The Sun.
London, England, 1860-01-18 00:00:00

HEALTH OF LONDON DURING THE

IVEEK.

(From the Report of lite Registrar-General.)

The deaths registered in London, which were

1,281 in the first week of the year, rose to 1,344 in
the week that ended last Saturday. In the 10 years
1850-59, the average number of deaths in the weeks
corresponding with last week was 1,213; but asthe
deaths in the present return occurred in a popula-
tion which has increased, they should be compared
with the average raised in proportion to the in-
crease, namely, with 1,334. The comparison shows
that the actual number exceeds, but only in a slight
amount, the number estimated for the second week
of the year.
The deaths from small-pox again rose last week
to 41, of which 8 occurred to persons between the
ages of 20 and 40 years. Three were recorded in
the sub-district of St. John, Marylebone, 5 in that
of St Giles South. There were 62 from scarlatina,
and 5 of these occurred in Kensington-town sub-
district. Diphtheria is returned in 7 cases. Six
deaths, which occurred to children, are referred to
remittent fever, two of which took place In the
workhouse at Greenwich. Bronchitis rose from

159 in the previous week to 188 last week ; and in
the same time pneumonia from 98 to 120. Ex-
clusive of phthtsis and hooping-cough, diseases of the
organs of respiration were fatal to 346 persons,
whilst the corrected average for corresponding
weeks is 310. Nine nonagenarians, of whom the
two eldest were 95 and 98 years, died in the week ;
also a centenarian (a woman) whose age is attested
by the baptisinal register of St. Olave, Southwark.
She lived the greater part of her life in Peckham,
and died there. A man, aged 72 years, died in the
workhouse, Mile-end New-town, from effusion on

the brain, accelerated by want of'necessaries.
Of bricklayers 3 died in the week, of bricklayers'
wives 4, of bricklayers' children 9 ; of carpenters 6
died, of carpenters' wives 5, of carpenters' children
19, of masons 1 died, of masons' children 1 ; of
painters 10 died, of painters' wives 2, of painters'
children 11 ; of plasterers' wives 1 died, of plas-
terers' children 8.
Last week the births of 985 boys and 953 girls,
in all 1,938 children, were registered in London.
In the 10 corresponding weeks of the years 1850-9
the average number was 1,645.
METROPOLITAN WATERS DURING DECEMBER, 1859.
The analyses by Dr. Robert Dundas Thomson,
F.R.S., of the waters used in London for domestic
supply, show that these waters varied in purity
considerably during the month, according to the
amount of rain which fell. Those samples which
according to the table contain the greatest
amount of foreign matter were turbid not-
withstanding the filtration to which they aro
understood to be subjected, and were taken after
rain. It is a good precaution therefore to
have a household filter. For the sake of compari-
son the composition of Loch Katrine water is given,
and likewise that of a well at Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, which was used by the military when they
were attacked by cholera.

Distilled Water

Total impurity Organic Im.
per gallon. purity.
grs. or deg. grs. or deg.
, . 0.0 0.0

Loch Katrine water, new supply
to Glasgow
Military Well, Newcastle

THAMES COMPANIES
Chelsea

Southwark'

Lambeth

Grand Junction ...

West Middlesex
OTHER COMPANIES.
New River

East London

Kent

1741

20S0

19'60

1,14
2.00
1.76
I'6B
2'32

23 •88

22.56

22'52

21*12

2724

The table is read thus—Loch Katrine water contains in the
gallon 214 degrees or grains of foreign matter in solution, of
which 0.8 degrees or grains are of vegetable or animal origin.

At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean
height of the barometer in the week was 30.032 in.
The mean daily reading was above 30 in. on four
days of the week. The barometer rose to 30.21 in.
on Sunday, the highest reading in the week, and it
fell to the lowest, 29.85 in. on Saturday. The mean
temperature of the air in the week was 37.2 deg.,
which is 2.3 deg. above the average of the same
week in 43 years, as determined by Mr. Glaisher.
The thermometer attained its highest point in the
shade, 46 deg., on three days, Sunday, Thursday,
and Saturday ; and it fell to its lowest, 30.3 deg.,
on Monday. It was below the freezing point of
water on three days of the week. The difference
between the mean dew-point temperature and air
temperature was 1.7 deg. The mean degree of
humidity of the air was 93. The mean tempera-
ture of the water of the Thames was 40.4 deg. The
general direction of the wind was south-west in
the beginning of the week ; afterwards it was
scuth-east. The whole amount of rain measured
was only 7-100th of an inch, which fell on Friday.
There were fogs on three days.

THE SOVEREIGN HOUSES OF EUROPE

/..V 1859.

