The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-10 00:00:00

TEE SUN, 7LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 10, 1860,

THE SUN.

LONDON, MONDAY, SEPT. 10, 1860.

GARIBALDI! GARIBALDI !! GARIBALDI

FOR EVER ! ! !

The deed is done and Naples is free. Blessings
be on GARIBALDI ! He did not bounce about free-
ing Italy from the Alps to the Adriatic, but he has
stamped the " Idea" of his soul's ambition on the
heart of his country. He promised little—but has
performed much. What appeared madness to
others was to him the promptings of inspiration
—he laboured as in a vision and followed the di-
recting hand of Providence for the liberation of his
country from a thraldom as unparalleled as it
seemed hopeless, and he has achieved it! Honour
—all honour be to him !

As we anticipatad on Friday the news is con-
firmed to-day. On Saturday GARIBALDI walked
or rode into Naples simply with his Staff. He had
no soldiers with him. His conquest was not of the
sword but of the spirit ! The path was strewed
with the flowers of peaceful victory and the grate-
ful tears of a delighted people who could not restrain
their joy in the excess of their wondering bewilder-
ment of intoxicating rapture and doubt. The
'scene was too good to be true—they could hardly
believe in such unexpected emancipation. The
hand of the LORD truly seems to have done the good
deed, and none so fitting as GARIBALDI in working
out the miracle.

And now comes the critical point of the drama.
The Bourbon King has fled to Gaeta, on his way to
Spain or Austria. Indeed he wanted to hand over
his fleet to Austria, but the men would not budge—
not they ! They rebelled, it is true, but when the
worst comes to the worst, delicacy as well as loyalty
lose their virtue. There is seldom any loyalty for
a fallen despot although NERO had flowers planted
on his grave. The marvel is how this coward-King
hoped to hold on in the midst of such unequivocal
demonstrations of distrust—disloyalty and even
dismay at his own irresolute conduct. Some say_
the POPE has done it all—but the POPE has quite
enough on his own hands without caring for worth-
less sinners. That FRANCIS IL has been a bigot
is unquestionable —he was worse —he was
cruel—rapacious and un forgivingly unmerciful
to extremity and what is he now
an outcast—a Right Royal outcast !

We learn by Mr. REUTER'S telegrams that France
is becoming noasasy at the position of the POPE,
and warns Sardinia against any interference with
the States of the Church. France cannot expect
that the States of the Church will remain quiet
when their neighbouring houses are on fire. It is
against human nature and contrary to all common
sense. The temporal dominion of the POPE
must be done away—modified it cannot well
be. In the end, it will conduce infinitely
more to the sacredness of his spiritual power,
and prove a blessing to his flocks. Discordant
elements cannot harmonise with any benefit to
either. France will, therefore, do well to let matters
take their course. When NAPOLEON, then at tha
head of the French Republic, put down the Roman
Republic in order to buy over the Priestly party
to his aide, he sold liberty for a ptirpolSe ; and now,
having gained his purpose, he throws them aside,
in fact, though not in manner. Even he will find
that the end of things is not yet; though his tenure
of power be only in his might, he will rue his per-
fidy and curse his evil stars.
If there be perfidy on Earth,
Hypocrisy abhorred—
It is when Freedom shames her birth
By ruling with the Sword
And LOUIS NAPOLEON has done all that and much
—very much more. But his daytof reckoning
is at hand. The nations around look ,n him with
distrust, and his own people begin to question the
man- Strong in outward appearance, but weak at
heart, he will yet find that honesty would have
been his best policy, as it is the only policy of up.
right and 'good men.

,
For the .a Vie' many readers who like to ex-
aiine for thinntielves, we gave a lengthy document
on Friday, from the Report of the Commissioners
of Inland Revenue. To-day, for the sake of other

