The Sun.
London, England, 1846-10-13 00:00:00

No. 16,869. LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING SUN,
OCTOBER 13, 1846.

NOTICE ! ALTERATION OF TIME

GRAVESEND STAR and BLACKWALL
PACKETS.

:Alter TUESDAY NEXT, the 13th instant, the Nine o'clock
morning and Five and Seven afternoon boats, from the Brunswick
Wharf, Blackwall, and the Six and half•past Six afternoon boats,
tient the New Terrace Pier, Gravesend, will be DISCONTINUED.
Star office, Gravesend, 10th Oct., 1846.

V ESEN i) STAR and BLACKIV AL L
lei PACKETS.
Packet and Railway Fare included in one payment upon every
Passage.
N.8.-No other Packets call at the GRAY'S or GREENHITHE
PIERS.
FROM THE NEW TERRACE PIER, GRAVESEND.
WEEK DAYS.-At 71, 8%, 9%, 11%, 1,2, 3,4, 5,6, and 6%.
SUXDAYS.-At 71, 8%, 11, 1,3, 4, 5. 6, al d 6%.
FROM TIM BRUNSWICK WHARF, BLACKWALL.
he Trains starting One Quarter of an Hour before each of
these times.
WEEK DAYS.-At 9,9%, 11, 12, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5,6,
and 7.
SUNDAYS.-At 9,9%, 11, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5,6, and 7.
Fares.-To or from London-Fore cabin, and Second Class Rail-
way, 9d. ; Saloon and First Class Railway, Is.
To or from Plackvrail and intermediate Piers-Fore Cabin, 6d. ;
Saloon, 9d.
Boat Tickets.-Foi• Twelve months, 41. 45.; Six months, 21. 15s. ;
Three months, 11. 153. To be had of the Collectors on board the
packets; of Mr. Monk, Terrace Pier, Gravesend; or of Mr. Saunders,
Brunswick-wharf, Illackwall.
Gravesend, Star Office, Oct. 1, 1846.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WINDSOR FORESP.

A desirable COTTAGE RESIDENCE, or Hunting-Box, and a highly
picturesque PARK-LIKE FARM within a short distance (with an
ancient Mansion out of repair), situate near BRACKNELL and

BINFIELD, between Windsor, Maidenhead, and Reading, a fine
sporting part of the county of Berks.
MESSRS. DANIEL SMITH and SON are
directed by the Executors of the late Captain Coxwell, R.N.,
to SELL by AUCTION, at the Mart, on Friday, October 30, at
Twelve, in two loth (unless an acceptable offer shall be previously,
made by private contract), the following desirable ESTATES, exo-
nerated of land-tax :

WARFIELD COTTAGE„ a cheerful residence for a moderate es-
tablishment, anti particularly adapted for a hunting-box, being in the
centre of the Royal Hunts, and near Sir John Cope's Foxhounds. It
comprises a good gulden, stabling, with loose box, and three rich
well-fenced and timbered paddocks, together with the great tithes
thereon.

WEST-END PARK, a compact estate, near Lot I, comprising a
MANSION (out of repair) and a small farm-house, surrounded by
upwards of SIXTY ACRES in a perfect ring fence, chiefly pasture,
studded with ornamental timber, and intersected by a fine rivulet or
brook, which near the residence might be easily formed into a hand-
some sheet of water. The estates are copyhold of the Manor of
Wardeld, but the late Legislative measures for improving this
tenure will, no doubt, in a few years, render it equal to freehold.
Paracul zrs may be had of Messrs. Illoxam and Ellison, solici-
tors, I, Lincoln's Inn-fields ; and of Daniel Smith and Son, land
agents, in Waterloo•place, Pall-mall, and Windsor.

A FREEHOLD ELIZABETHAN MANSION, with a small Park
and valuable Farms, together or in Lots, Five Miles from South-
ampton.
MESSRS. DANIEL SMITH, and SON will
SELL BY AUCTION, at the Auction Mart, on TUESDAY,
November 10, at Twelve, in divers Lots (unless previously disposed
of by Private Contract),
The GRANGE ESTATE, an important property, only one
mile and a half from the B9tleigh station, comprising a line
old family mansion, with a small well-timbered park of a
healthy gravelly loam, intersected by a trout stream; also
several contiguous farms, comprising about SEVEN HUNDRED
ACRES in a ring fence, but which will be divided into FOURTEEN
LOTS, the whole freehold, free of land• tax, and the tithes commuted.
The mansion contains handsome and lofty rooms, and most comfort-
ably suited for a good country establishment.
For particulars and to view, application must be made at their
offices in Waterloo -place, Pall-mall, or on the premises.

OYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
A, A CHEMICAL LECTURE, by Dr. Ryan, daily, and on
the Evenings of Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Also a
LECTURE on the ELECTRO .MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH daily.
MACINTOSH'S REVOLVING ENGINE, COLEMAN'S PATENT
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE, FARRELL'S ARCHIMEDIAN RAIL-
WAY, the ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY, all in action. lIALLETTE'S
ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY VALVE. The OPAQUE MICROS-
COPE. The OXY-HYDROGEM MICROSCOPE. A beautiful Series
of DISSOLVING VIEWS. A Selection of MADRIGALS of the
Sixteenth Century will be performed by a Sax-Horn Band, under
ik Direction of Dr. Wallis daily, and in the Evenings.
Admission, Is. ; Schools, Half-price.

HALL OF ROME, GREAT WINDMILL-
STREET II 4.1-ISARKET
•

• -
Eight doors from Coventrystreet.
Under Distinguished Patronage.—The original Poses Plastiques and

Tableaux ViTan;

Professor TURNOUR, ever anxious to diversify the attractions at
the above splendid theatre, begs most respectfully to inform the
Nobility, Subscribers, and the Public, that he has succeeded in en-
gaging one of the finest Models of the day, whs will appear every
afternoon and evening during the weak in Professor Tumour's cele-
brated groups of Venus Rising from the Sea and the Lute Player.
The new Classical Groupings, which hare been acknowledged by the
press as far surpassing anything of the kind ever attempted in this
country, will be repeated during the week, introducing the THREE
COLOUR F.D FEMALE MODELS, natives of Hindoostan, who have
been received with rapturous applause by fashionable and crowded
!louses. .

Morning Performance at Three o'clock, and Evening at Half-past
Eight.—Stalls, 2s. 6d.; Boxes, 2s. ; Pit, Is.

LIGHT.—CAMPHINE, CANDLES.--Patent
CAMPHINE in sealed half-gallon cans, 4s. 9d. per gallon;
Palmer's Patent Candles, 74d. per lb., at WILLIAM S. BURTON'S
(late Rippon and Burton's). 39, Oxford-street, corner of Newman-
street, whose assortment of Camphine, Argand, and Solar Lamps,
and Palmer's Magnum and other Candlesticks, with all the latest
improvements and of the newest and most recherché patterns, is the
largest in existence. All the seasonable novelties are now ready, and
selling from 20 to 30 per cent. under any house with whom quality
and style are considerations. The money returned for every article
not approved of. Detailed catalogues, with engravings, sent (per
post) free.

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.
(From the Cambridge Chronicle of Saturday.)
NEW UNIVERSITY OFFICERS.
This morning, being the first day of term, a congre-
gation was held in the Senate House, when the follow-
ing gentlemen were appointed University Officers for
the ensuing year :
PAocrons—Rev. Edward Brumell, M.A., Fellow of
St. John's College ; Rev. William Towlor Kingsley,
M.A., Fellow of Sidney Sussex College.
TA XORS —Rev. Henry Arlett, M.A., Fellow of Pem-
broke College ; William Gilson Humphry, M.A., Fel-
low of Trinity College.
SCRIITATORS —Rev. John Wolvey Astley, M.A., Fel-
low of King's College ; Rev. Francis Procter,
Fellow of Catherine Hall.
MODERATORS—Rev. George Gabriel Stokes, M.A.,
Fellow of Pembroke College ; John Couch Adams,
M.A., Fellow of St. John's College.
The following degrees were also conferred :
MASTERS OF ARTS-William Mills, St. John's Col-
lege ; James Turning, Trinity College.
BACHELORS OP ARTS—Henry Charles Hawley, Tri-
nity College ; Henry Miles Wingfield, Trinity College ;
James Price, St. John's College ; George Edwin Pat-
tenden, St. Peter's College.
TRINITY COLLEGE.
NEW FELLOWS.—This morning the following gentle-
men were elected Fellows of Trinity College :—Hugh
Blackburn, B.A. 1845, Fifth Wrangler ; Frederick
Rendall, B.A. 1845, bracketted with the first in Classical
Tripos ; Lewis Hensley, B.A. 1846, Senior Wrangler.

ENGLAND AND JAPAN.

