The Sun.
London, England, 1869-01-12 00:00:00

REUNION.

A vague telegram has been received in Paris announcing
a grave disturbance in the French colony of Reunion.
The aid of the troops was found necessary, and upwards
of eighty persons were killed and wounded. The why
and the wherefore of this affair is as yet a mystery.

(From the Anglo-American Times.)
WASHINGTON, Dec. 25, 1868.

Washington is again empty ; every one who can
having rushed home to spend the Christmas holi-
days. When Grant was asked about the army
head-quarters, he said let all have a chance, and
give all the time we can spare. Congress will not
reassemble till the 4th January, when business will
recommence, and the city become a little more
lively. General Raasloff has come here from Den-
mark to work up the St. Thomas' treaty, made a
year and a half ago, ratified by the Rigsdad,
and unanimously voted for by the islanders. Den-
mark wants, to transfer the little earthquake
island and finger the coin ; but Uncle Sam
does not appear to see it, and there are no such
patriots for poor Denmark as Robert J. Walker,
who, with burning eloquence, melted the icy heart of
Congress in favour of the purchase of the Russian
avalanche Alaska for the consideration of $26,000
in gold. We would recommend the ex- Governor
of Kansas to the attention of General Raasloff. It
must be very gratifying to Mr. Walker to see how
sensible the country is of his valuable services, and
at what a low figure he estimates them, and how
high and patriotic are the motives which influence
him. The story i, that Colonel Forney declined
the $3,000 offered for the use of the Washington
Chronicle in writing up the scheme, and that Mr.
Walker then offered the money to the publisher, who,
like a sensible man, put it into his pocket and pro-
ceeded to set up any amount of " copy" sent him to
show that guano and icebergs were the same things,
and that Alaska would pour a fertilizing stream
over the Union. Perhaps you may remember how
the incensed Walker raved against Special Corn-
missbner David A. Wells when last year that
gentleman opposed the purchase, demanding the
Commissioner's expulsion as an opponent to the
Manifest Destiny doctrine, the theory which should
in the mind of an American override any thought
of economy. Retrenchment is now, however, the
order of the day, and Denmark is late in her move,
though I cannot understand why steps going so far
should have been taken without completing a trans-
action which I am inclined to think the United States
are now bound in honour to complete. The nation
ought to stop these appropriation schemes of its
Secretary of State before, not after, all the arrange-
ments have been made with a friendly country.
There are some delegations of Indians expected
at Washington for the winter, when existing treaties
relative to lands and improvements, morally and
materially, will be discussed with the Government.
Lately an Indian party came here to complain of
the agent appointed to deal with the tribe, who
gave himself the monopoly of all the goods used,
and went beyond other monopolists in supplying
trash at an extravagant rate. When the chief left
the reservation he was arrested, and had not some
one who understood the law obtained a writ of Ha-
beas Corpus he would have been still iu gaol, pon-
dering over white man's justice. After encounter-
ing all sorts of peril he was at last enabled to see
the President, who has ordered an investigation.
The " ring" is notoriously corrupt, and this is the
main reason why General Sherman has urged the
transfer of Indian affairs to the War Department,
which, singularly enough, the Senate opposes, al-
though the bill has been passed by the House, on the
plea that the purest body of public servants—the of-
ficers of the replier army—would be corrupted by
the work. Considering the opportunities offered by
the war for peculation—of which no man can say
they availed themselves--it is scarcely probable
these gentlemen would condescend to cheat the
poor lielians. It is the well-known purity of the
military officers which gives such strength to the
incoming Government. The people believe in men
like Grant and Sherman, and Schofield, and Thomas
—who by the way modestly refused to have his
figure placed among those at the base of the Lin-
coln Monument—insisting on the resolution to the
effect at Chicago being expunged. It is their ho-
nesty and the high sense of honour that animates
them which inspire the confidence, and the general
feeling is with the officer who told his fellow citizens,
when called - on to speak, that Americans were a

