The Sun.
London, England, 1860-11-22 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 22, 1860,

DOYAI, DRAMATIC COLLEGE.—The
ANNUAL FULL DRESS BALL in AID of the
FUNDS of the COLLEGE, will take place in St. James's
Hall, on WEDNESDAY, Dec. 5.
A list of Stewards, from whom vouchers must be obtained,
and full particulars, will be shortly announced.
J. W. ANSON, Secretary.
Committee-room, 15, Bedford-street, Strand.

AME LICENCES.—The COMMISSIONERS
of INLAND REVENUE HEREBY GIVE NOTICE,
That LISTS, containing the Names of all Persons who have
taken out Licences to Kill Game in the current year to 30th
September last inclusive, have been PRINTED in each Excise
Collection, and that a copy thereof may be obtained gratis,
by any person, on application at this Office, or to the Collec-
tors or Supervisors of Excise, or Distributors or Sub-Distri-
butors of Stamps in the country:
The Commissioners further give notice, that instructions
have been issued to the Officers to take the necessary steps to
prefer informations for penalties against all persons found in
pursuit of game without licence.
By order of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue.

.. _
THOS. DOBSON, Secretary.
Inland Revenue, Somerset House, London, Nov. 19, 1860.

THE WEATHER.

The following remarks by Rear-Admiral Fitzroy
appear in the Athenceum of Saturday :

" Board of Trade, Nov. 12.

" An alteration in the words or scales of barometers
having been suggested, and daily tables of weather having
been lately published, respecting which various questions
have arisen, may I, as the person responsible for them,
venture now to submit a few brief remarks on the subjects
of these alterations and ' Weather Tables ?'

" 1. As it is impossible to have many words on a baro-
meter scale that may be read easily without a lense, my aim
has been to condense the purport of a few words, most
wanted, in a systematic manner, as notes adverting to in.
structions elsewhere, and of general application.
" 2. By comparison with the meteorological reports now
published daily one may ascertain the state of a barometer,
aneroid, or sympiesometer, or elevation above the sea level,
by comparisons made between eight and nine in the morn-
ing, with two or three of the observations published, for
the same time, and for places near, but on different sides.
" 3. It is unnecessary to draw general attention to the
use of such a continuous, uniform, and simultaneous series
of observations as are available in these tables; but to prac-
tical seafaring members of our very maritime community
—to pilots and fishermen, especially, who may possess
weather-glasses and may take this easy method of verifying
them while studying the weather with these daily reports,
they should be found invaluable.
" 4. Aneroids are now made more portable, so that a
pilot or chief boatman may carry one in his pocket, as a
railway guard carries his timekeeper; and, thus provided,
pilots cruising for expected ships would be able to caution
strangers arriving, if bad weather were impending, or give
warning to coasters or fishing boats. .
"5. Harbours of refuge, however excellent and import-
ant, are not always accessible even when most wanted, as
in snow, rain, or darkness, when neither land, nor buoy,
nor even a lighthouse light can be seen.
" 6. Not only do these daily statements of weather and
indications of accurate instruments show, to all who are
sufficiently interested to compare them day by day (aided
perhaps by a map with wind-markers), the present and re-
cently past character of the weather generally, and in many
specified places—but they enable one to foresee the probable

nature of wind and weather, during the next day or two,
even the next few following days.
" 6. Recent comparisons of accumulatei facts have in-
duced the conclusion that winds move in parallel currents,

or circulate around a centrical area; and that whether the
extension of such movement or circulation be immense, as
between the tropics and the polar regions, or whether it be
small even as the dust-whirl, the laws of circulation, or
gyration,* are uniform, except in voryrare and limited cases.
" 8. When movememts of the atmosphere, such as those
of the perennial trade-winds, or the very prevalent westerly
winds, or ' anti-trade winds,'t are on the largest scale, the
wind appears, at any one place, to move in straight lines,

owing to the really circular arc having so little curvature ;
but when circulation is comparatively limited, as in a cy-
clone, rapid changes in the wind's direction are obvious to
every observer.

