The Sun.
London, England, 1846-08-31 00:00:00

SAILINGS.

AUG. 23. Albatross yawl, Sir Wm. GaHuey, Bart, for
Torquay and Plymouth ; Flirt schooner, Sir B. R. Graham,
Bart., tOr Torquay and Plymouth; Avenger cutter, James
Saunderson, Esq., for Torquay and Plymouth ; Georgian
schooner, William Lyon, Esq., for Brest; Fair Rosamond
schooner, Marquis of Blandford, for Brest ; Dream cutter,
George Bentinck, Esq., for Plymouth and other ports.
24. Charlotte cutter, Hon. Wm. White Hedges, for Ply-
mouth ; Frisk cutter, Richard Frankland, Esq., for Plymouth.
25. Brilliant schooner, G. H. Ackers, Esq., for Plymouth;
Turquoise cutter, C. H. Coote, Esq., westward ; Osprey
cutter, John Petre, Esq., for Portsmouth, to lay up.
27. Pearl cutter, Marquis of Anglesey, for Plymouth.
YACHTS AT AND ABOUT THE STATION.

Schooners—Fairy Queen, Xarifa, Camilla, Maud, Magic,
Hawk.

Cutters—Sparrowhawk, Emerald, Drift, Drvad, Forest-fly,
Medina, Amazon, Witch, Adelaide, Intrepid, Wave, Susan.

LORD FITZHARDINGE'S CUP.

The following members of his Lordship's squadron have
entered their yachts for the silver cup which he has given to
be sailed for to-morrow (Saturday) urday):—Lord W. Lennox, the
Hon. A. Berkeley, A. Fonblanque, Esq., Captain Claxton,
R.N., and the Right. Hon. M. Gibson. With a good breeze,
we hope to have one of the best matches of the season. His
Lordship keeps up the spirit of yatching; with him there is
no flagging, and the public are much indebted to him for the
treats his squadron daily present to those who have a taste
for yacht sailing. Lord A. Paget also sails twc) of his yachts,
the Albacore and the BAvidere.

Her Majesty in the char-a-bane, and the Prince on horse-
back, crossed over in the ferry boat, having taken a carriage
airing through Newport, going by the East Cowes road, and
returning by the west.
His Royal Highness Prince Albert celebrates his birthday
to-morrow, by giving a dinner to all the workmen (about
300) employed at Osborne: they are to dine on the lawn
fronting the Palace. The band of the 74th.attends.
The Earl and Countess of Wilton and the Duke of Meck-
lenburg were to have dined with G. H. Ward, Esq., yesterday,
but received the command from her Mikjesty to join the royal
dinner circle. The Duke Of Beaufort had invited a large
party to dine with him to-day, but received a similar notice'
to attend at the Palace.

THE PEEL TESTISIONIAL.—The appeal made by The Sun
to the people of England to subscribe their pence, has been
cheerfully responded to by the visitors to 4. Newell's Com-
mercial 1100 n." We have no l'ubt the example will be fol-
lowed by the attendants to the other public rooms in the
town.

Our town has been thrown into a good deal of concern by
the body of a child having been found under the quay at the
lower e►,d of the town. An inquest was held on it, but no
evidence appearing to direct the jurors, they merely returned
a verdict of ‘. Found dead." A girl of the name 01 Cbis•sell,
servant to Mr. Toovey, surgeon, of this town, has since been
taken up, and acknowledged to having been delivered of a
still• bon► child by Mr. Toovey'a assistant, about a fortnight
since; that she kept it in the house till Sunday evening,
when, there being an execution in the house, and fearing the
room it was in would be entered by the officer, she threw it
over the Fountain Quay. Bain, the assistant, gave evidence
to the same effect, and added that Mr. Toovey was from home
on the Sunday evening on which the girl was delivered, and
did not return till the Wednesday, when he told him all the
particulars, and also his father. He had not mentioned the
circumstance to any one else. It was a six months' child.
He considered, having told his master, it was in his master's
hands. Another examination took place on the following
day, and the girl was committed to take her trial at the
assizes for concealing the birth. Mr. Toovey is said to be in
London : his house is closed.

BIRMINGHAM MUSICAL FES-
TIVAL.

