The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-17 00:00:00

PUBLICATIO_NS.

THE NW NOVEL.
Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
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"A very interesting, carefully considered, and elo-
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THE REV. DR. CUMMINGS' NEW WORK.
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Published this day, price Is., post free 14 stamps,
THE SCIENCE OF LIFE : or, How to Live,
and What to Live For. With Diet Tables, showing
the time required by the stomach for digesting various kinds
of food, so important to the dyspeptic and hypochondriac,
and instructions for the Nod means of securing vigorous
health, bodily strength, and that sterling state of happiness
only attainable through the judicious ob3ervauee of a well-
regulated course of life. By a PHYSICIAN.
Mann, 39, Cornhill, and all Booksellers.

aOVERNMENT upon FIRST PRINCIPLES.
k.A Illustrated Analogically, Statistically, and Morally.
By JOHN GROSSMITH.
This work embodies a wide field for information, not only
upon Social and Moral subjects, but upon a great variety of
questions which are essentially incorporated with the politi-
cal discussions of the day, in connection with the Commerce,
Trade, and Taxation of the country. Statesmen and lovers
of intelligent progress will find in it a compilation of facts
well worthy their attention.
London : Piper and Co., Paternoster-row.

Sixth Edition, just published, price 2e., by post 26 stamps,
DEBILITY and IRRITABILITY; MENTAL
and PHYSICAL Causes Smptoms, Effects'
and national Treatment By:—the
T. YEOMAN, M.D., Physiciln
to the General Post-Office Lotter-Carriers' Provident Insti-
tution, &c.
• London : from the Author, 25, Lloyd-square, IV.C.

Just published, price Is., free by post in au envelope for
13 stamps,
PRACTICAL TREATISE on MARRIAGE.
By JOSEPH KAHN, M.D.,
17, Harley-street, Cavendish-square, W.
Also, by the same Author,
WOMAN,
Specially considered in her relation to the
MA R RIED STATE.
Price Is., or free by post in an envelope for 13 stamps.

Just published, price 2s.,.free by post, 2s. 4€1.,
ON SPERMA TORII If A.
By F. B. COUETENAY, M.R.C.S.E., And formerly Surgeon to the Metropolitan Infirmary for the
Cure of Strictures of the Urethra.
" The aim of the author is to present a common-sense view
of the Causes, Nature, Consequences, and Treatment of this
Disease, as also to free these questions from the Professional
Fallacies, the Popular Delusions, and the exaggerations of
Quackery by which theyhave hitherto been surrounded, to the
destruction of the health and happiness of thousands. These
objects are discussed in a common-sense and highly practical
manner."—Medical Circular.

London : H. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street.'

RUPTURES.—By ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.
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A Sinele Truss, 165., 215., 265. 6d., 'and 31s. 6d. Postage, ls. '
Double Truss, 31s. 6d., 425., and 525. 6d. Postage, is Bd.
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dm., are mate' first-rate workmen, and
under the superintendence of Messrs.
IMPROVED COMPOUND MICROSCOPE.
the above in endless variety.—S. and B. SOLOMON.
Y
clans, No. 39, Albemarle-street, Piccadilly (opposite the
ork
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Every other kind of hearing instruments. Messrs. SOLO-
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very aged persons are enabled to employ their sight at tha
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"The temporary relief obtained by means of purgative
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gnd of the perpetuating the disease."—HENßY, M.D.

NO MORE PILLS OR ANY OTHER PHYSIC
FOR CONSTIPATION, INDIGESTION (DYSPEPSIA), PALPI-
TATION, NERVOUS, BILIOUS, AND LIVER COMPLAINTS,
DEBILITY, DROPSY, EPILEPSY, PARALYSIS, COUGH,
ASTHMA, CONSUMPTION, BRONCHITIS, SORE THROAT,
FEVBRI3.
DU BARRY'S delicious HEALTH RESTOR-
ING REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD. which, at a
few pence per day, saves fifty times its cost in Medicine, and
cures without purging or any of the uncertainties, annoy-
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oil, or visits to distant climates.

