The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-12 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 12, 1860.

horns, haloes, ' wind dogs,'a and the rainbow, are
more or less significant of increasing wind, if not
approaching rain, with or without wind.
" Near land, in sheltered harbours, in valleys, or
over low ground, there is usually a marked dimi-
nution of wind, during part of the night, and a dis-
persion of clouds. At such times an eye on an
overlooking height may see an extended body of
vapours below (rendered visible by the cooling of
night) which seems to check the wind.
"‘ Lastly, the dryness or dampness of the air, and
its temperature (for the season), should always be
considered, with other indications of change, or con-
tinuance of wind and weather."

THE ITALIAN COMPLICATION.

(From the Morning Post.)
At the stage which the Italian question has just
reached, with the vast addition to the military and
naral resources of the national cause now received
from Naples, in presence of the insurrections
throughout the Marches, and in prospect of the
further effects which those insurrections must pro-
duce in the temporal authority of the Pope, it is
not perhaps altogether inexpedient or ill-timed to
review in a summary, yet comprehensive, manner
the actual relations of the chief European Powers,
as more especially modified by their political inte-
rests and traditions, with the Italian Governments
and people.

" a Fragments or pieces (as it were) of rainbows (some-
times called wind-gals') seen on detached clouds.

THE FRENCH EMPEROR AND THE

POPE.

The position of France, it is impossible to deny,
is one of peculiar difficulty. It is chiefly, if not
entirely, owing to her efforts that 22,000,000 of
Italians have been enabled to offer their allegiance
to King Victor Emmanuel ; that the foundations
have been laid of a great Italian kingdom but little
inferior in population to the French empire itself,
but far surpassing that empire in the wealth of its
natural resources, and equal at least as regards the
intelligence and genius of its citizens. For the
happiness of the Italian people, for the interests of
European peace and progress, the establishment of
this kingdom is a consummation devoutly to be
wished ; but it is a consummation which certainly
was not contemplated on the Ist of January, 1859,
any more than it formed the basis of the arrange-
ments concluded at Villafranca. It is neither in
accordance with the first principles of human na-
ture, nor, let us add, with the strongest traditions of
1 French policy, that the sovereign who rules on the
banks of the Seine should elevate to a pinnacle of
almost equal greatness an Italian prince, and con-
solidate his empire over the fair realm that is " en-
circled by alps and sea." It is no disparagement to
the policy of the French Emperor to affirm that he
never, even when he was most bent on making
Italy free, intended to make her powerful. The
frank avowal made by Lamartine in 1848, that the
traditional policy of France was directly opposed to
the creation of any strong Italian Government,
would be unhesitatingly echoed by statesmen of all
party shades in France—by Republicans as by Im-
ner;al;c...m. I—, /3 —l.-----t t., .... 1-, 24...,/a,la....aluLu• -ri,...
few enunciations of an opposite principle, recently-
put forth for the first time, have been given to the
world with all the reservations and qualifications of
a new and most startling theory; and we greatly
doubt whether a second politician could be found in
France so favourably inclined, as Napoleon 111. has
personally shown and proved himself, to promote
the prosperity and power of the Italian people. It
is quite possible that early antipathies against Aus-
tria may have had as great a share in determining
his policy as early sympathies for Italy. But the re-
sults have been the same, by whatever cause pro-
duced. Only, the course of events has been so diffe
rent from what was originally intended, that whilst
the campaign of last year terminated by secu ring a less
degree of independence than was promised to the
Italian people, it conferred a far greater amount of
power than was originally designed on an Italian
Prince.