BIRMINGHAM, FRIDAY EVENING.--TbiS meeting com-
menced on Tuesday and ended to-day. It has been very
successful—the richness of its scheme and the excellence
of the means- f giving it effect amply deserved success.
The attendance on the first day was quite to an average
extent. Haydn's Creation was the oratorio. It went off
splendidly ; but the grand feature, of the meeting and
the most numerously attended was Mendelssohn's new
work Elijah, .which was given on Wednesday, and was
successful to the echo. Its celebrated author was pre-
sent, and conducted the performance. It opens with a
brief monologue by the Prophet, announcing to the Jew-
ish people the impending judgment of the Lord, the three
years' drought and famine over the land. Then follows
the overture—an entire novelty in construction ; but it is
a novelty which has suggested itself to one who is a poet
as well as a musician ; for, after this index, the charac-
ter of the instrumental movement is clearly defined, and
it is felt to be a powerful picture of the miseries which
followed the fulfilment of the prophecy. Without in-
teruption, this overture breaks into a chorus of the
people. They cry, in accents of piercing anguish, " The
deeps afford no water, and the rivers are exhausted !
The suckling's tongue now cleaveth for thirst to its
mouth ; the infant children ask for bread, and there is
no one that breaketh it to feed them !" The imagina-
tion is deeply impressed by the plaintive and heart-
rending cries and wailings of the helpless women, so
vividly expressed by the sounds of this chorus. Next
we have Elijah challenging the priests before Ahab
the King, and the trial sacrifice takes place. The
chorus of these priests is a specimen of con-
summate art. It is loud and clamourous, min-
gled with the barbaric clang of instruments ; and
its rhythmical movement indicates the dances which
mingled with the rites of Paean idolatry. The
;
reiterate Prophet
th e exhortstheir
eet
sh e m
which a u n
bt iencgo lmy o t
hcl
ea
a el
co
eunde
ts r
()
f drayde-
spair. They cease from exhaustion ; and the pause of
dead silence, which indicates their failure, is more ap-
palling than any sounds could have been. Elijah then
addresses his prayer to God in accents of deep devotion;
and a choir of angels seconds his supplication, which is
successful, and then the people exult in a splendid
chorus. Elijah then int(lcedes with the Almighty to
stay the plague of drought—the tempest comes in an-
swer to his prayer, and a war of the elements is painted
by the orchestra with immense power ; and a grand
choral song of thanksgiving, mingled with the howling
of the blast and the raging of the storm—welcome
though terrible—closes the first part of the oratorio.
The second part brings Elijah before Ahab, who bas
again fallen into idolatry ; the Prophet rebukes Jezebel,
and is forced to fly to the desert, where he sleeps "under
a juniper tree," he is watched over by angels, whose
strains are truly celestial harmony. This divine passage
was one of those which were encored.

The third part is worthy of its predecessors, but its
crowning glory is a splendid piece of descriptive music,
the manifestation of the Deity, in his glory to the Pro-
phet, before he is carried up into heaven. This pas-
sage of Scripture exhibits so strikingly the majestic
language of inspiration, that we quote it :—" And
behold, the Lord passed by ! And a mighty wind rent
the mountains around, brake in pieces the rocks, brake

hem before tho I,,rd ; but tbo Lord was not in the

tempest. And behold the Lord passed by! And the sea
-e as upheaved, and the earth was shaken ; but the Lord
was not in the earthquake. And after the earthquake there
came a fire; but the Lord was not in the fire. And after
the fire therecsme a small still voice, and in that still voice
inward came the Lord!" Mendelssohn has drawn from

this passage tremendous musical effects, which must be
h eard before the slightest conception can be formed of them.
This is the grand climax of the work. The narration of
Elijah's miraculous translation, when " there came a
fic,ry chariot, with fiery hories, and he went by a whirl-
wind to heaven," is the subject of a chorus of great de-
scriptive power ; and after some beautiful music, in
which allusions are made to the prophecies touching
Elijah's second appearance on the earth before the end
of all things, the oratorio ends with a grand choral hymn
of praise to the Almighty.
The vocalists were Madame Caradori Allan, Miss
Hawes, Mr. Phillips, Mr. Hobbs, Mr. Lockey, and
Herr Staudigl. Mr. Lockey is a highly promising
tenor, and succeeded in obtaining several encores on this
occasion. -The other novelty of the meeting- is a Miss
Bassano, a contralto of great power of organ and of
finished education. The Misses Williams were very
successful in some duets in the Creation, and generally
throughout the meeting.

I'HE LATE RTC FORMATION IN
GERMANY.
. _

pub!ic meeting was held on Friday, in the Hanover-
square Rooms, to receive the Rev. Johannes Czerski,
and the Rev. A. Posse, late priE sts in the Roman Catho-
lic Church in Germany, from which they have seceded,
and to hear addresses from them on the Reform move-
ment which exists in Germany. On the platform were
Dr. Henderson, Dr. Conquest, Rev. R. Herschell, Dr.
Tholuch, of Helle ; Rev. W. Chave, J. D. Paul, Esq.,
the Hon. and Rev. Orlando Forrester,
The Right Hon. W. CoWPER, in the unavoidable ab-
sence of Lord Ashley, took the chair.
The Rev. RIDLEY HERSCHELL, a native of Germany,
briefly referred to some charges which bad been mado
against Mr. Czerski—first that he had received money
from England for the objects of the Reform movement
and bad given no account, whereas he said he had re-
ceived only IN. from one individual, and that had been
given him for his own use ; and, second, that he had
egreed on a confession, and signed it in the company of
Rouge, whim he now repudiated. But the fact was,
that though a meeting had taken place between Rouge
and Czerski, it was incidental, and no confession of
faith bias written or agreed to. The charges, he said,
Mere unfornded. Mr. Herschell then said he would Jo
his best to translate into English Mr. Czerski's address
to the meeting, as neither that gentleman nor Mr. Posse
could express theras, Ives in the English language.
The Rev. J. CZERSEI here addressed the meeting.
He said the sympathy which he had met with in this
country, and at that meeting, as a weak instrument in
this work of God, gave him great joy ; he prized this
the more that hearty union among the friends of
religion was especially' necessary at this day, in
order to repel and overcome the efforts being
made by the Roman Catholic Church to extend her do-
minion. He considere.l her to be the enemy of truth,
notwithstandieg that she vaunted herself to be the only
true church, within the pale of which alone salvation
could b, found ; for his part, he and the friends he saw
around him, would not serve, the prince of this world
who had set himself in the place of God, and said, "I am
God!" The inventions of men had darkened the sun of

