The Sun.
London, England, 1869-09-07 00:00:00

TELEGRAPH EX7'EIv.SION.

It is not surprising to find one of the most use-
ful inventions of late years giving rise to the
greatest paying enterprise of the day. Railways
have had their spell of manias, not confined to one,
but spreading to many countries, and have proved
a fertile source of profit, while almost changing the
habits of people and their relations with each other.
The telegraph is an extension of this effect, picking
up the end beyond which the railway fails to go, and
carrying the line of human progress onward. The
railway is of course infinitely the more important,
the difference being simply this : it carries our per-
sons and goods—the telegraph, our thoughts ; but
the latter is the supplement of the former, and will
always be found beneficial, alike politically, com-
mercially, and socially. Enterprise, indeed, ought
sooner to have taken the direction now manifest,
but the difficulties and misfortunes which attended
the operations with the first Atlantic Cable were
not encouraging, nor was the great collapse of 1866,
hence it is only now after science has improved the
manufacture of ocean lines that efforts are being
made to extend them in all directions. No sooner,
however, was the French Atlantic Cable laid, and
the Falmouth, Gibraltar, and Malta ready, as well
as tho Anglo-Indian, than two other great lines
were projected; the West India and Panama, and
the India, China, and Australia Submarine, while
that to connect the ports of China and San Fran-
cisco is not only being carried out in America, but
will be brought forward on the London market.
The Anglo-Indian will connect Bombay with Suez,
via Aden, and the Falmouth, Gibraltar, and Malta
will complete the line by sea to England. The
India, Australia, and China will take up the tele-
graph system of British India at Galle, carrying the
wire across the Bay of Bengal through the Straits
of Sumatra to Singapore, whence it will branch to
Australia southward, and to Hongkong east. The
new company, whose prospectus is not yet pub-
lished, takes up the line at Rangoon, and carries
the wire through China, to connect eventually with
one from Japan on to San Francisco, when the
girdle will be complete around the world. In the
first instance, however, it will stop at Shanghai with
a branch line from Singapore to Java, where the
Dutch Government have laid lines through that
island and Sumatra. The cable of the China Sub-
marine Telegraph Company will not be of that light
structure now coming into fashion, but in all re-
spects equal to the Anglo-American, us it is consi-
dered, by them, to be necessary to lay the heavy
cable in the China Seas. This line will be virtually
a continuation of the Anglo-Mediterranean and the
British Indian Submarine wires, which will bring
England into &red communication with Bombay.
To Burmah the telegraph already extends ; and
Rangoon is perhaps a better terminus from which
to take up the Indian system than Galle. An-
other project is talked of, to lay a light cable from
Ireland to Nova Scotia at a cost of £450,000.
Still much remains to be accomplished ; and one of
the most important branches from this trunk line
encircling the globe will be the West India and
Panama Telegraph. A line will be carried from
Kingston, Jamaica, to Aspinwall, where it will
connect with the land wires of Panama. From
Havannah, the cable already laid by Sir CHARLES
BRIGHT, will be extended to Kingston, thus bring-
ing the United States into communication, and the
line passes to Porto Rico, thence to St. Thomas's, and
on to Trinidad, touching at the intermediate islands,
until it reaches the main land of South America
at Georgetown, whence it goes by land to New
AMsterdam and Surinam. There it gets into ope-
ration with Brazil, Chili, Peru, and the Argentine
Confederation, which makes the communication
complete throughout North and South America. The
line will contain 2,250 miles of submarine cable with
350 of land wire, all wit:eh is now being constructed
at the Indiarubber, Gutta Percha, and Telegraph
Works at Silverto wn. The cable will be in pieces,
none exceeding 606 miles in length, the greatest
depth being only 600 fathoms, made " of a double
sheathing of iron wires, the outer one of 12 very
powerful galvanised iron wires, or rods, and the
inner sheath of 14 smaller wires. Both the inner
and outer sheath are boand round with hemp,
soaked afterwards in tar, and both are also coated
outside with CLARK'S conapdUnd,whiCh is understood
to be one of the best for protecting cables from the
injury which is sometimes caused in shallow water
by the attacks of submarine animalculm. These
little devastators, however, fortunately never touch
the gutta percha. The intermediate cable is of very
much the same strength as the inner sheathing as
the shore ends, and is covered in with 12 strong
wires. The strong deep-sea portion is very little
less in size than the intermediate, and is very like
the first old Atlantic cable, though nearly twice as
heavy, and certainly more than four times as strong,
for it is sheathed with 12 small wires, but all of
solid, homogeneous iron." The new manufac-
ture was invented and patented by Mr. VARLEY,
and presents, both in cost and other points of
importance, great advantages. For instance, it
will support fully thirty miles of its own length
in the water, through which means it can be
raised where it is found faulty without danger of
breaking ; and it can be packed, carried, and laid
with greater facility, while the fact that both the
West India and Panama, and the India, Austra-
lia, and China have adopted it, goes to prove that
the beat electricians believe it to answer its in-
ventor's expectations. In view of these gigantic
enterprises, it is curious to go back to the early
days of the telegraph. From an article in " Hours
at Home," the facts of which were supplied by Mr.
ALFRED VAILi of Morristown, New Jersey, we
learn the commencement of that stupendous• net-
work which now interlaces the United States :
" The telegraph was first put in operation, between
Washington and Baltimore, in the spring of 1814, and was
shown without charge until April 1, 1815. Congress, dur-
ing the session of 1841-45, made an appropriation of
$B,OOO to keep it in operation during the year, placing it
at the same time under the supervision of the Postmaster-
General. He at the close of the session ordered a tariff
of charges of one cent for every four characters made by
or through the telegraph, appointing also tho operators
of the line; Mr. Vail for the Washington station, and Mr.
11.. J. Rogers for Baltimore "

