The Sun.
London, England, 1860-08-31 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, AUGUST 31, 1866.

ministration of the Provinces which compose the
Empire. The majority, in which of course the
Hungarian Councillors are the most active, have
agreed on a scheme which would render each na-
tionality a sovereign state, almost as much so as
the several States of America. The minority
even has been obliged, judging by the vague terms
in which they express themselves, to concede a
measure of independent representation, and of
municipal action, which has never been dreamed
of since 1851. Of course, great effort is made by
the minority to preserve the Unity of the Empire.
Perhaps, in its essential character, the struggle be-
tween the Federalists and the Democrats of Ame-
rica—one desirous to strengthen the central Go-
vernment, the other oaring moat for the rights of
the separate States—may illustrate that between the
majority and minority of the Committee of the
Reichsrath.

What will the EMPEROR do ? We are told he
is sending frequently for the Hungarians, and
conferring with them; we may be sure desiring, if
possible, to induce them to mitigate their demands.
Will they convince him, or he persuade them, to
commit themselves to a hopeless self-degradation in
the eyes of their countrymen ? If neither party
move the other, which will triumph—Hungary or
the EMPEROR ? It would border on a miracle if
anything frank, anything fairly acknowledging the
rights which were violently wrested from Hungary
by the aid of Russian bayonets, should be conceded
by the EMPEROR and by his hated bureaucratic
Germans. Neither THIIN nor RECHBERG know
how to yield. Germans fancy all Hungary and its
connected states, with Bohemia and the Tyrol,
were made for them to govern ! several of the
most freedom-loving races of Europe, outnumbering
the Germans themselves—able, as they showed in
1848, and had showed on numerous occasions be-
fore, to thrash the Germans soundly in the field—
are all to be subjected to a few millions of politi-
cally enslaved natives of the small Archduchy, and
to the despot whose bondsmen they are ! Well may
the nationalities resent this. Well may they
raise the cry " Hungary for the Hun-
garians," " Bohemia for the Bohemians," till
the shout resounds from every quarter to Vienna
that the Duchy of the Hapsburgs must be but one
state of many.

For some little time we have heard nothing very
remarkable from Hungary. Awaiting the result
of the Reichsrath's deliberations she has kept com-
paratively quiet. But her determination and firm-
ness have been maintained, and even grown in the
interval. All classes share the feeling. The point
with Hungarians is—their historical rights. The
point with Austria is to octrai a constitution, for
the obvious reason that what a monarch gives a
monarch can modify or cancel. The Hungarians
refuse a royal gift, and most justly maintain that
the Hapsburgs have not a shadow of a right in
Hungary but that of the treaties made by the
Hungarians with the dynasty. Even the Russian
conquest will not serve the latter, for by the most
solemn engagements, if the. EMPEROR introduces
foreign soldiers, he forfeits his crown. Hungary
is a greater nation than Austria Proper; and it re-
fuses to be anything else than a kingdom of Hun-
gary, constitutionally governed. It does but demand
what the present monarch arbitrarily, and in de-
fiance of solemn engagements, took away in 1851.
So lately as the 20th, the feast of ST. STEPHEN,
their first King and national saint, the universal
display of nationality knew no bounds, earnestly
as the Austrians desired to suppress it. The vene-
rable Catholic Primate of Hangary, in spite of
threats and entreaties, took a prominent part in it.
Mr. CRAWFORD, one of our members, was present;
and his expressions of sympathy at a public feast,
being translated to the company, were received
with very natural applause; and when General
BENEDEK made a speech, giving due
honour to the Archbishop, and spoke as
faithful to the "Emperor," as he was true to his
native country, the aged Primate rose, and elec-
trified the soldier and the company, by immedi-
ately exclaiming—" Long live the King." Such
is the feeling indeed that BENEDEK, sent to Hun.
gary to coerce if he could not conciliate, has
returned to Vienna to resign his charge, telling the
Emperor that he must concede the Hungarian
demands.