(From the Times.)
Among many other innovations in the conduct
of crowned heads towards each other which have
been introduced by the Emperor of the French, none
is more remarkable than the practice of addressing
through semi-official journals admonitions and lec-
tures to foreign Governments. The practice is, to
say the least of it, exceedingly unsatisfactory. If
his 'sole motive is to communicate his advice and
opinions to his neighbours, means are at his disposal
at once more usual, more courteous, and more efficient
than the plan of admonitions from the pen of M.
Grandguillot or M. de Lagueronniere. France has
diplomatic agents as able and zealous as those of any
country in the world. Why cannot she trust them
to communicate to her neighbours any facts or
opinions with which she is desirous they should be-
come acquainted ? No answer can be given to this
question, on the supposition that all this good advice
means nothing more than it purports to mean—the
kind and officious zeal of a friend, who, seeing his
neighbour about to commit some great imprudence,
comes forward to warn him of his danger before it
is too late. Such warnings, however, are not
generally given in public, nor through indirect and
unavowed agents. They are given privately, 'and
with all the force that the certainty of their origin
can give them. That if, on the other hand, the
object be to appear to dissaude from a course which
it is really wished nevertheless should be perse-
vered in, we can well understand why the Emperor
of the French should emrtny his semi-aneial Dress
to advertise to all Europe his disapproval of the
supposed intention of Sardinia to intervene in the
affairs of the Papal States. Should any misfortune
happen to the Pope, the Emperor is thus provided
with what he will treat as a complete exculpation.
" I was bound," he will say, " to the policy of non-
intervention. Had I violated that policy myself, I
could not with the slightest colour of reason or
justice have denied to Austria the same privileges,
and thus the liberation of Italy, won by the arms
of France with so much blood and so much glory,
would have been endangered at the very moment
when we fancied it secure. But I did all I could ;
I took care that no sacrilegious hand should be laid
on the Vicar of Christ, by garrisoning Rome with
French soldiers. As for the patrimony of St.
Peter, I left it to the charge of one of the best
officers whom the African wars have produced, and
I earnestly entreated my ally the King of Sardinia
to abstain from a step so painful to my feelings, so
injurious to the interests of religion, and so offen-
sive to the feelings of every good Catholic. What
could Ido more ?" It is with this object, and also
with the object of what partners call " advertising
himself out of the concern," that the Emperor of the
French directs these semi-official warnings to be
administered, they become perfectly intelligible.
The truth is, that the policy of the French
Emperor with regard to the affairs of the Pope
has assumed a complication so extreme that it can
be accounted for on no principle of ordinarily fair
and intelligible dealing. The Emperor has not
one, but three policies, with regard to the Pope—
one for the Legations, another for Rome and its
vicinity, and another for the remainder of the Papal
territory. In the Legations, the Emperor is a strict
advocate for non-intervention ; in Rome and its
neighbourhood he intervenes in the strongest and
most practical manner ; in Umbria and the Marches
he does not exactly intervene himself, but permits
a French general to discipline the levies of the
Pope, and to give there the skill acquired under the
standards of France in a series of active and bloody
campaigns. Moreover, he lectures his ally the King
of Piedmont through his newspapers, and advises
him to abstain from measuring swprds with Gen.
Lamoriciere. In which of these courses is he sin-
cere ? Under which of these thimbles is the pea of
the Imperial policy to be found ? Is the Emperor
of the French in favour of intervention or non-in-
tervention, or of a mixed policy—of intervention
and non-intervention in equal shares ? His policy
is not merely ambiguous, it is absolutely self-con-
tradictory. He can take no step with regard to one
portion of the Papal dominions which will not be
a reflection on his policy in some other part. Should
he intervene to support Lamoriciere, such a step
would be convicted of inconsistency by his previous
inaction in the Romagna. Should he leave Lamo-
riciere to his fate, such a step would-be inconsistent
with the occupation of Rome. It is really time that
some definite line of policy were traced by the French
Government, and that Europe were relieved from
the doubt and anxiety which so unprecedented a
state of relations as those subsisting between the
Pope and the Emperor of the French cannot fail to
produce, In the meanwhile, all that we have to
guide us is such sentences as these in the columns
of the Constitutionnel :—" We should grieve to see
Piedmont accomplish an aggression which would
incontestably separate her from the Imperial policy.
France being the protector of the Pope of Rome,
cannot but disapprove that any armed assistance
should be given to the insurrection in the
provinces. We hope that Piedmont will not
renounce the principle of respect for inter-
national rights, which alone can preserve
our alliance with her. We also trust that
the King will avoid a political fault which
would be a misfortune for Italy." Thus speaks the
oracle; but surely never oracle spoke at once so
plainly and so delusively. The Emperor of the
French and the King of Piedmont have been for a
good while in partnership, and must be well aware
of each other's method of doing business. The King
of Piedmont must understand that it is not on a
question of assisting insurrection in the provinces
of a neighbour, even though that neighbour shiauld
be the Pope himself, that the Emperor of the
French is disposed to quarrel with him, for the
occupation of the Romagna affords an unanswer-
able proof to the contrary. Nor can any one, after
the events of the last two years, gravely say that
France is the protector of the Pope in any sense
which would make it an outrage to her policy for
Sardinia to assist his insurgen?suljects. Is not the
permission to occupy the FErnilia with Piedmontese
troops part of the consideration which France has
given to Piedmont for the provinces of Savoy and
Nice ? And, if this was consistent with the pro-
tection of the Pope, cannot a transaction of the same
kind he arranged on the same accommodating prin-
ciple ? But there is still another reason why we
confess we are disposed to attach very little weight
to these admonitions of the Constitutionnel. France
advises and remonstrates, but she is advising and
remonstrating with a Power which she can, if she
pleases, compel to the most implicit obedience. If
France is in earnest in the matter, her Government
has only to intimate to Piedmont, not in public,
not in the Constitutionnel, but by a few words
spoken in the Cabinet of M. Cavour, that she will
not permit any interference by Piedmont with the
affairs of the Pope, and no interference will take
place. We have all read how the pious Charles V.
sacked and plundered Rome with a cruelty unknown
to Alaric himself, and at the same time put up
prayers in his private chapel for the safety of the
Pope. This device deceived nobody, and we con-
fess that we shall be much surprised if the admo-
nition of the Vonstitutionnel be more successful.

