The Sun.
London, England, 1860-01-13 00:00:00

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archy. He exercises in the Commons, and with
greater activity, the same functions which the
Duke of Norfolk discharges in the Lords. Mr.
Bowyer and the Duke of Norfolk are, indeed, the
only English laymen of any prominence who are
identified with the Papal—as distinguished from
the Roman Catholic—body in the realm. Mr.
Bowyer seems to have been sent for to Rome to
advise the Pope and his Cardinals (luring their
present difficulty. He dates from "the Palace of
the Order of Malta, at Rome." His paper has been
written in conference with the Papal Government,
and we have urged it as an act of justice to a Go-
vernment which could not commit itself to an offi-
cial answer to an anonymous paper. This appeal
loses some of its force when we find that the Pope
has himself poured forth the vials of his wrath
against this " opuscule ;" but we are content to
aocept the fact that Mr. Bowyer is doing for the
Pope what M. Laguerroniere has done for the Em-
peror of the French. We are obliged to state these
facts as our excuse for obtruding so long a state-
ment on our readers ; but, as Mr. Bowyer says,
" Time, place, and supposed origin give to this
paper an importance undeserved by its arguments."
We trust that this answer of the Papal Govern-
ment to the French Emperor will be universally
read in England. So long as no answer was before
the world it was not only reasonable, but it was
just in any man to doubt whether the case was so
bad as all lay Roman Catholics who have any
value for the rights of themselves and their fellow-
men more or less silently believed, and as all
Protestants loudly declared. The suggestion
was arising that we could not have heard the
whole facts of the case. There might be
—for what may not be hidden in the Vatican ?
an overwhelming mass of evidence to show that
the facts which the civilised world has so long ac-
cepted as confirmed truths are, in reality, but
wicked inventions. The wrongs of the subjects of
the Sovereign Pontiff might, after all, be but ima-
ginary. The massacres of Perugia might be but a
fable. The discontent of the Romans might be
exaggerated, or without reason. M. About might
have been but a calumniator, and Cardinal Anto-
nelli a saint. Furtive baptism, and, "by inexo-
rable sequence of facts," subsequent kidnapping, of
Jew boys might be capable of denial. The Papal
army might be composed entirely of loyal native
Italians, and not a congregation of cutthroats
gathered from the refuse of the populations of
Switzerland and Austria. The lay citizens of the
Papal States might have a career of honour and
emulation before them, and not be cramped and
confined within the subterranean passages of so-
ciety, while every upper road to honour and im-
portance was held jealously barred to all but eccle-
siastics. All this might be—by a species of mi-
racle, it must be owned—and yet Europe might not
know it. So far as England and the policy of Eng-
land are concerned this, whether this be so or be
not so, was the whole matter. We have nothing to
do with the Pope ' • we have only to do with the
Sovereign of the Roman States. If that Sovereign
is a good King, if his people are happy under his
sway, if life and liberty are secure in his domi-
nions, we English need have no desire to see him
disturbed. But, if the contrary of all this
should be true ; if our common feelings of huma-
nity are outraged by the cries of women and chil-
dren murdered in hot blood by hireling foreign sol-
diers; if tales of pillage pass frequently through
Europe ; if such deeds as those of Perugia ate -
avowed and publicly rewarded ; if the rights of
fathers to their children are denied ; if family af-
fections are set at nought by a governing class
systematically educated not to know what family
affections may mean ; if the people, goaded by in-
tolerable oppression, are in open insurrection ; and
if the capital can only be kept down by a foreign
army, then we say that England, although
she does not arrogate to herself the office of an
active redresser of all wrongs, will bless any hand
that may be stretched forth to restrain such a scan-
dal to humanity, and such a satire upon religion.
How is this, Mr. Bowyer? Which of these two
views is that we ought to accept as historical truth ?
Alas ! we look in vain throughout this manifesto
for one fact, one tittle of proof, to help us in our en-
deavour to disbelieve in all that About has asserted
and in all that Perugia has shrieked. The Roman
Government denies nothing, explains nothing, pal-
liates nothing, regrets nothing. With a simplein-
solence which is a childish anachronism in 1860,
the Pope starts with the assumption that his Go-
vernment is, and has been, the practical perfection
of all governmeit. He asks indignantly why it is
inconsistent with the character of a Pontiff to
punish the " guilty," and to administer " justice
tempered with mercy." He declares emphatically
that " the Government of the Holy See persecutes
no one, and protects all in the enjoyment of their
civil rights.' He scouts the idea of "human inte-
rests and social wants" as vague generalities, but
he suggests that he is " a Prince exercising his
regal power in the practice of every Christian vir-
tue, and according to the spirit and precepts of the
Gospel." This is what is called a petitio principii.
If half of it were true there would be an end of the
question. These phrases, however, suggest nothing
to the reader's mind except astonishment and ho; e -
lessness—astonishment at the boldness with which
all the public facts of modern days can be quietly
denied by a Government which is more than any
other bound to accuracy of assertion, and hopeless-
ness of any sovereignty which can thus impudently
speculate upon the blindness of all mankind. As
the eye ranges down those columns which the
manifesto occupies, there is scarcely a phrase
which does not occur to the reader as an invita-
tion to join with the Roman Government in be-
lieving the exact contrary of all the best known
facts of history. " The dogmas of the Church,"
we are, for instance, told, "are not opposed to
the progress of science, industry, civilisation,
and social improvement. On the contrary, the
Catholic Church has greatly favoured and encou-
raged them." Again we read, that "if the Ponti-
fical forces marched on Bologna there would be an
immediate return of the Legations to their allegi-
ance. But," it is added, with a simplicity which
may be either childish innocence or vacant folly,
" the revolutionary army commanded by Piedmon-
tese officers, and supported by Piedmont, prevents
the Pope from relieving his subjects from the des-
potism under which they suffer." Probably this is
the paragraph of this manifesto which Europe will
have the least difficulty in believing. If the Ponti-
fical forces marched on Bologna, and there were no
Italian army there to meet them, the Pope would
certainly recover the Legations. We may. believe,
also, that there is some small minority in these
provinces who are attached to the old system. There
must, indeed, be several classes of trades which
depended entirely upon the clerical magnates now
expelled. But beyond these two assertions we can-
not point out any proposition in this long paper to
which an educated man of any creed may accord
his honest belief. Having thus " proved his case,"
the Roman Government winds up with a command
and a promise :—" Let the Congress assert and
enforce the undoubted rights of the Holy See.
When this is done the Government of the Holy
Father will no doubt resume its authority with that
mildness and clemency which belong both to the
Holy See and the reigning Pontiff." , Such has been
the answer of the Roman Government to the
ssesanodf
pamphleteount which
country
i hasn
approval united the
oft h e educated
moderatecla
every
humane policy which it marked out. Mr. Bowyer,
as an Englishman well versed in our public affairs,
cannot be ignorant of the effects which such an
answer must produce in this country, and we con-
dole with him upon not being allowed to put his
name to a more satisfactory paper.