It is a striking indication of the way in which
things are viewed, in quarters where we should
look for very different opinions, that our old Rus-
sian, or Russianizing friend, Le Nord, is actually
proving elaborately that the Hapsburgs must be-
come the centre of government to such a confede-
ration of Independent States, constitutionally
governed, as the Hungarians desire; or, that
Austria must cease to be ! There was at one time
a reason for her existence, as an Empire—that of
resisting the Turks and defending Christianity.
That reason is now gone. There is literally no use
for Austria unless she can take her place as a pivot
on which the autonomically governed states should
work. If Austria does not understand her position,
she will fall to pieces at the first shock which she
may any day receive ! Such is the language of the
Czar's old organ ! A little spite there may be in
it, but there is evidently, also, a clear perception of
what all see, outside of the Austrian Empire, that
to be strong, the haughty stubborn Hapsburg must
accept the position of a President of free and inde-
pendent states.

THE Bth GRENADIERS.

LATEST NE WS.

The following telegrams have been received at
Mr. Reuter's office :

BEYROUT, AUG. 22.

On Monday morning Fuad Pasha hanged 57 Mos-
lems, belonging to different classes, in various parts
of the town, and shot 110 policemen and Bashi-
Bazouks at the great Meidan.
The city was perfectly quiet.

BEYROUT, AUG. 22. (via MARSEILLES).

By order of Fuad Pasha, 70 individuals, convicted
of having taken part in the late massacres, have
been hung, and 110 soldiers shot.
He has compelled 3,000 inhabitants of Damascus
to enter the army.
4,500 soldiers of the French expedition have dis-
embarked here.
The steamer Ganges has not yet arrived.

MARSEILLES, AUG. 30.

Letters from Algiers state that GO,OOO Arab
horsemen from all the tribes of Algeria, and even
from Tunis, are making preparations to be present
at the fete to be given in honour of the Emperor
on which occasion they will execute manoeuvres on
a grand scale.

CONSTANTINOPLE, AUG. 22,

Notwithstanding the representations of the Am-
bassadors, Kurschid Pasha remained at Constan-
tinople until the Marquis de Lavalette again in-
sisted on and obtained his departure, in order that
he might be brought to trial in Syria.
The Mussulman inhabitants are assuming a
threatening attitude. The garrison has been in-
creased, but the soldiers' pay is still in arrear.
According to advices from Syria, Gen. Beaufort,
in a proclamation, had prohibited the Maronites
from renewing the conflict.

MESSINA, AUG. 26 (via IVI ARsuLLEs.)

Colonel Deflotte, the French Republican and one
of Garibaldi's officers, was killed in the engagement
before Reggio. Garibaldi ordered splendid obsequies
in his honour.

GENEVA, THURSDAY.

It is stated that the Federal Council, having been
solicited ty the French Government to send a de-
putation to Thonon to greet the Emperor, replied
that there was no occasion to take such a step.
The French Government continually complains
of ill-treatment of French subjects in Switzerland.
It has been proved that up to the present time
those complaints have been mere calumnies.

VIENNA, AUG. 31.

It is asserted that the Ministers have agreed to
propose the following resolution for adoption by
his Majesty, viz. :

That at the opening of the first full sitting of the
Reichsrath the President, Archduke Renier, should
read to the Assembly an autograph letter of the Em-
peror. In this letter, after having stated the since-
rity of his intentions to give satisfaction to the legi-
timate wishes of the people, the Emperor should
promise to take into serious consideration the views
expressed in the two reports of the Committee
of 21. But, while awaiting a means to recon-
cile the opposite tendencies of the majority
and minority of that Committee, the Emperor,
in order not to adjourn the political regeneration
of the empire, considers that in his sovereign
capacity he should grant the statutes of the provin
cial diets, and fix beforehand their precise privi-
leges, thus assuring and guaranteeing the auto-
nomy of each province.
Also that the promulgation of these statutes
should not in any way prejudice the right of the
Diets to claim changes and modifications of proved
necessity and utility.
The autograph letter should likewise announce
the immediate promulgation of the electoral law,
both as regards the formation of the provincial
diets and the definitive constitution of the enlarged
Council of the Empire.

The Ministers hope that such an autograph let-
ter would prevent political debates in the Reichs-
rath, and allow the Government to tranquilly close
the session with the increased confidence of the
country.

TRIESTE, AUG. 31.

The Austrian Government, forseeing an attack
on Venetia, is most actively carrying on the works
for the completion of a branch line to connect the
Venetian railways with those of Germany. On the
sth of September the line from Nabresina to Udine
will be inaugurated. This railway will enable
Austria to transport a considerable farce to Venetia
in a few days.

