The Sun.
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M. ANHOOD: the CAUSES of its PRE-
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THE DEPOPULATION SYSTEM IN IRELAND.
—During the last ten years, as appears from the result
of the Census, the decrease in the population of Ireland
Inv been 527,5901

MANCHESTER, FRIDAY.—One of the most important I
meetings held in this town since the. existence of com-
mereial distress in this district was held yesterday in the
Corn Exchange, for the purpose of receiving reports and
communications in reference to the present depressed
state. of trade in their several districts. The meeting
was convened for ten o'clock, at which hour only a few
persons. had assembled, but in a short time afterwards •
the room gradually
filled, and towards noon there was'
a crowded assembly of the leading manufacturers, mer-
chants, cotton-spinners, cotton-printers, and others en-
gaged largely in trade here. The attendance of deputies'
was large, including Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P., Joseph
Brotherton, Esq., M.P., Robert Hyde Greg, Esq., John
Brooks, Esq., T. Bazley, jun., Esq., W. R. Callender,:
Esq., George Wilson, Esq., William Evan, Esq., Samuel
Lees, Esq., W. Rawson, Esq., James Kershaw, Esq.,
John Rawsthorne, Esq., W. Lockett, Esq., W. Bexley,.
Esq.; and A. Prentice, Esq., for Manchester and Sal-
ford ; Robert Benson, Esq., jun., Droylsden ; Charles
Jackson, Esq., Legh ; Timothy Warmby and Os-
ward MeseleY; Esqrs., Hazel Grove ; Thomas
Thornber and William. Eeroyd, Esqrs., Colne ; John
Ryland. and John Allen, Esqrs., Warrington ; John
Bright, Esq., Rochdale ; Nelstrop (Mayor), Hol-
lins, Henry Coppock (town clerk); Charles Hudson,
Lefton, and Wilkinson, Esqrs' and the Rev.
Messrs. Smith and Waddington, Stockport • EdmundAshworth, Henry Ashworth, J. C. Darbilire, and
Thomas Thomason, .Esqrs., Bolton ; Joseph Spencer,
George Southam, Alfred Reyner, and G. Higginbottom,
Esqrs., Ashton ; Joshua Brooks and Bradley Pass,
Esqrs., Mossley ; ItelZrt Platt, John Cheethans, and
William Bayley, Esqrs.,. Staleybridge ; J. H. Roberts,
Esq., Burnley ; 11. Fletcher, Esq., Darwen ; William
Hethwell and John Barker, Esqrs., Todmorden; Hol -
loday, Oldham.; Nicholson, Esq., Leeds. R. H.
Greg, Esq., late one of the Alc:;stes for Manchester, was
called to the chair. lle enteittt into a luminous but
startling detail of the falling state of trade, and of the
fearful competition between this country and foreigners.
He spoke for upwards of an hour, and adduced a great
variety of facts worthy the attention of Parliament at
this extraordinary juncture. Mr. Greg was followed by
Mr. T. Bayley, a gentleman largely engaged in cotton-
spinning in this town. •
Mr. BRIGHT, of Rochdale, said the staple of that town
was not the cotton trade, but still the. flannel trade of
Rochdale was one so near the cotton districts that it had
not been thought improper some statistics should be
brought before the present meeting. He had written
down, at the recommendation of a 'Committee in Roch-
dale, some facts connected with the state of that town,
which he would read, in order that he might take up no
more time than necessary by any digression from the
subject : —Many intelligent manufacturers suppose that
previous to the passing of the American tariff nearly
one-third, or at least one-fourth of the flannels made in,
Rochdale were exported to the United States. The
American tariff passed in the year 1828, by 105 to 94 in,
the I'louse of Representatives, and by 26 to 21 in the
Senate. It is remarkable that 28 of the New England
Representatives voted against it, and only 15 for it, and
e sy
t hoef theß ep
rSe
soeunt ht
aetrinv e
sStatest o
inp pto4sdelde
iats,
th the latse peraercrei ne
dt a thi
or manufacturing 'States, a.d the western,: or agricul-
tural States. Mr. Randolph said, that" If theßill had its
true name, it should be ca'led a Bill to.rob.and plunder
one half of the union for the benefit of. the other half."
Mr. Drayton moved to amend the title as-follows: strike
out all after an Act, and insert " to „increase the duties
on certain imports fur the purpose of increasing the
profits of certain manufacturers."' When the Bill passed.'
the New York papers said " the expression of pUblic
opinion is very bitter against thismeasure, and the ship-
owners will have occasion to lainent it more than any
other part of the mercantile. community." As soon as
the Bill was known to have paSsed the Senate all the
shipping in port displayed their colours at half-mast,
as a token of regret for the injuries inflicted on com-
merce. The consequences of this tariff on the flan-
nel trade of Rochdale were most disastrous. It at
one blow annihilated rthe American trade in that de-
cription of goods, and since 1828 the export of
flannels to the United States has been reduced
to an amount. quite inconsiderable, in comparison
with that which took place previously. The inevit.-
able effect of ,ihis diminished demand was the scarcity
of employment and fall of wages. Wages had remained
pretty stationary from 1820 to 1828 ; but in 1829 they
fell sixteen to twenty per cent., and employment was.
scarce. No new market was open to take off the goods
usually made for America ; weavers were too numerous
for the. work to be done ; wages continued to fall, and
in 1831 they were 40 per cent. below the rates paid in
1828 ; great numbers of sober, industrious, and valuable
operatives emigrated to the very country whose food we
refused to take in payment for flannels, and whose people
were partly compelled to make flannels for themselves.
These operatives would line remained in their own
country to add to its population, strength, and prosperity,
but for the suicidal policy of the landlord Government of
England. Distress made fearful strides among- those
who remained at home, and had it nor been that the
cotton trade extended in the town abOut this period, tak-
ing up many hands froth the- woollen trade; the Sufferings
of the operatives must have been greatly aggravated.
To such a state .was the flannel trade reduced, that
many looms were broken up, being worthless as looms,'
and bought to .be • used as props in the coal mines of
the neighbourhood! Owing to this emigration, and the
consequent diminished number of hands, and the general
improvement in trade as provisions became cheaper,
there. was a slight improvement in the flannel trade and
in wages in 1832. In 1833 a further rise took place, pro-
visions still falling, and the home demand improving. ;
and up to 1837 this advance was fully maintained. In
1838, 1839, and 1840 wages gradually declined, during
which time the price of provisions has greatly advanced;
and it may be safely affirmed that wages in 1840 were at
least 40 per cent., and in many instances above 50, lower
than in 1828 ; and many weavers were unable to pro-
cure employment, and vast numbers had only an irre-
gular and precarious employment. That a deplorable
change has taken place in the condition of the opera-
tives engaged in the woollen trade at Rochdale within
the past fifteen years is a Twitted by all persons ac-
quainted with their past and present circumstances.
The house of the woollen weaver was almost proverbial
for a degree of comfort and plenty, such as is now
rarely witnessed. The furniture was abundant, always
sufficient, not rarely handsome. A good chest of maho-
gany drawers, as a family wardrobe, its excellent polish
protected by a large cover of green baize, and a clock in a
large and handsome mahogany case, bespoke the degree
of affluence and comfort to which their dwellings are now
almost entire strangers. Now we see abject poverty on
every side. Wages so low that many men with full work
are compelled to apply to the parish for relief ; their
houses are unfurnished, possessing neither wardrobe nor
garments ; and their hunger-marked countenances be-
speaking the terrible wrongs they endure. If it be true
that protection to landowners gives a home trade so good
as to make up for any decrease of foreign demand, how
comes it that the home trade has never yet been able to
place the flannel trade on its former footing, and to sup-
ply the customers of which it was deprived by the Ame-
rican tariff? If the landlord interest has purchased one
piece more flannel than it would have purchased
.without
the Corn-laws, the price of that piece was first stolen by
law from the weaver that made the piece.
CABINET MAKERS' FURNITURE.—MinUte inquiries
show that from fifteen years previous to 1828 there were
twenty-eight to thirty journeymen cabinet •makers and a
few boys regularly and fully employed in Rochdale. At
this time there are only twelve or thirteen journeymen
and about ten boys in the trade, and these have not had
full and regular employment for a long time past. The
population of the town and neighbourhood has greatly
increased during the past fifteen or twenty years ; but
there has been no increase of furniture, clearly proving
that the condition of the people is much worse, and their
comforts greatly abridged.

