The Sun.
London, England, 1848-01-24 00:00:00

No. t7,1?6%] LONDON, MONDAY EVENING

ROYAL HOTEL, GRAINGER-STREET,
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.
CHARLES STATES solicits the patronage of his
BROTHER TRAVELLERS to the above Establishment, wbick
has recently been newly furnished and laid out expressly for a Com-
mercial Hotel.
The COMMERCIAL ROOM, one of the largest and most elegantly
fitted in the NORTH, it is hoped will be found complete in every
respect.
The BED-ROOM 3 (Sixty in number) have been furnished in a
style which must ensttre the approbation of all visitors.
Gentlemen travelling with STOCK can at all times have SHOP
ROOMS without any extra charge.
The Music Hall, Lecture Room, and Royal Hotel Assembly Rama
are all attached, and under the same management.
The Royal Hotel is in the most central situation in Newcastle.

'T T. COPELAND begs to inform the No-
billty, Gentry, and Public, that having sold his present
Warehouses to parties who require immediate possession, the exten-
-sive STOCK of PORCELAIN, EARTHENWARE, sad GLASS is
on SALE at very REDUCED PRICES, previous to his removal to
new Warehouses in Bond-street.
37, Lincoln's lan-flelds, and 5, Portugal-street,
January 4, 184$.

IIAMOND OIL LAMP.-NEW LIGHT.
The Diamond Lamp is the best light in the world—is used In
all the palaces is Europe—is free from all the imperfections of ordi-
nary oil lamps—so simple it cannot bo mismanaged—no cleaning re-
quired for years—costs less in burning than any common oil lamp—
gives double the light of candle lamps, at one-half the expeaso—this
is beyond doubt. Designs suited to every taste—the Diamond Lamp
is perfection in Light—the public will have none other—it can be
Sited to any person's lamp pillar.
To be had only at the Establishment of the Metropolitan Light
Company, RICHARD CLARK, Resident Manager, 447, West Strand.

TANZ A S for the SERPENTINE,
1. When Winter comes chilling the air,
And his subjects are all in a shiver,
What thousands are seen to prepare
For a skate on the Serpentine river.

Then the Dress-mart of MOSES and SON,
Is furnished with Coats for the skaters,
Which garments at all tines have won
The title of being "first-raters."

When the river a twelvemonth ago
Was glazed by the clerk of the weather,
What a sight did the Serpentine show,
With its thousands assembled together.

The wrappers of MOSER were work
By the gents on the hard-freezing waters.
While the furs were observed to adorn
Vast numbers of England's fair daughters.

And may we not view them again ?
Ye., the river once more may he frozen ;
Skates again may be called for, and then
Will the Warehouse of MOSES' be chosen.

At once let the public prepare,
For truly there is very good reason ;
Haste to MOSES' famed Warehouse, for there
Is the choicest of dress for the season.

A R R I A G E.
31- One half the world are desolately single, and the other
supposlag them married, questionably contented. Diffidence, or a
sense of right determine the former, and miscalculated hopes em-
bitter the latter. The solitary one may shield himself under the plea
of caution and worldly prudence, and the indissoluble, regret un-
comprosing harry; but the truth lies deeper. Physical incapacity,
and broken health, are the great hindrances to domestic happiness
and social content. The dowry should net be the only marriage set-
tlement. Honour and justice demand that health should form an item
In the compact; it alone dignifies the alliance. Blighted hopes or
neglect wound more sorely than poverty ermisfortune. Reader, if
these surmises concern you, procure Dr. CULVERWI:LT 'd little
MEMOIRS •On Single and Married Life," pub. In S vols., Is.
each (by post, in stamps, Is. Gd. each). Let no imaginatively
-ohned, er prudish feeling deter you, by their titles, nor be hindered
oy misinterpretation of their supposed contents, from obtaining
them They are not intended certainly for mere idle cariosity, but
.or the closet perusal of those more deeply interested, to whom
they are offered as antagonistic to the empyrical trash put forth on
:he above subjects, by unqualified authors, which alone or
•ogether, are a disgrace to the age. Furthermore, two other
ittle publications claim your attention (same price Is. each,
by post Is. Gd.) called " What to Eat, Drink, and
Avoid," and " How to be Happy." They are not merely
pamphlets, but equal in quantity a library volume, nor are they the
mere ephemeral scribbllngs of the hour, but the study of the author's
life, who owes his present existence, health, and position to this ob-
servance of the maxims he would inculcate—to do unto others as be
wooed be done unte—tc live after nature's laws—and to keep always
on the "sunny side of the way." The above works may be kad of
Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-row ; Carvalho, 147, Fleet .street ; Mann,
39, Cornhill ; Nelson, 457, West Strand ; or direct (by post or other-
wise) from the author (who may be conferred with personally,
r,ornings and evenings), 10, Argyll-place Regent-street; and all
Rooksellers.

