitherto to its employment. The same fear has
operated against the employment of Guernsey
granite ; and that both are more so than the De-
vonshire sr Aberdeen is probably the case; but the
experience of practice is wanting to justify the fear
that their employment is not consistent with safety.
The question, indeed, should be put beyond specu-
lation, and a trial of both be made, more especially
as the iron carriage-way pavement laid down a
short time ago in Leadenhall-street was certainly
not more slippery, if so much, as the ordinary pave-
ments in use ; and Guernsey granite has been em-
ployed on a tramway extensively for 30 years past
upon the Commercial-road without more danger
having been observed to arise from its use than
from the other granites ; whilst at Liverpool, a
material which takes as high a polish as marble is
employed for a similar purpose : and granites
harder, and far more liable to wear slippery than
Aberdeen, are used for pavements of the streets of
many of the northern towns.
" The tramway proposed by Mr. Redman is
formed of hollow boxes of cast iron, each box being
six feet in length, two feet in width, and nine
inches in depth, their thickness being at the sides
half an inch, and at the tops and bottoms, one and
a quarter inch. The surface upon which the
wheels are to travel have raised projections
of a diamond pattern, the diamonds being about
three inches square, and set diagonally upon the
line of draught. The space between the diamonds
is one inch, and the depth three-quarters of an inch,
and the whole surface therefore covered with a re-
ticulation of grooves, which, from their proportions,
are not likely to render the way less valuable in re-
pect to traction, but nevertheless will diminish the
chances of slipping, should a horse get his foot upon
them.

" As to Daration.—The tramway in the Ceinmer-
cial-road, laid in 1829-30, is principally of Aber-
deen and Guernsey, the proportion ef the former
being the largest. The length of tramway is alto-
gether two miles of wheel track ; the annual traffic
to which it has been subject, I assume to have been
about 118,000 vehicles, the tires of their wheels
varying from 2 to 9 inches, the latter width being,
ho -;ever, exceptional, and the velocity from 31 miles
to 7 miles an hour. The loss upon the Aberdeen
stones, including, that worked off in the periodical
reparations, has been found to be four miles and a
half in the 30 years, and the stone may therefore
be taken as worn out in that time. The loss upon
an iron plate, subject in every respect to the same
usage, has been about one-fifth of an inch in 9 years,
which is equal to a loss of one inch in 45 years. It
is assumed by Mr. Redman that one surface of his
tramway will endure for 24 years, that it will then
turn, and the face endure a similar period, its total
scrvice being 48 years, and this assumption seems
supported by the data quoted.
" As to Safety.—This is undoubtedly one of the
most important subjects of inquiry, and is, unfortu-
nately, not so capable of the same determination as
other points, for no experiments that I am aware of
have been made that do more than give general
assistance in arriving at a correct conclusion.
But under most circumstances of situation or con-
struction, although there may at times be a degree
more slipperiness than upon granite. Ido not ap-
prehend danger from the cast-iron trams designed
by Mr. Redman.
" As to Cost--Upon investigation it appears that
the first cost of the iron (in taking present prices)
will be about 50 per cent more than that of the
granite, but against this must be set the increased
duration, which is also 50 per cent. more, whilst
the cost of repairs of the granite would five or six
times exceed that of the iron. The application of
iron to this purpose being however so limited, satis-
factory data as to its cost must be said to be wanting
and opinions must be formed to a large extent by
analogous considerations, but the figures before given
seem to me capable of being supported, and they re-
sult in proving the cast iron to have an economy
superior to the granite. Upon a review of the sub-
ject under the heads of duration, safety, and cost,
the advantages of the iron seem to be such as to
render it highly expedient that a sufficient tria
should be made of it."

Mr. Heywood thus concludes his report :
" Under all circumstances I beg to recommand
that about from 1,200 to 1,500 feet of Mr. Redman 's
cast iron tramway be laid experimentally in Fen-
church-street, or Leadenhall-street, in single lines
next the kerbs, those being placed where reparation
must be made in the approaching spring, and where
front the severe nature of the traffic, the several
heads of security, duration, or cost, can be advanta-
geously tested and studied. This can be done cer-
tainly with but. little, if any pecuniary loss, and I
believe with positive gain, and information will be
obtained in which no public body in the metropolis
is so much interested in acquiring as your honour-
able commission.—l have, &c.,
" WILLIAm HEYWOOD, Engineer and Surveyor."

A BICH: ESMATD ON 1' IRE.—Whin the parties
went into the vestry of the old church at Brighton on Tues-
da3 , after the wedding of the Rev. J. Imago and Miss
Laurance. the dress of the sister of the bride caught fire
from the stove, and a groat deal of it was consumed, but
fortunately without any fuither injury.—West Sussex
Gautte.