TRAVELLING SCOTaIMEN —l. Travels Todmorden;
Saddleworth, Shaw, Lees, Oldham, Middleton, Hey-
wood, Wardle, and neighbourhood of Rochdale. Has
travelled part of this district for twenty years, dealing
with many families throughout this period ; his customers
have gradually become poorer, and are now mostly ruined,
and unable to buy clothing, tea, coffee, &C., as formerly.
Six years ag) their condition was much better. Tod-
morden was then his best district—now very much worse,
mills there having worked short time many months. In
his journeys he finds many houses which he has known
well ftirnished almost stripped, the furniture having gra-
dually been disposed of to provide food. Has given up
the Wardle district, the people being reduced to poverty
so abject that they can pay for nothing. Most customers
are ashamed to meet him, and skulk away to avoid him
when they know he is coming, as they have nothing to
pay for what they have had from him. This is a common
occurrence about Middleton and the neighbourhood.
Many travellers have given up the trade— their once good
customers now impoverished, their purchases very small,
and bad debts rendering the trade a ruinous one to those
engaged in it.
SHOPKEEPERS AND PROVISION DEALERS.-1. The
quantity of meal sold in proportion to the flour is much
greater than it used to be half a dozen or three or four
years ago. Sells much less of cheese and sugar, and not
more than two-thirds of his former sale ; and not more
than half the tobacco. The quantity of malt is reduced
to one-third of his sale in better times. Debts cannot be
paid ; many honest and industrious customers have debts
standing over till times mend.
2. More meal in proportion to the flour sold now than
a few years ago. His customers buy half a pound- or a
pound of meal at once, as they are able. Much less tea
sold ; sugar one. half less ; tobacco one- third less. New
butter not much bought ; old cheaper ; often none used
In cheese the reduction is one-half. Bread sold in penny-
worths commonly ; all the common articles of food sold
now in very small quantities. Debts standing over till
better times. Only sells one lead of malt where he used
to sell four. Boy came for three halfpenny worths of
m
family of seven, sober and industrious ;
a
full work 11s. to 12s. per week ;
father hale r most
in
7 wages ragsr 8
boys earn 4s. with setting cards.
so
Only one bed for seven persons ; no hope of improvement.
meal
; s
withv
Double quantity of meal and coarse flour sold in
proportion to the whale qqahtity for bread. Customers
who used to buy a pound of sugar now buy a pennyworth,
or a quarter of a pound for twopence. Tea sold in
quantities as small as half a quarter of an ounce, for a
half-penny. Butter as low as a half-penny or a penny ;
bacon a p„ny, or a quarter of a pound for twopence.

