The Sun.
London, England, 1846-11-16 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 16, 1

either individuals or multitudes. This deplorable
consideration is at this moment being evinced among
the mountains of Mexico.

The farther the American forces advance into the
Mexican territories the more are they embarrassed.
From assuming a commanding attitude on the con-
fines of California and the commencement of the Rio
Grande, they are becoming surrounded by perils and
difficulties in the vicinity of Monterey and Albu-
querque. It is quite certain that the armistice be-
tween Generals AMPUDIA and TAYLOR, while resulting
from the discomfiture of the former and the temporary
triumph of the latter, will be inaugurative of many
serious trials of American prowess and Mexican for-
titude. While the Government of the United States
are endeavouring to dispatch to the seat of war ex-
traordinary reinforcements, both of munition and
battalions, the invaded population are co-operating
for the destruction or expulsion of their aggressors.
Whatever apathy may have been hitherto ap-
parent in the behaviour of the Mexicans is
now rapidly evaporating. The patriotic adju-
ration of SANTA ANNA has already aroused his
countrymen to a cognisance of their own
perilous position, and has elicited some signs of en-
thusiam for the preservation of their national inde-
pen lence. Among numerous other evidences of thi,
alteration in the popular feeling, the principal eccle-
siastics delegated to- represent the Mexican priest-
hood have resolved upon raising two millions of dol-
lars, to swell the somewhat impoverished exche-
quer ; and the generosity of this proceeding
may be appreciated from the circumstance
that the proposed contribution can only be
obtained by mortgages upon the estates and miscel-
laneous property of that church. As a companion
example of the unanimity of the different classes in
upholding the defensive policy of the new Administra-
tion, may be adduced the remittal from the merchants
resident in the Mexican metropolis of five hundred
thousand dollars to the Executive, for the purpose of
facilitating those operations which are immediately re-
quisite for the salvation of the country. Not only have
the mercantile authorities displayed this active munifi-
cence, but they have engaged to for ward a similar
amount periodically to the Executive, until the in-
tegrity of the Republic be no longer endangered.
Earnestly Ho we hope that this generous rivalry
among the various divisions of the community may
not abate, but that the wealthiest citizens may vie
with each other in liquidating the expenses incurred
for their common advantage, and with so righteous
an intention.

Rumour has already carried General SANTA ANNA
to the important position of Saltillo, but the recent
arrival of that illustrious commander in the capital,
with the view of making hasty preparations to drive
the forces of his opponents beyond the frontiers, ren-
ders that report most improbable. It would be im-
practicable to attempt to travel with a numerous body
of soldiery over the six hundred and fifty miles
separating Mexico from Saltillo in so short a period.
It is not credible, therefore, that the Commander-in-
Chief had reached that dangerous and consequently
most honourable post on the 28th of September.
That shortly after that date SANTA ANNA would be
there, for the purpose of personally superintending the
fortification of those passes, is certain. At Saltillo
the fate of Mexico will very probably be deter-
mined ; at Saltillo, SANTA ANNA will in all likelihood
be enabled to realise his own alternative, to beeome
the successful defender of his country or to perish
fighting her battles. From the active enrolment of the
Mexicans in accordance with the resolution of the Pre-
sidency, General SANTA ANNA will arrive at the passes
of Saltillo with somewhere about 13,000 men, which,
combined with the forces under AMPUDIA, will afford
him an effective force of 20,000 men. Seeing that
General TAYLOR'S division at Monterey was, accord-
ing to the latest estimate, merely 5,000 in number,
the Mexican captain would be advantageously situated
supposing the encounter were forthwith commenced.
The Generals of the United States are, however,
aware of the 'urgency of the moment, and are conse-
quently endeavouring to concentrate their forces with
the utmost possible rapidity. The corps under
General Wool., and a portion of the army under
General KEARNEY, were at the departure of our dis-
patches in motion, -while the Mexican ports along the
Pacific were declared to be in a state of blockade by
G)mmodore STOCKTON, at present commanding the
American fleet in that quarter.
Every preparation is being, or has already been
made, both among the Mexicans and the belligerent
soldiers of the United States, to bring matters to a
speedy consummation. Whatever guile, perseverance,
and lavish expenditure could effect in rendering
the invaders formidable has been considered
and adopted. Whatever the patriotism and the valour
(f the few could do towards inspiring the Mexican
millions with similar sentiments has been done by
SANTA ANNA and his co-operators. The fate of
LEONIDAS may be reserved for that renowned patriot,
but it is gratifying to reflect that his forces will
amount to 20,000, while the passes of Saltillo may
afford as many local advantages as the straits of
Thermopylae.