[A DVEUTIS DM ET.]- Holloway's Pills.—These Purifying
['ills 11.0,-e ibr the last quarter of a century been in extensive
demand throughout our whole Indian empire, and since their
first introduction here they have been largely patronised by
all classes of society, and are by those most capable ofjudging
Pronounced to be better adapted for the diseases here pre-
vailing than any medicine ever before imported into this
country. In Ague, Fever, both remittent and continued, this
priceless preparation checks the current of the disease, throws
out the poison from the system, corrects the humours malaria
has produced, rouses the nervous system, stimulates the kid-
neys, gives a healthy action to the skin, and restores the
balance of the circulation, the fotuulation of Health.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE—.Tan. 7.

GUILDHALL.—SINGULAR. AFFILIATION CASE.
—Mr. Charles Lutge, cigar merchant and tobacco-
nist, of St. Martin's-le-Grand, was summoned before
Sir R. W. Carden and Alderman Wilson, to show
cause why he should not be adjudged the father of
an illegitimate child.
Mr. Humphreys, jun., of the firm of Humphreys,
Son, and Morgan, appeared for the defence.
Margaret Farrell, a decent-looking Irish girl,
said—l was delivered of a male child in August last,
of which the defendant is the father. I met him
first in Nov., 1858, at the General Post-office, where
I was waiting for a letter I was expecting, when he
spoke to me. He afterwards took me to a house in
Shoe-lane, where the intimacy which resulted in
the birth of the child commenced. He took mo
there four times, and promised to marry me. I went
to his house in St. Martin's-le-Grand afterwards,
and he gave me money; and upon discovering I
was in the family way, I went there again with a
letter informing him of the state I was in, and that
I should swear the child to him if he did not do
something for me. The shopman said he was not
at home, and I therefore waited till he returned,
and then went into the little room at the back of
the shop. I gave him the letter, and when he read
it he threw it at me. I threw it back, and went
out of the shop. I have no one here from the house
in Shoe-lane, as the only person I remember seeing
there is a servant who has gone to Paris.
Cross-examined—Since then I have been in the
service of Mr. Hinton, of Highbury-barn. When I
came to London a female in the train recommended
me to a coffee-shop in Holywell-street, but as that
neighbourhood had a bad character, the landlady
recommended me to have my letters addressed to
the Post-office, and I afterwards went to live in
Cecil-street.

Mr. Humphreys—l should like to reserve any
further cross-examination of the complainant at
present, as I find she does not live at the address
given in the summons. My client is a most respect-
able gentleman, and has been a married man for the

last 25 years.
Sir R. W. Carden—There is not a scintilla of
evidence, and I do not think from what I have
heard, that your client ought to let the case rest
here. Ido not think we ought to call upon him to
be sworn.

Mr. Humphreys—Mr. Lutge is perfectly willing
to be sworn, as ho instructs me that this complaint
is a perfect fabrication.

Alderman Wilson (to eomplainant)—The de-
fendant is summoned as a witness on your behalf.
Do you wish him to be examined ?
Complainant—Let him be sworn, and see then if
he will deny being the father of my baby.
Mr. Charles Lutge was then sworn, and said—l
do not know this young woman. I have never
spoken to her, but I cannot swear I have not spoken
to any female like her outside my door. I never
took her to a house in Shoe-lane. I do not recollect
any woman bringing me a letter six months ago,
or at any other time, and my throwing it at her. I
have not the least recollection of anything of the
kind. I never in my life received a letter from a
woman accusing me of being the father of her child.
I have a little parlour at the back of my shop, as
the complainant has described.
Sir R. W. Carden—l think it desirable to have
the/shopman here.
Mr. Lutge—He can come if you adjourn the case,
but we cannot both be away together.
Sir R. W. Carden—But your wife can take care
of the premises while he conies here.
Complainant—He has a little boy there also, sir,
for he used to tell me not to speak loud because the
boy might hear me.
Sir It. W. Carden then directed that the young
man should be fetched, and Inspector Everett
started off immediately to bring the shopman, who,
when he was sworn, gave his name as
George Cole, and said—l am in Mr. Lutge's em-
ploy. Ido not know the complainant.
Sir R. W. Carden—Now, pray be cautious, as
you me required to speak only the truth.
Witness—l fancy I have seen her before. I have
never spoken to her that I am aware of, nor she to
me. Ido not recognise her at all.
Sir It. W. Carden—Let me caution you again.
Remember, you are on your oath. You need not
hesitate. You must know if she has been to the
shop before.
Witness—lt is my belief I have never seen her.
I think I have seen her once. It was about six
months ago. She asked to see Mr. Lutge, who
was not in, and she said she would eall again, and
she did so in half an hour, and she went into the
little parlour at the back of the shop, where Mr.
Lutge was. She had a letter in her hand, which
she took in with her.
Sir It. W. Carden—Let me impress upon you
the nature of the serious oath you have taken.
You commenced by saying you had never seen this
woman, and you now say you have seen twice in
one day.
Witness—But lam not sure this is the same
woman. I will not swear it was not she who
called. The woman was like her.
Sir R. W. Carden—Did you know your master
was here to-day ?
Witness—l did not, sir.
Sir R. W. Carden—Has axy one told you he
was under examination this morning at this
court ?
Witness—No one, sir.
Sir R. W. Carden--Be careful, and try and re-
collect.