But, if France did less than Italy expected, she
did far more during the war, and, by the transfer of
Savoy an Nice, effected more after the war than
was agreeable to three at least amongst the other
four great Powers. On the feelings of Austria at
the termination of the struggle it is unnecessary to
dwell. Baffled, and humiliated, and cowed, and
weakened, the House of Hapsburg came forth from
' the contest with its political prestige even more
effectually destroyed than its military strength. It
seemed as if the wounds which it had received were
but the forerunners of other and more fatal blows,
beneath which the empire would sink for ever. It
is impossible, however, to doubt that with the meet-
ing at Toplitz a closer understanding has grown up
between the Austrian and Prussian Governments,
and the approaching conference at Warsaw, it is
commonly believed, will furnish an opportunity t o
the Czar of sanctioning and strengthening the
agreement already established between the Courts
of Vienna and Berlin. It would perhaps be prema-
ture to describe these imperial and royal delibera-
tions by the ominous name of a " Coalition ; " but
they have an evident reference to the Italian com-
plication, to the marvellous successes of Garibaldi,
to the complete overthrow of all Austrian influence
in Central, of all Russian influence in Southern,
Italy; but, above all, they are mainly occasioned
by the close relation between the Venetian and the
Hungarian questions, and by the part which France
may be disposed to play in the event of the Italian
question affecting the general peace of Europe.
There are numberless indications of a complete un-
derstanding between the leaders of the national
party in Italy and the leaders of the national
party in Hungary. Garibaldi's staff contains
almost as many Hungarian as it does Italian
elements. It is impossible to doubt—at least
judging from all appearances it is extremely pro-
bable—that a general rising in Hungary will
precede and facilitate a rising in the Venetian
territory. But no Russian or Prussian, any more
than an Austrian, statesman can contemplate
the bare possibility of a rising in Hungary, with-
ont having his thoughts engaged and his interests
engrossed by its reaction upon Poland. It is in
this sense that we interpret, simply because this
interpretation is the nearest, plainest and most in-
telligible, the communication said to have been
recently made by the Court of St. Petersburg to
that of Vienna—" That the present state of matters
is no longer tolerable, and that measures must be
taken to restore Europe to what would be deemed
by these Courts its normal state of tranquillity."
Amidst these clashing interests and hostile feel-
ings the policy of England is plain and clear. None
can doubt her attachment to national freedom and
independence. The present Government has thrown
the whole weight of its moral influence to assist
the Italian cause. England has just concluded with
France a treaty of commerce which she regards as a
fresh starting-point of still advancing material pro-
sperity. She is bound by traditions of race and by
dynastic ties to Prussia. For the sake of Turkey
she has no wish to see Austria maimed and crippled
in what constitutes her real strength. She can
only regard with satisfaction the great political
and social experiment in which Russia is now en-
gaged in the attempts to raise the condition of
her serk For all these reasons she is especially
ql.lalified to act as the, mediator between the rival
sta'es ; and her mediation can have no other
object in view than to reconcile their conflicting
interests and to secure the peace and prosperity of
their peoples.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,

