The Sun.
London, England, 1846-03-13 00:00:00

STATE OF IRELAND.

Lord J. RUSSELL gave notice that on the 26th
March he should more that the House d.) rosolve i7self
into Couunittee of the whole House, for the purpose of
considering an address to her Majesty on the subject of
the state of Irelurid.
ADJOURNMENT OF THE HOUSE. •

It was then resolved that the House at its rising
should adjourn until Monday nest.
On the motion that the orders of the day should be
read,
Captain PECHELL observed, that there was a Bill
before the House for the pay ment and enrolment
of the Chelsea pensioners. Now he would wish that
the Bill were postdoaed until a return of the Chelsea
pensioners was made, and the number and names of the
places where they were paid.
Mr. CARDWELL objected tp such a course as most
unreasonable.
An lion. MEMBER. wished to ask the Right Hon.
Baronet at the head of her Majesty's Government at what
period the sugar question would be brought under the
attention of the Ilouse.—(Hear, hear.)
Sir ROBERT PEEL said it was impossible for him
to name a day when he would• bring forward that
question. So far as commercial measures were con-
cerned, it certainly should have precedence. Ile would
be most anxious that it should be brought under the no•
tice of the House at the earliest period. He proposed
that the reduced duties should not come into operation
until the .sth of July next.
THE BETTER PROTECTION OP LIFE
(IRELAND) BILL.
Mr. O'CONNELL wished to inquire from the Right
Hon. Baronet whether it was the intention of the Go-
vernment to follow a certain precedent which had been
established in 1773. In diet year the Coercion Bill was
introduced into the House of Lords, and was brought
down to the time of C et- mons, and be was authorised,
he believed, by the majority of the Irish Members of
the House to ask whether the precedent then este-
bli,hed could be followed out in this case. The precedent
was this ; as soon as the Bill was brought down to the
House of Commons, Lord North, then at the head
of her Majesty's Government, moved that the
Bill be printed, and appointed a day, after
the printing of the Bill, for its firet read-
ing ; and as the present is a very important
case, he was very anxious to know whether that prece-
dent would be followed in this instance. He wished to
know when the Coercion Bill now before the House of
Lords would be presented, and have a day fixed for its
first reading. It was very desirable that the House
should be pot into possession of copies of that Bi 1 before
any discussion took place upon it.
Sir R. PEEL said that there Wes a very material dif-
ference between the Bill to which the Hoe. and Learned
Mem!), r had referred, as baring passed in the time of
Lord North, and that which was now befme the House
of Lords. The firs'-mentioned Bill was a coercion Bill,
but that which was now before the ir Lordships was a
Bill for the better protection of life in Ireland.
At the same time he must admit that precedent
which the Noble and Learned Member referred
was established in the year 1773. (Hear, hear.) Lord
North moved when the Bill was brought to the Hous
that it should be printed, and the first reading of it post-
poned. He (S r Rob;la Peel) was desirous that the pre-
sent Bill should be proceeded with without delay, but still
as the precedent had been estab'ished, he had no objec-
tions against moving that the Bill, when it reached that
House, should be printed, and that a future day be up-
panted for taking it into consideration.

CUBA SUGAR.
Lord JOHN RUSSELL said that, as a qwstion had
already been asked about the sugar duties, he should wish
to ask the Government another question. It had been
stated by L n.l Abinger that the Earl of Aberdeen was
about to make some proposition to the Government

COMMONS' SUMMARY.
The SPEAKER took the chair at Four o'clock.
Several Railway Bills were read a second time and ordered
to be committed.

LorO HENRY BENTINCK took the oaths and his seat for
North Nottingham.
Several Railway Bills were read a third time and passed.:
The Grand Trunk, or Stafford and Peterborough Railway
Bill was read a second time; after a division by a majority
of 20.
Lord J. RUSSELL gave notice of his intention on Thurs*
day, the 26th of March, to move that the House on that day;
do resolve itself into a Committee of the whole House for the
purpose of considering the state of Ireland.