great deal too fond of "gab," and allowed too
much licence to politicians. Grant can, however,
speak with emphasis when required, as a Senator
learnt who called a day or two ago to ask a favour.
The Senator was going away to spend Christmas
with his family, and on learning this the General
observed that he hoped he would stay away if he
favoured the Pacific or other railways receiving
more money from the Treasury. Other Congress-
men were present, and listened with astonishment
to the frank and energetic speech of the silent
Grant, who in substance said—" It was very appa-
rent to every man in the country that our finances
needed the closest attention, and that it is vitally
important, if we intend to pay off the national
debt and lighten taxation, to practise the most rigid
economy, and the place to begin with is the bills
that are pending in Congress granting further sub-
sidies to the Pacific and other railroads. No mat-
ter what may be said about the prospective benefit
we are to derive from these roads ; it is too long to
wait, and we should make the best possible use of
our present resources, without increasing the bur-
den of our debt by incurring expensive risks which
are hazardous." This news will discourage those
with designs on the Treasury, who have no fancy
to meet Grant as sentry there, beside his friend,
styled the Treasury bull-dog, the lion. E. B. Wash-
burne.

Another effort is being made by Colorado f
promotion to the dignity of a Scate. A delegate is
at Washington to press this matter upon Congress,
and figures are manufactured in abundance to show
that the territory has attained the necessary popu-
lation. Senator Morton's bill for the resumption of
specie payment. has been much discussed, but on
the whole the people seem to favour it, although
many objections are urged. Secretary M'Culloch
thinks this Congress will do nothing to forward the
scheme but talk. He does not believe in the plan of
hoarding gold, as he thinks contraction is the only
safe road to resumption, and there is no chance for
that, as Congress and the people are opposed to
withdrawing any more currency. The members of
the Republican caucuses are getting annoyed with
Grant's reticence about his Cabinet. At first it
appeared all right, but it has been continued be-
yond reason iu their opinion. The New York Sun
thinks it cannot be wrong in announcing that the
Hon. E. B. Washburne will take office in Grant's
Administration as Secretary of the Interior.

BIiI7ISH EMIGR,A7ION W AMERICA.

--

No. 11.
(From the Anglo-American Times.)

