The Sun.
London, England, 1860-04-26 00:00:00

THEI SUN, LONDON, iTHURSDAY EVENING, APRIL 9 26, 1860

BENSON'S WATC H E S.
" Perfection of mechanism."--Morning Post.

Gold
Silver 2to 50 guineas.
send '2 stamps for Benson's Illustrated Pamphlet, descr*p-
tive of every construction of watch now made, with their
prices
Watches sent to all parts of the kingdom free by post, or to
India and the Colonies for ss. extra.
33 and 34, Ludgate-hill, London, E.C. Established 1749.

THEATRE-ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buckstone.
THIS EVENING, will be performed THE OVERLAND
ROUTE. Messrs. C. Mathews, Buckstone, Compton, Chip-
pendale, Mrs. C. Mathews, Miss Weekes, and Mrs. Wilkins.
After which, a new fairy romance, THE PILGRIM OF
OVE.
And THE BOARDING SCHOOL.

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE.-
Lessee, Mr. A. Harris.
THIS EVENING, to commence with MY WIFE'S
OUT. Mr. Widdicomb and Miss L. Keeley.
Followed by THE FOOL'S REVENGE. Bertuccio, a
Jester, Mr. Phelps.
To conclude with the extravacranza of THE SYLPHIDE.
Miss C. Leclercq, Miss Louise Keeley, Miss Helen Howard,
Miss Rose Leclercq, Mr. Shore, Mr. Saker, and Mr. Frank
Matthews,

Commence at 7.

ADELPHI, NEW THEATRE-ROYAL.
Sole rronrietor and Manager. Mr. Beni. Webster.
THIS EVENING, the popular original Adelphi drama of
THE DEAD HEART. Robert Landry, Mr. B. Webster;
Messrs. P. Bedford, J. L. Toole, David Fisher, Stuart, C. J.
Smith, Killington, Eburne, Powell, Romer, Page; MissWool-
gar, Miss K. Kelly, Miss Laidlaw.
After which the Grand Fairy Extravaganza, THE FAIR
ONE WITH THE GOLDEN LOCKS. King Lachrymoso,
Mr. J. L. Toole ; Count Pleniposo, Mr. P. Bedford ; Viscount
Verysoso, Mr. C. J. Smith ; Graceful, Miss Woolgar ; Queen
Lucidora, Miss Emily Thorne ; 3lollmopsa, Miss K. Kelly.
Box-office open from 10 till 5.
Private boxes, £2 2s. ; Family Boxes, £l.
Orchestra Stalls, ss. ; Balcony, 4s. ; Front Circle Stalls, 3s. ;
Pit Stalls, 25.; Pit, is. 6d. ; Amphitheatre, is ; Gallery, 6d.
Engagement for a limited number of nights of MisaJULIA
DALY, the celebrated American Actress.
Mr. LEIGH MURRAY is engaged, and will shortly appear
in a favourite Drama.
Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith.

ROYAL LY CEUM THEATRE.-
Under the management of Mr. Wm Brough.
THIS EVENING, a new comic drama entitled NEXT OF
KIN. Messrs. Emery, S. Calhaem, Tilbury, &c. ; Mesdames
E. Travers and K. Saxon.

Ai ter which, the burlesque of THE FORTY TIIIEVES.
Miss LyPa Thompson, Miss Clara St. Caese, Miss E.Travers,
Miss K. Saxon, Mrs. Wallis ; Messrs. Emery, Tilbury, &C. ;
and a numerous Corps de Balet.
Followed by WHITEBAIT AT GREENWICH. Sir W.
Don. •

To conclude with TILE MIDDY ASHORE. Miss Lydia
Thompson.

Commence at 7.

OYAL ST. JAMES'S THEATRE,
-IL-t King-street, St. James's. Lessee, Mr. T. B. Chatter-
ton. Directress, Miss Wyndham. The nearest Theatre to
Chelsea, Pimlico, and Westminster, the Park being open to
Carriages and foot passengers all hours of the night.

THIS EVENING tha, performances will etommencn with
a new and original comedy, entitled A FRIEND IN NEED.
10 Robinson, C. Young, &c.
Mier which, A LADY AND GENTLEMAN IN A PE-
CULIAR PERPLEXING PREDICAMENT. Mr. Charles
Yount and Miss Wyndham.
-

Followed by a new burlesque, LUC REZIA BORGIA AT
HOME AND ALL ABROAD. Mesdames Wyndham, E.
Scott, Cecilia Ranoe, Miss Clara Morgan, and the Corps de
Ballet.

Reduced Prices—Gallery, M ; Pit, ls. The Box-office open
from 11 to 5 daily. Doors open at half-past six; perform
ante commences at 7.

ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.-
_ Prpprictor, yr. WM. BATTY.

Sole Manager, Mr. EDWIN HUGHES.
The New Management, in announcing the Triumphant
Success of the Re-opening of this Popular Theatre, have the
utmost satisfaction in stating they but re-echo the senti-
ments expressed by the entire Press and the Public nightly,
that the NEW GREAT MILITARY SPECTACLE, with its
unprecedeutedly magnificent scenery and effects, splendid and
appropriate costumes aad appointments, and grand mis-en-
scene, is the most perfect and imposing hippo-drama ever
produced. The renowned Continental and British Eques-
trian Artistes are also "received each evening with the un-
bounded approbation of astonished and delighted audiences.
The novel and elegant arrangement and conducting of the
Acena give the most complete satisfaction ; and with the truly
gorgeous decorations render the evening's amusement in this
far-famed Establishment one of the most varied, brilliant,
and recherche in this great metropolis.
THIS EVENING, and during the Week,
To commence with the Great Military Spectacle, in Four
Acts entitled "THE HISTORY OF A To be suc-
ceeded by an inimitable rontine of Equestrian Achievements
in the Scenes of the Arena, supported by a host of Star Riders
of the day, and Last Nights of the Wonder of the World,
Jonathan Jack.