The following is the letter alluded to above.—
TO THE EDITOR. OP THil TIMES.
Sir,—Time, place, and supposed origin give to this pam-
phlet an importance which demands an answer, undeserved
by its views, arguments, and morality. Commencing by lay-
ing down the undeniable principle that the temporal power
of the Pope is necessary for the exercise of his spiritual
power, the writer proceeds to propose the destruction of
everything that is indispensable for the very existence of
that temporal power. There is scarcely a paragraph in
the whole work that is not refuted by some part of the re-
mainder. And with expressions of attachment to the Church
and to the Holy See, he directly or indirectly sanctions
every calumny that has been levelled against it, and by the-
most specious pretences supports all the hopes and plans of

its enemies. Whether the policy of England ought to en-
courage or sanction these schemes of supremacy over Europe
which are plainly visible in the whole scope and spirit of
this insidious publication, will not now stop to inquire,
though it is matter of the gravest importance. I will ad-
dress myself only to the question as-proposed and discussed
by the writer.
In the second paragraph he lays it down and argues that
the Pope must, for relit ions purposes, be a temporal Sove-
reign, and that the temporal power of the Pope is necessary
for his spiritual power. And this, he truly says, is essen-
tial not only for France and Austria but also for England,
Russia, and PrUssia.
• He then proposes the question, How can the Pope be at
the same time Pontiff and King? It seems to him that
justice which punishes the guilty is destructive of the
mercy of the Gospel, and that the Head of the Church, who
condemns false religion, cannot tolerate dogmatic error.
Has he never heard that it is God himself who has given the
sword to human Governments to punish evil-doers ? And
will he deny the mercy of God because God not only per-
mits but commands that the guilty shall suffer punishment ?
(''an God, who is the author of the Gospel, command any-
thing inconsistent with its precepts ? Where, then, is the
conflict between the Pontiff who teaches the Gospel and the
Prince who administers justice tempered with mercy? In
both characters ho exercises power derived from the same
Divine authority, and justice is no more inconsistent with
mercy in God's minister than It is in God himself. And
why should it bo impossible foitthe Head of the Church to
tolerate error while ho endeavours to combat and dispel it
by means in accordance with the Christian religion P The
writer cannot expect the Pope to encourage religious error, nor
to sanction its diffusion among his subjects. But the Govern-
ment of the Holy See persecutes no one, and protects all in
the enjoyment of their civil rights. The problem, then,
which this speci ma writer proposes for solution does not
exist. Nothing in the character of a good King is inconsis-
tent with that of the Head of the Catholic Church. It
would, indeed, be impossible to describe the ideal of a
Christian Prince otherwise than as a person exercising his
regal power in the pract:ce of every Christian virtue, and •
according to the precepts and fißteit of the Gospel. Whore,
then, is the difficulty of the supPsed problem ? The writer,
instead of dealing in vague generalities about '' human in:
terests and social wants," ought to have clearly pointed to,
some essential duty incumbent on a King which the Sove-
reign Pontiff is precluded by his religious character and
office from performing. He has certainly pointed out no
such disqualification.
But, having asserted the existence of the problem, he pro-
ceeds to solve it in his own fashion, aid to serve his own
purpose. " The power of the Pope," he says, " can only be
a paternal power; it must resemble rather a family than a
State. Thus not only it is not necessary that his territory
should be very extensive, but we believe it is essential that
that territority should be very small. The smaller the ter-
ritory, the greater the Sovereign will be." The naivete of
this passage is truly amusing. Can any one fail to see its
true spirit ? Machiavelli says that a certain class of persons,
who shall be nameless, fall into the error of supposing that
the rest of mankind are fools. And the concluding sentence
reminds one of the well-known lines—
" My wound is great because it is so small.
" Then it were greaterwere it none at all."
The writer goes on to say that a large State implies cer-
tain exigencies which it is impossible for the Pope to satisfy.
He enumerates them in phrases which may mean a great
deal or very little, but to which it is extremely difficult to
attach any definite signification. They are political life,"
" the bringing institutions to perfection," " participation in
the general movement of ideas," " to benefit by the trans-
formations of the times the conquests of science, and the
progress of the human mind." How far the present Govern-
ment of France satisfies these exigencies, taken in the full
sense of the words, might be a curious subject of inquiry.
But the writer asserts that these things could net exist
under the Government of the Pope, because the laws of the
country would be chained by dogmas, and its activity para-
lysed by traditions. What does this mean ? The dogmas
of the Church are, no doubt, opposed to a restless desire for
change, inordinate pride, ambition, and covetousness. But
they are not opposed to the progress of science, industry,
civilisation, and social improvement. On the contrary, the
Christian religion and the Catholic Church have greatly
favoured and encouraged them. It is difficult to grapple
with vague common: places and platitudes, such as " the
movement of ideas," "the transformations of the times,"
and " the progress of the human mind," &c. ; but undoubt-
edly there is nothing in these things, rightly understood, in-
consistent with the doctrines and traditions of the Church,
and they might all exist under the Government of the
Sovereign Pontiff. But, assuming that these inconve-
niences would arise if the Pope were the Sovereign of a
great State, what effect would that proposition have on the
matter in hand ? Ace the dominions of the Holy See, in-
cluding the Legations, a great State ? Undoubtedly not.
The population of the Roman States does not exceed that
of London and the suburbs. They are undoubtedly one of
the smallest States in Europe. But the author of the
pamphlet, after assuming that the Pope's little kingdom is
subject to the supposed exigencies of a large State, concedes
that, as the Pope cannot satisfy them, foreign occupation
becomes inevitable. To this last point I may on some
future occasion return. I will only say here that, if foreign
occupation be necessary, it is certainly not because 'the
Roman State is a great State.
The writer thus proceeds to sum up his argument
Ainsi done lo pouvoir temporel tin Pape est necessaire et
legitime, mais it est incompatiblelavecun eta de quelque

