The Sun.
London, England, 1860-07-25 00:00:00

TO THE EDITOR OF THE St N.

1 .
SIR,--A total eclipse of the sun is a phenOmenon
Which attracts universal attention, and being of
rare occurrence, and more especially so in any par-
ticular spot, when such an eclipse does take place
an excitement is Caused so great that it takes pre
cedence in the mind:of men over everything else,
for that day at least. It will therefore, doubtless,
interest your readers to !war some( hin a - • ro• • I'ti).
.. , zy At•(An
the great eclipse of the 18th of July.
Before describing this particular eclipse, allow
me to say a few words on eclipses it: general. In
the present age, unlike olden times (when a super-
stitious dread filled the minds of men on such ecea-
sinus), we all know more or less about eclipses ; we
lia,ve.learnt that a solar eclipse is nothing more nor
less than the body of the moon passing between us
and the sun, and that a lunar eclipse is caused by
the earth passing between the sun and the moon,
and thus preventing the sun shining upon it, or, in
other words, the earth casts a shadow upon the
moon,,and this 'shadow is the darkness which we
see upon the moon in a lunar eclipse. Perhaps,
however; it i not universally known that the same
eclipses recur every 18 years and. ten and a-half
days. These eclipses will differ in magnitude, and
they will occur more or less irregularly. - Seventy
f f,-; •'i eclipses usually take - place during the 18' :years;
those of the sun being 41, and those of the moon
29. Reading this in an astroromical work, the
public naturally conclude that solar eclipses are
common, but on account of the moon's body being
smaller than that of the sun, her shadow is a cone,
tapering to a point, and as the distance between
the earth and moon slightly varies, it happens that
this point of the moon's conical shadow sometimes :
does, and sometimes does not, reach the earth, and
when it does its dimensions are inconsiderable.
Consequently, a total eclipse is a rare phenomenon,
and, further, being limited in extent, it is even
more rare at any one locality. The immortal
Halley, in describing the total eclipse of the
sun in London of the 3d of May, 1715, r&marked,
that previously none had been total in Lon-
don since March 20, 1140,.a period of nearly 600.
years. To take an example of the recurring pe-
riod of 18 years, by comparing the year. 1842 with,
the present year 1860, we have the following,
eclipses 'recurring:—An annular solar eclipse, 1842;
January 11, and 1860, January 22 ; a partial lunar
eclipse, 1842, January 26, and 1860, February 6 ;
a total solar eclipse, 1842, July 7, and 1860, -July
18 ; a partial lunar eclipse, 1812,' July 21, and
1860, August 1 ; an annular solar eclipse, 1::42,
December 31, and 1861, January 10.