Doors open at half-past 6 o'clock, performance commence
at 7.

Box-office open daily from 11 till 4.
Stage Manager—Mr. W. WEST.

CONCERTS.-

CANTERBURY HALL
THIS EVENING.
C. H. GOUNOD'S OPERA,
FAUST:
First Time in this Country.
Faust Mr. Henry Herbert.
Mephistopheles Mr. C. Bernard.
Siobel Mrs. Anderson.
Marguerite
Conductor Mr. Jonghmans.
And selections from
Dinorah, Trovatore, Macbeth, and numerous other
Entertainments.
Balcony, is, Hall, Ed.
Comic Vocalists —Messrs. George Holson (the Irish Come
Alan and Mimic), W. T. Crltchfield, and E. W. Hackney.
Several interesting Pictures are added to the Fine Arts
Gallery. The suite of Halls have been re-decorated and
beautified, and constitute one of the most unique and brilliant
sights of the metropolis.
The gallery is open from 5 till 11 on Sunday Evening.

THE WEATHER.--SUN OFFICE, APRIL 26, 1560.

THERMOMETER, IN THE SHAM
52—highest since noon yesterday.
41—lowest this morning and during the night.
49—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-30.18, rising.
WIND, N.E. ; moderate, with dull, cold, cloudy weathor.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tuts DAX.—Morning, 4h. 29m.—Afternoon, sh. 9m,
To-mounow.-Morning, sh. 32m.—Afternoon, 15h. 57m

11,P
yrr W. • I • *e • '
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THE SUN.
LONDON, THURSDAY, APRIL 26, 1860.

The public have now in their possession a most
important financial document, printed by order of
the House of Commons. We refer to the " Copy
of all Correspondence relating to the establishment 1
of a Parer Currency iu India ; and of a minute
from the Right Honourable JAMES WILSON, re-
specting a gold or double standard."
It is, we think, almost impossible to over-esti-
mate the i'afluence which the plan developed in this
paper will probably exercise over the destinies of
the one hundred and eighty millions of our fellow-
subjects in British India. It is in itself a matter of
congratulation that the project of a Paper Currency
for India is entertained by Government. 01:e sows
and anotherreaps. A generation of reformers pass
away, and the next enter into the fruits of their
labours. So it has ever been. G.tLILEO is forced
to recant his heretical astronomy, but the world
keeps moving on, and by and bye his philosophy is
in the ascendant. So it is with Currency Reform.
" In all civilised nations," said Lord LIVERPOOL
from whom PEEL borrowed his bullionist theories,
" Money has been made either of gold, silver, o
topper ;" though eve:a he was forced to admit that
" paper credit was absolutely necessary in carrying
on the trade of a great commercial kingdom."
A purely metallic currency was PEEL'S idol. India
possesses a purely metallic (silver) currency, and
now we have the bullionist Sir Cl/ARLES WOOD
affirming that "Her MAJESTY'S Government enter-
tain no doubt of the advantage that might be de-
rived from the establishing of a well-regulated
paper currency in India."
Then Lord LIVERPOOL objected to small bank
notes : " The sort of Paper Currency," he said, " to
which I principally object is that which interferes
with the use of the coins of the realm, more espe-
cially in the Payment of labourers and artificers, of
the soldier and the sailor, and in the smaller
branches of the retail trade of the Kingdom." his
objections were too futile to entitle them to exami-
nation, but PEEL, in his ignorant prejudice against
small notes, suppressed those for £1 in England, in
1826, and would have done the same in Scotland
had not the resolute opposition of the people, so
ably expressed by Sir WALTER SCOTT in his
Ma/ayrozother letters, prevented him. Bat
in 1860, new light has dawned upon
the bullionists. Lord LIVERPOOL objected to a
Paper Currency of small notes, as " interfering
with the use of the coins of the realm;" but Mr.
WILSON, in direct opposition to his lordship's
views, says in his minute, •" the great means of
economising coins is by the issue of bank notes,
payable to bearer for small sums, uniform in

amount, and suited to the daily wants of a popula-
tion in relation to the character of their dealings."
And, as " in India the chief peculiarity of monetary
transactions is their extreme number, and their
minute character," he proposes notes of as low a
denomination as ten shillings, and would evidently
not object to have them of even a lower amount.
Sir C. WOOD thinks that notes of the denomina-
tions suggested namely, ten shillings, one
pound, two pounds, five pounds, ten pounds, and
fifty pounds—" are well adapted to the wants of the
Indian community." No wonder that Lord OVER-
STONE denounces the evil influence which, he says,
pervades our counsels in India.
We observe, in passing, that The Sun has
uniformly advocated the issue of small notes ; and
now will any bullionist tell us why £1 and £2
notes, which are so useful and advantageous in
Scotland and Ireland, and so " well adapted" for
India, should not be employed for " economising
the coins" in the " extreme number" of small trans-
actions which take place daily in England ?
So far, then, as the introduction of a Paper
Currency into India, and the issue of notes of small
denominations is concerned, we look upon Mr.
WILSON'S project as deserving of approval.
Nor are we disposed to cavil at the machinery
by which Mr. WILsoN proposes to carry out his
plans. Mr. WILSON has had every opportunity of
consulting those who, from long residence in India,
are best acquainted with the peculiar circum-
stances of the country, the disposition of the people,
and the requirements of trade and commerce.