We read in the Supplement of the Allgemeine
Deutsche Zeitung of Jan. 3 :
" The following changes having taken place in
the sovereign houses of Europe during the year
just terminated :
" DEAD.—Sixteen of their members have died,
seven of whom were princes and nine princesses.
" The seven princes are the King of Sweden and
the King of the Two Sicilies, the Prince of Reuss-
Greiz, the Archduke John of Austria, the Mar-
grave William of Baden, the Count Christian of
Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weissenfeld, and a Prince of
Mecklenbnrg-Schwerin shortly after his birth.
" The nine princesses are the Queen of Portugal,
who was a Princess of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen
by birth; the Grand Duchess Dowager of Saxe
Weimar, being a Russian grand duchess by birth ;
the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Tuscany, who
was a Saxon princess ; the Princess Louise of
Windischgraetz, a sister to the Grand Duke of
; the Princess Lcetiti a
u Mecklenburgra t , idow. of the Schwerin
Count of Pepoli ; a Prince as
of Sicily, 13 years of age ; and a Princess of Saxe-
Weimar, 8 years of age; two Countesses of Lippe-
Biesterfeld-Weissenfeld.

" Only two cardinals have died, the Cardinal Du
Pont and the Cardinal Falconieri.

" BIRTIIS.—TweIve princes and three princesses
have been born. The twelve princes are sons of
the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin but
who died shortly after his birth ; of the Hereditary
Princes of Belgium, Saxe-Meiningen, Schaum-
burg-Lippe, the Duke of Montpensier Prince
Michael of Russia, Prince Frederick William of
Prussia, Prince Oscar of Sweden, Prince Adalbert
of Bavaria, Prince George of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,
and Prince Hermann, of Saxe-Weimar.

6' The three princesses are daughters of the
Queen of Spain, the Hereditary Prince 'of Reuss-
Schleiz, and Prince Frederick of Holstein-Sonder-
burg-Glucksburg.
" MARRIAGES.—OnIy four marriages have taken
place, viz. :-1. The marriage of the Prince Royal,
now King of the Two Sicilies, with the Princess
Mary of Bavaria; 2, the marriage of the Prince
Napoleon of France (son of Prince Jerome) with
the Princess Clotilda of Sardinia; 3, the marriage
of Prince George of Saxony, the King's son, with
the Princess Mary-Anne of Portugal; and 4, the
marriage of the Prince Louis Napoleon Gregory
Bonaparte, son of the Prince Charles of Canino and
uncle of Lucien, with the Princess Christina Ruspoli.
" Among the 48 sovereigns now reigning (includ-
ing the Emperor of Brazil, the Prince of Monaco,
two Queens, and the three sovereigns de jure but
not de filth) of Tuscany, Parma, and Modena), the
oldest is the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,
whose age is 84 years and ,P; months. Four sove-
reigns are upwards of 70, viz., the King of Wurtem-
berg, the Landgrave of Hesse-Homberg, and the
Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe and Reuss-Schleiz.
Five are between 60 and 70, nine between 50 and
60, nine between 30 and 40, six between 20 and 30,
and lastly three are not yet 20 years old. These
last, the youngest among the actual sovereigns, are
the Prince of Lichtenstein, who has turned his 19th
year • the Prince of Reuss-Greiz, who is 13 years 9
months ; and the Duke of Parma, who is only 121.
Both of these are under the guardianship of their
mothers. The average of these sovereigns is 45
years 9 months, and among them there are 20 who
have passed that age.
" The sovereign who has reigned longest is the
Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, having been on the
throne nearly 73 years. After him come the Duke
of Saxe-Meiningen, and the Prince of Schaumburg
Rudolstadt, who have reigned respectively 56 years
and 52 years 9 months, including the years of their
minority. Among the others, three have reigned
between 40 and 50, ten between 20 and 30, fourteen
between 10 and 20 years. The remaining 18 only
began to reign within the last 10 years, and among
them there are four, viz., the King of Sweden, the
King of the Two Sicilies, the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany (Whose father has abdicated), and the Prince
of Reuss-Greiz, who only assumed the reigns of
government during the year just ended.
" six sovereigns are not married or have not yet
been. These are, besides the Pope, the Dukes of
Brunswick and Parma, the Princes of Lichten-
stein and Reuss Greiz, and the Landgrave of
Hesse-Homburg. Among the others there are
nine who aro widowers, viz., the Kings of Sardinia,
Belgium, and Portugal, the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, and the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau-Kcethen.
One sovereign is divorced, the Prince of Schwan-
burg-Sonderhausen, TWQ pontfae,ted mor-
ganatic marriages, the King of Denmark and the
Elector of Hesse Cassel ; and one sovereign, the
Grand Turk, lives in polygamy.
" Among the 31 wives of the other Phristian
siwerPipS Pg4larbr married, the oldest are the
Grand.Pnehess of .geeklenburgh-Strelitz and the

Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe, each of whom is
more than 60. The youngest is the Queen of the
Two Sicilies, w,ho is only 18.
Twenty-five sovereigns have sons, one (the Em-
peror of Brazil) has a daughter, 15 have brothers,
three have collateral relatives for their heirs pre-
sumptive. To these sovereigns we must add three,
those of Brunswick, Anhalt-Bernburg, and Hesse-
Homburg, whose successions,after their deaths, will
pass over to another line ; and one sovereign, the
Pope, whose successor is not chosen till after his
death.

