The Sun.
London, England, 1860-10-09 00:00:00

REPRESENTATION OF .READING.

Two more candidates appeared in the field yes-
terday to fill the vacancy created in the representa-
tion of the borough of Reading by the appointment
of Mr. Francis Pigott to the Governorship of the
Isle of Man ; and it appears that Mr. Sergeant
Pigott will not, as was anticipated last week, have
a quiet" walk over." One candidate
Walter (brother of Mr. J. Walter, is Captain
AiP. for
•Berk-
shire), the other Mr. G. J. Shaw-Le _
fevre (nephew
of Viscount Eversley). The former gentleman has '
informed the electors that he entertains the same
political opinions as those held by his late father,
and Mr. Lefevre issued a lengthened address, yes-
terday afternoon, in which he speaks of the political
connexion which existed in former years between
his family and the borough, and; after criti-
cising the proceedings of some of the constituency
in holding a meeting and selecting a candidate as
being hasty,
he says:--" I may frankly state that
I am prepared to give my hearty support to Lord
Palmerston's Government. Comprising, as it does,
members of all branches of Liberals, it has supported
at home and abroad the principles of the party as
well as the dignity of the country. I have faith in ,
their foreign policy, which recognises the principle
of non-interference with the internal affairs of other
countries, and strives to preserve the general peace
of Europe, at the same time giving the strong
moral support and sympathy of this country to
the movement which is now taking place for
the regeneration of Italy. I believe them to be
prepared to suggest and to adopt all practicable
improvements, as well in Parliamentary franchise as
in all our domestic institutions. I regard the de-
lay of these as not resting with the existing Ad-
ministration, but as the inevitable result of the
equally balanced state of parties in the present
Parliament. I abstain advisedly from stating in
detail the course I should be prepared to adopt on
each particular question of policy which is likely
to arise in Parliament. I do not think I should
obtain your good opinion by outbidding the pro-
fessions put forward by another candidate, and
therefore limit myself to the general assurance that
the great object of my Parliamentary life will be
to promote reform, economy, and peace." Captain
Walter arrived in the town yesterday and com-
menced a canvass of the electors.

Yesterday the Bungay, Beccles, Harlest round
Halesworth Volunteers were reviewed in tbe g
attached to Hirton-hall, the seat of Sir R. Shafto
Adair. A variety of manoeuvres were executed.by
the assembled volunteers, Who presented an ira
posing appearance. The gallant fellows were after-
wards entertp,iued, At dinner by Sir shAfto Adair,

In civil cases the Christian meets with equal injus-
tice, and until the last remnant of the rule of bar-
barism and intolerance is swept away, it is hopeless
to look for peace or order in the East. " The
Ammergau Mystery, or Sacred Drama of 1860,"
is a clever account of the would-be religious cere-
mony which lately took place in the neighbour-
hood of Munich. These representations, which
were once common in all Europe, when under the
influence of a superstitious and crafty priesthood,
are now, we are happy to say, of rare occurrence.
To our ideas of religion in the present day they
seem almost blasphemous. Tom Brown leaves
Oxford for the long vacation. He makes a clean
breast of it, as he terms it, to his father about his
bill transactions, and receives a sensible letter in
answer from the old gentleman. He, as the reader
must have seen in the last number, has tumbled
head and ears in love with his" cousin Mary.
"The History of Casuistry," by the Rev. J. D.
Maurice, which concludes this number, treats of
causistry in the time of Elizabeth, and to those
learned in this subject may prove interesting.

Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Ifanufactures, and
Mines. Parts 11 and 12.
We have with part 12 reached the letter 0,
but owing to the extent and minuteness of
detail entered into on all subjects in this
valuable dictionary, it progresses towards com-
pletion slowly. The public are not generally
aware how much science owes to our trans-
atlantic neighbours for improvements in ma-
chinery now generally in use. English mechanism
may improve upon the idea, but Brother Jonathan
very often takes the lead and shows the way. With
reference to the manufacture of nails, we give the
following extract :
" The forging of nails was till of late years a handicraft
operation, and therefore belonged to a book of trades ra •
ther than to a dictionary of arts. But several combina-
tions of machinery have been recently employed, under
the protection of patents, for making these useful imple-
ments, with little or no aid of the human hand ; and these
deserve to be noticed, on account both of their ingenuity
and importance.
" As nails are objects of prodigious consumptionin
building their block-houses, the citizens of the United
States very early turned their mechanical genius to good
account in the construction of various machines
ing them. So long since as the year 1810, itl Americans possessed a machine which performedch rapidity that
cut-
ting and heading at one operation,forrsmathke
it could turn out upwards of 100 nailswpeithsrtffirLinouttem.
asTerhnuti:
years ago,' says the Secretary of the _
then
in obscurity,
setts, ' some men, then unknown, d
ans
and, by a common
began by cutting slices out of old
thoeoP ,
uo liss weree t
o
vice griping these pieces, head.ede
of a hammer. By prop
h eemasa rsensi dv and
jeaxc Po t behne sphe e kin s , Jon a t a n
hizrowvitehmseenvtegralslsittrtionkge!
ewaderinegretgo
makelperfectednills were;
nails. b
yueitllt
much and
cahlti
tht laboureleußti.i n t 0
execution the thought of
Ellis, and a few others,n P t
nails by water power ; but, being
their machinery than upon their pecu-
niarymcuotrteinigntaenndt oufp
were unable to prosecute the business.
affairs, they
other men have spent fortunes in im-
provements, different times
be said with
and It maytruth that more than
ohneadth
one million of dollars has been expended ; but at length
these e jointtoh,
raet
ablef ewortostuoagrmhe crownedte nailsn nfect
ua
nrwie,b with
eaht
mceaobnmouupftl:cet
tneuer-setudhcifcroedrs s,
of and
the
we are n
purposes
esretosuwpheiriohornteoilteheamre fooprpal
it leasted,
autdh three-fourths -mf o
ousrtt hos; oft nailstheho s
expiecnase
purposes
they are full The
as good.
of by Ordiorne, thoseinvented b
y Jonathan machinesE l l
ims,adime
dug:
few others, present very fine specimens of American genius.
" To northern carpenters, it is well known that in
almost all instances it is unnecessary to bore a hole before
driving a cut nail ;
all that is requisite is, to place the
cutting edge of the nail across the grain of the wood ; it is
also true, that cut nails will hold better in the wood. These
qualities are, in some rough building works, worth 20 per
cent. of the value of the article, which is equal to the whole
expense of manufacturing. For sheathing and drawing,
cut nails, are full as good as wrought nails ; only in one
respect are the best wrought nails a little superior to cut
Rails and that is where it is necessary they should be
clenched. The manufacture of cut nails was born in our
country, and has advanced, within its bosom, through all
the various stages of infancy .to manhood ; and no doubt
we shall soon be able, by receiving proper encouragement,
to render them superior to wrought nails in every parti-
cular."

THIS DAYS MARKETS.

HAY MARKETS.

SMITHFIELD.—Meadow hay, £2 lOs to £slss Od ; clover
do., £3 lOs to £6 Os ; and straw, £1 10s to £1 163 per load.
Trade firm.
CUMBERLAND. Meadow hay, £2 lOs to £5 15e
clover, £3 108 to £6 Os Od ; and straw, £1 103 to 18s
per load. A steady demand.
•
WHITECHAPEL.—Meadow hay, £2 108 to £5 15s Od '
clover, £3 lOs to £6 Os Od ; and straw, £1 10a to £1 16a
per load. Trade steady.

. The market has remained very
qui
COLONIAL.
having been occupied with the samples of the et
pu,blic sales,
the trade
TEA—
which commence to-day.
SUGAR.—There has been very little activity in the
and in the refined mar
market ; prices, however, are firm,_-
ket rather higher rates are obtained for dried goods.
CorFEE.—The inquiries for Plantation Ceylon were
more active, and prices have shown an upward tendency,
owing to the diminution of t period he stocks on hand, viz., nearly
3,000 tons, compared with those of the same of last
year.
RICE.—No dealings of any importance have been entered
—The dealings have not been extensive, but
into, and quotations for all descriptions are unaltered.
SALTPEISIL—The market has continued inactive, and
prices have not varied to any important extent.
nd upwards. P.Y.C. on th
quotations
swie
spring delivery, 558. per cwt. e spot, 545. 6 •
cl• I

DIE HARVEST IN DEVONSHIRE,—The weather
in, this county during the past week has been more like that
of summer than was the weather in the summer months, and
the consequence has been that the barley and oat harvests
have progressed rapidly.
A large quantity has been stacked
in good condition, and the wheat in the late districts—the
north of Devon and borders of Dartmoor—has been nearly
all gathered in, and its condition is far superior than was
expected. The markets of the country have not much varied
from the ptcYins week, and business generallx has been
dull,