The Government of India, as Mr. WILSON tells
us, possesses facilities greater than any other Go-
vernment in the world for establishing and con-
ducting the circulation of paper money. No bank
could do it so well. The Government has agencies
in every part of India, however remote. Through
these agencies the national revenues are collected,

the troops are paid, stores are purchased, and dis-
bursements for public works are made. Paper
money for India should, therefore, he thinks, be
issued by Government. Mr. WILSON would ap-
point Currency Commissioners to manage the whole
of the details. These Currency Commissioners would
do exactly what the Issue Department of the Bank
of England does—that is, they would issue notes
for bullion and coins, and give coin for notes, and
exchange notes of one denomination for those of
another. The commissioners are not to act in any
way as bankers. The establishment of a Bank of
India, resembling the Banking Department of the
Bank of England, is reserved for future considera-
tion. Joint-stock Banks already exist, but no
banks of issue are to be allowed.
We now come to the consideration of what is

infinitely the most important part of the question—
namely, the principle upon which the paper cur-
rency of India is to be issued. Mr. WILSON is in
principle a bullionist. lle raves about convertibility,
and his grand object ie to endeavour to make a mixed
circulation of paper and coin fluctuate in quantity
exactly as a purely metallic currency would do.
This, we may observe as we go on, is quite impos-
sible. Paper currency, restrict and cripple it as
you may, has a natural tendency to call bills of
exchange and cheques into existence, and to ex-
pand paper credit to the extent required by the
trade and commerce of a country. Hence its bene-
ficial influence. It is as superior to a metallic cur-
rency as a railway is to a common road. Mr.
WiLsoN, however, imagines that he can make
paper currency fluctuate as metallic currency
would do, and being a Tookite, as well as a
bullionist, he propounds the plan that coin should
be held by the Currency Commissioners to the
amount of, at least, one-third of the notes put into
circulation, and that for the remainder of their
issues they shall hold Government securities. By
these means, Mr. WILSON thinks that " a natural
and self-acting limit is placed upon the amount of
the circulation, a limit which would expand and con-
tract according to the wants of the community, in
the same manner and to the same extent as a purely
silver cutrency would do."
Now, we hold that one of the advantages of a
sound paper currency is that it does not contract or
expand as a purely metallic currency does. Lord
LIVERP 00L said that money made of a material sub-
ject to variations in value—as gold or silver is—is
imperfect as a measure of value ; and this imper-
fection, he said, " is so inherent in the very subject
that it does not admit of a remedy." But there is
also this greater evil inherent in a metallic cur-
rency, namely, that such currency being a commo•
dity and liable itself to fluctuations in value is also
liable to exportation ; liable to be withdrawn from
any country in its character of a commodity, and
so to cease to discharge its function as money. If
we could, therefore, make a currency composed
partly of paper and partly of metal fluctuate exactly
as a metallic currency would do, we should merely
reduce the paper currency to the imperfect condi-
tion of a metallic currency, and give effect to the
inherent evil of metallic currency which " does not
admit of a remedy." But the experience of
England, since 1819, has fully proved the impossi-
bility of making a mixed currency of paper and
metal fluctuate as a metallic currency would do.
The panics of 1825, 1847, and 1857, all caused by
the attempt to do this, have brought the country to
the very verge of ruin ; and, after all, the principle of
controvertibility on which this theoretical advan-
tage of assimulating paper currency to metallic cur-
rency is based, has not been maintained. The
bullionist system has proved itself " a fair
weather system," and has consequently broken
down in the hour of trial. Mr. WILSON'S system
is based on the bullionist theory or absolute con-
vertibility, and would break down, as has been the
case in England, in the hour of trial. The plan
proposed by Mr. WILSON, however, is not, it seems,
to have its hour of trial. Sir C. WOOD
f inor
re-
gulating
his
despatch declares that " the sound p
the issue of a paper circulation is that
which was enforced on the Bank of England in
1844." He lays it down, therefore, that a fixed sum
is to be held in Government securities, as is the case
with the Issue Department of the Bank of Eng-
land, and that " all notes beyond this amount are
to be issued only in exchange for coin or bullion,
which will be held_ in reserve by the Currency

Commissioners."
We do not hesitate a moment to pronounce that
this currency project is an attempt to innoculate
British India with the pernicious andself-condemned
system established in England by Peers Bill of
1819 and 1844.
The system which we should advocate is that
of a paper currency issued by Government in pay-
ment of officials, troops, and all expenses, made
legal tender for all debts, and receivable by Go-
vernment for all tixes and dues. We see no reason
whatever why this currency should not be made of
as low a denomination as a rupee. Its convertibility
would take care of itself, for by keeping it: within
the limits of the taxation annually payable to the
Government it would be preserved from any undue
depreciation. We say undue dept eciation, for
under such a system the resources of British India,
would be speedily and effectually developed, a large
amount of taxes might be raised without inconve-
nience, the producer would add the fair amount of
taxation to the natural value of the article pro-
duced, and as a consequence the price of all com-

modities would rise, and the price of silver would
also probably rise to some extent. The substitu-
tion of paper money for silver rupees would, how-
ever, gradually demonetise silver ; it would be
thrown on the bullion market, and this would
check the rise of its price in the legal tender paper.
But whatever rise took place in the price of silver,
no harm could result. No harm whatever resulted
from the rise in the price of gold in
this country from 1797 to 1816. Our paper
currency then furnished a circulating medium for
tome use, and the precious metals, restored to their
proper place as articles of commerce, were left at
liberty for foreign barter. We give both Mr.
WILSON and Sir C. WOOD credit for the intention
to give their experiment in India every advantage
which caution and prudence can suggest. It would
require caution and prudence to introduce the
sound, practical system which we advocate, but
with ordinary good management the resources of
India might, under this system, be developed to an
extent and with a rapidity of which few had a
conception, and the monster evil of our times,
Monetary Panic, might be entirely obviated.