"The oldest of the 44 hereditary princes or pre-
sumptive heirs are those of Modena and of the Elec-
torate of Hessia, who are upwards of 70. The others
are between 60 and 70. One is upwards of 50 ;
three are between 40 and 50 ; seven between 30
and 40 ; eight between 20 and 30 ; and 11 between
10 and 20. The youngest is still, as he was last
year, the Pereditary Prince of Austria. Seven-
teen of them are married, one is'betrothed, and 13
have children. The oldest hereditary princess is
that of Electoral Hessia, who is 70 ; the youngest
is that of Saxe-Meiningen, who is only 20."

INSTITUTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS

A meeting, consisting principally of private ship-
builders and the shipbuilding officers of her Ma-
jesty's dockyards, was held last evening at the house
of the Society of Arts, John-street, A. delphi, London,
for the purpose of establishing an Institution of
Naval Architects. This institution has, it appears,
been in course of formation for several months past,
during which period it has obtained the support of
many eminent persons. Sir John Pakington, while
First Lord of the Admiralty, was one of the first to
afford it the weight of his influence by accepting a
vice-presidentship, and with him are associated the
Earl of Ellenborough, the Earl of Hardwicke, Sir
F. Baring, Sir J. Graham, Mr. Sidney Herbert, Lord
Clarence Paget, and Mr. H. T. L. Corry, all of whom
have likewise accepted vice-presidentships. With
these noblemen and gentlemen are also associated
as vice-presidents several professional and scientific
gentlemen, including Messrs. Watts and Lloyd, of
the Surveyor of the Navy's Department of the Ad-
miralty; Mr. Abethell, master shipwright of Ports-
mouth Dockyard ; Mr. John Laird, of Birkenhead;
Mr. Scott Russell, the Rev. Dr. Woolley and the
Rev. Canon Moseley (the two latter gentlemen
being the authors of valuable writings on the theory
of naval architecture), and Mr. John Penn, the
eminent marine engineer. The managing council
of the institution consists exclusively of professional
gentlemen, and comprises the master shipwrights
of all her Majesty's dockyards and several of their
assistants, Messrs. Martin andßitchie, the principal
surveyors of Lloyd's Shipping Register-office ; Mr.
John White, of Cowes ; Mr. J. R. Napier, of Glas-
gow ; Mr. Grantham, of Liverpool, and some others.
Mr. J. D'Aguilar Samuda, shipbuilder, of Millwall,
has been nominated treasurer. With the council
are connected Mr. Joseph Maudslay, the eminent
marine engineer, and Mr. J. Macgregor, of the
Temple ; and to these names were last evening
added those of Sir W. Armstrong, Captain E. P.
Halsted, MN., and Captains Sullivan and Walker,
of the Board of Trade, who will be invited
to become associates of the council. A resolu-
tion was unanimously adopted, requesting his
Grace the Duke of Northumberland to accept
the office of president of the institution. Mr. E.
J. Reed, the naval editor of the Mechanics' Maga-
zine, and the author of a paper on the " Ships of
the Royal Navy," read at the Society of Arts in
December, 1858, who has acted as the organising
honorary secretary of the institution, was unani-
mously elected secretary. An explanatory state-
ment of the design and the prospects of the new
institution was made to the meeting by the secre-
tary. According to this statement the objects of
the Institution of Naval Architects are wholly com-
prised under three heads:—First, fhe bringing
together of those results of experience which so
many shipbuilders, marine engineers, naval officers,
yachtsmen, and others are acquiring quite indepen-
dently of each other in various parts of the coun-
try, and which, though almost valueless while un-
connected, will doubtless tend much to improve
our navies when brought together in the printed
transactions of the institution. Secondly, the carry-
ing out by the collective agency of the institution
of such experimental and other inquiries as may be
deemed essential to the promotion of the science
and art of ship-building, but are of too great mag-
nitude for private persons to undertake individually.
Thirdly, the examination of new inventions, and
the investigation of those jprofessional questions
which often arise and are left undecided because no
public body to which professional reference can be
made now exists. The means by which it is pro-
posed that the first of these objects shall be effected
consists of the reading and discussion of papers at
perio.lical meetings of the institution, the exhibi-
tion of drawings and models, the publication of re-
ports of the proceedings of the institution, and the
establishment of a professional library and museum.
The means by which the second object is to be
effected will, of necessity, vary with the nature of
the inquiries to be instituted. The objects embraced
under the third head will be carried out either by
the council or by special committees appointed
by it.

