The Sun.
London, England, 1860-08-20 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 20, 1860.

PUBLICATION S.

NEW NOVEL.
On Friday, in 3 vols., post Bvo.,
THE ROAD TO HONOUR.
• Also, now ready, in 3 vole.,
NIGHT AND DAY. By the Hon. C. S. SAVILE.
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

Just published, in fcp. Bvo., price Os. cloth,
POEMS. By ARCHER GURNEY. New and
revised Edition.
London : Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.

Just published, in fcj
COLONNA, a Tale of
By GTRAI

p. Bvo., price ss. cloth,
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RD LEIGH.

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story of love, jealousy, and re-
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aOVERNMENT upon FIRST PRINCIPLES.
N.-A Illustrated Analogically, Statistically, and Morally.
By JOHN GROSSMITH.
This work embodies a wide field for information, not only
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Just published, price is., free by post for 13 stamps,
APRACTICAL TREATISE on MARRIAGE.
By JOSEPH KAHN, M.D.,
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Just published, price ls., free by post for 11 stamps,
THE HAND-BOOK to YOUTH, BEAUTY,
and REFINEMENT. An Essay on the Teeth and
Complexion. By EDWARD DAVIESON, Surgeon-Dentist, 418,
West Strand, London. Holyoake and Co., 147, Fleet-street,
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CURTIS ON MANHOOD NEW EDITION:
A. MEDICAL ESSAY ON
D ISE NERVASESOUS AND GENERA
TIYE .

Just Published, the 125th thousand, with numerous plates,
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sent post paid, by the Author, for 12 stamps,
IVIANHOOD: the CAUSE and CURE of PRE-
MATURE DECLINE with Plain Directions for
Perfect Restoration to Health and Vigour. By J. L. CURTIS,
15, Albermarle-street, Piccadilly, London.
CONTENTS :
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER on the Physiological
Structure and Functions of the Reproductive Organs.
CHAPTER 11.--Causes of Supermatorrhcea and Impotence;
Early Vicious Indulgences ; Dangers of Neglect.
CHAPTER Review of the various Disqualifications
of Marriaere ; whether resulting from Youthful Abuse, the
Follies o(Maturity, the Effects of Climate, or Infection.
CHAPTER IV.—The Author's plan of Treatment, Medical
and Moral, being the result of a successful practice extending
over a period of 25 years.
CHAPTERS V. and VI. on the modern Treatment of
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REVIEWS OF THE WORK.
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TILE MI SSACRES IN 'SYRIA.

Further papers have been presented to Parlia-
ment, from which we select the following as the
most interesting. It will be seen that the extent
and atrocity of the massacres far exceed that
described in any unofficial account :

" MR. GRAHAM TO LORD DUFFERIN.
" Beyrout, July 18.
"Although many and various accounts have no doubt
appeared in the public press of the horrors which have been
committed within the last two months in Syria, and I have
sent you, from the beginning, constant reports of the pro-
gress of the ' war,' yet it will no doubt be interesting to you,
and to English people in general, to have a connected sketch
of the whole of this sad affair, from the commenument of
hostilities up to the present moment. Having been in the
country during the whole of the war, and having seen per-
haps, more of its horrors than any other European, and,
moreover, having had no other employment than that of
seeking after accurate information with regard to affairs, I
may feel some confidence in the accuracy of the account I
send you; and harrassing and painful as the details will
appear,. nevertheless they are but too true.
" It is to be' remembered that in the summer of last year
a skirmish took place at the village of Beit Mizi, two hours
and a-half from Beyrout, one Sunday afternoon. Several
persons were killed on both aides, but happily the affair had
no further consequences at that time. However, the bad
feeling which had subsisted previously to that time between
the Maronites and the Druses was in nowise improved by
two parties of them having fought it out; and although a
perfect reconciliation was proclaimed, yet it was generally
feared that in the present year, 1860, hostilities would be
renewed, Imless the Government took measures to prevent
bloodshed. _ _

