The Sun.
London, England, 1860-04-11 00:00:00

RACING FIX T

AP
Abergavenny l2
Thirsk l3
M.
Chester 1
Doncaster Spring 8
York Spring 10
Salisbury lO
Bath l5

Ascot 5
Hampton
Newton 13
Od ham ..19 I
Beverley 2O I

Ju
Newmarket J 3
Carlisle
Wrcester 5
Liverpool
Abingdon 12

Auo
Brighton
Brighton Club 3
Wolverhampton
Reading
Radcliffe l3
Egham 14

SEPT]
Warwick
Doncaster 11
Chesterfield l7
Leiesster l9

OCT,
Bedford 3
Newmarket S 0

Oxford
Plymouth
York
Lichfield
Stockton
Derby

MEER.

Monmouth
Manchester Autumn
Newmarket F.O.

Ert.
Newmarket H
Worcester Autumn

- - -
NOVEMBER.
Hereford
Liverpool Autumn 7 I

...19

..:23

..16

..22
..21
..28
..29

..20

..25

..22
..30

..13

IRELAND.
APRIL.

Curragh

MAY.
Howth and Baldoyle Summer 8

JUNE.
Wicklow

JULY.
Bellowstown 11 1 Down Royal Cup 24

AuousT.
Heath of Maryboro' 7 f Roscommon 2
Galway 14

SEPTEMBER.
Curragh ..
T rumor°

OCTOBER.
Londonderry
Curragh IG Strabane 3O

FROM THE GAZETTE OF LAST NIGHT

ST. JAMES'S PALACE, APRIL 9.
His Royal Highness the Prince Alfred was confirmed on
Thursday, the sth inst , at Windsor Castle, in the Private
Chapel, by his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, in
the presence of her Majesty the Queen, his Roy al High-
ness the Prince Consort, and the members of the Royal
Family.

WHITEHALL, APRIL 7.
The Queen has been pleased to order a conge d'elire to
pass the Great Seal, empowering the Dean and Chapter of
the cathedral church of Rochester to elect a Bishop of that
see, the same being void by the death of Dr. George Mur-
ray, late Bishop thereof ; and her Majesty has also been
pleased to recommend Joseph Cotton Wigram, M.A., Arch-
deacon of Winchester, to be elected by the said dean and
chapter, bishop of the said see of Rochester.

FOREIGN-OFFICE, APRIL 7.
The Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint Charles
Alison, Esq., now Secretary to her Majesty's Embassy at
Constantinople, to be her Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary
and Mixister Plenipotentiary to the Shah of Persia.
The Queen has also been graciously pleased to appoint
George Fagan, Esq., now Secretary to her Majesty's Le-
gation to the Argentine Confederation, to be her Majesty's
Charg6 d'Affaires and Consul-General to the Republics of
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Sal-
vador.

CROWN-OFFICE, APRIL 5.
MEMBER XETURNED TO SERVE IN THE PRESENT
PARLIAMENT.
City of Londonderry—William M'Cormick, Esq., in the
room of Sir Robert Alexander Ferguson, Bart., deceased.

WAR-OFFICE, PALL-MALL,

APRIL 10.