Witness--A Mr. Evans came in, but he had not
time to speak before the inspector arrived. Ho did
not tell me what I was to say here.
Mr. Humphreys—l can vouch for the fact that
Mr. Lutge has communicated with no one since he
was first sworn, except with me.
Sir It. W. Carden—l do not impute such a thing
for an instant, but it seems Mr. Evans has been
rather over anxious, for his friend must have been
very fast to get there before the inspector.
Witness cross-examined—There are occasionally
begging letters brought by women, but my master
generally refused them. He does not take these
women into the little parlour.
Mr. Humphreys—l am glad this young man has
been called, as he corroborates Mr. Lutge's state-
ment.

The complainant was then examined as to a sum
of £l2 which she appeared to have in the savings
bank, the whole of which having been paid within
the period of 21 days. Her account of it was, that
£6 was her own savings, which on leaving her situa-
tion she put by to meet the expenses of her ap-
proaching confinement, and that she wrote to her
uncle Hogan, a farmer in Ireland, stating she was
in distress, who remitted her the remainder of the
money in sums of £1 at a time.
Sir It. W. Carden did not believe her statement,
and ultimately decided that there was no evidence
upon which to make an order, and the case was
therefore dismissed.

LAMBETH.—A VISIT TO TUE CANTERBURY.
George Wray, a wiry-looking fellow, who had been
formerly a sergeant in the 44th Regiment of Foot,
and who is at present a corporal in the 2d West
Cork Militia, was charged with disturbing the per-
formances at the Canterbury Hall, and also vio-
lently assaulting Bob Bains, the well•known water-
man, and Sergeant Knowler.
It appeared that all remonstrances having failed
to restrain the prisoner from annoying the com-
pany and interrupting the music, ho was told he
must be put out, upon which he said he should be
glad to see the person who could do it. Bains pre-
sented himself as the man, but he had more than his
work to do, and was very roughly handled.. Ser-
geant Knowler then assisted, and in his efforts to
get the prisoner to the station, he had a fall which
very seriously injured his right eye and right side
of his face.

The magistrate convicted him in a penalty of £3,
or six weeks, remarking that but for his former
good character it would have been much more.

LAWYERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.—Mr. D. Ba-
bington Ring, barrister, recently of tho Western Circuit, and
lately residing at Mannamead, Plymouth, but now of Bri-
tish Columbia, has had unpleasant differences with the At-
torney-General of that colony. Mr. Ring, on the authority
of a Mr. Wright, accused the Attorney-General (Mr. Cary)
of having violated some rules of the bar, which he had him-
self proposed and carried. Mr. Cary called Mr. Ring to ac-
count for this, and charged him with having circulated
slanders. Mr. Ring stated his authority, but denied that he
had circulated the complaint, because he had confined it
strictly to members of the bar, who were parties to the rules
alleged to have been violated, and ho offered to leave the
dispute to be settled by third parties. Mr. Cary refused the
reference, and demanded the unconditional withdrawal of
the charge, adding some offensive terms. Thereupon Mr.
Ring sent to Mr. Caryanolaborateletter, by a friend which
concluded thus :—" If, therefore, by the hands of Mr. Ba-
netson, who bears this letter, you do not retract the offen-
sive terms used towards me, although I shall denounce you
in the most public way as a slanderer of me, I desired to be
spared from adding coward." The Attorney-General refused
both the demand and the challenge carried by the bearer—
thereupon Mr. Itingproceededtoadvertise him in the news-
parstJppeetts
t,
ha heis mhra. dcthreatenedititend dettl.et
tneol
eusn
of
fe dt
hhei m as a cower .1.
Mr. Ring, and caused him to bebound over inpLeascoeoatogakienespt
the peace. There it should have ended, but, Mr. Cary was
anxious to vindicate himself, and again rushed into print
with a letter of explanation, the substance of which was that
in the course he had taken he had acted under the advic e
of friends. This called forth a letter from Mr. Ring, in
which he re-stated the whole case. Other letters were pub-
lished, one signed "D. Macaulay," and addressed to "D.
B. Ring, Esq., banister," strangely illustrative of colonial
life, wherein the writer, as the friend of Mr. Cary, accepts
the challenge of Mr. Ring, " with either of the following
weapons :--Rifles, 80 yards, two shots ; shot guns, 40 yards,
two shots ; pistols, 30 yards, two shots ; bow (six feet) and
arrow, 50 yards, three shots ; bowie knife, in a dark room."
The writer adds—" Having an utter contempt for you per-
sonally, I send you this challenge through the press."
Hero, at the departure of the last news, this pretty quarrel
rested.