The Sun.
London, England, 1869-10-25 00:00:00

[HE SUN, LONDON, Nf ONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5.25, 1869.

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LONDON, MONDAY, OCT. 25, 1869.

The gap left by Lord DERBY'S death is indicative
of the magnitude of the position he occupied among
his countrymen. Succeeded in his hereditary honours
and in his territorial possessions by his son and heir
—but yesterday known by his courtesy title as Lord
STANLEY, bat henceforth to be known as EDWARD
HENRY, Fifteenth Earl of DERBY—the late illustrious
ex-Premier and ex-Leader of the Conservative Party
leaves vacant for distribution among others, positions
of great eminence and badges of great dignity such as
never accumulate in the hands of any but a man in tho
very first rank among the Popular Chiefs of a gene-
ration. The Chancellorship of the University of Oxford,
a blue ribbon of the Garter, a Governorship of the
Charter House, an Elder Brotherhood of the Tri-
nity House, a Trusteeship of the British Museum, a
Trusteeship of the Hunterian Museum, all are va-
cated by his decease. Consequent upon his eldest's
son's succession to the earldom, there is, more-
over, an opening, through the borough of King's
Lynn, to a vacated seat in the Lower House
of Parliament. A great noble, a generous land-
lord, an illustrious statesman, a splendid ora-
tor, a profound scholar, and a practical
philanthropist whose magnificent benefactions will
long be held by his own county esp ecially, but
hardly less vividly by the whole country, in grateful
remembrance—have, in the person of Lord DERBY,
simultaneously disappeared. His, at any rate, is no
ephemeral reputation. His scholarship, for example,
is attested by a masterpiece of the very noblest pro-
portions—his translation of the Iliad. His eloquence
is no less clearly and indisputably demonstrated,
beyond the possibility of denial or depreciation, by
the authentic record of the Speeches delivered by him
both within and without the walls of the imperial
Legislature. His mingled benificence and munifi-
cence are resplendently perpetuated in the memory
still cherished among all ranks and classes of his
compatriots—a memory not soon to fade out of the
national recollection—of the good and noble work
done by him in the alleviation of the terrible dis-
asters, caused by the memorable Cotton Famine,
among the vast multitude of destitute operatives
thrown out of employment, during one or two dread-
ful winters, only a few years ago, far and wide through-
out the populous county of Lancashire. How
thoroughly Lord DERBY was appreciated by his
countrymen is evidenced distinctly enough by the
tributes paid to his memory on all hands immediately
on the announcement of his decease. Political an-
tagonism disappears before the funereal escutchion of
this Chief of Men, who, if he was a great Party Leader,
was that and something more! One who, besides being
a man of ancient lineage and princely fortunes, and one
of the haughtiest among the haughtiest of our patri-
cians, was a laborious politician, a laborious student,
a laborious landlord—and all this not by fits and
starts on the mere whim of the moment, but strenu-
ously, and energetically, and systematically through-
out the whole of a long lifetime. " The evil that
men do," as SIIAKSPERE wisely says, " lives after
them :" the Poet adding, " The good is oft' in-
terred with their bones." It will not be thus happily
in the instance of Lord DERBY, the good done by
him was too resplendently visible during his own life
time through the whole country side, yonder in
Lancashire to be very speedily forgotten, or very
readily ignored.

THE statesman who has just passed away repre-
sented a policy which has passed away with him.
He was the leader of the Conservative party; but,
though the Conservative party continues to exist, and
will hereafter have its share of power, it has aban-
doned for ever its idea of retrogression. The utmost
that it hopes to accomplish is to check progression
from becoming too rapid. Lord DERBY at-
tempted far more than this. He endeavoured
several times to fix the bounds of national political
development, and on one memorable occasion to induce
the nation to retrace a momentous step which it had
taken. He himself was the embodiment of retro-
gression. It is difficult to imagine the late Conser-
vative chief haranguing a mob from one of the club
windows in St. James's-street, and denouncing the
House of Lords for rejecting a Reform Bill. But in
1831 he was a Whig. He became the Liberal-
Conservative of 1834, and the High Tory Protectionist
of 1846. Even on the one recent occasion when he
conceded a great political change to the popular
demand he did so avowedly not because he believed
it to be for the benefit of the nation, but because
he thought it would tend to the injury of his political
antagonists. We are not blaming Lord DERBY for
not having been a Liberal all through life, for not
having moved on from one stage of advancement to
another, as Mr. GLADSTONE has done. The two men
were brought up in essentially different circum-
stances, and had essentially different minds. It is
difficult to say how far they were modified by their
external surroundings, but it is easy enough to see that
a long ancestry, great estates, and alliance with the
first nobles of the land, would have a tendency
very different from that which would be produced
by birth among the middle classes, and association
with the most far-seeing minds. Lord DERBY was
essentially a great peer, and being always more
governed by his feelings than by his intellect, he
became inevitably a Conservative, and was looked
up to as their leader by all those who believed
that it was possible to maintain the old system of
class government of the many by the few.
It is only very lately that this has been
proved impossible. Those who made the discovery
were likely to be found first in far other circles
than that wherein Lord DERBY moved. If at length
it was brought home to him also, there was no time
left for him to reconcile himself to it. He might
acknowledge the fact, but he could not admit that it
was a matter for congratulation. Rather he saw in it
cause for only lamentation and regret. " That the old
order" had "changed, yielding place to new ;" that
he could not help seeing when a large number of his
former supporters abandoned him on the Irish Church
question. The desertion affected him most deeply,
not merely as a personal wrong, but because he had
not faith to see that " GOD fulfils Himself in many
ways."