4th Regiment of Dragoon Guards—Ensign Arthur Ash-
ton, from the 7th Foot, to be Cornet, vice Bridges, pro-
moted.
Gth Dragoons—Ensign William Ward Bennitt, from the
2d Foot, to be Cornet, vice Garnett, promoted ; Hew
Stevenson, Gent., to be Cornet, by purchase, vice Hardy,
promoted.
13th Light Dragoons—John Arthur Carthew, Gent., to be
Cornet, by purchase, vice James White, who has retired.
Ist Regiment of Foot—Ernest Alexander Morant, Gent to
be Ensign, by purchase, vice Rooke, promoted. .)
Gth Foot—Thomas Armstrong Gough, Gent., to be Ensign,
without purchase, vice Poulden, who retires.
7th Foot—Captain William Langmead Lewes, from the
98th Foot, to be Captain, vice Payn, who exchanges.
11th Foot—Alexander Henry Vaughan, Gent., to be En •
sign, without purchase, vice Gilbert, who resigns.
14th Foot—Lieutenant James Franklin, from the 45th
Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Atkinson, who exchanges.
20th Foot—Serjeant-Major James Whybrow to be Ensign,
without purchase, vice Bolger, promoted.
22d Foot—Lieutenant Stephen Winthrop to be Captain, by
purchase, vice Hickman, who retires.
25th Foot—Ensign Samuel Roden Handy, from the 90th
Foot, to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Lock
whose appointment from the 82d Foot has been cancelled ;
James Pender, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase.
45th Foot—Lieutenant Francis Fores Atkinson, from the
14th Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Franklin, who ex-
changes.
Gist Foot—Francis John Wakeman Pigott Long, Gent.,
to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Hamilton, promoted.
87th Foot—Ensign Anderson J. Ashmore, from the 73d
Foot, to be Ensign, vice Anderson, appointed Paymaster.
98th Foot—Captain Thomas G. D. Payn, from the 7th
Foot, to be Captain, vice Lewes, who exchanges.
Ist West India Regiment—Major A. W. Murray to be
Lieutenant-Colonel, without purchase„ vie Brevet-Col.
H. D. O'Halloran, who retires upon full pay, under the
37th clause of the Royal Warrant of Oct. 14, 1858 ; Bre-
vet Lieutenant-Colonel James Travers, from the 3d
West India Regiment, to be Major, without purchase,

vice Murray.
3d West India Regiment—Lieutenant Parr W. Kingsmill
to be Captain, without purchase, N:ce Travers, promoted
in the Ist West India Regiment; Ensign Duncan F.
Murray to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Kings-
mill.
UNITTACTIED.—Lieutenant Win. H. Urquhart, from the
75th Foot, to be Captain, without purchase.
County of Cardigan—David Pugh, Esq., to be Deputy-
Lieutenant.

BANKRUPTS.
Francis John Fowles and Henry Hunter, general mer-
chants, Water-lane, City, to surrender April 20, at half-
past two, and May 22, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy.
George Oldfield, Robert Oldfield, and John Clarke,
millers, Lichfield, April 23 and May 21, at eleven, at the
Birmingham District Court.
Elizabeth Aydon and Thomas W. Ferguson, grocers,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, April 18 and May 23, at twelve, at
tho Newcastle-upon-Tyne District Court.

SCOTCH BANKRUPTS.
Janie* Napier, coal agent, Stirling.
Roderick Dempster, surgeon, Forms, Elginshire.

COERCION OF NORTII SAVOT.—AII demonstra-

tions in favour of annexation to Switzerland are becoming
more and more difficult in the neutralised provinces. The
whole administration has been renovated, the Piedniontese
employes having been withdrawn and replaced by adherents
to France. The circulation of pamphlets, newspapers, and
notes contrary to annexation to France is either stopped or
retarded. The arrival of M. Laity has greatly excited the seal
and activity of the French agents, and a heavy pressure
is brought to bear upon the population, little accus-
tomed to resist official intimations. Promises of all sorts
are scattered about—banks, railroads, places, &c. ; whilst
intimidation is not neglected, and the word Cayenne has
even been uttered. As to the veto itself, the poor people
will be much embarrassed. They will be required to vote
" Piedmont " or " France," and they well know that the
first alternative is impossible, particularly with South
Savoy French. So that, even were they left free from any
pressure, they could not express their desire to be united to
Switzerland,—Zetter from Geneva.

,STATE OF TRADE IN INDIA.

