The Sun.
London, England, 1860-09-18 00:00:00

GARIBALDI'S PROGRESS.

Kitom the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
NAPLES, SEPT. 11.
The four battalions of Chasseurs whom the King
has left behind in his flight, quartered here and
there about town, hare gone asunder. Many of
the soldiers go home ; those who wish to remain at
Naples, secure from harm, do obeisance to the new
powers that be by wearing a small badge with the
Savoy cross on their breasts. The fortress of St.
Elmo followed the example of the fleet. It fired a

thundering salvo in honour of Garibaldi, hoisted
the Sardinian colours, and admitted the National
Guards within its walls. The other forts are

equally garrisoned by this same burgher militia.
Naples, in short, is now wholly in the hands of the
patriots, and Garibaldi has already pushed forward
one or two brigades, which have gained possession
of the Royal Palace of Caserta. The King shuts
up the gates of Capua. There and at Gaeta he will
abide till his enemies come en. Meanwhile Gari-
baldi, master of the seas, sends his steamers to

Paola, to Sapri, to all the small ports near which
his overtasked legions lingered behind. Every
morning we hear of a joyous landing and a trium-
phant march of these several brigades. The whole
force will soon be brought together, and the respite
allowed to the King at Gaeta will be of no long
duration.
The joy of these good Neapolitans at their
cheaply-gotten emancipation becomes daily more
noisy and frantic. Every evening the Toledo is all
alive with banners and torches, with thronged
masses of possessed people, all poking their fore-
fingers in each other's faces, and shouting out with
all the might of their Southern throats that favou •
rite cry, " Una! Una! Una!"—conveying their de-
sire that all Italy should be made one country.
There was a grand gala night at San Carlo on
Saturday last, when the proscenium, the pit,'and
the boxes became one vast stage. You
could not tell the actors from the spectators ;
for the whole performance consisted of lo Penas
to Garibaldi, who, calm and serene in his homely
garb, had a pleasant word for all the friends
who surrounded him in her ,box, and was, in fact,
less insensible to that popular demonstration than
he might have wished to avow.
To prevent the sameness of these amusements
palling upon us, the Novena and other festivities of
St. Januarius will close all the Neapolitan theatres
for a fortnight. Driven from the playhouses, we
must make the Toledo and all the streets our stage.
The solemnity of Pie di Grotta, also on Saturday,
was marred by a smart shower, the first we have
heard of in this country for the last four months.
Garibaldi and his officers, whose horses are still
tarrying, jaded and knocked up, at a great dis-
tance behind, repaired to the spot—the church near
the opening of the great Roman tunnel at Pausi-
lipo—in carriages ; but the National Guards were
but Neapolitans—a set of men who have a mad-
dog dread of rain-water--whose martial array was
as utterly discomposed and thrown into confusion
by the pelting element as it might, perhaps, have
been by a Tolley of musketry.
One of our greatest objects of interest is now
the easily-won Castle St. Elmo. The whole popu-
lation of Naples, male and female, seem bent on
forming a pilgrimage to that shrine of their patriot
martyrs, and yesterday I went up myself with a
party of friends. We first walked through St.
Martin's marble Church and Monastery, where our
Garibaldian red-shirts, I dare say, boded little good
to the white-cowled monks, who gazed at us as we
passed, tall, stately, and motionless, so that we at
first mistook them for statues ;—good Carthusian
monks doing penance in a marble paradise, bound
by vow to perpetual silence, and affecting an easy
unconcerned air, though in their heart of hearts
probably trembling not a little for the visible and
invisible treasures of which their sanctuary has
been time out of mind the repository.
From the marble cells of the monks to the iron
dungeons of the victims of Castle St. Elmo the tran-
sition is but short, but the contrast is appalling.
The stone steps wind down six floors, and at every
floor room was made for about half a score of
victims. Some of the miserable cells had windows ;
but, as the view from the hill over the loveliest
panorama of land and sea would have been too great
a solace to the lonely captive, the window was lat-
ticed over by thick wooden bars, not intended to
prevent escape—for from that height only a bird
could attempt to—but simply to rob the poor recluse
of the distant view of his familiar scenes. In the
lowest floor there is no window to the dungeons—
only a little wicket in the door opening outwardly
for the gaoler to communicate with the prisoner if
he has a mind. The wicket would be opened one
moment in the morning to let in a little bread and
water ; then the wicket would fall to, and for 24
hours all would be darkness inside.
I do not like to witness horrors, much less to
dwell upon them, else I could tell you of the loop-
holes we were shown, through which the sentries
could shoot the prisoners in their cells and their
beds. I could repeat the instances of wholesale
executions of Swiss and Sicilian mutineers of which
St. Elmo has been the theatre, and of which the
world never knew anything. The caitiffs who were
but yesterday in the King's pay are eager to pro-
mulgate abroad the infamy of his doings ; and I have
no doubt St. Elmo will soon become the subject of
books or pamphlets yielding but little in interest to
the stories of La Bastille, of which it will soon share
the fate.
Yes, the good people of Naples are bent upon
demolishing St. Elmo, and are only awaiting the
Dictator's bidding to lay hand to the work. A
tough job they will find it, I am sure. As I was
walking yesterday along the upper battlements the
impatient citizens were already busy pulling back
the huge brass guns, each of which was most offen-
sively pointed at some of the most densely crowded
quarters of the town, and turning their muzzles
inward. What a fortress that was, and what a
protection to the city'. It was no bad emblem of
the whole sea and land might of the Bourbon—
worse than useless against foreign aggression,
wholly and exclusively directed to crush internal
commotion.

