The Sun.
London, England, 1856-01-17 00:00:00

IN THE HIGH COURT OF CHANCERY.

ittESEMA lt.—On the 29th of May, 1855, an
a injunction was granted by the High Court of Chancery, and
on the I 1 th of June following was made perpetual, against Joseph
.'ranklin and others, to restrain thorn, under a penalty of one thou-
sand pounds, from imitating this Medicine, which is protected by
:oyal Letters Patent of England, and secured by the Seals of the
-:cole de l'lvrmacte de Paris, and the Imperial College of Medicine,
fermis

TRIESEMAR, No. I,
romo,y tor Hews ation, anermatorrhipa. and all the distressing
consequences arising from early abuse, &c., and its effects are effi-
cacious in youth, manhood, and old age ; and te, those persons who
are prevented entering the married fit, st• from t e results of early
arrors it is invaluable.
TRIESEMAR, No. 2,
• ,eteally, in the snort space of three days, completely and entirei3
i'licates all traces of those Disorders which Capaivi and Cubet,r,
e '4o long been thought an antidote for, to the ruin of the
3. rant portion or the population.
TRIESEMAR, No. 5,
',l!;rea: Cont,nental Remedy for that class of Disorders, Whie,
ortunately the English physician treats with Mercury, to the in•
irghle destruction of the patient's constitution, and which all ih'
nrsaparilla in the world cannot remove.
7iIESENIAIt, Ne s I, 1, and 3. are alike devoid or taste or men
it all nauseating aialitiet. They may lie on the toilet ta'.l,
o,',•eoirt their ris, heir,: iiispeeted.
' WIESE VAR, Nos. I, 2, and 3, are alid in tin cases, price 11x., or
four cases in one for 33s , which saves I ls.; and in 5/. cases, whereby
there is a saving of It. 125.; a, vroeu lute s doses, as adminis-
tered by Valpea.., La,le'lland, Roux, i'.,&c.
To bo had qiholesale and Retail in Londen of Johnston, FP,
nhill; Hannay and Co., 63, Oxford-atr et; and Sanger, ISO, t
ix-
;R. H. Ingham, druggist, 46, arket-street, Manchester;
Itradnury, bookseller, Deansgate, Bolton ; J. Priestly, chemist, 52,
~rd-street, Liverpool; Powell, bookseller, 15, Westmoreland-street,
sUlin ; Wirv,all, hnolc.l,ll,r. ba•n

T 3ECI:ET „1 YoU Atli) filA u ti
J st i;Tablishecit price Is., Illustrated with cases; tree by post rot 14

stamps,
IER VOUS DEBILITY;
Its Causes. Symptoms, and Cure.—An Essay
,;1:
on Spor-
e starrlicea, with Practical Observations on a safer and more
esstul mode of treatment of the diseases of the Generative
.;:iteln, obtained by the use of the Microscope in detecting and
moishing, by urinary examination, the real cause and effect of
very variety of complaint, whether arising from solitary habits,
scesses, accident, or climate, followed by practical remarks, foundee
m twenty years' experience in the treatment of Impuissance
ervous Debility, Local Weakness, Spermatorrheea, &c. To which
:e added, Commentaries on the Physiology of Marriage, with pre-
.: tonary hints on the evils emanating from empirical practice
an . on the dangerous remedies advocated by various writers on
the e important disorders.
By SAMUEL LAIMERT M.D.
47, stEDFOR D-SQU A 1b E, LONDON',
D or of Medicine Matriculated Member of the University of Edin-
)urgh, Honorary 'Member of the London Hospital Medical Society,
Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hail, London, &c., &c.
:ale essential object of this treatise is point out the fearful
con-
nieneez resulting. from certain habits, irregularities, and excesses,
'ltch have produced more misery in Youth, degradation in Man.
•efd, and premature decay at all stages of Life, than, perhaps, an,
,her class of disease known to modern pathologists. Its perusal is
rticularly recommended to persons entertaining secret doubts o
• :eir physical condition, and who are COTD)CiOII3 of haying hazardee
vie health. happiness, and privileges to which every human being
is
entitled.
it is absolutely necessary that all men should know, that there art
dnciples of personal management which cannot be violated withou•
acurring grievous penalties, and when wisdom and rgret succeed
.40 heyday of inconsiderate self-indulgence, how these penalties
• •,y be mitigated, hew the sting of their bitterness may be removed
all
i how the evil and its consequences may he avoided, and above
,at there is scarcely any degree of physical infirmity or functions
‘lrangentent to which the timely aid of ecience cannot apply a cure
'no Author has for a series of years been engaged in an extensivf
sractice in the treatment of these delicate complaints, which have
imortunately been too generally confided tt the care of ignorant
empirics, who inflict great injury on those who aro induced to plea
faith in their pretensions.
NERVOUS DEBILITY 'nay be had price is, of Messrs. shor.
wood and Co., 23, Paternoster-row: Hannay, 63, Oxiord-stree
Harae,l9, LeiCester-square; Mann, 39, Cornhill ; or free by post fc
14 stamp, to any
Adroas from the A.uthor's residence. 7,l Bed
ford-square
At home for consultation daily from eleven till two, and frees i
till eight.