MADRID, AUG. 30.

The Emperor of the French, on his return journey
from Algeria, will stop at Barcelona, where he
wishes to have an interview with Queen Isabella 11.

FRANCE.

BOURSE, Aug. 30.—Busiaess continues almost at
a standstill, but prices have been well maintained.
For the Account, Threes, which opened at
67f 95c, are now at 68f 24-c ; Mobilier, 683 f 75c ;
Orleans, 1,373 f 75c; Northern, 953 f 75c; Medi-
terranean, 885 f ; Austrian, 483 f 75c ; Lombard, 473 f
75c. The following are the last quotations :
ft per per Cents... 97 50 Credit Fonder 902 50
Do end month.... —1 Belgian 4f 9B
3 per Cents
Do. end month 6B 51 Roman
Bank Shares 2820 Austrian
Credit Mobilier.... 687 50 Spanish Threes 47f
Do. Account 686 25 Home Debt

RAILWAYS.
Cash. Account.
Orleans 1373 75 .. 1372 50
Northern
New ditto B7O .. 868 75
Lyons and Mediterranean 886 25 .. 883 75
Geneva 362 50 .. 361 25
Southern 495 .. 496 25
Western
Eastern
Sardinian
Austrian
Lombard ...,2. . 477 50 .. 476 25

sources of the Nile expedition, which arrived in the
Forte, and a party from the Cape which had volun-
teered to assist. The expedition would land at
Zanzibar.

Parliament was prorogued on the 17th. In the
session, which lasted 80 days, 31 bills had been
passed, and nearly a million sterling voted.
The excavations for a breakwater in Table Bay
had been commenced.

A telegraph line from Cape Town to the frontier
would be laid down next year.
The Natal Railway has been opened.
The Free State and Transvaal were tranquil and
prosperous.

One hundred Mapal Kaffir hunters had been
massacred in Zululand.

The frontier Kaffirs were unsettled, and horse-
stealing had increased to an alarming extent.
No news of Dr. Livingstone's expedition.
The missionaries in Mosilikatses had been badly
treated. Mr. Moffatt was daily expected from that
country.

Business at the Cape was exceedingly slack. Im-
ports were very dull.

The only vessel which had cleared with exports
was the•mail steamer Norman. Shipments of wine
withheld. Salt was in great demand.

AMERICA.

SOUTHAMPTON, FRIDAY MORNING.
The United States stermer Arago, Captain Lines,
with dates from New York of the 18th inst., has
arrived. She brings 75 passengers for Havre, and
10 for Southampton, and for France 700,000 dols. in
treasure.

Mr. Douglas was at Brunswick and Portland on
the 17th, where he made lengthy speeches.
The New York Herald says :

" Advices from Hong Kong, China, state, that attempts
had been made to hurry the British forces northward, but
owing to bad weather several casualties had occurred. Two
large transport vessels had been wrecked, and another laid
up for repairs ; another having caught fire was scuttled. A
new steamer had been purchased by the English Admiral,
who deemed his forces sufficient to attack the forts. The
French force would not be ready for co-operation until the
present month. Am impression prevailed that as the Allied
Powers evinced no sympathy with the Nankin insurgents,
it would have a favourable impression on the authorities at
Pekin, and induce the Government to listen to conciliatory
advice. A battle had taken place with the Imperial troops
and Nankin insurgents, in which the former were defeated.
The Imperial troops were besieged in the city of Chan
Chow. Much fear was manifested at Shanghai at the pro-
gress of the rebellion, owing to its proximity to the scene
of operations and the danger of Foo Choo, one of the most
important manufacturing and commercial cities of the em-
pire, falling into the hands of the insurgents. The British
and French gunboats had captured and burnt a number of
piratical junks."

COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.

NEW YORK, AVG. 17, 6 P.M.