and more numerous readers who would like to know
a little about it, without reading it, we offer a few
remarks on its principal items.
First in order stands the Excise. And far above
all other duties, in its profitableness to the national
exchequer, stands the duty on spirits. Were the
nation to adopt a Maine Liquor Law, not less than
£10,000,000 would be sacrificed under this head
alone. But to this would have to be added
£6,850,000 for malt also ; for, though what pays
duty is used for making beer and porter, yet these
are, as the neighbours to every beer-shop know too
well, intoxicating beverages. We are certainly far
enough removed from the possibility otsuch a law,
but it is a curious subject for speculation, how we
could supply such a gap in the Budget if it were
but to be made. It seems, however, to be a steadily
increasing tax ; and all that the Maine-force
men can do is to push up the duties to the
utmost height which will not defeat both their
own objects and those of our Chancellors of the
Exchequer, by encouraging smuggling. One sin-
gular fact is mentioned in the Report, though it
does not seem to have struck the Commissioners in
that light. The Excise has been needlessly, vexa-
tiously, and expensively stringent in its regulations
for the distillers. The treaty with France provides
an extra duty of 2d. only per gallon, as compensa-
tion for the peculiar obstructions to which our dis-
tillers are subjected by the Excise. The distillers,
however, convinced the authorities that the disad-
vantage under which they were placed, compared
with foreigners, was not less in money than nine-
pence halfpenny per gallon. As the treaty surtax
could not be raised, the Excise equalised things,
by removing a considerable number of restrictions,
and making more equitable allowances for waste.
It is not easy, therefore, to doubt that the abolished
restrictions amounted to a heavy charge on the
customer, with no corresponding advantage to the
revenue. The treaty has rendered us, doubtless,
this little service, such as it is. We could
only wish it had been in some article of
less questionable utility. It is gratifying to
notice that smuggling is en the decrease, and that
the export trade in spirits is very largely increased.
The Malt Duty is also in a prosperous state,
since allowing for the anticipation of duty there is
still a very considerable increase in the amount.
The manufacture itself was also larger than that of
1859 by 1,760,399 bushels. It appears that on
account of the higher duties on spirits in Scotland
a considerably larger quantity of beer was con-
sumed there ; and that the free admission of foreign
barley, with an improvement (certainly much
needed) in its quality, has enabled the maltsters to
meet the increased demand, It is also in contem-
plation to make the trade in malt free by removing
the prohibition on the importation of foreign
malt, and also the disadvantages, which are very
serious, under which exporters of English-made
malt now lie. In regard to beer, also, it is grati-
fying to observe a considerable increase of expor-
tation—almost five-and-twenty per cent.—on that
of 1859. The Report, which reckons its year up
to the 31st of March, speaks of five years
in succession most prosperous for the pro-
duction of hops. Though twelve thousand
acres have been withdrawn from cultivation, the
average annual produce has amounted to
61,000,0001b5. ; while, for the 10 years ending in
1854, it was not quite 36,000,0001b5. per annum, the
diminished acreage yielding almost a double return.
Hop-growers, however, tell us that as the duty re-

: -
mains the same, and interferes with the sale largely,
they are frequently worse off with a large crop
than with a small one. And, that hence has
arisen, in part, the agitation for the repeal of the
duty. The crop will, we presume, this year, be
small enough. The last year's duty was not much
under half a million.
The next subject on which the Commissioners
comment is that of Stamps—a class of duties which
now follow us into every transaction of life. No-
where can you escape stamps. The fury of the

waves, and the fierceness of fire, and the even

which creates widows and orphans, instead of
moving our Chancellors of the Exchequer to pity
for your dangers or calamities, only move them to
demand a stamp-tax on your providence in insuring.
You ought, then, to hazard your property, to

gamble with it—Oh dear, no ! the " stamps" fix

their mark on your cards and dice, as well as on
insurance policies. You marry, down come the
" stamps" upon your license or certificate. You think
better or worse of it, and get a divorce

but already the " stamps" have clutched some,

£5,000 from the Divorce Court itself ! You are
sick, but the " stamps" have been before you to
the doctor, and branded your patent medicine.
You are, it may be, so full of health and vigour
that you must foot it over the moors or the fields
with your pointers and gnu—again the " stamps"
have you with their license. In two cases, those
of letters and newspapers, we acknowledge that
the stamps represent some service done ; done, how-
ever, so dearly to what a trading company could
do it, that " stamps" assert their right to a full
half of what you pay. And then do what you will
affecting property, draw up " deeds or other in-
struments"—meddle with " Law, Equity, or the
Exchequer," go even to the " Admiralty," and
" stamps" still keep their mark upon you. Draw
up the most common agreement, write a letter to
your banker for money, or to pay money for you,
draw a cheque even to yourself, issue notes as a
banker, receive money from your neighbour, get his
promise to pay—in fact, make money, or take