Sir R. PEEL, in answer to a question 'from an Hon...
Member, said it was impossible for him to say on what day
he should bring forward the reductiGn of the sugar duties.
It was his intention, however, to do so as soon as the corn
importation measure was disposed of. .
In answer to a question from Mr. O'CoNNErr., Sir IL PEEL
said it was the intention of the Government, immediately upon
the Irish Protection of Life and Property Bill coming into the
House, to move that it be printed, and taken into con-
sideration on an early day.
The South Sea Company Bill was read a third time and
passed, and the motion of the CILLNCELLOn of the ExcuEquEn
Sir J. GRAHAM moved for leave to bring in a Bill to afford
temporary provision for parties affected with fever in Ireland.
Mr.WAKLEr —That the best. course to stop the disease that
was now raging in Ireland was to provide the people withfood.
After some observations from Mr. Cor.qtrnotLN, Captain
OSBORNE, Lord G. BENTINCE, Mr. Hums; Mr. O'CONNELL,
Sir J. GRAHAM said that nothing had been lost sight of by
the Government to alleviate, as far as possible, the distress
and misery that was existing in Ireland.
(LEFT SITTING )

CAPTAiN JOHNSTON, OF THE

SHIP TORY.
(Abridged from the John 0' Groat Journal.)
Captain George Johnston is the son of a worthy man
named William who lived in the parish of
Dunnet, county of Caithness, and was for many years,
and until his death, an elder in the church of Dunnet. He
Was first married to Margaret Swanson, the mother of
Captain Johnston, a respectable woman. She died soon
after the birth of George. There were three brothers
an four sisters of the family. The father again married
the widow of a George Smith, at one time mate of a
Thurso vessel. This woman, who is also mentioned as a
decent, respectable inuividual, had a family of her own.
A 3 the subject of this sketch grew up, he became quite
unmanageable, offering every insult to her whom he
ought to have obeyed and respected. He was conse-
quently put out to herd what is termed " The Town's
Cattle." The custom:is, that the herd takes his food and
bed in each house daily, in rotation. In this way he
had a new master every day, and if any of them crossed
him he had his revenge in came way or other. On his
half yearly term of herding lacing over, he was again
taken home and put to the parish school, where
he continued for a short period. When there
he was still the terror of his companions.
He was taken from school and again put to herding.
Having occasion to meet many neighbouring herds he
used to beat them soundly, and many anecdotes are
told of him, all proving his fighting propensities.
Johmtun was for a while post-boy between Thurso and
Mey, and in this capacity he manifested the same im-
petuous temper, and great daring. From this employ-
ment he betook himself to sea, and served his apprentice-
ship on board the " George Sinclair," of Wielc. Having
disputed with the other appr, ilexes, he administered to
each asevere drubbing, and forthwith left the vessel, with.
out completing lis term of servitude. Johnston acted as
fisherman one season at Wick—lie again went on board
ship. It is reported of him that when sailing out of
London, he had seen published, a challenge and bets on
a celebrated prizefighter, whom he took up, and won the
fight, by which he is said to have pocketed a little
money. For a short period he resided in Edinburgh
with a sister, who was married there, and at this time
he put himself to school and studied navigation, &c. He
afterwards went to Liverpool, and sailed out of that port
for a time as mate, and subsequently as captain. Capt.
Johnston married, in Orkney, a cousin of his own,
named Mary Johnston, whose father belinc,ssed to Dun-
net. It is said of him that, when in good humour, he
was kind to the men under him, and hospitable to his
countrymen who visited Liverpool He was fond of show
and pompJus appearance. When at Hong-Kong, it is
reported of him that he emphiyed some of the natives
there to carry him shoulder high, in all the pomp of an
eastern monarch. Johnston is in his With year, but he
-looks older. He has had several children, but only
one daughter is alive. His father died ten or twelve
years ago, but his step-mother is still alive and resides
in Dunnet. He has a brother living in Castletown.
His wife has been residing in London since his arrival
from China. He is rather under the middle size, so far
as height is concerned, but is stoutly built, and large
boned. Sinclair, the carpenter on board the Tory, is
a native of Wick, and a saber trust-worthy lad. He
has bean about two years with Johnston. To his
exertions, as much as to any other, are the owners in-
debted for the safe arrival of their ship and valuable
cargo. The greater part of their crew were shipped at
Hung-Kong, and are described by those who had an op-
portunity of knowing something of their several histo-
ries as the " sweepings of all nations.".

NEW MODE OF PROPELLING

STEAMERS.