"9. When such movements are not horizontal, but in-
clined to the surface, more or less, perhaps nearly vertical,
or partaking of varied directions, they are exceedingly diffi-
cult to trace, except by upper clouds seen crossing heavenly
bodies, or by visits to high mountains, or by examining
dust' t. (so called) carried from far distant places through
the higher regions of our atmosphere.
" 10. Nevertheless, it appears from the facts ascertained,
that the current (from polar regions) tends upward when
intermediate between the tropics, and then as a tropical cur-
rent, eastward, while the lower or polar movement is south-
ward, and, apparently, westward. Apparently, because it
is caused by the earth turning towards the east ; not by its
own inclination or impulse, which is solely southerly. Near
the equator it has almost acquired that equatorial, rather
than centrifugal impetus, which, as it rises into an upper
region, causes it to move eastward while returning towards
the pole, but losing this impulse as it approaches that
centre.

" 11. This circulation, therefore, closely followed out, is
similar to that of all the smaller cyclonic motions(el/ipsoncs?)
against watch-hands in north latitude, with the hands of a
watch in the southern hemisphere.
" 12. A practical, important, and hitherto unnoticed con-
sequence of these facts is, that lines drawn on a map at
right angles to the right (left in south latitude) of the
wind's direction towards any one facing it, all tend more or
less toward the centrical area (whether oval, elliptic, or
circular), around which there is then a movement of circu-
lation, more or loss varying ; and, therefore, that a fair
average of such lines of direction (radii), drawn from vari-
ous stations, will show (where they intersect each other most
nearly) the approximate centre of such general circulation,
which, even thus roughly ascertained, may enable any per-
son acquainted with cyclonology to complete the circles on
paper, show how the wind is then blowing, its probable re-
lative strength at any parts around them, and over what
countries or coasts the central part of such circulation will
probably pass.

" 13. Having this knowledge, it immediately follows that
telegraphic warning may be sent in any direction reached
by the wires, and that, occasionally, on the occurrence of
very ominous signs, barometric and other—including al-
ways those of the heavens—such cautions may be given be-
fore storms as will tend to diminish the risks, and loss of
life, so frequent on our exposed and tempestuous shores.
" 14. It has been proved that storms, indeed all the
greater circulations of atmosphere, between the tropics and
the polar regions, have an eastward motion, bodily, while
circulating around a centrical area.
" 15. This universal motion (however irregular or modi-
fied, in some few localities, by exceptional and minor causes
is independent of the regular circulation above-mentioned,
which, when compressed by the earth's surface, or other-
wise, has the effect of movements like the parallel cur-
rents,' as first spoken of by Dove. These circulations of
the polar and tropical currents, with their attendant pecu-
liarities of dry, cold, and heavy air, or moist, warm, and
light air, raising or lowering the barometer, as they pass
over any country, have probably caused the idea of ' atmo-
spheric waves' corresponding to• barometrical oscillations,
as well as to the ' gyrations' of wind, so well elucidated by
that meteorologist.
" 16. Such prolonged and excessively broad currents are
always flowing, in nearly opposite directions, if side by side
near the earth's surface, or parallel; but if overlapping, or
entirely superposed, crossing in various directions, and
more or less impinging on or intermingling with each other.
These greater currents, incessantly in motion, occasion by
their eddies the minor movements of cyclones, successive

and perhaps numerous—one cyclone following, impinging
on, or counteracting another, more or less, and thus caus-
ing those complicated changes of wind, sudden shifts, and
apparent contradictions of the general law, which have so
baffled some investigations, and have caused doubts as to
the reliability and universality of the laws of storms.

" 17. While these normal polar and tropical currents are
respectively moving towards wide intertropical regions, and
toward those very limited spaces around the poles of our
world, they have, as has been stated, a general movement
in mass, laterally, towards the east.