The accounts from the Eastof. the state of the
markets for manufactured goods are not such as to
inspire confidence in the entire soundness of the
enormous trade at present carried on from this
country. It is alleged by experienced merchants
in London that, according to their latese advices,
cotton manufactures from England cannot be sold
except at a loss of 15 per cent. at Bombay, 10 per
cent. at Calcutta, and 7 or 8 per cent. in China,
and, moreover, that there has been no real profit
on any such goods shipped hence during the last
six months. Looking at the fact that the consign-
ments now going forward are on a scale larger
than has ever previously been known, these asser-
tions must create great disquiet. They admit,
however, of qualification in a very important man-
ner. Although the buyer of Manchester goods for
exportation to India and China may expose himself
to the losses in question, it does not follow that the
Manchester manufacturers who ship on their own
account may not still be operating at a profit,
since a sacrifice of 'from 7 to 15 per cent. may fail
to absorb the entire gain between the current price
of their goods and the cost at which they are actually
turned out. The speculative shipper, therefore, who
buys the goods at a quotation including the manu-
facturer's profit, is mainly the person whose trans-
actions are to be contemplated with anxiety. Can
it be shown that the condition of the markets is not
such as is alleged, and that goods bought in
Manchester will not only bring back full returns,
after paying freight, commissions, discounts, and
all charges, but will also yield a fair remunerative
surplus? The magnitude of the matter is such
that a more momentous inquiry was never raised
in the commercial world, and if the answer should
be unfavourable we shall be driven to the suspicion,
or rather to the conviction, that the lesson of 1857
has already been discarded. Happily, if the prices
in India are, as is believed, even now sufficiently
high to cover the prime cost of the manufacture,
the trade will yet prove to have caused no absolute
impoverishment to this country; but the visions
of unbounded profits which at present dazzle
all who contemplate the monthly totals of our
cotton exports will inevitably be dispelled, and the
crash must fall somewhere. It will be shared,
perhaps, partly by such of the manufacturers as
may have sold their goods to speculative mer-
chants on six months' acceptances, partly on such
banks as may now be congratulating themselves
upon the extraordinary revival in the discount busi-
ness of the country, and partly on the general public,
who may as yet see no reason to distrust any of the
new and dashing gentlemen who are rapidly rising
up into the position of great promoters of Eastern
commerce. 'The temptation created by the competi-
tion for bills by the various banking establishments 11
under the system of allowing interest on deposits ;
the facilities afforded by the long dates over which
Indian transactions are spread before their actual
results are brought to the test; and, finally, the
advantage which the system of friendly assignments
and windings up under inspection give to every ad-
venturous character who may have the adroitness
to carry on business for two or three years on a
scale that will admit of private appropriations and
marriage settlements, are considerations that may
excuse a suggestion for vigilance even at a moment
when the whole country is revelling in a sense of
prosperity. The repetition of the fact observable
in 1857, that, with all our wonderful trade, the
tendency of our bullion returns shows that we are
spending rather more than we earn, while the ad-
vance in the rate of discount has no perceptible
effect in checking the demand, coupled with the
circumstance that the note circulation during the
past twelve months hasbeen freequently 10 per cent.
in excess of its normal amount, are signs of some
exceptional influences, which, at all events, are
worthy of attention.—Bites' City Article.

HOW FORTUNES ARE SO2LIETTNES
XADE.

It often happens that an individual or a firm is
supposed to be rich from the fact that they possess
the confidence of their fellow man, by which they
trade and in due time amass wealth. As an illus-
tration of this, we may state the following circum-
stance which came under the writer's observation.
A young Englishman landed in America with just
sufficient means to meet his immediate necessities
his first object was to obtain employment, the re-
muneration for which enabled him to lay by about
300 dollars. With this capital he started in business
for himself, and commenced trading in such com-
modities as he could turn to a profit readily; he
progressed slowly, but earned more than he ex-
pended on his living. In the town he had chosen for
his adventure he was a perfect stranger, but in course
of time was recognised as a man always punctual in his
business transactions ; his resources were never
questioned, simply because he never made an en-
gagement but what he felt certain he should be able
to keep. By this course, he soon gained the first
element of prosperity—confidence. One day he was
attending the usual trade sales, when he met with
what his judgment suggested an eligible oppor-
tunity for investing the whole of his capital, and
he would readily have done so, but as the purchase
required considerably more than he possessed, he
reluctantly abandoned the opportunity, as it had
become his maxim to let no one know the extent of
his resources, and wishing to avoid heavy specula-
tions, bearing in mind the proverb, that
" Vessels large may venture more,
But little boats must keep near shore."