Illustrated by 26 Anatomical Coloured Engravings on Steel.
3N PHYSICAL DISQUALICATIONS, GENERATIVE INCAI A-
CITY, AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE.
_ _

New Edition, enlarged to 196 pages. Just published, price 2s. 6d., or
by post, direct from the Establishment, 3e. 6d. In postage stamps,
vrHE SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on
1. the infirmities and decay of the generative system, from ex-
cessive indulgence, infection, and the tnonllnate use et mercury,
with remarks on Marriage, and tko means of obviating certain dis-
qualifications. Illustrated by 26 Coloured Engravings. By It. and
L. PERRY and CO., 19, Berners-stroet, Oxford-street, London.
Published by the Authors : sold by Strange, 21, Paternoster-row :
Hannay, 63, and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ; Starie, 23, Titehbonie-
-treet, Haymarket ; and Gordon, 146, Leadenhall-street.
PART I. treats of the anatomy and physiology of the re-productive
organs, and is illustrated by Six Coloured Engravings.
PAST 11. treats of the consequences resulting from excessiveindul-
Renee, and their lamentable effects on the system, producing mental
and bodily weakness, nervous excitement, and generative incapacity.
It is illustrated by Three Explanatory Engravings.
PART 111. Treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in
the primary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for
their treatment. The consequences of early neglect and of the abuse
of mercury, are also clearly pointed out. This section is illustrated
by Seventeen Coloured Engravings.
PART IV. Treats of Perry's Preventative Lotion, by the use •of
which the dangers of infection are obviated. It combines with the
virus chemically, and destroys its power an the system.
PAST Y. Is devoted to the consideration of marriage, and its
duties, The causes of unproductive union, are also considered, and
the whole subject critically and philosophically inquired into.
TnaCoanisit. BALM OF STRIACITM is exclusively employed in treat-
ing vows and sexual debility, impotence, &c.,
.and 335. per
bottle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic
remedy, for puritying the blood in cases of infection, secondary symp-
toms, eruptions, and the abuse of mercury, 1 Is. and 335. per bottle.
Perry's ?untying Specific Pills, 2s. 311., Is. 6d., and ifs. per box, a
certain remedy in gonorrhoea, Sleet, strictures, and chronic inflamma-
ben of the bladder. Ferry's Preventative Lotion, an application to
obviate the danger of infection, 335. a bottle. Consultation fee, if
by letter, 11. 51.-Packets with advice tube had at the Establishment
only, by which the fee, It. ,is saved. Attendance daily at 19, Ber-
ners-street, from Eleven till Twe, and Five to Eight: on Sundays
trom Eleven to One.

DR. LAMBERT ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH
AND MATURITY.-WITH 40 COLOURED ENGRAVINGS ON
STEEL.

Just published, and may be had in French or English, in a Sealed
Envelope, 2s. (1,1„ or post-free, from tke Author, for forty-two
Stamps,

;ELF-PRESERVATION; a Medical Treatise
on the Physiology of Marriage, Infelicitous and Unproductive
Unions, and the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Ma-
turity, usually acquired at an early period of life, which enervate
the physical and mental powers, diminish and enfeeble the natural
feelings, and exhaust the vital energies of Manhood ; with Practical
Observations on the Treatment of Nervous Debility and Indigestion,
whether arising from these causes, close study, or the influence of
tropical climates: Local and Constitutional Weakness, Syphilis,
Stricture, and all Diseases and Derangements resulting from !mils--
cretion. With Forty coloured Engravings, illustrating the
Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of tho Reproductive Organs,
explaining their structures, uses, and functions, and the various
injuries that are produced in them by solitary habits, excesses, and
infection.

BY SAMUEL LA'3IERT, M.D.,
9, BEDFORD-STREET, BEDFORD•SQUARE,

- - -
LONDON.
octor of Medicine, Matriculated Member of the University of Edin-
burgh, Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London, honorary Member
of the London Hospital Medical Society, kc.
Marriage requires the fulfilment of several conditions. ;n order
that It may be really the cause of mutual happiness Could the
veil, which covers the origin of domestic wretchedness, be raised,
and Its true source in every instance disclosed, in how many could
it be traced to physical disqualifications .yid their attendant disap-
pointments. Excesses are always injurious ; the gift, which when
used in moderation is fraught with advantage, becomes, when
abused, the prolific source of mischief, and of greater or less injury
to the constitutional and vital powers. The particular excesses, on
.he nature and consequence of which this Treatise professes to dilate,
are productive of greater severity of misery to the human frame,
than any ether to which it is sublect.
This work contains an accurate and complete sccount of the
Anatotny and Physiology of the Reproductive Organs, and of
their relative conditions In health and disease. It deservedly
requires the closest attention and study, for what subject can
be of more importance than the preservation of the health,
and of the physical capabilities of which every man should
be possessed. It unfortunately happens that the unhappy
victim of excessive indulgence and -vicious habits, whether acquired
In early life or from the follies of advanced age, while suffering
from their invariable consequences, unwisely entertains a fear of ap-
plying to a qualified physician for relief. Shame and the dread so
frequently, but erroneously entertained that thes.; complaints are
beyond the reach of art, alike restrict him and prevent his seeking
for assistance where alone it can be procured. In acting thus, ho
forgets that accurate discrimination In ascertaining the causes of
disease, sympathy with the sufferer, and, above all, secrecy, lava-
nably characterise the intelligent and practical physician, and to the
medical man who can show by his posse•sion of the requisite legal
qualifications that he is entitled to esteem and respect in his profes-
sional pursuits, the utmost confidence should he extended. Dr.
LA'AIERT has obtained the highest medical honours, as his diplomas
certify, and the great extent of his practice for many years it a
guarantee for his professional experience, which has reference almost
solely to the treatment of these diseases.
Published by the Author, and may be had of Kent and Richards,
52, Paternostet Tow; Hannay, 63, Oxford-street; Static, Tichbonte-
street, Haymarket ; Mansell, 115, Fleet-street ; Gordon, 146,
Leadenhall-street, London ; or, free by post for forty-two stamps,
from the Author,
who may be consulted on these disorders personally
ot by letter, daily, 'lvan Tess till Two, 44 from Five till Elgti't Mitts
114"*". 9,Beaki*street Beditset-eiriare Lando'.