The period of totality of a solar eclipse can never
exceed 7m. 58s. under the equator, and not above
6m. in this island, so that even when we are fortu-
nate enough to witness a total eclipse of, the sun,
its duration is necessarily very short, and conse-
quently phenomena of a wonderful character are
so crowded together that before there is time to
make a proper record daylight has returned, end
shut out theSe singular appearances. Indeed, the
sights to be seen during these brief minutes are of
so imposing a nature that it is only the steady
astronomer who can look and record what he sees,
for on no occasion is the motto of the Royal Astro
notnical Society (" Quidquid nitit notanduna") more
difficult to be' obeyed than during a total solar
eclipse.
Returning to the present eclipse, the line of
totality enters North America from the Pacific
Ocean at Astoria, in Oregon, passes across North
America to Cape Chudleigh, in Labrador, and across
the North Atlantic Ocean (the line lying to the
South of Greenland), enters Spain about Gijon,
Santander, and Bilbao, crosses Reynosa, Arnedo,
Calatayud, Daroca, Montalvin, Morella, and. Oro-
pcsa, enters the Mediterranean, crosses the Island
of Ivica and grazes the south edge of Majorca,
passes into Algeria, and ends near the Red Sea.
The breadth of the line of totality is. great; the
southern limit in Spain extends considerably
beyond Oviedo and Valencia, while the northern
limit extends beyond Tortosa and nearly reaches
Pampeluna.
Previous to describing the expedition and the ob-
servations made in Spain it will be necessary to
say a few words regarding the instruments. My
own department was meteorology, and the making
of the whole of the instruments was intrusted to
the care of Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, opticians,
Hatton-garden ; and I must add that my confidence
with regard to the skill of this well-known firm
was not misplaced. These instruments consist of a
standard barometer, patent maximum and minimum
thermometers placed at 1,2, 3, and 4 feet above the
ground, both in sunshine and shade, self-registering
maximum and minimum wet and dry bulb thermo-
meters, vacuum thermometers, thermometers made
expressly for plunging various depths into the
ground, and a series of blackened bulb thermome-
ters, a Robinson's anemometer to show the velocity
in miles of the movement of the air, and a Lows's
ozone box; the wind vane being; a light silk flag.
These instruments were read off, as previously ar-
ranged, every five minutes from 12 o'clock till 5
o'clock by myself and the Rev. W. R. Almond,
F.R.A.S , and Mr. Samuel Morley, my assistants,
accurate time being kept by a most excellent duplex
watch, made by Mr. J. Bennett, of Cheapside, a
maker whose watches I have used with satisfaction
for some years. The thermometers were placed on
a Lawson thermometer stand, made portable for
this expedition. For photographic observations,
salted papers (sensitized before leaving) were con-
veyed in the patent preservative case of M. Marion,
of Regent-street, and were exposed constantly dur-
ing the progress of the eclipse. Besides these, the
variously-prepared dry plates (i.e. collodio-albu-
men, metagelatine, Fothergill's, and those of the
Birmingham Dry Plate Company) were taken out
for exposure in the stereoscopic camera known as
' Dancer's patent.. These dry plates will be interesting
in more ways than one, as they will be the means
of recording pictorially the place of observation
-and places of interest passed over by the present
expedition.
It will be necessary to add that the observers
were distributed in various directions. A large
portion which landed at Bilbao, including the As-
tronomerßoyal, have not as yet been heard of since
the eclipse; those observers who landed at Santan-
der took up positions—some at Santander, others at
Alar del Key; Mr. Lassell at Aguilar de Campo ;
the Swedish astronomers at Escudo Pass; Professor
Swann, Mr. Ellis, and myself, at Fuente del Mar;
Mr. Heath at Pena Castilla ; Mr. J. Mould at Los
Corrales ; and a staff of observers under Capt. Sec-
combe opposite the anchorage of the Himalaya. At
Fuente del Mar the beginning of the eclipse was
well seen. Exactly one minute before totality
clouds hid the sun, and the celestial phenomena
were lost; but, owing to large spaces of clear sky,
the terrestrial phenomena were grandly visible,
and our whole attention was • rivetted upon them.
Fortunately, a mile from here the observers at the
Himalaya had a fine view of totality, stars became
visible, together with the red prominences and
corona.

The following is a record of the readings of the
different instruments, and, as they are taken from
above 4,000 observations, made by myself and as-
sistants during five hours, they must prove of great
value. Commencing with underground tempera-
ture, a thermometer placed 6 inches below the sur-
face of the ground ranged between 67.9 deg and
70.7 deg—i. e., 2.8 deg; at this depth the eclipse
was not sensibly felt, whereas other thermometers,
placed 4 inches, 2 inches, 1 inch, and half an inch
below the surface, all exhibited in a very marked
manner the effect of the eclipse. On the grass the
temperature fell to 64 deg at 3h 5m ; at half an inch
below the surface to 69 deg at 3h lom ; at 1 inch
deep to 69.5 deg at 3h 25m • at 2 inches to 71 deg
at 3h 55m ; and at 4 inches to 70.7 deg. at 4h
30m p.m.

The temperature on grass was 77'5 deg at noon,
rising to 91.7 at lh 50m, and then falling till
3h sm, and again rising to 85deg at 4h 10m, giving
a range of 27.7 de. At half an inch below the sur-
face of the ground the temperature rose till lh 55m
p.m., when it was 78.5 deg, and then gradually fell
to 69 deg at 3h 15m, rising again to 74.7 deg at
4h 30m p.m., the range being 9.5 deg. At 1 inch
below the surface the temperature rose till lh 55m
to 76.2 deg, fell till 3h 25m to 69.5 deg, and rose
till 4h 55m to 74.7 deg, the range being 6.7 deg; at
2 inches below the surface the temperature rose till
2h sm—viz., to 74.4 deg, then fell till 3h 55m to
71.0 deg ; and afterwards rose till 4h 55n1 to
73-7 deg, the range being 34 deg, and at 4 inches
below the surface the temperature rose till 2h 50m
to 73 deg, then fell till 4h 30m to 70•7 deg, and
again rose till 6 p.m. to 73.2 deg, the range being
2.5 deg.
The greatest cold on the ground occurred between