The less Great Britain can conceal from herself that
she has lost the western hemisphere, the more energeti-
cally does she strive to insure to herself the eastern, in
order that she may rule without a rival in the Indian
seas. The southern extremity of Africa belongs to her;
by the island of Aden she commands the entrance to the
Red Sea; she has taken her stand on Bushire, to watch
the mouth of the Euphrates; Ceylon lies at the entrance
to the Bay of Bengal ; on the west coast of Transgan-
getic India also has she established herself for now
twenty years, by the peace of Yandabu. The keys to
the Straits of Malacca are, however, far more important,
namely, Pulo Penang, and the flourishing settlement of
Singapore; while, in order to insure the route to the
Chinese colony of Hong-Kong, the island of Laboan,
on the north-west coast of Borneo, has just been taken
possession of. The Malay pirates are thereby impeded
in the exercise of their profession, and moreover, the
little-explored island of Borneo opened to discovery,
while the further inroads of the Dutch, now so active
in the East Indian Archipelago, are prevented. At
the same time Polo Laboan is important as a coal depot,
as it lies about half way between Singapore and Hong--
Kong, which latter commands the mouth of the Canton
River, in the same manner as Heligoland does the
Elbe and Weser. Chusan, which England should
have evacuated long ago, is still in her possession ;
but even if she do give it up, she has instead of this
unhealthy island, another in view, which has a healthy
climate, and a far more favourable position for her de-
signs. This is the island of Quelpaert, the rumoured
occupation of which by the English, as stated lately in
Antwerp and London journals, we by no means doubt.
This island is the largest in the Archipelago of Corea
(lon. 126 E., lat. 33 20 N.), and lies about 20 leagues
from the S. point of the Corean peninsula; it can be
reached by steam from Chusan in a few days, and com-
mands at once the Yellow Sea, the route to Pekin, the
Straits of Corea which leads to the sea of Japan, and
the west coast of the Japanese empire, particularly the
neighbouring port of Nangasaki. The possessors of
Malta and Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, and Aden,
know well how to prize such advantages. Quelpaert is
well adapted to form the last link in the long chain of
maritime stations. On this subject we would remind
the reader that about three years ago Captain Belcher
was charged by the Admiralty with making a hydro-
graphical survey of the Japanese waters, that within
the last few years especially, Englishmen, disguised as
the subjects of the Celestial Empire, have, at the risk
of their lives, entered Japan on board the Chinese
junk trading thither, and that the English Go-
vernment has more than once attempted to obtain
permission for a direct trade with the subjects of Japan.
These efforts have, indeed, always failed of success,
but with perseverance, patience, and in case of need,
open force, England has ever succeeded in attaining its
object—the extension of its trade. Even at the period
of the opium war, it was undisguisedly declared in the
English press, as well as on 'Change, that the seclusion
of the Japanese empire Joust necessarily cease, and that
the opening of its ports would be an unavoidable conse-
quence of that war. As is well known, Japan admits
only the Chinese and Dutch, whose trade is, moreover,
subject to numerous conditions and limitations ; they
are only allowed to visit Nangasaki with a certain num-
ber of vessels, while every other port is unconditionally
closed to foreigners. England is now impelled by a
perfectly legitimate curiosity to seek admission to the
Japanese people, and to make them acquainted with the
blessings of European political economy and English
free trade. It is against all cosmopolitisrn that a state so
populous, and which has attained so high a degree of
peculiar civilisation, should, in the nineteenth century,
obstinately withhold itself from all interchange of ideas
with Europe. The Japanese Government, however, well
know why for two centuries and a half it has kept Eu-
ropeans at a distance, the bitterest experience has taught
it prudence. When the Portuguese first landed in Japan,
foreigners were received with a kindness and tolerance
of which even modern Europe can offer no parallel;
they were freely allowed to trade, aid, which would
scarcely be permitted in Christian states to Asiatic
heathens, to spread their religion and make hundreds of
thousands of proselytes. Several princes were baptised,
and under Gregory XIII., an embassy proceeded from
Japan to Rome to show their respect for the holy father.
The ambition of the Portuguese, however, who had con-
quered Goa, Malacca, and Macao, inspired the Emperor
with anxiety ; the diffusion of Christianity was said to
aid the political aims of the foreigner, and on that ac-
count persecutions of the Christians commenced, which
continued without intermission for almost half a century,
and only ended with the complete extirpation of the fol-
lowers of the cross. Several thousands had taken refuge
in the fortress of Simabora, where the martys defended
themselves to the last man ; and when the conquerors
entered at night by assault, they literally waded up to
their ankles in blood. Since that time no Portuguese
has been allowed to enter Japan. The Europeans,
however, were not absolutely excluded, and in 1611
Spanish and Dutch embassies arrived almost simul
taneously at Jeddo. The first was denied admission,
because they came tricked out in velvets and silk, and
allowed their haughty arrogance to appear too visible ;
the latter attained their object through their shop-keeping
artifices, and the most submissive humility. Since then
Holland has driven a trade with Japan, which, although
very circumscribed, and only permitted under the most
humiliating conditions, has yet excited the envy of other
maritime nations. These latter have frequently, al.
though fruitlessly, endeavoured to open the ports of this
kingdom; even the efforts of Admiral Krusenstein in
1804, whose death has lately been announced, were un-
successful. The negotiations in which he then engaged
show the Japanese in the best light ; they acted towards
their unwelcome guests with the greatest consideration,
with a delicacy and a willingness which left nothing to
be desired. The negotiations were conducted by the
imperial plenipotentiaries with a politeness and ability
which would do honour to the most refined European
diplomatist. If, then, the English now give it to be un •
derstood that it is against all the laws of nations that
Japan, which knows nothing of the European law of na-
tions, and in its exclusiveness can dispense with this
highly elastic law, should seclude itself from intercourse
with Europeans, we might give them for answer a diplo-
matic note (if we may so use the term) which was de-
livered to the Russians in 1805, and which may find a
place here :—" In ancient times ships of all nations
freely came to Japan, and the Japanese were allowed to
visit foreign countries ; but about a century and a half
ago an emperor impressed upon his successors no longer
to allow their subjects to leave the country, and far-
ther, to give the Dutch, the Chinese, the Coreans, and
the inhabitants of the isiand of Rinkin only, access to
Japan. Other nations have repeatedly made attempts
to contract relations of friendship and commerce with
Japan, but they have been obliged to be refused, in con-
formity with the ancient orders; moreover, it would be
dangerous to form friendly relations with an unknown
power, unless they rested on the bases of equality; for
friendship is like a chain, which, to perform a special
purpose, most consist of a certain number of links. If
one part of the chain is strong, but another weak, those
links which are weaker will soon break. Thus friend-
ship can only cause hurt to the weaker party. 'air-
teen years ago a Russian ship, commanded by Lieute-
nant Larman, came to Japan, and now another with an
ambassador from the great Emperor of Russia has ar-
rived. The first was not received without mistrust, but
the second in a friendly manner. The Emperor of
Japan has willingly done all in his power, consistent
with the laws of the empire; he regards the arrival of
this second Russian vessel with pleasure, as a proof of
the amity of the Emperor of Russia. That mighty
monarch has sent him an ambassador, and valu-
able presents. Were these received, the Em-
peror of Japan must, according to traditions es-
teemed as highly as laws, also on his side send an
ambassador to the Emperor of Russia, with pre-
sents of at least equal value. But every inhabitant and
every ship of the empire is expressly forbidden to leave
the same. Moreover, japan is so poor that it can offer
nothing comparable to objects of such costliness. The
Emperor can thus decidedly receive neither the ambas-
sador nor the presents. Japan has but few wants, and
the productions of other countries arc of little use to it.
If its soil denies to it a small number of really useful
productions, and if custom has made it acquainted with
a few other wants, these are supplied to it in sufficient
quantity by its trade with the Chinese and the Dutch.
Besides, luxury must not be countenanced. There are
great difficulties in the way of introducing an extensive
trade here, because all intercourse between the people
and foreign sailors is expressly forbidden by law?' It
must be allowed this ultimatum delivered to Heron Von
Reesonoff is as politely, as it is concisely and decidedly
expressed, and that the buccaneering expeditions of
the Russian naval officers, Chwostoff and Davidoff,
who shortly after attacked the island of Sachalia,
and wantonly encamped on the Japan Kuriles,
were ill calculated to make the Japanese abandon
their system. The attempts of the Americans to
procure admission into Nangasaki, for their vessels
under the Dutch flag likewise failed, and when in
1837 the Marmion, an American ship, brought some
Japanese sailors, picked up by it, back to the native
country, the severe regulations were rigidly maintained
against them. Parker and Williams, who wrote an ac-
count of this voyage, declaim, like the English, against
the obstinacy of the Japanese, as people who understood
not the law of nations. The Europeans have not, how
ever, often acted in a manner to command esteem. In
1808 Captain Pellew, in the English man-of-war- of-wthaer
Phaeton, pursued some Dutch merchantmen into the
:bigayenotsf suspecting Nangasaki,n
(u4nhdienrg,the
wentt
o meet Netherlandsi)i
infl flag, and h
eywere
taken prisoners and kept on board the Phaeton. The
Japanese governor, who is responsible to his Emperor
for the safety of the Dutch dwelling on Dezima. fell into
the greatest embarrassment, which was increased when
the Phaeton entered the harbour and steered right upon
Dezima, without a lootsen or permit. It was only with
much trouble that Captain Pellew was induced to depart.
This incident, as Siebald expressly remarks, has not been
forgotten in Japan, and the dislike towards England has
been thereby raised to a great height. The governor o
Nangasaki was reduced to such despair by the event,
that he assembled his family and servants, and, as is
the custom of the country, ripped open his belly in their
presenee. The other officers followed his example, and
the Viceroy of the province, although at the time at
Jeddo, was cast into prison, because the officer appointed
by him had not been attentive enough. Besides this, the
family of the Governor was obliged to pay a year's sa-
lary of about 1,000/. sterling. Or] board of the above-