The following is an extract from one of the Hon.
A. Lincoln's speeches, delivered during the cam-
paign of 1858, with Senator Douglas :
The Declaration of Independence was formed by
the representatives of American liberty from 13
States of the confederacy-12 of which were slave-
holding communities. We need not discuss the
way or the reason of their becoming slave-holding
communities. It is sufficient for our purpose that
all of them greatly deplored the evil, and that they
placed a provision in the Constitution which they
supposed would gradually remove the disease by
cutting off its source. This was the abolition of
the slave trade. So general was the conviction—
the public determination—to abolish the African
slave trade, that the provision which I have referred
to as being placed in the Constitution, applared that
it should not be abolished prior to the year 1808.
A constitutional provision was necessary to pre.
vent the people, through Congress, from putting
a stop to the traffic immediately at the close of the
war. Now, if slavery had been a good thing,
would the fathers of the republic have taken a
step calculated to diminish its beneficent influence
among themselves, and snatch the boon wholly
from their posterity ? These communities, by
their representatives in old Independence Hall,
said to the whole world of man—" We hold
these truths to be self-evident : that all men are
created equal; that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness. This was their majestic interpretation
of the economy of the Universe. This was their
lofty, and wise, and noble understanding of the
justice of the Creator to His creatures. (Applause.)
Yes, gentlemen, to all His creatures, to the whole
great family of man. In their enlightened belief,
nothing stamped with the Divine image and like-
ness was sent into the world to be trodden on, and
degraded, and imbruted by its fellows. They
grasped not only the whole race of man then living,
but they reached forward and seized upon the far-
thest posterity. They erected a beacon to guide
their children's children, and the countless myriads
who should inhabit the earth in other ages. Wise
statesmen as they were, they knew the tendency of
posterity to breed tyrants, and so they established
these great self-evident truths, that when in the dis-
tant future some man, some faction, some interest
should set up the doctrine that none but rich men,
or none but Anglo-Saxon white men, were entitled
to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, their
posterity might look up again to the Declaration of
Independence and take courage to renew the battle
t, `eir fathers began—so truth, and justice,
all the humane and Christian
-;nzuished from the land;
Aare to limit and
-hich the

It does so happen that each of the parties about
to contend in the Papal States is absolutely in
the power of the Emperor of the French. Lamori-
ciere is his subject, who must throw up his com-
mand if he is directed to do so, and the King of
Piedmont in his present position is, perhaps, still
more dependent on the will of his great ally.
Surely, it is too bold an experiment to expect Eu-
rope to believe that a war carried on between two
persons each of whom is under the control of a third
person is carried en without that third person's
consent.

However, the denouement of the drama cannot be
much longer delayed. It is impossible for the Papal
Treasury, very feebly supported as it is by the con-
tributions demanded of the faithful all over the
world, to maintain long in idleness its band of Con-
dottieri. These gentlemen at least, do not make
" war for an idea." If nothing is to be had by plun-
dering the enemies of the Pope they will infallibly
take to plundering his subjects. They will stand
alone in united Italy, detested by the people among
whom they live, and menaced by the revolutionary
enthusiasm of the whole Peninsula. Their fate

may be considered as certain unless the Emperor of
the French intervene to save them, and, notwith-

tgutionnel, we do
discoloured by
not expect to see tile , anrious campaign, in
standing, the lectures
the blood and dirt of an 14— ~ie, iiiith the ban-
which it would be borne side by 'i-- i-vernment
tor fi
c o thel
ou rCedn sfltai
ner of an army which every civilised tx,..,
must regard with abhorrence.

THE WEATHER AND THE HARYEST.—Up to
yesterday the weather continued fine in Norfolk, and in
many parts of that county the wheat crop is now secured,
although the barley harvest is not so forward. From
Essex, Suffolk, and other counties on the north-eastern
side of the kingdom the accounts received as to the progress
of the hirTest ere highly liyearabi,.

THE RAILWAY ACCIDENT NEAR
MANCHESTER.