From the Ist April, 1815, to the 4th, the receipts
were half a cent from a gentleman who spent most
of that time in endeavouring to inveigle the opera-
tors into showing him the secret, through breaking
their oath. On the sth, twelve and a half cents were
received ; on the 7th, sixty ; the next day, 132 ;
and Mr. VAIL notices that more business was done
by the merchants when the tariff was imposed than
when the service was gratuitous. But vast as has
been the extension of telegraphy, especially in the

United States, it is yet but in its infancy. The COW
pletion of these great ocean lines will have an Wl'
mense influence, and the day will come when most
communications will be by telegraph, and not through
the post. Two effects must undoubtedly be produced;
One is to make mankind cosmopolitan, to draw the
uttermost parts of the world together, and to cause
all nations to feel their relationship ; the other, is to
give a brevity to the expression of thought, and t°
convert the English into the universal language, for
that tongue has been found to be the best for the
telegrapher's use. We take the following extract
from an article in the Times on the `Vest India and
Panama Telegraph :
" As we have said, the whole process of manufacturing
a cable can now be seen in full work, and a most curious
series of operations it forms. From the time that the lweli
of raw gutta porcha enters the works, very much in a
p
-
pearance and fibre like a compressed ball of dried Etable
manure, till it is shredded, boiled, cleaned, steamed, melted,
macerated, mixed, and re-macerated, and pours out po°
to be forced through dies round the copper conductor, 01!
visitor never lo os sight of it. When the first coat
been given—and in this cable there aro three, with a eo3r;
ing of insulation between each—the process of putting °J
coat after coat is of course all alike. Here, however,
copper conductor is placed in connection with the trit-
teties to detect faults, and on the first sign of loss of /0'1:3
lat.ion tho alarm bell rings, and the works aro stopped lit,
the cause of leakae:e is discovered and the part cut on
The minimum standard of resistance of the present cable
v
is fixed at as high as 300,000,000 units, or 50,000,000 jpi
of resistance higher than the last French cable, null
100,000,00 G units higher than the standard under able
both the English cables were constructed. This ruisl°,
of the standard of excellence every year shows cone;
sively how much more perfect the manufacture is hen°
ing, both mechanically and scientifically. Before lalito
the works, the West India cable, to avoid all risk, is tO,OO
tested in water of 75 degrees up to as high as 500,000,7
units. At prosent the manufacture of all the four 0'31.1
rent kinds of cables are going on simultaneously,
gives to the works at Silvertown such an aspect of Dill
trial activity as they have not worn for some months• to
is stated that the deep-sea, or smallest portion, Candif
turned out complete at the rate of 300 miles a week, entel
this be so, the work is well in hand, and can be complete
within the contract time."

Tile National Labour Congress met in Philadejt:
phia, Aug. 16, two hundred delegates being present
Vice-President Luckor presided. The usual commilLe:ti
were appointed, and an eulogy on the late Preside be
Sylvia, was delivered by a delegate, and adopted 35 tit
voice of the Congress. The annual report was react at
shows that charters have been granted to 27 new lab°
organisations; refers to the importance of co-opernit.'w
and the advancement of the eight-hour system; an
poses the introduction of coolie labour. A motion to
Susan B. Anthony as a delegate was tabled—her cred,,e,,-o,
tials not having been issued by a recognised associPnl;l6
The Congress aereed to hold two sessions daily
resolutions next day related to the eight-hour wte-oa
advocated reduction of the interest on the public deg g 4
the issue of greenbacks to pay the Five-twenties ; 00,°1-116,
the National Bank system; favoured the alteration °las;
revenue laws, and the taxation of United States Wu to
opposed land monopolies and favoured the distributioo,
settlers of the public lands; opposed coolie itnuaigr3tol°o,
and the use of convict labour in penitentiaries, aLi'rA to,
dared in favour of supporting candidates for office, ;jot
epectivo of party, who endorse these principles. 'ttted
considerable discussion Susan B. Anthony was adel''
as a delegate by a majority of throe votes.
inlet
NAVAL ITEMS.—The United States stc—
Seminole arrived at Key West, Aug. 14. The Telegilgi,
the vessel reported as committing depredations on 01.0 t,
can commerce, was in the hands of the English at ir":01,0
to;a,. The Seminole was despatched to Aspinwall to re'lcit,
the Fantic.-31r. Whitehead's torpedo invention is efi,l a
ing much interest in naval circles. Rear-Admiral 133`..5,1;0
is testing it in the Adriatic on board the Franklin' 00,
machine is some sixteen feet long, shaped like a
which furnished the idea to the inventor, and 35 '0
moving in clear water, propelled by a screw and guole
by a rudder its vitality and volition appear horrifliPkA it
Austrian Government have purchased the use of t",..iir
vention for £20,000, but the patent remains with t';itot
ventor. Both the officers of the United States Ali'