named ship, the Morrison, was the Chinese missionary
and interpreter, Gutzlaff, who was visiting the Chinese
coast in smuggling vessels, and who condemns most se-
verely the conduct of the Japanese in thus excluding
themselves from all intercourse with other nations. Ac-
cording to all probability, things will take the following
course, either now or at some future time. Some Eng-
lish vessel, well manned and armed, appears More a
Japanese port for the purpose of engaging in trade. The
authorities do their duty and refuse it entrance. John
Bull, meanwhile, perseveres in his design, the Japanese
command him to quit the harbour, he refuses to stir, and
is warned to depart by a cannot shot from the harbour-
battery, and perhaps a ball kills a sailor. The English
now cry for vengeance, as the law of nations has been
broken, war is declared, and finally peace is concluded,
after the Japanese have granted the English admis-
sion to such and such ports, and consented to pay so
much silver. At least that was the mode of procedure
in China. We see no peaceful way for England to
open to herself the Japanese markets. 'We will allow
that attempts are made, through the Chinese intervention,
to obtain permission to lay their wishes before the Court
of Jeddo by a special embassy, and that this wish is
granted. But then there are ten things to one against
success : first, that the English will not submit to the
humiliating ceremonial to which the Dutch submit, and
thus certainly offend the Emperor ; and second, that an
ultimatum is given to them similar to that received by
the Russian envoy forty years ago. The Dutch, too,
would act foolishly, unless they threw as many hin-
drances as possible in the way of their powerful rivals.
Besides, who could blame the Japanese for keeping as
fas as possible from them a people who, having, not a
hundred years ago built a miserable fort in the jungle on
the Hooghly, soon conquered all India therefrom ? The
island of Quelpaert, however, if possessed by the Eng-
lish, wil at the same time be a wedge to open up both
Japan and China. The dragon of the Celestial Empire
has been forced to yield to the British lion ; the flag of
Japan will also soon sink before that of Great Britain.
—Augsburgh Gazette.