" The Druses were the first aggressors for early in May a
monk was found mui dered in a convent, half-way between
Beyrout and Deir-el-Kammar ; and although the actual
murderers were never identified, there was not the slightest
doubt that they were Druses, for no Christian would ever
dare to touch a priest. The Christians then retaliated,
and killed the first Druso they found. Then two Christians
were killed by the Druses by the Damoor river, between
this and Sidon, and their relatives in return killed two
Druses, according to the law of blood-feud among all those
nations.
"At this time, had the Government used the slightest
exertions, they might have prevented this feud then spread-
ing. I was with Said Bek Jumblad, the great chief of the
Druses at Moktarah, not far from Bleddin, the old palace of
the Emir Beshir, when things had arrived at this stage, and
I urged him to do all in his power to stop further blood-
shed.

"On the 2Sth of May the war broke out in all its fury.
In the evening of that day 32 villages were seen burning
from Beyrout, and some of the most flourishing places in
Lebanon on the morning of the 29th were uninhabited and
in ruins.

" The Druses even advanced to within 40 minutes' march
of Beyrout, and, in the face of the Pasha and all his camp
(for he had pretended to go out with his army in order to
stop the war), burnt, and plundered, and slaughtered peo-
ple in the rich village of Hadad, the residence of a house
of the .Emirs. In this instance it is said (and there is every
reason to believe the report to be true) that the Turkish
soldiers fired upon the flying Christians.