There arc not many men who could venture to
say what Garibaldi's present intentions may be.
Garibaldi is apt to talk 'wildly, though he is sure to
ast wisely. He must bring the Neapolitan enter-
prise to an end, and that will give him employment
for a week or two; then, if either Lamoriciere
marches forward to the rescue of the Bourbon, or
the Bourbon with his troops takes refuge in any
part of the Papal territory, the war will necessarily
'be carried into that ground where Garibaldi himself
would wish to pursue it. Our Dictator here has been
frightening people out of their wits by too openly
revealing his designs upon Rome and Venice. He
must have the whole of Italy, and it was supposed
his reluctance to the immediate annexation of these
Southern kingdoms to Piedmont arose from a fear
lest his action for the future might be hampered by
his allegiance to the Government of King Victor
EmmameA. I always thought, however, that the
alleged between Cavour and Garibaldi, if not
altogether a feint, was at any rate in a great measure
affected. We have this day ample confirmation of
all my surmises. Two battalions of Bersaglieri—
genuine Piedmontese Bersaglieri—have landed from
the Sardinian men-of-war, and taken possession of
the Darsena. Telegraphic orders have been sent
more Piedmontese for two regiments to garrison the
Neapolitan forts, By taking the Neapolitan marine
under its command, and occupying the strongholds,
dockyard., and arsenals about this place, the Sar-
dinian Govertu:lent commits itself more openly to
the annexation of these kingdoms than it ever dared
to do in the case of Tuscany (f. Romagna last year.
And all these measures are taken net e 137 with the
consent but by the express desire of Garibany,
~,ho
certainly exhibits no apprehension that the King's
Government will interfere with his vast under-
takings.
Garibaldi, who appointed no Minister for Foreign
"airs, deemed it, however, expedient, upon the
suggestion of General Bertani, to send forth as his
Ambassadors from Naples Carlo Cattaneo to London,
Camillo Cara,6olo, Marquis of Bella, to Paris, and
Leopardi to Turin. Tho idea of sending Cattaneo,
an untravolled milatese,
who knows nothing
about Naples, and though
a scholar, a most un-
practical person in all human, affairs, seems to the