.Rochdale, Dec. 13th, 1841.
The Rey. J. WADDINGTON, from Stockport, then ad-
dressed the meeting, and after furnishing statistical de-
tails of distress similar to those given by the last speaker,
said it has been ascertained that since the year 1836,
more than half the master-spinners or manufacturers in
the town and its immediate vicinity have failed; twenty-
nine firms, including upwards of forty partners, are in
their list. Of these, the machinery of seventeen mills
were sold by auction; four by private contract, and eight
effected a composition. Seventeen mills containing
40-horse power are totally unoccupied ; in seven other
mills 285-horse power is standing still ; no acts of de-
predation have as yet been committed by the people ;
but the superintendent of the police states that the num-
ber of petty offences, especially such as have for their
object obtaining food, or such property as could easily be
converted into money, or be made use of as the means of
obtaining food, have been considerably increased during
the last six months. The health of the town is equally
bad as at Rochdcle. Indeed it is impossible to imagine,
human beings reduced to a lower state of temporal wretch-
edness than that in which we have found our fellow-towns-
men. To mention but one instance: when a visitor called at
a house to make his inquiries, he found a mother with eight
children out of work. She was expecting every hour to
give birth to another child of misery, and there was no
couch to the miserable dwelling, nor an article of furni-
ture fit for the accommodation of any human being.' IsTo;t-
withstanding the strong and deeply-rooted aversion to
break up their relative connexions, and to apply to the
officers of their parish, within the last four months
two hundred have applied for orders of removal—or more
than an average of two every day, without interruption.
I might add to this mournful detail of facts other particu-
lars, showing the general decay of our local interests; but
I fear to trespass on your patience. Whole streets are
deserted, and in hundreds of these now tenantless dwel-
lings a secret martyrdom of spirit has been suffered for
months before they were abandoned. Hitherto there
has been a forlorn hope that things would iMprove, but
gradually that hope has given place to feelings of deep
resentment against those whom the wcrking classes are
led to consider as inflicting upon them, instrumentally at
least. their present miseries. I assure you, Gentlemen,
that I am merely reporting the statements Of the people
with whom I am brought into daily contact, and not ex-
pressing so much any opinions of my own. It is the
almost universal conviction of the operatives that there
is provided in the bounty of Providence bread enough
and to spare. That the famine of the necessaries of life
is artificial, and that the markets are closed against the
produce of their labour in order to, keep up the rents of
the lords of the soil, and to increase the value of the ,
tithes. Many of them, honest, industrious, and well-de-
signing men, have walked hundredS of miles in the fruit-
less search of employment. ,They may be found sitting
in their damp, cheerless, and poverty-stricken cellars,
surrounded with their children, meagre-bellied, or
sickening before them under the power of disease,
and, as they brood over their miseries they compare
their lot with those whom they regard as their oppres-
sors—pampered in luxury, and, as they believe, as
regardless of their wretchedness as the rich man in
gospel was insensible to the wants and sufferings of
Lazarus, who perished at his gate full of sores. It is
scarcely necessary to say, that the rumour that a plan
is being formed to ship them off as felons, has awakened
a spirit of indignation that will not be soon allayed.
Gentlemen, I have now accomplished the task assigned
me, and my only regret is, that the duty has been dis-
charged so imperfectly. Allow me a word or two before
I retire as to the sentiments which this painful investi-
gation has excited in my breast. Without fear of con-
tradiction from any, quarter, I can say that my remarks
are not those of a partisan. Those who are best ac-
quainted with my course for the last nine years can bear
me witness that few, have less mingled with affairs of a
secular or political nature. I was .not present at the
meeting of the inhabitants which appointed the Corn
mittee to make 'these inquiries. It was contrary to my
expectation that I had to take part in them, and still
more so that I should be here to-day. But
having witnessed more wretchedness than can be
described,
_occasioned by the want of employment—
having witnessed the operation of decay extending
over every cla-ss 'in our community, it would be extremely
painful to me not to express my solemn conviction that
we are rapidly appoaching the very limits of human en-
durance. rt is not for me to suggest the means of
amelioration—my counsels and sympathies in my daily
intercourse' with the poor are those dictated by the
Gospel of:Christ. I know not that in a single instance
I have ever dwelt on the topic of the Corn-law. The
suffering poor need from me something rather to allay
than to inflame their burning sense of wrong. But
even I do feel it to be my sacred duty to lay bare
this deep and wide-spread social malady to those whose
office it is to prescribe the remedy. So far as in me
lies will I expose these scenes of lamentation and woe ;
and, fellow-countrymen if, after these disclosures,
ghastly want should lead to disorder, to tumult, to pil-
lage, or to bloodshed, for one, I am guiltless of the con-
sequences ; the inquisition for blood will be made on
those who suffer such a mass of wretchedness to remain
without the adoption of the only adequate means of ame-
lioration.—[This speech made a deep impression on the
assembled multitude. Many were moved to tears.]
A member of the Deputation then read details of the
want of trade and distress in Preston, which, though
not so bad as in Rochdale and Stockport, was still
of a fearful description. Crime had increased with the
price of corn as regularly as the mercury rises from heat.
The number of cases of felony in Preston was as fol-
lows :---In 1835, 18 cases ; 1836, 27 ; 1837, 84 ; 1838,
103 ; 1839, 112 ; 1340, 160. This alarming increase is
attributed by some to the increase of dram-shops, con-
cert-rooms, &c. ; but when I consider the great increase
of churches, chapels, schools, and moral institutes, which
ought to be equal in their counteracting influence, I cannot
help attributing much of this increase to the want of em-
ployment caused by the pressure of the times, and which
always falls first upon the idle and dissolute.—(Hear.)
The wages of spinmers have been reduced this year to
about 10 per cent., with a probability of a still greater
reduction. Weavers are wandering about, and willing to
take work at any price. Everybody's spirits are down ;
the shopkeepers are complaining bitterly, and the small
farms in the neighbourhood, owing to bad seasons and
heavy taxes, are fast sinking into ruin. A subscription
has been raised, soup, meal, clothing, and bedding are
being given to the poor. I visit the houses of the poor
every week, but to give you a description of the poor
living, and miserable furniture (if such it can be called),
of the wretched bedding, of the amount of human wretch-
edness
and misery which I find amongst them, would be
only such as would exceed all belief unless it were wit-
nessed. I took the Rev. Mr. Spencer and J. Curtis,
Esq., when here, to see some of these cases, and they
seemed astonished at the scenes of human misery, as
well as Christian patience, exhibited by these poor people.
(Here the Speaker read the return of thirteen sales of
furniture at Preston averaging 6s. 51d. which appeared
in The Sun yesterday.)
A Report from Wigan was also presented, detailing at
great length the sufferings of the workingelbassizsßoefvthret
g
town and neighbourhood. This was followed
from Bolton: the want of trade was still greater.
of 50 mills there are 30 stopped, and 8,124 work.; pluet
5,061 are idle or working only four days in the e°eek! week.
In 1835 the number of iron-founders, engineers, and
mill-wrights was 2,110, while at present they
amount to only 1,325, and a considerable number
of those discharged have gone to the Continent or Ame-
rica. The same may be said of carpenters, brick-setters,
and stone-masons. One half of the tailors are out of
employment ; the number, in 1835, having been 500,
while now there are only 250, and but partially employed.
Reports were then read from Oswaldwistle, parish of