money, and in many cases pay money, and the
" stamps" are down upon you. They
omnipresent
follow you now to the registry office, fixing them-
selvescopies of the registration of births and
deaths, on
of marriages and baptisms alike.
And not only that, but they go* with
you to your warehouse, and not a sale,
transfer, or delivery of your own goods can you
effect there, but the " stamps" will have their share.
They haunt your whole life like-evil genii. You
are stamped in your business and in your pleasure ;
in your precaution and your recklessness ; you live
a stamped life and you die a stamped death ; for the
stamps of her MAJESTY'S legacy and probate duties
wind up the results of your mortality. ~..
Lucky for us if we are not stamped out of 9.11
patience, and almost out of existence at last. IVe
may expect now that every year the Chancellor of
the Exchequer, in his anti-budget consultations with
" the departments," will put as one of his first
questions—" And what new stamps, gentlemen ?"
And, as the great King offered a prize for the
invention of a new pleasure, so the prizes will be at
the Exchequer for the invention of a new stamp
Promotion in the civil service by merit will become
almost identical with promotion for discovering
something fresh to stamp. The point of merit will
be, that the stamp shall be too small to create a
hubbub, too difficult of evasion to fail in applica-
tion, and associated as much as may be with what
people must do or very much like to do. We may
presume that none of our English Chancellors will
aspire to imitate VESPASIAN, but they seem to be
on the high road to temptation. We beg to suggest
a stamp—one on long speeches in the House of
Commons. it should be on a rapidly ascending
i scale—after, say, the first half hour. Mr. GLAD-
' STONE might have had something handsome from it

this session. Enough, however, for the present ;
we must soon have a glance at the Legacy Duties
and Income Tax,

Everyone who has read the wonderful history of
the Splendour and Downfall of Ccesar Birotteau,
by HENRI DE BALZAC, will remember vividly the
manner of his reception by those great moneyed
people, bankers, Ministers of State, usurious mil-
-1 lionaires, and others, when poor CIESAR, the deco-
rated Perfumer, is in quest of a few hundred thou-
sand francs to stave off impending bankruptcy !
How he is snubbed, cajolled, insulted—how he is
everywhere unsuccessful in his applications for
assistance—how he walks down the staircases of the
rich man's house with a purse as light but a heart
far heavier than he had walked up them with—how
ruin closes round him as inexorably as
closed round another the metal walls of that
dreadful prison-house called The Iron Shroud,
described years and years ago in Maga with so
powerful a hand by WILLIAM MUDFORD, and since
then (indeed but very recently) reprinted in the
first volume of that beautiful little series popularly
known as " Tales from Blackwood." How all
these painful incidents in the career of CESAR
BIROTTEAU are depicted with a pen of gold upon
tablets of ivory by the magic genius of DE
BALZAC, the readers of DE BALZAC will very dis-
tinctly bear in their recollection. And so, bearing
those incidents in their mind, will they not sub-
scribe to the wisdom of that sentence discoverable
in a far different work, that sentence which says,
0" It is well known that the large fast man is en-
couraged even without capital [i.e., under our pre-
sent monetary system, under the unnatural mone-
tary system dating back to A.D. 1844, the year of
the ever-memorable and lamentable Bank Charter
Enactment] ; while the small, hardworking, plod-
ding man, requiring the slightest assistance never
gets it" This passage—the wisdom of which is
born from the experience of countless individuals—
is.discoverable, we have said, elsewhere than in any
of the witty and sparkling books of DE BALZAC—
it is excerpted from a volume much less pretentious
in its character, yet, be it said, a volume very re-
markable and noteworthy nevertheless. The sen-

tence above quoted in effect is taken from p. 403 o:

Mr. JOHN GROSSMITH'S "Government upon First
Principles"—a comprehensive political treatise of
which we have already spoken in these columns in
terms of well-merited commendation.
The fragmentary passage but just now transcribed
from the page which has been subsequently parti-
cularised, occurs incidentally in the course of one
of not the least curious chapters in the volume,
viz., chap. cxxiv., a chapter headed simply " The
Policy of the Whigs considered with regard to the
Currency." It constitutes altogether one of the most
admirably epitomised yet all-sufficient exposures of
the ill results accruing to the nation at large from
that disastrous policy, in its application to the deli-
cate and complex question of the currency that we
can at this moment contrive to recall to our remem-
brance. Whoever may still remain, from some
mysterious and altogether inscrutable reasons, in-
fatuated with a credence in that marvellous and
entirely irrational Bank Charter Act, that has
now for 16 years consecutively been crippling our
commerce and currency, and half strangling our
monetary circulation ; whoever may still cherish a
belief in this astounding delusion, we would ear-
nestly recommend to glance through the seven pages
of that one hundred-and-twenty-fourth chapter of
Mr. GROSS:MTH'S thoughtful treatise upon " Go-
vernment on First Principles."

