The Sun.
London, England, 1869-02-11 00:00:00

TIM SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 11, 1869.

NEWS.

ELECTION PETITIONS,
The remarkable victory won in that most Pro-
testant of cities, Londonderry, by an advocate of dis-
establishment over a son of the then Lord-Lieutenant
of Ireland, Lord Claude Hamilton, has stood the test
of the longest election inquiry which has yet been
held. Mr. Dowse has been declared duly elected.
This is the ninth member whom the Conservatives
have failed to unseat on petition ; in addition to
which they have withdrawn several other petitions.
The Liberals have failed at Lichfield and Walling-
ford. The most serious:case at-present is that at Tam-
worth, where Sir Robert Feel is charged with
having debauched the constituency with drink, in the
endeavour to get his old chief, Sir Henry Bulwer,
returned, rather than his distant relative (to whom
ho is more kinned than kind) Mr. John Peel.

DRADPOIID POLITICS.
11 The split in the Liberal partyat Bradford still con-
tinues. Mr. Thompson, who defeated Mr. Miall at
the election of October 1867 (after the death of Mr.
Wickham), has consented to stand. The Radicals
decline to accept him, and there is some prospect of
Mr. Miall being put forward for the third time.
The admiration of the public for Mr. Baron
Martin's decision in the Bradford election case is not
so general as has been supposed. The Bradford
Times complains, and the Standard echoes the com-
plaint, that substantial justice has not been done.
It is pointed out that evidence was given shewing
that Forster's and Miall's supporters had freely dis-
tributed beer at certain houses. Agency, however,
was not established. Mr. Ripley was unseated for
treating. He, as well as Mr. Forster, was declared
to be innocent of allowing the illegal practices. Mr.
Forster is allowed to remain seated because what
was done by his vice-chairman was without his
knowledge. Why, then, it is asked, should Mr.
Ripley be unseated for doing that of which the judg-
ment declarel him to be personally innocent ?

THE TELEGRAPHS DILL.
The Telegraph, in a sub-leader, assures the public
that the Government have not the least intention of
allowing the Act for the acquirement of the tele-
graphs by the State to become a dead letter.
Unavoidable delays have taken place, but the neces-
sary arbitration as to the amount to be given for the
lines is soon to be continued, and a Money Bill is
likely to be introduced this session. The Telegraph
declares that the Chancellor of the Exchequer
intends to drive a hard bargain in the interests of
the public. Both of these announcements are satis-
factory ; for it would be beneath the dignity of a
Government to refuse, on account of party jealousy,
to carry out an Act passed almost unanimously ; it
would be equally an evil to allow the shareholders to
carry off more money than they are entitled to have..
THE LORD-LIEUTENANT OF WESTMORELAND AND

to bo aged" upon. • raupers might DO mane- am-
supporting on this principle." This suggestion seems
open to one grave defect. The number of paupers
is so large that it would produce the articles neces-
sary to supply the wants of paupers many times
over.

ISlsMitrOlc on the bill for teguestfating the pro/lefty Of "thb
ex-King of Hanover has been published. The Prussian
Chancellor insisted that an Hanoverian Legion was
directly supported by a 'personage residing at Ifietaing—
meaning King George—and that the Prussian Govern-
ment- 'was perfectly justified in withdrawing the
money used for this purpose, or, in other words,
in confiscating the propertg from which these
funds were realised. The legion, furnished with Austrian
passports, had been transferred from Austria to Switzer.
land, and thence to France. The French Goverment,
though it could not refuse theso refugees an asylum, had
nevertheless separated the officers from the men, and had
forbidden all military exercises. The yearly cost of the
legion could not be less than £45,000. The most important
feature in this version of the speech is the entire absence
of the offensive remarks relative to the French Emperor,
which caused such ill-feeling in Paris. Has the speech
been edited ?