PUBLICATIONS.

KEITH'S GEOGRAPHY.
New Edition, 12m0., with Map, &c., 61. bound,
ASYSTEM of GEOGRAPHY, for the we of
Schools, on an entirely new plan. By THOMAS KEITH.
Author of " A Treatise on the Ilse of the Globes," &c.
London : Longman, Brown, and Co. ; F. and J. Rivingten; Ha-
milton and Co. , Whittaker and Co. ; Sit:lA.ln, Marshall and Ce. :
Houlston and Stoneman; and C. H. Law.

TO MASTERS OF COLLEGES, SCHOOLS, &c., &c.
LUESSRS. LONGMAN & Co 's CATALOGUE
-OIL of COLLEGE and SCHOOL ROOKS and EDUCATIONAL
,RKS, corrected to January 1848, containing about Three Hun-
dred New and Established %Yorks, in all Branches of Scholastic Li-
terature, may be had gratis of all Booksellers In Town and Country;
or a copy will be forwarded, free of postage, on application to Mum.
Longman aid Co., 39, Paternoster-row, London.

THE BEST REMEDY FOR INDIGESTION.
INORTON'S CAMOMILE PILLS are confi-
dently recommended as a simple, bnt certain remedy, to all
who suffer from Indigestion, Sick Headache, Billions and Liver Com-
plaints ; they act as powerful tonic and gentle aperient, imparting
strength to the stomach, and composure to the nervous system. Sold
in bottles at Is. IM., or 2s. 9d. each, by A. Willoui„hby and
Co., late B. G. Windus, GI, Bishopegate Without, and nearly all Me-
dicine Venders

Re sure to ask for NORTON'S PILLS, and d• not be persuaded to
purchase an imitation.

PRIVILEGE OF COUNSEL.
(From the Sunderland Times.)
_ _

Since the memorable trial at York for the appalling
triple murder at Mirfield, we have from time to time

noticed the observations of various of our London and

Provincial Contemporaries in approval of the line of
defence adopted as counsel of one of the culprits, and
the general principle of legal advocacy subsequently
laid down by Mr. Seymour.
On all hands, both by friendly and opposing com-
mentators, unquestionable testimony has been borne
to the bold line of argument undertaken by the
Learned Counsel, and the admirable tact, talent, and
logical argumentation, and the impassioned eloquence
with which he had conducted the whole defence,
whether in the intricacies of the ,gross-examination or
the full flow of business-like and oratorical reply ;
but a difference of opinion prevailed as to the pro-
priety, validity, and in short morality and safety of the
course he was admitted with so much legal acumen
and talent to have pursued.
The extracts we have made from our contempo-
*tries will have furnished our readers with a full idea
of the objections of opponents by stating them with
the reply ; and upon the case thus presented, along
with his own admirable letter at the commence-
ment of the controversy, we feel assured this talented
barrister may not safely only, but triumphantly
appeal to the public for an unanimous judgment in
his favour.

