The Sun.
London, England, 1860-04-05 00:00:00

A EWA N EXPLORATION.

TO THE EDITOR or THE SUN.
Sir,—The interesting Recount of the recent dis-
coveries of Dr. Livingstone in 'the vicinity of the
Lakes Shirwa and Nyinyesi (or Nyassa), read be-
fore the Royal Geographical Society at its last
meeting gave rise to some observations in con-
nexion with the expedition about' to start, under
the command of Captains Speke and Grant, is con-
tinuation of the previous explorations of Captain
Speke to the north of Lake Nyanza, the region of
the supposed sources of the Nile. Taking the
warmest interest in the success of this great enter-
prise, and having already submitted a plan of co-
operation to the society under the auspices of which
and the patronage of the Foreign-office the expe-
dition is to proceed, the chairman (Sir It. Murchi-
son) expressed' a hope that her Majesty's Govern-
ment would furnish me with the support ne-
cessary to carry it into execution. Not having
seen any notice of that meeting in The Sun, I
venture to furnish you with the substance of the
remarks that I made on that occasion, and trust
that, affecting as they do not only the success of
the expedition, but the personal safety of the gal-
lant leaders, you will allow them publicity through
the medium of your widely-circulated columns.
From an experience of five years of the region
in question, I am enabled to state that the tribes to
the north differ greatly in character from those to
the south of•the Equator. Having had little or no
intercourse with traders and strangers, they are,
in addition to being more fierce and warlike, in
the last degree suspicions of and hostile to the en-
trance of any into their territories; and not only
is their hand lifted against the strange white man,
but against every one not of their own immediate
tribe or locality. To enable any one successfully to
penetrate into their country courage is not the
only requisite, a tolerably intimate knowledge of
their language and customs is indispensable.
Having acquired this knowledge, which has en-
abled me hitherto to meet all emergencies, I feel
convinced that I could render material assistance
to the expedition. Unless Captain Speke and his
party happen to arrive at Belignan, on the Nile, in
December or January no boats would be available
within hundreds of miles to convey them to Khar-
tum, in the absence of which any attempt to march
down the valley of the Nile would be inviting
almost certain destruction, either at the hands of
the warlike aborigines or by starvation, the whole
neighbouring district being worse provided with
anything in the shape of food than any ether
part of the interior known to me. It will be neces-
sary, therefore, for a couple of well provisioned
boats, with an experienced and armed escort, suffi-
ciently strong to repel any attack from the almost
always half-famishing natives of this country, to
await the advent of the party at the Upper Cata-
racts, in about 3 deg. 30 N. lat. I propose, under
these circumstances, conditionally upon the Govern-
ment defraying the actual outlay, to provide the
requisite boats, provisions, and escort, and to place
my knowledge and experience at the disposal of the
expedition, independently of any remuneration for
my personal services and the hardship and risk in-
separable from such an undertaking.
Feeling sure that, apart from the prospective
benefits to commerce and civilisation likely to flow
from the suceessfal accomplishment of this great
scheme, the sympathies of Englishmen must be en-
listed in favour of an expedition having for its ob-
ject the solution of that problem_the discovery of
the sources of the Nile—which has , baffled the ra.
genuity of man for ages past----I have the honour
to remain, Sir, your obedient servant,
JOHN PETHEPA CK,
F.R.G.S., Her Majesty's C°P:sul for Soudan.

,sPJIN Ala) AfOROULO.

The Ili:arid Gazette publishes the text of the pre-
liminaries of peace with Morocco, which hare re-
ceived the Royal sanction :

Leopold O'Donnell, Duke
of Tetuan Count of
Lucena, &c., and Maley Abbas, Caliph, &c., duly
authorised by her Majesty the Queen of the Spains
,
and by his Majesty the King of Morocco, have
agreed on the following preliminary bases for the
conclusion of the treaty of peace that is to put an
end to the war between Spain and Morocco.
Art. 1. His Majesty the King of Morocco cedes
to bar Majesty the Queen of the Spains, in perpe-
tuity, full liossession and sovereignty, all the terri-
tory comprised from the sea, following the heights
of Sierra Bullones, as far as the road of Anghera.
Art. 2. In the same manner his Majesty the King
of Morocco undertakes to concede, in perpetuity,
along the coast of the ocean to Santa Cruz, the Pe-
quena, the territory sufficient for the formation of
an establishment like that which Spain possessed
there formerly.

