The Sun.
London, England, 1856-04-23 00:00:00

WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 28; 1856.

THE SUN, LONDON,

SHARP MARKETS.
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DO
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Bright
Tom Perkins
• Four ran.
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'Evelyn
Three ran.

MATnEt.—Sickreul beat Marmion.

i,fil
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Noltng. Boat
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,last Lancashire

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gdin. Prth & Dun 4,
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LOC Ml Bank of London 63 65
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A.ustralia, & China • - •
100 50 City 63 - 65
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100 20 Commercial .of Lond.
2c 10 Ang.Soot.itting.Clit. 15} - 164
20 all Lon& Chatt. Bk. of
Australia l6k 174
2G 5 nitto New 3 2 d
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50 iC London Joint Stook. = 324
100 10 Loudon and Paris.... 34 • • 20, 6k
100 20 Loud. & Westminstoi 464
100 '.IF National Pro.of Eng "" 754
20 10 no. New
50 22 Nations?
20 all Now South Wales.... 41 43
25 all Oriental Bank )f
(;orrorutiz)n. 42 43
20 5 Ottoman Bank
101 50 Royal British.
25 all •;unth Australia . .
25 all. .-n(on of Austr,lia 0 - 72 TO
00. New 76 . 84
50 10 'Tniem London
111 3 Western Bk of Lou 34 24