However, in the course of the day, a Yankee,
with whom he had never before had any communi-
cation, accosted him with " \Val, Britisher I cal-
kilate that worn't a bad fixing you were looking at
this morning ?" " Perhaps not," responded our
friend. " Wal, I guess if you could ris a thou-
sand dollars or so, you would have done it slick,
en ?" " Perhaps I might." " Then just give me
your bill at a month, and you shall have thew." Our
friend mas rather taken aback by this liberal offer,
which was essentially made upon his credit, and with-
out security. He eventually availed himself of it,made
the venture, by which before the expiration of a
month he more than trebled his capital. Though he
frequently met his stranger friend, not a word
passed as to the success of the investment, till a few
days before the bill became due, it was repaid, when
the liberal Yankee merely observed "Wal, Britisher,
whenever you want a thousand dollars, or more, you
can have them of me." This was the only occasion
on which our friend ever borrowed money ; he had
obtained confidence, which had secured him credit,
by which, combined with industry, he amassed, a
considerable fortune.—From an article on " If 'hat
is Wealth ?" in " Lilwall's Mercantile Circular.

THE CLL''B PROSECUTIONS IN EDIXBU.RGIT.

A bench of justices of the peace at Edinburgh,
consisting of Logan White, Esq., of Kellerston,
chairman ; Charles Lawson, Esq., of Berthwich
Hall ; William Bailie, Esq., of Falahill ; J.
Wauchope, Esq., of Edmonstone; and R. B. Ward-
law Ramsay, Esq., of Whitehill—sat yesterday to
give judgment in the case of the Excise against
Mr. 1). R. Hunter, steward of the Harmonic Club,
the question being whether a club-house requires
to take out a license in order to unable its members
to be supplied with spirits. Mr. Lothian having
been heard for the prosecution, and Mr. James
Bell, S.S.C., for the defender,
Mr. Wardlaw Ramsay said, having heard the
evidence the last day, he had given the utmost
attention to the point whether a club required
to take out a license. The act on which the
prosecutor went was passed thirty-five years ago,
and it was strange that no prosecution had ever
been raised under it against any of the clubs, which
had existed since that date till now. There was
nothing in the Forbes Mackenzie Act rendering
clubs liable to take out a license, and he, therefore,
did not consider that they were bound to do so
under the act of 1825, otherwise there would have
been prosecutions before now against club-houses.
He considered that the defender should be assoilzied.
Mr. Logan White held that club houses which
dealt in spirits were clearly liable under the terms
of the act to take out a license, and that the de-
fender being the steward of the club, and the real
occupant of part of the premises, and ostensible oc-
cupant of the rest, in which the club was held, was
the person identified as a dealer in spirits. If the
effect of their judgment was to render the new club
and other similar clubs liable to take out licenses
he could not help it. It was the law.
Mr. Bailie and Mr. Wauchope concurred with
Mr. Ramsay. Mr.lVauchop• characterised the con-
duct of the magistrates in regard to their treat-
ment of the agent for the club masters, in the police
court, as worthy of the worst days of Judge Jeffries,
and denounced their interpretation of the law as
against the clubs as laying down one law for the
rich and another for the poor.
Mr. Lawson concurred with the chairman, Mr.
White.
There being thus a majority of three against two
in favour of the acquittal of the defender he was
acquitted accordingly, amidst the cheering of a very
crowded court.
Mr. Lothian then called a similar case against
Mr. J. Morris, of the Edinburgh Club, and took a
formal decision to the same effect in his favour, his
object being to appeal both decisions to the quarter
sessions.

THE COLOURING MATTER OF LEAVES.—In a
communication to tho Academie des Sciences, M. Fremy
stated, as the result of his experiments, that the chlw ophylle
of plants is in reality composed of two substances—one yel-
low, soluble in ether ; and one blue, soluble in chlorhydric
acid. He has been enabled to separate them, and presented
them to the academy in their isolated conditions.—Medical
Timm

OUR NAVY-PAST AND PRESENT.