Although the emigrants have to be considered
first, as those most deeply concerned, they are not,
as generally supposed, the only persons interested.
It is clear that a large exodus from one country to
another must affect both, and snore particularly
that which receives it. Unwisely conducted it may
affect the country left much in the way a nume-
rous family is affected when its most sturdy mem-
bers, becoming a burden from want of work, leave
the neighbourhood and sl-ift for themselves. The
proportion of the weak, of the very old, and the
very young is increased, and although the pressure
against the means of subsistence is for the moment
lessened, it is at the sacrifice of bone and sinew.
An adult in strong health is a greater consumer
than the old and the infirm, hence, during a period
of non-production, he costs more ; but while the
easiest and the most immediate relief is secured by
packing him off to find elsewhere the support his
home denies, it is at the expense of the family
strength. The strong may have a legal, but they
have not a moral, right to leave the weak, for it
follows that such a system of depletion eventually
throws those who remain on the charity of their
neighbours, and if such a system were continued
the nation would in the end become worse off.
The country, then, that sends forth the emigrants
has a right to be considered, as the system pursued
may add to instead of relieving pauperism. Nor is
the country which receives this bone and sinew of
the other benefited so greatly as might be expected,
for it gives a preponderance of men severed
from all family ties, who, isolated and alone,
are not likely to settle down to the hard work
of farm-making in the wilderness. The best
plan for both countries is for the entire family to
proceed together, and this principle may be ex-
tended into banding families from the same locality
for the purpose of settling in the same locality in
the other laud. This is the true principle on which
to direct emigration, and one of deep interest to
England to be understood and acted on. The country
which thus sends its surplus people forth is fairly re-
lieved of a superabundant population, leaving more
behind for others to eat, and less competition for work
which could not before fully employ all. In the new
land, the language, the traditions, the home influ-
ences are preserved; the sections of English society
being planted intact. These plantations may ap-
pear - small matter to some, and doubtless few in
the Mayflower could have pictured the influence
they were destined to exercise on a continent—
perhaps the greatest ever wrought by a small com-
munity, if we except the Jews, who gave us Chris-
tianity. We admit that the Puritans who founded
the States of New England differed widely from
any class of emigrants likely again to go forth.
Indeed such a community could only be produced
by special circumstances, and under that strongest
of incentives, religious persecution. But, however
weak in comparison, a fair section of the poorer
classes in England would form an excellent body
of settlers and good citizens in the land they
adopted. Emigration, then, should consist of a com-
munity from the same locality to the same locality,
if rertl good is to be done to the emigrants themselves,
to the country from which they go, and that to w men
they proceed. After deciding on the advisability of
relieving England of a portion of its population,
the question then is, where they ought to go. British
emigration has, on the whole, been more hap-
hazard and less organized than that of any other
country, although Britain has been the founder of
nations, while the colonizing efforts of all other
.people have failed more or less. The Puritan set-
tlements in America, the Quaker, the Catholic, and
the Cavalier were successful, and left their mark on
succeeding ages (more especially the Puritan), be-
cause they were organized and conducted on the
plan we advocate. It may be said that they were
men acting on principle, instead of flying from
poverty. But we maintain that whatever be the
motive, the result will be somewhat similar if the
direction be good and the organization complete. Not
long since a great effort was made to revive, on a
very grand scale, the old system of emigration, by
the late EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD, and on this
principle he succeeded in colonizing New Zealand,
particularly that most successful of English settle-
ments, the Province of Canterbury. Its foundation
created an interest in England, which might have
grown into an organized means of placing sections
of English society on waste lands—adapted to main-
tain them. But the gold mania overthrew all the
high-flown sentiment drawn from Mr. WAKEFIELD'S
theory, which was sound, containing within itself
all the requirements of wise emigration. The re-
action which always follows when England gratifies
her tendency to run into extremes effectually
checked emigration till now, when it has suddenly
risen into unexpected importance. The wild, reck-
less rush to the gold-diggings of Australia had a
double influence ; the one deterrent, in the accounts
cf the disastrous failures sent home; the other,
similar in its effect, in giving a spur to labour, through
the wealth produced in the colony, by which the
demand for manufactures was increased from home.
Much has to be done to prepare the Englisk for
emigration. Doubtless people at their wits' end
for the means of living would be glad to be de
ported to where they think they could secure ir,
but such emigration will do no manner of good
except to a few isolated individuals. The masses
think that those alone should go who are starving,
and that when they reach starvation point it Rill
be time to discuss the proposition. It would be no
easy task to eradicate this error, although it bears
its refutation on its face. To relieve poverty iu
England it is essential that families while they can
still afford to emigrate should do so ; as those who
have sold their last stick of furniture to buy bread
are beyond any voluntary system, being mere
objects of charity. But the thrifty families whp can

