The Sun.
London, England, 1856-08-21 00:00:00

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[PRICE 4D. STAMPED SD•

the parent shall be made to pay the greater part at least of
the expanse incurred by detention. That is not an empty
threat. Mr. Morgan, who is employed by the Home-office
to see it executed, states in a letter which I have hero,
that 69 persons have been summoned for the recovery of
contributions due. Of these 22 did not appear, and ten
cases, from insufficiency of evidence, were not presse 1. In
the remaining 47 orders have been made, and are paid in
nearly every instance. This statement excludes altogether
payn'ents made not under compulsion, of which the num-
ber is expected to be large. So much to show that this pro-
vision of the act is not, and will not be, a dead letter. Let
your schooleyour farm, your whole institution, in all its
branches, be so plain, so homely, so unattractive in its
outward aspect that the poorest cottager may enter it, and
say, "My children are better off than these." And what
I say of externals applies in some degree, though in a less
deereo,%cs the nature of the teaching given. You have no
right to hold out as the reward of juvenile crime a supe-
rior training to any trade requiring skill, a higher degree
of instruction, intellectual or mechanical, than that which
the-common working man receives. The object in view is
not an intellectual object—it is a moral and industrial
one. Cleanliness, temperance, honesty, hard work—
these are what you want your inmates to learn and to
practise; and, although no one who has the capacity to
excel should be restrained from so doings- yet I will go so
far as to affirm, that, viewed with reference to the
general effect of these schools, it is not to be desired
—it is rather to. be deprecated—that many of those who
pass through them should rise above the level of the
class from which they are taken. Don't misunderstand
me. There are no other educational establishments in ex-
istence concerning which I would hold that language ; but
the one peril which most constantly besets us—the one
peril to guard against which no means must be left untried
--is that of leading the poor and the ignorant to say—
" We are neglected as long as we behave properly • if we
break the law and become troublesome to society, then we
and our children are looked after." These two rules, then,
I lay down emphatically; the first concerns Government
only —" Make the parent pay wherever you can." The se-
cond concerns all who have anything to do with refernia-
tories--" Don't let them be show-places; don't try to edu-
cate the pupils highly; you are doing all that you need
do—all that you havo a right to do, considerine' the condi-
tion of innocent children—if you qualify those to earn
their daily bread by their daily labour." Having dwelt
on the necessity of adopting what had been called
the "family system"—that is, of keeping the inmates
of each house so few in number as to be all under
the direct and personal supervision of the teacher the
noble lord next urged the propriety of encouraging compe-
tition by giving rewards to the most industrious of the
children, and, after glancing cursorily at the question of
the exclusion or non-exclusion of the penal element from
the reformatory process, on which he pronounced no de-
cided opinion, he called attention to the relation in which
refermatory schools stood to the executive, and, while ad-
mitting that it was a fair question to consider whether the
present rate of Government allowance might not be advan-
tageously raised, he expressed himself as totally averse to
a proposal that Government should undertake the entire
cost of the schools, leaving nothing for private subscribers
to do. He then continued—With respect to the, inquiry
what were they to do with the boys when they reached
man's estate ? that, no doubt, was a perplexing question,
but fortunately it did not press, for there were many out-
lets—emigration, the army and navy, and private employ-.
ment, as far as possible from disrepateble relatives. Mr.