A great improvement in the mode of propelling of
steam vessels has recently been introduced to the notice
of the seientif c, and others engaged in steam navigation,
by Mr. Peter B. McQuie, a merchant at Liverpool.
The arrangements of their improvements are simply
these:—Underneath the steam engine and within the
vessel, a flit ciicular iron case is fixed horizontally below
the water line, itdo which the sea water flows uninter-
ruptedly through a hole at the centre of the
under side, by means of -a conduit or pipe extend-
ing towards the bow; and is, in fact, the
bottom of the vessel perforated with apertures to
admit the water fr. ely. The upper surface forms the
floor of the fore-hold, raised a little higher than the
keelson. From the periphery of the iron case a pipe
convejs the water to each side of the vessel, where a
•nezzle or beset pipe discharges the water ()abide of the
vessel above the wear line. Inside the iron case a fan
wheel is suspended by a vertical shaft passing through
it, on which cranks are formed ; on these the piston
rods of the cylinders act direct with their connect-
ing rods. By this arrangenieet the whole
power of the steam-engine ie employed to re-
volve the fan wheel, which carrying round the
water in the iron case, it presses by centrifugal force
towards the periphery, from whence it is discharged by
the nozzles. When the steam engine is put in motion
the discharge of water from each of these nozzles is si-
multaneous, and the seamen on deck have the entire con-
trol of the vessel without interfering with the steam-
engine, which never requires to be stopped or reversed
under any distress or sudden emergency ; in place of
which the vessel is stopped or impelled back wards by
pointing the nozzles downward, or towards the bow, which
can he done in a few seconds by means of a chain and wheel
(similar to a rudder wheel) on deck acting directly over
the nozzles. When these nozzles are pointed in opposite
directions, that is, to the bow and stern, the vessel turns
round as on a pivot, and is rendered in this way inde-
pendent of her helm. Besides these advantages there
are many others equally important ; in the first place a
greater speed is attained with the same power than by
the paddle-wheel or screw. Sail may be carried to any
extent cernbined with or wasting the steam power, as.
the hull is free. from all outward obstructions to impede
her sailing prop: vies, and no action of wind or sea
produces any reaction on the engine ; _therefore, no
vibratory motion is communicated t a the vessel, and the
power of prcpulsion is very slightly diminished by the
immersion of one or both nozzles in the water.,-New-
castle Guardian.

THE LATE FALL OF THE BONDING WAREHOUSE AT
LIVERPOOL.—On Monday, the adjourned inquest on Peter
Laney, who was killed by the falling of Mr. Tipping's
warehouse, in Moor-street, on the 31st of January, was
brought to a conclusion. In addition to the evidence, the
profess;onal testimony of several surveyors, who had ex-
amined the ruins, was given. They were all of opinion that
the accident resulted from hidden causes, - the principal, of
Which was the rottenness 9f the ends of the beams in the
eastern and western walls, which could not be perceived
when the building stood, but which is now apparent.
Evidence was given that the warehouse was not overloaded
at the time of the accident ; and the jury returned a verdict
of" Accidental death from unforeseen causes," accompanied
with a suggestion that a surveyor should be appointed to
snpect warehouses, especially old ones.
CHATHAM SAVINGS' BANK.—At the thirtieth annual
meeting of the managers of this institution, it appeared by
the report, that notwithstanding the reduced rate of interest
allowed to depositors, there had been deposited in the last
year nearly 22,900/., made bv. 3.900 separate deposits; and
that in the same period 23,000/. had been withdrawn from the
bank in principal and interest.

THE BEAN.
(From the kverness Courier.)
The late disease in the potato seems not only to have
placed the agricultural, but the political, world in a quan-
dary; an►d politicians have been quite as much puzzled,
and as unsuccessful, in finding a substitute for Sir Ro-
bert Peel, as we agriculturists have been in finding a
substitute for the potato—and probably for the very
same reason—natnely, that none of our indigenous
plants seem to have scope enough in them to fill the
place. Whether we may ultimately be more suc-
cessful than our friends the politicians, time will
try ; for my part, I have not much hope of the
event, from this very good reason, that although
we have had a little back-sliding in the potato, caused
by our own *stupidity, its life and character as a specks
remains unimpaired. Indeed, we have. no single in-
stance, even in tradition, of a plant being lost to the
world that was found to be worth the care and trouble of
keeping. Then why should we despair of the potato ?
My object, however, is not so much to recommend a
substitute as an assistant ; fur it mast be confessed that
potatoes of themselves, even of the znealiest kind, are but
watery and weak when we come to dig ditches or trench
land upon them ; and, besides, it seems almost an
anomaly in nature that the life of a warm• blooded animal
should depend upon a single plant. We have no instance
of it in nature, except among the grubs and caterpillars ;
and it is sickening to think that so many of our fellow-
creatures are reduced to such a condition.