" On the 29th of May also Hasbeya, a large town under
Mount Hermon, was first attacked by the Druses; a Mos-
lem Emir of the family of the Shehab lived there, who had
for a long time been a great annoyance to the Pashas of
Damascus, his authority being very great there. Last year
Ahmed Pasha, Governor of Damascus, sent a detachment of
troops to occupy the towns under Hermon, and he had lately
sent a strong reinforcement under the command of Othman
Bok, whose name will ever be mentioned with abhorrence
by Christians. This man, on the day of the attack on Has-
beya, told the Christians that he had been sent to protect
them from the Druses, but that they must lay down their
arms, otherwise they would incur the displeasure of the
Government. They accordingly obeyed, believing that he
would keep his word. For greater security' he invited
them all into the Serai Palace,used as a barrack, and the
men with the women and children crowded into this build-
ing. The arms they had delivered up were then put on the
backs of mules, and sent off with an escort professedly to
Damascus, but with so small a one that it would be mockery
to call it an escort. Before the mules were well out of the
valley of Hasbeya, trio Druses (as had been intended) fell
upon them, the soldiers made no resistance, and all the
arms fell into the hands of the Druses.
"The Christians meanwhile, penned up in the Serai,
with hardly any food and water, were now in a state of great
suffering.
" On the sth of June they began to feel great alarm, for
they saw the harem of the Governor preparing to depart.
To the questions of the Christians as to the cause of this
movement only evasive answers were given.
" On the 6th many of the soldiers were seen leaving ;
then the unfortunate people, when it was too late, saw
clearly how treacherously they had been deceived. They
rushed into the outer court and entreated to be let out. The
signal was then given, the gates thrown open, and in rushed
the Druses, armed with any weapon they could seize, and
then commenced an indiscriminate slaughter of all the
males. Some, indeed, made their way through the door to
the outer gate, only to be seized by the Turkish soldiery ;
nor were these passive only in the transaction. Many
Christians whom I have examined have sworn to me that
they saw the soldiers themselves taking part in the slaugh-
ter, and the subsequent behaviour of these brutal troops to
the women was savage in the extreme. From the wounds
I have seen, both on the living and the dead, it would ap-
pear that they went to work with the most systematic
cruelty ; 10, 12, and 14 deep cuts on the body of ono person
is not unfrequent ; some of the wounds show that they were
made with blunt instruments. In short, everything was
used which came to hand, and, according to the nature of
the weapon, hands and limbs were cut off, or brains dashed
out, or bodies mangled.
" Of all the men in the Serai some 40 or 50 only escaped ;
many of these had been severely wounded and left for dead,
while some few hid themselves among the dead bodies and
made their escape by night. Some of these reached Beyrout,
their clothes literally saturated with blood from the bodies
under which they had lain. 4
" Women the Druses did not slaughter, nor, for the most
part, I believe, illuse • that was left for Turks and Moslems
to do, and they did it:
" Little boys of four and five years old were not safe ; these
would be seized from the mother. and dashed on the ground,
or torn to pieces before her face ; or, if her grasp was too
tight, they would kill it on her lap ; and,
in some cases, to
save further trouble, mother and child were cut down toge-
ther. Many women have assured me that the Turkish sol-
diers have taken their children one leg in each hand and
torn them in two.
" So' when the sun set on the 6th of June scarcely a male
was left of the large and prosperous population under Her-
mon ; for on that same day, and nearly
ender similar cir-
curestances, the Christians of Hasbeya were massacred.
" In the whole was therehas been, perhaps but one bright
,
exception to the barbarity which has
Pervaded these whole-
sale murders.
" The sister of the great Druse thief,
before the massacre
began, advised the Christians not to go to the Serai. She
most probably knew what awaited them, and offered to shel-
ter any who came into her house. Unfortunately the greater
number mistrusted her, but 400 creatures crowded into her
house, and when the murderers, panting for more blood, de-
manded of her to give up the dogs of
Christians, she said,
Enter if you dare and take them!'
Liven in such a moment
the Druses would not have dared to violate the sanctity of
the harem of one of their great Princes and with muttered
curses retired. The poor creatures e;
4.ee carefully escorted
herself to Mohktarah, whence they were despatched to Sidon,
and brought off by our men-of-war and landed at Beyrout.
e The Emir Shehad, whom I before mentioned, and
almost all his house, were killed, and they Moslems. In no
other instance had the Druses dared to touch even the
poorest Moslems; but these men—men of high rank and
standing—were enemies of the Pasha
ally, and so they were sacrificed,— of Damaecus person-
note it will be believed,
without the deputy of the Pasha having beforehand signi-
fied his approbation.
" If we had no other evidence than this we should have
enough to prove to us how guilty the officers of the Porte
have been. While the unfortunate creatures who had taken
refuge in the Serai at Hasbeya were suffering
from hunger
and thirst, the people of Sidon who for some days previously
had been in a state of constant alarm were attacked on the
Ist of June by the Bashi-Basouks and other Moslems. For
several days the slaughter continued. No Christian out-
side the town was in safety. If a inan or a male child, he
was cut down ; if a woman, she was sure to be brutally ill-
used.
" This encouraged the Druses greatly, who said, ' After
all, the Moslems understand the work 'best.' The Bruises
then broke into and plundered a monaste above Sidon,
killing 16 monks, and yet the Govenior of Sidon did not
even attempt to interfere, although, Sidon being a walled
town, he had only to close the gates and
Druse from entering. The Bashi-Baft prevent an armed
lxles escaped also with
impunity.
" I should have mentioned before that a great number of
refugees from the villages in the mountains which had been
burnt in the first attack of the 28th of
May, who were
escaping to Beyrout, and were, indeed 'within. three hours'
walk of their goal, were fallen upon b
troops, and cut to pieces. This Y proses or irregular
happened on the 30th or
31st of May.
" On the 3d of June the first great attack was made on
Deir-el-Kammar, theancientcapitalof the
population of about 7 000 The ver
ing a Y morning of that
Lebanon, contain-
day the American missionary, Mr. Bird, ha
d been entreated
by the natives of two of the neighbouring
their relief and bring them to Deir-el-R
4' villages to go to
--ammo, where they
believed they would be in greater security. He imme-
diately called on the Mutsellim, commander of the troops,
and asked for an escort, which, with some difficulty, was
given to him. He had not been gone above an hour and
a-half before the Druses suddenly came down upon the
town, crying their war-cry. A tremendous fire.was kept up
till night ; many of the Christians were
killed, end on this
occasion, it is said, from 70 to 80 Druses, for the Christians
defended themselves well.
" On the following day, however, when the Druses again
appeared (they had retired after it became dark), the Chris-
tians wished to solicit peace, and Mr. Bird, Who early in the
morning of the 4th had succeeded in re-entering the town,
went to the Druse chiefs as the envoy orthe people. Peace,
indeed, was granted, but the Druses made their own terms.
Theyimmediately entered the town, and for three days con-
tinuously were plundering and carrying off everything
they could move ; while within a stone's throw of the town
no Christian was safe, and many wanton murders were
committed. One poor old man who could scarcely crawl so
far had led his cow to the for green pasture,
and two Druses immediately pounced upon him and cut
him down. Why the rest of the inhabitants at that moment
were spared at all I know not.
" The next great scheme was to surprise and take Zelah
The usual population efthis place is about 10,000; at that
moment (early in June) there were said to be double that
number, so many of the inhabitants of the villages round
about having sought refuge there. At the first report of
the success of the Druses a large body of their brethren
came up from the Hauran, under the command of the war •
like and savage chief, Ismail-el-Atrash• • These fellows came
up simply from a wish for plunder, and brought with them
numbers of Arabs of the small nomadic tribes, who en-
camped abeut the Hauran. They all marched up the Bekaa,
as the great plain of Ceelespia, between the chains of
Lebanon and Antilebanon, is called, and halted near the
ravine which leads up to Zahleh. There they were joined by
all kinds of rabble—Kurds from Daraaseua and noms, and

