The Sun.
London, England, 1846-12-02 00:00:00

Jtl.St published, in Two vols., 12m0., price tlOs , cloth, lettered,
'FALES EXPLANATORY OF THE
•• SACRAMENTS.

Av the•Antltoress of "fleraldine, a Tale of Conscience :"

Containing—The Vigil of St. Laurence—Blanche's Confirmation
The Sister Penitents-The Altar at Woodbank. Clyff Abbey, or
the Last Anointing. The Priest of NorthunibriaThe Spousal
Cross.

London : C. Dolman, 61, New Bond-street.
Where may be had,
GERALDINE, a Tale of Conscience. Price 6s.
FATHER OSW.ALD. a Genuine.Cathohp *pry.
.Price 6s.
THORN BERRY ,ABBEY, .. a ',J.',able of the Eitablislied Church,
Price 3s. 6(1.

UNDER THE PATRONAGE-OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
PRINCE ALBERT. _ _

THE PLOUGH : a Journal of Agricultural and
Rural Affairs, No. 12, for DECEMBER, price 23. 6d. With
Four Illustrations.

CoNTENTs—The Rackheath Ploughs—Prince Albert's Marlin (with
Portrait)—The Clydesdale Horse (with Portrait)—The benefits that
may be derffed from fhb failure of the Potato•crop—On the Rearing
of Cattle—Substitutes fir the Potato—Experiments and Results with
Artificial Manures—The Geology, Compesition, and Chemical Ana-
lysis of Soils—The Science and Practice of Breeding. With all the
Agricultural .Intelllgence of the Month in England and France.
Vol. 11. price 15s. elegantly bound, will be ready in a few days.
H. Hurst, Publisher, 27, King William.street, Strand.

This day, price Is.
AILWAYS for the MANY, and not for the
• FEW ; or, HOW to make them Profitable to all.

By JAMES WARD, Esq.
London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 65, Cornhill

ENGLISH INTERCOURSE WITH INDIA.
rills day, in BYo. price 2s. 6d.
ON the COMMUNICATIONS between EU-
ROPE AND INDIA THROUGH EGYPT.
London : Smith, Elder, and Co., 68, Cornhill.

DORTLAND PATENT SPRING BRUSH
A_ and CHIMNEY-SWEEPING APPARATUS thoroughly
cleanses Flues, and renders the operation of Sweeping a cleanly one,
so that a Flue may be freed from soot without the most costly or na-
ment in the apartment sustaining the least injury. A short time
ago an experiment was made with this apparatus at the House of
Commons, the success of which was complete. Sheets of writing
paper were placed upon the chimney-piece, and in various other
parts of the room, and after the completion of the sweeping not one
particle of soot was discernible upon any of the sheets of paper.
To be seen at 69, Welbeck-street, Cavendish-square.
N. 13. The Proprietor is willing to grant licenses for the use of this
patent invention in the provincial towns of England.

CUNDY'S . PATENT OPEN FIRE
VENTILATING STOVE.
(Testimonial after One Winter's Trial.)
29, Chat ter•house-square, Monday, Feb. 17, 1846.
Dear Sir;—The stoves which you have recently erected in my
church have been highly successful. and I have great pleasure in ex-
pressing to you the entire satisfaction which they have given to all
parties. The church, which was notoriously noted for its coldness
and bad ventilation, is now most agreeably warmed and well venti-
lated. I shall be most happy, on any occasion, to bear testimony to
the excellency of your stoves ; and I will endeavour, to the best of
my power, to make them known, and I will certainly recommend
theni to my friends,
I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
Mr. Candy. W. ROGERS, St. Thomas's, Charter-house.
The Stoves to be had of Messrs. Dowson, 69, Welbeck-street, Ca-
vendish-square ; where they may be seen in operation.