We do not ,lecide between the relative evils of

the system of Mr. WILSON and that of PEEL'S
bills. Both are bad. Either will produce bad and
ruinous results. The future of British India under
Mr. WILSON'S new currency system will, probably,
be this. Paper money carefully managed will, at
first, effect great good. More land will be brought
into cultivation, and that which is under cultiva-
tion will be rapidly improved. Trade and commerce
will be developed with extraordinary energy.
Manufactories will increase. Roads, railways, and
all the appliances of civilisation will be created as
if by magic. The poor man's labour will obtain
new markets. The revenue of the country will
improve greatly. Banking facilities will be called
into existence. The prosperity of India will re-act
on England. Mr. WILSON will become a lord,
and the glorification of bullionism will be complete.
But the day of reckoning will arrive. The fatal
principle of the PEEL and OVERSTONE policy will
be developed. Bullion will be withdrawn from the
Currency Commissioners for exportation and hoard-
in g,the circulation will be contracted, and the greater
the expansion of prosperity the more ruinous will
be the collapse. In the name of the thousands of
families which will then be precipitated from
comfort and affluence to despair and ruin; in the

name of the millions of working men
who will have been raised to comparative en-
joyment of life only to make their

state of privation and distress more intolerable ; in

the name of those who will then perish by famine
in all its aggravated forms, we protest against the
introduction into India, of England's monetary
curse. It would be far better to leave the Hindoo
in the possession of his simple habits and his
humble fare than to civilise him into a condition in
which he will have to drain to the dregs that cup
of suffering which our cruel and iniquitous system
has so often forced to the lips of the British labourer
and artisan. We know what were the sufferings
of the people in 1819. We can recall the ruin of
1825, the misery of 1847, and (in spite of all the un-
expected assistance rendered to Peel's system by

the almost miraculous gold discoveries), the distress
and privation of 1857. We have before us the
inevitable recurrence of similar evils from the
same cause, in a few years' time. And now, with a
pertinacious obstinacy in evil-doing which amounts
to insanity, we are about to engraft this atrocious
system on British India. It is quite impossible to
calculate the disastrous consequences to both na-
tions to which this infatuated policy may lead.

Amongst the first sentences in Greek given us in
our boyhood was one which informed us of a useful
practice adopted by the earlier painters. Their
pictures not showing with too great plainness what
they were meant for, the artist wrote beneath them
" this" is a horse," " this is a tree," and so forth.
Last Saturday one of our contemporaries imitated
this primitive plan. We had a full-length picture
of a scene in the United States Congress; an anti-
slavery orator expatiating on the wickedness and
mischiefs of the peculiar institution, in the warmth
of his zeal, he approaches gradually too near the
pro-slavery benches; the occupants of those benches
kindle up at the language, and fervour, an d
proximity of the orator, and a running fire of
threats and gibes and interruptions of all sorts is
kept up. But, lest we should not be aware what
all this means, a leading article tells us " this is
America, and these are American institutions."
Then follows a full explanation that the pictured
institutions are the product of large constituencies
and universal suffrage ; with the moral—Here, Oh,
England, is thy warning ! We looked and sighed,
and recalled the nursery lines under the picture of
the sluggard—

" Said I to myself, here's a lesson for me,
This man's but a picture of what I might be ;
Then thanks to my friends for their care in my breeding,
Who taught sue betimes to love working and reading."
Yes, thanks indeed to Thetford and Arundel—
thanks to one hundred little boroughs, thanks to a
suffrage, short by six•sevenths of Universal—our
House of Representatives has no unmannerly scenes.
Cock-a-doodle-dog is never heard now while
O'CONNELL pleads for Catholic Emancipation ; and
COBDEN is talked, and coughed, and harried down

no longer.
While looking, however, at the picture, and
reading the interpretation thereof, we thought we
recollected some remarkable pictures in the same
morning journal, under which an American, hostile
to union of Church and State, might write when
they appeared in America—" This is England and
her Ecclesiastical institutions." The pictures were
in some respects so like the American one that the
looks, actions, and words might be almost supposed
to be borrowed from it. Let the reader imagine a
church, one situated in the quarter whence the "wise
men" came. A priest-clergyman standing in sur-
ptilcicael,
morillinerhasuybl,
ri
lel
ihnacsruyb, ew,
iotrh s ohmi
se
boot I ic
ke r
tpci e
tc
he
co fp
cEcepellee.s i a
As -
band of choristers ready to do the orchestral part
of the Christian worship, and a suitable staff of like
dressed priests around him—and a church crowded
with cordial haters of all the mummeries of Pusey-
ism. At length the performing priest says some-
thing or comes to some part of the service in
which he crosses the Protestant predilections of his
tio n. Suddenly voices are heard—Mr.
j
call
him to order." Mr. ROBINSON,uNROBINSON,c oonNgErse, g a
"I
" He shall not play the Romanist before us." 11Ir.
BROWN, "It is bad enough to talk his Popery at St.
Barn abas." Mr. BULL waves a heavy cane. The con-
fusion increases. Mr. SMlTH—"'Where's the Church-
warden?" Mr.WHITE-CIIoKER--"Order,gentlemen,
order!" The priest all unperturbed continues into-
nations, genuflexions, and bows to the East in dumb
show. I\ Ir. No POPERy—" Let him go to Rome."
Mr. BULL'S cane appears rather threatening again.
His neighbour, Mr.LAW, takes hold of it—a struggle
and the cane is broken, the two pieces seeming
likely to double the danger to those nearest. The
Priest—" No one shall intimidate me in this conse-
crated building. I will die rather n Itt THOMAS
A BECKET at that high altar." Great uproar—
cries of " No altar," " No candles," " No flowers,"
"No lace table covers," "No credence table," " No
crosses," "No chasubles and stolei," .` No Jesuits',

" Turn him out," " Turn the sacrilegious out,"
" Turn the Papists out."
At length a temporary lull occurs. The priest's
voice is heard—" An American mob would not
behave thus; if I were discussing slavery and the
slave trade in Carolina they would respect the
consecrated building, and the holy altar and
emblems. A meeting of Methodists holding a
revival in a conventicle would not so dishonour
the priests of the Most High, and mar the
priest's offerings for the people." Renewed cries
of" Rome, Rome,"—" Go and try the Methodists."
A voice—" We don't love you." Another—" Turn
your face to us like a man." A third—" If you are
worth a black gown, dress like a man." The priest
continues unmoved, but stops speaking—the organ
strikes up and tries to drown the sound—the con-
gregation respond by "Rule Britannia" and the
" Ratcatcher's Daughter." Churchwardens and
police try to quiet the multitude. All in vain.
Priests and choristers, in danger of being hustled,
get out as best they can ; part of the people rush
out and pursue them, part remain and sing songs
in contest with the organ, till tired of it all, they
at last leave the church.

