The Sun.
London, England, 1860-02-02 00:00:00

LOMBARDY.

A letter from Milan, dated Jan. 28, says :—More
recent information enables me to confirm. the news
about the decision of Sardinia to complete the an-
nexation of Central Italy. When the meeting of
Congress became more and more uncertain, it was
felt that the provisional organisation of Central Italy
and the anomalous position of the latter towards
Piedmont must cease. Indeed, it could only be kept
up in the hope of a speedy meeting of Congress,
which was to put an end to it. In the face of the
preparations for a new crusade it was urgent to
provide for- all contingencies, and already before
the late Ministerial crisis the subject was taken
into serious consideration in this country, and the
necessity of acting recognised.
The annexation was too decisive a step to be
taken without consulting France and England, the
two Powers whose consent was indispensable under
the circumstances. So far the British Government
not only agreed as to the propriety of this decisive
measure, but, if I am rightly informed, even pressed
its speedy adoption. The answer of the French Go-
vernment, although not unfavourable, has hitherto
not been so explicit. It recognised, likewise,
that in the absence of a Congress something must
be done to put an end to the false position no w
existing ; but it declined any responsibility on that
score, declaring, however, that whatever happened
it was ready to guarantee the possession of Lom-
bardy to Piedmont. This was as much as could be
reasonably expected, and almost better than if
more had been promised, for it left more freedom
of action to the Sardinian Government than it
would have had otherwise. Besides, it was another
proof of the understanding which exists between
France and England with respect to a common
Italian policy, the only difference being made by
the pre-engagements taken by France with regard
to the acquisitions made by Sardinia during the
late war. .

The accession to power of Cavour came just in
time to inaugurate this new policy of action, and
the impending convocation of Parliament offered a
welcome opportunity to carry it into effect. Yon
may take it, therefore, as granted that the project
at present is to accomplish the annexation when
Parliament meets in March. There may be, of
course, events which would precipitate things— for
instance, some movement on the part of the Pope or
of Austria. Nothing of the kind is now expected,
although everything is being prepared to meet
such a contingency.
Fanti's keeping the command in Central Italy
while assuming the duties of Minister of War places
the military forces of Sardinia and Central Italy
under the same head, and may be looked upon as
a preparatory step for sending Piedmontese troops
to Central Italy and garrisoning Piedmont by the
troops of Central Italy. A person lately returned
from this latter country, and who is in a position
to know the state of its military organisation,
assured me two days ago that the Duchies and the
Romagna have 40,000 men fully armed and
equipped—among them above 10,000 Venetian
volunteers. Thus, with Tuscany included, the forces
of Central Italy cannot be less than 60,000 men.
It seems the number of recruits enlisted for the
Pope in Austria has been considerably exaggerated.
According to the best information received from
Macerata, where their depot is, it does not exceed
2,000 men, which would not be very formidable.
Among the many evil consequences of the
Cavour-Ratazzi dispute not the least sad was that
it served to estrange the two most popular men in
Italy from each other—Garibaldi and Cavour. You
will remember the circumstances connected with the
Nazione Armata, so there is no necessity to enter
into details. Suffice it to say that the result of them
was an impression on both sides that each had cause
to complain of the other. lam happy to say that
this impression is giving way, and that there is now
nothing in the way of a combined action of these
two men. The sphere of each of them is so different,
and both are so necessary, that it would have been
a great loss to the cause had there been any diffe-
rence between the two at a moment when circum-
stances might require the co-operation of both.
The occasion for a reconciliation was the Gari-
baldi subscription, about which it was necessary to
come to an understanding with the new Government.
This latter promised the same freedom of action to
the committee as its predecessor had given. As it
has been, Milan-is to remain the centre of its acti-
vity. The success of this eubscription is increasing
daily. Almost every municipality in Lombardy has
followed the example given by Milan, and has sub-
scribed a smaller or larger sum, according to its
means. The cities of Central Italy have begun
likewise to do the same, Bologna having given
20,000L—Forli, 5,000. The towns of Venetia are
sending their mite, and even the remote provinces of
Friuli and Istria are contributing to arm the volun-
teers whom they have sent to fight for Italy.
The most remarkable and significant feature in
[this subscription is, however, the general participa-
tion of the lower and poorest classes, those who earn
their livelihood by the work of their hands—artisans
and workmen. It is these who have contributed
most in proportion, while those who have the means
have rather remained behind. This is so striking
that it gave rise to a remark on the part of Gari-
baldi, who said, in his address to the people of
Prato, in Tuscany, that in Italy it seems " misery
alone has something to spare." 4,000 subscribers
had contributed 3,000 lire.
In applying the proceeds of the subscription the
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among them with rifles.