The following evidence was given at the inquest
on Monday after our parcel had been despatched :
Mr. James Shaw, passenger superintendent of
the East Lancashire section of the Lancashire and
Yorkshire Railway, was called and examined by
Mr. Grundy. He said-1 remember Monday last,
the 3d of September. We had four excursion trains
advertised for that day—two to Blackpool, one
to •Liverpool, and one to Manchester for Belle
Vue. They all started from Colne. The tr in
for Manchester was put on in pursuance of an
application from Mr. Jennison, the proprietor of
the Belle Vue-gardens. We were led to expect
about 1,000 passengers for the Belle Vue train.
I produce the printed list of trains which were
appointed to run that day. I provided a train
of 24 carriages, one engine, and two guards, for
the accommodation of the traffic I expected
for Belle Vue. This train after leaving Colne was
appointed to call at all stations between Colne
and Ratcliffe to take up passengers. Before the
train arrived at Burnley I received a telegraphic
message from the station-master at Burnley apply-
ing for an engine with all the carriages that could
be spared, saying that there were 350 passengers at
Burnley, a great many at Barracks, and many hun-
dreds at Nelson. On receiving that message I sent
an engine with 18 carriages. I received a second
message from Burnley before the second train ar-
rived at Accrington, and after the first had come in.
The message said, " Burnley is clear ; but carriages
all full ; Burnley, Barracks, Rosegrove, and Hun-
coats cannot be taken on ; send carriages." I found,
however, that the two trains had cleared the line as
far as Accrington. At Accrington there were 400
passengers booked for Belle Vue. They got away
from Accrington by one or other of the two trains.
Just before the train of 18 carriages got away from
Accrington I received a telegram from Haslingden
with the following words :—" About 400 for Belle
Vue; send plenty of carriages." When the first
two trains left Accrington, there being no room for
Haslingden, I hsd to make up another train of 23
carriages. The guards of the third train were
Chippendale, who was put in charge of the train,
and Tomlinson, who was the assistant-guard. That
was the train which afterwards grew into 31 car-
hiaees, and to whi,h
aving been added at Ramsbottom. Both the
guards had been in the service of the company
many years. Chippendale had been 12 years, and
Tomlinson probably five years. They were occa-
sionally used to work excursion trains, and they
are well acquainted with the line, having for a
great portion of their time been working that dis-
trict. All the trains arrived safely at Manchester.
Each train went to Manchester with one engine.
In the course of the day I arranged with the loco-
motive superintendent for two engines, so as to in-
crease the power, and arranged with. Mr. Cooper,
the station-master at Salford, bow the trains
should be started from Manchester, the train con-
sisting of 18 to be reduced to 14, and those carriages
to be attached to the third train which left Manches-
ter, making '4B carriages; but these carriages were
afterwards reduced to 24. The second train was to
remain of 31 carriages, as it had arrived, with two
engines to draw it. I know, from the quantity of
carriage accommodation required, that we had at
least 2,500 passengers, and the object of the altera-
tion of the carriages was to apportion the engine
power to the number of passengers. Mr. Goodier,
my inspector, and myself, went to Manchester spe-
cially and voluntarily for the purpose of conduct
ing these trains from Manchester. I saw the first
train comfortably off. I myself accompanied the
second train from Salford. The first train left Sal.
ford a little before 11 o'clock at night. We fol-
lowed in the second train at 10 minutes after 11
o'clock. On arriving at Ramsbottom one of the
carriages was taken off by my direction, because I
had discovered a defective draw-bar. The draw-bar
is the hook at the end of the shackle, and if it were
broken the whole weight of the carriage would fall
upon the chains. We next stopped at Helmshore
station. I was in the carriage about the tenth from
the engine. When the train came to a stand at
that point it was the duty of the guards to get off
and assist the passengers. Before doing so it was
their duty to release the break. If the breaks were
not released the engine could not start, the two en-
gines themselves being sufficient to hold the train
in case it remained together. Immediately after
the train came to a stand I felt, from the rebound
of the carriages, a slight shock, and then heard
something snap. The carriage, the coupling of
which snapped, was four or five carriages behind
me. At that point I looked out, and saw Chippen-
dale, the guard, on the platform. Chippendale said
he thought a portion of the train had broken loose,
and was moving back. I jumped out of the car-
riage instantly and ran up to the engine in front.
I ordered the first driver to detach his engine from
the other one. I got upon the engine and told him
what had occurred, desired him to make all the speed
he could, and cross on to the other line leading down
to Ramsbottom. We ran down the line whistling
all the way. I had two objects in view—first, to
get before the carriages on the other line, which
had been detached, and if possible to reach a crossing
which is about half a mile below the Helmshore
station, and to stop them by means of our engine.
My second object, providing we could not catch
them before reaching the crossing, and so turn them
on to the other line, was to stop the other train
which I expected to be following. We ran down
the line about 400 or 500 yards, and I saw the car-
riages in front of us, and I felt sure that my first
purpose was about to succeed, but as I got a little
nearer I observed some people on the line, and,
getting nearer still, I found that the detached por-
tion of the train had come to a stand. I stopped
the engine before we got down to the wreck, and
then saw that a collision had taken place. I felt
our engine go over something, which I afterwards
found to be the top of one of the carriages. I first
got a lamp, and went back over the course taken by
our engine, to see if we had run over any one. I
found we had not, and then returned and despatched
volunteers to all parts to fetch medical assistanc
After we had got out two or three injured persons
I took the engine back to Helmshore, and ran it on
to the opposite line with a view of conveying the
wounded to the hotel. The carriage to which the
engine was attached was taken up to Helmshore.
On coming back again to the scene of the wreck I
observed a loose chain hanging from the carriage,
and rattling on the ballast. When the train was
formed at Accrington I saw that it had two break
carriages and two guards, which I thought were
sufficient. The third break carriage was, no doubt,
added at Ramsbottom, but I cannot say exactly.
The guards were sober and active, so far as I saw.
I got out myself both at Bury and Ramsbottom,
and observed their conduct. I have been in the ser-
vice of the conwany for more than 14 years, and
have been 10 years passenger superintendent of this
district. Excursion trains have been very numer-
ous during the whole of that period, and this is the
first accident that has ever occurred.
By Mr. Leresche—Between Bury and Accring
ton we invariably have two guards to every train,
that being a busy section of the line, and the line
being of stiff gradients. We don't profess ever to
put on more than 30 or 31 carriages to any one
train. Newell's break locks 12 wheels at once, and
the ordinary break only four wheels. The breaks
on this train to which the accident occurred were
ordinary breaks. Tomlinson commenced work at 8
o'clock that morning, and Chippendale about 10.
Chippendale was the chief guard and Tomlinson the
assistant-guard. If Tomlinson was at the break at
the rear of the train, it would not be in compliance
with the Bth regulation of the company as to the
duties of the guards ' • and if Chippendale was at the
break in the front of the train, that would also be a
violation of the rules of the company. Both guards
are, however, equally competent. The fact that the.
last break in this train had three common carriages
behind it is not in accordance with the rule, which
says that the last carriage shall be a break van ;
hut I consider there was no danger in having three
carriages attached behind the break, seeing the
break carriage was laden with passengers. Suppos-
ing the last carriage had been an empty break vain,
it would have reduced the consequence of the colli-
sion, but, being a carriage full of passengers, the
result would have been the same as actually occur-
red. The reason of the regulation for a break car-
riage being put at the tail of the train is to prevent
accidents of this nature. The momentum arising
from the rebound of the buffers in three carriages
only would not be adequate to break the couplings
of such carriages as were in this train. Assuming
the carriage now at the station to be the one that
parted, I may describe the fracture thus :—One of
the side chains is entirely torn from its place under
the framework of the carriage, and leaves one por-
tian of the staple affixed to the end bar of the car-
riage. I am now speaking of the Birkenhead second
class carriage. The other side chain is partially
gone ; a portion of it is detached, and the hook and
two links on the other side are gone. The draw-bar
of the carriage is all right, but there is no shackle
attached, nor is it made for one, I found at the sta-
tion a carriage answering to the description given
by the witnesses Grindrod and Ashworth. Thre is
nothing wrong about the couplings of that carriage,
although it is possible that a link may be missing,
as some of the shackles have a small link. There
is a small broken link which I first saw in the
possession of Mr. Newall's man, and this may be
a broken link which at one time belonged to this
whichshackle. The shackle on the first-class carriage
and mercy, gnu.
must have had such a link, and it could not be
-
hooked on the draw bar without an additional link,
virtues might not be eiss„
so that no man would hereafter
unless the engine were used to compress the buffers.
circumscribe the great principles on ass- should expect that the shackle and the side bars
-
temple of liberty was being beilt.—Pottseq/e /on.
-Id be broken with one jerk, as the two draw ban