At every production of the navy estimates we
are reminded that " steam is in its infancy," and
the fact is impressed upon us by a very disagreeable
process. We are compelled to provide enormous
sums for the nurture and sustenance of our steam
force without ever arriving at the happy period of
economy and relief. In fact, to judge from the last
ten years' experience, the expense will be perpe-
tual—that is to say, we shall never find a steam
marine as cheap as the old sailing navy. It is not
merely that the work of constructi-'n or conversion
is constantly going on. That process would come.
to an end in course of time, though it has been truly
a tedious one; but the truth is, that even when the
British navy has attained the standard of expansion
delineated by Sir John Pakington a short time ago,
it will cost a far greater sum for its maintenance
than would have been needed in years gone b;•.
The elements of cost, indeed, appear in every direc-
tion. What with the increased size of our vessels
and the value of the machinery which they contain,
the original charge of a ship is often more than
doubled. A 50-gun frigate of the modern build
costs four times as much as a ♦essel of that rate in
Nelson's time. Then comes the consumption of
fuel—an enormous item ; then the wages of the
engineers, and the wear and tear of engines ; and
last, though not least, the rapid dilapidation
of the whole fabric under the new system of
propulsion. We have touched upon this topic
once or twice before, but the subject is so
important that we commend it afresh to public

consideration, especially as a recent event will
place it in rather a striking light.
Last week five stout steamships of the Channel
squadron anchored at Spithead on their return from
Lisbon. They had encountered boisterous weather,
no doubt, but we certainly were not prepared for
the report that they had all suffered such damage
as to require considerable repairs before they could
again proceed to sea. From the description given
of their condition it appears evident that they suf-
fered not merely as ships, but as steamships. Had
they been sailing vessels of the old character they
might have been longer on the voyage and less
efficient men•of-war, but they would probably not
have received such injury as to send them into
dock. Nelson used to talk triumphantly of the
manner in which his ships could buffet the gales of
the Mediterranean without carrying away a spar ;
but Nelson's vessels had no steam-pipes to be car-
ried away, no funnel-casings to be torn, and no
condensers to be cracked. We suspect, too, that
they would have rolled far less heavily and with
slighter strain, while the current outlay upon each
would have been much less considerable.
We expressly call attention to this example
because it illustrates the chief point of our present
difficulties. When the great dockyard mystery
was. investigated last year, it came out that the,
principal expenditure in our national establishments
was upon repairs. The construction of new ships
was quite a secondary concern, and was, in fact,
provided for out of the surplus or margin left by
the charges of renewing and refitting. That was
the way the money went, and these formidable
charges are enormously increased by a system of
propulsion which is not only costly in itself, but
which shakes the ships to pieces besides. Indeed,
we seem to be getting from worse to worse, for the
vibration of the screw is said to be more destruc-
tive than that of the paddle. -We are therefore
incessantly at work in repairing damages, and a
few days at sea in heavy weather is enough to send
back our stoutest vessels with fresh demands upon
the resources of our yards.
Let the reader just consider how terribly these
j accumulated conditions must tell upon the current
j charge of the Nary. A ship in these days costs
much more to build, much more to keep going,
and lasts, probably, not half as long after all, Un-
luckily, we hardly know the worst in this latter
respect, for our steam marine is still too young to
have shown its average of casualties; but it is only
too evident that such wear and tear as we hatc
described must soon terminate a vessel's career.
This is an answer to those who institute numerical
comparisons between our naval force at the pre-
sent day and that of 1815. The money spent
on the Mersey steam frigate would have built
three old-fashioned 74's. The cost of such a
fleet as we possessed at the close of the Revolu-
tionary Wars would, if raised to the modern
standard of charge, be almost beyond computation.
We possess, in reality, a fleet which is infinitely
stronger than the fleets of former days, though
its power, as regards ships of the line, is concen-
trated in a much smaller number of vessels. The
finest squadron ever taken to sea by Colling-
wood or Jervis would have been blown out of the
water by the five ships which are so damaged in a
voyage from Lisbon.
All this outlay, in short, is forced upon us by a
single condition of the first necessity. The great
object in a ship of war is, as the Secretary of the
American Navy defined it, to place a gun in pre-
sence of an adversary, and withdraw it, in the
shortest possible space of time. There is the prin-
ciple which governs the whole system. For the
sake of this object we fabricate machinery, consume
fuel, and shape the hulls of our vessels on the newest
and most approved models. A ship which can.
steam 15 knots an hour will infallibly be more than
a match for one that can steam only 12; in fact,
the slower vessel would lie utterly at the mercy of
its more quickly-moving adversary. Even here,
however, the prospect is somewhat uncertain, for no
vessel can always rely on her steam power. The
most roomy and commodious specimens will only
carry fuel enough for 10 or 12 days' consumption,
so that on a long cruise, or in a protracted blockade,
ships must again resort to their sails, reserving
their steam fur critical periods. And, what, under
such circumstances, would be the plight of our
modern vessels, with their heavy armaments and
ponderous
stor
m
after
s machinerytorm
like ?
the u
g lhd they be b t
e ran
and more
to brave
ee
buoyant
uy an
craft of 50 years since ?
very agreeable. t to reflect that we
girneqeaubirliee.s thusitis usnupglgeeasstaend are, perhaps, not
have embarked upon a system which is costly
in the extreme, which will probably never get
much cheaper, and which yet, in some respects, may
prove less convenient than that which it super-
seded. But there is no help for it. A sailing ves-
sel could not keep the sea against a steamer for
half an hour, and it must always be recollected that
what is a burden upon us is a burden upon other
Powers also. In the end it comes to this—that
war, including the preparations against it, will be
a more costly business than formerly, and perhaps,
therefore, will work out its own cure. When the
Secretary of the Admiralty told the house the other
day that a naval captain of his acquaintance was
perfectly astounded at the cost of his ship for a
single year, he gave the key to the annual charges
of the Navy. There was the unit of cost. A ship
isincredibly expensive, and yet is always getting
out of repair. Something, we firmly believe, is to
be saved by better principles of management ; but
we shall never altogether escape the large expen-
diture and inevitable waste which steam power in-
volves.—Tunes.

