The Sun.
London, England, 1860-12-07 00:00:00

TRB.ARVY.

His Royal Highness the General Commanding-
in-Chief will hold a Levee at 1 o'clock on Wednes-
day next, the 12th inst.

The following Royal warrant, addressed to the
whole army, was promulgated yesterday :
" Victoria R.—Whereas it has been represented
to us that it is expedient to exempt in certain cases
officers who have been or shall hereafter be pro-
moted for service in the field from the condition in
the Royal warrant of the 14th Oct., 1858, which
requires six years' service in the rank of regimental
field officer to entitle an officer to the unattached
pay of general officer ; it is our will and pleasure
that when captains of our army who have been or
shall hereafter be promoted to the rank of field
officer by brevet for service in the field shall con-
tinue to serve uninterruptedly, either regimentally
or on the staff, from the date of their promotion
by brevet to the date of their obtaining the rank
of major-general, they shall be entitled to the un-
attached pay of that rank, and be placed on the
first establishment of general officers, notwithstand-
ing they may pot have served six years with the
regimental rank of field officer with a regiment,
or in one of the situations specified in clause 8 of
the warrant of the 14th Oct., 1858, as required by
clause 27 of the said warrant.
"It is our further will and pleasure that the
aforesaid officers shall also be exempt from the six
years' qualifying service as regimental field officers,
and be entitled to succeed to the fixed establish-
ment of general officers, if, after obtaining the rank
of colonel, they shall be obliged to go on half pay
in consequence of ill-health contracted by and in
the service, as established by a medical board, or in
consequence of wounds received in action.

" Given at our Court of St. James, the 25th day
of November, 1860, in the 24th year of our reign.
" By her Majesty's command,

" S. HERBERT."

It was announced at Chatham garrison yesterday
that Major the Hon. H. F. Keane, Royal Engineers,
at present holding a Staff appointment, will succeed
Lieut.-Col. E. Stanton, C. 13., Royal Engineers, who
has been appointed Consul ai Warsaw, as Assist.-
Adjt.-Gen., the statement that Lieut.-Col. W. 0.
Lennox (V.C.), Royal Engineers, would receive the
appointment having, it appears, been premature.
Major-Gen. Eyre, commanding the forces of the
Chatham district, has issued a very stringent order
of the day to the troops under his command, in
which the conduct of officers who recently appeared
at a party in private clothes instead of their uni-
form, contrary to the express regulations on that
subject, is censured. The Major-General desires
that the officers will strictly adhere to the regula-
tions for dress as laid down in the standing orders
of the garrison, and intimates that he will hold
officers responsible for any breach of discipline
under this head.

Captain D. A. Frazer, Royal Engineers, has been
appointed to the command of the 32d company of
Royal Engineers, on its arrival at head quarters
from Alderney.
The contemplated removal of the Horsfall mon-
ster iron gun from its present position, near South-
sea Castle, to one more to the eastward, for the
purpose of testing its stability and range, has been
fir the present abandoned. The sheers and pur-
chases which had been erected over the gun have
been again taken down and returned to store.

The newsboys of Manchester had got hold of the
new coinage yesterday, and were selling it to quidnuncs at
four new half-pennies for three pence, and new pennies for
three half-pence, and were doing an extensive business.
LADVE.RTUT3IENT.]—Nothing can be more interesting
than the numerous extraordinary cures without Medicine
by Du Barry's delicious Health Restoring Revalenta Ara-
bica Food. We give a few :—Winchester, December 3,
1847.—Gentlemen,—I am happy to be able to inform you,
that the person for whom your Revalenta was procured has
derived very great benefit from its use ; distressing symp-
toms of Dropsy, Dyspepsia, and Constipation of long stand-
ing have been restored, and a feeling of restored health in-
duced.—:Tames Shorland, late Surgeon, 66th Regiment.
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rors of no rYOUS irritability. Cure No. 46,814—Mr. Samuel
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" THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, DECEMBER T, 1860.