heaven ; the words in a hich God had revealed himself
had been forbidden by the Roman Catholic priesthood,
who set themselves up as mediators, and said, the merits
of Christ could be reached only through them. The effect
was, that there existed much outside religion, without
any thing of the spirit ofChristianity. While he was yet a
priest he pitied the darkness and the ignorance of the
people, and directed them to the Scriptures. In the
cathedral of Posen he first began to preach to the con-
gregation. He aas reproved by the hierarchical autho-
rities for doing so, and when he would not consent
to desist, he was sent away to a small village.
lle preached there also, and was, in consequence,
subjected to another removal. This time they sent him
to 6chenan Muhl, the population of which is German,
and as he (Mr. Czerski) was a Pole, they hoped they
had efftectually stopped his preaching. He however
used what efforts he could, and in three months after he
had the gratification to see the people searching the
Bible and comparing it with the traditions of the Roman
Catholic Church. By-and-bye he left the Romish com-
munity, and ten went with him, and became the nucleus of
the first reformed congregation. Four weeks after this
secession came out the letters of Ronge against the Holy
Coat of Treves. He saluted M. Runge as a fellow-
warrior against Rome and her traditions, and a friend
of truth. Subsequent to this the movement spread
rapidly, and many congregations in the larger towns
were formed of those who had seceded from the Roman
Church. When the Roman Catholics saw the dangers
they were likely to encounter they used every effort to get
him back to their communion, they used both promises and
threats ; and it was resolved by them to enter his house
and curry him oft to prison privately, on a night fixed
tor the purpose. Their intention, however, was frus-
trated, by the watchman communicating information of
it to him. Six months after this the seceders held a
general synod at Leipsic. He attended this, thinking
that, by forming themselves into a church, combination
would be a source of strength ; but what was his grief
when he found that the greater number of them at
that synod had turned their back upon Christ. They
had not merely parted with the symbols of scriptural
doctrines, but they even spoke of throwing away the
Scriptures themselves. They framed a confession
also, but he could not sign it—he could not re: '
cognise it as a Christian confession. He him-
self; therefore, a month later, published a confession
of faith among the Christian Catholics (for the Ronge
party are called the Gtrman Catholics), and the con-
sequence was that a split occurred. The German
Catholics sacrificed to their reason on the altar, the
others held the faith of Christ; there was yet a hope of
change and union, but a Dr. Tiners incited them against
allying themselves to the truth. Ile said since he.
hal left the Roman Catholic Church he found that he
was sinful and needed the grace of God ; before he was
a forgiver of sins, but now, in his heart, he felt he needed
forgiveness himself, and that could be obtained from
God alone. M. Czerski apologised to the meeting for
his address, and excused nimself, on the ground of ill-
ness, from proceeding. He handed over to the Chair-
man an English translation of some extracts from the
ordination service in the Evangelical Church in Prussia,
and said lie adhered to the doctrines there avowed as his
confession of faith.

The CHAIRMAN then read it to the meeting as follows:
" DECLARATION,

To be inserted in the Form of Ordination of Candidates
of the Evangelical Church of Prussia. Proposed and
Voted by the General S) nod at Berlin, August 1846.

tt He who is lawrull culled to the office of teaching
in tho Evangelical Church, and is to be consecrated
thereto by prayer and the imposition of hands, must
publ!cly declare that he stands in the common faith of
the church, and therefore, in the first plate,
" That he will neither take his own opinions, nor any
commandments of men whatsoever, but the word of
God in the prophetical and apostolical writings, for the
rule of his teaching.
" Next, that under God's assistance he will continue
faithfully and ddigtntly in that interpretation of Holy
Scripture, which is carried on accoicbug to the laws of
language by the Holy Spirit, in unison with the Conies-.
sions of the Universal Church, and with the Confessional
Books of the Evangelical Church, as testimonies of the
fundamental facts and fundamental truths of our salva-
tion, and as types of sound doctrine."
(lit re follows the answer of him who is to be ordered to
the question fir his assent.)