round. - The pear is par excellence, the fruit of Cali-
fornia, each grown tree now standing yielding 40
bushels annually of the most delicious pears. Nor
is there any drawback, for disease is unknown, and
the fruit neither suffers from frost, severe cold, nor
furious storms. 'Strange, too, to add, though their
growth is so rapid and their bearing so early, the
trees are not subject to quick decay, many in the mis-
sions, after having produced for 30 or 40 years,
are in as good condition as ever, not once having
failed to bear a crop during the last 20 years. A
Frenchman might exclaim, " This is the land for
the grape I" and he would be right. It certainly
has no superior, if an equal, for the growth of the
vine and the manufacture of wine. The yield is
larger, the freedom from disease greater than in the
best European vineyards. Seldom is the crop less
than 1,000 lbs. of grapes per acre, ranging up to
20,000 lbs., and this with little labour ; for, though
in Europe the vine is trained with a stock four feet
high and fastened to a pole put up annually, in
California it stands alone. Three hundred varieties
have been cultivated, and all have given proof that
every wine can be produced even superior in qua-
lity to that imported. In 1867 the vines planted,
and soon to be in bearing were estimated at thirty
millions, nearly all being the result of some five years'
labour. flock, champagne, port, and claret are the
varieties of wine already exported. In 1867 the
quantity manufactured was four and a half millions
of gallons, and for next year seven millions
is the estimated produce. In 1868 five millions
gallons of wine and three hundred thousand gal-
lons of brandy were made. A spur has been given
by the reduction of the tax on grape brandy to 50
cents a gallon, and a large distillery has lately got
into operation at Calistoga. Seven hundred tons
of grapes were consumed in the manufacture last
season. But the most interesting branch of in-
dustry which the marvellous young State has in-
augurated is the cultivation of the mulberry and the
silk worm. The general absence of rain from May
to November, and of explosive electricity, is said to
be a highly favourable climatic condition. The worm
is very healthy and produces fine cocoons, which
sent to France for examination were pronounced
superior in excellence, and exceeding in measure-
ment the European by 50 to 100 yards of silk; and
iu consequence large orders were received from
French establishments requiring new blood. But it
is not only the worm which thrives so wonderfully,
for the mulberry tree grows with the same rapidity
as the fruit trees, yielding immense quantities of
leaves. Eight hundred thousand cocoons were, the
Commissioner tells us, brought into the market in
1865, and six times that number in 1866, while two
large silk factories were manufacturing silk of great
excellence. Silk culture was introduced mainly
through the exertions of Mr. L. M. Prevost.
Salmon and white fish are plentiful in the rivers,
and a variety of sea fish abound on the coast.
The hills and plains furnish grass for immense
herds of cattle and sheep, and farming is a
great branch of industry. Perhaps the finest
scenery in the world is to be found in California,
for the country combines everything which makes
up a beautiful landscape. It has mountain ranges
almost unequalled in magnitude, studded with
beautiful vallies, through which run perennial
streams. It has grand lakes and rivers, and the
noblest of known forests. The valley that com
bines the most striking and the most beautiful
scenery in one view, with a series of the greatest
of waterfalls, is the Yo Semite, and the groves
found along the slopes of the Nevada hays become
one of the world's wonders. That of Calaveras
contains trees running from 250 to 360 feet, and
in some the trees range up to nearly 400 feet ;
several of them being more than 33ft. in diameter.
We have already in a former number touched on the
Californian produce of grain, which is rapidly becom-
ing the mostimportant expor tof the State. The yield
per acre is astonishing, some times equalling 60
bushels, and the quality is such that it fetches the
highest price in the New York Market, being espe-
cially rich in gluten, while its dryness makes it
peculiarly valuable for export, more especially to
tropical climates, being less liable to ferment and rot;
and it is said to absorb moisture and increase in weight
in transit. Of barley, Mr. Hill, on a farm of 100 acres,
raised a crop of 14,900 bushels. We cannot then
wonder that a country so favoured for agriculture
should in a large degree become agricultural, and the
basis of Californian stabilityis derived from the most
genuine source, and that one which never fails.
The census of 1860 gave a population of 379,994,
which has now increased to about 600,000. On the
previous census, that of 1860 showed an increase
of 150 per cent. in ten years in the acreage enclosed ;
and fifteen-fold in value, while the live stock in-
creased from four-fold to two hundred-fold, and in
value twelve-fold. The annual growth of San
Francisco is computed at 10 per cent., that rate
having proved the law for ten years past, though the
actual increase for last year was over thirteen
per cent. Calculating the population to be 143,000
at this rate the increase in 1872 would make it
207,000. The greatest marvel of the State, how-
ever, is the progress of its manufacturing industry.
Even in 1860 there were 8,468 establishments with
a capital of $22,051,096 using raw material valued
at $27,051,674, the cost of labour being 528,402,287,
and the product of the year's operationss6B,2s3,22B,
leaving a profit of $12,799,267, or 58 per cent, on
the capital invested. No official returns have lately
been made, but enough is known to show an enor-
mous increase, of which the best proof was fur-
nished in a recent exhibition of Californian
industry, held at San Francisco. Beside the
silk, to which we have already alluded, woollens
take a high rank. All the wool raised on the
Pacific Slope was consumed in its own mills as well
as considerable importations. Blankets of a very
superior quality were principally manufactured,
but there are excellent cloths as well. Paper, rope,
tobacco, sugar refining, and a great variety of other
manufactures thrive, but the main industry is di-
rected to supplying machinery of all descriptions
for the mines ; steam engines, both stationary and
locomotive, quartz crushing, pumping, and all
manner of devices for raising and reducing ores.
The growth of the distilleries has necessitated the
manufacture of glass, which is now among the
numerous articles of its commerce. When we give
the railroads constructed in the State, it will not
surprise our readers to learn that rolling mills are
in operation, and everything necessary to build
and Rtipply a line with all its requirements. Indeed
a machine unknown to Europe, of which a minute
account was given in our colvons, has lately been at
work in aiding in the building of the Central Pacific.
Nor must it be overlooked that one of the greatest
feats of railway engineering ever accomplished was
by this State in surmounting the difficulties of the,
Sierra Nevada. The railroads at present in actual
operation are as follows :—Central Pacific, Sacra-
mento to State line, 138 miles long ; San Francisco
and San Jose, 50 miles ; California Pacific, from
Vallejo to Sacramento, 60 miles; Valleja Junction
to Calistoga, via Napa, 36k miles; Sacramento
Valley, from Sacramento to Shingle Springs, 45
miles ; Central and Yuba, from Folsom to Marys-
ville, 40 miles ; Marysville to Oroville, 30 miles ;
Almeda to Oakland, 20 miles ; Petaluma to Rud-
sill's Landing, 3 miles—total number of miles, 422 k.
Besides the railroads enumerated, there is one six
miles long in Contra Costa county, which is used
exclusively to transport coal from the Mount Diablo
mines to water navigation. California, though
not destined in the future to be supported by
its precious metals, was made by the discovery of
gold. It was conquered from Mexico in 1846 and
afterwards purchased. In 1850 it was admitted as
a State, but thiti Was not accomplished until two
years after the discovery of gold in the spring of
1818. James M. Mars'oll having erected a saw
mill on the south fork of the Ani,^:ican river in the
present town of Coloma, saw, as the watt; rushed
through the tail-race, shining particles of metal,
which he recognized as gold. This was in March, yet
in July of that year 4,000 persons were working
on the American river, extracting from $30,000
to $40,000 of gold a day, which had accu-
mulated by November to one million sterling.
Next year the numbers increased to 15,000
persons, reaching before the close of 1849 to
55,000; soon the product mounted to 00,000,000,
and in the year 1853 the gold obtained was
$65,000m0. From that date California has be-