Although the last reminiscence of Lord DERBY'S
political life is that of a leader forsaken by his
followers, his leadership on the whole was one of the
most successful ever known. Few leaders, past or
present, have inspired so great an amount of personal
regard. This was due in great measure to one of his
most conspicuous faults, his indiscreetness. No one
but Mr. SPOFFORTII can tell the mischief that
this terribly frank statesman wrought to his party by
his freedom of speech. Who but Lord DERBY would
on the very eve of a general election have insisted
upon the necessity of " muzzling the Catholics ?"
Who but ho would have thought of declaring that
the Reform Bill of 1807 (which Mr. DISRAELI had
been so carefully teaching was a restoration of the
franchise to a class unfairly robbed of it by the
Liberals in 1832) was a "leap in the dark," taken in
order to " dish the Whigs ?" If Mr. DISRAELI
ever lost his self-control he might well be
I pardoned if he did so then. The avowal

was simply fatal to him and to his friends. It told
all the world that the great Conservative party,
pledged to maintain "our glorious institutions in
Church and State," doubly pledged against "the
degradation of the franchise," was prepared to inflict
that degradation, to sacrifice those institutions to the
exigencies of faction. But this frankness, which was
so injurious on some occasions, on the whole served
Lord DERBY far more than it injured him. AIL DIS-
RAELI never made such slips as these. Mr. DISRAELI
is a far more clever man than Lord DERBY was,
Mr. DISRAELI has endured and worked for his party
in a way that Lord DERBY never did ; and yet there
was no comparison as to the popularity of the two
men. Mr. DISRAELI was always suspected of
finessing; Lord DERBY was believed incapable of it,
or, if he did attempt it, he was sure to reveal the
fact to all the world, as he did when endeavouring to
" dish the Whigs." For that very reason Lord
DERBY was trusted and loved, while Mr. DISRAELI
was suspected even when most admired.
At the outset of these remarks we spoke of Lord
DERBY as a statesman. He was that in the ordinary
but not in the highest sense of the word. States-
manship implies foresight, and of that quality the
deceased leader was eminently deficient. The col-
league with whom we have just contrasted him does
possess foresight in a very large measure, though in
a much less degree than is enjoyed by the future leader
of the Conservative party, the Marquis of SALISBURY.
In order to be a great statesman it is necessary to see
not only the immediate, but also the remote results of
a measure. When the Conservative Reform Bill of
1867 was under discussion the Marquis of SALISBURY
saw the second ; Lord DERBY saw only the first.
Lord DERBY saw that such a measure would take the
wind out of his political adversaries' sails—would
"dish the Whigs." Lord SALISBURY saw that it
would so increase the power of the House of Commons,
at the same time that it made that assembly much
more democratic and exigent in its demands, that
the House of Lords would be powerless to resist
those demands. Previously to 1867 there was some-
thing like an equality between the two branches of
the Legislature, but Lord SALISBURY discovered
clearly enough that the balance would be altogether
upset by household suffrage. An electoral change
might win for the Conservatives a seat here and
there, or even nearly an entire county, as Lancashire;
but the net result must be the utter collapse of
the party, so far as concerned its capacity for
resisting popular changes. Thus it came to
pass that while Lord DERBY upheld household
suffrage and opposed the disestablishment of the Irish
Church, Lord SALISBURY, who had denounced
household suffrage, did not oppose the disestablish-
ment of the Irish Church. Lord DERBY yielded the
first, and assisted that which had thereby been ren-
dered inevitable ; Lord SALISBURY resisted the first,
but when he was overruled, would not stultify him-
self by resisting the necessary sequence.