,
LITERATURE. rso vast a power, with a deified ruler, and a slavishly
l'•A -4z.-- tr„.,';obedient people organised into a vast camp, furnished,
VwithTravels in Persia, Georgia, and Koordistan. From
all the appliances and contrivances of civilisation
.•', wielded foridestructive and ambitious purposes. Sesostris,l
~:4 the German of Dr. Moritz' Wagner. 3 vols.o,
. Hurst and Blackett. . Timur, Attila, had no such means at their disposal."
i He also considers that the neighbouring monarchs
This work presents some novel features, which`:;', - • •
~may claim for it some degree of attention. In the
first place, it is from the pen of a German tra,veller i;
Iwould render their assistance :•-- 1
"A Russian expedition against. British India would
't be probably supported by the Kings of Persia and Cabul,,
k -who is, therefore, . totally uninfluenced by the ha-
''. tional feelings and prejudice that display them- and I%ecause they know that they are at the mercy of Russia,
'.. feel that they have no choice but to join the con-
_ selves, more or less, in our countrymen's narratives...queror, or be trampled under foot. The natural impedi-
In the second place, it was written before the Tur-ments to such an expedition would be unimportant to
.- kish question, before any rumours of that war we-')Russia, and an alliance with the intermediate states
have just terminated with more haste than honour, !would diminish the obstacle of distance in space.
were circulated in the- political world. Though "An Emperor of Russia having the control over the
:--thework consists of several volumes, the portion `;',. property and lives of sixty millions of subjects, accus
occupied by the writer's own adventurea is very.l,toened to Slavonic obedience, could lead across the In-
small.. .He keeps hisown story in complete subser- dug, hosts that-wouldnot be numerically inferior to the
. ~.. yience to what would appear to be-the-main obje - united Indo-British .forces of Bombay, Madras, and
7of his book ; a thorough. and• minute description Bengal,findwhich would have the immeasurable advan-
--.a the tribes and races inhabiting those • teen of consisting almost entirely -of Great Russians,
lose regions,.
~:,.their distinctive features; their- eliaraAers, their h reas only a very small body of our-Indian army is
. mode of living, their past and- present history as. native British. The Moslem elements of a Russian in-
., nations. Along. and intimate acquaintance with vading army, would also be of incalculable value, as in-
struments in countries whose Mahommedan population
the Russian dominion leaves the author in astonish • . still regret the loss of power, , and retain a spirit of
kment at its power of subjugating the most indepen-, revenge against their British masters."
-o dent and ferocious tribes, by slow and sure degrees
, All who desire to become thoroughly acquainted
and reducing its bitterest opponents to the level of j ••- with the varying nations and distinctive tribes that
.4$
its broken-spirited serfs. The Circassiaus,
however,7cemi-ine to form this portion of the Russian -
must be excluded from this number, as the high
Ipire, and to study their national peculiarities, their
'spirit of the mountain chiefs will not submit to the,: Ife and manners, will find these volumes afford
tyranny of RuSs'on rule. t them a N ast amount of information. They do not
"The Emperor Nicholas, who maintained an iron disci- offer the entertainment to the general reader that
-'-' pline amongst all the various kinds 'of troops in his im- is met with in ordinary narratives of travel. We
•, manse empire, displayed a striking consideration towards do not meet with startling adventures, hairbreadth
`•" the Circassian squadrons of his guard. Persons who are '
intimately acquainted with the arrangernenteat St. k esci:pei, descriptionseters- ,
burg, relate many characteristic anecdotes that show how of those little minor incidents that serve to gratify;
- the bold, independent spirit of these Caucasian mountain- of remarkatis views, or any;
the seeker for amusement. The qualifications it
q
o,..eersremains unbroken by the Russian rod, and how this:, possesses are more those of an historical or political
,spirit so imposes on the Emparor, and even on the severest:.
work than of a mere book of travels. At the pre-
of barrack-masters, the Grand Duke Michael, that both 4.
1.:- have often tolerated open mutiny." sent period it is especially useful, as showing the'
`i:A considerable portion of the first volume,, opposing elements of which that extensive empire`
is devoted to the Cossack tribes, who, accord-c!. is composed, and the severity and discipline which
2..ing to this writer, have been largely instru-
Have forced them into harmony. Much may un-
mental in the subjection of the Russian ter-
doubtedly be learned from these records of an eye-
ritory. He says, "On observing the powerful witness ; and the fact of their having been written
Russian empire, it is less the conquest of such an before the war has a curious effect. To all desirous
immense extent of territory than its maintenance of acquiring information on this important subject
we commend,.affording
these volumes as consider-,
and its speedy Russification which astonish us.
able instruction, and as meritingattentive conside-,
' The Cossacks have afforded the most important