Let America beware of English Ecclesiastical
Institutions !—the American journalist will surely
add. " All this comes of Church and State, and the
people being unable to elect and depose the Minis
ter. These English ecclesiastical institutions have
" most signally failed," because they are not based
on the suffrage of the people. A patron or the
Crown gives the parish church to [the priest,
and then no one can turn him out. Acts of Parlia-
ment enable him to defy them by the Rubric of a
Prayer-book which those Acts have made law, and
he can defy them. The people are Protestants,
but the union of Church and State saddles them
with a notoriously Popish-minded priest. Let us
beware of any approach to a system which makes
a bear-garden of a church, and changes devotion
into fury and noise."

The American journalist might unquestionably
as fairly moralise thus, as journals here lay hold of
every instance of Congressional turbulence, due
solely to the equally degrading and fiendish
spirit of slavery, and charge it on free
institutions. Northern men have good reason
to resent such unfairness, and both countries
ought to be above such fallacious arguments. Let
it suffice to take Englishmen as they are. Let the
inquiry he pressed, if it pleases, whether our indus-
trious artisans and operatives are the men to con-
spire against those whom their labours have
enriched, those by whose wealth the greater part of
them find work and wages. For our part we think
all such charges base calumnies. Calumnies
uttered, too, for the vile and selfish purpose of per-
petuating power, with little control, in the hands
of those who have possessed themselves of it.
They are calumnies which set class against class,
and reasonably embitter the poor against the rich.
It is Lord GREY and Lord DERBY who are guilty
of kindling hostile feelings, far more than Mr.
BRIGHT. We, ourselves, should be indignant to
hear the middle classes denounced as dangerous in
their sentiments towards property, and we cannot
wonder, if the workman be taunted in this way
unjustly—that, if he gain power, he should seek at
least for some righteous vengeance on his accusers.
There is a supplement to the picture of " Ameri-
can institutions" published to-day. Like our own
legislators a few years ago, those of America fre-
quently finish off quarrels of the kind above referred
to by a duel. The Virginian member withdraws
to Virginia, duels being unlawful in " the district,"
and sends a challenge to the member for Wiscon-
sin. The latter accepts the challenge ; but, as he
has not practised with ordinary duelling weapons,
he prudently selects " common bowie knives, that
both may be on equal terms." He of Vir-
ginia replies" that such weapons are " bar-
barous." Ile of Wisconsin rejoins, so is the whole
code of honour. The second of the Wisconsin
member, a colonel, and probably therefore a shot,
now offers to fight in his principal's stead with
pistols. Fighting with a colonel, however, not
being to the taste of the Southerner, the latter rides
off on the pretext that he had no quarrel with the
colonel. But there was also a supplement to the
picture of " English Ecclesiastical Institutions."
The priest, who occupies the foreground in it, sum-
moned one poor tradesman into the Ecclesiasti-
cal Courts on a charge of " brawling in church."
The tradesman was riot allowed to choose his
weapons or he would certainly have said, give me a
'civil magistrate or a jury ;—he was no match
for proctors and dealers of civil law, and
so he came off with a heavy wound in
his purse and an admonition. Afterwards
it turned out that it was another person who
had uttered the words which cost the poor trades-
man £10! We may add to these supplemental
pictures : " This is an &lel-kcal—this an English
institution." Which is more barbarous, more un-
worthy of A.D. 1860. Duels and bowie knives, or
Ecclesiastical Courts, with judges appointed by
ecclesiastics, mulcting laymen in their property
and liberty.

His Highness the Prince Ferdinand ltadziwill
has arrived at the Brunswick Hotel, Jernayn-street, fur the

season.

His Excellency the Marquis Spaventa has left
the Brunswick Hotel for Paris, on his way to Italy.

Lord and Lady Stafford have arrived in Wilton
place for the season, from their residence, Cossey Hall
Norfolk.

DOVER, April 24,—His Excellency Earl Cow-
ley, after the debate in the House of Lords on Monday
night, proceeded by special train to Dover, and on Tuesday
morning was conveyed 'thence to Boulogne, en route to
Paris, by the new mail packet John Penn, which, in a fresh
breeze and swell: accomplished the run across the Channel
in 97 minutes. The return voyage was run in ono hour and
45 minutes.