were out to the full length. I should say that the
side chains were en, as I never saw a passenger
train without side chains, and the working of the
train would have shown there was a missing shackle.
I don't believe that the side chains were unfastened,
because the very breakage shows that they were
fastened. The circumstance of my finding one chain
dragging from the last carriage shows that such a
breakage had taken place. It is a violation of the
rules to allow passengers to travel on the outside of
the carriages, and for a guard or any one else to
smoke. I never yet saw a guard smoking while on
duty. Mr. Newall and Mr. Lees found a broken
shackle on the line, but on inspection it was found
to be an old one.

TILE HARVEST AND REAPING

MACHINES.

A writer in a contemporary says :—Having been
engaged in the construction of reaping machines
ever since their re-introduction into this country
from Ole United States, I may perhaps be allowed_
to say that Messrs. Dray and Co. were quite right
in refusing to accept the suggestion of your Kentish
correspondent. In order to cut off the ears of the
corn in the field and leave the straws standing,
those ears must all be nearly at the same level int
the same crop. In dry, calm seasons some fields
may be found in this condition, but in such years
DO advantige, bu." the reverse, would result from
the practice which ,he recommends. In wet seasons,
on the other hand, the crops. if not actually laid,
always vary consideraNy in their inclination in
different parts of the same ,Meld ; so that the only
way of cutting them by machinery is to attack them
below' the level of the ears which are most inclined
—that is, practically, to cut as close to the ground
as possible.
More money has been wasted in the last ten years
owing to the want of a clear conceptio.n of what
can and what cannot be accomplished by serf-acting
mechanism in the field than would have sufficed
to introduce the reaping machine into thousands oaf
parishes ; and, even at this day, the great obstacle
to their general use lies in the fact that agvicul• •
turists require them to do too much, and that the
manufacturers, instead of attempting to simplify,„
and consequently to cheapen, are induced to com—
plicate them, in the endeavour to perform impossi-.
bilities. Let farmers be content to cut moderately-
heavy and tolerably upright corps by simple
machinery, and be willing to bestow upon their
regular staff of labourers a small portion of the profit
arising not only from the cheapening, but also
from the acceleration of their harvest operations,
and they will have no difficulty in getting cut by
hand the fields in which mecltanical reapers cannot
operate with advantage.
The advice of your other correspondent that nut'
' ears should be cat off by a subsequent operati on,
' and dried by blasts of air, is practicab:e, and nit ‘y,
I believe, be carried out with great advantage in.
our climate.