4..
, assistance in this matter. Without them it would, ration.
I: have been scarcely possible for the Russians to have
maintained their Trans-Caucasian provinces, as
they left independent mountaineers in their rear."
However, his opinion of them is not in their fa
your. " Were I," he says, "to give my own per-
.:
eonal judgment respecting the character of the
Cossacks, gained during my resideuce with them,
? the verdict would not be favourable." He de-
e scribes them as being cunning and.full of dissimu-
lation towards persons of rank, with whom they
happen to be connected in any official capacity, and
the propensity for theft, he declares, appears to be
a universal vice among them. A. great jealousy
exists between the Cossacks of the Don and the
Cossacks of the Line, so much so, that some of the
latter could hardly be persuaded to rescue a drown-
ing man, one saying to the other, "he is only a
Don Cossack." The descriptions incidentally given
leave a strong impression on the reader's mind of
the tyranny of the Imperial rule. "It is almost
miraculous," says the writer, in one place, " what
Russian discipline can effect. The Tartars of the
Crimea, those terrible rovers, who, in former times
carried devastation into the very heart of the Rus-
sian empire, are now subdued under the Russian
sceptre, a quiet, tamed, humiliated pople." The
` religious intolerance is very strong. No church
is allowed to make converts except the Greek.
As the 'writer justly observes, there might be an,
appearance of reason, if not f justice, if this prohi-
• bition to enter the Catholic and Protestant churches'
were limited to members of the Russo-Greek faith
or to Christian confession's generally, but to forbid,
Mohammedans, Jews, and Pagans to seek their
salvation in any other, .is a piece of unheard-of
tyranny. In Southern Russia it has happened
'occasionally that Jews of ' education have been
attracted by the services of the Protestant.
or Catholic churches, in contrast to the for-
malities of the Greek Church and the ,unpiilti
'rated' charaeter of its pri'es'ts.But they were riot
suffered to_beeome either Protestants or C stholics,
and as they would not accept the Russo-Greek
faith they were forced to remain Jews. Such
Christianity in the nineteenth century is almost as
marvellous as it is lamentable. While staying at
a village in the Caucasus a hand of emigrants pisse I
through it. Hundreds of families were movingi
their children and goads- in obedience to au Impe-
rial ukase. They weraof the tribe.of the Dacha
borzi, a sect who held peculiar 'religious opinions,
and who, by the command of the Emperor Alex-
ander,, were settled in the the steppes near the Sea
of Azoff, as he feared the spread of their dootriues,
where they formed eleven flourishing villagei.
"As long as the Emperor Alexander lived, the Ducho-
borzi were left in peace. They paid their taxes regularly,
-furnished recruits, and submitted in everything to their
duties asfinbjecte. Social intercourse with Russians of Mel
national religion was forbidden ; but beyond this they'
were not aggrieved. On the accession of Nicholas to the
Imperial throne their.condition underwent a material
change. His wish to restore the unity of the Russian
IChurch was known, and his consequent dislike'of Sec-,
Itarianism. This was sufficient to excite the priests'
land functionaries in the vicinity of the Dachoborzi to'
a series of persecutions nail* these unfortunates."
"Soon after this, an imperial ukase sent them all forth
as exiles to the most sterile and melancholy part of Trans-
Caucasia, at the utmost limits of the empire, where grain
only ripens in the hottest summer, and they have to depend
almost entirely on the breeding of cattle, as a means of sus-
tenance. I was staying in Arpatsehai, in 1813. Several
thousand of the 'Duchoborsi were already settled there.
They formed 7 villages ; but all the;People were in the most
wretched condition; the children looked pale, and wasted
from the' dyad quality, and insufficiency of tue food. I asked
one boy if he would come w:th me as my servant, and have
plenty of food and good clothes to wear. He replied that,
,he would like it very much, if he could take his Mlminkal
, (little mother) with him. ,
I " Notwithstanding Ihe dreadful misery of these first;
1
settlers, which destroyed so many of them, the remaintieri
of the Duchoborsi, to the number of from 4,000 to 5,000,1
, were unpityingly driven from their beautiful and prosper .I
ous settlements, on the Milk River, to share the fate of
,the former. They had to sell nearly all they possessed for
anything they could get, and then, with patient submis-
'sion, to set out in their long and melancholy journey over
the Caucasus. They had ben given the choice of remain-
ing on the banks of the Moloschns, and of denying- theiri
faith for that of the Greek Church; but few di-1 so. It is-
remarkable that a religon, with so vague an idea of the;
Deity, and of another world, should have enabled them toi
resist all temporal welfare, and to exchange their comfort--
able houses for a miserable banisiment, rather than ac-
cept the creed of the Mother Church they had forsaken.
"It is affirmed by those well acquainted with the pre-
sent state of things in Russia, that the number of schis-
matics, who practise their religion in secret, is very
great."