et;ndue." These last words are relearkable. The Pope must
be a Sovereign, but his Statek mu not'be of some extant.
He clearly'means that the Pope' State should be of no
extent at all. And then he goes nto say, " doit vivre
sans arm4e, sans representation gislatif, et, pour ainsi
dire, sans code et sans justice?' It would be difficult to
treat such a proposal seriously, if t did not excite indigna-
tion as a most audacious attempt;to mystify and dupe the
public. The proposal is that whereas "it is necessary in a
millions point of view that the Pope should be Sovereign"
(p. 7), and as the temporal power of the Pope is necessary
for the exercise of his spiritual power" (p. 6), he iu to be re-
stricted to a state which is not to be " of some extent" (" ds
quelque etendus"), and which is not to have any one of those
attributes which are absolutely and essentially necessary to
constitute a sovereign state. The intended State is to have
no one of the three branches of the sovereign power—no
legislative, no executive, and no judicial power. To call the
Pope a sovareign under such circumstances would be a
most impudent mockery. His Holiness would be reduced to
the condition of one of the native deposed princes in India.
And, to complete this monstrous piece of spoliation and
usurpation, the pamphlet proposes that he should be "pro-
tected by a federal army." No one can doubt that in such
an army the Piedmonteso and revolutionary element would
greatly preponderate. The Supremo Head of the Catholic
Church would be a prisoner in tholratican. And all this is
brought forward and proposed with the most specious and
hypocritical professions of veneration for the sacred office
and person of the Holy Father. This proposal, if carried
into effect, would no doubt give a preponderating power to
France. Would it be for the interest of England ? If Eng-
land sanctions or fails to oppose it, what will be the effect in
Ireland, where the violation of the rights of the Holy See
will be looked upon with the bitterest and most burning in-
dignation ? This pamphlet is indeed an outrage and an in-
jury to every Roman Catholic in the United Kingdom. It
proposes to place the Head of the Catholic Church in the
hands of France and her humble ally, Sardinia, depriving
him of all those things which it acknowledges to be neces-
sary for the due performance of his august and sacred
duties.

The financial part of this monstrous scheme is worthy of
the rest. It is proposed that the Holy See shall be main-
tained by an annuity from the Catholic Sovereigns of
Europe. NA, hat would be the consequence ? If at any time
the Holy Father did not concur in the wishes of one of
these Sovereigns, or in any way gave him umbrage, the
Holy See would be deprived of a part of the means of exis-
tence. The Head of the Church would not have as much
independence as any. ordinary bishop, who is not a pen-
sioner, but a proprietor subsisting on his own property.
The Supreme Pontiff might, indeed, envy the independence
of the country parson, who at least lives on his own free-
hold under the security of the laws of property.
I come now to the part of the pamphlet which regards the
Legations. Stripped of all verbiage and commonplace, it
means this :—That whereas France by invading Tuscany
has revolutionised the Duchies, already prepared by the
ambitiousintrigues of her ally Sardinia, and the revolution
has extended to the Legations ; and whereas the revolu-
tionary faction in the Legations has for a few months main-
tained its power and kept down the mass of the people, who
are not rebels against their Sovereign, therefore the Pope is
to be robbed of the best part of his dominions, to which he
is lawfully entitled under the most solemn treaties and
by most ancient possession. If this proposal were car-
ried into execution, the public law of liurope would be
subverted and every throne shaken to its foundation. I
say advisedly that the pretended Government in Romagna
exists contrary to the wishes of the mass of the popula-
tion and by means of the most arbitrary measures; the
people are not allowed to read, to writo, nor to speak any-
thing contrary to the wishes of the reigning faction and
secret societies. The pretended Parliament of Romagna
does not represent more than 1-60th of the popula-
tion. The number of voters is only 1,800, and not even
one-third of that number could be induced by force, fear,
and corruption, to concur in the elections. The taxes are
anticipated and the treasury plundered. If the Pontifical
forces marched on Bologna, there would be an imme-
diate return of the Legations to their allegiance. But the
revolutionary army, commanded by Piedmontese officers
and supported by Piedmont, prevents the Pope from reliev-
ing his subjects from the despotism ender which they suffer.
Notwithstanding the rigorous measures of the Provisional
Government to intercept communications, frequent and re-
peated appeals for protection are brought to the feet of the
Holy Father. But his Holiness has not an army sufficient
to keep the revolutionary forces in the Duchies in check and
at the same time to protect his faithful subjects in Romagna,
and thus enable them to recover • their freedom of action.
And yet, in the face of this state of things, the pamphlet
asserts that the separation of Romagna from the Papal
Crown is an accomplished fact. If this be so, if on such
grounds as these the Pope is to be robbed of his provinces,
contrary to every principle of public law and the faith of the
most solemn treaties, then all lawful government is utterly
iasecure, and the rights of Sovereign Powers must depend
on the mere temporary and precarious fluctuations of revo-
lutionary changes, the machinations of secret societies, the
will of demagogues and their tools, and the intrigues of am-
bitious and unprincipled politicians. I will not now say
anything of the means by which the revolutions in Central
Italy were brought about, except that they involved doc-
trines subversive of all the principles by which human so •
ciety is kept together ; but I assert, without fear of contra-
diction, that if the existence of a few months of aprovisional
Government in a revolted province be held to be a sufficient
ground to despoil the lawful Sovereign of his rights, then
the laws on which kingdoms and republics and all other
politics are founded must be shattered and subverted.
among the flimsy pretences for the unprincipled proposal to
rob the Pope of his territories the writer of the pamphlet
brings forward the difficulty of the question—how is the
Pontifical authority to be restored in Romagna ? But he
answers the question himself by referring to the European
Congress. (Sect. xi.) That is the proper tribunal to as-
sert, not, indeed, the lawfulness of usurpation and robbery,
but the sacredness of treaties, and the maintenance of those
laws on which the existence of sovereign rights and the
peace of mankind aro founded, and without which political
society cannot exist and the European column city of nations
must fall into confusion and constant bloodshed. Let the
Congress assert and enforce the undoubted rights of the
Holy See. When this is done the Government of the Holy
Father will no doubt resume its authority with that mild-
ness and clemency which belong both to the Holy See and
to the reigning Pontiff, and make every effort for the good

