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THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 9, 1860.

FRENCH CUSTOMS'.

tions, both to young and old, but also by those
excellent prayers so extensively used by Christian
people of all sects, entitled " A Guide to Family
Devotion." The rev. gentleman concluded by a very
impressive application of the circumstances to his
hearers individually.
A body of children, who had been arranged under
the gallery for the purpose, then sang very sweetly
what has been called "The Children's own
Hymn :"

Owing to the wording of the tariff of French
Customs published in Paris at the commencement of
this year, some perplexity still prevails as to the
existence of a differential duty against iron and
other goods imported into France from British
vessels. The list is headed,—

" DROITS D'ENTREE.
Par Par navires
Navires Estrangers
Frangais Et par terre,"
and on iron—say " fortes bruites," the duty is 4f.
per 100 kilogrammes in French, and 4f. 40c, in
foreign vessels, and as there is no note or indication
that this difference has been discontinued, or is
subject to exceptions, persons consulting the official
publication are still led to believe in its general
existence. The explanation is as follows :—Fsr
iron, as for all sorts of goods, there ere two sets of
duties applicable under the French tariff, one if im-
ported by French, and one if imported by foreign
vessels. But France has reciprocity navigation
treaties with Great Britain and most other Powers,
and with all such nations the vessels of the country
are placed on the same foot"ng as French vessels, in
so far as the direct trade between the two countries
is concerned. Thus in the trade between England
and France English veec:els are treated as French
vessels, and it is only iron imported in the vessels
of third countries (America or Holland for instance),
that would have to pay the higher duty as imported
in a " foreign vessel." This has prevailed ever since
1826. In the same way there are two duties on flax
imported into France,. but since the conclusion of a
reciprocity treaty wit ii Russia many years ago Rus-
sian vessels are treated as French, and it is only
when flax comes from Russia to France in the yes-•
eels of third countries (England or Holland, for
instance) that it is treated as imported in " foreign
ships" and pays higher duty. In fact, as France has
reciprocity treaties with most countries, the double
set of duties for French and foreign vessels operates
solely in effect es a surcherge against the employ-
ment of ships of a third country in any branch of
foreign trade. As such it is nominally favourable
to the French shipowners ; but all that they get, and
more, comes out of the pockets of the French con-
sumer. The pertinacious publication of the French
tariff, with columns of duties for goods imported in
" French ships,' " foreign ships," without any
allusion to the reciprocity treaties, fully justifies
and accounts for any misconception. The new
duties in the recent decree being only for British
iron from England, of course are egirally applicable
to British and F:ench ships. The duties which
before wer3 4F. per 100 kilogrammes on pig iron
imported in French or English ships, and 4f. 40c. in
other foreign vessels, will now be 2f. 50c. per 100
kilogrammes if imported from England in French
or English vessels; V'. per 100 kilogrammes if im-
ported from other countries in French ships, or ships
of the country, if having a reciprocity treaty with
France ; 4f. 40c. per 100 kilogrammes, if from other
countries by foreign ships, rot being ships of the
country, or being ships of a country (Sweden, for
instance) not having a reciprocity treaty with
France.

"Around the throne of God in heaven
Thousands of children stand," &c.

The spectacle was .very touching, and many an
eye was bedewed with tears of sincere and unaf-
fected sorrow at the loss of their old and valued
friend and pastor.
The Rev. Mr. BINN EY then pronounced the bene-
diction, and the procession re-formed, and proceeded
to the cemetery, where the body was deposited,
and a simple prayer was the orly remaining portion
of the ceremony. Immense crowds of spectators so
thronged that part of the spacious cemetery, that it
was with difficulty the mournful cortege made its
way to the grave ; and after the officiating minister
had left, a body of Sunday school children, con-
nected
with Finsbury Chapel, struck up a plaintive
hymn adapted to the occasion. The crowd lingered
long on the spot; but at length the earth was duly
spread over all that was mortal of a man who was
for a long time one of the most popular, and, we
may add, one of the most Christian ministers in
this metropolis.

THE BATTLE OF THE VOLTURNO.

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
SANTA MARIA, 00..1.