go, leave their places open for their poorer brethren
who cannot, the former taking the higher places
in the new land, dud this is another truth about
emigration which cannot be too widely dissemi-
nated throughout England. If the organization
which workmen have created to influence the price
of labour had been directed to the transport from
the country of the surplus hands, a magnificent
national system of emigration, organized by the
people themselves, might now have been in force.
All lands would then have been known to every
family likely to emigrate in the kingdom ; their
climates, resources, geographical features, Govern-
ment, facilities for location, and permanent occupa-
tion. In this would have been found the true
means of raising the price of labour, as it is not by
artificially creating a dearth that the value of any-
thing can be permanently enhanced, and they who
apply this rule will see the truth of our remark.
Even through the Trades' Unions, if the leaders
of the workmen would but study the commonest
principles of Political Economy, much might yet
be accomplished, and it ought to be earnestly
urged o❑ their attention by those who can influence
them. The gist of what we say is that to emigrate
wisely p:ople must return to the old organizations
by which America was, in the first instance settled
so effectually as to form the mould into which the con-
tinental type of character has been cast, and that is
for communities to combine to change their locality,
the friends and neighbours of the old country, be-
coming the friends and neighbours of the new.
Next, that this must be done by themselves while
the families have yet means, before they have
reached au extreme of poverty ; and, finally, that
Governmert interference being pernicious, and
only to be adopted in an extremity, that the people
should organize of their own accord, collect and
distribute information, arrange for the purchase of
tracks of waste land, and otherwise help and for-
ward the objects of the emigrating bands. With
the exception of some•fitful efforts to return to the
old system, English emigration has consisted of
broken-down families of the better classes—of in-
corrigible young scamps of the same—of sturdy
young labourers and mechanics smitten with a
vague notion that they might better themselves in
" furrin parts," and of the organized means taken
by the colonies to carry out agricultural, and more
especially female, labour. With the latter exception
the whole has been drift ; the people being pro-
foundly•ignorant of the country they were going to,
but going anywhere to escape starvation, or to
bury shame. When we consider what emigration
means—what is implied to the people in the word
we get a better idea of the importance to the emi-
grants themselves of a general and well c msi-
dered system, and it is marvellous to see this Eng-
lish drift, to contrast it with Scandinavian combi-
nation, or, bad as it is, with that of Germany, of
France, or even of Ireland. We learn from one
of the latest American papers that a colony of
Swedes in Northern Illinois, consisting of 200 fami-
lies, has purchased a track of 30,000 acres on the
Saline River, Kansas, on which they will settle in
the spring of this year. Now this is the true prin-
ciple of colonization, and are example worth in-
quiring into; for why should the settlers of Nor-
thern Illinois desire to locate themselves in Kansas,
more especially on the Saline River, which has so
lately been the scene of outrages by the Indians ?
We think we can answer this in our next number,
when we hope to discuss the requirements of Eng-
lish emigrants in the land whereon they locate
themselves, and what country, in a general way,
best supplies their wants.

Foreign Mail .Paclot List.

MAILS DUE.

. ustrall& and New Zealand, via Sonthampton....„Jan. 30.
Ditto, via Yuseilles •............—Jan 25
Ditto, via Pi. 4. %Ma ......... •• • •• • • ......... • • • Jan 23
irazil, Buenos Ayres, and Monte Video Feb. 3.
Ditto, by Frenob packet
'`ape Verde, by Brazil paezet ••••• _ Feb. 3.
.)ape of Good ELpe. Ascension, and St. Helena Jan. 12.
;hina Penang, ana Singapore, via Southampton Jan. 16.
ilbraltar, via Southampton
'udia,via Soutbamoton Jan. 1 1
Ditto, via Marseil.es
daily, Egypt, eze. .. Jan 13.
Ditto, Marseilles Jan.l.2
Ntat•ritfus, Cape of Good Hope, and Natal, via
Southams ton
Ditto, Marseilles . Jan. li
' ewfoundlanc
••nirtogal ••••• • • • . ........... ....
... Fe 5. 3.
?Taitorl 'gates. anadA, California, .te., by British
...----

,ket
Ditto, by Canadian packet Jan 15
Ditto, by L oited States packet
Pitt.) ditt, (Baltimore)
West Coast of Africa. Madeira, and Tenerin ......Jan. 17
West Indies and Pazitio ;except Mexico and Baha-

Jan 13
mas)
Failland Islands • .......
Cub ► and. Mexico .... .........Jan. 13.
Bermuda. via Halifax...
B.rtaahas, via New York

Vice President (elect) Colfax arrived with his
wife in Springfield on Thursday morning, Doc. 24, and
became the guests of Mr. Samuel Bowles. The armourers
serenaded Mr. Colfax on the evening of Christmas Day,
after which he held a reception, from 8 o'clock till 10, at
the rooms of the Springfield Club, in Shaw's block.
The patent held by A. B. Wilson, of North
Adams, Massachusetts, and the firm of Wheeler and
Wilson, for the four-motioned feed used on all family
sewing machine; expired on the 19th December, and the
Commissioner of Patents refuses to grant an extension.
The actual cost to manufacture of a good machine is not over
$l4, and this refusal to grant an extension, is, therefore an
important step towards reducing the retail price of the
machines.
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