.14>

WICKHAMBREUX AND LITTLEBOURNE, SENT.
TO BE SOLD by Auction, pursuant to Orders
of the High Court of Chancery, made in certain causes of
" Quested v. Michell,"" Quested T. Coast," and " Quested v. Somer-
set," with the approbation of the Vice-Chancellor, Sir Richard Torin
Kindeesiey, the Judge to whose Court these cansess are attached,
on Saturday, the 26th day of January, 1856, at Two o'clock In the
afternoon, at the Auction Mart, Saint Margaret-street, Canterbury,
by Mr. Thomas White Collard (the person appointed for that pur-
pose), the following FREEHOLD ESTATES, in 7 Lots, videlicet :--
Lot 1. A Dwelling-house called Kingsley House, and several
pieces of Garden and Arable Land, containing about 4 a. and 13 p.,
in n% ickhambreux aforesaid, in the occunation of the executors of
Thomas Hatcher Bing, or their under-tenants.
Lot 2. Four Cottages called the Sandpit Cottages, in Wickham-
breux aforesaid, in the same occupation, as last lot.
Lot 3. A Dwelling-house in Littlebourne aforesaid, late in. the
occupation of Mr. Robert Baker Gosby.
Lot 4. A Dwelling-house in Littlebourne aforesaid, aljoinlng.the
last lot, and now unoccupied.
Lot 5. A Dwellinx-house in Littlebourne aforesaid, now or late in
the occupation of James Smith.
Lot 6. A Dvrelling-house in Littlebourne aforesaid, adJoining.the
last lot, and now or late in the occupation of John Tarvest.
Lot 7. Buildings, comprising a Carpenter's Shop, Painter's Shop,
Blacksmith's Forgo and Shop, and other Buildings, with the premises
thereto belonging, in Littlebourne aforesaid, and now or late in the
occupation of Messrs. Tarvest and Sisley William Smith and
Foreman.
Printed Printed particulars and conditions of sale may be had (gratis) in
London, of Messrs. Kingsford and Dorman, solicitors, 23, Essex-
street, strand; and Mr. A K.
Cocker, solicitor, 2.1, Gower-street,
Bedford-square ; and in the country, of Messrs. Kingsforh and Wigh-
wick, solicitors, Canterbury ; and of the Auctioneer.
15th December, 1855.

CHAS. PUGH, Chlef Clerk.

A. new and powerful steamer is building for the !
South-Western Steam-Packet Company, to run on the '
Southampton and Havre line. She is to be called the
Havre. She will be ready in about May next.
IRON AR
labourers T a
were EClTY.—YesterdayLmeoadrneinnghall a
-street in removing the granite stones, form-
ingCßLAsiabzer RooAfI:
the carriage road, and laying down cast-iron perfo-
rated circular blooks, with which it is the intention of
the commissioners to pave the entire street and most of
the principal thoroughfares in the City. The novelty
attracted much curiosity. Each block or plate is about
ten inches in diameter and six inches in depth. The
apertures in the iron are laid in with gravel.
THE MANILLA.—The Peninsular and Oriental Com-
pany have given notice that the Manilla, which was to
open the Constantinople and Black Sear line on the 23d
inst., has been withdrawn, and that the goods shipped
on board of her will be returned to the shippers. The
quantity of goods shipped on board the Manilla was not
sufficiently encouraging for her to proceed, and, as a
large number of transports will lie wanted by the French
and English Governments, there is no necessity to run a
Constantinople line at a loss.
WHITEOROSS-STREET PRISON.— Yesterday, at a Court
of Aldermen, a report was read from the Governor of
Whitecroes-street Prison, stating that the present num-
ber of prisoners was 256, including 11 females. The
pri-
soners have generally been healthy during the past
quarter. The number of commitments for the year end-
ing the 31st ult. showed an increase of 389. By means
of the various charities in connexion with the prison 254
prisoners bad received their discharges during the year.
Alderman \Vire called attention to some letters whichl
bad appeared in a morning newspaper, and which de-
nounced the prison as a Bastille, abused the governor,
and made use of offensive and unfOunded epithets. He
did not believe there was any truth in the letter. Al-
derman Kennedy said he had not seen the correspond-
•nce referred to. It was his practice to examine the
iersons under his charge once a week, and if he was
satisfied with what he saw he did not trouble himself
labout statements in the newspapers. The subject then
dropped.