It was once remarked by a celebrated German
'diplomatist that the first symptoms of danger to
Russia will most probably arise from these sects.
It has also been said—" C'est par des diviSions
,religieuses que perira I'empire Russe." In opposi-
Ition to this, however, the traveller instances the
deep reverence even the victims of the persecution
entertain for. the Emperor, who, he says, has no
more devoted subjects than those who differ from
him in creed. The Koords are described as a
most ferocious and plundering nation, upon whom
no dependence can be placed. After contemplat-
ing the character of these tribes the reader may be
less inclined to disregard a piece of advice which
our author quotes from a Sclavonic writer, with
instructions to read it twice :
" We Sclavonians owe our Western brethren a. warn-
ing of the utmost moment. The man of the West is too
forgetful of the north of Europe and of Asia, the home of
plundering and exterminating natious. Let no man be
lieve that these nations have ceased to exist. "They still
continue there, like a cloud big with tempests, only await-
ing the signal from above to dart down from the table-
lands of central Asia upon Europe. Let no one suppose
that the spirit of Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane. Su-
warof, the terrible scoarges of humanity, is extinct * * *
Those lands, those men, and that spirit are still there to
keep civilisation alive, and to warn it of the fact, that it
is not yet time for, the West to turn its swords into plough-
shares, or its barracks into charitable institutions."
The concluding chapters of the work offer some
. very important points for the consideration of
British. Statesmen. The chances of the Russians
attempting to gain the ascendancy in India do not
• appear to be beneath notice. The writer, who is
certainly not prejudiced in their favour, though
perhaps impressed by their power, .states his
opinions as follows :
"All
• who compare the relative position of Russia and
England in Asia cannot doubt that vidory will evi-,1
dently incline to the former. Great Britain must remain
l
on the defeneive' within the limits of her productive and
wealthy peninsula. All conquests in that quarter,. from
Alexander to Nadir, have, emanated from the north.
" Russia has made immense, and apparently unpro-
ductiie efforts to subdue the Caucasus, and absorb Cen-
tral Asia. Her great sacrifices must be a gcsat motive ;
DO less than the ultimate incorporation of India.
" Whenever an ambitious Russian emperor sways the
sceptre, he can force Persia, in her, present prostrate
i condition, to give up Gilan, Mas inderan, and Aserbeid-
chan. We have already said that multitudes of Russian
nobles were indignant at Nicholas not having claimed
more from Persia, after the victories cl Paskiewitch.
"But rulers and dynasties change, and a successor of
Nicholas may act differently. Russia has it in her
'power either to encroach and absorb gradually, the in-•
Bi- termediate states of Central Asia, or by a bold dash to
iseize her victims. The former is probably the,T wiser.,
,plan,
and carried out by the vigorow arm of a x (Hamm, and'
the crafty diplomacy of her golden agents, it is probable
i that she would attain her obj-ct more easily in this way
1 than by grasping suddenly at her victims. The Shah and
i Cabal chiefs would be certain to yield to her menaces or
,'' bribes, and smooth her gradual advance to India. But
-in case of resistance, they would be reduced at once, and
e in the present state of Asia a few years would suffice to
pave the way for a Russian invasion of India.
ci.,-, " All who know Russia admit that- she has attained
''a .greater military power under Nicholas than under any,
previous ruler. There is no second example in history of

