The Sun.
London, England, 1860-04-06 00:00:00

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PRICE 4D. STAAIPED,_S').

THE CONCORD..I2'.

The Concordat which it pleased the Grand Ducal
Government of Baden to conclude with the Pope,
has been rejected by the Representative Chamber
of that State. "In the present sleepy phase of Ger-
man politics this is a startling fact. We have been
hearing for many months of the great things that
Prussia was about to do, and the important resolves
that the Frankfort Diet was about to make. But
they have-all come to nothing. Prussia, for ex-
ample, was to make use of its influence in the Diet
to order the Elector of Hesse Cassel to reinstate his
subjects in the benefits of the constitution which
he had illegally suppressed. The Diet would do
nothing of the kind ; and Prussia through its Pleni-
potentiary, M. Usedom, has turned round to tell the
Diet that it has no authority at all to meddle with
Hesse Cassel or with the internal affair of any
State. Prussia has thus tried two directly opposite
ways of restoring constitutional government to the
Hessians, and it has failed in both.
Let us hope that the Prussian Government will
deal more successfully with the Baden question,
which has now been brought forward. It was while
Austria was still in the fulness of its prestige and
power, that the minister of Baden thought fit to
imitate the Imperial Court of Vienna in handing
over not only its Catholic clergy, but its colleges
and universities to Rome. Such a Concordat was
bad enough inA ustria, but in the Duchy of Baden,
the population of which is more than half Protes-
tant, it was monstrous to make over to the Pope,or
his vicegerent Archbishop, a ControlAver.the entire
education and universities of the country. The
Concordat ruled that in any establishment where
there were Roman Catholic students the Arch-
bishop Might intervene to regulate the course of
study. Under such' an agreement the Papal pre-
late was not only master of the University of Frei-
burg ; but by sending a dozen lambs of his flock to,
Heidelberg, he might interfere te•Grasturb the entire
teaching of that great seat of learning in which
Paulus and Schleiermacher flourished.
The chief motive too with the Baden Govern-
ment for this wanton reaction against Protestant
freedom has vanished. The agreement was con-
cluded, as a kind of homage to Austria, and a ral-
lying to the imperial wisdom of Francis Joseph.
Francis Joseph's wisdom, however, is now at as
great a discount as Austrian metallics. And the

lesser German Princes can expect trifling support
from a monarch who has proved unable to keep his
own relatives upon the ducal thrones of Italy.
From obstinacy, however, and the mere love of re-
action, the Baden Ministry has clung to Its Con-
cordat, and, well knowing the opposition it would
meet with in the Chambers, it announced as a con-
stitutional doctrine that the Sovereign might make
whatever treaties he pleased with the Pope, with-
out need of the sanction or fear of the opposition of
either the representative or hereditary Chamber.
By the last account from atrlsruhe the Baden
House of Commons has declared the Concordat
invalid by 45 votes against 15 ; and little doubt is
entertained that a similar vote will pass the Upper
Chamber. From what is known of the political
temper and tendencies of the Grand Duke of Baden
it is not thought that he will go the length of
supporting unpopular Ministers .against the decla-
ration of th 2 country, especially for'' such a broken
reed as the Austrian alliance has proved itself to
be. In that case he will act like a constitutional
Prince, dismiss his present Minister, and call to
power those eminent and able men who have led
the opposition against the Concordat. The prin-
cipal of these is the Baron Von Roggenbach, con-
sidered to be as Prussian in his leanings ai those
whom ho has 'defeated are Austrian. And it is
thought certain that, on obtaining power, he will
take very important steps towards awarding Prus-
sia that lead in the military and diplomatic admi•
nistration and affairs of. Germany which can alone
give weight and unity to the Confederation.
It will be at once seen,: from the votes of the
Frankfort Diet in' the matter of Hesse Cassel, that
far from lending itself to any such combination,
the Diet will, on the contrary, oppose it to the
utmost. The attitude assumed by M. Von Usedom
at Frankfort on this very matter of Hesse Cassel
shows that Prussia, wearied of the inutility of
combating Austrian influence within the Diet, has
resolved to take its stand without that assembly,
independent of it, and even against it. The new
question respecting Baden will afford further op-
portunity for the development of such a policy,
while leading directly to a reform, or at least'to a
disruption of the Diet.
The fatuity and perverseness shown by Austria
in this question is lamentable, as it is marvellous.
One would have thought that the misfortune of that
Court would at least have taught it the necessity,
of seeking friends and allies at home. But its de-
feats at Magenta and Solferino, instead of rendering
Austria more conciliatory or more amicable to
Prussia, have, on the contrary, added acerbity to
its hatred and narrowness to its rivalry. It is plain
to every observer that since Austria alone has proved
unable to cope with the armies of France, the neces-
sity of union in Germany is greater than ever.
Austria, however, will not hear of a united Ger-
many, unless it is to be permitted to secure for itself
the exclusive lead. To this it has less pretence than
ever. -Without admitting Prussia to a fair share
of influence, Austria cannot unite that country' in
resistance to France. And the result of this Jea-
lousy at Vienna is that too many of the smaller
Powe o
Powers and
Vienna,Princes,
turnde h
despairing
views t
gofsupo Paris,poreither:tand
ati Berlin
listen to projects for the reconstruction of the old
Confederation of the Rhine.