. .•_, . • '•

RUSSIA AND SWEDEN.

In the recent treaty between Sweden and the
Western Powers stress is laid upon the attempts
made by Russia to obtain a seaport on the coast of
Norway. The Nord pulalishes-the following semi-
official letter on the. subject, chiefly addressed
against an article in the Constitutionnel:—
" Long before the acquisition of Finland Russia already
possessed in the north of that province a large tract of land
on the coast of the Froien Ocean. Without speaking of
Kola —which by-the by the English thought fit to pillage
in 1809, and which they reduced to ashes in 1851—it may
not be out of place to call to mind here that there exists on
the left bank of the Paswig or Pasrek, and not far from its
mouth, a Greco-Russian chapel at about 150 versts' dis-
tance from Kola.
"That chapel, constructed under the invocation of the
Saints Boris and Glob, dates from the 16th century, neither
more nor less. According to popular belief, it was founded
by St. Tryphon, the first Apostle who brought the light of
Christianity among those savage tribes.
"Since 1826 the Pasrek forms the boundary line between
Russia and Norwegian Lappmark. Its stream divides into
two nearly equal parts a territory estimated at about 6,000
versts, and which Flagelstam, in his map of Sweden and
Norway, has designated as Faelleds-distracter (common dis-
tricts). This land continued to be so called till 1826, be-
cause the possession thereof had never been accurately de-
tertnined.
" Such was primitively the state of things between the
two countries, and there never existed, I believe, the slight-
est dispute on the subject between Russia and Norway.
The climate, the poor soil, the poverty of the country were
sot worth the expense of a more distinct line of boundary.
The inhabitants, however, paid their taxes, turn about,
to Russia and Norway, which' even procured for them
the cognomen of " Dvoiedantzi"—that is to say, double
taxpayers. It is, moreover, asserted that a Norwegian
functionary coming from Wadsoe made his appearance
periodically on, the territory of the common districts, and
solemnly protested; in presence of witnesses who aceetnL
pealed him, against the domination of Russia ; then, hav-
ing drawn up an, official statement of his protestation, he
returned quietly as he came. This formality, which as
may be conceived,,by no means interrupted, the good feel-
ing in the mutual relations in the neighbourhood, took
place for the last time in 1806. Such were (I quote tex-
tually) the diplomatic manoeuvres of Russia to extend
her frontiers in the north of Scandinavia as far as the
shores of the Frozen Ocean.' _ .