The World of Insects. By J. W. Douglas.
Van Voorst, Paternoster-row.

Works on entomology are usually very perplex-
ing to uninitiated readers, and the difficulty
of wading through long pages of hard Latin names
and dry technical matter, deter many inquiring
minds from learning as much about the insect tribe
as they ought to know. -Entomology is interest
-
Mg, to us all, from our- earliest days. We began
with conning over the nursery themes, which tells;
all abont " the little busy bee," and advises the'
(dashingly-attired lady bird to "fly away home."'
What vulgarly blouzed faces we have gained from;

pursuing the 'brilliant butterfly, though the song'
tells us he is a "gentleman of no very good re-i
pute." We have had powerful impressions made
by the merciless sting of the fragile gnat. We
have remembrances of many a smart skirmishing
with a brazen blue bottle, which insisted on
becoming acquainted with the delicate joint ofl
'lamb before us, and we have entertainedl
murderous quarrels with " industrious fleas."1
Great has been our admiration of the gorgeously-
Lliveried moths and the burnished armour of the
host of beetles, and Mr. Douglas has done much to
increase our interest in the myriad species by per
spicuously and concisely enlightening us as to their
prominent characteristics and habits. The work is 0

devoid of any scientific • affectation, yet exhibiting
a perfedt mastery of the subject. The necessary
studious .details are agreeably relieved by such pas-,
• sages as this :
"Everywhere, up stairs, down stairs, and in my
; lady's chamber,' is the fly. For cool, easy, impertinent
familiarity commend to me the fly. Drive him away from
the viands upon which you are engaged, the enjoyment,
of which he perseveringly disputes with you on your
• plate, or froth yoorglas-, where he sits rubbing his feet,
(I had almost said his bands), in the excess of his
epicuri.m, and qualifying himself, by gentle. fops of yonr
wine, to hive an (;pinion of its quality ;.flaphitu with'
our handkerchief, upsettink your glass and yaiir tetn-
per, awl driving him on the
.fruit at the same time,
where, looking through his Argus-eyes, he is making
dame of you ; follow him up, and, if be doeS not Fettle
on your nose, and you art, not too much flurried, observe
how he rises into the air boldly and without prepara-
tion ; put a man to make a leap as high as himself, and
he must stoop for the spring to do it ; 'even' a birdd
although it has wings, mast d ) the same thing ; but
Herr Fly does nothing of the kind ; he only opens hisl
two wings, and is gone. How That is something to'
and out. There have also been m'iny theories and die-,
putes about the means by whiCh a fly walks upon a
smooth surface, such as glass, in a vertical position, or
runs with his back downwards—as, for instance, on the
ceiling of a room—and I do not know that the question
can yet ire considered as determined."

Speaking of the clothes-moth, Mr. Douglas tells
us--

"This brown fellow was once a caterpillar with a
moveable case, who nourished himself in some dark
closet, where he made a living out of old clothes, and
a house which he carried about with him. He might be
styled the Jew of moths, for he is always to be found,i
throughout all, the stages of his existence, among the
"Old Clo',"—a cry he would doubtless utter if he could.
Unlike many a Christian he has provided well for his
children, having taken care they shall have every chancel
.if being well brought up, by having the eggs deposited
in a place of plenty. This is the true 'clothes-moth.'
There is the other sleek yellow•plush gebtleman, who
ses us looking and is sidling away ; he probably spent
his time, from fouth to maturity, if not under the
ermine, yet in as near an approach to it as circumstanoes
would permit; he has a dear liking for furs of all sorts,
and if he has no regard for the appearance of the skins'
other 'animals, neither has he far his own ; for, unlike
his congener above mentioned, he makes no covering
for his body until he has done eating, when he forms a
rude hut in which to assume his robes of state ; when
he comes out, no one would believe how much dirty work
was necessary to procure this finery. In the world there
are many parallels."

Iu alluding to the metamorphis which constitutes
one cf the great laws of insect life, the author
says—

" Wonder of wonders is it that a crawling worm, after
gorging itself fur weeks or months, should then be en-
velopedi in a shroud-like covering, and eventually come
Iforth a creature in no way resembling its former self, but,
lot exquisite delicacy of structure, dre-sed in the hues of
the rainbow, fitted to live iu a new element, and if it feed atl
lan, not touching the substances on which it existed in
former 4,ite. The striking similarity ofthese changes to the
life, death, and resurrection of man evidently impressed
itself on the ancient Greek mind, to which wonder and
beauty never appealed in vain, and we accordingly find
that one word in the Greek language—Psyche—signi-1
tied both the butterfly and a soul."
We cordially recommend the work to our readers
as being a volume at once instructive and re-
freshing.

The Arctic Enterprise. By C. H. Abrahall.
Hope and Co., Great Marlborough-street.

Poems. By Isa. Blackwood and SODS; Edinburgh.
Poems, Original and Translated. By Sophia Mil-
laLrau. Hurst and Blackett, Great Marlborough-
street.

Garlands of Terse. By Thomas Leigh.