Monday-market steady. Good paper goes without diffi-
culty at 6to 7. Most of the brokers were paying 6 for call
loans ; a few stood out at 51.
A fair business in foreign exchange ; rates are steady.
The leading drawers ask 1091 to 110 for 60 days' bills on
London, and 1101 to 110 k for short sight.
The cotton market was steady. Sales reached 1,000 bales,
closing firm. Flour heavy; demand moderate; market
closed at lower rates, especially for State descriptions.
Flour without change in prices ; sales less active. Wheat
irregular, with active sales ; market closed in favour ofpur-
chasers. Corn dull, and lower sales; Western mixed, 61c.
to 62c.

NEW ORLEANS, Aua. 17.

Cotton firm. Sales 600 bales, at 10Ic. to 101 c. for mid-
dling. Sales of the week, 2,950 bales. Flour quiet. Corn
quiet; mixed, 55c.; yellow, 65c. Provisions quiet, but
firm. Coffee firm; sales 900 bags, 13fc. to 16c. Stock
1,600 bags, against 21,000 last year.
Exchange on London, 1094 to 110, and with bills of lad-
ing 1081 to 1094 sight. Exchange on New York, kto i
per cent. premium.

Freights—Cotton to Liverpool, 19s. 0-32 d.
BUFFALO, AUG. 17.
Flour steady, demand moderate. Wheat in fair request.
Corn dull ; sales 17,000 bushels, at 50c.
OSWEGA, Aua. 17.
Flour dull, unchanz,,ed. Wheat in good demand ; sales
6,000 bushels.

4.17v1,1 CAO•
Flour active, and sc. to 163. lower. Wheat dull, and
lic. lower; sales 80,000 bushels, at 80c. to 81c.
CINCINNATI, AUG 17.
_

Flour steady, unchanged ; supply exceeds demand.
Provisions quiet; nothing doing; holders firm. Money
market unchanged.

TIIE INVASION OF CALAB.R.I.A.

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
MESSINA, AUG. 21.
Last night news arrived from the other side.
Garibaldi was in the neighbourhood of Reggio, and
had been joined by several hundred Calabreso
Volunteers. His intention was to be in Reggio to-
day at dawn. In the latter place there were but
700 men of the garrison, and these were not in the
town, but outside on the road where Garibaldi was
coming. The town was in the hands of 1,500 Na-
tional Guards who were ready to join Garibaldi.
That very day 500 more muskets had been distri-
buted by the Neapolitans to the National Guard.
The letter contained an order for the second brigade
of Turr's Division to embark in the harbour of Mes-

sina during the night and be on the other side
towards dawn. At the same time it was ordered
that as soon as the attack on Reggio took place
Cosenz's Division at the Faro should make an effort
to effect a landing, and thus cause a diversion
on that side. Garibaldi's letter sent yesterday con-
tained a request to the commander of the Carlo
Alberto to go down and help to get off the Torino.
The request was made accordingly, and the Carlo
Alberto proceeded yesterday evening towards
DTelito. Whether the Torino can ever be made to
float again, and whether she will be even then
worth anything, remains to be seen, for yesterday
at dawn a Neapolitan frigate and a steamer, which
had been sent down at the first notice of the land-
ing, opened fire on the stranded vessel and kept it
up for some time. The French packet was just
passing when this took place, but owing to the
haze could not tell what the effect of the Neapolitan
fire had been.

The order concerning the embarkation of the
second brigade of Turr's Division was immediately
given, and by 1 a.m. in the morning the brigade
was ready-to embark in the Queen of England, the
Franklin, and the Sidney Hall, which had arrived
with some hundred men in the evening from Genoa.
But it seems the Neapolitans got information on
the subject, for one of their large frigates placed her-
self right at the entrance of the harbour, so that all
idea of going out with the steamers had to be given
up.

This morning at daybreak there was a heavy fire
of musketry, first in the vicinity and then in Reggio
itself. Two Neapolitan steamers and five gunboats
soon opened fire likewise. This firing lasted for
several hours; after some time the fort of Reggio
joined also. About 8 a.m. the musketry fire ceased,
but the ships continued to fire on the town. About
9 a.m. the fort, which had ceased firing for some
time, commenced again, but no answer was returned
from the shipping. It is past noon, and the firing
has ceased on that side, but no notice has as yet
reached us of the success or failure of the attack on
Reggio. The firing of the Neapolitan ships on the
town would make one suppose that the forces under
Garibaldi had entered the town, while the begin-
ning of the cannonade from the fort seems to indi-
cate that the Neapolitans had withdrawn to the
fort.