Art. 3. Hi; Majesty the King of Morocco will
ratify, within the briefest period possible, the con-
vention relative to the places of Melilla, El Penton,
and Alhucernas, which the plenipotentiary of Spain
and Merocco signed at Tetuan on the 24th of August,
1859.

Art. 4. As a just indemnity for the expenses of
the war, his Majesty the King of Morocco engages
to pay to her Majesty the
Queen of the Spains
the sum of 20 millions of piastres. The mode of
paying this sum will be stipulated in the treaty of
peace.
Art. 5. The town of Tetuan, with the whole of
the territory that formed the ancient pashalic of the
same name will remain in the possession of her Ma-
jesty the Queen of Spain as security for the omen-
don of the obligation specified in the aforesaid artier
cle until the complete payment of the war indemnity.
Immediately after the said payment shall have been
made in full, the Spanish troops will evacuate the
said town and territory.
Art. 6. A treaty of commerce shall be concluded,
in which will be stipulated, in favour of Spain, all
the advantages that would have been or shall here-
after be conceded to the most favoured nation.
Art. 7. To avoid, in future, events like those that
occasion the present war, the representative of Spain
at Morocco may reside at Fez, or at the spot best
suited for the protection of Spanish interests, and
for the maintenance of good relations between the
two States.

Art. 8. His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco
will authorise the establishment at Fez of a house
of Spanish missionaries, like that which exists at
Tangiers. -
Art. 9. Her Majesty the Queen of the Spains will
immediately appoint two plenipotentiaries, who,
with two others appointed by his Majesty the Em-
peror of Morocco, will have to draw up the defini-
tive articles of the treaty of peace. These plenipo-
tentiaries will meet in the towns of Tetuan, and
their labours will have to be completed with the
least possible delay, the time in no case to exceed
30 days' reckoning from this date.
March 25, 1860.
LEOPOLD O'DONNELL, MULEY ABBAS.
The preliminary bases of the treaty of peace
having been agreed upon and signed between Spain
and Morocco by Leopold O'Donnell, Duke of
Tetuan, Capt.-General in Chief of the Spanish army
in Africa, and Muley Abbas, caliph of the empire of
Morocco and Prince of the Algarbe, all hostilities
will cease from this day between the two armies, the
bridge of Bureja being the line that is to divide the
two armies. The undersigned will give the' most
peremptory orders to their respective armies, and
severely chastise any one contravening them. nley
Abbas engages to prevent the hostilities of ,the
Kabyles, and if by chance they should nevertheless
commit any, he authorises the Spanish army to chas-
tise them, without the peace being considered to be
thereby infringed.
March 25, 1860.
LEOPOLD O'DONNELL, MULEY ABBAS.

I "1. This Chamber considers that the duties upon
half-manufactured articles—such as iron and steel ;
iron, steel, brass, and copper wire ; brass and copper
sheets; iron and brass tubes for boilers, steam, and
gas, &c. ; and tin plates—should be levied by
weight; and that the duties upon all articles en-
tirely manufactured should be taken ad valorem.
"2. This Chamber is unable to give the average
price of the manufactured articles known as ' hard-
. ware.' The goods are so varied, and the qualities
of each single article so numerous that any approxi-
mate calculation would be of little assistance to my
Lords ; for instance, brass locks, which are made
froni 9d. to 1802. per dozen and upwards ; steel
pens, from lid. per gross to 13s. 6d. and upwards;
fire irons, from 10d. per set to 20s. and upwards ;
plated candlesticks, from 4s. per pair to 80s. and
upwards; japanned tea-trays, from Bd. per dozen
to 80a. and upwards. Numerous other articles
might be mentioned as further illustrating the im-
possibility of affording any information to my Lords
on this subject.
" 3. This Chamber is of opinion that the French
Treaty will be of little benefit to the manufacturers
of Birmingham in the event of a duty at all ap-
proaching 30 per cent, being levied upon manufac-
tured articles, as such a duty would afford the
French manufacturer a protection which would
prevent the importation into France of most of the
leading articles of this district:
" Upon the articles known as hardwares this
Chamber is of opinion that moderate duties, such
as those levied by the neighbouring countries of
Belgium and Holland, would greatly benefit the
trade of this locality.
"This Chamber is of opinion that upon the
articles enumerated in their reply No. 1, the fol-
lowing should be the maximum duties, viz.:—
"Wire, iron, 6f. per 100 kilogrammes ; wire,
steel, 10f. ditto ; wire, copper and brass, 101. ditto ;
copper and brass sheets, 10f. ditto ; tubes, iron, 10f.
ditto ; tubes, copper and brass, 15f. ditto ; tin plates,
6f. ditto,