' govirnment and the happiness of the people. There is, in-
deed, no unwillingness at Rome to adopt usprovement, and
much has been done, and is being done, to improve the
public admini•tration. But internal measures must pro-
ceed from the wisdom of the Holy Father, and not from the
dictation of foreign Powers; otherwise the sovereignty of
the Pope would be compromised, and the dignity necessary
for every Government could not be maintained. There is
another point, still more essential in my opinion. It is this
—the Pope can renounce none of his temporal rights ; they
are the inalienable inheritance of the Roman Catholic
Church, and in them every Roman Catholic in the world
has a vested interest. Here, at least, is one point on which
the Holy Father might adopt the words of the pamphlet--
"On salt hien que rien n'oblige un Pape a ceder, et c'est
deyant la force la plus redoubtable quo sa faiblesso est sur-
taut invincible, quand elle a pour elle l'egide du ben droit."
The Holy Father has indeed for protection the aegis of
right. Relying on Divine Power, which has never forsaken
the See of Peter, he can appeal fearlessly to Catholic Europe
against spoliation and injustice; and he can appeal to Pro-
testant as well as to Catholic Princes and Governments, for
all are virtually interested in maintaining the sovereignty
of the Papacy, which is necessary for its independence, and
to all it is equally necessary to repudiate doctrines and pro-
posals subversive of the rights and security of all Sove-
reigns and their dominiona.—l remain, sir, your obedient
servant, GEORGE Bow ran.
Palace of the Order of Malta, Rome, Jan. 4.
NAPOLEON AND ME POPE.

Our well-informed Paris correspondent, writing
on Wednesday evening, says :—" The Emperor's
letter to the Pope has been most favourrbly re-
ceived by the public of Paris. I doubt whether
he ever did a more popular thing than to make it
public, together with the Pope's grossly insulting
attack upon him:" This is not by any means sur-
prising. If the pamphlet was welcomed simply
because it announced a liberal Italian policy sup-
posed to be favoured in high- quarters, the Em-
peror's letter, reiterating in measured but de-
cisive language the same policy, would, of
course, be received with still greater enthusiasm.
This feeling is all the stronger from the state
of uncertainty in which the ultimate fate of
the Romagna has been involved. It seemed
not improbable that a strong effort would
be made to reduce again the revolted subjects of
the Pope to the feeble and cruel rule from which
they had escaped. Such a result would, in fact,
have stultified the whole Italian campaign, as most
liberal and intelligent Frenchmen keenly felt.
They naturally therefore regarded the rumoured
Congress with suspicion, fearing that diplomatic
intrigue might, in part at least, destroy what
French valour had gained for the Italians. That
doubt is now finally dispelled. The Emperor has
at length decided that the Legations must retain
their newly-acquired freedom ; and he intimates
this decision to the Holy Father by recommending
him " to sacrifice the revolted provinces."
If the now celebrated letter, conveying this
pointed suggestion, is peculiarly welcome at Paris,
it will be still more cordially received in this
country. As a whole it is perhaps the best we have
ever received from the same Imperial pen. It takes
a liberal, statesmanlike, and we may add, tho-
roughly English view of the whole question. It
is, the More interesting too as it shows the steps by
which the writer has arrived at his present more
enlarged and liberal scheme of Italian policy. He
has been strongly influenced by the "inexorable
logic of facts " We see no reason to doubt this
statement. It explains and interprets much that
has been ambiguous and vacillating in the Empe-
ror's conduct. When he entered Italy in the
spring, he probably had no intention whatever
of coming into c3llision with the Pope. In the
nature of things, however, this was inevitable.
The temporal power of the Holy Father is so
dependent on the misery and degradation not
only of his own subjects, but of the whole
nation, that it is almost impossible to help or serve
the Italians in any way without injuring the Pope.
The Emperor of the French soon discovered this ;
and anxious to spare the Sovereign Pontiff as much
as possible, hastily concluded the peace of Villa-
franca. Here, however, the Emperor's perplexi-
ties, in his double character of friend of Italy and
" Eldest Son of the Church," really began. The
difficulties of the war were as nothing compared
with the difficulties created by the peace. To solve
them successfully was perhaps impossible. But to
attempt a practical solution in a serious spirit, and
arrival at a real, if only provisional settlement,
would be undeniable proof of statesmanship. The
Emperor of the French must certainly have the
credit of having done this, and all the more so as it
is peculiarly his own act. His Ministers were
almost unanimous in urging him to adopt the old,
exploded, hopeless polity of dynastic interests. So
far from having any independent or original view
to offer, they simply repeated, in servile phrase, the
most vulgar traditions of despotic diplomacy. The
specific of hereditary claims established by foreign
arms had been tried over and over again, and
always failed. That would not do. Still the Em-
peror was not prepared to accept the antagonistic
principle of the national will—not in the States
of the Church, at all events. He had a scheme
of internal reform—" the administrative separation
of the Legations under a lay governor"—which
he believes would have induced the revolted pro-
vinces to return to their allegiance. " Unhappily,"
this plan was not adopted, and the Emperor found
himself "helpless to arrest the establishment
of the new regime." What is to be done now ?
That is the problem which the " Eldest Son of the
Church" has to solve. The Head of the Church
does not much help him towards its solution. He
prays for armed redress, piously urging the inter-
vention of French bayonets to destroy the newly-
established order and good government of the Ro-
magna, and re-impose the cruel yoke of Rome. The
" Eldest Son" sees clearly the mischief and folly of
granting the Holy Father's prayer. "If that sub-
mission were obtained by the aid of foreign troops,
it would necessitate another long-continued mili-
tary occupation of the Legations. Such an occu-
pation would awaken the hatreds and the animosi-