By the Jury—Should say that the breaks were
not applied in time. One break, if applied imme-
diately after separation, might have stopped the
train from receding, and the occurrence been pre-
vented. It was the duty of the guards to apply
these breaks. They ought to have been applied im-
mediately before the train came into the station,
and released when the train came to a stand. It was
the duty of the guard to remain at the break after
taking his break eff until the train had been brought
to a perfect stand, so as to allow for the pressure on
the successive series of buffers to expend itself.
Whether tnis was done or no I cannot say.
By Mr. Leresche—Supposing that the guard had
gone from his break without alto .ving for the re-
bound he would not have acted wi.;ll common dis-
cretion, but rather with a want of caution• as to
amount to an impropriety. I cannot call it an ex-
treme want of caution, nor is it a breach of any of
the company's rules Supposing the guard had done
so that would aceount for the accident. I cannot
say that I am competent to judge of the strength
of the chains ; they are not so strong as ours.
I do not feel competent to say that the chains pro-
duced are not strong enough to support a train of
31 carriages on such an incline. I think they would
be all the better if they were stronger. One chain
is not broken. The chains belong to the Birken-
head Company's carriages. I remember those Bir-
kenhead carriages being brought to the station for
the inspection of the jury, and the stationmaster
informed me that the coupling broke in shunting
into the siding. Having had my attention drawn
to that ciraumstanee I still adhere to my opinion.
T do not think there was any danger in the circum-
.tance of there neing only iv minutes' difference in
the time of the second and third trains leaving
Ramsbottom, supposing that to have been the case-.
By Mr. Baldwin—To the best of try belief the
engine on which I went after the receding carriages
did not run over anybody, nor did we run into the
ruins of the carriages where the people were lying.
I do not know that Mr. Dearden, of Burnley, attri-
butes the injuries he received to being run over by
the engine. I heard at the time no complaint of
my having run over any one, nor have I heard of
such a thing since. I have heard a great many
unfounded rumours in reference to the matter.

By Mr. Robinson—There is a rule against put-
ting an engine behind a train, but to assist a tram
up an incline is male an exception.
At the conclusion of the examination of Mr.
Shaw the inquest was further adjourned until
Wednesday morning. There still remain a large
number of witnesses to be examined. At the close
of the day's proceedings Mr. Shaw mentioned that
he had received a communication from Col. Yollard,
R E., from the Railway Department of the Board
of Trade, who will go over the line on Tuesday, and
probably assist in the investigation before the coro-
ner on Wednesday.

THE ATTEMPT TO MAKE BOMBAY THE

MAIVCILESTER OF INDIA.

(From the Money Market Review.)
Our great cotton interest at hone is watching
with natural anxiety the movement which is taking
place in India with a view to the extension of cot-
ton-spinning and weaving in that country, _under
the forcing effect of the differential duty which has
been imposed by Mr. Wilson. The Bombay Times
and standard, received this week, declares that
" the number of spinning and weaving companies
now in course of formation threatens, if carried out,
to create quite a revolution in the market for Eng-
lish manufactures." It may be interesting to glance
at the statistics of the subject, as they are presented
in the latest advises from Bombay. At Calcutta,
we may remark, there are no new mills building.
The number of existing mills actually in working
order in the Bombay Presidency is as follows :

Looms,

Spindles.
Broaeh Spinning Mill 17,000
Oriental Spinning and Weaving
Company
Bombay Spinning Mills 31,566 ..
The Throstle Mill Company lO,OOO ..

Total ..

Three of these companies are now extending their
works; experience having taught them that they
cannot work a small spinning mill profitably, owing
to the heavy expenses of European management.
They must be spread over a wider surface, in order
to work with prot. The extensions announced
are as follows :

Spindles. Looms
Oriental Spinning and Weaving Cora-

_
Pant
Bombay Spinning Mills
The Threstle Mill Company lO,OOO ..

Total..