Certificate No. 36,418.—We find it the safest remedy, An-
drew Ure, F.R.S. ; Dr. Harvey; Dr. Wurzer ; Dr. Shor-
land ; Dr. Campbell.
We extract a few out of 56,000 cures :
Cure No. 1,771. Lord Stuart de Decies of many years'
dyspepsia. Cure No. 49,832. of fifty years' indiscribable
Maria Jol
flatulency, spasms, sickness, and vomiting, MarY,
agony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipa-
tion,of Lynn, Norfolk. Cure No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth Jacobs,
of extreme nervousness, indigestion, gatherings, low spirits,
and nervous fancies. Cure No. 54,816. The .ev. James T.
Campbell, Syderstone Rectory, near Fakenham, Norfolk of
hidirestion and liver complaints. Cure No. 56,814. Mr. Samuel
Laxton, Leicester, of two years' diarrhoea. Cure So. 180. Mr.
W. Reeves, 181, Fleet-street, London, of 25 years' nervous-
ness, cc nstipation indigestion, and debility. Cure No. 4,028:
Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with cramps,
spasms, and nausea, Rev. John W. Flavel, Ridlington Rec-
tory, Norfolk. Cure No. :1,006. Thirteen years' cough, indi-
gestion, aud general debility, .Tames Porter, Athol-street,
near Liverpool, of
linen Perth. Cure No. 58,314. Miss Elizabeth Yeoman, Gatcacre,
years' dyspepsia, and all the horrors of
nervous irritability. Cure No. 46,270. Mr. James Roberts,
lungs,r sprni et
testimonialstrin notf bol
of
from
mo liver
5,,61
e,Soruionrinje
aeymt,
eeonnf
tt
130pwayears'partial
deafness.
iasbfeena
esrseesd:
ferred to.
Similarbe
The Food is sold in canisters, 11b. 2s. od., 21b, is. 121 b.
228., 241b•211 40s. ; super-refined quality, 51b. 225„ 101 b. 335. The
10Ih, 11, and 211 b. canisters carriage free on receipt of
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London ; Abbis, 60, Gracechurch-street ; 4, Cheapsidc ; 63
and 150, Oxford-street; 330 and 452, Strand; 49 and 60,
Bishopsgate-street t Biety, 16, Wood ; Phillips and t)o.,_ tea dealers ; r tty, Wood, and c 0., King William-
t 137, !Deb Hahn street City ;Rau all grocers.