Metawaiis from Baalbek; all joining with the hope of plun-
der and of butchering the Christians:
" The moment the news of this movement reached Bey-
rout the Consuls-General of the five great Powers did all in
their power to prevent further bloodshed. They went to
the Pasha, asked him if he was going to do anything, pro-
tested loudly against his inactivity—for he had never moved
since the first outbreak, when he pitched his encampment
half an hour from the town—and insisted on his doing
something to keep off the danger impending on Zahleh. He
said, Well, I will send some troops to protect the place.'
He did so ; but this was only the signal for its destruction.
No sooner did the Druses on this side of Lebanon, who
since the affair of Deir-el-Kammar had been comparatively
idle, see the movement of the Turkish troops than they
raised their war cry, and headed by one of their principal
Sheiks (who has the rank of Bek in the Turkish service)
rushed onwards to Zahleh.

°From the easternmost ridge of the Lebanon several
deep ravines run into the plain of Ccelesyria ; in one of
these, and half-way down it, Zahleh is situated. It was the
largest and most rising town in all Lebanon, the chief sta-
tion of the French Lazarists, and contained public build-
ings, a very handsome cathedral and schools, anti very
good houses. The people of Zahleh had already sent to the
Druses in the Bokaa to ask for peace, but the conditions
were so humiliating, so utterly preposterous, that theycould
not possibly accept them. Their very nature showed at
once that they did not originate with the Druses, but with
the Moslems of Damascus.