In sunshine at 2ft 75'5 6313
Fri .sunabine at 21t. wet bulb 6.)•,5 o'3
Difference between dry and
wet bulb at 2ft.
(1.0

In shade at 4ft.. 7o'o 6 7 il•0
In shade•at 4ft., wet bulb f 2.5 591 63.5
In shade at 3ft.. 7Ol 641 701
In shade at 2ft
In shade at Ift •

r The barometer rose from 1h 40m till 2k 10m
. 0.003 inch; then fell till 3h sau 0.017 inch, and rose
till-end of eclipse 0.009 inch.
in tensity of photographic light from salted pipers
conveyed sensitised in Marion's dark hos:, e.sx pved
, for 10 seconds (with a scale a(t to 5 de) at the
, commencement of the eclipse, 41 deg, becoming 4
, deg at 2h 3m, 3 deg at 2h 13w, 9 de.N, at 2h 23m. 1
deg at 2h 40in,.01 deg at 2h 30w, 1 dog at 2h 5511
(clear about sun), 01 deg at 3h, 1 deg at 3il sm, 2
deg at 31125m,.2A• dsg. at 311 40m, 3 deg at 3h 30w,
and 4 deg at 4h. During totality a'paper exposed
for one minute gave 0.11 deg.
The wind was NW and NNW till 4 20, then
WSW, becoming SW at 4k 25m, and S at 4k 45m.
The wind was brisk at the commencement of the
eclipse, quite a calni during totality, and a gentle
breeze afterwards. The distant prospect was very
clear, except during totality, when the mountains
disappeared, and only near objects were visible.
The clouds, which were chiefly cumuli, diminished
in amount till-lh 50m, when only four-tenths of the
sky was overcast,-then increased till 2k 35ni, with
much cloud till 3h 55m, then again diminished to
six-tenths at the termination of the eclipse, the
range being 5,5 tenths of the whole sky. Towards
totality some of.the cumili became scud, which
lasted from 2h 5m till gh 10m, giving the strongest
impression that the change -INES duel to the eclipse.
'-i • The morning was flue, and.froml2h 44,4 Art 1;p.
•
sunshine ; at lh- 25m much open sky atisUt the
renith, at 2k 15w a blackness about W. horizon, and
slightly so in N and S, at 2k 30m the hills dark,
and the. blue sky in .N and E, very pale in colour;
2h 35in, hills dark, with a blue haze among the
more distant mountains; 2h 40th, horizon due W
pink; 2h 451'n, sky clear in N, pink; 2h 52m,.splen-
did pink on W horizon, warm purple on summits of
mountains in S, clear sky ; in N deep lilace, and' in
E very pale blue; 2h 57m, rapid change, the clear
sky in N deep marine blue with a red tint,
Before totality commenced the colours in the sky
and on the hills were magnificent beyond all de-
scription ; the clear sky in N assumed a deep in-
digo colour, while in W the horizon was pitch-black
(like night.). • In the E the clear sky was very pale
blue, with orange and red like sunrise, and the
hills in S were very red; on the shadow sweeping
across,.the deep blue in N. changed like magic to
1 pale sunrise tints of orange and red, while the sun-
rise appearance in E. had- changed to indigo. The.
colours increased in brilliancy near the horizon,
overhead the sky was leaden. Some white houses
at a little distance were brought nearer, and as-
sumed a warm yellow tint ;•the darkness was great ;
thermometers could not be read. The countenances
of men were of a livid pink.. The Spaniards. lay
down, and their children screamed with fear; for.-ls
hastened to roost, ducks clustered together, pigeons
dashed against the sides of the houses, flowers
closed (Hibiscus Africanus as early as 2k sm); at
211 52m cocks began to crow (ceasing at 2h 57m,
and recommencing at 3h sm). As darkness came
on many butterflies which were seen about flew as
it drunk, and at last disappeared ; the air become
very humid, so much so that the graSs felt to one
of the observers as if recently rained upon. So
many facts have been noticed and recorded, that it
is impossible to do more than give a brief state-
ment of the leading features. . At 2k 551 n a mock
sun was formed 22 deg below the true sun, having
the ordinary circular form. From the summit of
Pena Castilla, overlooking the Bay of Biscay, Mr.
Heath noticed the magnificence of the colouring of
the sky reflected in the sea, while the water near
us was of a deep leaden hue, owing to clouds over-
head.

