The Sun.
London, England, 1860-02-16 00:00:00

Hope cease to draw 18,1331, as they did last year
from the estimates.
Tho pay of the General Commanding-in-Chief l e
91 9s 6d per diem, or 4,4581 7s 6a per year ; the
Military Secretary receives 2,000/ per annum ; the I
Inspector-General of Fortifications, 1,5001; the I
Secretary of State for War, 5,0001; and the Under-
Secretary, 2,0001.
Th expenses of the War-office consume 171,396/,
being an increase of 9,5101 upon the last year, while
the Commander-in-Cilia's-office appears for the '
comparatively modest sum of 10,4621.
The cavalry forces of her Majesty are composed
of two regiments of Royal Horse Artillery, two
regiments of Life Guards, one Royal Regiment of
Horse Guards, and 18 regiments of Dragoons. The
infantry are formed by one Royal Regiment of
Artillery, divided into 16 brigades, one Coast Bri-
gade of Artillery, one Artillery Depot Brigade, one
Riding-house Troop, one regiment of Royal Engi-
neers, one of Military Train, one regiment of Grena-
dier Guards, one of Coldstream Guards, one of Scots
Fusilier Guards, 100 regiments of Foot, four batta-
lions of Rifle Brigade, three West India Regiments,
and 11 colonial corps.

FRANCE AND THE POPE.