" The duty on iron, as stipulated in Article 17 of
the Treaty, although considered by the manufac-
turers of this district as too heavy, will still allow
the import of certain best brands, though probably
only to a very limited extent.
"In conclusion, this Chamber begs to direct the
attention of my Lords to the fact that although an
abolition of total prohibitions in the French tariff
may benefit a few isolated branches of the manu-
factures of this district, they cannot forbear com-
paring the tariff of Belgium with that proposed by
France, as they find, with much lower duties levied.
in 'Belgium upon articles known as hardwcre,' the
demand for the products of this locality is exceed-I
ingly limited, and with an ad valorem duty of 30 '
per cent. this Chamber feels convinced that the
advantages Birmingham and the neighbourhood
would derive from the new French tariff would
prove exceedingly. limited.

" With regard to the suggestions of my Lords
that deputations should be sent to Paris on the
subject of the treaty, the Council of this Chamber
are of opinion that the branches of the trades re-
presented by them are too numerous to admit of the
suggestion being carried into, effect. The Council
bas, however, appointed a sub-committee to consi-
der the questions referred to by my Lords, and the
committee will have much pleasure in affording any
further information which maybe required by them
in the pending negotiations."

PUBLIC WORKS AND PRIVATE EN-
TERPRIS'E IN INDIA.

Yesterday the Cotton Supply Association pre-
sented to the Secretary of State for India in Coun-
cil the following memorial in favour of encourag-
ing the free application of English capital and skill
to works of public utility in India :

To the Right Hon. Sir C. Wood, Bart., M.P., &c.,
her Majesty's Secretary of State for India in
Council.
The Memorial of the Cotton Supply Association
showeth,

That your memorialists are of opinion that, look-
ing to the extensive area embraced by British India,
and the enormous extent of works of public utility
required to place that territory in even a proper
state, in order thP.t its resources may be fairly de-
veloped, it is manifestly impossible for the Govern-
meat, by
;Ais own efforts, to effect much in that
direction, whilst it is equally clear that the surplus
caPital and free enterprise of England, if made
as7ailable, will with rapidity supply all those of
such works as do not of necessity and exclusively
belong to the operations of Government.
That irrespective of the stupendous benefits which
a speedy and extensive construction of works of the
nature referred to in various parts of India would
produce to the cotton trade, and therefore to the
general community of this country, it is difficult to
overrate the numerous civilising influences and
solid advantages which would thereby necessarily
flow to the native population, and especially when
accompanied by the introduction there of a large
body of English civil engineers and others of skill
and education, such as would be employed by pri-
vate companies.