be a scientific shipbuilder. In order to complete
the plan, however, this board must have the con-
trol of all the dockyards throughout the kingdom.
and must have general power to direct the mode in
which these establishment; should be managed.
By such means alone can that unity of management
be secured which shall secure reasonable efficiency
and economy in the vast establishments at Ports-
mouth, Devonport, Chatham, and Pembroke.
The attempt to organse this system is pro-
bably the real cause of Sir Baldwin Walker's
resignation. The new Ccmptroller will of course
possess the necessary qualification of being an
eminent professional shipwright, but it is also to
be hoped that he will be ia)t less eminent for that
stern independenee and honesty of character which
so admirably distinguished Sir Baldwin Walker.
There are no public establishments so demoralised
by the spirit of corruption as the Royal Dockyards.
Not long since they were the Naples of Eng-
land. The doings of Lori Derby's famous Secre-
tary to the Admiralty are not yet forgotten. But
it must be admitted that few men have done so
much as Sir Baldwin Walker to elevate the tone of
the dockyard officials, or to prove to them that real
merit, not political influence, is the real passport
to advancement. It must be admitted, in tendering
his advice in matters of patronage and promotion,
he has been actuated by a genuine zeal for the pub-
lic service, and a desire to reward true merit. There
is no man who more thoroughly appreciates straight-
forward honesty than the Duke of Somerset, nor is
there one more capable under the present circum-
stances of selecting the best man for the office of
Comptroller of the Navy.—Daily News.

31R. BRIGIIT AND FREEHOLD LAND

SOCIETIES.