good people here most preposterous. No doubt, but
whenever poor Garibaldi is led to commit a 'silly
thing Bertani is supposed to be at the bottom of
it ; yet we should not believe that the influence of
the new-fangled General is very great upon his
heroic friend. Bertani may occasionally palm an
old crony like Cattaneo upon Garibaldi, but the
appointments of the Dictator generally evince suffi-
cient discretion and impartiality, The formation of
a Ministry took every man by surprise. It was ex-
pected that none but the Bertanians, the Committee
of Action, and other violent partisans, would get
into power. What was the universal surprise on
hearing that most of the Ministers were of the Mo-
derate party, and that two of them had actually
held their portfolios under King Francis 11.
towards the decline of his reign ! One of these,
however—Liberio Romano--seems to have become
aware of the false position in which ho has placed
himself, and is hourly expected to retire.
FROM ANOTHER CORRESPONDENT.)
NAPLES, SEPT. 9.
So far Garibaldi has pleased people much, by his
confining himself to Neapolitans in all the appoint-
ments which he has made. The following offices
have been given temporarily to these persons :
Public Works, to the Marchese d'Afflitto ;
Public Instruction, to Dr. Ciccone ; Finance, to
Scialoja ; Marine, to Captain Scrugli, under Admi-
ral Persano. Marchese Bella, Cavaliere Leopardi,
and Dr. Cataneo, are appointed Envoys Extraordi-
nary to France, Sardinia, and England respectively.
Several concessions have been made to the Maze-
niani, as the directory of the Custom-house to Agresti;
and the governorship of the Bank to Libertini, an
appointment which will inspire little confidence in
the public. All public officers are for the moment
retained in their old stations. The holding of seve-
ral offices by one and the same person is hencefor-
ward forbidden, and pluralists are to select within
five days which office they will retain.
All military men willing to serve are ordered to
present themselves at the nearest station, give in
their adhesion to the actual Government, and take
their certificate of it.
Those officers who present themselves with their
troops will be retained in their positions in full ac-
tivity ; those who present themselves alone will be
placed in the 2d class, and will be employed when
the army is reformed. Those who do not send in
their adhesion in 10 days will be excluded.
SEPTEMBER 9.
The Official Journal of Naples, as it is now called,
publishes a series of decrees this morning, of which
the following are the most important :—All the acts
of public authority and of administration are to be
issued in the name of his Majesty Victor Emmanuel,
King of Italy, and all the seals of State, of public
administration, and of the public offices, are to bear
the arms of the Royal house of Savoy, with the
legend " Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy." The
public debt of the Neapolitan State is recognised;
the public banks are to continue their payments, as
also the Discount Bank, according to existing laws
and regulations. Passports for the United Italian
States are abolished; those for foreign States and
Italian States not united are to be signed by the
Director of Police.
A series of despatches also are published from
Nola, Benevento, Aquila, and a host of other
places, expressive of the public joy at the arri-
val of the Dictator iu the capital. In Arriano and
Avellino there has been a reactionary movement,
and from 50 to 80 persons have been sacrificed
among the Liberals. On Sunday afternoon the divi-
sion of Col. Turr, composed of 2,500 men, left in
that direction. Some disturbances, accompanied by
loss of life, have taken place also in Canosa. To-day
news has been received of a reactionary movement
in the Island of Ischia, and Albert Mario, on the
staff of Garibaldi, was sent off last night to quell it.
llere, in Naples, the castles have all capitulated,
and are in the hands of the National Guard. The
population is gradually settling down into its usual
sober state, which has recently been disturbed by the
madness of exultation, and before that by appre-
hension.
The funds have risen five points to-day, and com-
mercial confidence is evidently on the increase. The
energy of the man at the head of affairs makes itself
felt throughout the capital.
The only foreign Ministers who now remain in
Naples are the British, French, Sardinian, and
American, but all but the two former have no rela-
tions with the deposed Government. Mr. Chandler
is, indeed, so indisposed that he could not leave,
and, moreover, no notice has been sent to the diplo-
matic body of the departure of the King.
SEPTEMBER 11.
Yesterday morning Garibaldi paid a visit to Ad-
miral Mundy, and was received with the honours
given to general officers. The Sardinian admiral
(dose saluted. Mr. Elliot paid a visit at the same
time, and there was a strictly private conversation
between the three in the admiral's cabin. Some think
that an attempt was made to induce the Dictator to
annex directly, so as not to leave this country with-
out a government; others say that an effort was
made to dissuade Garibaldi from attacking Rome,
as it is assumed his present object is. I am more in-
clined to think that ulterior movements were dis-
cussed. Ofcourse, what took place was perfectly un-
official. Both in landing and embarking the general
was received with the greatest enthusiasm. Soon
after Baron Brenier visited the Admiral. There is
an expectation that the Sardinian vessel will leave
here to-day, and that Victor Emmanuel will visit
Naples immediately. The authority on which I
received this repsrt is very high. There is a great
desire on the part of the public to destroy that
great monument of domestic tyranny, the Castle of
St. Elmo, and yesterday morning several thousands
went up to the fort, but were kept back by the
National Guard, who said that the stores must first
be removed. They then dispersed, taking with
them the Royal Standard, which was burnt in front
of the Palace.
The following is an extract of a letter from Mr.
Edwin James to a friend :
" Naples, Saturday, Sept. 8.
" The long roll of the spirit-stirring drums, the
discordant noise of the Calabrese soldiers as they
were endeavouring to form their ranks, the dashing
in of carriages from Naples with their cargoes of
deputations to attend Garibaldi, roused me before 4
o'clock from my bed in a wretched albergo in Sa-
lerno, where I had been the prey of mosquitoes
since midnight. Garibaldi was astir as early as 4
o'clock; he had seen members of the committee
from Naples, and was arranging his entree into the
city. At my interview with him yesterday at
Eboli, which was a hurried one, he had requested
me to see him in the evening; he was surrounded
by crowds of admirers, all anxious for a glimpse of
the great man, that I delayed my interview till
this morning. On entering the large rooms of the
Hotel de Ville, or Intendenza, the throngs of people
and their agitation end excitement were most
striking.
" The National Guard of Salerno lined the ave-
nues—priests of every denomination crowded to
touch the hem of his garment. Officers of State of
the King
were in earnest conversation with him,
urging his corning
without delay into Naples.
Observing the enter, he came up to me and said—
' Mr. Ed win James, let us speak together,' and we
retired into a private part of the saloon. I divulge
' no confidence when I write to you that I had been
requested by some persons of consideration to make
a suggestion to him with respect to a subject of
some importance connected with his assumption of
power in Naples. Sir,' said he, and a peculiar
lighting up of his countenance at once struck me,
' diplomatists doubt me. I shall be loyal to Victor
Emmanuel. I love him as my life. I have served
him without an oath. I shall immediately do all
in my power to procure annexation to the King of
Piedmont. But these things I must do in my own
manner.' I mentioned to him that anarchy might
prevail at Naples, and that all the hopes which
igh t
i bem m neutralized. England entertained of the regeneration of Italy
in
Have no fear,' he said, ' of
that;
t 1 the people will support me,
I shall do all in my power to promote the annexe.-
to Victor Emmanuel.' I told him, as he knew, that
England loved liberty and order too, and that upon
the overthrow of tyranny no time should be lost in
the formation of a constitutional Government, I
tgoo seaeitd
ahgea,i
nt o tNh
earpel.e s
Ai n hspaelfc-hr,' ht
roaui '
oa
fn da
bwoe o
2p
oe