STRASDIX OF THE SHIPS IVAGOOLA AND
IVOODCOTE IV THE CHANNEL.

The Board of Trade have issued the official re-
ports of Mr. Traill, the Greenwich Police-court
magistrate, who, assisted by Captain Harris. the
nautical assessor, held the late inquiries into the
cii cumstances attending the stranding of the ship
Wogoola, for China, and Woodcote, for Adelaide,.
during the snow-storm on the night of the 11th of
last month, near Folkestone, and the decision of the
department.

In the case of the Wagoola, which was com-
manded by Capt. Jardine, and left London on the
Bth ult., the report states that when the master
found the soundings drop suddenly in the course
of four or five minutes from 14 to 10 fathoms,
there being such a thick snow storm at the time
actuall3
that they could not see the length of the ship, it
was clearly his duty to have put the ship about
immediately ; instead of doing so he held on till
after he had another cast at seven fathoms, and
even then it does not appear that he ordered the
thaeklmingttohebegrpouutnddoinwnaltfiallthtohmesshwipatewra. was
This NI:
and\vasLtihghetbein-
.The report
imme-
diatemTrisatial lkc
eathought
hhwee, asdsoaaumt
hadgeFef aoturolettl,
Foreland;
ne
ds
1:.
also adverts to the South Sand Headitpl a evidence of
conduct Captain
of
th
ie Russel,
Coastguard,
Lloyd's a With reference to the
pilots in charge of ships continuing on board beyond
the Downs or Dungeness.
In consequence of the above finding the Board
of Trade have:suspended Captain Jardine's certifi-
cate for six months, and have communicated with
the commanding officer of the Coastguard.
In the matter of the Woodcote, which was also
from London, and went on shore off New Romney
later at night, Mr. Traill states that he was in-
clined to think that the board would be disposed
to look upon the case as deserving a more lenient
consideration than the ordinary case of entire
neglect of the lead. It appeared that the lead was
frequently used during the night, though neither
so frequently nor so carefully as it ought to have
been in thick weather. The report also speaks of
the vigilance of Captain Fleming during the night
of the accident.

The Bcard of Trade have returned Ciptain
Fleming's certificate, cautioning him to exercise
greater Tigilanee in the use of the lead.