lies of a great portion of the talian people, as well
as the jealousy of the great Powers; it would, in
fact, perpetuate a state of irritation, of uneasiness,
and of fear." This would obviously be no settle-
ment whatever. It would be the old story over
again—a permanent dagger on one side, a perma-
nent scaffol4 on the other. This " settlement" has

made Italy the tiles tre of violence, revolution, and
blood—has been a source of perpetual disturinince
to Europe for fifty years past. It cannot last for
ever. " What then is to be done !" The Emperor,
after a serious examination of the difficulties and
dangers which beset the various solutions pre-
sented, replies, that " it is most in accordance with
the true interests of the Holy See to make a sacri-
fice of the revolted provinces."
This decision appears simple and easy enough to
us. But we must remember that a devoted Emperor
may find great difficulties in a course of action
which appears to us perfectly plain. The Emperor
knows that his decision is a " painful" one, and he
communicates it to the Holy Father with " sincere
regret." The fact is, it required some courage to
take this just and sensible view of the case, and the
Emperor has been a long time in making up his
mind. However arrived at, the policy now adopted
and announced the letter to the Holy Father is
a liberal one, and as such will be heartily welcomed
here. The Emperor clearly recognises the right of
the people to enjoy self-government as superior to
the hereditary claims of the Church. He has all
possible respect and affection for the Holy Father,
but he has also some regard for the peace of Europe
and the welfare of Italy. He is a Catholic Emperor,
but in spite cf his devotion to the Holy See, he un-
dertook the Italian campaign, and feels that he is
in a manner responsible for its results. The best of
the results, in our view, is the decisive course which
the Emperor has at last adopted with regard to the
temporal power of the Pope. Alternately flattered
and menaced by the partisans of the Pope at home
and abroad, he has at length frankly sacrificed the
arrogant pretensions of the Church to the in-
exorable logic of events—in other words, to the
claims of international justice. He has lost some-
thing, no doubt—the support of the priests, the
sympathy of the Ultramontane press—perhaps, also,
the benediction of the Holy Father. But he has
gained something too—the Listing gratitude of the
Italian States, the sympathy and admiration not
only of his own subjucts, but of every free people.
In throwing over the priests in favour of the people,
he has, indeed, simply abandoned what an ancient
Catholic calls a " principle of decay" for one of life
and progress.
We shall not like this new policy of the Emperor
on the Italian question any the less because it hap-
pens to be our own—the policy which the English
Government, the English press, and the English
people, have universally adopted and firmly main-
tained. On the contrary, such an agreement on the
most momentous question of foreign policy must
tend to bring the governments and people of the
two countries more closely together. If the alliance
has been weakened during the horrors of the war
and the perplexities of the peace, this proposed set-
tlement must help to strengthen it. Such a result
is to be hailed with the sincerest satisfaction. In-
dependent alliance with France—always our true
interest when it can be attained by honourable
means—is now offered in connexion with the noble
and liberal policy we have long advocated.—. Daily
Newt.

Several years have elapsed since the practice of
sepulture within the City was abolished; but as
complaints have been made of bad smells in some
of the churches, it has been considered prudent to
make inquiries into-the sanitary condition of all the
burial vaults and graveyards of the City parishes.
The desire for this investigation was communicated
to me by Mr. Grainger, the government inspector,
about 18 months ago, and from that time to the
present we have been engaged at intervals on the
matter. All the City churches had been carefully
examined, and whenever it has been prseticab'e, we
have made a personal inspection of the public vaults.
Tke general results of our inquiries may be ex-
pressed in a few words—that every 'available space
beneath the floorings of the churches has been used
for ages as a depository of the dead, and it passes
belief how large a quantity of putrifying matter
has in this way been disposed of ; even now the
vaults are in some cases gorged with corruption,
and all along the aisles and porches of the sacred
edifices are graves filled with humE.n remains. In
most instances, the only partition between the liv-
ing and the dead is,a thin slab of stone and a few
inches of earth. These offer but a very imperfect
barrier to the esc ipe of noxious effluvia ; and slowly,
therefore, but incessantly, the gaseous products of
decomposition .are effused into the atmosphere of the
church. But at night services or during the winter
seasons, when the air is rarified by the warmth of
the fires or burning gas, the rank vapours are drawn
out in uncontrolled profusion. It is impossible to
say what mischief has been dono by this, and how 1
many while worshipping within the sanctuary have
breathed the atmosphere of corruption and have
sickened unto death.