It demonstrates, as clearly as conclusively, the
fatuity of the Whig policy applied to the currency ;
the insanity, we might almost call it, of the Bank

Charter Act of 1844 ; the miserable selfishness of

the arguments advanced in favour of that melan-
choly enactment by such moneymonopolists asJoNEs -
LLOYD, Lord OVERSTONE. Quoth Mr. GROSSMITH
(p. 402), as we have for years past in these columns
been insisting interjectionally, in spite of ourselves,
in defiance of all our " liberal" predilections—" I
can no longer distinguish between Toryism and
Whiggism, except that of the two I believe we may

expect more from the former than the latter." He
reminds his reader of the vigorous and earnest effort
made by Lord DERBY, while in office, " to grapple
with the difficulty of the day ;" of his penetrant
allusion to the distress of the operatives ; of his noble
recognition of their civism and discretion when ex-
claiming, "All honour to the good sense and loyalty
of the operatives !" Besides, argues Mr. GROSSMITH
in continuation—He (Lord DERBY) was the one to
put before the country at large those timely
and startling statistics which demonstrating,
among other things, that " while our exports had
been £308,000,000, the imports had been
£468,000,000, leaving a balance of —0160,000,000 of
imports over exports." Whereupon, asked Lord
DERBY significantly, " How had those imports been
paid for ?" Answering his own inquiry, of course,
as it alone admitted of being answered, namely'
thus—" The country had had to export £84,000,000
in bullion in consequence of the disparity between its
imports and exports." In point of fact, the system
of the currency in this country as it now stands is,
to all intents and purposes, the fabrication of an
artificial ANEURISM in England's monetary circu-
lation.

Arguing in favour of a measure " that shall
legalise a domestic issue, that from its very nature
of fixity can only be applicable to home purposes,"
Mr. GROSSMITH says (and with reason), " Let any
statesman who might fancy any danger that could
arise out of this issue on tax convertibility put
down in figures the amount of the wealth of Great
Britain; he will then see how small a proportion
£20,000,000 [the amount proposed] is to that
MIGHTY SUM, which would render Exchequer notes
safer than gold, backed as it must be by the whole
nation's worth !" If only we had a Financier who
would try it !—instead of an idly experimental
Chancellor of the Exchequer content to blow bubble
Treaties and " fly"' Paper in a manner so lament-
ably and ludicrously different.

• It is now some years when the telegraphic sys-
tem was proposed to be extended to India, that we
advocated the route by the Euphrates as being the
most direct as well as the shortest by a thousand
miles ! But the pedantry of some and the self-in-
terest of others preferred the Itcd Sea route. Well,
we even concurred in that so that we might have a
telegraphic communication with India. And we
went further—we said two lines are better than
one—let us have both. But no ! The dog in the
manger would have it all his own way—and so the
Red Sea route was adopted—yes—and has failed !
and now we have no line at all! People in office
may call this business, but we and the public call
it by its right term JOBBING, jobbing at
the expense of the nation, and the sad irre-
deemable loss of human life. Why, had the
Euphrates lire been adopted the woeful re-
bellion in India might have been averted,
and tens of thousands of lives been now in being
and oceans of money saved. As it is, red-tapism
has triumphed, and plunged India into an un
fathomable gulf of debt, and the Red Sea line
overwhelmed in everlasting captivity like
PHARAOH'S host ! Really, it is a melancholy pic-
ture to muse on, but painful to reflect en. And

why,ln a commercial country like this, should
these misdoings be permitted ? Are we not a prac-
tical people—and yet we are done—done with our
eves open. The Government, or that portion of
it to which the business of these commercial gua-
rantees appertains, seems to decide by the role of
contrary—they cannot, or will not, see things in
the obvious common sense view✓ of trade, policy, and
commercial advantage. We will not impute dis-
honest motives, but their conduct, judging by the
result, is anything but loyal or patriotic.

In another column will be found an article which
we have copied from the Mechanic's Magazine, an
excellent journal devoted to the march of improve-
►nent in its most liberal acceptation, on the route
by the Euphrates. It points out the many mani-
fest advantages likely—nay, sure to accrue from the
adoption of that route. In short, by a steady and
conciliatory policy with the Arabs, we might secure
a well organised police all along the line, by giving
the natives an interest in its prosperity, and bring
India within a very few days' range of home.
If knowledge be power, the sooner that know-
ledge is obtained the more powerful we will become.
Surely, then, it is the bounden duty of Govern-
ment to lend a helping hand to men who have
devoted so much time, labour, and skill like Mr.
ANDREWS to the development of a line which
promises so much for the welfare not only of
India generally, but of England as well. Let Lord
PALMERSTON look to it, and that promptly.