" 18. The body of air raised (rarefied by warmth, loaded
with vapour, and expanded) around the whole globe, about
its equatorial bulk, is vastly greater than the aggregate of
cold, dry, condensed and heavy air in the polar regions.
This equatorial mass of air around the world has acquired
a temporary impulse eastward with nearly the velocity of
rotation in that zone, but prevented by gravitation from
rising above a certain distance, pressed on by air in motion
below (or behind), toward either pole it must go, to equi-
librate the atmosphere.
"D. While moving toward the pole, retaining for a
time, though gradually losing, its acquired eastward mo-
tion, which is continued only till the momentum duo to its
weight and velocity fails in effect towards the polar circles
—there must be a continued impact, a constant impulsion
from the westward against the polar current laterally, as
it is drawn towards, and after the sub-solar rising part of
the atmosphere.
tc 20. The polar current has no lateral impulse of its own
—it is drawn towards the west, in appearance only, because
the earth's surface has a greater rotatory velocity eastward
than the polar current, proportionally to its approach to the
equator ; while, on the other hand, that current is gra-
"dually acquiring equatorial motion.
" 21. Therefore the sensible effect on the whole system
of circulation must bo continual easterly progression, a
general motion of the atmosphere towards the east, even in
the lower (perennial) trade-winds, where its motion is only
less different from that of the earth's surface than it is in
higher latitudes.
" 22. The continuous impulse of the tropical current east-
* Dove, t Herschel. Ashes, or infusoria.

ward, while that of the polar stream is solely southward, in
itself, seems to bo the cause of that (almost ?) universal law
of gyration—against: watch-hands it north latitude, with
them in the southern hemisphere—which is now generally
recognised, though, as far as I am aware, it has not been
hitherto explained or accounted for generally.
"23. The normal state of our atmosphere appears to be a
regular alternation or circulation of currents between polar
and tropical regions—the polar advancing along the earth's
surface—the return current above at higher elevations.
"24. Sometimes for weeks together a polar current pre-
vails—excessively broad—many thousand miles in width,
and in latitude reaching from icy regions through the pe-
rennial ' trade winds' quite to the sub-solar zone. The
more 'naked characteristics of this current, where it does
not blow over an expanse ,of Comparatively warm ocean, are
relative cold, dryness and heaviness, with positive elec-

tricity.
" 25. Daring such a normal condition of atmosphere the
return, or tropical current, passed above, is only made
evident to us by light upper clouds seen crossing heavenly
bodies, and by the evidence of feeling, at high elevations,
on mountains or in balloons.
"26. At other times, and by far the more prevalent,
there is a more or less conflicting alternation, along the
earth's surface, or in the upper air, of the great principal
currents, in such a variety of proportion and combination,
that observers, however careful and discriminating, cannot
be otherwise than perplexed until more is ascertained, not
only of the mechanical, but the chemical and electrical laws
of the atmosphere. With the tropical current there is little,
if any, positive electricity manifested in the air. Some-
Ames, and particularly with moist deposit, there is negative
electricity in a greater or less degree.
"27. Part of the tropical current descends, between the
latitudes of 20 and 35 degrees, turns towards the eqUator,
and coinbines with the perennial or the periodical winds.
Part flows on towards the polar 'region, invariably coming
down, or descending towards the earth's surface, wherever
the polar current fails; and then, having obtained access,
it increases in breadth and strength till a revival of the
polar element enables it to turn, overcome, and eventually
displace its usurping antagonist.
"28. As the polar current diminishes or fails gradually
While moving southward, and as the first descent of the
tropical stream is more or less from the westward, the
feeble extremities of the polar current are turned to the
eastward, and, as they become combined with the advanc-
ing tropical stream, turn actually northward till lost—thus
causing a rotary movement against watch-hands—a move-
ment as constant in the north hemisphere as its analogous
motion, in the contrary direction, is general in southern
_ _ _

latitudes.
" 29. When the polar current recovers energy, being re-
cruited from far remote sources, it usually presses suddenly
and violently against the polar side of the tropical current,
which is flowing from the southward and westward, mak-
ing it diverge in direction by curving away from the place
of most pressure, and thus increasing the tendency to
circulate, as above mentioned, in one direction rather than
another. These currents combine, or mix, variously, in
nature as well as in direction. There may be also an elec-
trical agency, not yet ascertained and traced distinctly,
though frequently indicated.
"30. In conclusion, let me remark that, although these
appear to be general outlines in accordance with observed
facts, it ought to be borne in mind that similar features or
peculiarities occur on a very small scale in some localities,
and apparent exceptions or contradictions in others (such
as temporary land or sea breezes, •occasional gyrations of a
local whirlwind or waterspout, contrary to usual law) ; so
exceptional, however, that they may truly be said to prove
the generality of those laws so necessary to be studied by
seamen."