As far as the investigations have gone we have

found about 250 vaults-in the City churches, half
of which are public; and although it is not possible
to obtain accurate information of the number of
coffins within them, there is reason for believing
that the number is not far short of 11,000, besides
which there are hundreds of bodies in the graves of
the aisles and porchesrln most cases the vaults are
entered from the general area of the church, the
openings being coveted by wooden flaps or by stone
flags. The coffins are generally of lead, with an
outer covering of wood, and they are often piled up
in tiers to the very crown of the vault. When the
wood decays the weight of the upper mass crushes
the lead and lets out a filthy liquid of a most dis-
gusting odour. But besides this process of destruc-
tion the lead itself is attacked by the foul gases,
and pierced with numerous holes, as if it were
worm-eaten. It then swells up into a spongy mass
of porous carbonate, which offers but a light re-
sistance to the passage of the putrid vapours, and
thus, little by little, the animal part of the body
escapes and finds its destination- It is a huge
fallacy to suppose that a coffin of lead preserves a
corpse indefinitively. The law of nature is that
organic matter shall not be idle—it must ever circu-
late and be in motion. This no earthly power can
stay. We may strive to keep the cherished dead
by binding them in cerements, by closing them in
wood and stone and lead, and building them into
vaults and pyramids; but all is fruitless, for " dust
unto dust" is the sat, and the law is inflexible.
How vain, therefore, and how mischievous, is the
effort to preserve the dead amongst the living. In
most of the vaults we have visited the coffins have
been in every stage of rottenness, and the atmo-
sphere sickening in the extreme, so much so that
on many occasions we have been obliged to discon-
tinue the inspection for a time, The air charged
with these effluvia must escape, and it either dif-
fuses into the atmosphere of the church or passes
by the ventilating openings into the public way.
The inspectors inform me that there are no less than
120 of these openings in the City, many of which
are but a few feet from the windows of inhabited
houses.

It is hardly necessary so say that this condition
of things requires a remedy. and although we have
not had the opportunity of dealing with it as we
wished, yet we have applied such measures as will,
we hope, reduce the mischief to the smallest com-
pass. Id every case, when it has been practicable,
the vaults have been opened for ventilation, and
then fumigated with chlorine; after which the
coffins have been arranged in decent order, and
covered with about two feet of dry arth, over
which there has been placed a layer o vegetable
charcoal to the depth of three or four in. es, and as
the efficacy of this is dependent on the free access of
atmospheric air, ventilating pipes have been carried
from the vaults to the top of the churches. All
other openings have then been permanently closed,
so that the noxious gases, if any should escape,
shall be diverted from the church and public way
into the upper atmosphere. Where these arrange-
ments have been adopted the sanitary condition of
the vaults has been improved, and it is hoped that
the congregation may now meet in the sacred edi-
fices of the City without annoyance or danger from
the sickening elements of decay. If, however, in
course of time it is found necessary to apply a more
effectual remedy it must be done as now by the in •
terference of Government, for of the many churches
which have required improvement 26 have received
an order in council. Alone I have no power to act
in this matter, and therefore I am bound to speak in
terms of high commendation of the valuable services
which have been rendered by Mr. Grainger.
The graveyards of the City have likewise received
attention. There are 88 of them in all belonging

to the several parishes, and they cover a superficial
area of about 47,572 square yards. In most cases
the level of the soil is much above the surface of
the neighbouring ground. The height varies from
a few inches to many feet, and the average eleva-
tion is about 18 inches, This is due to the gra-
dual accumulation of human remains; and some
notion may be formed of the extent of it by consi-
sidering that a surface of 47,572 square yards
with 18 inches of soil upon it represents a mass of
rather more than 856,000 cubic feet. All this 13
matter rank with the remnants of graves, and it
contains nearly 36,000 tons of human remains.
Years and years must go by before this can pass
through its appointed changes and be once more
the constituents of the living body, o. r the harmless
elements of a mineral compound. Till then, it will
be hazardous in the extreme to disturb the ground
to any depth. I urge this upon your consideration,
because it has been proposed on more than one oc-
casion to utilise the burial grounds of the city, and
to make them the subject of building speculations.
in point of fact, the same influences which have
operated in bringing the graveyards of this metro-
polis into their present condition, andl in using the
sanctuary for a charnel house, may again act with-,
out concern for the living or respect for the dead,in
turning to a profitable account the unused burial
places of the city. But it is my duty to warn you
that this cannot be done with impunity. Public
safety requires that the soil of these places shall re-
main long untouched. It is indeed no light matter
to expose so rank a mass of festering rottenness to
the action of the air. The time was when such a
thing has caused a pestilence, and who would rashly
risk it now ?