The great defect in the potato, a.; food for a hard.
working man, is the undue proportion of carbonaceous,
as compared with the ezotised matter it contains, which
plainly points it out as an article of•diet that should
never be eaten alone, when it can ha helped. This law
is, indeed, very strictly kept by all who cm aff,:rd it.
But what comes of the thousands of our fellow-creatures
who have to begin and end their days on pota-
toes ?—it is worse than " making bricks without
straw." This is a very serious consideration, and
an evil not easily rernelied as society is at
present constituted. For every one that is born
with a knife and fork—even a steel fork—there are
probably, three born without them ; end as cultivation
increases, the proportion betwt en animal and farinaceous
ftod will further decrease, as the vegetative life which
can be produced from an acre of potatoes is so very
great when compared with an acre of land under beef
or mutton.

The natural economy of things in infant states of
society, where wild and tame animals bear a large
proportion to arable cultivation, is to run into the ex-
treme of animal food ; while, in the advanced stages,
in purely agricultural countries (where alone dense
populations can subzilt), the opposite or starchy extreme
is also as naturally adopted. That this state is already
realised to a painful extent in a large section of Great
Britain and Ireland is acknowledged on all hands ; but
how to remedy the blander is not easy to perceive. The
readiness and cheapness with which vegalble food,
sufficient to keep the vital stark glimmering in its
socket, can be raised, as compared with animal food, is
so great, that we despair of the bulk of our fellow crea-
tures being ever again able to clutch the knife and fork.
In this state of matters it behoves us all to cast about to
see if there is nothing which can be substituted for flesh
and blood in the manufacture of this very necessary in-
gredient in our food— this raw material of the thews and
sinews of animal life.

The great distinction between animal and vegetable
food seems to be the relative proportions of carbon and
nitrogen they respectively contain. The great bulk of
vegetables are comparatively scanty in nitrogen, while
some (as, for instance, the potato) is so destitute of this
principle, that, even- when compqred with the dry car-
bon, it only amounts to about half a cent. ; while, on
the other hand, some plants (as the leguminous, or bean
trib: ) rival beef or mutton in the amount of azotised
matter they contain. The natural inference to be draw n
from this is so plain that it scarcely r, quires pointing
out. In the potato we have a substance so
deficient in the proper ingredients ' of the
blood, that, of itself, it is barely enough to
support human life ; while in the bean we
have all the principal ingredients of the blood, almost in
a stag of purity, but which, nevertheless, is not perfectly
suited to the human constitution ; there is a want of that
very ingredient which the potato contains in excess,
namely, carbon, and without which the heat of the
human frame could not be maintained. Now, se: ing
that by the constitution of things we cannot all get meat
to our potatoes, how would it do to mix these two sub-
stances, seemingly created to supply the wants of each
other ? The process is simple, and the result certain ; as by
doing so, we have at once an amalgam suited to all the
wants of the human , constitution, and at an expense
which need not deter any one who can afford to eat at
all. But this will be more vividly seen by reference
to the following table, made up from the mien recent,
and believed to be -the most correct analysis of these
substances. For the sake of simplicity, and en account
of carbon and nitrogen being reckoned the principal in-
gredients necessary in building up animal structures, I
omit the others :

c"!arbon. Nitrogen.
Produce of 1 acre, say 25 bnahel3 of
beans.
„ 1 acre, say 1321bs of beet 66 19
„ 1 acre, say 6 tons of po-
tatoes . .

It will thus be seen that an acre of land in beans not only
produces four times as much of these grand ingredients
in the animal organism, carbon and nitrogen, as an ware
under beef, but the relative proportions are so near to
that of beef that they may safety be set down as errors
in analysis or calculations. What waste, then, must it
be to gather up cur nitrogen through the aid of sheep
and cattle, while it can be so cheaply and handily done
by a crop of beans? Again, in reference to' the above
table, we see that the nitrogen in beans is
something about the same ratio as in the flesh
of animalq, and as we know from instinct
and experience that flash requires something in
the shape of carbon to saturate the excess of nitrogen, so
as to make it agreeable and wholesome to the human
constitution, we have another beautiful provision of the
All .bountiful Preserver, in the beans—given us, no doubt,
as " kitchen" for the rather watery and starch individual,
the potato. The excess of nitrogen in the bean is pro-
bably something about what will make up for the want
of nitrogen in the potato, after you deduct the share of
the potatoes usually allotted to the pig, and take in the
"drop" of butter-milk—that is, under these deductions
and additions, an acre of beans should saturate an acre
of potatoes, or vice versa.