Baker had found no trouble in disposing of the boys who
had left his institution. The ,noble lord then' continued—,
We may be told, no doubt, that by !soliciting employment
for these youths we are driving honest men's sons out of
the labour market. But in the actual state of the labour
market r attach slight weight to that objection. There is'
ample employment and good pay for all who will and can
Work. Then, if work is not found for the reformed offender,
what hope is there of his reformation. lasting ? He Must
live ; the only question is whether he shall pay honestly
for his living or not. And if on no other grounds, still on
the ground o the greater difficulty which those who have
broken the law experience in finding the means of liveli-
hood, I think we may justify, both ourselves and to so-
ciety, a reasonable amount of interference such as we pro-
pose. Well, gentlemen, we have now reached a mint at
which we may pause, and look back on the grdund sVe-haVea
traversed. We have examined the statistics of adult.and ju-
venile crime; we have touched briefly on its causes; we have
glanced at the history of the reformatory movement in our
own and other countries ; we have shown that this under-
taking of ours is necessary; that it is not 'on general grounds
hopeless ; and, practically, that where it has had a fair
trial it has succeeded. We have noticed the objections
raised to it, and the answers by which they might be met
—the errors which mayimpede its progress, and the method
of avoiding them. We have seen that the interference of
the State is on the one hand necessary ; and, on the other
hand, that the assistance of the State is best given by
leaving a large discretion in the hands of, and exercising
only a general supervision over, those who are intrusted
with the management of reformatory schooli. We have
adverted to the great efforts made of late in support of this
movement—to the two societies established for its promo-
tion —and we are, I think, agreed that those who act with
us, though not being of us, are not rivals—or, if rivals,
are so only in the sense of a friendly and generous emula-
tion. We have considered, and to-morrow we shall con-
sider in fuller detail, the various suggestions for the regu-
lation and management of reformatories, which come to
us either recommended by past experience or proposed for
present trial. Lastly, we have ventured to look forward
into the future, and have investigated the 'modes of dis-
posing of the youths whom, after a period of probation, it
is our charge to send forth into the worlll. It reinaine
only to see how, why, and in what sense the ailing of this
work is possible, and is a duty to each and all of us. I
say, first, that it is possible for almost all to be helpers.
There are few enterprises which admit of assistance being
offered in a larger variety of forms. Is any rich ?—let him
give of his abundance. Is any able to influence others by
tongue or pen ?—let him undergo the weariness, and even,
if need be, incur the ridicule, of reiterating again and
again the utterance of those truths which we wish 'to im-
press. But it may be objected how small is the number
of those who possess such power, either in the material
or intellectual form. I reply there are other means
by which service may be rendered to the cause, if
only those who possess it have the will to give them-
selves, up ,to a repulsive and difficult task. The refor-
mation of men can never become a mechanical process.
Perhaps the tendency of meetings, of speeches, of Go-
vernment grants, is to render it too much so, or to treat it
as if it were so. Bat, for the management of the reforma-
tory you must have personal zeal, enthusiasm, love of the
cause strong enough to produce even a feeling of love for
the wretched objects of your aid ; without this work can-
not bo effectually done ; and to me it seems that if nny w
man wished to take up a work of pure patriotism and be- lb
nevolence, with nothing to gratify the taste, nothing to w
flatter the intellect, nothing in it pleasing except the bare n,
sense of duty done and service rendered to mankind—this wi
more than any other is his natural sphere of usefulness.