That which gives importance to the subject at
the present time is a proposition seriously enter-
tained by the clergy to amalgamate the city bene-
fices. If this is done there is every prospect of the
destruction of many of the city churches, and then
the ground on which they stand, as well as that of
the adjoining graveyards, will soon be used for
building sites. It is no part of my business to discuss
this matter,further than it relates to the public health ;
but in that respect I am bound to tell you that the
proposition is fraught with the greatest danger ;
for if it should lead to the occupation of the ground,
as I have said, it would not only be dangerous to
the community, to lay bare the putrid remains of
the dead, but it would be most dangerous to those
who might dwell in the houses built upon soil
charged with so much corruption.
But, besides this, the graveyards are nearly the
only open places in the city ; and bad as they are,
in one respect, they are as good in another. They
let in the light and air, to purify the stagnant at-
mospere of the streets, and we cannot afford to lose
them, as the great aids to ventilation. Already thc
have begun to look cheerful, with the
.caye which
has been bestowed upon them, and if this is encou-
raged, and the growth of vegetation promoted, they
may yet be the green spots and the pleasant places
in this great wilderness of industry. Thus,. and thus
only, shall we fulfil the sanitary requirements of the
case.

[AnvenixsimeNr.]—Hollowai's Pills and Ointment.—
Indigestion.—Diseases of the Skin.—lndigestion, in the
variable temperatures of winter, is apt to produce cutaneous
complaints, with fever, restless, tainted breath, and great
depression of spirits. The cause and the consequences of
these disorders can be speedily and radically removed by
the use of Iblloway's medicaments. The Pills should be
taken in doses sufficient to act on the system without dis-
tressing it, while:the Ointment should be freely applied to
the parts of the skin affected, and also rubbed over the
stomach and liver. The Ointment not only cleanses the
skin,l but acts beneficially on all subjacent organs, whe-
ther superficial or deep. Holloway's Pills purify the blood,
and regulate the liver and kidneys.

The steam storeship Supply, Master-commander
Wm. 11. Balliston, yesterday went down to 'Wool-
wich from Deptford, to complete her cargo of naval
stores for the Mediterranean, and commcneed coaling.
The steam storeship Rhadanianthus, Master-com-
mander S: urdee, yesterday returned to Woolwich
from Portsm auth, and, having sustained some slight
damage to her rudder, from the eff, cts of the gale
on her voyage down to Portsmouth, she was yester-
day docked, on her arrival at Woolwich, for exa-
mination and repairs.
The paddle-wheel steamer Monkey, Second Mas-
ter-commander Syndercombe, left Woolwich yester-
day in charge of two barges laden with boilers and
steam gear for the Tartar 4nd Severn, at Chatham
and Sheerness, and, together with the Bustler, will
convey the Royal Artillery to-morrow alongside
the Himalaya.

Ae,.ordink to the amended code of regulations
recentlyissued by the Board of Admiralty relative
to the examination of
lads desirous of being ad-
mitted as apprentices in her Mbjesty's dockyards,
and who formerly obtained the certific rtes, after
examination, from the respective schoolmasters at-
tached to the various dockyards, the examination
was yesterday perfortned at Woolwich, for the first
time, by the Civil Service Commissioners appointed
to proceed on circuit, when.a number of yquths be-
tween the ages of 14 and 15 years, satisfactbrily
passed the prescribed examinations, and were ad-
mitted to the factory.
The reception of first and second class lads for 10
years' continuous service in her Mejesty's Navy,
continues at Woolwich without abatement since the
issue of the Kurd. proclamatimi. The weekly en-
rolment averages about 60. Thursday being the
day appointed for the medical attestation, 80 well-
conditioned, stout, healthy, and intelligent lads,
principally between 19 and 20 years of age, of the
first class, and standing sft. 61in. in height, were
yesterday entered on the books of the receiving ship
Fisgard at Woolwich. About 250 applicaets were
admitted to the offices, the majority of whom were
rejected by the Medical. Examination hoard.
The Rodney, 90, which has been undergoing the
process of conversion from an old line-of-battle
sailing ship to a screw steamer, having been length-
ened and had the necessary alterations effected,. has
been taken out of the fourth dock at Chatham, and
is now moored opposite the dockyard, where she
will receive her masts and the remainder of her
machinery, after which she will take her place with
the first division of the steam reserve at Chatham.

The screw corvette Charybdis, 21, having been in-
spected at Chatham by Capt. E. P: Halsted, in
command of the steam reserve, has been removed
down to Folly-point to await further orders.
The screw guu vessel Wanderer, 4, Commander
M. A. Pechell, which is ordered to Chatham 10 be"
paid off, is to be dismantled at that part, and
attached to the third division of the steam reserve
in ordinary.
The Juno timber ship, Mr. Bentz master, has
arrived at Chatham from Memel, with a heavy
cargo of oak and fir timber for that dockyard, and
has commenced unloading.
The Ariadne, 20, screw ftigate, Capt. Vansit tart,
got under weigh yesterday at Spithead, and pro-
ceeded toibthe trial ground in Stokes Bay, in charge
of Capt. G. 'l'. Gordon, commanding steam reserve
at Portsmouth, to test her speed at the measured
mile, under the supervision of Mr. G. Murdoch, In-
spector of Machinery Afloat, and Mr. Miller, Assist-
ant Chief Engineer. Six runs were made at the mea
sured mile, and gave a speed in knots of nearly
1217, the maximum being, with the tide, 14.694.
The draught of water was—forward, 20ft. Sin. ;
aft, 22ft. 9in.; pressure of steam, 201 b.; vacuum,
25 ; revolutions of engines, mean, 59 ; wind, E by
S., force 2. The common propeller was used with
the corners cut parallel ; diameter 20ft., pitch 25ft.
The engines, which worked exceedingly well
throughout the trial, are of 800-horse power (nomi-
nal) by Maudslay, Field, and Sons, and are of Mt.
Bin. stroke only, instead of being 4ft. as in tho
Diadem. The speed of the ship may be considered
to have been very fairly developed even when
brought into comparison with our fastest frigate, the
Mersey, the latter vessel having realised during her
most successful trial a speed of slightly over 131
knots, exceeding the Ariadne by a trifle over half
a knot ; the Ariadne being one-fifth less power and
only one-twelfth less tonnage than the Mersey.
The Perseverance, Commander E. R. Power,
sailed yesterday from Porthmouth for the Channel
Islands. _ _ _