The following is a copy of the Memorandum ad-
dressed by the Sardinian Government to its repre-
sentatives at foreign Courts, explaining its reasons
for entering the Roman States. It is as follows :
" The Peace of Villafranca, by assuring to the
Italians the right of disposing of their own fate,
empowered the populations of many provinces of
the North and Centre of the Italian Peninsula to
substitute the national Government of the King
Victor Emmanuel for Governments subject to
foreign influence.
" This great transformation has been accomplished
with admirable order, without disturbing any one
of the principles upon which social order is based.
" The events which have taken place in the
'Emilia and in Tuscany have proved to Europe that
the Italians, far from being actuated by anarchical
passions, only asked to be governed by free and
national institutions.
" If this transformation could have been extended
to the whole of the Peninsula the Italian question '
would have been settled at this very moment. Far
from being a cause of apprehension and danger to
Europe, Italy would be henceforth an element of
peace and conservation. Unhappily the Peace of
Villafranca could only include a portion of Italy.
It has left Venetia under the domination of Austria,
and it has produced no change in Central Italy, nor
in the provinces remaining under the temporal
domination of the Holy See.
" We have no intention of discussing here the
question of Venetia. It will suffice for us to call to
mind that as long as this question shall not be
solved Europe cannot enjoy a solid and sincere
peace. There will yet remain in Italy a powerful
cause of troubles and revolution which, despite the
efforts of the Governments, will incessantly threaten
an outburst of insurrection and war in the centre
of the Continent.
" But it is well to leave it to time to settle this
question.
" Whatever may be the sympathy which the
daily increasing unhappy fate of the Venetians
justly inspires, Europe is so anxiously occupied with
the incalculable consequences of a war, she has so
lively a desire, so irresistible a need of peace, that it
would be unwise not to respect her will.
" But this is not applicable to the questions re-
lating to Central and Southern Italy.
" Attached to a traditional system of policy
which has not been less fatal to his family than to
his people, the young King of Naples, from his acces-
sion to the throne, placed himself in flagrant opposi-
tion to the national sentiments of the Italians, as
well as to the principles which govern civilised
countries. Deaf to the counsels of France and of
England, refusing even to follow the advice of a
Government whose constant and sincere friendship
he could not doubt, nor its attachment to the prim-4
ciple of authority, he rejected for a whole year all
the efforts of the King of Sardinia to lead him to a
system of policy more conformable to the senti-
ments which dominate the Italian people.
" What justice and reason could not obtain, a re-
volution has accomplished—a prodigious revolution
which has filled Europe with astonishment by the
almost providential manner in which it has been
accomplished, and excited its admiration for the
illustrious warrior whose glorious exploits recall all
that poetry and history can relate.
" The transformation which has taken place in
the kingdom of Naples, though it has been effected
by means less pacific and regular than that of
Central Italy is not the less legitimate ; its conse-
quences are not the less favourable to the true in-
terests of Order and to the consolidation of the
balance of power in Europe.
"As soon as Sicily and Naples shall form an
integral part of the great Italian family the enemies
of Thrones will no longer have any powerful ar-
gument to bring forward against monarchical
principles. Revolutionary passions will no longer
find a theatre where most insane enterprises had
chances of success, or at least of exciting the sym-
pathy of all generous-minded men.
" One might, then, bo authorised to suppose
that Italy may at last enter a pacific phase of a
nature to dispel European anxieties if the two
great regions of the North and South of the
Peninsula were not separated by provinces which
are in a deplorable state.
"The Roman Government having declined to
take any part whatsoever in the great national
movement, having, on the contrary, continued to
oppose it with the most lamentable obstinacy, has
for a long time placed itself in open hostility with
the populations which have not succeeded in throw-
ing off its yoke. To keep them down, to prevent
them from manifesting the national sentiments
which animate them, he has made use of the spiri-
tual power which Providence has intrusted to him
for an object far otherwise great than that assigned
to the political Government.
"By presenting to the Catholic populations the
condition of Italy under false and sombre colours,
by making a passionate appeal to feeling, or rather
to fanaticism, which still holds so much sway in
certain unenlightened classes of society, he has suc-
ceeded in gathering money and men from every
corner of Europe, and in forming an army consist-
ing almost exclusively of strangers, not only to the
Roman States, but the whole of Italy.
"It has been reserved to the Roman States to
offer in our century the strange and sad spectacle
of a Government reduced to maintain its authority
over its subjects by the means of foreign mercenaries
blinded by fanaticism or enticed by the bait of pro-
mises which could not be fulilled, except by throw-
ing whole provinces into distress.
" Such facts provoke, in the highest degree, the
indignation of the Italians who have achieved their
liberty and independence. Full of sympathy for
their brethren in Umbria and in the Marches, they
manifest on all sides the desire of helping to put an
end to a state of things which is an outrage to the
principles of justice and of humanity, and which
wounds deeply the national sentiment.
" Although sharing this painful emotion, the
"us-soment of the King thought it right hitherto
to prevent any azosseanised attempt to deliver the
populations of Umbria ana .t 010 Marches from
the yoke which oppresses them. But it couta net
dissimulate that the increasing irritation of the
populations could no longer be contained without
having recourse to force and to violent measures.
Moreover, the revolution having triumphed at
Naples, could it be stopped at the frontier of the
Roman States, where it is invoked by abuses not
less serious than those which have irresistibly
drawn the volunteers of Upper Italy into Sicily P
"By the cries of the insurgents of the Marches
and of Umbria the whole of Italy was moved. No
power can prevent thousands of Italians from rush-
ing from the centre and from the north of the
Peninsula to the aid of their brothers threatened
with disasters similar to those of Perugia.
" If the Government of the King remained passive
amid this universal emotion, it would place itself
in direct opposition with the nation. The generous
outburst which the events of Naples and of Sicily
have produced in the masses would degenerate at
once into anarchy and disorder.
"It would then be possible and even probable
that the regular movement which has hitherto
taken place might suddenly assume the character of
violence and passion. Whatever power the idea
of order may exercise over the Italians, there are
provocations which the most civilised people
cannot resist. Assuredly they would be more to
be pitied than blamed if for the first time they gave
way to violent reactions, which would lead to the
most lamentable consequences. History informs
us that a people who are now at the head of civili-
zation have committed under the Empire the most
deplorable excesses for less serious causes.
"Should it expose the Peninsula to similar dan-
gers, the Goverment of the King would be culpable
towards Italy; it would not be less so towards
Europe.
" The King would be wanting in his duties to-
wards the Italians, who have always hearkened to
the counsels of moderation which he has given them,
and who have intrusted to him the high mission of
directing the national movement.
"He would be wanting in his duties towards
Europe, for he has contracted towards it the moral
engagement of not allowing the Italian movement
to degenerate into anarchy and disorder.
" It is to fulfil this double duty that the Govern-
ment of the King, so soon as the insurgent popu-
lation of the Marches and of Umbria sent him de-
putations to invoke his protection, granted it to
them at once. At the same time he sent a diplo-
matic agent to Rome to ask the Pontifical Govern-
ment to send away the foreign legions which could
not serve to suppress the manifestations of the pro-
vinces which touch upon our frontiers without
forcing us to interfere in their favour.
" On the refusal of the Court of Rome to comply
with that request, the King has issued an order to
his troops to enter Umbria and the Marches with
the mission of re-establishing order there, and of
leaving a free field to the populations for manifest-
ing their sentiments.
" The Royal troops will scrupulously respect
Rome and the territory which surrounds it. They