" Let us see what arose from this state of things since
the union with Norway and Sweden.
" It was from that period that the Swedish Government
thought of regulating the respective positions. On its pro-
position commissaries were sent in 1825, to the locality to
settle a demarkation line and division of the territories
hitherto enjoyed in common. The Russian delegates were
Lieut.-Col. Galiamine, of the Staff, and M. Weikhardt.
They drew a map of the country, and gathered informa-
tion respecting the few families that inhabited it, their
means of existence, and their wants. This labour became
afterwards the basis of a treaty concluded at St. Peters-
burg on the 2d (14th) of May, 1826. The Paswig, or Pas-
rek, was recognised by a portion of its course as a bound-
ary line between the Russian and Norwegian territories,
but the chapel of the Saints Boris and Gleb, with about
one verst of land, was especially reserved to Russia. The
inhabitants respectively retained for the term of six years
the right of fishing and shooting on the foreign territory,
but the common pasturage for the reindeer was suppressed.
The Laplanders who had become Russian subjects were
prohibited from sending their reindeer to pasture on Nor-
wegian ground, and vice versa. At the expiration of the
six years fixed by the treaty a protocol, signed in 1834,
put an end to the reciprocal right of fishing and shooting,
reserving only to the inhabitants of the district of Paswig
the right of salmon fishing in Norwegian waters, a privi-
lege they had enjoyed from time immemorial.
in the course of the year 1826, in which the treaty
above-mentioned was concluded, the commissaries exe-
cuted on the spot the material works for a boundary line.
At the same time they revised and re-established the fron-
tier which has existed since 1751 between Finland and
Norway, and of which mention is made in the first article
of the treaty of 1826.
" By this treaty Russia ceded to Norway not only the
mouth of the Paswig, but also a tract of land situated to
the east of that river, and of which the garrison of the Nor-
wegian fort of Wardochuus, to the north of Warangenfiord
stood in need to procure firewood.
" It is indespensable to observe here that in the whole
course of these negotiations it is impossible to find the
slightest trace of those reciprocally hostile dispositions of
the two countries as certain organs of the press would wish
it to be believed existed. On the contrary, it is manifest
that everything was amicably settled under the influence
of a mutual desire not to put an end to disputes which did
not exist, but to prevent the possibility of such occurring.
This is so true that the King of Sweden expressed his
lively satisfaction when he announced the conclusion of the
negotiation to the States of the kingdom.
" I have alluded above to the limits traced in 1751 be-
tween Finland and Norway. A glance at the map will
show that the line ascends the Tornea and tie Muonio, and
having passed Muonioniska, then suddenly takes a north-
westerly direction, passes before Enontekis, Eliltpisjaur,
&c., and descends then in a south-easterly direction so as to
form a considerable wedge into the Norwegian territory.
It is relative to the incident (an incident we shall shortly
relate), which gave rise to this territorial configuration that
the Constitueionn2,/, mixing up truth with error, has en-
deavoured to present in an odious light the intentions and
measures of the Russian Government. A simple statement
of facts will suffice to reduce to nothing all these accusa-
tions of encroachment so unjustly brought against the
Cabinet of St. Petersburg.
"And, first of all, one thing must be stated : it was not
Russia who d row the line of demarkation we have just
described. She found it established for more than a cen-
tury when she took possession of Finland. However, as the
Finland boundary line did not quite respond to the views
of the Swedish Government, it expressed a desire of hav-
ing it altered by the cession on the part of Russia of the
denti•enclarc. As it had always belonged to Finland, Rus-
sia did not think it necessary to give it up gratuitously,
without demanding in exchange some equivalent agreeable
to the Swedish Government—for instance, a point which
would offer a market for Finland produce. The matter
rested there without anything coming of it.
"It is possible—for lam not like the writer in the Con-
stitutionnel, in the secret of Cabinet negotiations—it is
possible, I say, that since then the idea of obtaining a mart
on the Frozen Ocean—notably on the Gulf of Warangen-
fiord— may have been mooted in Finland, when the Nor-