" On the 19th of June the Ottoman troops and the Druses
of Lebanon appeared above Zahleh, which was no sooner
perceived by those in the Bokaa than a simultaneous move-
meat took place towards the town. The Christians evacu-
ated it at once, climed up the steep mountain side, and ex-
pected to get round the Lebanon Druses, and then fall
upon them in the ravine: They were much too slow ; be-
fore they had well reached the summit of the mountain
they saw that the two forces had met, and were beginning
to burn the town from either end. • After firing some ♦ol-
leys they took to flight, as they saw that, in addition to all,
the Turkish troops had turned against them ; only the
aged and infirm, and some women and children were left
in the town—they were slaughtered. Two of the French
Lazarists were killed and another wounded. Europeans
mere no longer safe.
" In the attack on Zahleh the troops under command of
one Muribek took a more open part than they had done be-
fore ; they even made use of a fieldpiece they had brought
with them to fire upon the town, and one shot from this is
said to have brought down the bell of the cathedral. So
much for Kurschid Pasha's promises
" The Druses, now elated with success and plunder,
turned again upon Deir-el-Kammar ; the wretched people
hearing of their approach prepared to make the best of the
fight, but the Governor, who had 400 troops in the Serai,
while at Bleddin, half a mile off, there were 300 more, told
them they had nothing to fear if they would give him up
their arms, and he insisted on their doing so. They applied
for an escort to come to Beyrout. This be would in nowise
permit, so they could only do as they were bid. Their valu-
ables he made them place in the Serai, and then ordered a
great part of the population there. So men, women, and
children were all crowded together in the Serai under his
protection on the night of the 20th. On the morning of the
21st of June the Druses collected round the town. One of
their leaders came to the Serai, and desired to speak with
the Governor. A conversation was carried on in a low
voice by means of an interpreter (for the Turk did not know
Arabic) ; at last a question was asked, to which they heard'
the Governor give the answer, " Hepsi " (" Ab," in
Turkigh). Thereupon the Drase disappeared, but in a few
moments the gate was thrown open, and in rushed the
fiends, cutting down and slaughtering every male, the sol-
diers co-operating. In short, a second tragedy like that at
Hasbeya was enacted, only in this case the slaughter was
more dreadful. Those who had not entered the Serai
fared no better: all were to be killed, and these who had
crossed the stream and reached Bleddin in safety were
shot down by the troops quartered there. Those who
escaped had managed to bide themselves in drains, and
some of the wounded crawled away. I have had a vivid
description of the whole scene from some dozens of women
who were there They have told me bow, before their
very face, they have seen husband, father, brothers, and
children cut to pieces ; how in trying to save the life of
a child they have been knocked down and the child torn
from them and cut to pieces, and the pieces thrown ia their
face ; how they have been insulted by the Turkish soldiery ;
and how in their way down to the sea the Druses had
robbed them of everything they possessed. And it must
be remembered that there were people at Deir-el-Kammar
who were very wealthy and lived in well-built and com-
fortable houses, people who had been well educated and
used to luxury, and now have to beg their bread.
" The number of killed in this horrible massacre has been
variously estimated ; some say that 900, some that 1,800,
persons were killed. I have good reason to believe, after a
careful comparison of all the accounts, that from 1,100 to
1,200 males actually perished in that one day. The Druses
then set fire to the town; the smoke came over Beyrout as
a column of cloud, and warned us•of the calamity. I my-
self can testify that the accounts are not much exaggerated ;
I travelled over most of the open country before the war
was over, and came to Deir-el-Kammar a few days after
the massacre. Almost every house was burnt, and the
streets crowded with dead bodies, most of them stripped
ani) mutilated in every possible way. My road led through
the town, and through some of the streets my horse could
not even pass, for the bodies were literally piled up. Most
of those I examined had many wounds, and in each case
was the right hand either entirely or nearly cut off; the
poor wretch, in default of weapons, having instinctively
raised his arm to parry the blow aimed at him. I saw little
children, of not more than three or four years old, stretched
on the ground, and old men with grey beards.
In some places you could see the expression of agony; in
others, of last despair.. One poor creature, on his knees,
had been cut down as he appealed to the mercy of his
murderers.