The present safety and the future peace of Eu-
rope might be secured if wise counsels could be
made to prevail at Vienna. But that appears every
day more hopeless. And it is impossible to imagine
modes better devised for nullifying Germany, fling-
ing Austria into rebellion and Europe into anarchy
and war, than those pursued by Count Rechberg
and his master. The Prince of Prussia and his
ministers do not want prudence or wisdom, but
they want power. Prussia requires a Frederic 1.1.
to enable it to take a strong initiative. Whereas
Austria, with even a moderate degree of wisdom,
might do much to consolidate both herself and
Europe.—Daily News.

NEWSPAPIat
G AND
,er I.at#4.4A
.;s' BILL.
_he triumphant majority by wh iel :r •,`
and Dyeing -Works Bill was reed a
• House of Commons is a hopeful ort.)
times, and very gratifying to all well-* hei o S
the working classes. The object of this bill, which
has been introduced by Mr. Ci (role and Lord Aslalel
rho has a sort of hereditary claim to father such a
measure, is to place the employment of women,
young persons, and children in bleaching and dye-
ing works under the regulations of the Factory Acts.
The necessity for sonic legislation of this kind was
fully made out in the report, with its cprroborative
evidence, sent in by Mr. H. S. 'l'rernenheere,` the
commissioner appointed in 1854 to inquire into the
subject, as well as in the more recent evidence given
before a select committee of the Housellof Commons.
That committee, or rather the majority of its mem-
bers, strangely enough, reported against any Par-
liamentary interference, whilst they admitted that
the circumstances connected with the employment
of women and children in those works were deserv-
ing of consideration, and that the grievances alleged
were in part susceptible of remedy. They confined
their recommendations to advising the master
bleachers cal dyers of the litliled Kingdom to con-
sider whether the reduction in the hours of labour,
which had already taken place in the establishments
of some, might not be more generally adopted iii
the varieusprocesses of the business. But the battle
of the Factory Acts has not been fought and won
in vain by the advocates of the true wealth of the
nation ; tied the evidence to which we have referred
makes out a clear case for a similar interference to
protect weak women and young children in their
contracts for work and daily brea. One witness, a
physician, who, during 15 or 16 years, has been- in
the habit of giving advice to the families of persons
employed in the bleaching works, declares that he
has known the young women to hive been at work
for 17 or 18 hours daily for a week together; and
the three volumes that contain the evidence given
before the committee are full of notices of similar
cases from medical men and clergymen, as well as
from operatives. The most interesting and striking
evidence is that given by an old discharged bleacher
—discharged on account of his. age—to whom one
of his masters, who was also examined by the
committee, gives the character of " a remarkably
good servant and a very steady man." We
learn from his evidence'-that the condition of
the bleachers in Lancashire has deteriorated
greatly during the last forty or fifty years. At the
beginning of that period the hours of labour were
shorter, being then usually from six in the morning
till six at night ; and the work was done in bleach-
ing-fields, not under cover as now. " I can tell
you one thing," he said, " when we bleached goods
on the ground, years ago, when young men were
springing up about Bolton, I believe I could have
picked out 500 men that would hive done for the
Life Guards ; but if you want to come down there
now, I do not think you could get one of them fit
for a marine." So that, although the bleachers
have still the reputation of being a healthy race of
men, their continued strength is in spite, and not
in consequence, of their present employment. " I
had two boys with me," the same witness said,
speaking of what had happened a few years ago,
" who commenced about nine years of age, and they
grew up, and when they were married neither of
them could tell a letter. They have become young
men ; and some time back, when the people came
down there to take an estimate of how many there
were of one religion and how manvof another, one
of them came to me and asked, Went religion am
Ito call myself?' I said to him. Call yourself by
what you are ;' end lie said What am Itodo ?'
I said You may call yourself nothing, according
to where you go to. He said' Well, 1 never went
to any place of worship since I went there with
Kit ?; and another says' I never went since I went
with Nan' " le, since they were married. In another
part of his evidence he giee s a terrible account of
his wife's toil:—" It weuld sometimes happen on a
Monday morning, when a ship order came in, we
have commenced at two or three o'clock or some-
times at twelve o'clock ; and my wife has had her
stays laced at twelve o'clock on Sunday night, and
she has never had them unlaced again, and never
been in her bed all the week ; she has been lying
on a table, or any place wherever she could get to
for half an hour." Some points in this witness's
evidence were found fault with by his employers at
a subsequent meeting of the committee; but, on
comparing the evidence of the two parties together,
we fear we must acknowledge that there is every--
probability, in spite of the corrections sug-
gested by the employers, that such enormities have
been far from uncommon. The rest of the evidence
shows that these cases are not to be looked on as
isolated instances; these are examples—though
perhaps salient examples—of a large class of in-
dustrial evils to which the nation is determined to
put an end.
Women and children cannot continue to be em-
ployed as they are in bleaching works with im-
punity. There is an imperious demand for some
improvement on the ground of health, or morality,
and of education. We have here a special evil call-
ing for a special remedy. The benevolent efforts of
individual masters are unavailing; they are de-
feated by the competition of less scrupulous em-
ployers. The experience of the factories illustrates
the ease of the bleaching works. Previously to the
passing of the Factory Acts—with which all, mas-
ters and " hands" alike, are now satisfied—numer-
ous attempts were made on the part of individual
masters to diminish the excessive hours of women's
and children's labour. But those who made the
attempt only victimised themselves and their work-
people, for ruin stared them in the face from the
competition of less benevolent employers. No cer-
tain success can be gained in these matters without
the strong hand of the law enforcing the universal
observance of the dictates of reason and humanity.
In the case before us, the experience of the Factory
Acts is useful also another way. Everyone remem-
bers how it was proved irrefragably by statistical
arithmetic that the passing of these acts would bo
speedily followed by the destruction of the manu-
facturing prosperity of England. But experience
has scattered those false prophecies to the winds,
and has shown that manufacturing prosperity
the
actually compatible with humanity. So in the
bleaching works—the long continued labour—the
"pushes," as they are called—which, it is argue d,
are absolutely necessary to the existence of the
business—without which, it is said, the trade can-
not be carried on—will be found to be altogether
unnecessary as soon as the law of the land has de-
clared that they shall no longer take place, under-
mining as they do the physical and moral well-
bring of each successive generation.—Morning
Post,