Another. source of Lord DERBY'S popularity was
his open-handedness and public spirit. Many a
nobleman may have contributed to the relief
fund which was started during the cotton
famine, but very few would have given up to
its administration the time and the energy that he
did. His conduct on that occasion endeared him to
the inhabitants of his native county. Then, again,
he was at the same time a ripe and elegant scholar
and a patron of national sports. He was the trans-
lator of HOMER and the owner of Toxopholite, as well as
the great landlord and the political leader. It is strange
to think how few of his quatities are inherited by his
successor. The Lord STANLEY of the last fifteen
years, the Lord DERBY of the generation now before
-^r^m- from his father.
The son is eminently cautious, safe, far-seeing, au,'
moderate ; the father was eminently rash, dangerous,
without foresight, and impetuous. The Lord DERBY
of the future will prove a safer statesman, but will
scarcely be so popular a leader as the Lord DERBY
who has just been taken from us.

TIIE man who doubted if he were himself or some
other person, was not so absurd a being after all.
The story told by an Italian journal shews that the
difficulty is quite possible. Some time ago—let us
be precise in a matter of so much interest, on April
18, 1808—two men, named AVEIRO and CARINES,
were executed at the same time in the prison of
Villarica, Brazil. The South American Empire was
before us in matters of this kind, for Brazilian execu-
tions took place within the prison walls long before
we abolished the " great moral spectacle " which was
got up for the benefit of harlots and thieves. ,In
another respect the Brazilians differ from ourselves
for the better. They execute by decapitation
instead of by hanging. We have all read stories of
criminals who having been operated upon by the hang-
man have, after the cutting down, been operated upon
by the surgeon and resuscitated. In fact, so well authen-
ticated is the fact that THEODORE HOOK ventured to
make it the groundwork of one of his novels. But
with decapitation the surgeon never had any chance.
When the head rolls away from the body there is
nothing to do but to bury the headless trunk. But
who shall limit the power of science ? Who shall
say to the savans " Thus far shalt thou
go, and no farther P" Dr. LORENZO Y
CARIIIO, at all events, has the most entire faith
in the healing art. Heidelberg students have long
been in the habit of replacing noses sliced off during
a duel ; the Brazilian doctor has done more than
this—he has replaced a head chopped off in an execu-
tion. The Italian paper (quoted in the Pall Mall
Gazette) tells us that the heads of the two criminals
fell within a few minutes of each other into the
basket. Immediately after the second execution
the carotid arteries of one of the heads were compressed
so as to stop the hemorrhage ; the body was then
placed on a bed, and Dr. LORENZO stuck the head on
the body, and kept this mended humanity in one posi-
tion. A powerful electric battery was then set to
work at the neck and the breast. Respiratory action
began at once, and as the blood which penetrated
through the scar threatened to stop the passage
of air, Dr. LORENZO had recourse to tracheo-
tomy. Respiration then became regular, and the head
was regularly stitched on to the body. Dr. LORENZO
had not previously expected to do more than maintain
the semblance of life for a shorter or longer period.
Greatly to his astonishment he found, at the end of
two hours, respiration continued and circulation be-
ginning. It really seemed as if the man were not
merely exhibiting that sham life which galvanism pro-
duces, but were coming back to real life again.
Dr. LORENZO continued the experiment with-
out intermission, and at the end of six
and a half hours he found that cicatrization had
set in. A little later signs of motion began to shew
themselves in the limbs, and CARINES or AVEMO was
restored.

" CARINES or AVEIRO "—which was it ? Well,
that is just the question which no one can answer.
It was discovered that the wrong head had been fitted
to the wrong body. By mistake, the head of C ARINES
had been applied to the body of AVEIRO. It was too
late to rectifythe blunder. Neither CARINES norIVEIRO
would have been prepared to forfeit his half share of
existence for the sake of obtaining through a second
decapitation a complete existence. Moreover there
was a certain poetic, or, at all events, surgical justice
in the arrangement. Both men's lives had been
equally forfeite4. Why should one be restored
rather than the other ? If there was not
time to restore both, then let the restora-
tion be equally divided. So Dr. LORENZO
seems to have thought, and after a few moments
astonishment at the dual man lying before him, he set
to work to complete his task. Cicatrization went on
apace. The head of CARINES fitted the body of
AVEIRO gloriously. By means of an xsophagean tube

liquid nourishment was poured into the stomach, and
at the end of seven months AVEIRO-CARINES was
able to rise and walk, feeling only a slight stiffness in
the neck and a feebleness in the limbs.

The position must be a little embarrassing to the
gentleman in question if he be at all of a metaphysi-
cal turn of mind. The problem mentioned at the out-
set of this article would be in itself enough to puzzle
some men. But AVEIRO-CARINES has not only
to ask whether he is himself or some other person,
but who is this "he " about whom he is talking ?
Limbs, trunk, and heart belong to one man, head
belongs to another. The head is the seat of the
intellect, but then the heart is the source of life.
SOLOMON would have solved the problem with the
knife, ALEXANDER with the sword ; but AVEIRO-
CARINES has had enough of experiments of that kind,
and though he may be the most devout believer in
the principle of "like cures like," can scarcely
be expected to call in the aid of the
doctor who gave rise to the problem in
the first place, to wit, the executioner.
As for any rights of property that this half-
and-half person may possess, these, we suppose
are not a matter of much moment, since it
is usual for the goods of a criminal to be forfeit to the
Crown. And after all, the matter is not so very
wonderful. It takes nine tailors to make a man.
Perhaps, then, AVEIRO-CARINES may even now be
very far short of perfect manhood. Will Dr.
LORENZO undertake to complete his experiment ?