"I saw bodies without heads, and heads lying alone
about the place—all lying unburied, to be devoured by the
hyaenas and wild beasts. While in the midst of this scene
of death—a scene which would have forced any one, I should
have supposed, to be sober—some Druses, whohad come to
carry off what remaining bits of timber there might be in
the houses, laughing and joking at the appearance of the
wretched victims.
" I expressed my horror of such brutal behaviour to the
great Chief of the Druses, and urged him to have the dead
buried. He laughed, and asked me why. I have some
hope that this has been done, as ho promised to give an
order for it, although he said it would be difficult to induce
the Druses to bury Christian carcases.
" When the account reached Beyrout the horror and in-
dignation were indiscribable. Used as we had become to
such horrors, yet this surpassed all, and revealed a degree
of treachery on the part of the Pasha which it would be
almost impossible to persuade a sober European statesmen
could be practised by an official in the high position of a
governor of a great province..
" Tho Pasha reached Deir-el-Kammar the day after the
slaughter; a fact which he will ever lament and deplore
as long as he lives ;' that is what he says, so, of course, it is
true. The details had barely reached us, when, on Sunday
afternoon, the 26th of June, the French brig-of-war Senti-
nelle, brought us alarming reports from Sidon. The Druses
were again threatening the place, and the Mufti had been
preaching in the mosque, and even is the streets ' Death
to the Christians I' and calling upon the faithful to behold
how the cause of the righteous triumphed. Now is the
time,' he was heard to proclaim,' God has given the infidel
into our hands.' On the preceding night, September 25,
armed Druses had been allowed to sleep in the town, and
Moslems, with weapons of different kinds, had passed the
night in the mosque, ready at any moment, should the.
Druses begin the carnage, to aid them to the best of their
power. And on the following night it was believed the
slaughter would take place. Two English and two French
men-of. war immediately steamed off and anchored at Sidon
before sunset, and this intimidated the fanatics, and, in all
probability, prevented an outbreak.
"It was found on inquiry that a trap had indeed been
laid here also, for the Governor of Sidon had disarmed all
the Christians, on the plea that in the then disturbed state
of the country it was necessary for people to be disarmed, ,
while, at the same time, he permitted Druses and Moslems
to enter and remain in the town without taking from them
any of their arms. Nothing could be more unjust than
this; nothing could more clearly show the bad end he had
in view. On being officially asked if it was true, he did not
deny ft, but said that in future he would have all parties to
give up their arms ; but on being desired to give this pro-
mise in writing he refused, saying that after all it was not
in his power to prevent the Druses bringing their arms into
Sidon ,although he had a garrison of 300 troops there, and
cannon, and he was in a walled town.
" After the butchery at Deir-el-Kammar, and while the
panic was going on at Sidon, Beyrout itself was menaced,
and, but for the presence of several European men-of-war,
this place would have shared the fate of other towns. Al-
most all the native merchants have escaped to Alexandria ;
and, to improve matters, a Moslem was found murdered.
This created a great sensation ; the Moslems insisted on the
execution of a Christian, and some poor fellow was seized,
tried, and executed in a few hours, who had probably as
much to do with the murder as the Emperor of China.
" The Consuls-General could now no longer have any
confidence in the Pacba, and they determined upon sending
a joint letter to the great chiefs of the Drums themselves
demanding that they should cease from further hostilities.
" Murders were daily going on, Beyrout and Sidon were
in danger, and thousands of persons who had congregated
in the esrouan (as the distinct north of the Dog River is
called) were in hourly expectation of an attack.
" The Druse chiefs clearly showed that they had not
been the chief agents in the mountain war. They had sold
themselves to the Pashas, and they evaded giving any
direct answer.
" But this attempt on the part of the Consuls-General
of the Five Powers was successful for the moment. The
Pasha heard of the letter ; he saw that he had been detected,
and then his only hope was to insist on peace.
" We have since found, as indeed we suspected only too
well at the time, that a repetition of the massacres of Has-
beya and Deir-el-Kammar had been projected in the Kes•
rouan. The Druses were to have marched to the borders of
this district, the Pasha was to have sent a large force of
Ottoman troops ' to preserve order, and toprotect the Chris-
tians from the Druses,' and then the carnage would have
begun, and probably never would have ended until the
Druses and Moslems had slaughtered the greater part of
the Christian population in Lebanon. Thousands must
have perished had this admirable policy been carried out.
" The result, then, has been the official declaration of
peace in Lebanon, on one condition only; that the Chris-
tians are to look upon bygones as bygones.
" The Pasha went through the farce of summoning an
equal number of representatives from both races, but those
who came on the part of the Christians were traitors who
had been bribed ; nor, indeed, had they been altogether
honest men they would have dared to do otherwise, than
the Pasha chose to dictate. Poor wretched people By-
gones to be bygones 1' How many thousands are ruined
and destitute; how many women are altogether unpro-
tected, and all their homes and goods gone 1 Simi y towns
and villages in Lebanon are burnt, and this goodly moun-
tain has become a black desert.
" It is said-that 75,000 persons are destitute. This seems
a great number; but some idea may be formed of the depo-
pulation when I state that the English man-of-war alone
brought to Beyrout, from Sidon and the Demur river, 2,400
children. Most of the boys who had reached this had
escaped in women's clothes. All wish to leave the country.
The poor people are panic-stricken, and if they could get.
away scarcely any of the Christians would remain en hour
longer under the Turkish rule. But here again has been
another atrocious tyranny and premeditated exterreination
of the Christian race. These poor creatures, who have been