But again, I am asked, are all persons qualified for such a I ITS
task? I don't say they are ; but this fact I would dwell 1 "
on—that intellectual ability is not a primary, is scarcely WI
even an important requisite. What we want, in the first pr
instance, is a kind heart, a strong will, a healthy, not fats- lit
tidious taste, and, above all, singleness of Purpose. For w
most purposes, carry intellectual competition as far and as
high as you will; it is seldom an error, it is often a ne-
cessity to do so ; but for personal influence of mind on
mind, of character on character, and that especially when
you have to deal with capacities often feeble and always
undeveloped, the qualities which I have named are the
most valuable. But there is yet another form of aid pos-
sible to those who can neither contribute, nor speak, nor
write, nor give their personal service as teachers in the
schools. Employers of labour in almost any shape may
assist us materially by taking charge of even one lad on
the expiration of his term. Nay, even those who are not
employers, who are themselves in the receipt of employ-
ment, might help, by expressing their willingness to re-
ceive, and look after as fellow-labourers or subordinates,
those whom, without some such guarantee, the landlord,
the farmer, or the tradesman might be unwilling to have
anything to do with. In sonic one of these various forms
there are few who, if their will be strong enough, may
not contrive to make themselves of use. So much for the
possibility; one closing word as regards the duty. In
the first place, I say it 'is a duty which we owe to
civilisation and to society. I touch on that aspect of
the question because it is one often neglected. We are
so surrounded with the appliances of civilised life—so used
to them from childhood—they are to us so much a matter
of course—that we forget that there is no one of them—
our constitution, our laws, our police, the means of transit
through space, which have brought us h:re in such num-
bers, the industrious habits of our people—more than all,
that high standard of opinion which so powerfully aids
and supplements individual morality ;—I say we forget
that there euriortreor -thaßre evictences awe ease.. or stnnal—
progress, mechanical or mental, which is not the product
of human labours—of labours frequently ill-requited or
not at all—of labours in many cases unselfishly given,
without hope or prospect of reward, for the satisfaction of
conscience, and for the lasting benefit of mankind. Re-
membering that fact, it appears that, just as a tenant is
bound to hand over to his successor the house which he
has inhabited in good and tenantable condition, so each
generation lies under an obligation to transmit to the
next, institutions, laws, and customs which shall as nearly
as possible embody in practice the highest ideas which en-
lightened men have formed respecting existing social ques-
tions. Each age line its own wants to supply, and its own
work to do; the care of each should 'be to provide that
there be no arrear of improvements to make up; that new
controversies, when they arise, may find those who suc-
ceed us free to give to them their entire energies, not ham-
pered by having on hand the task which ought to have been
accomplished half a century before. I affirm again, this
'is a national cause ; and I lay emphasis on the fact, be-
cause I can well conceive that there may be many to whose
sympathies it appeals only, or chiefly, when considered in
that light. The idea of crime and of the criminal repels us;
it is not in all minds that reason prevails over impulse, or
that compassion will conquer that disgust ; but none—
think or feel as they may respecting the individual offend.
er—can deem it a slight matter to have aided, in however
small a degree, to promote the moral health, the social
stability, the internal well-being, of this vast empire,—
an empire mighty in the present, far mightier In the fit-
ture,—an empire whose language is spoken, and whose
laws preyail in every quarter of the globe, and of the in-
crease of whose dominion there appears no end, until the
waste places of the earth shall be filled up. We may have
class divisions, wo may have rivalries of sects, we may
have diversities of political opinion—these* things inust
exist—but I believe that among no ancient or modern
people is the spirit of patriotism more innate, or the obli-
gation which, each citizen owes to the community more
deeply felt. And if among us questions of internal social,
improvement have, been too much and too long neglected;
it has not been from indifference to the national fortune:,
but rather from an imperfect perception of the truth, that
whatever affects the individual members of the couinpuity
affects the State as a whole. But this question of criminal
reformation is not merely one that concerns society in the
aggregate, or England in particular; it has also a real,
deep, and pressing interest for every one of es personally.
You know how much talk there has been of late years on
sanitary matters ; most of you know what was (I am
I _
happy to think it is no longer) theapathy
of the general
public, how people used to say. " keep my own house
clean ; if infection exists I don't contribute to it ; and'if
my neighbours are worse off than I the fault is their own.