None of our physiologizts enter very minutely into
the question as to the proper mixture of carbon and ni-
trogen in human food. Liebig, that prince of physiolo-
gists, in one instance states as follows:—"Fifteen pounds
of flesh contain not more carbon than four pounds of
starch; and while the savage, with one animal and an
equal quantity of starch, could maintain life and health
fur a certain number of days, he would be compelled, if
confined to flesh, in order to procure the carbon necessary
fur respiration, to consume five such animals," Liebig, in
this paragraph, seems to infer that weight for weight
in flesh and starch is the proper mixture. Now, this
bears me out in a remarkable manner ; as, granting that
flesh andt beans are almost identical in their two prin-
cipal elements (which no chemist doubts), the gross
weight of an acre of beans, say of 25 bushels, is
103001h5., which exactly covers the starch, sugar, &c.,
in an acre of potatoes carrying six tons—(see Profes-
sor Johnston's tables.)

We now come to another class of facts, which, on
the present generation, strike harder and sink deeper,
than the symbolic figures, atomic weights, and
calphuric acid facts of the chemists. Who has
ever rode a bean fed horse for any distance but
has been cl.armed with his firmness under him, and
ale life, spirit, and endurance on a journey ? Who but
sans admired the springy step, the restlessnes and impa-
tience to get on, evinced in every muscle of his bedy ?
this is always in contradistinction to a grass or potato-
i•ed horse, as a general rule--for, no doubt, there are
horses as well as human beings that even beans will net
put life in. Again, who has ever compared a piece of
"dean-fcd with a piece of potato •fed bacon ? The one is
.ike. cutting up a sponge filled with train oil, while
',he other is like slicing down lancewood or hickory.
.L'he very butcher who " sticks" your pig will tell
jou whether beans has been an ingredient in its
good. Marshall, a writer on rural economy, mentions
that the bean, where not fraudulently mixed (a very
sio is fraud we should think) with baker's bread,
is principally given to horses, pigs, and other domestic
animals, in the midland counties of England, on account
of the spirit and sleekne33 it imparts to them. In regard
to pigs he states, that when fed on beans the meat be-
comes so hard that it makes but ordinary pork, but very
good bacon. Now these are qualities which, although
partaken of by the lower animals, few will be disposed to
cavil at in man. In fact, these qualities sit very grace-
fully on every grade of animated nature, and we should
like vastly to see a portion of them imparted to the
peasantry of the sister kingdom—as certainly the appear-
ance of a ship-load of Irish reapers, newly landed on our
shores, gives one an idea of anything but "de, kaess."
The hardness also, in bean-fed pork, is the very think we
went. It is the loose fibrous texture of potato-fed meat,
whether in the horse, the pig, or the human being, that
is undesirable.

Natute gives certain animals sharper instincts than
others, and wherever very special.citcumstances require
th:se extraordinary instincts, they are really wanting.
The pigeon is one of the swiftest and most enduring of
winged animals, at least among the graminivcra, and pro-
bably no lining thing, bulk for bulk, expends so much
force throughout the day. His flight, whether fur food
or play, is always at the top of his " bent." There is no
dallying in the case of the pigeon; he flies always as if
fur a wager. Now, every one knows the great predilection
pigeons have for ie leguminous or azotised crops, and the
long and meteor-like flights they will take for this
their favourite food. We recollect once in our youth
sowing peas in the grey of a March morning, and before
the first sheet v as emptied we heard a whistling in the
air, and, on turning round, observed a fkek of blue
pij,;eons doubling up their wings for their breakfast at
the end of the ridge where we had started. How they
got notice of the sowing is a mystery, but one thing is
certain, there was not a pigeon-cote within twenty miles
that could have supplied such a sample; neither I re-
coll.ct even havi.ig seen pigeons traversing that district
of country, except at the time of sowity, the peas, or
on the pea stubbles in autumn. At such time let the
fariner go as early as he likes to his beau or pea field,
the pigeons will be there before him.
The use and cultivation of the bean is szid to have
originated in Egypt. The higher classes of the Egyp-
tians had a prejudice against the plant, which affords
pretty strong presumptive proof that they would give it
to their servants and slaves ; and when we think of the
canals, the aqueduct:, the sepulchres, and those most im-
mortal of mortal things, the parymids of ancient Egypt,
it certainly does give one an extraordinary idea of the
herculean influence of the bean.
But it is not altogether from its nutritive qualities and
the singular adaptation of its constituent principles for
coalescing with those of the potato, so as to make one
beauteous and harmonious whole, that I would so