wegians claimed the right to send their reindeer to the
pasturages in the vicinity of Lake Enara.
" There is, however, an immense difference between a
mart for the produce of a country little favoured by na-
ture, and a military and naval establishment. And, more-
over, if the gentlemen of the Constitution)? el would take
the trouble to look at the map they would be convinced
that Warangenfiord is at a considerable distance from that
fortunate Eldorado of the Norwegian coast, where the
waters are never frozen ; they would also find to their
great satisfaction that the Norwegian fort of Wardochuus
commands the entrance of the gulf, and that a Russian
military establishment would cut a sorry figure there.
" It is thus shown to what the chief complaint brought
by the French journal against Russia is reduced. The
question of the recent closing of the frontier, while it rests
on a more real fact, is not justly interpreted. That mea-
sure, which was resolved upon purely on internal and ad-
ministrative grounds, is also easily explained. A brief his-
torical statement of facts will suffice to exculpate the Rus-
sian Government from the malevolent imputations urged
against it. The propriety of the measure may be ques-
tioned, but the sense of it cannot be distorted.
" In 1751—that is to say, at the period when the House
of Holstein-Gottorp ascended the throne of Sweden—Fin-
land was a Swedish province, and Norway a dependency of
Denmark. To cut short dissensions which had existed for
a long time between Sweden and Denmark, the treaty al-
luded to above was concluded between the two Powers,
It fixed the frontier which was to separate Sweden sand
Norway from the most southern point on the Skager Rack
to Koltuisoive- Madakietea in the north, wher eit touches the
Russian territory. It settled, even to the most minute
details, the boundary relations which were to exist between
the Finnish Laplanders on one side, and the Norwegian
Laplanders on the other. This regulation referred espe-
cially to—
" 1. The pastlififfes for the reindeer sought according to
the season of the year on either territory.
" 2. The fishing carried on by the Finlanders on the
coast of Norway.
" These were vital questions for both parties. The dis-
cussions and feuds which might arise, the mode of adjusting
them—all was provided for in the treaty and in its addi-
tional articles.
" In 180 D, by the treaty of Friedrichshamn, Russia took
the same position towards Norway as had hitherto been
held by Sweden. On its side, Sweden, by the treaty of
Kiel of 1844, inherited, if we may 12e allowed to quote the
very expression of the Constitutionnel, the rights and obli-
gations of Norway towards Finland, which had become
Russian.
However, a long series of years might have changed in
some respects, if not the instincts and wants of the rein-
deer, at least the customs of the men, Laplanders though
they are. One must, therefore, be simple to a degree to
show astonishment that a regulation made in 1751 should
undergo some modification in 1810. The Russian Govern-
ment, and that of Sweden, were, moreover, perfectly
agreed upon this point. Commissaries were appointed on
both sides. They first met at Abo, and not having come to
an understanding, were called to St. Petersburg to con-
tinue their labours, in some measure under the eyes of the
Lnperial Cabinet and the Swedish Minister. But the nego-
tiations did not succeed better in that capital than at Abo.
"The chief difficulty was the question of deciding whether
the treaty of 1751 was strictly and reciprocally binding be-
tween two Powers, one of which (Russia) had succeeded
to the rights and obligations of Sweden, and the other
(Sweden) to the rights and obligations of Norway. The
lawyers of the Constitutionnel may settle this knotty legal
point as peremptorily as they may think fit at first sight ;
but it is not the less true that it did not appear so simple
to the statesmen of the two countries who were called to
study it, and, after many deliberations, did not lead to
any result, producing only a host of notes, memoranda,
and protocols, which, like those of Vienna, will one day
provide ' previous materials' for future negotiators. It was
only after this abortive negotiation that the Russian Go-
vernment, after a long lapse of time, took the resolution of
carrying out a measure, the intention of adopting which
it had. previously announced, and whereby it closed the
frontier in question.
" Such was the course of events which led to the closing,
in which the Constitutionnct strains its endeavours to dis-
cover the first signal of an attempt of an invasion by Rus-
sia of Norwegian territory."