, Well, that soundedlikegood common sense ; but unluckily
I for those who held such language: it was found not to be

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Areta- - ordante with the laws
, fl' you examine well
making us benevolent, even
own interests. She has laid
physical contagion, that if ih-
bourhood neglect the duty of cleanliness, and if disease be
thence generated, that disease may, and probably will,
spread far and wide, stalking many besides thoso who
were the means of introducing it in the first instance. In
a word; in sanitary science it is an axiom, that, as the
neglect or the folly of one may injure all, so the health
of every one (so far as it is affected by causes within
human control) must, as a matter of self-interest, be.
the care of all. Well, that axiom I transfer from
material to moral science. I say it applies to guilt as
universally, as certainly, as it does to disease. Mind acts
upon mind, character forms character, with an influence
mostly imperceptible, but not the less real. It is certain
that oar notions of right and wrong, of what we are ex-
pected to do, and what we are expected to leave undone,
are greatly modified by the tone of thought which prevails
in our age and country. It is certain that the aggregate
morality of the whoa) is, so to speak, made up of an ave.
rage of that which prevails in each class. It is certain
that the morality of every class is affected, advantageously
or injuriously as the case may be, by the conduct and cha-
racter of every individual in it. If these three propoaia
tions be admitted, and 1. think they cannot well be dentied
the conclusion follows clearly. Don t let us fancy that
criminals form a set of men apart, who exercise iio infla-
-ence on the rest. Whence are their ranks recruited, er-
cept from among the innocent? And don't let us imagine
that though their existence may lower the tone and feeling
among the poor, we, the wealthier portion of society, re.
main unaffected. It is not so—it cannot be so. To hear
of crime—to read of it—to see it round us—if it hurts us in
no other way, yet lessens the respect, the sympathy, the
fellow-feeling as Englishmen, which we might otherwise a
entertain towards the working part of the population. I
cannot treat this subject here, it would require a volume .
rather than a few sentences at the end of a long discourse;
but I assert this as a truth, confident that, if need were, I
could prove it by argument,—that the purity o' 'he moral
atmosphere in which we live exercises over u. .n influ-
ence as real as the purity of the physical atmosphere—
that this influence is felt irrespective of class, of habits,
or of occupation; that the parallel between the infection
of disease and the infection of crime holds strictly ;
and that if we suffer pollution to remain uncleansed
in the hovel it will take its revenge on the palace.
Hero then I conclude. I have tried to show :eon that,
besides its obvious benefits to social order, this move-
ment is one which we are bound to promote, —bound by
the debt we owe to civilisation, by our duty to :England, -
by regard even to our own moral well-being. Many
motives lead here to one end. The philanthropist. nooks to
the welfare of the individual whom he assists ; the patriot
to the elevation of England among the nations ; ahe philo-
sopher to the future progress of mankind. All are alike in-
terested in the disappearahce from the face of sot iety of a
class profeeeedly living in violation of its laws. T o accele-
rate that disappearancels our object; the means • which wo
employ have been well considered and partially ti iarl ; we
desire now, in accordance with the expressed w. ill of the _
Legislature, to try them on a larger scale ; with t hat view
we have appealed to the community of En-gland, and our
first such appeal is that which I now make to you. (Loud
cheers.)
Mr. G. H. HASTINGS then read the report e the gene.
ral "committee.
14 glanced at the history of the reformatory movement,
the origin and objects of the society, and the operations
which it had already carried on, and, after alluding to the
difficulties with.whieh it had had to contend at jets outset, . ,
not the least serious of which was the unfortunate, discus- '
sion within its own ranks on the subject of religious educa-
tion, stated that nothing should everiniuce the co tnmittee
to conduct the National Reformatory Union in a spirit less
comprehensive than that in which it was originally f minded.
The report then went on to state that, shortly a fter the
formal establishment of the society, the commi 'Aft ob-
tained the consent of Lord Brougham to act as pie ssident,
andentered into arrangements with the Law Ame ailment
:society for the joint use of the rooms and for a s:eare in
their weekly journal. They also appointed snb-com mittees .