I am indebted to Mr. Thompson, master of her
Majesty's ship Himalaya, f'or the following tele-
scopic Observations :

Totality commenced at 2h 52m 555, when pro-
minences were visible, one on the west and two on
the east, of a bright lurid lake colour, followed by
the corona shooting out on the east of the sun in
two forked tongues. The colour of the corona was
white darting outwards. Towards- the end of
.totality another prominence was noticed on the
west side of the sun, of the same colour as those
first seen, and below this a_most beautiful collec-
tion, as of golden beads closely strung together,
shone out, extending to the lowest part of the
western limit of the sun. The stars numbered 7
and 8 in Mr. Hind's map were distinctly visible in
the telescope. The cusps of the sun were rounded
before and after totality, and the prominences were:
lurid and well defined. :A very considerable varia-
tion of the compass took place during the eclipse.
Lieutenant N. C. Barton, of the same ship, has
kindly comm'inicated a few of the notes made by
him during the eclipse. Venus appeared shining
very brightly in the midst of the totality at 211
59m 565. Pollux also was seen at 3h Om 245, but
was only in sight four or lye seconds, in conse-
quence-of a cloud overcasting it. Three red pro-
tuberances showed during totality to the left of: the
sun, the upper one being very bright. Some beads
were also observed of a light shining character
very like a diamond necklace worn by a negro.

At Los Corrales, Mr. J. Mould remarked tl-At
the blue sky over Santander appeared a very
dark indigo, afterwards. changing to a deep arnber,
and was most beautiful, that his fowls besan to
march "a cama," but light coming on they returned
to their usual occupation. The temperature in sun
ranged on the grass between 109 deg and 62 deg.
Before totality the sky became overcast.
Before I conclude this letter, written from an
arbour in the pleasant grounds of Mr. Z. Sewell,
managing representative of Mr. Mould, overlook-
ing Santander harbour, where rides the magnificent
Himalaya, it becomes me, in the name of the
party to which I am attached, to return our most
grateful thanks, not only to Mr. Sewell for his
generous hospitality, extending over a whole fort-
night, and. for the facilities which, fruin his high
position, he has been able to afford us in the pursuit
of our aims, but also to Lieutenant March, the
British Vice-Consul, to the authorities of the port,
and to the inhabitants, who have received us with
a cordiality and urbanity which has been highly
gratifying. It may be recorded, as perhaps a
valuable hint to the managers of our companies,
that, immediately on our arrival, free passes were
sent by the railway directors, not only to the
astronomers, but to all the officers of the ship,
enabling us and them to travel wherever we liked.
upon the Ferro-Carril de Isabel 11. between Sant-
ander and Alar, with this liberal endorsement—
" Durante su pernzanencia en Espana," a boon of
which I need scarcely say we have taken evezy
advantage. To all the staff on the line our thanks
are due for- the unbounded trouble which they have
taken in furthering our endeavours to fix upon
eligible sites for observation, and in facilitating our
general arrangements.—l have the honour to be,
Sir, your obedient servant,

E. J. LONE.
Fuente del Mar, near Santander, North Spain,
July 19.

STATE 07 TRADE.

MANCHESTER, July 24.—The market is still de-
pressed. In yarns prices are generally lower, in
most cases id. to id. per lb. down.. There are
offers making for most markets, but at low prices,
but which were not accepted in all instances. In
cloths there is more doing for Indio., including
40-inch shirtings, Madapollams, and jaconets, but
chiefly in consequence of sellers being willing to
take lower prices than they would last week. For
longeloths, T-cloths, and domestics the market was
depressed, and sellers had to take rather lower
prices than they were willing to accept last week.
For 35-inch shirtings
and printers
Lowerotwehr goes on
were also taken.
LEEDS, 24th.—The
manufacturens fo r o of
steadily in the various clothing dist ricts around
ar
efair
r amountat io
tfhae"'Whini ttye winter n
trade t
warehouses.
Leeds, and thereT is
preparations
form the bulk of the transactions, and whether the
season will be a prosperous one or not depends in
no small degree upon the character of
At the cloth-halls this morning
_there was only a
limited attendance of merchants and m mnufacturers,
and the transactions sere upon a small scale. That
arises, however, chiefly from the fact thmt the stocks
of suitable ;Dods
are within a very !narrow com-
pass. As there was rather an animatud market on
Saturday it is not at all surprising that the reverse
should have been
the case to-day.
ROCIIDA LE, 23d.—The state of
and, on the whole, pretty satisfactory. The prices
of wool remain firm, and there is a tc ilerably fair
demand. In the market for flannels there is, if
anything, more eagerness on the par t of buyers
than sellers. The latter have a good number of
orders on hand, and are not very wi):Ling to enter
into fresh contracts except at an a ilvance. The
price of flannel compared with last ye ax at this time
is stated to be from 6s. to 7s. per pie; e higher. The
Yorkshire trade continues tolerabl ly good, and
prices are unaltered.