TO TH.E RIGHT HON. LORD JOHN
RUSSELL, M.P.
LETTER NO.
My Lord,—l said in my last that the best, if not the
only, mode of escaping from the evils necessarily atten-
dant upon the extensive cotter system established in
Ireland, was to. make the situation of the agricultural
labourer better than that of the five-acre rent paying,
labour-seeking tenant, end that this was not a difficult
task, although acsu, edly one of time : to a certain ex-
tent it must be the work of landlords, aided and assisted
by Government, but still only assisted ; Government can
do no more. If it were so make the attempt to do every-
thing, as proposes ny wtr. ocrope-s pm, ranu.
ensue. Sir Walter Scott's excellent definition of the
profits an farming landlord, " That the carle havers and
thas, cart havers made it all. and the carle havers and the
cart havers ate it all," would be a large return for a Go-
vernment landlord cultivating waste land. Your Lordship
is aware that lam writing upon a subject on which I
have had considerable experience for many years ; few
have reclaimed more waste land than myself, but, for
tunately, before I began I was fully convinced of the ne-
cessity, if I wished my operations to be either profitable
or extensive, of confining them merely to setting an
example of what could be done, and giving suitable en-
couragement to men of skill and enterprise to carry
out my plans ; and it is the duty, and it is the
interest, of the Irish proprietor to do this work ;
for he has now learned, from bitter experience,
that until that population, which he or his predecessors
have induced to settle upon his land, is fed from his
land, he cannot receive, nor, indeed, is he entitled to re-
ceive, one shilling rent. A bad administration of a good
poor-law was some years ago rapidly absorbing the
rental of the English proprietor ; the want of all poor-
law is accomplishing the same end for the Irish landlord;
but let the principle—that the first burthen upon land
is the support of thepeople dwelling upon it—be as firmly
established in Ireland as it is in England, and the Irish
proprietor will exert himself to avert the evil, in which
case Government will, with the approbation of all parties,
cheerfully assist him in providing for the labourer the
two things which are necessary to make him better off
than a five-acre tenant, namely, employment at fair
wages, and a comfortable house and garden at moderate
cost.
The first question is, what is the number of persons
who would require to be found with those necessaries of
life ? and to asceetain this, the first point to establish is,
the smallest number of acres which will constantly em-
ploy a man and his family, and take them entirely out of
the labour market,; this .must, of course, depend upon
the quality of the soil, and the number and respective
ages of the family, but,. taking the average of each, I
would say 15 was the smallest number of acres which
could be safely calculated upon to find the occupier suffi-
cient employment, and enable him to pay a fair rent.
It this be near the truth, it is not difficult to
answer the first question with sufficient accuracy for all
practical purposes ; and to render the answer more dis-
tinct, I would take the case of a proprietor of one
thousand acres, whose land is let in a similar manner to
that of
.the aggregate quantity of cultivated land in
Ireland—say 300 acres iu farms of 5 acres, occupied by
sixty tenants ; 300 acres in farms of 20 acres, occupied
by fifteen tenants, and 400 acres occupied by two tenants,
who are• of course the only steady employers of labour ;
and, reckoning four labourers to each, 700 acres may be
supposed to have occasion for sixteen. Dividing the 300
acres into farms of 15 acres, instead of 5 acres, twenty
families out of the sixty would, in future, be provided
with labour upon land in their own occupation, which,
with the sixteen who are employed by the two tenants
of the 400 screi, would leave about twenty-four who
would require to be provided with employment from
other sources ; reckoning four of these to be constantly
employ ed upon railroads, there would remain twenty, or
about one third et his original sixty five-acre tenants to
be provided with Employment. Neither your Lordship
nor the public will suppose that I have made this calcu-
lation with any idea of its being mathematically correct;
ill I have wished is to arrive at a fair estimate of the
magnitude of the evil; and one proof that the calculation
is not very erroneous may be found in the fact, that,
taking all circumstances into consideration, the number
will nearly correspond with those now seeking public
employment.
The number of five-acre farms in Ireland has been
stated to be 300,000; according to the above calculation
it will be ntceesary to find permanent employment for
one-third, or 100,000 heads of families. Is it possible
to effect this? I think it is, provided landlords do their
duty and are properly assisted by Government. The
quantity of waste land in Ireland capable of being pro-
fitably reclaimed is calculated to amount to three mil
lions, and his would give thirty acres to each of the
100,000 heads of families who would require employ-
ment. This is the plan proposed by Mr. Scrope, whose
Bill provided that the farms should not be more than
100 acres, and not lees than ten acres. Passing over
the grave, indeed the insuperable, objection, which it is
astonishing never occurred to a gentleman of such ac-
knowledged ability, that such a division of property
would be the certain parent of the very evil which now
presses upon Ireland, let me for a moment examine
how his plan would work. Such land must be occu-
pied by one of two classes of, the existing tenantry, either
by those who had saved a little money in their present
possessions, or by those who had nothing, and were
literally living from hand to mouth, paying their rent
out of the harvest wages acquired in Euglaud and the
sale of their pig. If the waste land were to be occupied
by the former class the situation of the Irish landlord is
made worse than at present, by depriving him of the
only tenants capable of properly cultivating his land,
and of course paying rent; if by the latter, class what is
their situation?—Houses to build, lands to enclose, im-
plements to purchase, farms to stock, and not a shilling
in the world. I hope I need not say that the system I
would propose is widely different, and it has this recom-
mendation, that it has been tried and has succeeded; but
this must be the subject of a future letter.—l have the
honour to remain your Lordship's most obedient servant,
R. W.

ITALIAN OPERA AT COVENT-GARDEN.—After
much indocision and variPty of opinion, it has been posi-
that a ballet shall be added to the operatic performances.
This settles a question which has been a subject of dis-
cussion since the earliest origin of the speculation.