to consider variops questions of practical detail, tend set
thethselves to work to carry out the four great objects for
which the Union was established :—; . To collect find dif-
fuse; information bearing on the reformation of youthfal
offenders. -2. To promote the practical development of the
ref° matory system:- 3. To consider and promote such '
legi ativa measures as are still required for the betiereare•
and reformation of juvenile offenders. 4. To assist in
plac.lng out, end the subsequent gusrdianehip and pro-
tection of, young persons leaving reformatory institutions. '
Towards each of these objects) they were mi ki eg satisfactory '
progress. Theybacl succeeded in mecum/flat] ug a v.:tat atria/ma
of valuable and interesting inforination on matters eelatitig
to tfie reclamation of juvenile off/laden, and their inquiries
and experience were conclusive as to the ease with me ich
_places were at Iresent obtaineil',foridie, reformed tamales of
the certified a •hoola- The time for difficuley ot4tiat hatielaaa ar .
if it, were ever to COD" had not yet arriYed, but Wan; '
seemed to be a general feeling that 'a' central anaefor
information under the management of -phe society a. ' •
would prove very useful. At that office the' inirnes a ,
of ti ose willing to' receive in their service the late
inmates of reformatories would be registered, while
another list of those anxious for situations would be con-
stanpy open. The statistics furnishes iby the reformatory
schools which had been long at work were of the most gras ,
tifying nature. The Glasgow House of Refuge bad been in
existence for 22 years, and numbered nearly 400 inmates,
and ont of the total number admitted since its establishment
85 per cent. were stated to have done well. Out of 99 cases '
suprlied by the manager of the Home in the East 44 had done
well, 21 were known to have done ill, and the remaining 31
had pot been traced. Out of 137 cases from the Glasgow .
Female House of Refuge, 69 had done well, 30 were bad or
don 'tful, and 38 wore either dead or unknown. Out of 31
fre the Herdwicke-court„ Mr. Barwick Baber described 17
til
as oing well, 9as going on ansatisfactorily, but not
recommitted, 5 recommitted, and 3 absconded. Mr. '
Chatloner said, of the boys who had left the Berwick 'and
NeWcastle School, that 23 were doing wtsl,l, 3 had. returned
to crime, and 11 were unknown. The report concluded
with; the expression of a hope that the consequence of the
preset meeting in a city which had taken so prominent a
part an the reformatory movement would be the formation ,
of a. numerous Bristol and West of England branch, to be
folheved by the establishment of similar branches in all
parts of the United Kingdom.
Tile report was adopted on the motion of Lord R. Cicala,
M. P:, and, after some further routine bustuess,. the meeting
adjourned. '

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ROYAL CRE3fORNE GAVDENS.

In addition to the usual attraction at these gardens
the proprietor had male arrangements to give increased
indecement to visitors yesterday. One of these was a
horticultural show, which indeed had been commenced
on toe previous day. The flowers to be exhibited were
confined chiefly to hollyhocks and da,hliag, and Wal de-
sign, ted the. Metropolitan Exhibition of these flowers.
Althlough the specimens displayed were, in many in-
staribes, of a superior kind, they were not equal, either
'n number or variety, to what might have been expected,
.hotber as regarded the occasion or the splendid pavi:
on in which they were shown. They were, however,
'ellivrorthy the attention of connoisseurs for the rich.
ess: of their colours, and for those other qualitifs
hi form the characteristics of these autumn it orna-
len s, of the garden. At the close of the show last
rent)- the prizes obtained by the successful exhibitors

er4 awardel to them, and many of the visitors were
with some of the best specimens in the pavi-
3n. The great attraction of the evenintz, however,
as the presentation of the prizes to the successful
competitora at the Thames National Regatta, which
had :been brought to an issue at Putney yesterday
'afternoon. This interesting ceremony took place in
the cirque, under the auspices of Sir James Duke, M.P.
Mr. Altierman and Sheriff Rose, nod the committee of
the regatta. The honourable baronet and his friends
ente-ed the building, which was tastefully fitted
up fcr the occasion, shortly after nine o'clock. The
massive silver cup and the other costly prizes were ar-
rane.ed on a platform in the area of the building, and
had most imposing appearance. Notwithstanding the
misetable state of the weather there was a good attend-
ance:of the rowers and their friends present to witness
the ceremony of the presentation.