Certainly if the possession of the field of contro-
versy after its desertion by opponents affords any
criterion of victory, those journals which, like,The
Sun and the Standard support the affirmative of the
question, may fairly lay claim to have their principles
and arguments admitted as uncontrovertible. But
their case assumes a still more conclusive aspect
when it is further ascertained that they only occupy
this position after having driven their opponents
from the field which low personal and splenetic
feeling prompted the rash temerity to rash in and
try to occupy. With the Times, the Daily New,
and the Examiner—and when we have named these
we have named nearly all deserving notice—it was a
mere personal attack upon the Learned Counsel, dic-
tated apparently by a gratuitous, perhaps interested
feeling of personal hostility, if not envy, towards
young lawyer who, though almost newly introduced
to public notice, already gave evidence of powers
which might one day place him high among the
highest in those legal ranks which no doubt instigated,
if they did not write, the laboured scurrilities re-
ferred to 'While, on the other hand, the papers from
which we have extracted from week to week—The
Sun, the Standard, the Liverpool Journal, and
others, have, throughout the defensive and. aggressive
argument which they have conducted, basted, as they
originally took up, their whole argument, not on
personal grounds—though, undoubtedly, a desire
proverbial in John Bull might and did prompt them
to enforce fair play between the Learned Counsel
and his powerful metropolitan opponents--but upon
principles of propriety, justice, and eternal right, as
well as of expediency.
Arguing the matter upon these publie grouad s,
they show that any party charged with a n offence is
entitled to a fair trial, in which according to all fair-
ness and equity he ought to have the san is legal as-
sistance as his prosecutors; that the counsel whom
he may employ, from the moment that he accepts the
brief, is the representative of the criminal, and is not
only justified in taking, but is bound to take every
available means which his client might b e expected
to take of securing a favourable verdict ; and that in
practical operation the system laid down so doggedly
by the Times and its abettors—as it would justify
counsel in a weak defence that would more damage
than serve the interests of his client, as. it would
justify, and, in fact, compel, the counsel to rush into
the witness-box to criminate his client wh om he was
engaged to defend, and thus not only dieprive his
client of an advocate for his innocence, but lead the
jury to arrive at a decision unfavourable to. the client
through the medium of a kind of evidences as wrong
as it was wrongfully obtained; while om the other
hand the adoption of a bold and confident line of
defence on the part of a more unacrupula 115 counsel,
although conscious of a client's guilt, migl at lead the
jury to acquit in a case where it would otherwise
condemn ; and further, as the admission of such a
principle would prevent even the innocent: from en;
gaging counsel, lest the counsel, unsatisfied of the
evidence of his innocence, turned evidence against
him; and as altogether it would virtually snake the
counsel and not the judge and jury the arl Ater of the
prisoner's
fate, and in short deprive both in nocent and
guilty prisoners of counsel altogether—the latter lest
his counsel should betray him, and the,forr [ter lest he
should be dissatisfied of his innocence—the. principle
is as utterly inadmissible as it would be ur uleserving
of argument but for the circumstance of haN ring been
propounded by high names like the Time"' and the
Examiner.

Under the influence of these high and in Iportant
considerations, the admirer of powerful talents exerted
in the duties of an arduous profession and th ,e advo-
cate of English fair play, will rejoice that in z support-
ing Mr. Seymour against the sinister attacks of foes
(in the case of the Times at least as unprina ipled as
they are powerful), they further perform the higher
and loftier duty of asserting and vindicating• princi-
ples of justice and equity in judicial proct •edings.
Here, therefore, we might be content to lea tve the
matter, confident that neither Mr. Seymour and his
supporters of the press have any reason to regret,
either :for their own sakes or the principle the y advo-
cate, the controversy in which they have b !en in-
volved ; and the Learned Counsel especially has
reason to congratulate himself that in his pers.( in right
has been justified against might, and eq.l city and
sound propriety asserted over specious and unprin-
cipled, if not also selfish, dogmatism. But we perceive an
able contemporary, The Sun, has further argue lent in
store, which, we may be sure, judging from ti ie past
able and conclusive expositions of that journal on the
subject, will be well worth extract and perusak.

MEMOIRS OF MADEMOISELLE DE MONTI' ENS! ER. 1
Written by Herself. 3 vols., with Portrait.—Tho above
work is published this day by Mr. Colburn, who has
also just published :-2. Adventures of a l'AeCliced Stu-
dent, by the late R. Douglas, Surgeon, R.N., witla a Me-
moir of the Author, 3 vols.-3. The Hall and thus Ham-
let, by William Howitt, 2 vols.--4. Vol. XI. of AgrAs
Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England.-5.
gical Recreations, by W.. 1. Broderip, Elq., P.R.: 3., brx.,
I vol., 10s. 6d. bound.-6. Leonora, a Love Story, -3 vols.
—7. James the Second, an Historical Rlmance, .edited
by W. H. Ainsworth, Esq., 3 vols.-8. Town_ tvod
Country ; or, The Days of the Regency, by M rs.
Trollope, 3 vols.-9. Emilia Wyndham, Cheap E, hiti on.
forming the now volume of " Colburn's Sta.uct and
Novels."

PORTSMOUTH, JAN. 23.—NAVAL APPRENTICES .-
The Admiralty have introduced a new class of b. )ys
into the navy, to bo called Naval Apprentices." 1 :he
plan is to commence in her Majesty's ship Victory ,at
this port, and Admiral Sir Charles Ogle has orders . to
permit two hundred to be entered on her boc .ks.
This plan is the suggestion of an officer of distingun .bed
rank and ability in the navy, and if carried out II the
extent contemplated, will, in a few years, keep lit ur Ma-
jesty's ships well supplied with a body of seamen whose
interest it will be to continue in the servioe, r br id en-
joy the advantages which they receive over see n len in
the merchant service, who aro generally dissatisfi d after
being a few months in a well regulated man eof-war,
anti are either discharged as useless, or run ss beet, the
opportunity offers. Her Majesty's ship Britan eia, 120,
has been brought into the basin to be fitted for 'or vice ;
it is expected she will be the next flag-ship for th, dedi-
terranean. The Stromboli is still at Spithead, 9 e sting
orders.
WIGAN.—We have to announce, with the de e ,eat
feelings of regret, the death of the Rev. Charles A lle-
burst, of this town, the senior priest at St. Mary's 4 Ca-
tholic Chapel, from the effects of an attack .of level of
a most malignant nature, caught In his untiring and./ un-
ceasing attention to his spiritual duties. The i -eve, 'end
gentleman was about fifty. six years of age, t trai has
been a priest at St. Mary's since its erection, o early
thirty years ago.—Liverpool Mercury.
PORTUGUESE CATTLE.—A vessel, beari rtg the
significant title of the Free Trader, has just ai 'rived at
the Brunswick-pier, Blackwall, with 135 oxen and 12
sheep on board, in addition to a considerable qea ntity of
general articles of food, some packages of spet and
other merchandise, the produoo of Portugal

CURRENCY CORRESPONDENCE

TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.