STATION ACCOMMODATION.
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, AND WEST.
The following is a statistical sketch of the stations
on the principal working lines, showing the extent of
railway accommodation afforded to the various towns
and counties, with the corresponding population of each
county, according to the last census :
LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN.—The number of
stations on this line, from London to Birmingham, with
branch to Aylesbury, 120 miles, is in all 25, of which
Stations. Population.
5 are in Middlesex
7 in Herts 157,237
1 in Bucks 155,989
2 in Beds
5 in Northamptonshire ...
5 in Warwickshire

25 2,598,961
Showing that the London and North-Western, in its
first section of 120 miles between London and Birming-
ham, accommodates, with its five-and-twenty stations, a
population between north and south of 2,598,961.
On its branch from Northampton to Peterborough, 47
miles, there are 14 stations, all in Northamptonshire.
From Birmingham to Liverpool, 97:1 miles, there are
24 stations, of which
Stations. Population.
3 are in Warwickshire 403,121
9 in Staffordshire 510,206
9 in Cheshire
3 in Lancashire

24 2,974,691
So that this section in its 971 miles and 24 stations, ac-
commodates_2,974,69l souls.

On the Northern branch from Liverpool to Man-
chester, 30 miles, there are 21 stations, all in Lan-
cashire.

From Birmiagham to Manchester, 35 miles, there are
26 stations :-3 in Warwickshire, 9 in Staffordshire, 11
in Cheshire, and 3in Lancashire. On the Chester and
Birkenhead in the same counties there are 11 stations in
16 miles.

Hence the London and North-Western accommodates
a population of upwards of three millions, over its total
area of 328 miles, exclusive of a large collateral traffic
from the north and south, and from Ireland and Scot-
land, having connected with its largely ramifying system
a total of 121 stations.
The West of England ranks next. On the Great
Western the total number of stations between London
and Exeter, including the branches to Oxford and Glou-
cester, a distance of 2401 miles, amounts to fifty. Of
these—
Stations. Population.
5 are in Middlesex 1,576,616
2 in Bucks
10 in Berks
3 in Oxfordshire 161,573
8 in Gloucestershire
4 in Wilts
14 in Somersetshire 436,002
4 in Devonshire 533,731

s') 3,715,451
This shows that the Great Western, running over a
less mileage, and through a less manufacturing district
than the North-Western, apparently accommodates a
larger local population, with its fifty stations and 240
miles, exclusive of its Welch traffic, than the North-
Western does with its 121 stations and 328 miles.