(From the Times of this day.)

The press of Russia is almost as astute as its dipiemacy
and as obstinate as its arms. That bold champion, Lc
Nord, has pitched his tent within the enemy's frontiers,
and, amid the proclaimed hostility of the West, does battle
for the most condemned of causes with the most untenablo
of arguments. A favourite topic with the Northern press
is the injustice of attributing ambitious designs to Russia.
This strange misconception has, it is said, been propagated
through Europe by plausible refugees. It has unaccount-
, ably influenced the counsels of Cabinets which ought to
Ihave known better. Louis Philippe used Poland as a cry
until France and thole the learn from her actually be.

lieved that the country of Kosciusko had suffered some
wrongs. England, with her platforms and newspapers,
readily received and disseminated the democratic poison.
Two States border the Russian territory in the North and
South of Europe. For both of these the world has con-
ceived irrational fears. Turkey on the ene side and Swe-
den and Norway on the other have never been in danger
from Russian cupidity ; yet, through the fatal effects of
Western prejudice, they have been both brought into a
league against their neighbour and natural friend. One is
at open war with the Czar, the other may at any time fill
up the measure of ingratitude and openly join the allies.
It is with respect to the Scandinavian kingdoms that Le
Nord is chiefly anxious to enlighten the world. The sup-
posed designs of Russia, which have been the pretext for
the recent convention, are shown to be only the illusions
of groundless jealousy. The predecessors of the Czar have
had no wish to extend their frontier to the Atlantic; their
intrigues to obtain an ice-free harbour on the Norwegian
oeast are merely an invention of the enemy.
It requires some courage to defend such a position. Most
persons have seen a map representing the progress of Rus-
sian domination. A patch about Moscow is the nucleus
round which successive epochs of conquest have deposed a
continually extending accretion. of provinces. The fron-
tier lands of the over-grown empire are marked with dates
within a century ',Milt. Georgia, the western shores of the
Caspian, the Pashalic Akhalzik, represent the losses of the
Asiatic Powers. The whole northern coast of the Black
Sea was once subjeet to the Porte. The conquest of the
Crimea, the occupation of Oczakoff, the storming of Is-
mail, the seizure of Bessarabia, and of the Danubian delta,
are great events in history. Of Poland we need not speak.
Whatever may have been the vices of its Government or
the infirmities of its people the world has long pronounced
a decision. Great nations have within the last hundred
years committed many crimes, but the successive pulls
tions of an unfortunate European state are by general con-
sent placed highest on the roll of infamy. If Sweden and
Norway only judged of the Czars by their acts in other
lands, there would be 80S:tient reason for distrust
and 'dislike. But Sweden has had bitter ex
_sieves.
Within tins mesnory.of men still, living
-than big land was tern away from ,her at a time of weak-
ness and disunion. The circumstances by which the con-
quest of Finland was marked are such as perpetnite
a feeling of hatred in those who suffer. The fall of Sires-
berg is generally understood to have been accomplished by
other than warlike means. It was followed by the estab-
lishment of a first-class fortress on the Aland Isles, almost
at the gates of Stockholm, an act the more perfidious from
the fact that a stipulation existed that Russia should only
erect a barrack on those islands. The intentions of Russia
towards her neighbour were evident to all the world, and
the Swedes have seen clearly the fate in store for them.
They have, with a spirit worthy of imitation by other
frontier races, never ceased from proclaiming their hosti-
lity to the despotism which has despoiled, and which
still threatens them. Even during the long interval
of the late peace, in the days when Russia stood high
as the deliverer of Europe from Bonaparte, when,
again, Nicholas was lauded as the champion of order
against turbulence and communism, the Swedish people
were never blinded by the greatness or seduced by the fair
pretences of their Imperial enemy. From the letters of
"A Norwegian." which have appeared in our columns, it
is evident that Russian intrigue has long been directed to
the acquisition of a port on thd Atlantic coast. The
warmth of the great Gulf Stream, which, passing to the
west of the British Isles, breaks upon the deeply-indented
coast of Scandinavia, keeps magnifissnt, though little
known harbours, free from ice during the extremest colds
of a northern winter. To threatened aggressions in this
quarter the attention of the Swedes and Norwegians has
been directed. Although in times past the Court, in com-
mon with the majority of continental Royalties, was some-
what bound to the mighty and brilliant despotism of St.
Petersburg, yet both self-interest and patriotic feeling
hay/ at length urged them to make common cause with
their people. A treaty has been signed which amounts to
a defensive alliance with the Western Powers ; Its provi-
sions are permanent, and denote the beginning of a new
policy ; all further advance of Russiasis to be resisted, and
even her proposals for an amicable purchase of territory
are to be refused, and at once communicated to France
and England.
We desire, of course, that thil lukewarm alliance should
grow more hot, and there can be little doubt that Russia
dreads the active participation of Sweden and Norway in
the war. As far as a Baltic campaign is concerned such
an addition to the alliance may make all the difference
between success and failure. Whatever doubts there may
be as to the expediency of sending an army to Cronstadt,
these would be removed by the possession on the shores of
the Baltic of a vast base of operations unassailable by the
enemy. Nor would the support of a Scandinavian army
be a small gain to the Western Powers, or a slight menace
to their enemy. The Nord therefore, in a recent article,
takes.great pains to show that Sweden has no cause of
quarrel with the Czar. Under the form of a letter the
whole question is argued, and the writerattempts to prove
that the disputed territory has always been doubtful, and
that Russia has neither valued nor attempted to appro-
priate the desert country which lies on the borders of the
two empires. "Long before the acquisition of Finland,"
urges the writer, " Russia possessed a tract of country to
the north of that province. In these regions two distin-
guished saints, St. Boris and St. Gleb, founded a chapel in
the sixteenth century. Hence arises, it seems, the pecu-
liar veneration of the Russians for the territory, and their
natural desire to retain it. As for views of aggression, it
is said by the Western nations that the Czar is desirous to
possess Varanger Fiord, and to convert it into a naval
stronghold ; but Varanger Fiord is often frozen during the
winter, while a Norwegian fortress commands its neigh-
bourhood at all times." Some forgotten treaties and a
large number of irrelevant facts are cited by the writer,
who hopes, perhaps, that his readers will not care to wade
through his arguments, but will glance merely at his con-
clusion, which is, thaeßussia has nothing to gain in these
regions, and that, if there were anything valuable, she has
never hewn a desire to grasp it. In spite of all this
learning, we shad look to the broad facts of history,
and the known events of our own time. We
have seen Russia annex gradually about a third of
the Swedish monarchy. The spot where. St. Peters-
burg now stands was wrested by the ancestors of the
Czar from the predecessors of King Oscar. One sentence
in our school geographies is worth all the special pleading
of the Russian advocates. Every child is taught that the
Great Peter, on coming to the throne, possessed only one
seaport —Archangel, in the White Sea. The House of
Rousanoff has since conquered a thousand miles of coast in
the Baltic ; the finest territories of the Black Sea ; the
Russian flag floats in the harbours of the Pacific ; the
Czars have created great establishments on the Caspian,
whence they rule the feeble monarchy of Persia and hold
in awe the barbarous chiefs of Central Asia ; they have
launched the first steamers on the Sea of Aral. More than
this, we have as an evidence of danger the very excuse
urged by the Russians themselves for their aggressive
policy. They have always urged that their enterprise is
enclosed within the limits of two narrow seas. When once
on the ocean they would be satisfied, and wish only for
peaceful development. Although anxious for such a phase
of their. national existence, we cannot consent to purchase
it by the destruction of two important States. The Scan-
dinavian and Ottoman monarchies must be supported by
all the force of the civilised world, and the treaties re-
cently concluded aro, we hope, the beginning of a new
code of public law in Europe.