A private letter received from her Majesty's screw
despatch vessel Surprise, Commander Lord E. H.
Cecil, by the mail steamer Athenian, which arrived
in the Mersey on Tuesday, states that at the time
of the departure of the mail from Sierra Leone the
Surprise was on the beach, inside Lighthouse Point,
having been hauled up to examine defects, &c. A
board of surveying officers from her Majesty's ship
Centaur, having examined the Surprise, and re-
ported both false and main stern-posts started from
the keel ; that they were both very much decayed
and worm•eaten, and that the tenon of the
former was eaten nearly through. Temporary repairs
were being effected by placing iron knees as sup-
ports, &c , but as the vessel required general re-
pairs to her hull it was recommended by the sur-
veying officers that she should be docked as soon as
possible for that purpose. Several fine young men
have been entered by her from the merchant ves-
sels in the port, a great number having lately
volunteered for the Royal navy. No sickness
existed on board the Surprise at the time the letter
was despatched, a circumstance the writer attri-
butes to the care and attention of the commander
and surgeon.
The Dee, paddle, master commander Pullen sailed
yesterday from Portsmouth for Woolwich, convey-
ing round 21 naval cadets to her Majesty's ship
Himalaya for passage to the Mediterranean.
The Lucifer paddle has proceeded in charge of
Second Master-attendant Stokes, with a mooring
lump in tow for Portland to remove the moorings
recently laid down there for the use of the Lhannel
fleet to fresh positions.
The workmen employed on the Royal Frederick,
91, screw, at Portsmouth, commneeed working upon
her until 9 p.m. yesterday, to complete her by the
approaching time for launching. The Prince of
Wales, screw three-decker, is appointed to be
launched on the 25th inst., but much yet remains
to be done before that event can take place.
The following appointments were made yesterday
at the Admiralty :—Commander G. T. S. Winthrop '
to the Argus, Coastguard tender, vice Grandy, pro-
moted ; Lieut. G. D. Bushe to the Trafalgar;
Garland W. D. Harrison, assistant-surgeon, con-
firmed in the Ariadne ; Edward T. Read, second-
class assistant-engineer in the Hogue, for Service
in the Jackdaw.
, The two entire batteries_of Royal Artillery in

command of Brevet Lieut.-Col. Balry and Caplan].
Milward, some time under orders for China, having
been thoroughly drilled in the useof the Armstrong
guns, with which they are now armed, will leave
Woolwich, according to orders issued yesterday,
and embark to-morrow (Saturday) on board the
steam store-ship Himalaya, Capt. Jan Seccombe,
at Purileet. The Himalaya will comdlete her ship-
ment of war stores to-day, and having embarked
her troops to-morrow, she will be swung at Green-
lithe for the adjustment of compasses, so as to sail
for her destination on the following day, the 15th,
as previously announced.

-- -
A return of the wine shipments from Oporto
during the past year shows the total to have been 19,647
pipes, of which 14,530 were to Great Britain, 1,969 to
Brazil, 719 'to the Hanse Towns, and 424 to the United
States. The principal shippers were Sandman and Co.,
2,10 G pipes; Cockburn, Smith, andC0.,1,282;
1,183, Ali
Gassiot, and Co., 1,210; and 011iey and Cramp,
others were under 1,000 pipes.

[Apvni.arsEmnye.] Medicine always aggravates
chronic diseases, such as indigestion (dyspepsia),‘ flatu-
lency, habitual constipation, nervous, bilious and liver
complaints, &?., but Du Barry's delicious Revalenta
Arabica Food invariably cures them in a very short time.
We extract two out of many thousand expressions of grati-
tude from invalids. Cure 36,41-8
—Rev. Dr. Minster of
cramps, spasms, and daily vomitings. Cure 26,418—Dr.
Harvey of diarrhoea and debility. Cure 39,621—Dr. Wart-
zer of consumption. Cure 32,8S0—William Hunt,
Barrister, of paralysis. Cure 46,270—Mr. James Roberts,
timber merchant, of Frimley, of thirty years diseased lungs,
sPitting of blood, liver derangement, partial deafness. Cure
No. 47,121—Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of Nazing Vicarat
Waltham Cross, Herts, a cure of extreme nervous,
ness, indigestion, gatherings, low spirits,. and nervous
fancies. Cure No. 48,314—Miss Elizabeth Yieo-
man, Gatcacre, near Liverpool, a cure of . tea y ears
dyspepsia, and all the horrors of nervous untab ility.
In tins, at ls. 6d. ; 11b., 3s. ; 21b., ss. 9d.; 51b., 125.; !Do.,
265. The 101 b. and 121 b. tins carriage free, on ree,eipt. e!fp 'A-
ra ce order. Du Barry and Co., 77, Regent-street, Lou/ don'
Fortnum, Mason, and Co., 182, Piccadilly ; Abbr., , 60,
Gracechurch-street ; 4, Cheapside ; 63, and 150, Oxford-
street; 330 and 451, Strand ; 49 and 60, Bish, 'jug ate-
street ; 85, Tottenham-court-road. Also at D,ull
Bewley 'and Draper ; at Edinburg\, Raimes &nee I Jo.-
at Liverpool, Nixon and Thew; at Manchester, Th.
Scott; t, aid
at York, 'unmet,. (Blanchard, and Co.; at tmgt.
ampton, Randall and Son.