SIR,--While the all-absorbing and most deeply
interesting question of the currency is agitating, not
only the public mind, but the commerce of the world,
perhaps you will consider the following correspon-
dence to be of sufficient importance to give it a
place in your columns, and oblige,
Sir, your faithful servant,
FRANCIS BENNOCII.
Blackheath, Jan. 28, 1848.
No. I.
I did not consider my first note to Mr. Cobden to
be of sufficient importance to keep a copy of it, as it
was merely written to request the favour of an inter-
view for myself and Mr. Taylor in relation to the
currency.
In that letter I stated that the principle of the
Anti-Gold-law League was to establish " free-trade
in banking," as well as " free trade in gold," to which
I received the following reply :

No. 11.
MR. COBDEN TO MR. BENNOCH.
London, 18th Dec., 1847.
Dear Sir,—ln reply to your note requesting an
interview on the subject of the currency, I. am sorry
to say I am leaving town for Manchester, and shall
not be able to see you. I suspect we have opposite
opinions upon the currency, but to confess the truth
I do not know what the .plan is, recommended by
your " Anti-Gold-law League," or by the Birming-
ham School.

Before any proposition can be made interesting to
the public, it must be put in a simple, brief form.
You speak of " free trade in gold " as one of your
objects, but I consider the import and export of gold
already free. Do not trouble yonrself to write to me
with any reasons in supp4...-t of your plan, but if you
can tell me, in the compass of a dozen lines, what
your plan really is, I should be glad to have it; and
I think I have given sufficient attention to the ques-
tion to be able to form ,an opinion upon your pro-
posed system.
I remain, dear Sir, your obedient servant,

F. Bennoch, Esq. RICHD. COBDEN.
P.S.—Recollect I want the plan in tzvei've lines, or
rather, I wish to know your object. The Anti- Corn-
law League stated its object in fewer words—" The
total and immediate repeal of the corn-laws, and the
abolition of all protective duties."

No. 111.
MR. BENNOCH TO MR. COBDEN.

78, Wood-street, Monday, Dec. 20, 1847.
Dear Sir,--I have the honour to acknowledge the
receipt of your note of the 18th, and, according to
your desire, beg to enclose you our propositions, con-
densed as much as possible.
I regret to find you are obliged to be absent from
town so soon and so long, though I gather from your
last, and from a previous note, that you would rather
avoid a conference—l trust I misinterpret your lan-
guage. The Anti-Corn-law League, by applying to a
hungry man's stomach, and by the use of a terse epithet,
could express its object in a few words and win con-
verts. The Anti-Gold-law League can only appeal
to reason, and by a chain of argument convince its
auditory. It not only proposes the destruction of a
bad system, bat the construction of a better; there-
fore more space is necessary to explain its principles.
There is one observation in your letter to which I
must shortly refer. Alluding to a statement in my
former note, expressing our desire for "free trade
in gold," you observe, " I consider the export and
import of gold already free ;" from which I infer
your opinion that exclusion from import and export
duties constitutes the only freedom necessary to
regulate the sale of commodities. The Anti-Gold-
law League, on the contrary, conceive that so long as
the Bank of England is by Act of Parliament com-
pelled to buy all the gold presented to it at a fixed
price, and at a fixed price obliged to sell all gold de-
manded of it—the trade in gold is not free.
Suppose some gigantic corporation on whom Par-
liament. had conferred certain exclusive privileges,
were compelled to buy all corn presented to it at
3/. 17s. 9d. per quarter, and also obliged to sell it at
31. 17s. Hd. per quarter—whatever the amount of
labour consumed in its production—would you consi-
der the trade in CORN FREE ? Substitute gold for
corn, and the illustration is complete.
am, dear Sir, yours faithfully and obliged,
FRANCIS BENNOCH.

Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P.
The following are the proposition referred to :
PRINCIPLES OF THE ANTI-GOLD-LAW

LE AGUE IN LESS THAN TWELVE
LINES, REASON ENG EXCLUDED.
SECTION I°IRRT.-ANTI•GOLD.

1. Our home trade should not be dependent on a
foreign product as a medium of exchange.
2 Its so depending is the chief cause of fluctuation
in prices, disastrous panics, and consequent national
suffering.
3. Therefore Nye demand the abrogation of all Acts
of Parliament which fix the price of gold, or make it
the basis of, or an indispensable element in, our circu-
lating medium of exchange.
geCTION SECOND.—PRO PAPER.
1. A paper currency under certain regulations is
more economical and safer than gold.
2. There is no important function that gold money
now performs in our home trade which paper money
cannot perform better.