,
• 3/1
strongly recommend its cultivation and use. This Pi
is admirably adapted for small tennant and lotto
ietuo
tivation, and it is these that principally reed it•
be
seed is, required at first, the fodder is equal to the ilia
ryegrass hay, and the plant is of itself of ~,a
pliable temperament, that yon may hand feed iti,o4
April ti te fros ses in at te fal of the ear.
bloom anll dh nol tot thetlast, andh thusl y
secure an es.tra
cr
whereas with the oat, the barley, and other rei
grasses, you are nearly precluded from this rewil%g
care and watchfulness, as the head and car of be,/
grasses is formed before the stalk or leaves reach is
inches above the ground, and no future care asic,:e
tivation will increase the number of " pickles" , '
ears. ,
But I know small tenants will say—Oh ! bec.ns"%tr
not grow with us ; we never saw beans but ou the str•ior
lands of the "big farmers." This is very trite
generally see the best beans on strong stiff soils'
simple fact of beans always growirg best 00 thiesedeep
soils, when well and often ploughed and hee'hics
shows us that it was not the stiffness of the soil ",-ilaajt
a() congenial to the bean, but the ingredients whici',o.hr
soils generally contain, the prit c'pal of which i.g-s
lieved to be the alkalies. Those who live near tPe.,,,,e,f
side have been carrying alkaline matter, in the shslify
sea-ware, on their backs to their lands fur the lu'ligoe
years, while at the same time they have lac ell :.„;;re'
ously cultivating the potato, a plant in
iitsth;re
clients, and consequently its food, notorious,Y tor
verse of the bean. From these and other
stances they are undoubtedly in a better
sailing the bean than any oilier class ; and as er
that the " biz farmers," the manufacturers, an
chants, chants, and those who are " under Governmen'ec-thiC
the beef and mutton from them, it is themsetv-,60
especially require the bean. I would say to th'2ll',;
lu
not talk about not liking bean brose bean brc'su'fcact3
a single bannock you are probably swallowinf" 55,-„ tie
real food as in a whole put-full of potatoes. It is fil
liking of this or that sort of food, believe alto
nonsense. Our relish for food dues not depend on
4,,' f
we eat but on the state of hunger we may be 111',•-li
do believe the cotter relishes his " brochan" as „,
the alderman does his turtle-soup. Ob.
The cultivation of the been is simple and WY* ro0
eight them in is, I think, the best planthetbr:'
eieen inches apart, and dibble the beans at oat
inches asunder in the rows. This will rcquirepooth
two bushels per Scotch acre. Hoe well during tr'e ttd
and sow as early as the season will permit--se-0
Ifeliogoland variety. It should be no discouragel'aehe
small tenants, in trying the beans, that ms(
are none grown in their neighbourhood.
be from the very simple reason that the: uls•
never been tried. There are no field hegn" eye'
vated within fifty miles of where I lins tlO
this season, I had at the rate of fifty busue;s-setll
acre, on a piece of very ordinary land, helq; Fe'
double what the " big farmers" reckon a good
cpatitt
their strong lands, and double what I have been c(3isifi'
npc:n in my previous calculations in this letter. with
of this ; 3,0001b5. of stuff equal to beef or inutcoati ftio
out bones too, on a single acre, and all to hetertl)
yourselves—for it is not the fashion at present '°o4
great folks to eat bean bread, and good fashi°nstlif
81
travel up hill, although bad ones travel either irk •
all means, therefore, try the Beans.