JAMES DUKE opened the proceedings of the even-
ing by expressjug the gratification which he felt, as an
old sHor, at having been selected by the Lord Mayor,
the patron of the Thames National ll,egatta, to give
away the prizes on that occasion. lie was most friendly
to such displays as he had witnessed at Putney thatday,
a 4 thy kept up that spirit amongst the watermen of the
Thames which made them ever ready to uphold the
honor of England, when their services were required
for at purpose. (Cheers.)
Tlie Hon. Baronet then presented the several prizes,
amidst the cheers of the persons assembled. Amongst
the Iclrfzes were a coat and badge, which were won by
a "Jolly Young Waterman," who seemed proud of the
distinction he had earned for himself, and which by the
way Mercliy ohvervod upon by Sir James Duke.
Tile proceedings terminated by three cheers being
given for Sir James Duke, who bowed his acknowledg-
ments.

It:was to be regretted that the state of the weather
prevented many thousands of persons from enjoying the
festivities prepared for them at this highly popular place
of pUblie amusement.

On Monday a Gram.] Gala will be given, at which the
novelty of a balloon race will be introduced.

rADVERTIBEMEICT.] SIGHT AND HEARING ..--• SPECTACLES,
POWERFUL TELESCOPES, OPERA, RACE, AND PERSPECTIVE
GLassas.—Messrs. S, and B. Solomons, opticians, 39, Albe-
marle-street, Piccadilly. Observe—opposite the York Hotel.
By 14er Majesty's Royal Letters Patent for valuable and
extraordinary improvements in the most powerful and
brilliant Telescopes, Camp, Racecourse, Opera, anti Per-
spective Glasses, to know the distance'. These telescopes
possess such extraordinary powers that some three and a-half
inches, with an extra eye-piece, will show distinctly Jupiter's
moons, Saturn's ring, and the double stars. With the same
teteseopo can be seen a person's countenance three miles and a
half distant, and an object from 16 to 20 miles. They are of
larger awl all sizes, with increasing powers aecordingly.—Tho
Roya: Exhibition, 1851. Valuable, no wly-inven ted, very small,
powerful waistcoat-pocket glass, the size of a walnut., by which
a pr.-rson can be seen and known 1 i miles distant ; they answer
every purpose on the race-course, and at the opera houses,
country scenery, and ships aro clearly seen at 8 to 10 miles.
They are invaluable for shooting, deer-stalking, yachting, to
sportsmen, gentlemen, gamekeepers, and touristy. Opera,
race-course, camp, awl perspective glasses, with 'wonderful
power. Newly-constructed Spectacle Lenses of the great,,
est transprsent power. The valuable advantage derived
from this invention is, that vision becoming impaired il '
pr..- ~erved and strengthened, and very aged ppersonsario,
enabled to employ their sight at the most minute men.
pation-- can see with these lenses of a much less magnify.
leg power—and they do not require the frequent chawe
to the dangerous effects of further powerful assistance.
Persons can be suited at the most remote part of the world,
by sending one of the glasses out of their spectacles in a
letter, and.stliting the distance from the eyes they can read
•small newsp4per print with it; and those who have
not ;made ne2 of spectacles by stating their age:—Deaf.
miss. —New Discovery.— The Organic Vibrator, an ex-
tra"rdivary powerful, small, newly-invented instrument for,
deafness, entitiely.different from all others, to surpars any.
.thing of the kind that has been ,or probably ever can be,
produced. Being of the same colour as the skin, is not per-
ceptible ; it enables deaf persons to hear distinctly at church ,
and at publio assemblies ; the unpleasant sensation of singing
noises in' the ears is- entirely removed ; and itf affords all the
assistance that possibly could be desired.-39, A 113111340,
itroot, Piccadilly. Obsorve—rippoitv Ow York, Hotel,