3. Therefore we advocate paper currency as our
internal circulating medium of exchange.
'These propositions we are prepared to establish, by
fact and argument, to such as will listen. If legisla-
tors will not voluntarily and impartially listen, how
can they believe ? Public opinion works wonders.
F. BENNOCH.

No
FROM MR. COBD •
Iv.
EN TO MR. BENNOCII.
Manchester, 21st December, 1847.
Dear Sir,—lf you
directore your good intelligence to
more
the question with
th:tudy, I am sure you will see
a fallacy in the idea t the price of gold is fixed at
It all in this country, is merely weighed, assayed,
and stamped as of
certain
, a quantity and fineness, in
the same way as nas been the custom in all countries
and in all ages. The Bank does not buy and sell gold
in the common meaningoof the words, it merely saves
the merchant or the
other
the ;T. owners of the metal the
trouble of going
, and
to
to have it weighed, as-
sayed, and stamped
operation. Any bod
takes ld. per oz. for the
take gold to the Mint and
have it y can
coined into -sovereigns, but that does not alter
A
the value of the gold.
s the Bank of England can
also have ITS gold coined at the Mint, it can neither
lose nor gain by the
as it it is called, operation of "buying gold,"
pr
th you
in America, Fraou
are, I resume aware
other country the metals lee, Russia, and every
are coined in the same way,
into an ounce being divided certain coins of invaria-
ble quantities and fineness.
You say, " suppose some gigantic corporation, on
which Parliament had conferred certain exclusive
to privileges, were compelled buy all corn offered to it
at 3/. 175. 9d. per quarter, and were obliged to sell it
at 3/. 17s. 100., whatevertohuldeamount of labour con-
densed in its production, would consider the trade
in corn free ?" This is not question at issue.
The question is, whether the corn should be subjected
to an invariable measure of
imperial bushel, which
quantity ? For this pur-
pose the law has fixed on the
contains a fixed and invariable
mogrean tity. And in the
case of gold it has done no
the weight and fineness of gold. than fix in coins
will not follow
the subject further, for I am sure, ifi you bring your
mind to a reconsideration of the
derstand it perfectly.---I remain, 4):t, you will use
F. Bennoch, Esq. RlCu4ilt. Sir, yours truly,
No. Ir. D COBDEN.
, January MR. BENNOCII TO MR. COBDEN.
London
Sir,—My absence from town during arY
10, 1848.
the greater
lath
part of the last fortnight, and sous pressing
business engagements, hare prevented my sending an
earlier reply to your last letter.
imp question
My object in discussing the all-important
of an abundant and independent natiC: r raj currency is
truth, not victory—unless such victor
I have formed strong opinions upon ther " the truth.
subject, but
without prejudice ; any bias I may have
has resulted
from unbiassed inquiry, thoughtful and,
irlectbeedliemve;
impartial study of the subject. I have
mind with deep earnestness to
your
consideration
your last letter,
of the points referred to in
"fallacy :opinion, I
and with due deference to
have been unable to discover theyou
observe to lurk in the "idea of a fixed "
price of gold."
now,ct and infer-
Its fixedness may be demonstrated by
ence. The anolent pound was as it isthe unit
of account, and then it consisted of one pound qf silver,
divisible into 240 silver pennies. The actual7z pound
has vanished—the denominational pound
remains;
but,
nted
iv
in
less
to
instead of a pound of silver, it is reprzse
than 4 oz., though it still retains its divisil by
240 parts, via., 20 shillings of silver, eaehib
exchange-
able
by 12 pennies of copper. 5 dwt. 3 gra. of gold
constitute the present sovereign or gold pound;
therefore the price of 5 dwts. 3 grs. o' gold,
fineness, is one pound, or twenty shillings,
of certain
and so long
as that pound is exchangeable by somany shillings,
these again by so many sence' fixed price is
obvious. Whenever
or •
illege, the filb -

S N 7
m JANUARY 24, 1848.

vereign loses a portion of its legal weight, it is no longer
equal to a pound, but requires the piece of gold and
so much silver added to make up the pound value—
another proof of its fixedness. If its price be not
fixed, what do you mean by the fixed Mint price of
31. 17s. 100. per ounce ? What is meant by a fixed
standard of value ?