While this was passing towards Reggio a part of
Cosenz's Division embarked in boats at the Faro.
It was broad daylight when the expedition started,
in spite of four Neapolitan steamers which were
cruising in the neighbourhood. Two others which
were on their way to Reggio turned likewise as
soon as they saw the movement from the Faro. All
these steamers approached the fort of the Fiumara,
,towards which the expedition had started, and
opened fire, as well as the three forts of Scylla,
Fiumara, and Punta di Pozzo. The batteries on the
Faro opened also for the first time. A well-sus-
tained fire was kept up on both sides till 9 a.m., but
as at Reggio, we are still in the dark as to how
far the disembarkation has been successful.

10 A.M.

The firing at Reggio has again begun. The sound
of musketry is distinctly heard in the town, and the
fort is likewise firing towards the town. This leaves
no doubt that the town has been entered by our

people, and that the troops are in the fort. You may
imagine the agitation which the sight of all thii
produces, and every one is waiting anxiously for
the order of embarkation. The loss of the Torino
was a heavy blow for us, who are not over rich in
means of transport. According to accounts just
come in, the vessel has been burnt by the Neapoli-
tans.

11 30 A.M.

Just now the following message was brought in.
It was sent from the semaphore station, close to
Reggio, to the citadel, and was to the following
effect :

" 10 35.—At Reggio two cannon-shots from the
castle, towards the land. The musketry fire con-
tinues brisk. 10 50.—The fire has ceased."

1 P.M.
The mail leaves, but no news yet from the other
side. The firing has ceased.

TILE MASSACRES IN SYRIA.

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
BEYROUT, AUG. IG.

Probably as good a test as any of the condition of
Damascus, and of the success which has attended
the efforts of Fuad Pasha for the vindication of the
Sultan's authority and the re-establishment of order,
will be found in the fact that within the last few
days commercial remittances have been made from
there to merchants in Beyrout, and Moslem debtors
have begun to satisfy the claims of their Frank cre-
ditors. Further, Mahomedan dealers have recently
purchased largely for cash to send into the interior.
Fuad Pasha has not yet commenced public execu-
tions, and of course has created great impatience.
The reason of the delay has been a desire to discover
all who have been guilty of participation in the mas-
sacres, and to give to these executions the appear-
ance and character of a solemn work of retributive
justice, in order that it may serve as a terrible warn-
ing to all Moslems throughout the empire. There
are now 48 persons under sentence of death, who
will, doubtless, have been executed before the mail
leaves, and 350 found guilty of crimes for which the
punishment is death, all of whom it is believed will
be sentenced and executed accordingly, this week,
when Fuad Pasha declares it his intention to satisfy
Europe, and to prove his master to be far less malade
than he is rumoured to be. Another motive for the
delay has been the wish to confront Ahmed Pasha,
the late Governor of Damascus, with his instru-
ments and accomplices in crime. This creature,
who was publicly degraded at Constantinople, was
sent off to the scene of his misdeeds last Sunday
under armed escort. He was expected to arrive on
Tuesday, when he was to be immediately tried—a
mere form, for the proofs of his guilt are innumerable
and inexcusable—and:executed, for which he is stated
to be quite prepared. His companion in crime and
fellow-conspirator against the Christians, Kurschid
Pasha, the late Governor of Beyrout, has written to
one of his friends here stating that he has not been
punished, but simply ordered to retire to his coun-
tryhouse, which he has done. The letter has been
placed in the hands of our present civil Governor
Mustapha Pasha, who is said to possess proofs
of Kurschid's guilt, including, among other things,
letters addressed to the Metawilehs, ordering them
to unite with the Druses against the Christians.
Until Kurschid Pasha shares the fate of Ahmed
Pasha the European and Christian inhabitants of
this town will not be satisfied. The wish for the
man's punishment proceeds from no unreasonable
craving for vengeance, but from the conviction of
his guilt.
As mentioned in a previous communication, Mr.
Cyril Graham went on a mission of inquiry into the
districts around Hasbeya and Rasheya. He started
on the Bth with an escort selected from among Abd-
el-Kader's faithful Algerians, and 20,000 piastres
given to him by Fuad Pasha to relieve the more
immediate necessities of the Christians, of whom it
was represented 2,500, mostly widows and children,
were living on the charity of the Druses in a very
precarious and painful condition. On the morning
of the 9th he arrived at Rasheya, where out of a
population of upwards of 3,000 inhabitants, he found
=IVO la.. 1N...., ,100 -•••••.,
were men, the rest having been slain or compelled