Majesty's services report favourably on it.
f 5 S. A'
LUXURIANT AND BEAUTIFUL HAI 11.-3-R • fails
ALLEN'S WORLD'S HAIR RESTORER OR DRESSING never ;so
quickly restore Grey or Faded Hair to its youthful colo`a
beauty, and with the first application a beautiful gloss A'looo
lighten' fragrance is given to the Hair. It stops the Irs'r,ftp,
falling off. It prevents baldness. It promotes luxuriant gr"e, $ll
it causes the Hair to grow thick and strong. It ram°ltttcsi
dandruff. It contains neither oil nor dye. Inlarge b°ooo
Price Six Shillings. Sold by most Chemists and Per`
Depot, 266, High Holborn
Vol
I ADVERTISEMENT. I—Holloway's Pills and ntntniel/
Derangement of the Stomach and Bowels. —ln allififoos
irregularities of the liver, the stomach, and bOlve"„ierP
way's celebrated Pills are a safe specific. DY.,s:b-ilit)„'
bilimmiess, acidity of the stpinaeli' sick headache,
loss of appetite, drowsiness, and incapacity for
will all pass away before a course of these
purify the blood and give tone to the whole syttl°'":
external injuries, such as burns, scalds, and brnise;!ca'
all skin diseases, the ointment is wonderfully effics~ooßoth pills and ointment are composed of rare bala 'ottL;
mixed with a grain of mercury or any deleterio33oo,
stance. They can be used with safety by both SO
0,
all ages, in any climate. ttit:to
[ADVERTISEMENT.] - Dyspepsia (Indigestion),
Debility, Consumption, and all nervons, bilious, si"0""-ii any'
liver complaints in every stage, are only aggravated 0411,10 111 pi
rated by drugs of every description, but perfectly curs rod e9Barry's health-restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, as
thousands of cases which had been considered hopeles'l4lo;ii
—cough, asthma, also diarrhoea, lumorrhoids, liver co Aiiio
flatulency, nervousness, biliousness, fevers, sore throats, 'rs,
ria, catarrhs, colds, influenza, noises in the head and ,et irr,pe
matism, gout, impurities, eruptions, hysteria, neuraie„P to
bility, sleeplessness, acidity, palpitation, heartburn, i-iveveseo
debility, dropsy, cramps, spasms, nausea, and sickhes9'tightW
pregnancy or at sea, sinking fits, bronchitis, scrofulstweellol
of the chest, pains at the pit of the stomach and he",„tereW
shoulders, &c. We quote a few :—The Pope's health reis66<or
Du Barry's Food. Cure No. 68,413—,, Rome, July 12, Atittirptl
health of the Holy Father is excellent, especially sine,f,;(3ll Or;
ing all other remedies, he has confined himself emir a tor
Barry's Revalenta Arabica Food, of which he consul:ape:oV
ful at every meal. It has produced a surprisino.,, sate ;,,,to
praise til"0.
effect on his health, and his Holiness cannot
food too highly.—From the "Gazette du Midi," Jul); fril'iler
No. 46,270 -Mr. James Roberts, timber merchant. 0 oirt
Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of 11100,01
derangement, and partial deafness! Cure No. 1,771.---rdysP%,
do Decies, Lord Lieut. of Waterford, of many years dye"
No. 49,832—,,Fifty years' indescribable agony fron3_,,
nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulen'6oo`l6oo6
sickness, and vomiting.—Maria Joly." Important jolts tide
Beware of the many unsavoury and more than slopPYoo
to which, without authority, Baron Liobig's name is 216!
ciously attached 12 Psof;
In tins, at Is lad; 1 lb 2s 9d; 21bs 4s 6d; 5 lbs 11s ;,1000clie,,
21 lbs 405.-Also Du BARRY'S REVALENTA ARADIeA sior 24„t
POWDER is packed in tin canisters: for 12 cups ate2B,, sups "00
at 3s 6d, for 48 cups at 6s, for 288 cups at 30s, for 57",.0 arevf.l
—being about one penny per cup. The 30s and 55s tine( ,
free of carriage in England on receipt of Post-Oot''
BARRY Dt BARRY and Co., No. 77, Regent-street, 100
all Grocers and Chemists
LIST FOR THE USE OF VISIT-