" That, in the opinion of this meeting, the calamitous
state of the surrounding community is chiefly to be
traced to the operation of certain legislative enactments,
which forbid the free exchange of ottr manufactures for
the needful productions of other countries, and especially
to the Corn and Provision-laws, which, by restricting. as
far as possible the means of subsistence to the insufficient
harvests of these islands, subjects the people to a per.
petual struggle for food, and exposes them to constantly
recurring seasons of scarcity ; that these laws dry up
the sources of profitable employment" for an increasing
population, not only by preventing the growth of foreign
commerce, but by limiting, in an equal degree the
home trade, which flourishes only with the pros-
perity of our manufacturing, mercantile, and trading
interests ; that, in the deliberate opinion of this meet-
ing, and irrespective of the present distress and its
cause, any law which gives to a privileged class a mono-
poly of the supply of any article, but especially of the
first necessaries of life, at the expense of the general
body of the nation, is, in its essence, and under -all cir-
cumstances and at every time, a violation of the funda-
mental principles of just government."
The resolution was seconded by JOSEPH SPENCER,
Esq., of Ashton, and carried unanimously.
JOHN RYLANDS, Esq., of Warrington, moved
"That, whilst-demanding as a right the removal of all
protective duties for the benefit of others, this meeting is
desirous that the miscalled legal protection given to the
cotton trade should be at the same time withdrawn. If
such protective laws were operative, they could only be so
at the expense of the consumers of cotton manufactures.
They, on the contrary, are wholly inoperative; more than
three-fourths of the cotton spun and manufactured and ex-
ported and sold in competition with every foreign rival, and
the price abroad determining the price at home, no legisla.
tive enactment can possibly protect the capitalist or labourer
engaged in the cotton trade. That, therefore, this meet-
ing regards the existence ,of laws professedly passed for
its benefit as calculated merely to delude the unreflect-
i4., and to afford to others the pretence for maintaining
monopolies oppressive and injurious to the interests of
the country."
The motion was seconded by Mr. NICHOLSON, from
Leeds, and carried ; after which Mr. ROBERTS, from
Burnley, addressed the meeting.
Mr. GEORGE WILSON, Honorary Secretary to the
League, then read various communications from places
which had not sent deputations.
Mr. Perkins, of Nottingham ; Mr. Brotherton, M.P. ;
and Mr. Cobden, M.P. ; then addressed the meeting,
and the proceedings terminated.

WAR BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN
AND CHINA.

(From the Morning Post.)
OPINION OF THE HON. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.
The following document, from the pen of an American
statesman who exercises a considerable influence on the
national opinions and policy of the United States, will
be interesting to the British public. It is a lecture on
that part of the law of nations which applies to the
existing war between this country and China, delivered
to the Historical Society of Massachusetts by the Hon.
John Quincy. Adams a short time previously to the salt-
ily, of the Caledonia. This production had not been
published in America when the Caledonia left Boston, but
was to appear in the Boston Notion of Dec. 4, from a copy
of which paper, printed by anticipation, we have the op-
portunity, which we cheerfully embrace, of transferring
it to our columns:—

The existing state of the relations between the king-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland and the empire of China
opens for discussion questions of deep interest to the
whole human race, and of pre-eminent interest to the
people of the North American Union.
Great Britain and China are at war. The questions
which immediately rise for consideration in this conflict
between two of the mightiest nations of the globe are-
1. Which of the two parties to the contest has the
righteous cause ?
2. What are the prospects of its progress and termi-
nation ?

3. How the interests of other nations, and particularly
of the United States, are already, or are likely to be
hereafter, affected by it ?
4. What are the duties of the Government and peo-
ple of the United States resulting from it ?
For the solution of the first of these questions we must
resort to a statement of the facts in which the controversy
originated, and for a candid application to these facts of
the laws of nature and nations.

It is emphatically enjoined by the Christian precept,
to love your neighbour as yourself. Now, there is no
other way by which men can so much contribute to the
comfort and well-being of one another as by commerce,
or mutual exchanges of equivalents. Commerce is, then,
among the natural rights and duties of men, and if of
individuals, still more of communities ; for, as by the
law of nature every man, though he love his neighbour
as himself, must provide for his own preservation and
that of his family before he can minister to the wants of
his neighbour, it follows that he can give in exchange to
his neighbour only the excess of the fruit of his labour
beyond that which is necessary for his and their subsist-
ence. The exchange itself may indeed be of necessaries,
and that leads to the division of labour, one of the
greatest blessings of association ; but that cannot be with-
out commerce.

The empire of China is said to extend over three
hundred millions of human beings. It is said to cover a
space of seven millions of square miles—about four times
larger than the surface of these United States. The
people are not Christians. Nor can a Christian nation
appeal to the principles of a common faith to settle the
question of right and wrong between, them. The moral
obligation of commercial intercourse between nations is
founded entirely, exclusively upon the Christian precept
to love your neighbour as yourself. With this principle
you cannot refuse commercial intercourse with your
neighbour, because commerce, consisting of a voluntary
exchange of property mutually beneficial to both parties,
excites in both the selfish and social propensities, and
enables each of the parties to promote the happiness
of his neighbours by the same act whereby he provides
for his own.