(From the Morning Post.)
When Mr. Bright tells the people of Birmingham
that he is no lawyer, we willingly give credence to
his assertion. If, however, the public should be
ungenerous enough to require further evidence, we
beg to refer them to the hon. gentleman's recent
speech, which contains a mass of misstatements
which it is difficult to excuse even on the ground of
invincible ignorance. Why then does Mr. Bright
trouble himself about matters which, though they
may in one sense belong to the science of political
economy, have a more immediate and direct rela-
tion to that province of law of which the hon. gen-
tleman professes to know nothing ? Mr. Bright's
object is transparent. The power of the territorial
aristocracy, titled and untitled, is the spectre which
haunts the imagination and destroys the equanimity
of the great free trade agitator. Last year a sweeping
measure of Parliamentary Reform, which was to
swamp the landed interest of this country, was pre-
pared by Mr. Bright, and paraded by him through.
out every portion of the manufacturing districts.
That measure, however, so entirely failed to attract
the support of the Radical party that its anther very
wisely abstained from exposing his crude work-
manship to the criticism of the House of Commons.
Parliamentary Reform being at the present time in
a state of suspended animation, and likely to con-
tinue so, Mr, Bright has sought a new weapon with
which to attack the aristocracy ; and. on this occa-
sion, forgetful of the danger of playing with edged
tools, he has taken down from the rusty armoury
of tithe law those dreadful implements of legal
cruelty and domestic oppression—primogeniture
and entail. According to Mr. Bright, if the Legis-
lature of this country would borrow from France
and America that system which excludes the heir
male from the right of succession to laud in case
of intestacy, a second golden age would dawn in
England, every rood of land would maintain its
man, and an army of sturdy yeomen, armed with
household suffrage, would take the place of those
country gentlemen and Boeotian farmers whose
" confined notions" recently formed the subject of
one of Mr. Bright's fervid harangues. It is not
true that primogeniture exists in this country to
anything like the extent which the hon. gentleman
represents. Every person entitled absolutely to
the ownership of land can devise his estate to whom-
soever he pleases. We all know that eccentric
testators, disregarding the duty which they owe
to their families, occasionally bequeath real pro-
perty to strangers, and even to charities which are
authorised to hold land in mortrnain. This proves
that the law, when the ownership of the property
is absolute, is not of a very restrictive or illiberal
character. But if a father is so negligent that he
does not make a will, there surely can be no hard-
ship in the law declaring that, as regards land, the
eldest son shall stand in loco parentis to his brothers
and sisters. If the property be small, a home at
least may be kept for the younger members of the
family; and, if large, the heir is under a moral
obligation to afford them some adequate menus of
settlement in life. That this obligation which
depends upon affection and kindness, is, as the rule,
sacredly performed, no one who is acquainted with
the condition of English society can deny. Cases
of injustice are, in fact, too rare to furnish the
slightest excuse fur that agitation which Mr.
Bright would excite—not for the benefit of
younger children, but for the political object of
weakening and destroying the legitimate and
wholesome influence of the proprietors of land. If
we take the example of France, where the laws of
testamentary disposition are extremely 'restricted,
the indefinite subdivision of real property has
produced innumerable evils. The estate which, at
one time, supported in decent comfort an entire
family, in the course of a few generations becomes
so split up that the owners either sell their
interest or descend to the level of peasant proprie-
tors, who scarcely can draw a subsistence from
their small plots of ground. Such a system is fatal to
agricultural improvement, and we may illustrate its
effects by an example which Lord 13roughaen men-
tioned in' the House of Lords of an orchard in
France which, in consequence of successive sub-
divisions, ultimately left a single apple tree as the
inheritance of 18 separate owners. Is such a system
worthy of English imitation ? We believe that,
instead of introducing that class of sturdy yeomen
of whose intellectual and liberal qualifications Mr.
Bright so confidently speaks, it would pauperise the
country and generally tend to degrade all classes
of the agricultural population. But whenever Mr.
Bright finds himself in a difficuly he instantly
appeals to America as the readiest means of extri-
cation. It may ire true that labourers in the United
States usually obtain a dollar a day wages, but the
condition of the two countries is so entirely dissimi-
lar that no fair argument can he based upon any
statement of the kind. In the United States every
mart willing to farm can, by going to the backwoods,
obtain as much land as he desires. The population is
essentially migratory. An American tired of work-
ing in the large cities has only to go to Illinois or
Minnesota to be certain of obtaining a comfortable
subsistence. The labourers who remain behind have
therefore an excellent market, and obtain wages in
proportion to the comparative scarcity of labour.
But in England the population is overcrowded, em-
ployment is not always to be had, and consequently,
no real analogy can exist between the two coun-
tries as respects the wages of labour, until all the
wild lands of the American Union have been sub-
jected ;to the industry and enterprise of civilised
men.
But what is an entail ? Mr. Bright appears to
think that it is a perpetually inalienable estate,
which, devised in feudal times, has, for the benefit
of the aristocracy, been permitted to survive to the
present day. The English law abhors perpetuities,
and the only really inalienable estates which now
exist are those which the country for distinguished
services has united to peerages—for instance, to the
dukedoms of Marlborough and Wellington. The
rule is that no land can be tied up for a longer
period than lives in being at the date of the settle-
ment, and twenty-one years afterwards. The usual
course, whenever real property is resettled, is to
charge the estate with portions for younger chil-
dren, and to make those arrangements by means of
trusts which are conducive to the benefit of the
whole family. But there is another description of
property which also is subject to entail—we mean
peerages. If Mr. Bright, treading in the footsteps
of Mr. Locke King, should succeed in abolishing
entails, the dignity and respect now so deservedly,
entertained for the second branch of the Legisla-
ture would in the course of a few generations be-
come utterly extinguished; our peers would have
no means of supporting their rank and position,
and the country would, in fact, become as truly
Americanised as Mr. Bright wishes. We believe
that this movement, insidious in its object, is not
likely to meet with the support of any class of the
community. The English law of real property is,
we admit, unnecessarily vexatious and expensive
with regard to transfer; but this evil may surely
be remedied by means less disastrous than a mea-
sure that would sweep away a system which, woven
and cherished in the habits and sympathies of the
people, has tended to promote the wealth, the pro
sperity, and the grandeur of England.

(Front the Doily News.)
The Freehold Land Societies of Birmingham
have had a general meeting for the purpose of con-
gratulating one another on their successful progress,
and for the purpose of conferring together on the
best mode of further developing the great prin-
ciple on which they are formed. The excellent
speech of Mr. Scholefield, who presided on the
occasion, summed up the chief results of the
"ement, which, beginning less than fifteen
has graditally made its unobtrusive way
-,ls are now enabled to boast that in
n question there are compre-
ere of its fraternity many
‘,eing locked up by law
-1 in its ownership%
`-d by the eV

years ag..,
until its frier,
the one locality ...
hended within the sp..
thousand members. Land .._
in large masses, and participation
in portions e'er so small being mulcii-