LAFE6I NE kV

The following telegrams have been received at
Mr. Reuter's office :

PARIS, MONDAY.

The Moniteur, in a telegram, from Marseilles,
states that brilliant fetes have taken place there in
honour of their Majesties.
The Constitutionnel in an article signed by
Grandguillot, speaking of the intention of Sardinia
to intervene in the States of the Church, says :
" We should grieve to see Piedmont accomplish
an aggression which would incontestably separate
her from the.lmperial policy.
" Franee being the Protector of the Pope at
Rome, cannot but disapprove that any armed as-
sistance should be given to the insurrection in the
provinces.

" We hope Piedmont will not renounce the prin-
ciples of respect due to international right, which
alone can preserve our alliance with her.

" We also trust the King will avoid a political
fault which would be a misfortune for Italy."

NAPLES, SEPT. 9.

Garibaldi has entered Naples alone. Great eh-
thusiasm prevails. He has disavowed a national
committee illegally constituted, and has ordered the
Prefect of Police to punish its members.
Garibaldi has consigned the fleet and the arsenal
of Naples to the charge of Admiral Persano, and
proclaimed Victor Emmanuel as King of Italy.

The Dictator has confirmed Romano as Minister
of the Interior, and appointed Arditi Director of
Police, General Cosenz Minister of War, and
Pianelli Minister of Justice.

The capitulation of the forts is expected to take
place tomorrow.

NAPLES, SEEr. 7.

The chiefs of the National Guard have gone to
arrange with Garibaldi the programme of his entry
into Naples.

BOLOGNA, SEPT. 10.
Other towns in the Romagna have revolted to
the cry of " Victor Emmanuel for ever !"
The telegraph wires and bridges have been de-
stroyed in the province of Umbria. Urbino is free.

TURIN, SEPT. 9.

The insurrectionary movement in the Marches
and in Umbria is extending. The provisional Go-
vernments which have been established have sent
deputations to the King of Sardinia. They are
en route for Turin.

The report that Sardinian troops have already
passed the Roman frontier is unfounded. A reply
to the ultimatum sent to Cardinal Antonelli is
awaited.

FLORENCE, SEPT. 9.

According to advices from Perugia, General
Lamoriciere has threatened to set fire to every
town which should rise in insurrection. Many
families are escaping.

TERNI, SEPT. 8.

It is said that a conspiracy of Italian officers
against the foreign officers in the Papal army has
been discovered. Fears are entertained for the
safety of the Belgian and French Legitimist
officers.

TURIN, SEPT. 8.

The manager of the Southern Railway has been
requested to prepare for an extraordinary transport
of troops.
The 3d, 4th, sth, and Bth corps d'armee are about
to be placed on a war footing, and the soldiers on
furlough have received orders to join their regi-
ments.

NAPLES, SEPT. 7.
The Neapolitan navy has refused to follow the
King to Gaeta.

GENOA, SEPT. 9.

News received from Tuscany announces that
Garibaldi entered Naples on the evening of the 7th
instant. The telegraphic communication with the
Romagna is interrupted.

BOLOGNA, SEPT. 9.

Insurrections have broken out in Montefeltro,
Urbino, and in other towns of the province of Ur-
bino. The tricolour flag was hoisted, to the cry of
" Long live Victor Emmanuel !" The inhabitants
of Pergola, the revolted districts of Sinigaglia,
and other parts are hastening thither, armed, in
order to support the movement.
Delegates from the Marches have left for Turin to
solicit the protection of Victor Emmanuel.

BOLOGNA, SEPT. 8.

An insurrectionary movement has taken place in
the province of Pesaro; 400 insurgents have
attacked and repulsed the Papal troops. The tele-
graphic communication with Naples is interrupted.

VIENNA, SUNDAY MORNING.
A highly important official telegram from St.
Petersburg was received here yesterday. In sub-
stance it as follows :

" The Emperor Alexander and his Government
sincerely desire a perfect reconciliation with
Austria.

" The good understanding between Russia and
Austria ought never to have been interrupted.
" The necessary arrangements for a meeting be-
tween the two Emperors will be made without
delay, and measures will be taken to put an end
to the present state of things, which is no longer
tolerable."