" And since these fundamental facts and truths consist
chit fly in the following, I ask you, Whether you, with
the Universal Church upon earth, confess God the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost ?
" xt, whether, with the whole Evangelical Church,
you cl 4 in the first place, confess Jesus Christ, the only-
begotten Son of God, who emptied himself and took
upon him the form of a servant, as the only mediator,
seeing that, as a prophet sent by God, mighty in words
and works, he has proclaimed peace, and as our eternal
high-priest has by his death reconciled us to God,
being deli%ered for our offences, and ;raised again 'or
our justification, whereupon he sat down at the rigt,t
hand of the Majesty on High, and reigns for ever as
the head of the church, which he gathers and preserves
by means of His word and sacraments through the Holy
Ghost, who, being sent by Him into our hearts, teaches
us to call Jesus our Lord, and to know the grace which
is given to us in Him?
" Secondly, Whether you, through faith in these glad
tidings of the free grace of God in his Beloved Son,
will acknowledge and confess that we are all sinners,
but become children of God through faith in Christ,
in whom we being jibtified before God through grace,
without merit of works, have the pledge of an imperish-
able inheritance, which is laid up in heaven ; and that
we, through the same faith, which worketh by love, and
bringing forth the fruits of the spirit, are prepared by
the daily renewing of our hearts for the day of Jesus
Christ ?

(Here follows the second yes of him who is to be ordered.)
The Rev. Dr. Tholuck and the Rev. A. Posse after-
wards addressed the meeting.
The CHAIRMAN, at the close of the last speaker's ad-
dress, said they had witnessed that evening a most touch-
ing ; they had seen these two brethren, who had
been wont to porr)rm in the pompous ceremonies of
Rome, coming forward to witness a good confession in
this populous city. it was rare to hear such as M.
Czerski declaring his adherence to the confession which
had been read, a document which would appear more
excellent the longer it was reflected upon—excellent for
what it contained and fir what it omitted. He proposed '
that they should give these men the token of their sym-
pathy, and of the interest which they felt in their
struggles against Romish persecution ; and called on the
Rev. R. Herschel!, who engaged in prayer.
The meeting, which was very numerous, then separated.

ACCIDENTS.—.OII Friday, between five and six o'clock
as a little girl, named Emily Sarjent, aged about three years,
living at No. 4, Wood-street, Princes-road, Lambeth, was
playing opposite her mother's door, a cart heavily laden,
belonging to Messrs. Rogers, cheesemongers, Spitalfields,
passed down the street, and before the child could get out of
the way she was knocked down and the wheel went over her
head, spattering her brains in the road. The driver was im-
mediately taken into custody, and the body was taken to
Lambeth workhouse adjacent, there to await the result of a
coroner's inquest. The Rainbow steamer, which plies be-
tween London-bridge and Putney, on arriving at Chelsea
pier, was found to be sinking, to the consternation of the
passengers. Citizen steam-boat B being present, took the
passengers out and conveyed them to the various piers. It
was then ascertained that an anchor, by which one of the
pier barges at Wandsworth was moored, caught the bottom
of the Rainbow and forced a very large hole in her. She was
immediately run alongside the pier for repairs. On board
the Edward, a brig, from Lynn, laden with slate, lying off
Cotton's-wharf, a boy, named Joseph Dowdy, was assisting
to get the cargo out of the hold, when a piece of slate, of
about a ton weight, fell from the crane, which, in its descent,
knocked him down the hold and fell upon him, crushing him
frightfully. He was carried to the accident-ward of Guy',
Hospital, and was alive, though dreadfully injured, at a lat,
hour last night.
EXTRAORDINARY DISCOVERY.—OR Saturday morning
last, as a chimney-sweeper• was engaged in cleaning the front
parlour chimney of Mr. William Theakstone, pawnbroker,
Ettrick-place, Grey-street, in this town, he discovered among
the soot several pieces of hard substance, resembling in ap-
pearance the fragments of a cocoa-nut shell, which, upon
inspection, were found to be part of an infant's skull, having
hair attached to it. On further examination, there were
found concealed in a hole in the lower part of the chimney,
above the fire-place, the remains of an infant skeleton, but
in a state of decay, all encrusted with soot and dirt, and so
affected by the action of the heat, as to crumble to pieces by
the least pressure. It was impossible to ascertain whether it
was the skeleton of a male or•female, and there was no clue
to show how long it had lain, but it must have been con-
cealed for many years. Mr. Theakstone has occupied the
house nearly two years, and as a fire was seldom kept on in
the room, he had never had the chimney swept before. It
was swept about four years ago by a fornier occupier. An
inquest was held on view of the remains, and a verdict re-
turned of "Found concealed in a chimney, but under what
circumstances deposited there is no evidence to show".— Sun-
derland Herald.

The East India House Museum closed to the public
on Saturday, and will not be re-opened till the 3d of Oc-
tober next.