RIFLE VOLUNTEERS.—The 2d, Or South Mid.,
dlesex Rifle Corps, comprising nine strong companies, were
inspected in Hyde Park yesterday evening by Major-
General M'Murdo, the ground being kept by the Civil Ser-
vice
Volunteers. In spite of the inclemency of the weather
her Majesty passed through Rotten-row to witness the as-
sembling of the volunteers, and his Royal Highness the
Prince Consort and his Royal Highness the Prince of
Wales were present on horseback. A great multitude of
extpeopleextraordinary
also
rdina
ry watchedinterest. the
The South
of the
vleseoxluNnvteereersuNnVditehr
the command of Lord Ranelagh.
BRIBERY AND TREATING.—The total number of
members of Parliament unseated for bribery and treating
from the Parliament beginning 1817-48 to the Parliament
beginning 1857 was 57, of whom 11 were unseated for treat-
ing, 21 for bribery, and 25 for bribery and treating com-
bined. These cases of bribery and treating all occurred in
boroughs. No members for counties were unseated for the
above offences during the period.
AMERICAN TREATMENT OF AN UNPOPULAR
PuFacttEn.—Elder Knapp, just now preaching in Boston,
U.S., appears to have exci'kel against him some feeling in
one of his recent meetings. Some remarks which fell from
him displeased certain people in his audience, and during a
prayer these uttered some unseemly expressions of disap-
probation. There was a prospect of a general tumult, but
the superintendent of the hall shut off the gas, and sub-
dued the crowd by darkness.
HARBINGERS OF SPRlNG.—Numbers of swallows
were seen in this neighbourhood on Thursday last, but they
have appeared ill at home during the snow blasts with
which we have been visited since that time. The " wan-
dering voice" of the cuckoo was heard on Sunday'in the
vicinity of Dinton—somewhat before the time, it would ap-
pear.— ll'iltshire Mirror.
FRENCH CREW SAVED BY AN ENGLISH SHIP.—
The John Masterman, Government emigrant ship, just re-
ports that when in the Channel, lat. 49 dg. 17 sec., long. 4
deg. 8 sec. W., in a gale, she sighted the French schooner
Frederick Gustave, 1( m Bordeaux, in a sinking condition,
herbulwars, boats, and port. stanchions having been washed
away. Th:3 captain 'Mites, " That in consequence of the
heavy sea he dare not. for some time lower a boat, but he at
last risked it, and his lif .boat uas safely lowered by Clif-
ford's patent gear, and was clear in one roll of the ship, and
t sues .ved Captain 'rifle, four men, and a boy from perish-
ing." This ca,e affords another proof of the good that
must follow all ships having a ready means of safely lower-
;as the boats on board,

AMERICA.

QUEENSTOWN, THURSDAY.

The Montreal Ocean Steamship Company's
steamer Canadian, Captain Graham, which left
Portland on the 14th inst., has arrived. She landed
all the mails. Her advices have generally been
anticipated by the Adriatic, which arrived yester-
day at Southampton.

MONTREAL, APRIL 14.

The navigation of the St. Lawrence and Lake
Champlain is open. Steamers are running to
Montreal. Business is reviving. Flour is firm,
and prices are advancing.

NEW YORK, APRIL 14.

The cotton market is dull and unchanged. Flour
buoyant. Wheat steady. Corn lower. Provision
markets quiet.

Advices from Trieste state that a great quantity
of artillery, military stores of every kind, artillerymen, and
engineers, are every day arriving at that port on their way
to the fortresses of Venice, Verona, Peschiera, Mantua,
Legnano, and Palmanuova. They also state that Pola is
being fortified.

A meeting of the Royal (West India) Mail Steam
Company took place yesterday, Captain C. E. Mangles in
the chair, when the report was adopted, and a dividend de-
clared for the past half•year at the usual rate of £2 per
share, 'free of income tax. The company's fleet comprises
24 vessels (inclusive of one building), and the aggregate
represents 44,864 tons and 11,730 horse power.
THE COMMERCIALTREATY.—We understandthat
during the last few days, some gentlemen, deputed by the-
principal chambers of commerce in France, have been in
111 anchester, pursuing inquiries at our leading manufactories
as to the probable effects of the commercial treaty with
France. We hear that the deputies for this purpose are
MM. Dolfue and Ziegler, Mulhausen ; and M. Scrive, of
Lille.—Manchester Guardian.

THE ARTILLERY COMPANY.—The Artillery Com-
pany of London held a Special General Court on Monday,
the 23d inst., and unanimously resolved to strengthen the
regiment by the addition of a troop of horse artillery and
two battalion companies. This will be the first addition of
artillery to the company since 1781, when two brass size.
pounders were presented by the city authorities " for the
signal services done by the company in suppressing the
dangerous riots in the month of June, 1780."
BEAKS ELECTION.—The writ for the election of a
knight for this county to serve in Parliament, in the room
of the late Captain Leicester Vernon, was received yester-
day (Wednesday) by the High-Sheriff, Sir C. S. Paul
Hunter. The nomination is fixed for Wednesday next, the
2d of May, at Abingdon. Mr. Benyon, of Englefield-house,
near Reading, is the only candidate at present. Indeed, it
is generally believed that there will be no opposition, and
he will therefore walk over the course.