STATISTICS OP SAVOY.

The following are some additional details respect-
T e t Population of Savoy 583,800 souls,
ing" Sahvoty 0:-a-f
(viz., the province of Annecy, 2051.0 ; h
Chambery, 313,302), on a territory is
70i11,054t aof
t square
kilometers (each 5-Sths of a mile), nearly equal to
the 1-50th of France. Notwithstanding the rugged
nature of the soil, in a country covered by the
highest mountains in Europe, Savoy is almost ex-
clusively agricultural. There are, however, some
few manufactories. Watchmaking, for instance,
which was introduced at Cluses about two centuries
ago, at present occupies about 2,000 work-people in
that town and neighbourhood, who yearly produce
watches to the value of 1,800,000 f; most of which
are sent to Geneva and Besangon. Annecy has a
cotton manufactory, containing about 33,600
spindles, nearly 1,400 looms, 1,000 of which are
power-looms, 4 steam engines, 4 cylinder printing
machines, and 104 presses for printing by hand.
The number of persons employed is about 3,000, and
the raw cotton used about 720 tons, which is con-
verted into 7,000,000 metres of white and printed
calico, &c. The slate quarries also occupy 200
hands, who produce about 2,000,000 slates, at prices
varying from 18fr to 140 fr per 1,000, according to
size. The slates of Tarentaise, Mauriconne, and
Faucigny can be supplied at a much lower price
than those of Ceyins, to which they are inferior in
hardness and colour, but are equally light and
durable. The new railway opens an excellent
market for the slates of Savoy in France. By
establishing depots at Marseilles and Genoa, they
would certainly be preferred to the tiles, which
are now used as ballast by merchant vessels. The
3ci oh na
fnt:
t:pa'4ege2rremmhaioennocodtdoi,
eaht
hectolitre."
sed:Cia,ion,ogthr ;se
wines grown in Savoy, especially those of St.
Pierre-d'Albigny, St. Jean-de-la-Porte, Cruet,
are of good quality, keep
tnlhlineo
btaomsr
de leirasn wello,
faCst thitiehgons ieeo,f
Rhone,
well, and will even bear long sea voyages. The
prices range
IN'reincel 32cofrnttaein9Cis
l have to be fixed, it i;
highly probable, says the Unione Liberate of Turin,
provincel 7. e n rtalnie frontiers shall
that Oneglia and San Remo will be left to Pied-
mont. The following relates to the neutralised
ground

"Chablais is bounded on side by the Lake of
Geneva ; its
-
district derives
' whichPop\t\iillaltion is 52,000, and its chief to -n
alter, which name one
be made a sub-prefecture. I.'.his
itswnaasmgeivfernomtothiet
bLyattihnecitaboatuttliss
on account of the number of horses bred there. The'
Emperor Conrad gave Chablais to Humbert, 1 ead
of the house of Savoy, whose descendants were
called Counts of Savoy in the 14th century. Pau..
cigny borders on Chablais and Valais ; it is a m ,un_
united to Savoy by the marriage of its inhol itor."
tainous country, containing a population of 7 about
100,000, and its chief town is Bonneville. Tit is was
formerly an independent barony, and was aft( r wal di