EDUCATION AT ROME.
It may not be known generally, if at ell, that the
schoolmaster in his travels kiss penetratsd even into
the eternal city. Within these few years - evening •
schools have been established fur the. instruction-of the •
working classes of Rome. The founders of the system
were two citizens, whose names deserve to be honour-
ably recorded; they were Signor Michel Gigli,-edvocate,
and Signor Giacomo Casoglio, a poor wood engraver.
ThOnstruction given consists in reading, writing, alit& •
metic, and religious teaching; to each school nti oratory
is attached in which the scholars collect on holydaya •
for religious service, and for games of exercise and di-
version.
There are in Rome elementary schools besides,
in which children are taught reading and writing, leav- •
ing them to follow religious duties in their parishes; but •
the children are scarcely able to handle the instruments
of any occupation whatever before they leave the school,
thus leaving their moral and intellectual education quite
imperfect, and the feeble germs of good principles which
have been instilled in them are thus speedily eradicated.
Signor Morichini, in the preface to the regulations for
the evening schools for artisans, states that there exist
in Rome fifty-five of these sc•heels for children ; two pious
schools, one of which directed by the fathers of tl.e faith;
three Christian schools; and numny parish schools. in all,
64. Supposing each to receive 60 individuals, the number
of children frequenting school, in Rome .vould be 3600.
Similar infant schools in Letnbirdy have been folintled by
Prince Massi me de Trastevere, and the Prieee,s Borg-hese.
In 1839 a subscription was opened to found four sde-o!t;
for artisans, upon the system of Senors Gigli and Ca-
which rtquired an expenditure of nearly 733
Roman crowns. In 1840 the funds collected amounted
to 8061 crowns, of which 450 were granted by the
President of the Commission of Subsidies. Li t,,e .0-
count rendered for 1842, the " pious institutions" ( s
tiny are t roperly and politic ally calb-d), were in pro-
gress, although not on the rapid scale of development
which should be desired, and which we are accustomed
to'in this country. The contributions, inclusi‘e of 458
crowns given by the Commission of Subsidies, amounted
to 822 crowns ; to the four existing schools an-
other was adjoined at Ponto, and the number of the
attendant learners, wa
engaged in 70 different pursuits, s
667. In this year Duke Caesar Cesarini founded himself
a new evening school, cc:ntiguous to his palace, so that,
adding it to the schools of Gigli and Casoglio, which
contained 335 pupils, Rome had eight evening schools,
receiving 1,200 young workmen. It is a remarkable
fact, that in this number are comprehended 268 orphans,
to whom this means of a common education must be
very benevolently useful. In the number of the bene-
factors of this useful work must be commendably men-
tioned the Sovere'gn Pontiff Gregory XVI., Cardinals
Mattei, Brigncle, Morichini, Rodiani ; the Princes
Borgbese and Ludovigi Boncompagni. The receipts
in 1845 were 1,068 crowns, the expenditure 1,035. The
expenses consist in rent, salaries to the guardians of the
schools and oratories, lights, paper, books, ink, pens,
&c., and other articles. The directors and masters
serve gratuitously. The expenses for six of these
schools, with three oratories, comprising the charges
before stated, amounted to 1,118 crowns, from which,
deducting 114 for the charges of the oratories, it
results that, dividing the 1,004 crowns which remain,
each of these schools costs about 167 crowns. Two
facts will concur in the extension of these schools. The
first is the foundation of a small weekly journal, published
by Senor Ottavio Gigli, son of the Senor Michel Gigli,who
consecrates himself to the moral education of the poor. The
journal .is entitled l'Artigianello (the Little Artisan),
It gives moral, religious, and instructive lectures for
the evening religious schools, and for families. The
moral and religious part contains the recital of charitable
and religious acts and enterprises of sacred history. In
the instructive part are to be found the principles of
education, hygeian information, notions of the natural
history of technology, domestic economy, of civility,
&c. The work is dune in a simple style, and with ex-
actitude of ideas in the original articles. The extracts
are taken from the most recommendable works of Pa-
rini, Tecini, Cesare, Cantu de Porravicini, &o. The
work is otherwise done with discernment. The editor
has been honoured with a general suffrage in all the
Pontifical States, where he has 4,000 subscribers. He
makes generously a gift of one copy every Saturday, to
every person frequenting the evening schools. This
plan is new, and quite worthy of imitation ; it tends to
inculcate and spread in the minds of young pupils, the
principles of moral and religious education, which they
receive in the evening schools, and to impress the same
in their families. The second of these facts is the in-
witution of Senor Mcrichisi, with the most praisewor-
thy views, of a preparatory school for the instruction of
masters destined to teach in the evening schools.

SOCIETY and COME in MEXICO.