Yv
------- -
CASUAITIES.—The number of cases which have
come to the cognisance of the metropolitan police since the
Ist of January, 1858, up to the present time, of persons
who have been run over and killed and of persons injured
by the same means is 1,561, of whom 104 were killed, and
1,457 injured. The number of the killed in 1858 was 45,
and of the injured 665; 18b9 ,51 were killed, and 682 in-
jured ' • and in the first two months of the present year 8
were killed, and 110 injured. About two-thirds of these
cases were not witnessed by the police themselves, but the
particulars were obtained at the time from other persons.
In a great number of cases of those injured the injuries
were slight.
IPSWICH PENNY READINGS.—At the close of the
second session of the Ipswich Penny Readings, the mana-
gers rejoiced to be able to report the continued success of
this new attempt at rational recreation. The managers have
had the pleasure of bearing that, wherever the scheme has
been fairly worked, success has been the result. They can-
not too often repeat, that its essential feature is to furnish a
variety of readings, and, where possible, readers, on the
same evening. Besides the payment of rent, printing, and
other incidental expenses, the readings have realised,
during the last three months, for the Suffolk Hospital, £6
16s. 7d. ; the Shipwrecked eamen's Society, £4 7s. 6d. ;
the ragged school, £4 ls. ; making a total of £l5 ss. ld.
The managers hope in the autumn to resume the penny
reading with increased efficiency and usefulness.—lpswich
Express.
PRICE OF GOLD.—The quotation of gold at Paris
is about at par, and the short exchange on London is
25.171 per £1 sterling. On comparing these rates with the
English Mint price of £3 17s. 10Id. per ounce for standard
gold, it appears that gold is at about the same price
in London and Paris. By advices from Hamburg the
price of gold is 4221 per mark, and the short exchange on
London is 13.31 per £1 sterling. Standard gold at the
English Mint price is therefore at about the same
price in Hamburg as in London. The course of ex-
change at New York on London for bills at 60 days' sight is
about 108! per cent., which, when compared with the Mint
proportions between the two countries, shows that the ex-
change is slightly against England; and, after making
allowance for charges of transport and difference of inte-
rest, the present rate leaves no profit on the transmission
of gold between the two countries.
ANOTHER ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH.—If possible,
the extension of the Montreal line of telegraph from Father
Point to Belle Isle will be effected by the time the Prince of
Wales comes to Canada. When this is done we shall be
regularly in receipt of Europgan news in five and a half or
six days; thus proving the superior advantages of the St.
Lawrence route for rapidity of telegraphic communication.
The Montreal Telegraph Company has a charter for con-
structing an Atlantic telegraph. The route proposed is by'
Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands ; on which there
will be no very long stretch of submarine cable required.
.It is probable this scheme will find favour, since the cable
laid across the ocean in a single stretch has failed to work.
This rival scheme, of which Mr. Young is the advocate, is
not new, and was projected before Mr. Field's plan was
tried ; but it met a destructive opposition in New York,
where Mr. Field lived, and where the rival project was looked
upon as Canadian and anti-national. The proprietors,
Messrs. Shuffner and Tibbits, were roundly abused and
Field got his advantage. But now things are in a different
position. Ono scheme of Atlantic telegraph has been tried
and failed ; and as it is improbable that so grand an enter-
prise will be allowed to fail for want of a second trial, the
Greenland, Iceland, and Faroe Islands route may come in
favour.—Canadian News.
DEATH FROM GLANDERS.—A melancholy case of
glanders has beim recently under treatment in Richmond
Hospital, which terminated fatally on the 16th inst. This
fearful disease for the most part occurs amongst grooms
and stablemen, but in this instance the poor sufferer was a
young married woman, of about 25 years of age, who, it
would appear, became infected from washing clothes worn
by a man who had been engaged in skinning a horse which
died of glanders, the carcass being intended for feed for
dogs. We cannot too strongly caution masters of hounds,
and others similarly engaged, of the danger to be appre-
hended from contact with glandered horse-flesh.
THE OFFICE OF CORONER.—The report of the
committee appointed to consider the state of the law and

practice as regarding the taking of inquisitions in cases of
death, &c., was issualyesterday. The bill which the com-
mittee recommend on the subject would contain :-Ist. A

declaration of the cases in which the coroner's inquests ought
to be held. 2. A clause empowering the Attorney-General
to make application to a judge in chambers for a rule call-
ing on the coroner to show cause why he does not hold an
inquest. 3. A clause empowering the Secretary of State
for the Home Department to make rules binding on the
county police as to the information they are to give to
coroners. 4. Clauses giving a power to justices to fix the

salaries of coroners for-couraies.- Appeal to Home Secre-
tary, and provision for periodical revision. 5. Clauses as-
similating, ;as far as pessible, the election of coroners for
counties to the election of a member of Parliament for a
county. 6. Clauses directing that the coroners' jurors be
henceforth indifferently sibarnoned from the jury lists of
their respective
,counties ; and that all payment to jurors
fur attendance on inquests be prohibited.
A WORD. TO WOMEN.—If that terrible Mrs.
Grundy would only cease to tyrannise as she does, why
may not each family of daughters determine with woman's
courage to prepare to do woman's work. The means even
of the curate would suffice to give them admittance to the
schools of design, and then Rose may take wood- engraving
as a profession. The abolition of the paper duty will give
an immense impetus to literature, and artistic labour such
as hers will be in great demand ; and lary, why should
she 'not boa modeller for the jeweller? and Kate, why
should she not enter the field of art as a painter ? We can
imagine a family thus working at their different art tasks
with somewhat more satisfaction than in reading insipid
novels, or embroidering fierce brigands in worsted work. In
the one case they would work with the feeling of real ar-
tists, and therefore their labour would be a labour of love,
and we may add, of profit also.—Once a Week.
WOMEN AND WATCH-WORK.—Mr. Bennett, who
has laboured so earneetly to open the manufacture of
watches to women, told us an anecdotes the author day,
which illustrates at once the difficulties women have to
contend with (from the other sex, •we'kire sorry to say) in
making their wry into a sphere of labour hitherto con-
sidered sacred to the men, and the success that attended
their coufageous efforts. Three young ladies, after a pre-
liminary training at the Marlborough House School of
Design, applied to him for occupation in engraving the
backs of gold watches. Although perfect strangers to
this kind of work, in six months, he tells us, they
became as practised artists as a mere apprentice would
have been in six years. At the end of this time,
when they were making each three pounds a- week
by their labour, the men in the shop struck. These
" foreigners," as they were termed, must go, or they would ;
and Mr. lennsOtt was obliged, sadly against his will, to
comply with their wishes. These brave girls, however, were
not to be beaten ; they immediately turned their attention to
engraving on glass, and are now employed at this delicate
employment, and earn as much thereat as they did before
at watch engraving. What these young girls did, thousands
of-welt-educated young ladies may do also. And yet, despite
Mrs. Grundy, we dare maintain that to engrave a watch, or
to embellish the crystal for our table, is quite as elevated an
occupation as to see that Master Tommy's nose is properly
wiped, or that his linen is duly cared for.—Once a Week.
BRUTAL MURDER AT HULL.—A case of brutal
and cold-blooded murder occurred in Hull on Monday
morning last. The victim is a widow named Elizabeth
Ann Parke, aged 25 years, residiag with her mother,
named Sleight, in Darley's.,court, New George -street, and
the murderer a deserter from the 29th Regiment, named
Thomas Kirkwood. Kirkwood, it appears, got leave
of absence about five months ago aid has had
his furlough twice renewed. He lodged with a sister-
in-law until about six weeks ago, when he left, and has
since been in lodgings, existing by victimising the public,
from whom he has obtained by false representations
sufficient to keep himself. On Sunday night, when he
went to bed, he told the man with whom ho lodged to call
him up at 6 o'clock the following morning. lie had breakfast
and loft the house about half-past 7. He went to deceased's
house about a quarter-past 10, and on his coming away ho
put his arm round her neck as if for the purpose of giving
her a kiss, and with a razor which he had in h is hand he
cut her throat. The prisoner had only nine months to serve
before being entitled to his discharge. He was appre•
hended shortly afterwards and taken to the Mansion-house,
where he acted like an infuriated madman, stoutly
protesting his innocence. The deceased was attended
by Dr. M'Millan, who found her bleeding from a large
wound on the left side of the neck, about four inches
long, and oblique in its course. She wart much exhausted
by loss of blood. Her strength was kept up as much as
possible by the administration of brandy and beef tea.
She, however, never rallied thoroughly, and died about five
o'clock in the afternoon. The prisoner was too drunk to
be taken before the magistrate on the Monday. He was con-
sequently remanded until yesterday, when he was com-
mitted for trial at the next York assizes.