Yesterday was fought and won by Garibaldi the
Battle of the Volturno, the greatest battle in point
of numbers he has ever fought during his military

career.
I explained to you in my former letter how, since
the approach of the Piedmontese forces from the
north, the relative positions of the two parties before
Capua were changed. As it was before in the in-
terest of Garibaldi to advance continually and
rapidly, so it was now to temporise u4ntil the arrival
of the Neapolitans, and then shut them up in their
self-chosen position. On the other hand, the
Neapolitans were obliged by every consideration to
take the offensive, and try to get out of the awkward
position in which they were, besides having to do
with two enemies at a certain distance from each
other. The commonest rules of strategy counselled
to throw themselves first on the nearest and weakest
and try to demolish it.
They had made large preparations for it. They
concentreed all their available forces from all parts,
while they had at the same time exerted themselves
to fill up the gaps made by desertion and sickness in
their army. The Royal Princes and the King him-
self came to Capua and to the Volturno to animate
the troops, while distributions of wine were freely

FUNERAL OF THE REV. ALEXANDER

FLETCIT_ER, D.D.

used to stimulate loyalty and enthusiasm.
As you know already, for the lest few days there
was a considerable movement observable on our
right. Troops which had passed the Volturno near
Amoroti showed on the road to Maddaloni and

The mortal remains of this celebrated preacher to
the young, whose decease, at the advanced age of
83, it was so recently our mournful duty to record,
were yesterday committed to the dust in Abney
Park Cemetery. Though not of a strictly private
character, a number of the officers and members of
the church under the rev. gentleman's pastoral care
having been invited, the affair was conducted in a
very plain and unostentatious manner, by Mr.
Deputy Barnard, of the Old Bailey, as undertaker;
the worthy deputy being, if we mistake not, an
office-bearer in the church of the Rev. Thomas
Binney, of the Weigh House, who was the officiat-
ing minister on the occasion. The popularity of
the deceased was not confined to any particular
denomination of Christians ; he was beloved and
respected by all, nor was his reputation restricted
to the British Isles, his name was "familiar as a
household word" wherever the English language is
spoken. He was respected by all sorts and condi-
tions of men for his unaffected piety, his lengthened,
arduous, and self-denying labours in the propaga-
tion of that Christianity of which during a long life
he maintained a consistent profession.
The procession formed at Portland-place, Clap-
ton, the residence of the deceased. The first and
second coaches contained the following family
relatives and friends :—.T. M'lnnes, Esq., J. A.
Hardcastle, Esq., M.P. (son-in-law of the de-
ceased), H. Hardcastle, Esq. (son of the foregoing),
the Rev. Thomas Binney (minister of the Weigh
House Chapel, Fish-street-hill, London-bridge), F.
Harrison, Esq. (executors), the Rev. Dr. Macfar-
lane (of Glasgow), the Rev. Mr. Laws, and J. Mor-
rison, Esq.
These were followed by a large number of mourn-
ing coaches, which set out from Finsbury Chapel,
where a service had been conducted by the Rev. J.
Wilson, and contained, in addition to that rev.
gentleman, the elders, managers, and other office-
bearers of the church lately under the rev. doctor's
pastoral charge. A number of private carriages
brought up the rear of the mournful cortege. At
many of the points which it was known the proces-
sion would pass, there were assembled large bodies
of people, anxious to catch a parting glimpse of the
remains of one to whose ministrations so many
thousands of them had listened. The cemetery, we
need hardly say, was occupied by an immense con-
course of persons of both sexes, and of all ranks,
from every part of the metropolis. The procession
halted at Abney Chapel, adjoining the cemetery,
which was densely crowded for some time before-
hand. Here the body was deposited in front of
the pulpit, and the seats with difficulty reserved for
the mourners having been occupied by them, the
Rev. Thes. Binney ascended the pulpit, Amongst
a number of ministers present we noticed the Rev.
John Hill, M.A. ; Rev. Dr. Hewlett, Rev. J. W.
Richardson, Rev. R. Redpath, M.A., &c.
After singing an appropriate hymn,
The Rev. Mr. Binney read a number of passages
of Scripture, selected and arranged with great care,
and forming in themselves a funeral service of the
most appropriate character. After this he proceeded
to address the congregation. He expressed his re-
gret that, as it seemed quite impossible, owing to
tke extent to which their deceased brother was known
and respected, to have the funeral as private as they
desired, some one had not been selected who was
more suitable than himself to conduct the important
ceremony. He felt that ministers of various deno-
minations should have been invited in order that
they might by their joint participation in the cere-
monies of the day have had an opportunity of de-
monstrating their respect and esteem for the Catho-
lic spirit which the deceased had always exhibited,
for the many-sidedness of his heart, and for the
charitable feelings which he had always displayed
towards every section of the Christian Church.
Though, however, the whole nature of the service
had been altered from what they had expected, they
must do the best they could. For his own part,
he should prefer the verses of Scripture, as he had
them, to any mere human utterance ; but without
at all encroaching upon the duty of his friend, Dr.
Macfarlane, in his funeral sermon next Sunday at
Finsbury Chapel, he felt it his duty to make a few
observations. After a variety of suitable reflec-
tions on the general subject, the reverend gentle-
man said that the deceased had the unspeakable
advantages of having pious parents, and that he
was in very early life the subject oireligious im-
pressions, and united himself formally with the
Church. He was still very young when he was
called to the ministry, and came to this great me-
tropolis, where he speedily took a prominent posi-
tion, and met with singular success. During a
long life he held on his useful and consistent
course, being especially remarkable for his paternal,
attractive, and impressive manner in his addresses
to the young, in some thousands of whose minds
he had been instrumentally the means of implant-
ing those seeds of the Christian life which were now
germinating and developing. Now he had
" finished his course," having " kept the faith."
He was a dear, loveable, amiable man, of a Catho-
lic spirit, and ever ready to perform a service
when solicited to do so. He (Mr. Binney) could
speak particularly to this point, in connexion with
his own Juvenile Missionary Association, at the
annual meetings of which the deceased used to
attend, and was most cordially welcomed. He
was, in fact, quite an institution with the young
folks at the Weigh House, who were always glad
and happy to see his venerable form and loving
countenance, and to hear his racy remarks. He was
very brotherly and neighbourly as a pastor in the
City. Mr. Binney next referred to the very strong
affection which Dr. Fletcher entertained for his
Church, for the prosperity of which he prayed ear-
nestly and sincerely; and their welfare was amongst
the latest of the devout aspirations, in the midst of
which the deceased passed into the presence of his
Divine Master. Mr..Binney referred also to the
vast amount of good which the reverend gentleman
was instrumentally the means of doing, not merely
by his consistent life, and by his ministra-