In no country is murder more frequent than along the
coast, on the road to the capital, and in the interior.
The traveller is never out of sight of little rude wooden
crosses, of melancholy meaning, monuments erected over
the bones of murdered individuals. One ravine called the
Barranca Secca, on the highway between Vera Cruz and
the metropolis, is actually dotted with these sad signs.
Assassination is of every-day occurrence, while not un-
frequently the traveller will stumble over the freshly
slain bodies of some luckless predecessor. Robbers, in
gangs of from five to twenty, scour the country, waylay-
ing the stage-coaches, plundering in the open light of day,
even in the very city of Mexico; while associations for
this lawless purpose are known to exist, in which men of
wealth and rank May a conspicuous part. The vtry
Custom-house officers have been discovered in league
with the banditti, affording them information and
sharing their gains. General Santa 4,lna at one time
executed sixty or seventy ; but the evil is too deeply
seated, springing, as it does from the unsettled and law-
less state of the country, to be thus violently uprooted.
So systematic nod ordinary, indeed, is robbery in thia
country, that the traveller is regularly Harped as to what
he is to do, wh,n he hears the terrific words " hoes baje."
The ladrones, in order, we suppose. to rob with more
ease to themselves, than they would with the victim's
eye upon them, intimate to you in these words their de-
sire that you will prostrate yourself upon your face. The
statistics of crime in Mexico city are fearful. The
prison, one of the most loathsome and ill-regulated hot-
beds of crime in the world, contained, in one year, fire
hundred men and women, charged with adultery, incest,
and unmentionable crime; fifteen hundred with robbery,
seventy with murder—while hundreds of murderers were
not even accused—altogether more than nine thousand
criminals charged with gross violations of every law,
disine and human. The very form of the houses denote
the universal insecurity of life and property. To the
street, they all present a sombre and gloomy appearance,
but few windows being ever seen in the first storeys, or,
if they are, never without being strongly barred
with iron gratings. When we reflect that six
hundred thousand only of the whole population can
even read and write, while a very small proportion of
them have any real education to boast of, such results
are the less to be wondered at. Moreover, the Church,
which should teach them better, is but a huge corpora.
tion for obtaining land and wealth, which it squanders
in idleness and vice. Its members keep mistresses
openly, take them into society, and spend the greater
portion of their time in lounging about the streets and
drinking shops, smoking, and often in a state of ine-
briety. Further, the only amusements afforded to the
people are of a brutalising and degrading character.
Gambling is the passion of high and low; lotteries are
in every square; while Sunday, by their neighbours set
apart as a period of repose, thoughtfulness, and love, is
here the moment chosen for the savage unveiling of the
slaughter-house, in the shape of bull-fights, conducted
in the most coarse manner, and where the most wicked
passions of an ignorant and debased people are fostered.
and nourished. These exiibitioes are habitually at-
ended by all classes, including the clergy, who, with
ne or two noble exceptions, set the example of that
careless, thoughtless nonchalance, which is the character.
istic of this principle. And yet, clearly showing that
adverse circumstances have alone caused this state of
things ; in the middle classes are to be found many in-
stances of a very superior morality and bearing. They
are often kindly, gentle, hospitable, brave, and intelli-
gent, and in the privacy of their in-dwelling, those who
know them best have had occasion to remark the utmost
love and regard between parents and children—sincere
friendship—respect for genius—and an ardent and en-
lightened patriotism. The contrary is the result of an
ill-regulated society, and the misery of their political
position.
Their revolutions have been always without
object, and therefore unprogressive, and devoid of any
guiding principle. The long disturbance of national
peace which we have sketched above, has arrested all
itealthful action, impaired the morals, checked industry,
prevented emigration, made agriculture a menial toil,
created an hierarchy of arms and priests, covered the
people with debt and difficulty, and fostered the most
extensive political corruption that ever demoralised and
beggared any nation. The majority, therefore, are
treacherous, suspicious, and cruel. Many seek an ex-
planation in the climate, saying that the temperature is
too high for the virtues of enterprise and industry. Such
theorists must explain why the Rome and Greece of to-
day are not the Rome and Greece of by-gone times. We
may rely on the fact that education, wise legislation, and
the gradual infusion of honesty and pride into a
people, will overcome the disadvantages of the most
enervating climate. Besides, many parts of Mexico are
cold enough for a practical refutation of this idea.—The
Topic.

The following highly distinguished company have
honoured the Lyceum Theatre with their presence eking
the week, to witness the new burlesque of the Magic Horn:—
His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge, the Duke
and Duchess of Beaufort, the Ladies Somerset, the Duke and
Duchess of Leinster, the Marquis of Donegall, the Marquis of
Conyngham, the Earl and Countess of Chesterfield, Earl
Radnor, Countess of Essex, Earl Bectire, Lord Dillon, Lord
Suffield, Lady Macdonald, Lord Fitzgerald, Lord blouson,
Lady Webster, the Hon. Captain Mocdonald, Sir J. Lowther,
Bart., Sir Edmund Antrobus, Sir F. Trench, Sir A. Corbett,
G. Wombwell, Esq., V. Stanley, Esq., &c. &c.
" A HORRIBLE STORY."—A paragraph, having the
above heading, appeared in some of the papers of Saturday,
putting forth a statement that a pie had been sent to the
bakehouse of Mr. Just, Nassau-street, to be baked, which
was afterwards found to contain the body of a new-born
child. There is not one word of truth in the statement from
beginning to end; and Mr. Just, who carries on a very re-
spectable business as a baker, in Nassau-street, is determined,
if possible, to find out the author of so base and wicked a
fabric,iii,n, invented, nn doubt, by some malicious villain to
injure him in his business.
Prince Charles of Bavaria, who lately left Paris,
arrived at Augsburgli in the evening of the 20th inst., by a
special. train, and was received with the honours due t%
his rank.