S`,
t
THE PRISONS of GREAT BRIn,1„„ 119,!
The tenth report of the inspectors of Pl'6;d-e91
rsb:
just made its appearance, and has excited a c°llsverlcri
sensation among the City authorities. The
advert to the general improvement which I'l7 ei
place in prison discipline and management, 011 golpf
separate system of prison discipline. In !Ilfeiooe
district, the eew Reading County Gaol and rintigh;
Correction has been in operation for more thb etel
teen months, and the separate system tried wi1",,;50;
success. Not only has the health of the pri°soo,s
proved under this system,but the number of Po °lO
has greatly decreased. The last report 00'04
punishments for prison offences out of an stle Jorii;
plantation of 830. Under the separate sYsteTneveP
the same period we have only 94 prison Pli°,l,-obrtee,
cut of a population of 352, or 16 per cent. lessl.l-0 of tri,
tofore. The intellectual and religious instruCkiersb'
convict has progress, d in an equal ratio. Cosh'
egert;
alterations and improvements have been made jlll 0 tiedford County Gaol and House of Correction, 10,1'1,1,004,e,4
to its adaptation to the separate system. Ch', 00;1
Prison has been taken down, and a new coonVptaii.
in course of erection on its site, upon the r
system, for the untried and for prisoners under
nation. In Buckinghamshire a new prison 1.°,r,, Jeog,.°'
sorters on the improved plan will be completed '"he
next. The inspectors object, however, to t itrj
vision of day rooms for prisoners before tri: bsr
the tread. wheal for prisoners sentenced •it it sri
labour. They are of opinion that the
tem cannot properly be applied to the untri
that compulsory labour does not necessarily ropey,
industrious habits. Extensive alterations are ill Poo °i,
in the Essex County Gaol at Springfield, an'l3,(l,
jectionable gaol at Chehnsford is to be üb°l,lgertel.
the Kent county prisons at Canterbury end '7,1: ~do
many important alterations are in conternplotcie's
inspectors strongly recommend the erection c" ,058,
in the metropolitan districts of Kent, the e5Y1,00°,,
conveying offenders from the neighbourhood aro it.ei
to Maidstone, amounting, at present, to I,B°,°,eose
They also suggest that one large I'l 00
Correction, on the new system, shall be prisol
tuted for the Brixton, Guildford, and KingstalAiste„
In the eastern division of Sussex there is a lyre
of additional prison accommodation. Whilst •s;
spectors, however, express their satisfaction „ri,
great improvement which has taken place 11"0:`,
discipline and accommodation in the di4tricts 4,re;
referred to, they advert in terms of 'f• thr.
condemnation to the disgraceful condition 410,0
prisons of the city of London, Newgate, "iv'?
scree: Compter, and the City Bride
el 0,05",
which, say they, " the master evil of g--q vnf
so, •
ciation and consequent contamination, 1,)10,
tinting to operate directly to the encourag.,,:;oo,
crime. The forced companionship of a prisonerJ;fer', 0(
mencing his career with the associates be most fsi'
sity meet with in the City prisons, car'llutheyo,ol
proving destructive." The inspectors add, fbart,he cil)oe
frequently protested against the prisons 0' ;tbe lifer
London without effect. Among the prisons 01 11,11,0'
district which fall within the same eategorif-ono.
for the county of Bedford, the effects „°;pe tee(
meat in which are of a most demoral4e Pvt
ratter. The act for the amendment 0' 00
of insolvency has greatly diminished the peptelle
of prisoners in :the following gaols, viz., Wei fordo
Prison for London and Middlesex ; the ga°l for es
county of Kent, at Maidstone ; and the gtee deafen
county of Surrey, in Horsemonger lane t° rifle
having amounted in the last mentioned pris°l. joeio
per cent. Having enumerated the causes 9 oPirjfoe
delinquency, tie inspectors express theirhe rot in
that ordinary schools are inapplicable t° `creed' d'
mation of such offenders. A vast imPr:-011', fel
the treatment of juvenile convicts is. bo" lest et
witted to have taken place within tiles' riS°". 'ce
years. The establishment of the Parkhurst ps in t'gre.
the instigation of the inspectors, now eight)e!e6cit/AS,
ration, has been attended with the most De",qo
sults. The prison was originally provided for t
re
but has been enlarged so 2S to accommodate a be "j
t
sent moment 720 boys. The arrangement pen) silt
bank Penitentiary for the probationary on 10 gr,., one
200 youths, from 16 to 20 y( ars of age, bites ef
augmented the means of ameliorating the 'for tvild
juvenile convicts. Further establishments at
and fectuation of the same desirable object are 0
tot
recommended. The report contains some :I° co;nlelioe
ful practical suggestions in regard to the trr ettra blf
juvenile offenders. .That treatment, howe:`o4,o(ol4),liS'
must be of a penal character; for if they are ectiveA f'?
fed and clothed, and subjected to little coil ffere' to
cipline, the strongest inducements will be jagtiroto
indigent parents to abandon their children, `).siion tiot
them to qualify themselves by crime for oda,' las fed
such establishments. The report reconled ere!, ill
a prison for juvenile delinquents should itot ye'o ,05
in London. Three thousand were confinedbtcd
the metropolitan prisons ; and it cannot be 04 .
ceot7o,
no youn person can fail to be depraved by I'.e,sa
nating association which such a system invol,ineir re ref
suggests that convicts of this class should, on than beiteel
from gaol, be placed in the way of obtaining iesti!l to(
livelihood, and not be left in the state 01 ( sokier, the
wkich at present attends their discharge. anubeto
emigrat.on for criminvl boys is next disco"e, fort or
necessity for the formation of district prisol'red nip(
insisted upon. Unless a liberal outlay be incuriass, t.viding reformatories for offenders cf this. ,ros,io ti
f#
numbers cannot fail to increase to a frightful bollo aelt
is 'added' tha for such purposes 505 a IV
already in existence might be adapted of iteS"
smaller cost than the construction ,rhe Lid 0.
prisons would of necessity involve. , eete°oo
ments by which the report is illustrate,c,,,.e
674 folios, and are chiefly statistical. 1" atel,othe
which is given of the rnetropolitun priso,ll,t73oe fat or!
of the City more especially, is little cren ,40),
wealth and intelligence of the City of Lond3lit to;jir
are unable to find space for any porj"lle. fully
Suffice it, for the present, to remark that
rants the indignant protest of the inspecto
__v....v.- 0.,
BMrirs. opt),
On the 4th inst., at Hammersmith, the lady of nsh
,„ 970ipe
the Bombay Medical Establishment,
of a daughter.
On the 7ih inst., Mrs. .7. Smith, Hermitage coal
,cter. PO 1{
On the Bth inst., at ycnbridge House, near E
lady of Captain Chichester, of a son.
On the Bth inst., at Quedgeley House, near Glo J
>1 f'
ofJ. Curtis Hayward, Esq., ofll, aClapham, thelads son. „, j. .
Oa the 9th lust., at Park-hi
Esq., of a stn.
it v. Pr. le'
at Tenbrldge, the lady of the •-e
tl`
On the 9th
3vOnnontlaiied&setlatuiiiiitseti..,, at
allelgataelhet:(er.Parsonage, the lady °e ip11,1"
131°
of a daughter.
On the 10th inst., Mrs. Richard Pfeil, Bread-street,
of a daughter.