But China, not being a Christian nation, its inhabit-
ants do not consider themselves bound by the Christian
precept, to love their neighbour as themselves. The
right of commercial intercourse with them reverts n
the execrable principle of Hobbes that the state of
bnn
or refuse, and
naturenot to
is a state of war ; every one has a right to bu
man is obliged to sell. Commerce becomes altogethert no a
matter of convention. The right of eachrty is only
to propose—that of the other is to accept
his
to his result he may be guided exclusively
neighbour. by the consi-
deration of his own interest, without regtlrd to the inte-
rests, the wishes, or the other wantsof
This is a churlish and unsocial
system,
occasion here to say that whoever examines
and I take
the Chris-
tian system of morals with aitpshilosophical spirit,
setting aside all the external and historical evidence
of its truth, will find that all
exalt the nature of the animal m
peace on earth and goodwill towanaTd
Atheist, the Deist, the Chinese, psariemcitseepnts.
Ask
kd
the
purpose of
you that the foundation and they will tell
selfish enjoyment.
, Seneca, and
Ask of their system of morals is
the supreme
schools-Epicurus,Cicero Socrates,
the philosophers of the Grecian
ocrates, Zeno, Plato, Lucretius,
you will find them discoursing upon
ease, temperance, prudence, fortitude, justice—not one
Good. They will tell you it is pleasure,
of them will whisper
lation between
and physical seofpleasure ; not
the name of love, unless in its gross
one of them moral e
m will tell you that the source of all r -
e, as an instrument
__
your neighbour as yourself—tado unto him as you would
you and the rest of mankind is to love
that he should do unto you.
The Chinese recognise no such law. Their internal
Government • is a hereditary patriarchal despotism,
and their own exclusive interest is the measure
of all their relations with the rest of mankind.
Their own Government is founded upon the principle
that. as a nation, they are superior to the rest of man-
kind. They believe themselves and their country espe-
cially privileged over all others ; that their dominion is
the celestial empire, and their territory the flowery land.
At a period of their history so remote that they have no
authentic records of the times, to make their separation
from the rest of the world more effectual, they built a
wall 1,500 miles long, between themselves and their next
neighbours the Tartars, which, however, has not saved
them from being more than once conquered. The prin-
ciple of the Chinese Government is, that the whole nation
is bne great family, of which the Emperor is the father.
His authority is unlimited, and he can not only appoint
such of his sons he pleases to succeed him, but may even
transfer the succession to another family. Idol worship,
polygamy, infanticide, are the natural consequences of
such a system within the realm, and the assumption of a

or paramount consideration of his own interest, but be-
cause the traffic no longer fulfils the condition which
makes commercial intercourse a duty.
The fundamental principle of the Chinese empire is
anti-commercial. It admits no obligation to hold com-
mercial intercourse with others. It utterly denies the
equality of other nations with itself, and even their in-
dependence. It holds itself to be the centre of the ter-
raqueous globe, equal to the heavenly host, and all other
nations with whom it has any relations, political or com-
mercial, as outside tributary barbarians reverently sub-
missive to the will of its despotic Chief. It is upon this
principle, openly avowed and inflexibly maintained, that
the principal maritime nations of Europe for several
centuries, and the United States of America from the
time of their acknowledged independence, have been
content to hold commercial intercourse with the empire
of China.

It is time that this enormous outrage upon the rights
of human nature. and upon the first principles of the
rights of nations, should cease. These principles of the
Chinese empire, too long connived at and truckled to by
the mightiest' Christian nations of the civilised world,
have at length been brought into conflict with the princi-
ples and the power of the British empire ; and I cannot
forbear to express the hope that Britain, after taking
the lead in the abolition of the African slave trade and
of slavery, and of the still more degrading tribute to the
Barbary African Mahometans, will extend her liberating
arm to the furthest bounds of Asia, and at the close of
the present contest insist upon concluding the peace on
terms of perfect equality with the Chinese empire ; and
that the future commerce shall be carried on upon terms
of equality and reciprocity between the two communities,
parties to the trade, for the benefit of both, each retain-
ing the right of prohibition and of regulation to interdict
any article or branch of trade injurious to itself, as, for
example, the article of opium ; and to secure itself against
the practices of fraudulent traders and smugglers.
This is the true, and I apprehend the only question
at issue between the Governments and nations of Great
Britain and China. It is a general, but I believe alto-
gether mistaken opinion, that the quarrel is merely for
certain chests of opium . imported by British merchants
into China, and seized by the Chinese Government for
having been imported contrary to law. This is a mere
incident to the dispute, and no more the cause of the
war than the throwing overboard of the tea in Bo3ton
harbour was the cause of the North American Revolution.
The cause of the war is the pretension on the part of
the Chinese, that in all their intercourse with other na-
tions, political or commercial, their superiority must be
implicitly acknowledged, and manifested in humiliating
forms. It is not creditable to the great, powerful, and
enlightened nations of Europe, that for several centuries
they have, for the sake of profitable trade,_ submitted to
this insolent and insulting pretension, equally contrary to
the first principles of the law of nature and of revealed
religion—the natural equality of mankind.

This submission to insult is the more extraordinary
for being practised by Christian nations, which, in their
intercourse with one another, push the principle of
equality and reciprocity to the minutest punctilios of
forms.