THEA THE-P.O YAL, HAY R, A}
Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buekstone.
THIS EVENING the performances will commence with
THE OVERLAND ROUTE. Messrs. Charles Mathews,
Buckstone, Compton, Chippendale. Rogers, Mrs. Charles
Mathews, Miss Weekes, and Mrs. Wilkins.
With HE WOULD BE AN ACTOR, Mr. C. Mathews.
And HALLOWEEN. By the Leclereqs.
Commence at 7.

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE.-
Lessee, Mr. A. Harris.
THIS EVENING, will be performed HOME TRUTHS.
After which, the French vaudeville, MILITAIRE ET
PENSIONA IRE. Characters by the Zouaves.
And LA CORDE SENSIBLE.
Followed by AN AMBUSCADE AT INKERMAN.
To conclude with BOWL'D OUT.
Commence at 7.

ADELPHI, NEW THEATRE-ROYAL.
Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Benj. Webster.
Mr. B. Webster will make his first appearance (since his re-
turn from his provincial tour) in the course of the present
month, at his Annual Benefit, particulars of which will be
duly announced.
12th week of the favourite American Actress, Miss JullaDaly.
THUS eVENING, THE HARVEST HOME. Messrs. J.
L. Toole, P. Bedford, D. Fisher, Billington, Stuart, Eburne,
C. J. Smith, Powell, Romer ; Miss Woolgar, Miss if. Simms,
Miss K. Kelly, and Miss Laidlaw.
After which, THE FOOL OF THE FAMILY. Mr. Paul
Bedford and Miss Julia Daly.
To conclude with OUR GAL. Miss Julia Daly, Messrs,
Eburne, Ward, and Romer.

Commence at 7.
Box-office open from 10 till 5.
Private boxes, £2 29. ; Family Boxes, 11.
Orchestra Stalls, Is. ; Balcony, 4s. ; Front Circle Stalls, 35.;
Pit Stalls, 25.; Pit, Is. 6d. ; Amphitheatre, is ; Gallery, 6d.
Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith.

FRENCH PL AY S-ST. JAMES'S THEATRE
Directeur, M. Talexy.—Lessee, Mr. F. B. Chatterton.

TO-NIGHT,
M. TALEXY'S BENEFIT.
M. Talexy has the honour to announce that his Benefit will
take place TO-NIGHT (Wednesday), on which occasion Mdle.
Doehe will make her first and only appearance this season ;
also Mdle. Fix, M. Paul Devaux, M. Gravier, Mdle. Borghi-
Mdle. Brunetti, M. Belart, M. Gassier, M. Chapnv, and Mdle.
Ferraris will appear in COMEDIE, VAUDEVILLE, and
GRAND CONCERT.
Orchestra Stalls, 7s. fid. ; Balcony Stalls, ss. ; Pit, 2a. ;
Gallery, ls.
Private Boxes, from Two Guineas.
Commence at 8.
Box-office open daily from 11 till 5

A STLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.-
..4-z- Proprietor and Manager, Mr. WM. BATTY.
An Extra Grand MID-DAY PERFORMANCE will take
place on SATURDAY next, July 28, commencing* at Two
o'clock.
This Evening, the Aistorical Spectacle, entitled FAIR
ROSAMOND, or the AMAZON CRUSADERS. To be followed by
Scenes in the Arena. To conduce with THE SPOILED
CHILD. Little Pickle, Miss Amelia Smith.
Doors open at half-past 6, performance commence at 7.
Box-office open daily from 11 till 4.
Stage Manager—Mr. W. WEST.
Director of the Arena—M. Felix Revolti.

CANTERBURY HALL
THIS EVENING,
C. H. GOIJNOD'S OPERA.
FAUST.
First Time in this Country.
Faust Mr. Henry Herbert.
Mephistopheles Mr. C. Bernard.
Siobel Mrs. Anderson.
Marguerite
Conductor Mr. Jonghmans.
And selections from
Dinorah, TrOVatOre, Macbeth, and numerous other
Entertainments.
Balcony, ls , Hall. 6d.
Comic Vocalists —Messrs. George Hodson (the Irish Come
than and Mimic), and C. Marshall.
The ETHIOPIANS, consisting of 17 performers (organised
expressly for this Establishment). for the performance of
Vocal and Instrumental Music, Comic and Sentimental, with
Negro delineations, anecdotes, &c., in addition to the usual
entertainments.
The gallery is open from 5 till 11 on Sunday Evening.