(Prom tlic Morning Post of this day.)

t was not without unwearied application to studies of
a peculiar kind, in the pursuit of which the modern Czars
were left unheeded and unnoticed, that the designs " of
Peter, Catherine, and Nicholas" stood a chance of success,
even against the confiding or incredulous supineness of the
world. If to any one Sovereign universal conquest was a
hopeless chimera (because an achievement requiring pre-
parations which would be still remote from maturity after
the efforts of the longest life), yet the life, so to speak, of
a mighty dynasty would perhaps suffice for the purpose—
each Autocrat taking up the task at the point to which hie
predecessor had carried it forward. The words of the pro-
sent Czar, at all events, put his empire in startling contrast
to that of the French Sovereign at Bordeaux, when an-
nouncing the aims which should direct and the principles
which should regulate the endeavours of his reign.
Among the many names which this war has rendered
familiar to millions who bad hitherto scarcely ever given
them a thought or heard them pronounced, is that of the
Gulph Stream ; and the strange character and important
functions of this stupendous current illustrates the remark
just made respecting the peculiarity of the studies to which
the Russian Government has by preference applied its at-
tention. Neither the political world in its complicated
`chances, nor the physical world in its various conditions,
has been overlooked ; but while the more civilised States
of the West have examined the self-same objects with a
view to the development of new commercial relations and
new social advantages, Russia has scrutinised them only to
ascertain their several capabilities for aiding her aggres-
sions, and promoting the armed mastery which she was to
win over one unoffending and prosperous community after
another. The Principalities she had often betore occupied ;
that she coveted them was known ; it seemed as if no reve-
lation, not already long since incurred, was hazarded by
the mere passage of the Pruth, had not Prince Menschi-
koff's mission, the conversations of the Emperor Nicholas
with Hamilton Seymour, the state of Turkey, and many
other significant circumstances aroused, in good time, the
vigilance and alarm of England and France. But the per
of Hamerfest, in Finmark, and the borders of the prod -
gious Fiord on which stood this comparetivoeflymeortallurte
town (interesting apparently in the eyes only
traders), could not be suddenly seized by force without ex-
citing instantaneous and universal inquiries. Tli ereal value
of the place in an aggressive sense, and the real design of
its captors, would be forthwith betrayed if violence were
employed. The war, which Russia has not, indeed,
avoided, but which she might have entertained some
hopes of avoiding, when she entered the. Principali-
ties, would be inevitable if she used towards a Power
not in dispute with her the rude processes, many
times before adopted by her towards her ancient
enemy. There was, in favour of quiet means, this fur-
ther weighty consideration. Sweden, she hoped, might
yet aid her, or, at least, not join her antagonists, if her
operations in the South of Europe could not be perfected
without provoking an armed league.
The world now knows of her patient and persevering
endeavours to procure from Sweden a cession by treaty of
Waranger Fiord. We are not going to trouble our readers
with the details of an abortive scheme ; but it may bo in-
teresting to look at this coveted locality for a moment, and
to see by what caprice of nature it is rendered so import-
ant, and under what strange physical circumstances.
Waranger Bay lies on the seventieth degree of north lati-
tude, nor much less than 700 miles nearer than St. Pe-
tersburg to the Frozen Pole. Yet St. Petersburg is locked
up in impenetrable ice for half the year, while the
waters of the great Norwegian Fiord ebb and flow unfrozen
from January to December. Both St. Petersburg and
Hamerfest are about thirty degrees of east longitude
from London ; but, of course, as these degrees dimi-
nish in length the nearer they approach the Circles, the
real distance east to Hamerfest (were we to omit
diagonal northwards) is much less than to the place
on the same longitudinal degree, not more north than Lon-
don, of the Equator.
The cause of the immense difference of temperature be-
tween St. Petersburg and Hamerfest, in favour of this last
—a place apparently so much lessadvantageonsly situated—
is no mystery, for everybody knows the existence at least of
the Gall Stream, "Le Courant du Golfe," so the French
call it. But the hydrography of that current, .and the
singulanty of its na,rne, merit a word. is one -Of the