MR. MILNER GIBSON, M.P., AT ASHTON-

ITNDE.R-LYNE.

! Last evening the Right Hon. Thos. Milner Gib
1 son, President of the Board of Trade, addressed his
constituents at the Town-hall, Asittun-under-Lynn
—the Mayor, Mr. B. M. Kenworthv, presided.
Mr. M. GIBSON, on rising, was received with
great applause. He said that-the circumstances of
his return rendered it a duty to
.appear before his
constituents. It, was a more difficult task than it
appeared to give an account of the late session,
because ho eonl.d not be expected to condemn the
Administration with which he was connecicfl. He
certainly should not praise the Administration, but
would merely say that their earnest endeavour was
to do the best for the country, although they had
not succeeded in passing their measures of reform.
1 There had not been a habit of late, he thought, of
discrediting Parliamentary speaking ; but it had
been said by an eminent writer that Parliamentary
• government was a government by speaking, and so
he believed it to be, and thought the debates might
be lengthened ; they had a tendency to elicit the
truth and ripen public opinion. There might have
been failures during the last session, but there had
been great commercial reforms, and reforms calcu-
lated to benefit the neighbourhood of Ashton-
under-Lynn. There had been misgivings as to the
trade of the country ; but, although the export
trade had grown to its present magnitude, it was
at the present moment still increasing. In the first
nine months of this year the value of the exports of
British produce had been about £102,000,000.
During the same nine months of 1859 the value of
the exports was only £98,000,000. It was mar-
vellous how the export trade had increased from
the adoption of free commercial principles. The
cotton manufacture formed a large portion of these
exports, being £48,000,000, and the shipping
interest showed signs of improvement, because,
comparing the corresponding nine months in
1860 and 1858, British tonnage cleared with cargoes
increased by 785,522 tons, against an increase of
475,165 of foreign tonnage, so that they would
see that British shipping was holding its own.
These facts brought him to the commercial treaty
with France, and they might rely on it the French
Government had made, so far as their tariff was con-
cerned, a very great change ; in fact France had
taken a greater step than any of the same kind
taken by this country at any time. For this treaty
the country was indebted to Mr. Cobden for any
benefit that might arise. There had been a great
deal of misrepresentation made about the com-
mercial treaty. Some had said that England had
been taken in, and that we had given a great
deal and got very little in exchange. A change
had been made in the British tariff, and we had
given nobody anything. We had given an im-
pulse to the industry of this country ; at the same
time, we had got the French Government to change
their tariff. We had got two good things instead
of one. There was no bargain to make any ex-
changes, but we were merely taking two good
things at once instead of only one. If the French
had not changed their tariff it would have been our
duty to effect the changes which we had made in
our tariff. As to the French wines a great deal had
been said. It was said that Englishmen would
not drink French wine ; but the increase in the
imports arising from the treaty had been very con-
siderable, and had increased the revenue. It had
been said that great distress had been occasioned at
Coventry by the commercial treaty, but the Coventry
weavers could not be made an exemption to the
principle of free trade. The import of French
ribanda had only been small (15 per cent.), and he
thought that by and by the effect of the treaty
would be to put the Coventry riband trade on a
sounder basis. The papermakers had raised a cry
as to the importation of foreign paper, but there
had been no shutting up of mills, and there had
been no great importation of foreign paper, or any
increase in the price of paper. The fact was the
English papermakers were able to compete with
any other papermakers in the world. He was
speaking of the Customs on . foreign papers,
not of the Excise. It had been urged that it was
not good policy to make commercial treaties with
France, and there was a small sect who yet re-
garded France as our natural enemy. But he viewed
this matter as one of the greatest events of the day.
and one calculated to benefit this country more