carriages was in waiting at 10 o'clock, and we ob-
tained a seat in the carriage next to that in which
Garibaldi was. Throughout the journey to Naples,
in every village, at every station, the joy and en-
thusiasm of the people exceeded the powers of de-
scription. Women and girls presented flags, threw
flowers into the carriages, struggled to kiss the
hand of the General. Mayors and syndics ejacu-
lated their gratula.tions ; priests and monks stood,
surrounded by their wretched flocks, on the hill
`side, and shouted their Vivas, and, holding the

crucifix in one hand and the sword in the other,
waved them in the air, and bawled out their bene-

dictions. As the train passed the King's guard at
Portici the soldiers threw their caps into the air,
and joined lustily in the Viva Garibaldi !
"We are in Naples. No pen can describe the
scene; the whole population thronged the station.
Bands, banners, banclieri, National Guards, car-
riages, ladies of rank and station attired in their
white dresses, trimmed with Garibaldian colours,
pink and white—thousands of male and female
lazzaroni—every human being in the city almost,
formed the procession to the Palazzo Angri, and
there ho is installed, and shows himself at the win-
dows. The, shouts of " Viva Garibaldi !" " Viva
Italia Una !" are deafening, and thousands crowd
the staircases and spacious saloons of this beautiful
palace. In the evening the whole city is illumi-
nated. Processions block up every street ; all men
are armed. Thousands of women carry a new
poniard in their girdles. What a scene of blood-
shed has for the present been averted! Who had
thus armed this enthusiastic and excitable people ?
In Naples you can seldom probe to the truth. Some
tell you that the King had done so, and intended
to turn the mad. rabble loose upon the citizens ;
others say that secret committees in the interest of
Garibaldi have for weeks been providing means of
resistance to the troops, and been most prodigal in
expenditure of money and promises. However it
may be, the hour may come when excesses may
sully a hitherto bloodless revolution. The tumult
is great, the agitation excessive, but I am inclined
to think that the thousands aro enjoying the scene
as a carnival rather than exhibiting in their ebulli-
tions any strong political sentiment. The fact is
that the King has been unpopular with the lazza-
roni and the lowest orders of Naples, who number
more than half the population ; his war has been
against the intellect and free thought of his sub-
jects. The priesthood, the soldiery, and the
lowest orders have been his implements ; by
such means as these he has destroyed all
freedom of speech, of thought, of action, and
to the ot roXXot' of Naples it is a matter
of indifference whether they render tribute
to the King or to Garibaldi. But the
enthusiasm is at blood-heat,' and for days
it will so continue. In the meantime the Pro-
visional Government is in course of construction.
Some of the late King's Ministers gave in their ad-
hesion without hesitation ; some require time for
thought. The ladies of the Court are suddenly taken
ill, and cannot follow the Queen to Gaeta!
'Decrees' are being placarded on the walls;
every cafe is thronged ; the press, now free, is
pouring forth its new journals ; the arms of
the King are painted out, or pasted over with
brown paper (more prudent, if the purpose be
temporary), and the curtain closes for a moment
upon the great drama being enacted here. The
next scene will present new difficulties, and is
anxiously awaited by every Government in Europe.
" There's not a history but shows a thousand
crowned conspirators against the people, and the
crowned head of the besotted Bourbon is at length
overtaken by retributive justice."