That if is therefore a matter of the most vital and
pressing importance to the best interests of both
India and England that every possible facility
should be afforded to those who are willing to take
upon themselves the onerous task of raising capital
in this country, and to apply it to purposes so pre-
eminently important as those before adverted to,
whilst by the adoption of a liberal policy in such
cases the Government will not only relieve itself of
much anxiety and trouble, but be a considerable
financial gainer, and at the same time secure the
affection and loyalty of its subjects.
That your memorialists have learnt with much
satisfaction that an influential joint-stock company,
established in London, under the name of the
Madras Irrigation and Canal Company, have sub-
mitted to you a proposal to construct extensive
works of irrigation, drainage, and navigation in
Orissa, and to connect that territory with the
port of Calcutta, reviring from Government no
other assistance than the mere supply of all
land requisite for such work. Your memorialists
are assured that a company already and favour-
ably known to the English public must neces-
sarily possess advantages for raising capital which
could not appertain to a newly organised associa-
tion, and are, therefore, more likely to achieve that
success which is all important in a pioneer enter-
prise intended to open up the way for a more gene-
ral and greatly extended application of the free
skill, science, and capital of Britain to the regene-
ration of India.
Your memorialists, therefore, most respectfully
pray :-
1. That the Right Hon. her Majesty's Secretary
of State for India in Council will afford to the sub-
ject-matter of this memorial immediate and serious
consideration, with a view to the adoption of
prompt and energetic measures for the most com-
plete and rapid provision of works of irrigation and
means of cheap transit in India, the want whereof
at present prevents that country from producing
an unlimited supply of cotton to the manufacturers
of Great Britain, and from relieving the latter from
an uncertain and perilous dependence upon the
slave states of America.
2. That, as it is utterly impossible for Govern-
ment to construct throughout British India more
than a small portion of the works in question,
although they are essentially necessary to develop
her agricultural and other resources, and to make
her prosperous and contented, and able to bestow
upon the people of this country those high com-
mercial benefits they have the right to expect from
her direct union with England, and as it is equally
clear that the surplus private capital, skill, and
energy of Great Britain are capable, if properly
applied, of producing such works with rapidity and
advantage, every possible facility and encourage-
ment may be given by Government to all joint-stock
companies formed in England who may seek to
undertake the construction of well-selected, prac-
ticable, and useful projects of irrigation and navi-
gation, &c., in British India; and
3. That the proposal now submitted by the
Madras Irrigation and Canal Company for the con-
struction of works of irrigation, &c., in the district's
of Orissa without a governmental guarantee may
receive the most favourable consideration, and
every proper encouragement and support be given
to enable that company to enter upon the contem-
plated undertaking with the least possible delay
and in a satisfactory manner, in order that others
may, by their success, be induced to undertake
other works of a like description by means of capi-
tal raised in the same way.
• Signed at a meeting of the Executive Committee
of the Cotton Supply Association in Manchester,
the 3d day of April, 1860.
(Signed) JOHN CHEETHAM, Chairman.
G.E., HAYWOOD, Secretary.

outside of the line. Soon after the ships came in
sight the - customary salutes were exchanged be-
tween the. Edgar, flagship of Rear-Admiral Erskine,
and the Victory, flagship of the Commander-in-
Chief, Vice-Admiral Brucb. The Sprightly and
Pigmy steam tenders were despatched from the
harbour to Spithead on the fleet's arrival.
The Howe, 120, lately launched from Pembroke
dockyard, was to leave that port on Monday last
had the weather been at all favourable, but the
wind continued S.W., blowing fresh throughout
the day. Preparations were making to leave the,

followintT day, Tuesday, for Devonport. The Howe
was fait:wiled on the 7th of last month, and consi-.
dering her great size and the stormy weather which
the riggers have had to contend with, the greatest
praiSe is admitted to be due to Mr. Paul, assistant
master attendant of Pembroke yard, under whose
command they have done wonders in hastening her
fitment for the cruise round,

The Virago, 6, Commander Dunn, remains in rea-
diness at Pembroke to assist in navigating the Howe,
121, to Devonport.
The Nile, 90, screw, Capt. Barnard, at Devonport,
has completed her fitment, and is ready for trial,
She is expected to sail about the 12th inst. for the
North American and West India station, where she
is to receive the flag of the commander-in-chief.
The Powerful, 84, was taken into dock at Chatham
yesterday to be converted into a screw steam-ship.
She will be lengthened and have a new stern, simi-
lar to that which has been placed to the Rodney.
The blocks are being prepared in No. 7 dock at
Portsmouth for the reception of the Victoria, 121,
screw.

Her Majesty's Royal paddle yacht Victoria and
Albert, Capt. the Hon. J. Denman, sailed from Ports-
mouth yesterday morning at daylight on her cruise,
for the purpose of fully testing her steam super-
heating apparatus.