• ANECDOTE FOR NATURALISTS.--A.--few days ago u
the gardener of B. Potter, Esq., of Darley Hall, was mowing
the gmss7plot, he cut open, lengthwise, au adder,o
ditaidains, otut ,of which ran a mouse, no doibt recently'
swalloWed. Thos same person, on entering the stable, heard
the croaking of a frog in distress, and on proceeding to its.
resen,,. he diFcovcrect the little animal with its hind-legs in
an nki mouth, and on killing the venomous re tile, as.
frog leaped away, and escaped uninjured.--Derby. X

THE SALT MONOPOLY.
The salt monopoly of India has been often noticed
under this head as a subject of serious complaint in the
local papers. The Serampore journal, the Friend of
India, well known for the knowledge it displays of com-
merce and statistics, has particularly distinguished itself
as an advocate for the admission of British salt, and the
consequent abolition of the present monopoly, which con-
fines the population of India to the salt taken from the
shores of the Red Sea and the Persian Gul£
'Hitherto'', hare mentioned the monopoly as a matter
of local complaint only, and the notice of the subject has
been confined to occasions when the Indian papers have
arrived. Now, however, the question has changed its
character, and appears as one which is taken up with
great warmth by the salt trade of this country. They
are convinced of the fact that England can supply India
with salt to an unlimited amount, to the great benefit of
both countries, and they grow restless at the obstacle
which the salt monopoly places in their way.
The following resolutions, passed at a meeting of the
Chamber of Commerce of the white salt trade, held at
Northwich on the 13th inst., will clearly show the state

of feeling on the subject :
" It being higly desirable for the interests of the salt
trade of this country that the Indian mai kets (Mhos«•
annaal consumption is at least 250,000 to 300,000
tons) should be fairly opened for the admission of
British manufactured salt, which can be supplied of a
far purer quality, and at much lower rates, than that
produced under the East India Company system :
" Resolved, that each salt manufacturer in Cheshire
and Worcestershire be requested to use his personal
interest, individually as well as collectively, to abolish a
monopoly so injurious to the interests of the salt trade of
England.
" That, as the admission of British salt into India in-
timately affects not only the price, but also the supply
of Bengal sugars, and is likewise of the greatest import-
ance to the shipowners and manufacturers of this
country, it is advisable that a letter be drawn up
and forwarded by the Chairman of the Salt Chamber
of Commerce to the Chairman of the Shipowners'
Association in London and Liverpool—the East India
and China Association—the Manchester, Liverpool,

Bristol, and Glasgow Chambers of Commerce---re-
questing their aid and assistance, separately and col-
lectively, as well as that of the individual members of
the various chambers and associations over which they
preside, in order to abolish a monopoly so fraught with
mischief to the manufacturing, shipping, and commercial
interests of England, as well as so injurious to the moral,
domestic, and political economy of the people of India ;
and in order that an accurate knowledge may generally
be diffused of the working and effects of the salt mono-
poly in India, 150 copies of Mr. D. C. Aylwin's Salt
Pamphlet be forwarded to each of the above gentlemen,
with a request that they will distribute them amongst
such shipowners, manufacturers, sugar, refiners, and
merchants, as they may deem most interested in the
Indian trade, or most likely to take up and advocate this