Among the expedients to which the British Govern-
ment had resorted to hide their faces from the shame of
submission to their principle of commercial intercourse
with China, was that of granting the monopoly of trade
to a company of merchants. The Charter of the East
India Company was the instrument of this monopoly s •
and, as the Company possessed none of the attri-
butes of sovereignty, whatever compliances their
thirst for gain might reconcile with their self-
esteem as men, or their pride as Britons, was
supposed to involve no sacrifice of the national
honour and dignity. They submitted, therefore, to accept
the permission to trade with the people of China, as a
boon granted to their humble supplication, called a Pin.
But their trade was to be confined to the single port of
Canton, in an empire of seven millions of square" miles,
with a population of 300,000,000 of souls. Even into
that city of Canton no British subject was ever to be
suffered to get his foot. They were permitted to erect on
the banks of the river below the city the buildinig:bnecesn-
sary for a counting-house, over which they m
dis-
play the degraded standard of theirv-nation, but froth
fron
which their wives and families were to be for ever ex-
cluded. For the superintendence of this trade certain
officers were appointed by the East India Company, and
it was to be exclusively carried on with ten or twelve
ts Chinese merchant, of the city, called Hong merchants,
through whom alone the outside barbarians had access by
the Pin to the government of the city.
In the year 1792, just at the time when the wars of
the French revolution, in which Great Britain took so
prominent a part, werebreaking out, the British Govern-
ment instituted
astendid embassy to the Emperor of China,
Kien Long,
of a reignas then approaching the termination
osixty years. From the historical account
of this embassy, published by Sir George Staunton, it
appears that its object was to prevail upon- the Chinese
Government to admit the establishment of a permanent
diplomatic British Minister to reside near the person of
the Emperor, at Pekin, and, thereby to secure a more
effective protection to the commerce between the two
countries than it had before enjoyed. But this was not
agreeable to Chinese benevolence. From the moment
that Lord Macartney landed in China till he embarked
in the Lion to return home, lie was considered the vassal
of a distant subordinate petty Prince, sent by his master
to do homage, and bear the tributary presents to the
superhuman Ilajesty of the Celestial empire.
The presentation of the Ambassador and the delivery
of his credential letters was effected with great solemnity,
and he was magnificently entertained by the Emperor
on his birthday, the 17th of September. But the letter
and the presents were no sooner delivered than he re.
ceived significant hints that it was expected he would
apply without delay for permission to depart.
Lord Macartney was extremely reluctant at coming to
the conclusion that his embassy was at an end, and that
he had nothing more to do but to ask permission to de-
part and return to his own country ; but a kind friend at
the Imperial Court, whose good offices he had secured,
suggested to him that the Chinese had no other idea of
an embassy, and that there was in truth no other
alternative. To relieve him from his embarrassment, h's
British pride and this Tartar courtesy, he just at thisl
time received advices of the war which the IsT •
Convention had declared against the King of Great
Britain and the Stadtholder of the Netherlands, andreahet
comforted himself with the anticipation that by returning
home immediately in the Lion, the ship
whicheeperfilor
time con-
veyed
him to China, he might at the same had
the service of conveying in safety the East
Com-
pany's fleet of merchantmen then bound to Europe.
eilndia
re at e
d
This embassy, however, appears to have be
with more respect than any other from a European
Go-
vernment during the two centuries of
Thetlie reignn of the Ta-
Tsing, or Mantfhoo Tartar dynasty.
George Staunton distinctly and positively affirmsrative of Sit'
George that rte
Macartney was admitted to the presence of the Emperor
Kien-Long, and presented to him his credentials, with-
out performing the prostration of the Ko-Tou, the
Chinese act of homage from the vassal to the sovereign
lord. Ceremonies between superiorsisT and inferiors are
the personification of principles.
years after the repulse of Lord early twenty-five
Macartney, in 1816, an-
other splendid embassy_was despatched by the British
Government, in-thelAi person of Lord Amherst, who was
much more rudely smissed, without even being ad-
mitted to the presence of the E
single hour at Pekin. A putereror, or passing a
embassy, instituted
shortly after the failuro of that of Lord Macartney, fared
no better, although the Ambassador submitted with a
good grace to the prostration of the Ko-Tou. A philo-
sophical Republican may smile at the distinction by
which a British Nobleman saw no objection to deliver-
ing his credentials on the beaded knee, but could not

bring his stomach to the attitude of entire prostration.
The bended knee, no less than thefull-length prostration
to the ground, is a symbol of homage from an inferior to
a superior, and if not equally humiliating to the per•
former, it is only because he has been made familiar, by
practice with the one and not with the other. In Europe
the bonded knee is exclusively appropriated to the rela-
tions of sovereign and subject, and no representative of
any sovereign in Christendom ever bends the knee in
presenting his credentials to another.
It has been seen how the British Government and na-
tion had accommodated themselves to this self-arrogating
system of the Chinese. It was by establishing a mono-
poly on their part, adapted to the monopoly of the Chi-
nese system. The exclusive right of trading with China
was granted to the East India Company, and all the
commerce of British subjects with the Celestial Empire
was transacted by means of commissioned supercargoes,
appointed by those merchant princes, without diploma-
tic character, and without direct intercourse with any
officer of the Chinese Government.
But on the expiration and renewal of the East India
Company's charter in 1833, the exclusive right of trading
with China was discontinued, and thenceforth the quasi-
political intercourse between the two nations transacted
by mere commercial agents of tite East India Company
ceased, and in the third and fourth year of the reign of
William the Fourth, an Act of Parliament was made and
passed, " to regulate the trade to China and India."
In pursuance of the powers conferred upon the Crown
by this Act, the sailor King issued three Orders in
Council :-1. Constituting and appointinr, William John
Lord Napier, William Chicheley, and John Francis
Davis, Superintendents of the Trade of British sub-
jects" in China, with an order for the government of I
British subjects within the Chinese dominions. 2.
Creating a Court of Justice for the purposes therein
mentioned. 3. Imposing duties on the ships and goods
of British subjects trading to China, for the purposes
therein mentioned ; that is, of defraying the expenses
of the establishment. The order for the imposition of
duties was afterwards rescinded, and the order for
the „constitution of a Court of Justice was sus-
pended for further consideration. The Chief Super-
intendent, Lord Napier, was instructed to announce his
arrival at Canton by letter to the Viceroy. The Superin-
tendents were instructed to take up their residence
at the port of Canton, and to discharge the duties of
their commission within the river or port of Canton, or
at any other place within the river or port, or at any
other place thereafter to be designated by an order in
Council, and not elsewhere.
One of the most remarkable circumstances attending
all these transactions is, that in giving these instruc-
tions to the superintendents to take np their residence
at Canton, and to the chief superintendent to announce
his arrival by letter to the Viceroy, they appear not to
have been aware of time possibility of any objection to
this.course of. proceeding on the part of the Chinese.
Accordingly—Teri his arrival in China, after organizing
board, of superintendents at Macao, Lord Napier with
his colleagues and the secretary of the commission pro-
ceeded immediately to Canton.
You have,in the first despatch from Lord Napier to
Lord Palmerston, the primitive and efficient cause of
the present war between Great Britain and China. It
was in the attempt to execute two points of the instruc-
tions to the superintendents.-1. That the chief super-