towards Limatola ; large concentrations of troops
were observable on the Polygon—an open ramp
for artillery practice behind the tolv a of Capua,
on the other side of the river ; but, as this
had been going on for some time without lead-
ing to any result, had caused more than one false
alarm, and a sending backwards and forwards of
troops, most people began to give up the idea of
any offensive intentions on the part of the Neapoli-
tans. As for Garibaldi, although determined on
the defensive, it would have been too much against
his nature to be there and do nothing; so, while
keeping on the defensive, he was making prepara-
tions to take the offensive at the first opportune
moment.

You will remember the heights of San Angelo
end the Bosco di San Vito from my description of
the affair of the 19th. It is an isolated long range,
which rugs from the north-west of Caserta towards

the Volturno, passing to the left of the plain of
Santa Maria di Capua, and reach;ng the Volturno
about two miles to the north-east of Capua. It is
all along a precipitous mountain on both sides, and
comes down just as precipitously to the river, leav-
ing only a narrow place where the road. from
Capua, skirting the mountain, rang towards the
Scafa di Cajazzo.
Well, Garibaldi had looked at that position on
the 19th, and had looked at it almost every day
since. It was just one of those positrons which he
likes—commanding the country all round, close to
the river, which is rapid there but narrow, a good
many trees down in the plain, and plenty of brush-
wood on the heights. Several batteries were or-
dered to sweep the road which passes along the
opposite bank of the river ; a trench was dug not
far from the bank of the river to give good cover
to riflemen, and a number of barges were brought
up from Naples to be in readiness in case an oppor-
tunity offered to cross. At the same time a consi-
derable number of troops were collected at that
spot. Besides the Brigade Spangaro, stationed
there since the 19th, there were successively sent
there the company of Genoese Riflemen, the Bri-
gade Dunn (lately arrived from Sicily), one of the
regiments of the Division Medici, and the body of
Calabreese volunteers.

and Maddaloni.