Olt/
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properties of Du Barry's health-restoring Revelelatfabla6,sl9c6
Invalids' and Infants' Food, since to the thousands 0 „iv,pe,
it has already received from Invalids whose p_osition sof
deemed hopeless, we may now add that of his Holineesr, year cia
whose health has been perfectly restored by it after thi.rdisystgoif
unsuccessful medical treatment. We quote from the f the io-
Midi " July 25th :—" Rome, July 21, 1866. The health 0 red 44
Father is excellent, especially since, abandonin all otlre010:0,
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It has produced a surprisingly beneficial effect on hitqljy ix of
his Holiness cannot praise this excellent food too I„,'„,T 59,11 Aim
extract a few out ofmore than 63.000 cures:—Cure
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wasting away, debility, nervousness, with a nervous ye tool je
all over, bad digestion, constant sleeplessness, and t!' safer sia•
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Order.—BAßßY Du BARRY and Co., No. 77, Regent-
don; and all Grocers and Chemists.

Births. th e
e wife 4
Upper BURNEY—On the 10th inst., at Tooting, --
Charles Burney, Esq., of a son. lace'tb
BANNERMAN—On the 9th inst., at 46, Grosverl°.r -P
si P
Lady Arabella Bannerman, of a daughtor• _, 0 • .1: •
, Do
ONsLow —On the 9th inst., at 22, Wilton-Place'
a'
Onslow, of a daughter.

(ev,
Marriages. ak Go% •
JONES —BEAUMONT—On the 9th inst., at a,- „0 "L-113
Hanover-square, Henry Jones, Esq , of nolg, eltle"
sions, Grosvenor-gardens, to Sophia. Louisa, t°
daughter of the late Geo. D. B. Beaumont, sil,,,:n lvtleg
WITCIIELL—JACKSON On the 9th inst., 03,, " "°Ft."'h
Major Thos. WI to bell°
1 chell, Military Train,
second daughter of Wm. Parry Jackson, E,s(l'

Deaths. Oce'
the LnamdAyNA—r
BANNE
ii PO
"" Oabnatihaeßlaontnherminastn*.,. at 46, Gr05ven0r-
,..,..4 SSET - On the 9th inst., at Tohidy Park, Corny!'" '
F. jia„,;:ft, Esq., aged 37. Are, IV(11.
Busu—On the 'JI2; inst., at 69, Torrington-0V-
;O/
Bush, Esq. ' - f
GAINES • On the Bth inst., Charles Caines, Bo4', of
street, aged 56. . ry. PA', ire,
PALMER—On the 7th inst., at Brighten,, Iluelli', rds'"
Esq., of Clifton Lodge, near liefforu, &-e °
aged 69 /_%

.0,00
112,
London : Printed and Pablishod by WILLI",„,„ $12.:0f
of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Tun fitlN 0b202.1 '
Strand, in the Preclnet of the Savoy, 111 t4C
111.1cicileoez.,—Thursday, February 11, 1869.