The council of the institution will meet again on
the 30th of January.

STATISTICAL SOCIETY.

Last night the usual meeting of the Statistical
Society was held at their rooms, St. James's-square,
Colonel Sykes in the chair.
`Zr. L. LEVI read a paper " On the past, present,
and future condition of the leading branches of the
revenue of the United Kingdom." After setting
forth the importance of the subject, and dealing at
great length with the various items of the public
revenue, Professor Levi thus`summed up the results
at which he arrived :-1. That having regard to the
vast increase in the resources of the United King-
dom, the amount of taxation could not be con-
sidered as a hindrance to the development of
national wealth. 2. That a considerable approach
had been made towards equality in the distribution
of taxation amongst the various classes of the com-
munity. 3. That it did not seem to be expedient
to alter the present mode of raising the revenue by
a mixed system of direct and indirect taxation.
4. That the customs duties should be levied on as
few articles as possible. 5. That the remaining
duties on raw materials and manufactured goods
should be abolished. 6. That it was desirable to
realise as speedily as possible the contem-
plated reduction in the tea and sugar duties.
7. That the wine duties should be considerably
reduced. 8. That the paper duty should be
abolished. 9. That the duties on fire tind
marine insurance should be regarded as toles on
prudence, and that the duty on licenses should be
remitted. 10. That the property and income tax
should be partially capitalised • that a reduction
should be made in the rate levied schedule D,
and that operatives in the receipt of high wages
should be included in the income tax. It would be
impossible to enter minutely into the mass of
figures which the learned professor dealt with, but
the following will give an idea of the result of his
calculations. The population of 29,000,000 was
distributed as follows ;--The upper class, one
million, paid £22,500,000 in taxes, or £22 per
head ; the middle class, nine millions, paid
£33,000,000, or £3 13s. per head ; the working
class, eighteen millions, paid £18,300,000, or £1
per head ; leaving one million of poor dependent
on parochial relief, who paid no taxes. The average
of the whole was £2lss. per head. The income of
the upper class was X 180,000,000 ; of the
middle class, £270,000,000; of the working
class, L 150,000,000, or £600,000,000 for
the whole. The distribution of taxation
was given as follows :—Customs—Tea and sugar,
£11,000,200; tobacco, £5,500,000; wine and spirits,
£4,300,000 ; other articles, £4,000,000. Excise—
Spirits and malt, £15,000,000; licenses, £1,500,000 ;
paper, £1,300,000; carriages and horses, £1,000,000.
Stamps, £8,000,000 ; taxes, £3,000,000 ; income-
tax, £7,000,003 ; poor rates, £6,000,000 ; local
rates, £6,000,000 ; making a total of £73,800,000.
Of this total £25,500,000 were supposed to be paid
by the upper class, £32,900,000 by the middle
class, and £18,300,000 by the working class.
It came out very curiously that each class contri-
buted about 12 per cent. of their income to the
revenue—the upper class £22 per head, the middle
class £3 135., and the working class £l. The pre-
sent income from the customs was £22,300,000; from
the excise, £13,300,000; stamps, taxes, post-office,
and income-tax [the last £6,600,000] £19,100,000;
making a total of £60,700,000. The prospective
revenue in 1857, when it was assumed the popula-
tion would be 32 millions, was £63,400,000, the re-
venue at present derived from raw materials, manu-
factured goods, imported cheese and butter, and the
excise duty on paper being omitted in the prospec-
tive revenue, on the supposition that they would be
abolished. Professor Levi stated that, though based
on positive data, his estimates could only be re-
garded as approximate results.
A brief discussion ensued, in which Mr. Danson,
Dr. Guy, aid Sir F. Goldsmid took part, after which
a yule of thanks was passed to Professor Levi for
his paper.

GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION.—The Government
emigrant vessel Tiered of the Morning, 1,345 tuns, Captain
G. Rudslph, balonging to Messrs, 'Wilson and Chambers,
of Liverpool, which sailed from Birkenhead on the 2d of
Augtmt, arrived 44 Mclhourne, Victoria, on Nov. 5, with 45
ItiAgrAc..4 couples, 5 single men, 279 single women, 26 child.
'Alm between the ages of 1 and 12, and 10 infants, making a
total of 418 souls, equal to 395 statute adults, under the
charge of Surgeon-Superintendent Horatio Costertou.
Three births but no deaths occurred during the voyage.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.