That the power of the Pope is twofold, temporal
as well as spiritual, is one of those facts which may
be assumed as axioms in any political controversy.
All men are agreed that the head of the Roman
Catholic Church has functions to perform with
which Cardinal Antonelli and such as he ought in
no degree to be mixed up. Neither will any one
doubt that there are problems in the government of
Rome and its dependencies equally unsuited to men
whose lives have been spent in devotion and contem-
plation. Starting from this point, M. Thouvenel,
in a circular addressed to the diplomatic agents of
France, which we translate elsewhere, seeks to in-
struct them as to the proper limits of either juris-
diction, and to furnish them with arguments and
preceden Ss which may show that these very Powers
which now- hold the most transcendental views of
the Papal authority have, when their own interests
have been concerned, dealt with the Pepe quite as
ill, or even -worse, than purely temporal Govern-
ments. Of course, when a Sovereign or an indivi-
dual is armed with double powers nothing is so
natural as that he should call in the one to the
assistance of the other. Nothing is more constantly
complained of in private life than this species of
encroachment, and all our sympathies go with the
French Minister for Foreign Affairs when he seeks
to apply this salutary check to the most insidious,
encroaching, and unscrupulous of all Powers,—the
Papacy.
To us the argument is of little moment, for we
are in the habit of considering the Pope just as falli-
ble in his spiritual as iu his temporal jurisdiction,
and, indeed, of treating the signal and notorious
failure of the temporal Prince in things that aro
seen as no bad argument against the spiritual
autocrat in things that are unseen. But for
the Roman Catholic Powers of the Continent
it is of the utmost consequence to be well
informed on this point, and to be always pre-
pared to meet claims which, if once admitted,
would reduce their power of free action against
the Papacy within the very narrowest limits. The
burden of supporting a spiritual infallibility which
history contradicts and reason disowns is quite
heavy enough without extending it to temporal
concerns. Interdicts and excommunications, the
weapons of a barbarous age, are a kind of artillery
which can no more be admitted into modern war-
fare than bows and arrows ; and if the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries could not discriminate between
the crime of denying the feudal supremacy of the
Pope and a violation of the ten commandments, we
live in an age in which no such confusion of ideas
is any longer likely to perplex. The spiritual arm
for spiritual offences, the temporal arm for tempo-
ral injuries, is the only rule which we can recog-
nise ; and we believe that no other rule would ever
have been set up if Kings and Emperors, reigning
less securely than of yore, had not caught at the
Papal power as their natural ally, and been care-
ful to magnify as far as possible an influence from
which they received the most valuable support in
their career of repression and coercion. There does,
however, remain another question, on which M.
Thouvenel throws no light. Granting that the
Pope's spiritual jurisdiction only extends to spiri-
tual matters, who is to judge what is temporal and
what is spiritual ? Logic would seem to reply that
the infallible Pope must be the judge of the limits
of his own infallibility—a position which, if
granted, would practically annihilate the distinc•
tion between things temporal and things spiritual.
It is no bad illustration of the difficulties in which
the extraordinary pretensions of the Roman Catho-
lic Church ins olve the Roman Catholic Sovereigns
that they have been obliged to decide the question
the contrary way, and to maintain in the same
breath that the Pope is infallible in spiritual mat-
ters, and that what spiritual matters are must be
left to be decided by every Sovereign, or, indeed,
every private person, according to he dictates
of his own judgment. The Pope cannot be
trusted any more than any ordinary mortal to be
Rage in his own cause ; and so fallible reason,
wii:hout the slightest symptom of doubt or hesita-
tion, lays down the exact limits and extent of
infallibility. The difficulty does not exist for Pro
testants, and does not seem to be felt by Roman
Catholics, so it is no affair of ours, bat we confess
that we cannot help in some degree rejoicing that
we have no such mattvais pas to pass in order to
vindicate the right of the people of the sEmilia to
throw off the dominion of a Sovereign in our eyes
all the more fallible because he claims infallibility,
and not a whit the less temporal and mundane be-
cause he is an ecclesiastic.
M. Thouvenel supports his doctrine that the
spiritual power of the Pope does not include tem-
poral concerns by citing a number of transactions to
which it requires some courage to refer as an autho-
rity for anything else than the amount which tri-
umphant force will demand, and patient weakness
will concede. There is no doubt that the acts of
Gen. Bonaparte and the French Directory afford
ample precedent fur treating the temporal domi-
nions of the Pope with the least possible ceremony,
but, unfortunately, these proceedings are full of so
many objectionable precedents, that we, who have
no Savoy and Nice to annex, should be sorry to in-
voke their authority, even when they favour a just
and righteous cause. Still, as the Pope, after the
Treaty of Tolentino, and the other conventions to
which 11. Thouvenel alludes, sanctioned by his pre-
sence the coronation of the General who had de-
spoiled him of his dominions, the arguments of M.
Thouvenel may have some weight as against the
Pope's successor ' • and, if allowed any authority at
all, it cannot be doubted that the conduct of Gen.
Bonaparte proves that the view which he took of
the power of the Pope was as completely tem-
poral as that of Alaric or Attile, or even the
devout Emperor Charles V., who besieged the
Pope in his temporal capacity in the Castle of St.
Angelo, while he offered up prayers for his safety,
in a spiritual print of view, in his own private
chapel. General Bonaparte, then, it appears,
evinced his opinion of the merely temporal nature
of the sovereignty of the Pope, not merely by
retaining and transmitting to his own succes-
sors the Papal Principality of Avignon, but by
selecting the Pope as the victim in a series of trans-
actions of which he has some right to claim the
merit of being the inventor. To the First Napo-
leon, we believe, we owe the idea, which became so
fruitful in his hands, of aggrandizing himself at the
expense of another Power, and compensating. that
Power out of the dominions of a friend or a neutral
converted into an enemy for the purpose of spolia-
tion. Let those who think of Savoy and Lom-
bardy study the series of negotiations ansl intrigues
which succeeded the Italian campaign of the First
Napoleon, to which 31. Thouvenel has called our
attention. France appropriated the territories of
the Pope ; France compensated Austria for her
losses at the expense of the Republic of Venice,
which Republic was also compensated at the ex-
pense of the Pope; and, finally, Austria, the Im-
perial and Apestolic champion of Catholicity, was
fain herself to receive a portion of the spoil in the
shape of Papal territory on the coast of the Adriatic.
Truly M. Thouvenel has brought forward historical
precedents which, if not very honourable to France,
are conclusive against Austria, and not a little
damaging to the Papal claim, which identifies the
dominions of the Church with the Church itself.—
Times.

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