1.1 A rill ER 'I N \V Y 6.

The following telegrams were received at Mr.
.cuter's office :

PARIS, APRIL 26.
The Ilioniteur of this morning publishes the fol-
lowing telegram:—

CHAMBERY, APRIL 25.
The result of the voting in less than 23 com-
munes is as follows :
Total number of votes inscribed 67,968, of which
65,658
71

Ayes
Noes

NAPLES, APRIL 21 (via GENOA).

The affairs of Sicily continue to occupy the Go-
vernment. General Salzano has demanded rein-
forcements in order to operate against the insur-
gents, who are still fighting in guerilla bands. A
flying column of troops which had left Palermo was
obliged to fall back upon the town of Termini,
having met with insurgents in strong position.
Letters state that 13 individuals have been shot at
Palermo. Several promotions of generals have
taken place. The troops of General Pianelli have
changed their position. Several battalions have
been posted near Terra di Lavoro.

PARIS, APRIL 25.

The Gazette du Midi contains a letter from Con-
stantinople, dated the 28th ult., which states that
the Sultan has received a despatch announcing that
the Viceroy of Egypt has been attacked by vomit-
ing of blood, and is in a dangerous state.

CONSTANTINOPLE, APRIL 18.

The house which was pillaged and demolished by
the Greek inhabitants on the occasion of the pro-
cession during the Easter week belonged to the widow
of a French merchant named Dumas. The Greek
consul and the archbishop, cross in hand, at-
tempted in vain to arrest the fury of the people.
The troops arrived too late. The widow and her
daughters escaped by a ladder. The French Em-
bassy is about to institute an inquiry.
The Duke of Brabant has given a fete to the
diplomatic corps. A review of the troops and
manoeuvres of the fleet will take place in his
honou'r. The duke is about to visit Borussia,
whence he will return to take leave of the Sultan.
It is rumoured that the Porte will deprive Prince
Milosch of his dignity.

STOCKHOLM, APRIL 25.

Baron Manderstrom, the Minister for Foreign
Affairs, in a note dated March 27, replying to M:
Thouvenel's message of the 13th March, says that
the Swedish Government takes note of the solemn
declarations with which the French Government
denied any project on its part for further increasing
French territory or exciting the peoples by the idea
of nationality; and lastly, of aiming at the re-esta•
blishment of natural boundaries.

Baron Manderstrom distinctly makes a reserva-
tion against principles, the application of which
would only be justified by exceptional circum-
stances. In conclusion, his excellency particularly
supports the claims of Switzerland, which are
founded on existing treaties, and pronounces him-
self in favour of the neutralisation of the districts
•f Chablais and Faucigny.

MADRID, APRIL 25.

The official Gazette promulgates the convention
between Spain and England relative to the extra-
dition of sailors.

The rumour that the Moorish Plenipotentiaries
have not sufficient authority to negotiate has un-
favourably influenced the public funds.
The semi-official Correspondencia Autogrgfa
gives a denial to, this rumour.
The same journal states that the Ministers are
perfectly agreed as to the course to be pursued in
the trial of Count Montemolin.

MALTA, APRIL 26.

Letters from Alexandria to the 17th instant do
not mention anything of the reported illness of the

Viceroy.

FRANCE.

PARIS, APRIL 25.

The Emperor has decided on two military expe-
ditions, which are to set out, the one from Algeria,
and the other from Senegal, to proceed to Tim-
buctoo, wh ere they are to unite. A large sum has
been placed to the credit of the Minister of War to
defray the expenses of these expeditions. General
de Martimprey, Governor-General of Algeria, and
M. Lever, Prefect of Algiers, will accompany the
first expedition to the extreme French frontier.
The first column is to be composed of several Arab
Goums, together with detachments of French in-
fantry and cavalry. General de Martimprey and
M. Levert will take this opportunity of visiting the
towns of Laghouat and Tuggurt. The second ex-
pedition will set out from the French establishment
in Senegal.
BOURSE, April 25.—The market has been heavy,
owing to the approach of the end of the month and
to the situation of the speculators. Threes, after
having been done at 70f. 20c., declined to 70f., and
are now at 70f. 10c. ; Mobilier varied from 742 f.
50c. to 735 f. ; Orleans, 1,355 f. to 1,352 f. 50c. ;
Lyons, 941 f. 25c. to 937 f. 50c. ; Northern, 973 f. 75c.
to 975 f. ; Southern, 517 f. 50c. to 520 f. The fol-
lowing are the last quotations :-
41 per Cents. .... 96 20 I Credit Fonder 795
Do. end month I Belgian 4i
3 per Cents. 7O 20 I Piedmontese (5)
Do. end month.... 70 15 I itoman Bl
Bank Shares 2825 Austrian
Credit Msbilier .. 732 50 Spanish Threes
Do. Account ..... 740 Home Debt 45 75