On the Midland (south branch), from Rugby to
Derby, 494 miles, there are 22 stations, of which—
Stations. Population.
1 in Warwickshire 402,121
14 in Leicestershire 215,855
3 in Nottinghamshire
4 in Derbyshire

22 1,139,951
On its north branch from Derby to Leeds, 73 miles,
the number of stations, including the branch to Sheffield,
is also 22, of which—
Stations. Population.
11 are in Derbyshire
11 in Yorkshire
On the western branch from Derby to Birmingham,
41 miles, there are 13 stations, five being in Derbyshire
and eight in Warwickshire.

On its Bristol and Birmingham branch, for 90 miles
there are 30 stations, of which—
Stations. Population.
6 are in Warwickshire
10 in Worcestershire
14 in Gloucestershire

664,791

The Midland, consequently, accommodates on its
route of 260 miles, and with its 85 stations, a total local
population, independent of collateral traffic of 3,104,724
souls.

The Manchester and Leeds, on its route of 60 miles,
has 23 stations, accommodating the before-mentioned
population of Lancashire and Yorkshire.
This, with one or two exceptions, forms a summary of
the station accommodation of the kingdom north and
west.

Turning to the east and south-east, we find that the
number of stations on the Eastern Counties (Cambridge
line), for 83 miles, namely, from London to Brandon,
and including the branch to Hertford, is 33, of which—
Stations Population.
1,576,616
157,237
1971 aiinnreEHisensrel‘tx . 344,995sliddlesex
4 in Cambridge
2 in Suffolk 315,129

33 2,558,486
Add to this the Norfolk line from Brandon to Yar-
mouth, 58 miles, there are—
Stations. Population.
16 in Norfolk
_ _ _

On the Colchester line of the Eastern Counties, taking
the four stations on the Eastern Union, there are 18, all
but two in Essex, showing that the Eastern Counties, in
its route of 191 miles, supplies an average population of
2,971,107 with 68 stations.

On the London and Brighton, and South-coast, 56
miles, there are, exclusive of the Hastings and Chiches-
ter branches, 21 stations:—
Stations. Population.
8 in Surrey 299,770
13 in Sussex

21 701,891
On the South-Eastern, including the Canterbury,
Ramsgate, and Maidstone branches, there are 29 sta-
tions over 120 miles.

Stations. Population.
6 in Surrey 299,770
23 in Kent 548,161

847,931

The South-Western, over 88 miles from London to
Gosport, have 19 stations, exclusive of the Guildford
station.
Stations. Population.
10 in Surrey 299,770
9 in Hants

19 599,770
The London and Croydon has seven stations over ten
miles, all in Surrey.
The London and Blackwell has nine over a length of
less than lour miles, and the London and Greenwich
four over a length of rather more than three.

WATERLOO-BRIDGE.--Since the stoppage of West-
minster-bridge, the daily average traffic over this
bridge, from six in the morning till six in the evening is
—foot passengers, 2,400 ; vehicles drawn by two horses,
960 ; ditto by three, 48 ; ditto by one, 2,648 ; trucks,
96 ; and saddle horses, 30 ; according to the tolls
charged, giving a receipt of 441. 9s. 9d. per diem of 12
hours.
STOPPAGE OF CITY TnOROUGIIFARES.—On Satur-
day the Commissioners of Sewers gave notice that the
following thoroughfares would be stopped during the
month of October :—Princes-street, Rosemary-late,
Devonshire -street, S weetapple-court, Garlick-hill, West-
street, Three Crane court, and Thames-street, for the
purpose of paving.

P aicE SD.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.