Massimo d'Azeglio has accepted the post of
Governor of Milan, which was offered to him. One
of the obstacles which deterred many of the candi-
dates from accepting this post was the smallness of
the salary, which had been fixed at 50,000 lire, or
about £2,000. For a town like Milan, with a rich
aristocracy, this was too little, and would have
placed the Governor in an awkward position unless
he had private means to supply the deficiency.
Cavour recognised this, and doubled the salary.
The Tuscan Government has thought it necessary,
to give some explanations in the Monitore with re-
spect to the reserves made in the proclamation of
the Sardinian statute. It says that witk these re-
tt:iebustupitreme jurisdiction of
serves it neither wished to dictate conditions, nor to
Pthreei wished to avoid all
responsibility in face of the country, and set at rest
uudaticivautealinplauni
publication of the Sardinian statute the organic law
statute f o Tuscany,
any doubts which might
.. have arisen, as if by the
any way
sanctioned by the fundamental
property by main•morte,
,
spositions, were abo-
and concerning the freedom of commerce and in-
dustry, the possession of p
and other special legislative di
he general
Monitore Toscano, " are comprised in t
lished. " When analogous dispositions, says the
laws the reserve of course ceases ; if they are not,
it will be:ong to the national Parliament to decide
whether they have to cease among us or be extended
to the benefit of all."
This reserve has found an echo in Lombardy,
where, thanks to the wholesale legislation of the
late Ministry, the conviction ripens daily
that for
the purpose of a political union it is by no means
necessary to assimilate every institution in the State;
there are soma things in each country so intimately
connected with its particular position, and so dif-
ferent from those in the other countries of Italy,
that it would be impossible to assimilate them, at
any rate, for the moment; they ought, therefore, to
be left as they are. To quote as an example the
union of England and Scotland has become quite
the fashion.
On the 24th inst. Garibaldi was married to the
daughter of the Marchese Raintondi ; the ceremony
took place at the country seat of the latter at Fino,
near Como, nobody being present except the family
and the witnesses—Conte Torro for the young lady,
and Valerio, the Governor of Como, for Garibaldi.
Farini, the Lombard member of the Ministry,
has come to Milan for a few days.

ANNEXATION OF SAVOY TO FRANCE.

A letter from Paris say :—" From the reply
elicited by Lord Normanby's observations on the
annexation of Savoy to the French Empire it may
be inferred that if such an act be attempted it would
meet with opposition from the British Cabinet;
When Lord Granville said that no information had
been received on the subject, he no doubt meant
that no communication had been officially made to
him by the French Ambassador in London ; but it
is not the less certain that Lord Granville and his
colleagues have long since made up their minds on
the matter; and that, doubtless, in conformity with
their own convictions, independently of any other
reasons, their resolution is to thcidedly set their
faces against any dismemberment of the territories
of the King of Piedmont. Moreover, it is believed

that our Ambassador at this Court has received in-

structions to that effect, should the question bortver
a triously mooted. I may add that on this intpor
tent question Prussia, and Austria certainly, and
Russia perhaps, not to speak of Switzerland, for
which it is one of life or death, are, very probably,
of the same opinion as the British Cabinet. As to
Piedmont herself one knows, not well what to say.
Victor Emmanuel might be tempted to the abandon-
ment of the ancient domain of his house, were the
compensation for its loss, or the balm to his con-
science, the annexation of the Romagna ; but even
he and his Ministers would hesitate if the voice of
Europe were against them. 'We have had news of
" manifestations" in Savoy in favour of French an-
nexation. None but idiots are ignorant how such
things can be got up ; they may be had by bribery
or intimidation, moral if not material, through
secret or half-avowed agency. Those which are in
a contrary sense, and which have also just taken
place at Chambery, have more the character of
genuine feeling about them. Ido not affirm that
the majority of the Savoyards would fight to the
death rather than separate from Piedmont ; but if
there really be a desire for annexation, it is not to
France, but probably towards Switzerland that
they would turn..
I have remarked that for Switzerland the question
is one of vital importance. Switzerland has no desire
for aggrandisement. She well knows that if there
be a country in Europe more interested than an-
other in the stability of territory, it is herself. Were
she forgetful of her duty, her interest would forbid
her to raise any question likely to affect the rights
of others; she could not do so without imperilling
her own. No country depends more on the strict
maintenance of treaties ; for this is the guarantee
of her independence. The neutrality of Switzer-
land was proclaimed in 1815, and it was based by
the Congress "on the interests of all Europe." To
defend her neutrality is not merely a duty for
Switzerland, nor a question of liberty or glory—it
is her existence itself; and this neutrality—that is
to say, her existence as an independent State—is
gone the day Fr ance occupies the portion of Savoy
comprised in her neutral territory. Her military
frontier would be lost, and Geneva, the Valais, and
the Vaud defenceless. As the author of the mani-
festo, " La Suisse dans la Question de Savoie" (re-
cently published), says :
" Certainly Switzerland has no motive for wish-
ing to see Savoy change her rulers. Having for
centuries past kept up no other than peaceful and
kindly relations with the Royal House of Sar-
dinia, she can only desire to see the relations
with an excellent neighbour perpetuated ; but
if by the force of circumstances this situation is
changed, if the House of Sardinia, led on towards
a new destiny resolve to abandon to France its
possessions beyond the Alps, then Switzerland
would owe it to Europe, as well as to herself, to
chow the value she sets on treaties which have re-
cognised her own independence and her own neu-
trality, and which have made her the guardian of
the valley of the Rhone."
Again,
"Switzerland would recall the ancient treaties
confirmed by the 23d article of that of Turin, bywhich
the King of Sardinia binds himself not to alienate
the Chablais, the Faucigny, and the Geneveso to
any other power but Switzerland. She would in-
voke the recent treaties by which Europe has, in
the general interest, entrusted for ever to the
Confederation the guardianship of the Simplon and
the basin of the Leman ; and, strong in her rights,
she would demand the transformation of the instru-
ment which has comprised a portion of Savoy in
her neutrality into one which alone could preserve
to her the means of fulfilling the wish of Europe—
namely, into one of possession. She would insist
that Chablais, Faucigny, and the Genevese to the
north of the Us es, should become a portion of the
Confederation."