CONCERTS

THE WEATHER.--SUN OFFICE, JULY 25, IMO.
THERMOMETER, TN THE SHADE,
63—highest since noon yesterday.
59—lowest this morning and during the night.
61—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-30.05 ; rising rapidly.
WlND—North - Westerly; rather fresh, with coo]
weather.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
This DAY.—Morning, 6h. 36m.—Afternoon, 7h. lm
To-uoßßow.-doming, :7h. 27m.—Afternoon, 7h. 56m,

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;'no yr_

THE SUN.
LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JULY 25, 1860.

It is now certain that the young REITOBOAM of
Naples has gone on his knees to the King of SAR-
DINIA. The POPE'S blessing will no longer avail ;
the heretic alone can save him from GARIBALDI ;

and so, to the excommunicated VICTOR EMMANUEL,
the most faithful of the Sons of the Church is obliged
to turn. We hope, however, the excommunicated
King neither will deliver, nor that he can if he
would. He has sent his adjutant to GARIBALDI,
Lord JOHN RUSSELL tells us, on the authority of
the Neapolitan Minister in London. But we may
remember that [in Sicily GARIBALDI is not yet
subject to the King of SARDINIA ; we may also
remember that he has objected to immediate an-
nexation, on the very ground that his policy being
Italian, he would be embarrassed by separating
the cause of Sicily from that of the mainland.
It may be well, diplomatically wise perhaps, for
the King of SARDINIA to keep up appearances
with the man who is still formally King of NAPLES.
But a living messenger can carry unofficial as well
as official messages, and we may hope that the
KING'S personal opinion, and his diplomatic repre-
sentations, will clash considerably ; and GARI-
BALDI is not the man to shrink from assuming
respon3ibility.

It would, indeed, be most disastrous for the
future of Italy if her WASHINGTON were not
suffered to work out his own plans. We can but
believe that he has the entire and well merited
confidence of the King of SARDINIA, and that that
Monarch will not authoritatively interfere with
the proceedings of the noblest of his subjects. He
trusts Count CAVOUR, too, as a diplomatist; but the
KING, him'self " a soldier every inch of him," must
have far more sympathy with the deeds of GARI-
BALDI than with the despatches of CAvouß. All
Europe would confess that he ought to have;
GARIBA:LDI has shown a most rare combination of
qualities more frequently separated. To an enthu-
siasm for Italian liberties which nothing can sup•
press, be unites the almost cool-headeness, and with
unusual moderation, gentleness, and kindness, he
possesses beyond doubt the greatest courage and
firmness. His dimissal of a man of LA FARINA'S
standing from Sicily, because he 'obstructed his
policy of Italian union, and advocated the NAPO-
LEON-.CAVOIIR policy of a Confederation, showed as
much moral courage and firmness as his behaviour
at Palermo did of the more common physical

quality.
We will still hope, therefore, that GARIBALDI
will take his own course. If he do, we may safely
predict that the young BOURBON will soon be packing
up his valuables. The Bombarder of Palermo, the
murder er of hundreds of his own subjects there, has
already„ to "prevent bloodshed," withdrawn his
troops _from Messina and the adjacent fortresses.
It was, ,doubtless, very wise mercy. Messina is not
a place ito be taken in a day or a week, even by
CliiAltißAß.,Di, if defended by determined soldiers.
ended by men, the great majority of whom
would
GARIBALDI for their commander, and
his
call to their own, there could be no question
about the necessity of recalling them. And yet
we ma: F well ask, for what purpose To hand over
the capital to GARIBALDI as soon as he presents
himself' at its gates? That is undoubtedly the
meaning of the petition to the hated King of
SARDMIA to " Stop GARIBALDI." If soldiers
could (lo it the King has new plenty of them—
probab ly not many short of eighty or one hundred
thousal Id now that they are all collected together;
but wit h the exception of a minority of mercenary
ruffians the army prefers the Hero of Palermo to
the cruel young coward who employs them chiefly
against citizens. And then the whole population
is utterly weary of their King, and justly distrust-