question.
" That, as it is desirable the Board of Control should
be petitioned prior to applying to Parliament for redress,
a deputation from the salt proprietors of England shall
as soon as possible be formed ; and that this Chamber
be requested to place itself in communication with the
chairman of the: Shipowners' Association in London
and Liverpool—the East India and China Associations—
the Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol, and Glasgow Cham-
bers of Commerce, to ri_quest their active co operation
in submitting to their various chambere and assoeia-
tions the prcpriety of uniting in one common body, to
petition the Board of Control to abolish a monopoly
which is equally prejudicial to the interests of all.
" That circular letters, with the above resolutions at-
tached, be forwarded to each member of the salt trade,
with a request that, with as little delay as possible, a
list may be furnished to the Chamber of Commerce of
such individuals to whom each member may wish a copy
of Mr. Aylwin'a Salt Pamphlet to be forwarded.
" That a general meeting of the salt trade of Eng-
land be calked for Monday, August 31, at the Angel Inn,
Northwich, at one o'clock; and
"That Mr. Aylwin be respectfully requested to attend
such meeting.
" W. WORTHINGTON, Chairman."
It will be perceived that a pamphlet by Aylwin
is mentioned as of peculiar importance. This is a
quarto work, in which the information relative to the
salt monopoly, and its effect on the most varied inte-
rests, has been collected with the greatest diligence,
every fact which it contains being borne out
by a reference to the most extensive tables. For the
purpose of collecting this information, Mr. Aylwin
went from England to Calcutta, and there from resi-
dent merchants obtained the great mass of material
which he now lays before the commercial public. The
pamphlet being of rather formidable dimensions,
though excessively interesting to all who are prac-
tically concerned with the subject, Mr. Ayl win has added
another, of smaller size, that exhibits at a glance the
salient points of the case. As his object is to speed his
views as widely as possible, this is a judicious proceed-
ing ; but, nevertheless, all who wish to make themselves
acquainted with the question—and it is a very important
one, with the most various bearings—should peruse the
larger production in addition to the abridgment.
In the first place, the question is treated as one of re-
venue, and here the principle is laid down that if the
Government of India has not netted 3 rupees per maund
(the duty on imported salt), the salt monopoly causes a
loss to the Treasury. Now, it appears that the total
amount of salt manufactured by the East India Company
bent een the years 1793 4 and 1844-5 (including a corn
paratively small amount imported) was not less than
237,347,544 =wilds, which, at 3 rupees per maund,
would have yielded the Government a re-vs-Imp se
712,042,662 rupees, whereas the revenue actually realised
does not exceed 606,268,!:80 rupees, thereby showing
loss by manufacturing of no less than 105,774,382
rupees, or upwards of 10.500,0001. sterling.
By a comparison of the state of the population at two
different periods a new result is obtained, which bears
greatly upon the philanthropic view of the question.
From the year 181344 to the to the year 1844-e, the
population has increased 50 per cent., whereas in the
same time the amount of salt manufactured by the East
India Company has only advanced at the rate of 6 per
cent., although the consumption of imported articles has
kept pace with the increased number of the people. In
case this fact should not be sufficiently valued, from a
notion that salt is not so absolutely necessary to the In-
dian population, it is as well to quote the opinion on
this matter of the late Rammohun Roy :
" As salt has by long habit become an absolute notes
sary of life, the poorest peasants are ready to sur-
render everything. else in order to procure a small pro-
portion of this article, th.‘ugh the dearth of the salt is
felt by the whole community ; and the people in general
are therefore obliged to n ake use of a bad quality, and
few, comparatively, are able to incur the expense of pro-
curing it in a purer form.
"As the food of the people in Bengal consists chiefly
of boiled rice, which is, by itself, a most insipid kind of
food, salt, and the ingredients dressed with salt, are used
to season the rice, and render it palatable. The rice is
usually eaten with what the Hindoos call byunyun or
turkaree, and the Mussulmans salun; that is, something
such as a little fish, or dal (a kind of dressed pease), or
vegetables, according to their abilities to procure th -se
articles. But as they have been long accustomed to the
use of salt, the high cost of this ingredient sometimes
obliges the poor people to give up their byunyun or salun
to procure it, and eat their rice with salt alone.
" Salt being, as I already observed, an abeolu e neses-
sary of life, is now purchased, even by the poorest in-
dividuals, at the sacrifice of eery other kind of season
ing and eatable but rice,' the staff of lite. If salt were
rendered cheaper and better, it must greatly promote the
common corn:orts of the people. Ido not know that it
would immediately cause a very considerable increase of
consumption, but, to a certain extent it would undoubt•
edly; and, from its cheapness, its use may he again ex-
tended by the people in seasoning the food of cattle, for
which purpose formerly large quantities were used. The
poorer classes, at any rate, would not in this case be
compelled to sacrifice any other comfort in order to
procure it.
" As I understand, the price of salt is here about
one-fourth of what it is in India ; therefore there is no
doubt that the natives of India would be very glad to
purchase English salt, if imported, exc-pting, perhaps, a
very few professional Brahmins. The bulk of the
people would make no distinction between the salt which
is home made and that which is imported. One-fourth
(if not one-third) of the soda-water manufactured in
Calcutta by Europeans is, I think, used by the natives
residing in Calcutta and its suburbs, and also a conside-•
rable portion of the liquors imported from Europe,
" The adulteration of the salt is carried to an enor-
mous extent, by mixing it with one-third, or even one-
half of earth, until, instead of being like salt, it more
resembles the earth of which it is partly composed. Per-
sons in comfortable circumstances generally purify it,
by manufacturing it over again before they use it, or
purchase it already refined, often at double the common
price ; but the poorer classes cannot afford the expense
of either."
The fact is, the deficiency of salt is in some measure
supplied by smuggling, for which the extensive frontier
affords the greatest facilities. Still, however, setting
aside the consideration that smuggling is invariably at-
tended with the most immoral consequences, the Indians
appear to be most scantily supplied with this very neces-
sary article, and the indirect effect of the high price of
salt, and the indigence of the people, is considered by
Mr. Aylwin to be a cause of the decline in the exporta-
tion ougar
s' To what is this remarkable decline to be attributed?
Has the demand decreased? Is the profit on the pro-
duction lessened? Have fresh competitors arisen? Have
new duties on exportation or importation been imposed
in England or in India, to check the enterprise of the
Bengal grower? Has the consuming population dimi-
nished? Or, in fact, has any rational cause ever been
assigned to account for this mercantile phenomenon? I
answer confidently and emphatically in the negative :
none of the above-mentioned causes have arisen. India
enjoys the same advantages that she did in 1840-41 ;
but she is unhappily not in a condition to avail herself
of them. She is not enabled to put forth and show her
capabilities of production, while the industry and energy
of her vast labouring population are paralysed, as they,
now are, by the oppression and injustice of the salt mo-
nopoly. where are limits to the extent of human labour;
*NI while that is strained to the uttermost to provide the
MUDS of obtaining the bare essentials of existence, no
margin :is left for the application of time, labour, and
cs ia order to procure clothing, which by the poorer
tialadaoa gryve to say, is now regarded as merely one
of the luxuries of life."
The shipping interest are also concerned in the ques-
tion. 4919 shown by the following extract from the short
•••pli
paanllt:--
Of the wonderful advantage that will accrue to
British shipping from such an increase in the export
till& to India, it is impossible to form an estimate. A
complete revolution, in fact, will be effected in the condi-
tion of the India shipowner now struggling with the
serious and almost paralysioginfluenceof stem. Owing to