hPeenelw'seretmalkarkofintha
inr Roberterrorw
areeSielafitexed speech,
price t that t ‘ '
gold;w- e
the promissory note is a promise to pay a definite
weight of gold," is a quibble, a mere juggle with
words to catch the unwary; and I regret to find you
half inclined to adept his views. The price of gold
is the emphatic fact essential to enable it to enter
into oar currency. If Sir Robert Peel's views
be correct we ought to keep our accounts in ounces,
pennyweights, and grains, not in pounds, shillings,
and pence. If his exposition be adopted, then Go-
vernment should be compelled to find enough of such
precious metal to enable us to carry on our immense
commercial transactions without danger or difficulty.
To retain on the face of your Bank of England notes
the money term pound—a term of value, while you
mean a weight—is,; to say the least of it, illogical, if
not absurd. Is there one man in 10,000, or even
100,000, who ever thinks of ,weight when he speaks
of a pound, or does he know absolutely the number
of ounces and pennyweights of gold he is entitled to in
exchange for his five-pound note ? I sincerely believe
not—a sufficient proof that the Peelian notions are
not accepted by the people. It is OUR fixed price,
and that alone, which enables the foreigner to rig
the exchanges, and regulate his transactions always
to the disadvantage of England. A difference of one
per cent. for or against us, will at an any time induce
an influx to, or efflux from, England. If against
England the drain continues, gold diminishes.
The Bank cannot stay such drain by en-
hancing the price, being compelled to dispose of it at
the rate of 31. 17s. 104 d., even if it gave 41. per ounce.
Having issued more notes than faithfully represent
bullion, to protect her credit, she advances the rate of
discount on bills of exchange, and refuses ad-
vances on Exchequer-bills. Trade is instantly
paralysed. Merchants, manufacturers, and traders
are obliged to sacrifice, not simply the dif-
ference between the price of gold in Paris and
London, but 10, 20, or 30 per cent. of the positive
cost of their accumulated property, the produce of
other labour, to such as can supply gold—gold all the
time has not fluctuated, and scarcely changed in price.
Thus to regain a product of foreign labour, all other
products of labour, whether home or foreign, if in
England, are sacrificed to an alarming extent,
not because they are too abundant—not because they
are not required—net because they are being, or can
be produced at a less cost—but simply because we
have had the excessive folly of making gold an indis-
pensable element in the exchange of home pro-
ductions. By its abundance or scarcity, trade
is prosperous or disastrous, profitable or un-
profitable ; the labourer, well fed or starved,
well clothed or naked, miserable or happy. The
consequences of our mistaken policy are so frightful
and appalling, and all so palpable, that the wonder
will by and bye be how any sane men were found
in support of it. Had our fiercest enemy desired the
introduction of a system whereby labour leading to
profit would be fostered at one time, but when at the
point of realisation our prosperity would, as with the
wave of a magician's wand, be turned to adversity,
our joy to sorrow, our hope to despair; out of fairest
enterprises manufacturing destructive panics ; con •
founding our efforts when most exerted ; staying
production, suddenly striking down the well-braced
arm of labour, by withdrawing or contracting our
circulation at the very moment it was most needed—he
could not have invented a more successful engine
than that patented by Sir Robert Peel, which makes
our home prosperity depend upon our supply of
Russian or Mexican gold ; yet are there those who
applaud it to the echo.

Suppose the ounce of gold is at present worth four
pounds, or four weeks' labour, and commands in ex-
change the four weeks' produce of any other labour.
Could it be produced in two weeks, either by superior
skill or the discovery of a new mine (as was lately
the case with diamonds), and there is reason for be-
lieving that some such phenomena is now taking place
in Russia in her mines in the Ural mountains—would
you still compel the workmen of list' iglancl to give four
weeks of their labour for what cost Russia only two
weeks' labour ? I think you will answer, certainly not.
Yet we are doing this in spirit. To keep our gold to
pay our taxes and overcome competition, with a
frightful load on our back, we have forced into fac-
tories, in addition to men, first the women, next
youths and delicate maidens, and, last and shame-
fullest of all, children of tender years, until we give
of the produce of our labour three or four times the
quantity we gave for the same amount of gold thirty
years ago. Scarcity of production of gold would be
still more disastrous if we attempted to keep to our
fixed price ; other countries would overbid us, and
we would be obliged to alter the system. The
alterration between scarcity and superabundance
is now sapping the foundations of our com-
merce. A few more reverses and Russia (with
a hoe paper circulation) will be the largest holder of
British funds, control our money market and dictate
to our Government. Should we voluntarily place
ourselves in this humiliating position to a despotic
power, when by another system the whole might be
avoided ? Some people talk of gold as if it were the
one thing needful, yet as soon as they get it they
exchange it for something more useful. They can-
not eat it, they cannot be clothed with it. They give
their labour for it, it is true, but they instantly ex-
change it for food and raiment—all are proofs of the
impolicy of making our national welfare dependent
upon it by making all produce represented by it.
From 1796 to 1800, with a large increase of paper
issues, the gold pound and the paper pound remained at
par. Then the gold gradually rose from 4/. to upwards
of 51. per ox., but all other commodities rose with it,
therefore the same quantity of gold brought the same
quantity of grain as heretofore, and the high prices
were not felt to be oppressive. The war ever, gold
ceased to be in such great demand, and being higher
priced here than elsewhere, its quantity increased,
and its price decreased, until it again fell to nearly
par with the paper pound. The paper pound retained
its value—it was not depreciated—gold and all other
commodities were appreciated, and when gold had
reached its lowest natural price, then, by an artful
stroke, which added one-third to his fortune,
Sir Robert Peel fixed its price. Since then all
other commodities have become subservient to it. It
is fixed. Other commodities ascend or descend, not
by natural laws, but by a vicious Act of Parliament,
but gold is stationary. Gold set free may be taken
as an index of price, or value of other commo-
dities, but by fixing its price, you destroy the
index, as in plugging the barometer you destroy the
truth of its indications. As gold may be taken as
the indication of value of other commodities, so other
commodities should determine the value or price of
it. But labour determines the value of all, it is the
only certain and true standard.
I have dwelt so long on this your prominent ob-
jection, that I shall only briefly allude to one or two
other points ; and first let me observe it would have
been preferable had you boldly criticised, objected
to, or supported the principle of au inflexible gold
currency, or a well guarded sufficient paper cur-
rency, based on positive security—security that
cannot be removed, rather than an evanescent gold,
which when wanted most, 10, it is not! As you
have judged otherwise, I adhere closely to the text.
You object to the illustration in my last referring to
corn. I still think it legitimate, only I should have
added that the crowning folly would have been in
making it on the conditions then named, the basis of
our circulation, controlling the exchange of all com-
modities. You say the question is, " Whether the
corn should be subject to an invariable measure of
quantity. For this purpose the law has fixed the
imperial bushel, which contains a fixed and invariable
quantity, and in the case of gold it has done no more
than fix an invariable weight and fineness." Iyre, I
think, with a moment's consideration, you will ob-
serve a fallacy destructive to your illustration as
elucidating the subject. The law only fixes the
capacity of the bushel, not the quality nor
the price of the wheat. It fires the measure,
not the price of the thing measured. The bushel
may be the same all over Europe, but the price of
wheat per bushel may be very different. Did we
not only fix the measure, but the price of the thing
measured, as exchangeable into silver, &c., the
price of corn would vary very little. In gold
we not only fix the weight and fineness,
but the price, which is very different
from what you do in relation to wheat. In
wheat you fix the measure. In gold you fix the
weight or measure, and the price. If ever a price
was fixed, the price of gold is fixed. If it is not
fixed, why do you refer to the Mint price, and not
the Mint weight ? That fact is enough for ordinary
minds, without exercising much research or reason
on the matter. If only weight is meant, it is prepos-
terous to encumber it with the double character of a
money denomination. One word as regards the sub-
stance against which we have determined notes should
only be issued—gold. Why should all be convertible
into gold ? We have already shown that conver-
tibility into gold s an obstruction. We exchange
the note with gold, and the gold with food or apparel;
and as we circulate notes to three times the extent of