Volumes of rhyme are as plentiful as blackberries
in autumn, and we have such a heap of them lying,
before us that we must set to with a good will and
'ready pen and say what we think of a few of them.
" The Arctic Enterprise" is an elaborated histo-
rical poem in seven parts, commencing with the
discovery of Iceland, and progressing to the loss
of Sir John Franklin. There is considerable
power of language and vigour of thought in the
work ,• but it may be considered that there
must be a lack of Parnassian genius when 70 pages
of closely-printed notes are required to render 140
pages of largely printed poetry lucid. We think
the author would do better things if ho treated a
less amplified theme. The "reading-up for such
a production must have been very serious ;
but probably it needs a Homer to make a catalogue
of ship
"Poems, by Is and heroes posa " etically engaging.
The
wore written, we are told
in the preface, in the intervals of leisure afforded
by a life of toil. The authoress need make no apo-
logy for the publication of her effusions. They
might be proudly owned by raany a bard of blazoned
fame. Earnest truth, simple pathos, and no small
amount of enthusiastic genius are evident in all the
poems, and demand encouragement and praise—,
such as we have no doubt her readers will eagerly,
e'The Blind
Bairn The tender touchingness of " dl
Bsirn" induces us to transfer it to our columns

" THE BLIND BAIRN.
"The wee blind beggar bairnie sits
Close to that woman's feet,
An' there he nestles frae the cauld,
And shelters frae the heat.
I ken nae if he be her ain,
But kindly does she speak,
For blessed God makes woman love

The helpless an' the weak.'
"I'm was to see his wistfu' face,
As weary day by day,
He cowers sae still an' silent there,

While ither bairnies play.
The sigh that lifts his breastie
Like sad winds frae the sea,
Wi' sic a dreary sough, as wad
Bring tears into yer ee.

" An' now she lifts him in her arms,
His wakin' nicht is past,
An' round his sma' and wasted form
Her tattered shawl is cast.
His face is buried iu her neck
Au' close to her he cline

For faith an love hae filled Lis heart,
An' they are blessed thino.
" She bears him through the bustl
But noo he fears nae harm,
He'll sleep within her bosom too,
To him it's rift and warm.
Oh, her ain weary heart wad close
In wretchedness an' sin,
But he keeps in't an opea door,
For God to enter in."
;We congratulate the authoress on having added
'her healthy and elevated poetic offering to our rick
lyrical " Paper Currency" and regret that *ant of
space prevents us from extracting "The As Lamb
the Fauld," and some of the smooth and excellent
Lsonnets.

The "Original Poems and Translations," by.
Sophia Milligan. This volume, although tko-
lroughly "respectable" in its original, and well
finished in its translated poems, does not afford, to
our taste, nearly such a degree of fresh outpouring
as the one last discussed. Many of the pieces ars
very mellifluous and well constructed, but we trim
the undercurrent of vigour displayed by "
The book is, however, well qualified to take a fair
position amongst its compeers, and the warm
!breathing of piety in it will stro_Lgly recommend it
Ito many. - .

" Garlands of Verse," by Thomas Leigh, is an-
other of the poetical publications which is destitute
of ar distinguishing, feature. The songs forming
the garland, dedicated to " Alice," are the most
iattractive.

The following is a specimen of the tenour of the
work :

" LOOKING O\ WARD.

" When fifty years have o'er thee roll'd,
I shall no grace of youth forgot,
Yet not ajoy of love regret ;
Though ether take the place of gold,
And time rude fingermarks may set
Where now alone my kisses fret,
The past shall make thee dearer old,
The farthest future find thee yet
My Alice, my own Alice.
" When the departing sun doth seem
To die beyond the western hill,
The earth it leaves behind is chill, '
But onward with itself doth stream
Its glory other worlds to fill
Love after death shall surely thrill
With bliss diviner than we dream ;
A heavenly home behold thee still
My Aliso, my own Alice."

LATEST NEWS.

THE MEDITERRANEAN.
SOUTHAMPTON, IVEDNBSDA.; 10 A.M.
The Peninsular and Oriental Company's screw-
steamer Ava, Captain Field, with the Indian ant
!Mediterranean mails has arrived in the river.
She will be prevented from coming into dock
until after mid day, in consequence of the room
required for the vessels which are leaving for
Spi thead.

KONIGSBERG, AntlL 21.

Accounts from St. Petersburg state that several
decrees have been published, permitting the ex-
portation from Poland of sheepskins, meat, oxen,
!horses, pigs, brandy, cables, hay, and woven
,goods.