to fly for their lives hither. Mr. Graham had an

interview with the Druse chief, Khayai-el-Arim,
and subsequently with Mahommed-en-Nasar, who
was the chief instigator of the massacre of the 11th
of June. The assembling of the Christians and dis-
tribution of money among them excited the jealousy
and ill will of the Druses, who threateningly asked
what right Mr. Graham had to interfere in their
district, and gave him a very intelligible hint that
his life might pay the penalty of his interference.
This menace, especially when directed against an
Englishman, and one so well known as Mr. Graham,
is one of the worst features of the case, as showing
the degree of desperation to which the Druses are
excited. Indeed, they repeatedly boasted that if
the French landed they would slaughter all the
Christians and retire into the natural fastnesses of
the interior—the Lejah, from which it would be a
work of time and cost to expel them. From a
similar campaign Ibrahim Pasha returned with only
9,000 men out of an army of 40,000 men, and in
1852 a Turkish army was there most ignominiously
defeated. Mohammed openly stated that he and his
people despised the Sultan, and that they were con-
vinced the slaughter of the Christians would be
acceptable to England as tending to reduce French
influence. The savage could not be persuaded of the
contrary, and appeared to believe that, come what
might, England would protect him. It is to be
hoped the first duty of the representative of the
English Government here will be to ascertain how
far men without the shadow of official authority
have dared to misrepresent English policy and to
calumniate our national character ; and if it be
found that any one calling himself an Englishman
has, for the gratification of a miserable and idiotic
vanity, taught the Druses to believe that England,
out of a mean and ignoble jealousy of France, would
approve their slaughter of the Christians, and pro-
tect them from the just vengeance of the Porte and
other Powers, then let the man who has done this,
if there be any such, be rigorously punished. Let
no considerations of race or family interfere to im-
pede the course of justice, else how can we urge the
Sultan to punish Ahmed Pasha and others ? It is due
to our honour to ascertain who has inspired the
Druses with the belief that England would uphold
them in their blood-guiltiness, and to take such
measures as shall for ever destroy that belief.
From Rasheya Mr. Graham proceeded to Has-
beya, where out of a population of 3,200 Christians
1,430 were found remaining, and th:se nearly all
women and children. From inquiries on the spot
the number slain in the massacre is estimated 1,300,
and the village presented the most horrible sight
that was perhaps ever witnessed. The corpses had
been left unburied and had been dessicated by the
Syrian sun. The Serai was full of them, and in the
upper rooms they were heaped in piles of from five
to six feet in height. The Emir S'aad-ed-Din had
been beheaded with the most revolting cruelty.
When the massacre commenced a Druse, more econo-
mical than the rest, remarked that if they hacked the
Christians to death as they were then doing their
clothes would be spoiled. He therefore suggested that
the Christians should be stripped before being mur-
dered, which was done accordingly. As Mr. Graham
and his companions passed through the rooms they
were followed by the widows of the dead praying
for vengeance, and by Druses who mocked at their
grief. One truculent savage was loud in his com-
plaints of the thickness of Christian skulls, on which
he had broken a silver-mounted pistol. It came out
that Osman Bey, who commanded the Turkish gar-
rison at Hasbeya, fired 27 rounds from a; gun which
he had, but from want of elevation the shots which
were intended for Druses hit the Christians, who
were thus placed between two fires. Whether the
depression of the gun was intentional or not it is
difficult to say. Be that as it may, Osman Bey is
kept a close prisoner in barracks here, and is in ex-
pectation of being shot.
On the 12th August Mr. Cyril Graham returned
to Damascus, the day of the arrival of Major Fraser,
who, accompanied by the English Consul, Mr.
James Brand, had an interview of several hours
with Fuad Pasha. Mr. Graham's views and recom-
mendations for saving the Christians were warmly
seconded by the English diplomatic egents, and the
result has been the despatch of a Turkish force to
remove the Christians from the power of the Druses.