TIMES.—No one who has watched the stationary,
not to say the dubious, condition of mercantile affairs for
the whole of this year, will expect any decided results
thefmpproeosrslitly
expect quarterly
tpoo e ht
etpi returnseo,dtehrat ofthe
almost
isaho revenue.
uotueasammup e 1
ehdla f they still
se coulddifficulties.
After striking off what may be called the accidents of
the yearly and quarterly comparison, we find that we
can not only hope, but have to some extent realised a
steadyincrease of prosperity. The extraordinary and
unnatural gush of enterprise which marked the whole of
last year very possibly tempted the most prudent to ex-
pect an earlier and a larger harvest from the great crop
of experiments, public and private, we then were sowing.
The nation is wiser this year than last, and has pro-
bably learnt also to be more moderate in its expecta-
tions. The Excise is usually considered the chief test
of prosperity. Under this head there is an increase
beTicioenresidisernedo
voinsibtlie'e reciatslao
a fair index of increasing consumption and
quarter h
yamounting tsoh
02u216d,812100t1.
trade in exciseable articles. Last quarter, it will be
rememlered, gave nearly an equal result as compared
with the July returns of the previous year. They who
are behind the scenes might possibly be able to inform
us whether both the July and October returns for 1845
were not somewhat depressed by the drawbacks allowed
on those articles on which the duty had just been
abolished or reduced. Unless some such accident has
destroyed the equality of circumstances, certainly the
Excise is prospering considerably. As for the compa-
ratively slight increase on the whole year, it is scarcely
necessary to remind our readers that the two first quar-
ters in the year ending October 10, 1845, had the benefit
of the old duty on glass, and some other considtrable
items, lopped off or pruned in the spring of 1845 by the
shears of the beneficent Premier. As for the Customs,
they are a very peculiar and capricious subject. Last year
we had to condole with Sir Robert Peel on the lamentable
circumstance, that under the operation of his sliding-scale
the abundant harvest of 1844 had pinched his revenue
by, the exclusion of foreign corn. The great finencier's
own pet deeice had led to the singular and,,ridiculous re-
sult of changing a national blessing into a fiscal curse,
and setting at cress purposes the treasury and the
people. This year die corn-laws still intrude and dis-
turb the account. An aggregate duty, amounting to
nearly half a million, on the corn imported immediately
on the new Corn Bill coming into effect, has made the
Customs of this quarter, and, strange to say, of this year
also, almost exactly so much more than the Customs of
the quarter and of the year ending October 10, 1845.
But for that single importation, which must now be
looked upon as an extraordinary and exceptional occur-
rence, the two years and the two quarters would present
lust the same results. Could more, however, have been
fairly expected ? As for the comparison between the
two years, it must be remembered that the two first
quarters of the former year came under the old duties,
before Sir Robert Peel had struck off the
duties OA sugar, cotton, and some hundreds of
minor imports, to the amount of two millions and
a half. The year just ended suffers not only that
amputation, but another, by no means inconsiderable,
inflicted this last session, and felt by the two last quar-
ters. There has been a double drop by free-trade mea-
sures in the two years. Under circumstances so very
unequal, and bearing so hard on the later members of
the comparison, it is very gratifying to find that the
quarter and the year just past have yielded a revenue
not inferior to that of the corresponding periods ending
Oct. 10, 1845. The natural improvement of the country
must be thanked for filling up the gaps made by fiscal
remissions. If more has not come to pass—if, barring
the god-send of half a million on foreign corn, there is
after all only an equality—candour will recollect the
difficulties, the perplexities, and we must add, the
calamities of this year. Free trade, it will be said, was
to do great things. It could neither do great things in
a hurry, nor produce abundance invitii naturd. Free
trade is not an open sesame to give us at our bid-
ding transcendental prosperity over and above the
operations of the physical creation. It is true it has
thrown back those gates of Janus that nothing but war
should ever have closed, and it has this year brought .i
between two and three million quarters of corn. But it
could only deal for the present with the existing material.
It could only bestow what there was in the world. All
that food has come in, and yet we are on the eve of a
famine. On the average of this whole twelvemonth just
ended, food has been too high to allow the labourer and
the operative very much to spare for superfluous com-
forts. The elements have starved both the Customs anti
the Excise. What revenue are we now to expect from
the millions in Ireland, who cannot even buy their daily
bread ? What revenue from those in this country, whose
bread eats up the whole of their humble allowance ? It
is enough that we have just managed to anticipate " the
catastrophe of an irremediable famine," which this day
twelvemonth we ventured to predict would " conclude
the drama, er rather the farce, of protection."
CIIRONICLE.—The country has awakened, has re-
flected, and is now speaking out aloud. When the
Church as the only instrument of education was insisted
upon, there was a degree of supinenesi in England chat
ignorance scarcely explained, and bigotry imperfectly
excused. The difficulties that encumbered the teaching
of an English alphabet to an English pauper were (anti
are) such as would excite the wonder of a Kiekkahoo or
Potowhottamie Indian, if he could be brought to under-
stand them in the whole fulness of their absurdity. That
theeh eo
lovrkees
;mustsince
e nebn ehk s,
non
might
ttr
eos
ruusbs
pal e iel
alone
tn.,
et t
hhtahet
emirnea
respect
,t.eo ru lhd e
htweo- otsui ci
gon
e
acco
so
of n
nugc, hh teo
wouldamn de ams
uarney
tbheea
valuev e r sk i
on
fs et xh
ep e
commodity
Th
is
he . is
he rauld see at the first glance. Proceeding in his rea-
aisr
ieehtehe. xnvgoiljuel r: ds amt wel eh ahe
est tha eri
r,.
e-hrs ek
tiahngsarteaet
nhdde wsi
oei
nat hir
ea
ihtn
t .v
begl
laasei
hnwes
rot
rett
rhh ens
to,
bacco ; though not so many or so much as the vendor of
the alphabetic mystery might demand. His doubts, how-
ever, upon this point would be converted into either con-
fusion or contempt, when the further explanation was
made to him, that unless taught by eertain men, and in
a certain manner, the power in question of understanding
alphabets was not only worth no tobacco and no beaver-
skins, but that it was absolutely prejudicial and perilous,
and that in England it was not imparted to people at all,
because parties were at variance as to theconditions
under which it should be communicated. Neither was
(nor is) there any teaching of the duties of education by
the way of example. Upon such matters numerous
writers, good and bad, had appealed to Government, with
illustration in all its forms ; with the whole artillery of
t•xamples from the continent, and with encomia upon
foreign education. It was upon these points, and the
like of them, that Holland and Prussia were quoted and
over quoted by the German, and France and Switzer-
land by the Gallican school of ameliarationists. Never-
theless, it was just the lesson that we were predeter-
mined not to learn, either from Prussia or from France,
from Holland or from Switzerland, from Turkey or from
America—in short, from any portion of the habit
able globe whatever. Grave men in shovel. hats
denounced it both in speeches and in charges, agricolous
squireens denounced it in post-prandial orations,
bitter Dissenters denounced it in petitions, and stripling
clergymen groaned over it at visittngs and at tea-tables.
It was a lesson which we were determined not to be
taught. Now if these things at the present moment are
changing, and that after the rate and fashion that opi-
nions on the bread monopoly took 'to change, to what
must we attribute the alteration? .ITo whatever it may
be attributed, it is not referable to an indifference upon
religious subjects. Church subscriptions, anti slavery
meetings, Exeter-hall statistics, all join in the acquittal
of the present decennium of lukewarmness upon points of
spirituality. It is neither more nor less than common-
sense acting upon palpable facts. It is a clear compre-
hension of what is best calculated for the maintenance
of the public happiness. It is the deliberate determina-
tion that the welfare and existence of a great country
shall be guarded against the mischiefs of popular igno-
rance, and the suicidal economics of delud,d poverty.
As such we value the review in question, as much for
the evidence it affords as for the arguments it supplies.
Those who have faith enough to expect regeneration
from a Stanley Ministry have not faith enough to believe
in a permanent state of ignorance, or in the sufficiency
of priests to remove it.