The position deserved the attention which was
bestowed on it, but it had one drawback—it had its
left flank and its line of communication with Santa
Maria rather exposed. A glance at the map will
show you this. The relative positions of Santa Maria,
Capua, and the heights of San Angelo are such that
Capua falls just about the line of communication
between Santa Maria and the edge of the heights
held on the banks of the Volturno. Had it been
possible to push quite close to Capua from Santa
Maria this danger would have been obviated ; but
there was no equally good position on that side to
come up to that point, so our outposts there did not
much pass the gates of Santa Maria.
On the right the position was tolerably guarded ;
there is, indeed, a footpath which comes from the
river over the heights at the back of St. Angelo,
but at first it was only accessible to small bodies of
infantry, and thus the heights were guarded by our
troops. On the other side of the heights was S ac-
chi, with his brigade, guarding the road from
Cajazzo to Caserta, and at the same time occupying
the heights of Castel Moroni, and observing the
passage at Limatola. To the right again of Sacchi
was Bixio with his brigade, and one of Medici's
regiments, who watched over the road coming from
Amoroti towards Maddaloni. At Caserta was
General Turr, with part of his division.
You must thus conceive our position as forming
a large semicircle, following the hill line along the
Volturno as far as Limatola, and then bending
back, while Santa Maria, Caserta, and Maddaloni
form the chord of the arc. The arc alone is from
nine to ten miles, while the semicircle is quite three
times that length.
Well, on all this long line the Neapolitans at-
tacked with all their forces yesterday at dawn.
Garibaldi, as usual, started before dawn from
Caserta by the railway to Santa Maria. When be
arrived the firing had already begun. The
w
places, Capua, Santa Maria, and the spur of
Angelo, form almost an equillateral triangle, which
is indicated by the three roads which connect
these
places. They run with little curves almoststraight
--that from Capua to St. Angelo close to the ri:er,
that from Capua to Santa Maria parallel to the
railway, and that from Santa Maria to St. Angelo
at some distance from the hills till close to this
latter place, where it is joined by the road coming
from Capua.
This triangle, which is in most parts thickly
wooded with olive and other trees, and has only few
open spots, the Neapolitans had chosen as their
field of operations on our left, and as the chief attack
of the day. During
the night all the troops sta-
tioned in the polygon behind had passed through
the town and had collected in the Campo, a large
open space before the fortress. Here they opened
out in two directions—one column, the left, towards

'6C;

PRICE 4D. STAMPED,

St. Angelo, and that on the right towards‘ e,,
Maria.
I shall first speak of the left column. Besides the
great road from Capua, alongside the river, there is
a by-road, which, leaving the main road at a little
distance from the town, strikes across the country
and goes straight towards the village of St. Angelo,
which lies on the retreating slopes of the heights.
This was chosen by the Neapolitans as the centre of
their operations against this point, while they sent
one column by the main road towards the right,
and another to the right across country to take the
village in the other flank.
The by-road which runs direct from Capualo St.
Angelo intersects the road from Santa Maria to the
river just where the road turns up to St. Angelo.
In order to guard this position a barricade was con-
structed a little beyond this point and armed with
four guns. The country near the river is so low
that every morning the exhalations of the ground
cover it with a white mist, which makes it very
difficult to see, even at a little distance. Besides
this, the torrents which come down from the hills
have artificial beds of 15 to 20 feet in depth, very
steep, and covered with brushwood, which are dry
now, and serve as roads. The Neapolitans, ad-
vancing by these and:taking advantage of the mist,
approached quite close to the barricade, and carried
it at the first onset, driving our men across the main
road to St. Angelo. Having taken this position,
they came out and formed in an open field which
lies along the road in regular order of battle. Their
left had been equally successful, driving ours from
the trench near the river, and forcing them back on
the heights of St. Angelo. The column to the right
again had not only passed the road, but bad gone
up a little hill commanding St. Angelo.
It was at this critical moment that Garibaldi
arrived. He had taken with his Staff carriages at
Santa Maria, and was coming on in the main road to-
wards St. Angelo. The balls and grape were flying
about, but the carriages still proceeded. When they
arrived in the neighbourhood of St. Angelo they
were in sight of the Neapolitans, who were drawn
up there in line of battle. Fortunately, close to this
spot was one of the torrents dammed in which
formed a covered way. In this the carriages turned
down, except the last, which was struck by a can-
non ball and remained on the road. Through this
road Garibaldi advanced, revolver in hand, towards
St. Angelo, and arrived just iu time to give new
courage to the defenders. The object was to drive
away the column in the rear on the hills to the left
of St. Angelo ; tbis was easily done by throwing
some skirmishers on the heights above these occu-
pied by the intruders. There was fortunately, some
artillery in front which was turned to good account,
but, es usual, it was the bayonet which decided.
The Neapolitans tried to penetrate by a cavalry
attack, but were beaten back, chiefly by the cool-
ness of the Calabrese, who behaved splendidly.
After three or four hours' fighting, whatever could
be got together of available men were carried for-
ward, and the Neapolitans not only driven back
from their position on the great road, but likewise
the barricade retaken. This was about 9 o'clock.