A. DISCUSSION on the means of diminishing the
working expenses of railways follows naturally upon
divers projects for great reductions in the scale of
fares. At present much of the cost of travelling
is to be attributed to the wear and tear caused by the
dead weight of rolling stock. The material carried
on railways forms but a small proportion of the entire
train-load; the vehicles in which goods and passengers
are conveyed, and the ponderous engines which
draw them, make up by far the greater part of
the weight. The load carried oven by a
goods train forms not more than 30 per cent.
of the whole bulk; the cars and the engine
account for the remaining 70 per cent. In passenger
trains, of course, the proportion is still greater. On
an average, for every person the engine draws above
two tons of dead weight in the shape of wood and iron-
work. To reduce this enormous disproportion
is a question of the first moment in connection with
our railway system. In Wales a small line but two
feet broad has been constructed, and is worked with
great success. The engine is light, and the carriages
weigh far less in proportion to the load they carry
than those in use on the ordinary lines. Hence the
original cost of the rolling stock is smaller, and the
wear and tear much slighter, than on the large rail-
ways. A two-feet gauge is an experiment which
cannot be adopted very extensively at present; but
there is reason to think that the weight might be dimi-
nished or the conditions of travelling changed. One
project for thiipurpose, the invention of Mr. FAIRLIE,
is well worth consideration. This gentleman would con-
struct a combined carriage and engine of considerable
length, in its upper arrangements like an ordinary train,
but supported on two small four-wheel trucks instead
of simply wheels. These trucks, or " bogies," would
of course be placed one at each end. The wheels on
which the carriages are now supported are rigid, but
the " bogies " would work independently, "like the
front wheel of an ordinary four-wheeled carriage."
Mr. FAIRLIE claims that this system would
obviate the rigidity of the present wheel arrangement,
which prevents the carriages now in use from
exceeding a certain length. The car on " bogies"
would be able to turn the sharpest curves with more than
the ease possessed by a common carriage of one-fifth
the length. Carriages on this system could be made
almost the length of an entire train, the concussion
would be less violent, and therefore the conveyance
might be less strong. The whole weight could be so
much reduced, through the upper carriage being in-
dependent of the "bogie," and therefore less liable to
jolting, that the proportion between the weight of
the train Mill Liiti I 1.-
instead of nineteen to one.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE

(REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.)

AMERICA.;

(Per French Atlantic Cable.)

NEW YORK, Oct. 23.
The Inman steamship City of Brussels arrived
here to-day.
COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.
CLOSING PRICES.

Gold closed at 130/ ; the highest quotation dur-
ing the day was 1311; the lowest, 130/.
Sterling Exchange on London lO9l.
5-20 U. S. Bonds, 1882 l2O/.
64 " 1885 ll9l.
4c " 1867 ll7l.
10-40 it
Illinois 139.
Eric
Cotton—Mid. upland 26c.
Petroleum—Standard White 33lc.
Flour, extra state, $5.75c. to $6.35c. Corti, old
mixed, sl.lc.

THE CAPE MAIL.

PLYMOUTH, Oct. 25.

Tho Cape Mail steamer Celt arrived at 3.30
this morning at this port. Her dates are—Cape
Town, 19th Sept. ; St. Helena, 28th ; Teneriffe,
Oct. 14th ; Madeira, 16th; and Corunna, 22nd.
The Celt brings 32 passengers, 23 sacks of mails,
and a case of diamonds. She landed two passen-
gers and proceeded to Southampton. The mails
were forwarded to London by the 6.45 a.m. train.
1 iThe Cape Parliament was still occupied with
discussing the question of the estimates. The Go-
vernor proposed a tax on all spirits distilled in the
colony of eighteenpence per gallon, and a tax on
two per cent. on the interest derived from
shares, mortgages, and property of a similar de-
scription. He further proposed an export duty of
one and a half per cent., including Is. per 1001bs.
of washed wool, and 6d. per 1001bs of unwashed
wool, and also a house-tax on dwellings not already
subject to the hut-tax.

The House of Assembly, however, by a majority
of 25 to 13 votes refused to consider the aforesaid
proposed additional taxation until the Government
bad announced to what extent it would adopt those
retrenchments in the Civil Service already passed
by the House of Parliament.

The House had determined to impose an export
duty on diamonds.
The Free State Church had elected Archdeacon
Merriman as their future Bishop.