I mentioned long ago that it was supposed by
some the arrangement for delivering over Savoy to
France. in payment for the aggrandisement of Pied-
mont, had been concluded even before the Ist of
January, 1859. lam ignorant whether this be the
case or not. But if an engagement of the kind
exist, it
t can harily be more binding than the Villa-
franca preliminaries. For the non-fulfilment of
these the obstinate refusal of the Italians to take
back their fugitive Princes is pleaded as a good.
pretext. Might not the anti-separatist " manifes-
tation" of Chambery be used with equal force by
Victor Emmanuel to get out of a not very credit-
able bargain—if bargain there be ?
The following letter has beeen received in Paris,
from Nice, dated Saturday last :
g, Our town has been extremely agitated for some
days past by the intrigues of a few individuals who
are terrified at the idea of annexation with France.
Personal animosity has played a principal part on
this occasion ; next the private interests of the bar-
risters, who fear to be eclipsed by the French
lawyers ; and finally, the Italian feelings of a few
who believe they are serving the interests of the
country and of the Government by agitating the
population. The fact is, that for the last three
days a letter of Garibaldi has been hawked about
the streets and read in all the shops, in which the
General declares that the King has assured him
that ho will never give up Nice. It is added, that
the King would not be sorry to see a manifestation
made which would justify his refusal. This is not
all ; the most absurd reports aro circulated among
the operatives to render them hostile to the annexa-
tion with France. They are told that the price of
sugar, coffee, salt fish, and wine will be raised so
high that they will not bo able to purchase those
articles; that they can no longer obtain employ,-
ment ; and that all persons found in the streets or
in wine shops after ten at night will be sent to pri-
son. Under these circumstances the tranquillity of
Nice is in danger of being disturbed, particularly as
there are so few police to prevent a disturbance.
The Government sent yesterday for some of the
leaders of the Opposition, and requested them to
abandon their projects. I am assured that they
have, in consequence of the Governor's observations,
postponed their projected manifestation. They will
confine themselves to the preparation of an address
to the King, to be presented by the chief of the
Municipal Council. We shall see how many sig-
natures will be affixed to it. It must not be for-
gotten that Nice possesses a population of 44,000
souls. The position of Nice, at present, resembles
very much the situation of some French towns pre-
vious to the revolution of 1848. A factious minority
which enjoy more or less the moral support of the
Government, rule the majority, which comprises all
the landed proprietors, merchants, and industrious
operatives. One word from the French Govern-
ment would be sufficient to put an end to this
anomaly."

GARIBALDI AND HIS MUM—As some doubts
existed as to the truth of the intelligence of General Gari-
baldi's marriage with Mdlle. Josephine Raimondi at Fino,
we may state that the Corriere .Atereantile of Genoa of the
27th coxfirnas it by quoting a letter from Como. Count
Posse Lambertenghi, a cousin of Silvio Pellico, was one of
the witnesses for the bride; M. Valerie, a deputy of the
late Piedmontese Chamber, was the general's witness.
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