[PRICE iD.

gold held in the Bank—to convert the whole is
impossible, and the pretence a fraud. Would it not
be safer to issue notes on positive tangible security ?
Is gold the only capital ? Would it not be
better to have as security land, bearing crops
yielding undoubted interest, rather than gold, not
only bearing no interest, but being destroyed daily ?
The bullionists denounce such schemes as unsound
and inconvertible ; and yet, with unblushing effron-
tery, issue notes convertible into gold t ) such an
extent, that their stock of gold available would not,
in the average, pay over 9s. or 10s. in the pound.
There are some who absolve Sir R. Peel from all blame
in this matter, while they think him mistaken.
But the history of the past thirty years will not, I
think, admit of the exercise of such blind charity. I
hold him responsible for the large majority of
I may have
peat,
com-
mercial disasters which have made painfully cele•
brated the year 1847. If he is only mistaken, I trust
he will, ere leHg, see the error of his ways, and
gracefully change, this being the only change re-
quired to complete the circle of his recantations.
Though
Ican only
repeat, gold
alteration
failed
with a
s
i n convincingligh slight
you that
o t
your opinions are incorrect, and that our opinions
as regards the Act of 'l9 fixing the price of are
true,
application, Galileo's expression—

" It is fixed, though"
—and leave you to abler hands. Still I shall be
glad to have the opportunity of explaining
fully the principles we desire to see adopted.
One thing is certain, that while we exist we will de-
nounce any system that renders our home prosperity
dependent upon a foreign product, a foreign metal.
I have the honour to be, with sincere respect, very
faithfully yours, F. BENNOCH.
Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P.
No. VI.
MR. BENNOCH TO MR. COBDEN.
London, 78, Wood-street, 20th January, 1848.
My dear Sir,—Since forwarding my last letter I
received a copy of the speech of Mr. Urquhart, de-
livered during the recent discussion in Parliament. I
enclose it for your acceptance, believing it will repay you
for a careful perusal. He demolishes in a masterly
manner the declaration of yourself and others asserting
that gold is not fixed in price. The Bill of 1819
was introduced for the express purpose of fixing the
price of gold at the Mint. If it has not fixed the
price, then is the Act a dead letter, if not an absur-
dity, and ought to be abrogated.
In the repeal of the Bills of 1819 and 1844, and the
establishment of a well secured currency, independent
of gold, I believe you will find the true and only
remedy for Colonial distress and oppressive taxation,
for lessening destitution at home, as well as pre-
venting frightful panics and consequent ruinous
fluctuations in prices ; and what is just now worthy
of consideration—you will silence in a few months
the ridiculous cry that the Navigation-laws and West
India colonies are exceptions to the truth of the prin-
ciples of free trade.
I regret exceedingly that you have not vouchsafed
a definite opinion on the general question, but as
your views on certain points are unmistakeable, and
deeming it advisable that such views should be given
to the public, so that those who differ from you may
become thoroughly acquainted with the sort of op-
position likely to be encountered, I propose publish-
ing this correspondence, to which I presume you can
have no objection.—l am, yours faithfully,
F. BENNOCH.
Richard Cobden, Esq., M.P.