(From the Constitutionnel.)
" In consequence of the facts which have just
taken place in Italy, the Emperor has decided that
his Minister shall immediately leave Turin. A
secretary remains as charge des affaires of the
French Legation."
It is in the above terms that the Moniteur yester-
day announced that the relations of France with
Piedmont had been deeply modified.
This attitude of France was commanded by all
precedents, as well as by all the principles of her
policy. It was, moreover, the consequence of all
her conduct since more than a year. After the Treaty
of Villafranca it will be remembered there was a
first disagreement between_ Paris and Turin. We
did not provoke it; on the contrary, we have
always endeavoured to prevent it by counsels and
efforts which ought not to have been disregarded.
After, as well as before the war, French policy has
not varied in the object she had in view, and every
one may now understand its admirable consistency.
France has the right to say it ; it is she who, an-
ticipating all the friends and all the flatterers of the
morrow, has called the attention and solicitude of
Europe to the Italian question. It is she who at
once proposed a practical solution, which is wrongly
misconstrued, and yet which must inevitably be re-
turned to; it is she, finally, who three months be-
forehand traced the line of conduct from which she
should not deviate throughout the whole affair.
Let men read again a pamphlet which has ac-
quired a just celebrity, Napoleon 111. et Italie !
What did those few eloquent pages say ? What
did the anonymous writer really ask for! Let us
repeat it, as they always seem to forget it at the
other side of the mountains.
It was not absolute union which the pamphlet ad-
vocated in Italy, but federal union. This idea of
union presented itself to it as the expression of a
want common to all Italian States, and on this point
it re called to mind that such a solution appeared to
it indicated as well by the historical genius of Italy
as by the traditions of French policy, and even---
who would credit it ?—by the precedents of English
diplomacy. According to Lord Ponsonbv's opinion,
in fact, " the sole means of saving the Peninsula
was that Austria should declare that she would
contribute with all her power to the formation of
an Italian Confederation on the most national basis,
on the condition that such Confederation should re-
cognise its strict and permanent neutrality, and that
Europe should sanction in its turn that neutrality,
as it had sanctioned that of Switzerland in 1815."
The Conqueror of Solferino obtained that decla-
ration of Austria at Villafranca. The successive
invasions of the house of Hapsburg were hence-
forth rendered powerless, and France regained in
the Peninsula that share of influence which was
her due. At Milan the King Victor Emmanuel
entered with the sovereignty of a master and the
glory of a liberator; at Turin Sardinia was freed
from her embarrassments, internal as well as external;
at Naples the King, "condemned hitherto to reign
under the protection of Austria," was free to reas-
sert his independence ; at Florence, at Parma, at
Modena, the Dukes, re-become Italian Princes, pro-
mised to reconcile themselves with their subjects,
for " upon the union of the Princes with the people
depended the salvation of the common country."
Finally, the Emperor Francis Joseph " voluntarily
abandoned the supremacy which he had acquired in
the Peninsula, and admitted the principle of Italian
nationality by acknowledging a federal system."
Moreover he proclaimed, like France, the necessity
of prompt reforms in the Roman States, and at that
price engaged himself to favour the combination
which gave to the Pope " the honorary presidency
of the new Confederation."
The pamphlet did not ask anything beyond that
for Italy. The French programme was thus carried
out to the letter; what prevented its final realisa-
tion