most extraordinary of the permanent phEincituena on 'the
globe; and, were it as conspicuous as it i vast,:it wt Inlil
be considered the most sublime. But ari rin the midst
of the ocean is lost, to painters and tourits. . There 2are
rivers of the deep as well as of the land ; and, compared
with the Gulph Stream, either in length or in dot*, the.
Mississippi and the Amazon would appear but reftlet,6.-.l'
Setting out from the South of Africa; rand -,Oarrying with
its rolling volume—from its topmost wavedoventkthe bedia
the sea—the heat of th e tropics,it traversesthewholeAtlantic
and rushes warm into the Gulph of Mexico. There, inhaling a
still higher temperature, and assuming its name, it wheels,
like a courser round the distance post, and recrosees the
whole breadth of the ocean between Europe and America.
But the gigantic race is not yet run, for the enormous rush
of waters then sweeps upwards off the coast of Inland,
rounds its career-once more to the north-east, presses on,
panting forth its heated breath amidst the freezing lati-
tudes, which it here enters, and, having penetrated be-
tween the Shetlands and Hocla, speeds forward, unchilled,
through thopo Polar waters, until beyond the iCo-crowned
head of Norway it makes its last great effort, turns, and
goes bounding, and foaming, and still incalescent, into the
fathomless Fiord of Waranger. Fed thus perennially
with contributions from the tropical seas, that magnificent
bay fetches a sort of artificial summer across half the inter-
vening globe, and occupies perhaps the most singular of
situations. It seems to be expressly intended by nature to
form in all seasons an invariable link between the animal,
vegetable, and mineral riches of the remotest north, and
the manufacturing indastry of three continents. But,
assuredly, this is not the only end to which the Czars
would have turned its resources.

WEST INDIA AND PACIFIC MAILS.

SOUTHAMPTON, Jan. 16.—8 y the Royal mail
steam-ship La Plata, Captain Willis, with the
West India and Pacific mails, we have dates from
Jamaica, Dec. 16 ; Demerara and Trinidad, 25th ;
Barbadoes, 17th ; Porto Rico, 91st ; Grenada,
26th ; St. Thomas's, Jan. 1.
The Plata brings 21 passengers and 13 distressed
British subjects. On freight there are 858,540
dollars' value in specie, 14,000 dollars' value in
precious stones, and a cargo of cochineal, bark,
indigo, cocoa, &c.
Amongst the cargo. were some specimens of the
gold quartz found in the gold mine just discovered
in the Isthmus of Panama. _ _ _

The Emperor of Hayti left Jacmel on the 12th
of December with 83,900 men, to invade the east-
era jod of San Domingo 1. QIL the lEith ha wassixty
'Matti eisi Or Jacmel, making his way along the
shore. A schooner arrived at Porto Rico on the
29th of December from San Domingo, bringing
news that the Emperor had received a check.
An extraordinary mine of gold, yielding 5 to 7
ounces to the ton, has been discovered on the
Isthmus of Panama, and is easily accessible from
the sea. The gold is found in four immense veins
of quartz. The mine is known as the Belen Mine,
and is situated about seventy miles west of the
mouth of the Chagres River.

The Aspiravall Courier publishes the following
respecting this remarkable discovery :
The discovery in Chili is entirely threwn into the
shade ; California mines are nowhere ; 100 ounces
a-day can be beat in Australia. A party arrived
here ou Saturday, Dec. 8, from Escribanos, in the
province of Veraguas, near which place are situ-
ated the mines of the Fort Bowen Mining Com-
pany, and of General Norris, of the location, &e.,
of which we have heretofore advised our readers.
It is known as the Belen Mine, and is situated in
the section of this state formerly called the Pro-
vince of Panama, about three miles from the river
Belen, between that and the river Belencillo,
and nine miles from the mouth of the former.
The Belen river has its source near the Castle
Chaco mountain (which is in the province of Vera-
guas, and is 5,612 feet in height), and forming part
of the boundary line between the former provinces
of Veraguas and Panama, empties itself into the
Caribbean Sea, 70 miles west of the mouth of the
Chagres River. The description given of the mine by
our informant, who announces the result of the recent
investigations, declares it to have four large veins:-
1. Quartz, 1 oz. gold to the ton, 9 feet thick, 2
miles long : 2. Flecker and blue quartz, 6 feet
wide, 1f mile long, 5 to 7 oz. pure gold to the ton;
3. In continuation of the Fort Bowen, 12 feet wide,
not fully traced '• 4. Ditto. These specimens aro
richer than the best we have seen from the Mari-
posa (California) mines, and will yield an average
of from 16 to 24 oz. of gold to the ton of ore.
A Valparaiso correspondent, writing on Nov. 30,
says :
We see almost daily the old familiar sights of
San Francisco, and gold washers, cradles, long
toms, &c., are tooted along, as well as picks,
crow-bars, and sieves. The sailors even are off
to the mines. The southern diggings near Concep-
cion do not turn out so well as those in this vici-
nity, and, consequently, we hear southern pro-
spectors are coming this way. Considerable quan-
tities of quartz gold have been found, and some
nuggets. The quality of the gold is fully equal to
any I ever saw either in California or Australia.