than any other which had occurred in recent years.
He had observed a sensible remark made by Mr.
Bright at Wakefield, that it was a strange thing
that 30,000,000 of people in England an d 36,000,000
of people in Fratte, separated only by a narrow
sea, could not just as well have as extensive a trade
with each other as with people separated by the
Atlantic. (Cheers.) We had a great trade with
countries with more restricted tariffs than France,
and he was satisfied that from this time the French
tariff would satisfy the most expectant, as being
the most liberal tariff in Europe except our own.
With reference to the income-tax, he wished to say
a word or two. It had been said by many—(oh)--
if it had not been for this Government and the
French treaty we should not have had such a high
income tax. Ho denied that, and believed they
would have had a higher income-tax for many rea -
sons. The opponents of the income-tax had always
said that it was a war tax, which meant that it was
a tax to which the Government had recourse when
the military and naval expenditure was very high.
That expenditure was very high now, and the ques-
tion was, did this income-tax bear a larger propor-
tion to that expenditure than in past times P He
found that we did not pay as much of our war expen-
diture out of our income-tax as we used to do. Sir
Robert Peel's income tax paid 32 per cent. of the
war expenditure ; but the income tax at 10d. in the
pound paid no more than 38 per cent., taking into
account the supplementary vote of £3,000,000 for
the war in China. He did not object to the income
tax being called a war tax, but he objected to people
calling it a war tax and yet refusing to allow it to
be use for that purpose. He contended that with
a vote of £30,000,000 for naval and military pur-
poses a tenpenny income tax was not out of pro-
portion. It had been represented that there had
been some general transfer of indirect to direct
taxation, and that the property of the country was
paying more than its fair share of the burdens of
the country, but he found that for every £22 paid
by direct taxation during 1860 and 1861 there would
be £7B paid by direct taxation. If large naval and
military armaments were necessary for the safety
of the country, and there appeared to be a feeling
in the country that they were, we could not avoid
a large income tax. The effect of the former re-
ductions of taxation had been to realize more
revenue from 12 excise duties than formerly from
27, and it was a mistake of the House of Lords to
suppose that by getting rid of a tax they were get-
ting rid of so much revenue. With regard to the
late question of the paper duty, he was still of
opinion that it would be to the interest of the
country to get rid of it, and the House of Lords
in refusing to assent id the Paper
made two blunders—one f
other constitutional. He was sorry'
House of Commons was not sound upOn
Duty Bill
uncial, and the
tion. He believed that one great ti(n)(sh.a: that the
that ques-
ementdt.do
the House of Lords for taking the course 1....1ey1e
was that they believed the House of Commons - ,I.
not in earnest, and that the measure would nevi:,
have passed a third reading. The House of Com-
mons did not wish to embarrass the Government,
and therefore left the House of Lords to deal with
the bill. The evil of the precedent was, however,
untouched; and in future such a precedent might
possibly be used for some unconstitutional
purpose.
With regard to the foreign policy of the Govern"
ment, he should say very little. Their wish na:
been on the one hand to preserve peace
tbetw.eme e
the great Powers of Europe, and at the same frs ;
to enable the Italians to regulate their own affairs
and he believed that that policy had been success-
ful. What might be looming in the future was not
for him to say, but he thought that there was
growing up in Europe a stronger desire to maintain
peace. The exhausted finexces of some countries
and the commercial views tyf others were likely to
prevent war for some time ;to come. Although the
Government had adopted the policy of non-inter-
vention, they still sympathized with oppressed
nations struggling for liberty and freedom. Hold-
ing office as he did he did n Lot feel at liberty to act
the prophet. He recante( 1 none of his opinions
upon public measures. :Re stood where he had
done in all the political i news which he had ex-
pressed to the constituents of Ashton d '
' all li *Dula