Here the greatest reserve is imposed upon us.
Irreparable faults were doubtless committed by the
late Dukes, by the King of Naples, and by the
Court of Rome. But it would be out of place to re-
call them to-day. The Dukes have lost the game,
Francis 11. is on his way to exile, and the Pontifi-
cal Government is now staking the remnant of its
temporal power on one throw.
Let us, however, say, and we say it with regret,
Piedmont, under these delicate circumstances, did
not give that disinterested support which was justly
expected from it. It had not the strength to resist
the happy chances thrown in its way by its former
opponents, and, renouncing the task of guiding
events, allowed itself to be carried along with them.
At first it was all profit. Parma, Modena, Tus-
cany, and soon afterwards the Romagna, eagerly
courted an annexation which the most enlightened
statesmen had considered impossible. Piedmont
had but to put out its hand to gather those rich and
powerful spoils.
The first embarrassments arose with the events
of Sicily and Naples. It was too much At tins.
From that day the Government of the King was
overwhelmed into the impatience of the Unitarians,
aid threatened into being outmarched by them,
resolved to anticipate them.
As regards France, what should her attitude be
Too firm to be led, too powerful to take advantage
of her strength, too generous to deny her handi-
work, her place was to remain calm in presence
of the unexpected complications, and to await
from the good sense and patriotism of the Italians
their voluntary return to the practical solution
which alone could assure the present and reserve
the future.
This is what the Government of the Emperor
did without exaggeration and without weakness.
When the question arose of annexing Tuscany
it neglected nothing to convince Piedmont that it
would be more wise to respect the autonomy of that
province. Its counsels were not heeded, and, dating
from that moment, arose a first disagreement be-
tween Paris and Turin.

This disagreement became metre visible when the
Royal Government did not object to the annexa-
tion of the Romagna. France, on this occasion,
attempted a last compromise, and endeavoured. at
the least to shield the principle of the Papal sove-
reignty. By the of some and the folly of
others its efforts again failed.
Matters are going far beyond now. It is no
longer the sovereignty of the Holy See over one or
two provinces which is questioned, bat his temporal
independence is threatened.
There all concessions ought to end, and disagree-
ment change into disavowal.
It is true doubtless that there is a long way from
that disavowal to a rupture. Our interest is always
the same; it exacts that Piedmont shall remain the
invincible bulwark of the peninsula, on the legiti-
mate additions for which she is indebted to our
common victories and to the treaties which have
sanctioned them could not in any case be compro-
mised.
But our honour also exacted that France should
be free of all responsibility in such enterprises, for,
according to the declaration of the celebrated pam-
phlet, France did not go to Italy "only to defend
there a great political cause, but to protect there a
great religious cause."

APPOINTMENTS.—The Queen has appointed the
following gentlemen to the undermentioned chairs, lately
established in the University of Aberdeen :—Midwifery,
Dr. Dyce, Botany, Dr. Dickie ' • Materia Medica, Dr.
Harvey; Biblical Criticism, Rev. 11r. Milligan; Institutes
of Medicine, Dr. Ogilvie ; Logic, Mr, Alexander Bain.
The Queen has presented the Rev. James Ingram (of the
parish of Fala and Soutra, in the Presbytery of Dalkeith)
to the parish of Dtmblane, Perthshire, Mr. D. Colquhoun,
now collector of Customs at Southampton, is appointed
collector at Hull, and is succeeded at Southampton by W.
Beaumont, from the port of IVaterford. The Chief Justice
of the Common Pleas has appointed Mr. T. IV. Erle, now
Registrar of Certificates and Affidavits of Acknowledg-
ments, to be Associate of the Common Pleas, in the room
of Mr. John Jervis, deceased. Sir IV. Erie has also ap-
pointed Mr. Morgan Bennett a Master of the Court, in the
room of Mr, John H. Cancellor, deceased.