TheEuryalus, 51, screw steamer, Capt. Tarleton,
C. 8., commenced shipping her boilers in the steam
basin at Portsmouth yesterday.
Sails were unbent on Tuesday on board that por-

tion of the Channel squadron which arrived in Ply-
mouth Sound the same day from Lisbon, and mea-
sures are in progress for their immediate refitment.
Those ships previously in the Sound sent up top-
gallautmasts and ,yards, and loosed ,sails to dry.
The Conqueror, 101; .Capt. Sotheby, steamed into
Ilamoaze and broughrup off Keyham ; she was
appointed to go into dock yesterday (Wednesday).
The sailing ship Albion, 90, was brought to the
Devonport dockyard on Tuesday and placed in the
basin, preparatory to being converted into a screw.
The Royal George, 104, was taken from Devon-
port
dockyard on Tuesday, and placed in Keyham
basin under the shears.

Fifty shipwrights, 10 joiners, 12 smiths, 1 plum-
ber, and Mahourers will be discharged from Devon-
port do2kyard on Saturday.
The Russian frigate Askold, iu Plymouth Sound,
saluted the flag of Sir C. Fremantle, K.C.8., on
Tuesday, on the arrival of the Admiral from Lis-
bon. The compliment was duly acknowledged by
the Royal Albert, 121.
His Iniperial French Majesty's steamer Le Corse
left Plymouth Sound on Tuesday for her destination.
The screw steamships Trafalgar, 90, Capt. E. G.
Fanshawe, and the Centurion, 80, Capt. Georg* E.
Patey, left Plymouth Sound yesterday morning,
probably for Lisbon.
Seventeen of the crew of the hired transport
Havering, stranded at Plymouth, were brought be-
fore the Stonehouse magistrates on Tuesday, on a
charge of insubordination and refusal to do duty,
and were sentenced to two months' imprisonment
at Exeter.

We have :eceived the following letter from her
Majesty's screw troopship Simoon, dated " Singa-
pore, February 22, 1860" :—" We arrived yester-
day, 41 days from the Cape and 93 from England.
All well on board. We proceed in a few days for
China. In Banco Straits we fell in with the Ring-
dove, and gave her a tug along, as she was short of
fuel. The Renard sailed from here to-day for
Penang to tow up a troopship, which the Scout will
convoy to the northward. The Pearl leaves in a day
or two with the 44th Regiment, half the regiment
being on board the Pearl and the remainder in a
transport. 'rho Ringdove is refitting, and when
complete goes to Penang to forward along any
other ships. The Esk is the senior officer's ship
here. We are the first batch of soldiers out, and,
as operations do not commence before the middle of
April, we shall be in plenty of time. The mail
steamer starts to-day, so we are lucky in having
time to write home. Our passage from England
has been good ; no lives or spars lost, nor sails split.
Off the Cape we had a shower of ice, and pieces fell
in ragged shapes, weighing from three to six ounces.
Several men were hurt, but luckily none were aloft
at the time or they must have been knocked off
the yards. It lasted only about a minute ; had
it been of any long continuance it must have
cut our sails from the yards, besides doing other
damage. As the ice fell on the decks it sounded
below like shot being rolled about overhead. No
one on board ever saw or heard of the like before,
and it, as you may imagine, quite astonished us. It
was no hailstorm, I assure you."

Circulars were yesterday issued through the de-
partments of Woolwich Arsenal announcing that
the general business of the establishment will be
closed for the week on Thursday evening, and will
not be resumed until the following Monday morning.
The following appointments were made yesterday
at the Admiralty :—Capt F. A. B. Craufurd to the
Archer, vice Courtenay, invalided ; Cora. E. W.
Laing to be Inspecting-Commander of the Coast-
guard, vice Balfour, whose period of service has ex-
pired ; J. H. Carruthers, surg., to the Orion ; L. H.
S. Hayne, assist.-surg., to the Formidable ; J. W.
S. Meicklejohn, assist.-surg., to Greenwich Hospi-
tal ; J. J. Fitzgerald, acting-assist.-surg., to the
Royal Albert ; H. F. Woods, master's-assistant, to
the Rhadamanthus ; A.H. Martin, paymaster to the
assist.-paymaster, in change
Falcon ; G. M. Blyth,
of the Crocodile ; G. Treviss, promoted to the rank
of chief engineer, and appointed to the Fisgard, for
charge of the machinery of the Barossa ; Thos. J.
Sweeny, second class assist.-engineer, to the Rhada-
man thus ; A. Wilkins, acting third class assist.-en-
gineer, to the Asia as supernumerary; E. Wims-
burst, acting third class assist.-engineer, to the Asia
as supernumerary.