HERALD.—There is, perhaps, no country in Europe
of the same extent, in which a greater diversity of lan-
guage and manners exists than in Switzerland. Within
the limits of a small territory three different languages
are spoken—French, German, and Italian—and within
the twenty-two cantons of which the federated states
are composed, is to be found congregated as much jea7
lousy, hatred, envy, and bitterness, as could be raked
together amidst all the monarchies of Europe. Hence
the multitude of factions which have prevailed in Swit-
zerland during the last half century, and which for a
p riod of forty years have threatened the indepenlence
and the existence of the " land of the brave and the
free." The most pacific, and we may say, as a neces-
sary consequence, the most progressive period of
Switzerland was from 181.5 to 1830. During those
fifteen years new roads were constructed and old ones
improved—commerce and industry flourished—a more
rapid and a cheaper postal system was adopted—literary
and scientific and agricultural societies were established
—and Switzerland became the chosen residence of
some of the most distinguished men, and some
of the most renowned citizens of Europe. But the
French revolution of 1830 completely changed the
character and conduct of the Swiss nation. From
that period discontent, distrust, and disaffection hay..
Ix come predominant. Religious has been supTiddcd to
i
political jealousy—town has armed tself against i
coun-
try—and country against town—canton has stood ix
battle array against canton, and the very frame of the
federation seems to be dislocated and loosened. Meet-
ings have succeeded to meetings—concessions have fol-
lowed concessions—on the part of some of the federative
Governments—while others have " kept the word of
promise
to the ear, and broken it to the hope." But
concessions—promisas—and open resistance, on the part'
of the Governments, have only produced one result on
the governed, i. e., augmented exacerbation and discon-
tent. It would appear that the scenes of December,
1830, are again to be re-enacted—again shall we hevast assemblages of armed peasants and burghers, and
iprobablyeasntiesr,(wl ar)ist‘e written late
lanaveteew such
oiar O
Saturday
hurried
etru andrday
d e
tPa fi3i
details
faes reached ariseus Iran
in
r may
evening, and there it
Geneva, in 1846, as in Aarau in 1830. In the Herald of