We now come to the undertakings which are
described in the local reports as " begotten of Mr.
Wilson's attempt to double the customs revenue
from English yarn." They are as follows :

Bpindles Looms.
Victoria Spinning Company
Ahmedabad Spinning Company 2,500 ..
Bombay United Spinning Company
Coorla Spinning and Weaving Company 25,000 .. 330
Royal Spinning and Weaving Company 40,000 .. 800
Great Eastern Spinning and Weaving
Company
Manockjee Petty's Spinning and Wtav-

ing Company v50,000 .. 1,000
In embryo

Total 200,740 .. 3,560
The summary of the above stands thus :
Spindles. Looms.
New Working
Extensions . ... 27.536 .. 225
- -- -

.. ---
New establishments

Grand total

To make these statistics complete. we will show
the capital which ea2h company represents:—

. .
Broach Spinning Mills . R5.5,00,000
Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company 15,62,000
Throstle Mill Company
Bombay Spinning Company
Victoria Spinning Company
Ahmedabad Spinning Company ..
Bombay United Spinning Company 5,00,000
Coorla Spinning and Weaving Company - 10,00,000
Royal Spinning and Weaving Company 15,00,000
Great Eastern. Spinning an , Weaving Company 15,00,000
Manockjee Petty's Spinning and Weaving
__ .

CCompany- 25.00,000
In embryo

Total
It seems, then, that, in round numbers, there are
300,000 spindles and 4,000 looms about to be set up
in Bombay, upon a capital of one million sterling.
The movement is canvassed with the greatest
interest in the local journals. One of them indulges
in the following anticipations :

Another writer says—The following facts rat ty
be of interest to your agricultural
On the three days, August 30, 31, and Septe.. -
ber 1, expecting the wet weather to continue, D
had 30 acres of wheat reaped and placed underr
cover in barns, hovels, cattle and iruplement shedN,
&c.—in fact in everything that had al• roof to
setting each sheaf upright on the grow d. thus em--
posing the whole of it to the action of the air.
Each acre of sheaves occupied an area of 4130.
superficial feet.
The wheat was cut when dry and carried imute-
diately ; it is now in excellent order, and my people
commence thrashing it to-morrow.
Had the wet weather continued, the whole+
might have been removed in a few days, and
stacked either out of doors or under the same roofs,
making room in the former case for 30 acres, a nil
in the latter case for at least 20 acres more.
To show that in the extreme case of the weather
not permitting the wheat to be cut dry it might
still be saved, I may mention that two waggon-
loads of sheaves standing in the field throughout
the wet week ending Aug. 25 were carried on that
day in the pouring rain and placed under cover.
They were then soaked throughout, and are now,
Sept. 10, fit to thrash. I had one field of 10 acres
dried in the straw on three kilns in a malthouse,
each of which was 25 feet square, and contaikiOti
upwards of an acre of sheaves.

COUNTRY .MABXE7S.

It seems clear that, unless the local mills are to use up
their own yarn in cloth, they would flood Bombay in a
single year with more twist of a low description than it re-
quires in six or seven. The success of these mills will
plainly, therefore, depend upon their power to work up the
yarn into fabrics suited for the Indian market, and Bombay
, must become a great weaving city for her spinning mills to
achieve success. Can she ever become so ? Having rivalled
Manchester in the productions of low yarn, can she rival her
also in the production of coarse grey goods ? The question
is a very important one. The Oriental Spinning and Weav-
ing Company is manufacturing longcloths and madapo-
lams, we are told, of a superior finish. It is even stated
that the fabric is preferred by our dealers to the produce of
the Lancashire looms. Should weaving become a success
in the island there is little room to doubt that Bombay will
at no distant time be cons erted into a vast manufacturing
city. The mills now in course of establishment can turn
out sufficient yarn to keep six or seven thousand looms em-
ploy. d The experiment is already set forth on a scale
sufficiently large, and we recommend its patient trial with-
out further extension. If it fail—not much harm will have
be en done; if it succeed, Bombay is destined to be not only
the commercial capital of India, but one of the first manu-
facturing cities of the world.

Now, we have no doubt whatever that there is a
vast deal of exaggeration in all this, and that the
mania for establishing spinning and weaving com
panies will soon receive a check ; but the animation
which at present prevails in this branch of enter-
prise places in a more striking light than ever the
hardship attempted to be inflicted upon stir home
interest, in which a vast amount of capital is em-
barked. Our spinners and manufacturers are pre-
pared to meet upon equal terms any and every corn
petitor, but to give an exceptional bonus to the
manufacturer in India is utterly opposed to the
spirit of our commercial policy.

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