During this time the fight had been equally hot
at Santa Melia. General Milvitz, who commanded
there, was obliged to confine his defence to the im-
mediate vicinity of the town, holding the main road
to Capua and the space between it and th• railway.
Some light earthworks which he had thrown up
lately were of good service. But the enemy
brought rp fresh and fresh troops, which he kept in
reserve in the Camp before Capua. The shells
and shot flew into the houses of Santa Maria, and
the inhabitants lest in masses. Despatch after
despatch was sent to Caserta, 'where the reserve
was, to ask for reinforcements. But the reinforce-
ments were lilys.!wise claimed on another side. Early
in the morning a column had shown itse" to .vards
Cassel Morone, but was easily driven back, end did
not renew its attack. More serious was the ad-

voure against Maddalor;, where a column of 4,000

or 5,000 men atteeked B"cio. It was a hard fight

for there were not more than 2,000 to 2,500 men to

oppose on a long line where the bills had to be

kept on both sides. But the struggle was soon

decided. By noon the news came that the
enemy had. not only been driven back from their

position, but had likewise been followed up to the
river. A part of their forces were cutoff, and threw
themselves into the mountains between Caserta

Then there was a little breathing time at least
on our side, and the whole effort could be directed

against Capua. There were but two brigades re-
'raining in reserve, one the Milano, almost a

skeleton of not 1,000, and the other the Eber,

equally weakened by detachments sent in different
directions. The first was sent on by rail ; the

second went by the road, and both arrived almost
at the same time, about 1 p.m. And it was time,

The Neapolitan bullets and balls were coming freely
into Santa Maria, while Garibaldi sent orders to

let any disposable troops advance as quickly as
possible towards St. Angelo. The defence of Santa
Maria was quite confined to the outskirts of the
town, where the Piedmon tese artillerymen were be-
having beautifully. The first thing was to oppose
this, and a battalion of Bersaglieri, and one of the
regiments of the Brigade Eber, were sent to ai-
vance, while the Brigade Milano was sent by the
Porta St. Angelo to take the enemy on the left
flank. But before this occurred the newly formed
Hungatian Hussars had been sent out by the Porta
Capua to drive back the enemy's cavalry, which
ranged close to the gate. Although not more than
60 horsemen, they charged and drove back the two
squadrons, cutting them down and taking anumber
of prisoners.
The infantry soon followed, and General Turr
took the command of that side. Although mostly

fresh troops, with the exception of the cadres, com-
posed of the Cacciatori of the first expedition, they
went on like old soldiers. The enemy, who had

evidently all day long the idea of intimidating our
troops with his cavalry, charged ; but the Piceiotti,
guidedby the soldiers of Calatafimi, formed groups
and not only stood firing, but bayonetted the horse-
men. After this it was almost nothing but advance
with thebayonet until the Convent of the Capuchins
and the Cemetery, the two chief positions of the
Neapolitans, were permanently taken.
While this was going on on that side the rest of
the Brigade Eber, the last reserve, was called by
the Dictator towards St. Angelo. Scarcely out of
the gates it fell in with Garibaldi, who, accom-
panied only
by a few officers, was waiting for
further reinforcements to fall on the flank 0I
c:
' the
enemy, who, on withdrawing from St. Angelo, had
taken to the woods, and occupied some houses with

his artillery..
After the first defeat in the morning the enemy
had returned with new forces to carry St. Angelo.
Not only did all his field guns scatter death in every
direction, but likewise three batteries from the
opposite bank and the mortars of the fortress began
to open a tremendous fire, under the protection of
which the Neapolitans advanced, between 10 and
11 a.m. They carried once more the position of
the barricade, and occupied even the first houses
leading up towards St. Angelo. Medici and Col.
Spangaro, besides Garibaldi, did everything to
steady the wavering troops, who, seeing themselves
SO much outnumbered,!and attacked by such formi-
dable artillery, began to think the day lost. For
hours the fight lasted, a continual advance or re-

,reat on both sides, but still the Neapolitans could

not gain much ground. This was, perhaps, the most
strongly contested spot on the whole line, and only
in the afternoon the advantage began to show on

our aide. The Neapolitans had again to clear the
road, but they still held our barricade and the
woods on both sides of it. With great trouble two
skirmishing lines were formed, and sent to threaten
their left and right, and then a hundred men were
collected behind the first house, and these made a
rush at the cry of " Viva Garibaldi ;" and carried

~~