The following naval cadets were yesterday ap-
pointed as'follows :—F. W. Jenkins, J. B. Napier,
G. Stopford, H. G. Gillam, S. A. Johnson, J. J. A.
Campbell, F. G. E. M•Clintock, R. H. E. Weiby,
G. H. Verner, P. H. Gage, M. C. D. Osborn, G. C.
Young, and H. S. T. Chowne, to the Marlborough ;
G. R. Bromley, W. E. Heatheote, E. C. St. John,
and A. R. Boddam, to th 3 Nile; G. A. Grey, F. G.
M. Powell, J. H. Hodgson► F. G. Dundas, and J.
N. Mercer, to the Euryalus ; K. Garnier, Robt. F.
Castle, E. Y. P. Smith, J. King, and E. G. F. Law,
to the Forte; C. A. Nicolson, John G. Masters,
A. Hutchinson, and L. L. L. Bevan, to the Royal

t 7 1.1
The chartered East India troopship Warrior
Queen, 998 tons, Capt. W. Henry, arrived at G raves-
end yesterday, from Calcutta, with sick and dis-
abled troops on board, and a number of soldiers of
various regiments whose time of -service has ex-
pired, and who are sent home to be discharged. i r
The troops embarked at Calcutta on the 23d of De- k
cember and sailed the following day, the only land
touched being St. Helena, which was reached on
the 12th of February, the passage to the Thames
occupying 99 days. The number who embarked on
board was three officers, 127 non-commissioned offi-
cers and men, 16 military lunatics, 19 invalid sea-
men of the Indian navy, and 16 women and chil-
dren. 'The troops belong to the Royal Artillery,
Royal Engineers, Medical Staff Corps, 6th Dragoon
Guards (Carhineers), 3d Buffs, sth Fusileers, 19th,
34th, 35th, 38th, 48th, 53d, 54th, 60th Rifles, 80th
ank99th.Regiments, the whole being under the
ki36clrhinil 0 Cap. 1: Gibsone, 17th Lancers, anti
Lieut. W. 1-1,,, j". Clarke, 53a.-1-tekopetu, anon -
medical charge of Assist.-Sorg. J. nar-A, Ml/4.D.','4'
87th Royal Irish Fusileers. During the, voyage
there were 11 deaths on board—namely, seven sol-
diers, two invalid seamen, one lunatic, and one
woman. The sick and wounded . troops and the
insane men were landed yesterday afternoon, and
forwarded'to Fort Pitt, Chatham, where they were
medically • inspected by Surgeon-Major Prender•
gest, M.D., and the staff at that establishment,.
when 30 men were ordered into hospital, the insane
men being taken to the lunatic hospital. The
troops not requiring medical treatment were, sent
to St. Mary's Invalid Establishment to await their,
discharge. The Royal Artillery invalids were for-
warded
to Woolwich, and the naval invalids will
be landed at Blackwall.

CANTERBURY HALL
ING, CONCERTS.-
THIS EVEN
LIICREZIA BORGIA,
(Donizetti).

Donna Lucretia .... Miss Russell.
Mafflo Orsini Mrs. Anderson.
Gennaro Mr. Henry Herbert.
Don Alfonso Signor Tivoli.
Conductor—Mr. Jonghmans.
Comic Vocalists—Messrs. George Hodson (the Irish Come-
dian and Mimic), W. T. Critchfield, and E. W. hackney.
Several interesting Pictures are added to the Fine Arts
Gallery. The suite of Halls have been re-decorated and
beautified. and constitute one of the most unique and brilliant
sights of the metropolis.
The gallery is open from 5 till 11 on Sunday Evening.