intenzient should announce his arrival at Canton, by
Ewer, to the -Viceroy, and the other, that the saperin-
- -tendents should take up their residences at Canton.
Lord Nalaier, with the open-hearted and inconsiderate
boldness of a British sailor, attempted to execute
these points of instructions to the letter, with-
out for an instant conceiving that each of them
was in direct conflict with the vital and fun-
damental laws of the Celestial Empire. This
ignoran;:ke was very natural, and very excusable in
s Captain (>1 the British navy, but how it came. to
be shared by the Privy Council and the Secretary of State
of the British Empire's more unaccountable. The instruc-
tions were explicit and p6sitive. Had there been the re-
motest suspicion at the time when they were prepared,
that their execution would meet with resistance by the Chi-
nese authorities, it could not have failed to be noticed in
them, with directions how the superintendents were to pro-
ceed in such an event. Until then the official protector of
British commercial interest in China had been &supercargo
of the East India Company, denominated by the Chinese a
Towpan, whose representations or remonstrances in behalf
of 13ritish subjects to the Governor of the two.provinces,
Kwane• '-tung and Kwang-see, were always presented in the
form of petitions, and always ecnniminicated through the
medium of Hong merchants, without obtaining or claiming
direct access to the Chinese dignitary himaelf. That this
mode of communication was to cease from the time of
the expiration of the exclusive privilege of the East India
Company, was equally well known to the British and
Chinese Governments, and in the controversy which im-
mediately followed this first collision between Lord Na-
pier and the Governor Canton, the latter once and
again asserts that ample warning had been, given to the
British merchants that when, by the expiration of the
privilege of the East India Company, the functions of the
Towpan would be superseded, some suitable messenger
must be substituted to settle with the Hong merchants
'those trifling and insignificant concerns of commerce
which it was far heneat4 the dignity, of the Government
of the Celestial Eitqlitle,to laroyide for or to notice.
Bat I am alreadyitres.passlng upon. our patience—a
brief and summaryViee Of the sequel is all that your
time will at presenk, ~The proud and generous
British noble ,in4ririer persisted in. his determination to
hOld direct coiriultinication with tha Governor of the two
provinces, Leo, and to continue ,tus residence-at Canton
till he was otiliged to call for an armed force from the
British frigate in wbieh he had performed his passage
into' Canton ror the protection of his person from as-
saide• by the armed force of the Governor ; who, on
his own part issued edict after edict against the
barbarian eye, laboriously vib, Napier, who had come
by sea more than ten thousand miles to the flowery
laud of the Celestial Empire, for what purpose the
chief of the two-eyed peacock feather could not tell,
but against all reason, and itinerant of all dignities, pre-
tending to correspond with the Viceroy of the two pro-
vinces of Kwang-tung and Kwan-see, upon matters of
trade, by letter instead of by petition, and to assume the
functions which for a century and someitens of years had
always been performed in all humility by a Towpan, pe-
titioning through the medium of the Hong merchants,
who attempted for several days to negotiate a compromise
between the Governor and the Noble Lord Superin-
tehtlent without success, till at length an edict was issued
brthe Governor, which suspended the British trade.
The British commerce in China was prostrated at a
blow, and the only alternative left to Lord Napier was
to retire under numerous insults and indignities to Macao,
-where, on the 13th day of October, 1834, he died of cha-
grin and a broken heart.

And here we might pause—my brethren of the Massa-
chusetts Olistoricrtl Society—do I hear you inquire what
has all this to do with the opium question, or the taking of
Canton ? These, I answer, are but incidents in that
movement of mind on this globe of earth, of which the
war betwom Great Britain and China is now the leading
star. Of the four questions which I have proposed this
evening to discuss, we have nut even reached the con-
elusion of the first.

The justice of the cause between the two parties. Which
has the righteous cause ? You will perhapS be sur-
prised to hear me answer, Britain—Britain has the righte-
oils cause. But to prove it, I have been obliged to show
that the opium question is not the cause of the war
my
demonstration is nut yet complete. The cause of the
war is the Ko-tou !—the arrogant and insupportable pre-
tensions of China, that she Will hold commercial inter-
course with the rest of mankind nut upon terms of equal
reciprocity, but upon the insulting and degrading forms
of relation between- lord and vassal. The melancholy
catastrophe with which I am obliged. to close, the death
of the gallant Napier' was the first bitter fruit of the
struggle against that
sion of China. , -mig!ta',t'ulting and- senseless preten-
addr'esi:
be permitted again to the Hight of time,
you, I should pursue
the course of the 41,1,4
inquiry through :the i four ques-
tions with which I have
of them all is involved in . the .41,1. t. the solution
of the first, the justice of th gertninating element
e. -This I have
sought in the natural rights of me,n.ts
With reference to the
last of my four questionswhat are the duties of the Go-
vernment and the people of the ijoitod
,Greach.,:,Stotes resulting
from the existing war between
ears_ntaillif that war,
I leave to your meditations the. lasi'enveta?.n and China?
sten, bearin
which the winds have brought to our
e ransom of I
Canton. When we remember the scornful refusal from
of Mr. A
the gates of Canton, in J u1y,1834,
the letter of peace and friendship from Lord . g
we trace the
ietur to
the GoVernor of the two Provinces, and the co:el?
refusal to receive the letter itself, and compare it.wrth°thu:
ransom of that same city in June, 1841,
whole line of connection between cause and effect. May
we not draw from it a monitory lesson, written upon
.1,
beam of phosphoric light, of preparation for war and pre,. ,
nervation of peace. ,
' _