~
10'1;
.t, to .p.
p.
MARRIED. ~„, atre. 'Ol-e
Dy 2pecial licetu,e, Daniel Ross, jun., Ell'-iii, w-
second daughter of the late Thomas Nicoll, Esq., 0' --‘1 -
*
Dundee.
-----"/ Jolt •
~,pl, PI,
DIED. de 1 jc vt
On the 24th of November last, at Boa Vista, CaPe "iirlo',;:celll4,
Maria, the daughter of Charles Pettingal, Esq., 11 of '-‘11""
jestf's Commissioner, aged 20; and also, on tlie bt
.e Ss e,
following, whilst off the Island of St Nicholas, file
~, pri4
On the 23d of December last, at Nagode,
l'ettiugal, Eeq., father of the abovenamet.l, nO.l 46. TiSnt ' . f
C :31
61st Bengal Native Infantry. e •-.0 G• '. f;i4
On the 18th of January, at Tuggiaphet, Elisio „jos',
the 26th Regiment Native Infantry, aged :14. .r'e' i)'''riv'ii;fl.
On the 27th ult., at Kegworth, Leicestershire, Cl'3,oll,e,:ccl
On the 2d inst., Mary Ann, wife of Mr. KJ unett, 0. „t tile '
On the 6th inst., the Rev. Newton Charles Lane, '
„nig.
Ingoldsby, Lincolnshire. aged 84. ' ri AO `rE",l‘.ol74'
On the 7th inst., at Wardeld Hail, Bells, 3 .." , starlit's:' t-'
On the 10th lust., in Leicester-square, George ~.,,,,ipter ~,,I
On the 11th lust., ElizaLeth Rose, youngeA L" ,i, iv,"
Dagshawe, Esq.
SAL"I;C°I. g;
03 1113 11t11 inst., at Oakley, near BromleY, --elio'r of —ll Vii,
Ch` i-p,cli
of the late Venerable Archdeacon Wharton,
6, °, re rc°
London : Printed and Published by Alur.vo, ,. jo tli )1
Strand, Printer, at The Sun Office, N 0.112, Str,,axn,o ilijap
Lie ute
fo4, 0
of the Savov, in the County of Middle,-
13, 1846.