MADAME DE SEVIGNE AND HER CONTEM-
PORARIES.—We are requested to state th t 5
_a the
bound
work
under the above title, in 2 vols., small 8v0.,.
,91. ,
Is published this day by .Mr Colburn, of Great Marl-
borough-street,-and may now be had of all booksellers.
This interesting work comprises- sketches of above 100
of the most eminent persons of the times,
among others
—cardinal Richelieu, Corneille, Pascal, Dukeand
Dutthes3 de Montmorency, Duchess de Chevreuse, Car-
dinal Mazarin, Gaston Duke of Orleans, Comte de Bussy
Ralfittin, Cardinal de Retz, the Queen of Poland, the
Priiiti•ess Palatine, Duchess de Longueville, Duke de la
Re&efoueauldt. La Breuyere, the Iron Mask, Madame
de Grip an, Mddle. de Scudery, La Fontaine, Racine,
Moliere, Boileau, Duchess D'Orleans, Bossuet, Bourda-
lone,- Pere La Chaise, Turenne, Marquis de Louvois,
Tottquet, Le Grand Colbert, Marquis de Dangeau,
Comte and Co:ntesso de Grammont, Comte Hamilton,
Marechal de Villeroi, Duchesse tie Mazarin, King and
Queen of Spain, Duchess de la Valliere, Diddle. de
Montpensier, Duke de Lanzun, Princess des Wisins, Ma-
datrt', des Maiutenon, James 11., the Earl of Holland,
VillieraDuke of Buckingham, Earl of Ossory, Duke- of
I‘lontag•u, Foutoeik,Ferielon, Masillon, Monsieur and
Madame de couifloges; Louis XIV., &c., &c.
TuE ColiartlNG.;.—We: cannot help making a
remark or two on the7very superior manner in which the
covering of .the areal or the Smithfield Club Cattle Show
was executed this seawn; • It was more lofty, much better
in the arrangement,
and altogether of a more substantial
character, than ott Runner occasions. And it was fortu-
nate it was so, as the weather has been unusually unpro-
pitious, and the rain has descended in unrelenting storms.
However, the company
and cattle were kept dry. 'We
find it was erected by Mr. Benjamin Xtlgingten, of 2,
Duke-street, Southwark, and it does him great credit.—
Farmer's Journal, Dee. 13.
.
DoDßßoplt
DECe.IS.-:—Notwith-
standino. the present boisterous weather , our market
was weft supplied with fat sheep. Fat bullocks were not
so plentiful. Sales were mach fatly at the following
prices :—Beef, from 52s to 58s per cwt ; Mutton, from
5d to 511 per lb ; Cows and calves, 31. per cwt Wheat,
from 143 to 16s the bag of two bushels ; Barley, from
6s gel to 7s 9d do. Potatoes, 2s 444 the bag of 140 lbs.
—Western Times.

13, Great Marlborough-street.
MRS. GORE'S NEW NOVEL,
" THE MAN OF FORTUNE,"
WILL BE READY AT ALL THE LIBRARIES
On Wednesday Next, Dec. 22.
Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

Just ready, embellished with,Portraits of Dr. Dee, Paraeelsus,

and Cagliostro,
THE CONCLUDING VOLUME OF
_ _ _

MEMOIRS OF EXTRAORDINARY
POPULAR DELUSIONS.
Comprising :—The Alchymists, Pretended Antiquity of the
Art, Avicenna, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Raymond
Lulli, Roger Bacon, Pope John XXII., Cornelius Agrippa,
Paracelsus, Dr Dee and Edward Kelly, The Cosmopolite,
Sendivogius, The Rosicrusians, Alehymical Writers of the
Seventeenth Century, De Lisle, Albert Aluys,_ Count de St.
Germains, Cagliostro, Present State of the' Science, &c.—
Fortune Telling, The Magnetisers, &c.
By CHARLES MACKAY, Esq.,
Author of " The Thames and its Tributaries, &c.
Richard Bentley, New Burlington-street,
Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.

THEATRE ROYAL, COVENT-GARDEN.
UNDER the MANAGEMENT of MADAME VESTRIS,

THIS EVENING, DEC. 20, _
Will be repeated Bellini's Opera of NORMA.—Pollio, Mr.
W. Harrison ; Flavius, Mr. Clement White, Oroveso, Mr.
Leffler ; Adalgisa, Miss Rainforth ; Clotilda, Miss Grant ;
and Norma by Miss Adelaide Kemble.
After which, the New Farce, entitled UNITED SERVICE.
Captain Whistleborough, Mr. W. Farren; Capt. Pacific, RN.,
Mr. Bartley ; Rivet, Mr. C. Mathews ; Mr. Euclid Bam, Mr.
Harley ; Mrs. Coo, Mrs. Glover ; Mrs. Walker, Airs. Orger.
After which the Ballet Divertissement of THE WOODEN
LEG.—Principal Characters by Mr. Gilbert and Miss Ballin,
Master and Miss Marshall, Messrs. J. and T. Ridgway, Miis
Jackson, &c.

Doors to to opened at half-past Six—the performances to
commence at Seven. Dress Boxes, 7s. ; Second Price, 3s. 6d.;
First.and Second Circles, ss. ; Second Price, 2s. 6d. ; Pit, 35.;
Second Price. 25.; Gallery, Is. Tickets and places for the
Boxes to be taken of Mr. Grogan at the Box-office, from Ten
till Pour, where Season Tickets may be had upon application.
Private Boxes to be had so!ely of Mr. Andrews, bookseller,
167, New Bond-street.

To-morrow, Norma, with Charles the Twelfth.

POPULATION RETURNS.

We have had so many inquiries for The Sun,
containing an abstract of the Population Returns,
that we shall republish the tables, with consider-
able additions, on Saturday next, the 25th inst.

THE RAILWAY SUN
IS NOW RE-PUBLISHING,

PRICE SIXPENCE.

TUE CHINA SUN,

AND THE

PARLIAMENTARY SUN,
ARE STILL ON SALE,
PRICE SIXPENCE EACH.
Sun Office, Dec. 20, 1841.

THE WEATHER.—NOON, DECEMBER 18.
ROYAL GALLERY OF SCIENCE, ADELAIDE-STREET.
Thermometer... 30 1 Highest 36 1 Lowest 22
Barometer 29.55.—Wind S.E.—Freezing Point 22 Deg.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE THIS DAY.
Morning Il minutes after C I Evening-- 35 minutes after 6.