We alluded last week to the deep sense of respon
sibility which must necessarily daily attach itself to
the mind of our Prime Minister, in reference to the
present condition of Ireland. So anomalous has been
the social state of that country, that, for a continued
series of years, it has always constituted—to use Sir R.
PEEL'S language—the " chief difficulty" of the Go-
vernment. This expression dropped from the late
Premier's lips in 1841, before he was called upon to
assume the head of affairs, and, of course, when it
never entered into his views, that Ireland would be
almost paralysed, as she has been of late, by an in-
scrutable dispensation of PROVIDENCE. This addi-
tional element of aggravated distress, so lamentably
engrafted upon the otherwise sufficiently-complicated
miseries of Ireland, has deplorably augmented the
official anxiety of the Cabinet. But the matter does
not end here. The difficulty of the Minister's posi-
tion is considerably enhanced by the peculiar charac-
teristics of the Irish. The result has been,
that many measures, propounded for their benefit,
and not less benevolent in their tendency than sound
in principle, have temporarily awakened unmerited
hostility, and have only established their value and
efficiency through the diminution of ill-conceived
jealousy and the removal of groundless distrust,
neither of which is, we grieve to observe, ever rapidly
effected. Our remarks are painfully confirmed by
the insubordinate spirit which has, in several parts of
Ireland, broken out, and retarded the beneficent
working of the Labour-rate Act. If ever there was
a measure entitled to philanthropic encomium—
hastily digested and enacted as it was, to meet a dire
emergency—it is this measure. If ever there was a
iiiea,,ure which one would have supposed would have
been hailed with universal gratitude, and promptly
facilitated, in every way, by the parties for whose
especial advantage it was passed, it is the Labour-
rate Act. And yet we know -that this has been far
from being the actual case. We cannot conceive any-
thing more disheartening to the Lord-Lieutenant,
whose zeal in his arduous vocation has been so
admirable and generous-minded, than the obstructive
policy by which his efforts to provide food for a
distressed and famishing population have been re-
proachfully hindered. Fortunately, a truer judg-
ment of the charitable intentions of the Imperial
Parliament, and of the untiring energy of Govern-
ment in effecting the same, is now rapidly taking
hold of the minds of the labouring classes. At the
same time, if their distorted notions, and insurrec-
tionary movements had not been, in the firstinstance,
timely met, by requisite firmness on the part
of the Executive, Ireland must have been
engulfed in irremediable ruin. To the continued
manifestation of the sane unfaultering resolution of
Earl BESBOROUGII, we look, with confidence, for the
suppression of the wicked breaches of the public peace,
which still here and there daily cover with dismay
the loyal, well affected, and industrious portions of
the population.

The rumour is rife in Dublin, that the slight
alteration in their rules which was last week sanctioned,
as we noticed, by the Irish Agricultural Society, has
led to serious differences amongst its members, and that
the Duke of LEINSTER has determined upon resigning
his office of President. We sincerely hope the report
will prove to be unfounded. Nevertheless, there
seems to be little room for questioning the existence
of opposite opinions among this important society.
Under ordinary circumstances, and as a general
rule, nothing eeuld be more con4ucive to

the maintenance of the well-being of the •
society than the regulation, that questions savouring
of a political nature should be kept without
the pale of their deliberations. But, looking
to the essential objects of the society, to its very
title, and the particular kind of visitation with which
it has pleased the ALMIGIITY to afflict Ireland, we
hold that no more obviously proper step could have
been taken by such a society at this national crisis,
when every man, and body of men, are expected, both
mentally and physically, to put their shoulders to the
wheel, than the brief suspension of the rule in ques-
tion. Sir GEORGE HODSON, Bart., who was in the
minority, writing to the Duke of LEINSTER on the
13th inst., remarks—
"lt was asserted that the departure from the rule was
slight—the alteration unimportant, and that there was
little danger of the introduction of questions purely
political in their nature ; but, to any one who has
marked the progress of events for the last few years, and
who is at all conversant with the social condition of this
country, it must plainly appear that such a result cannot
reasonably be expected. Introduce but the point of the
wedge, and by a well-known law in mechanics, a very
small continued pressure from without,' will speedily
rend the well-compacted mass."
The last sentence is the iteration of a truism. But
Sir GEORGE HODSON should recollect that extraordi-
nary circumstances, to be successfully handled, mostly
demand a deviation from a regular course, and that
there is no rule without an exception. Again, it will
be time enough for himself and the other dissentients
to retire when the evil apprehended actually over-
takes them. The rule was merely suspended till the
ensuing spring ; it may then be suffered to revive in
its full force, much of practical good being in the
meanwhile wrought, and.with a much greater prospect
of success, if men of figure and practical knowledge
do not wantonly withdraw their services from the
association.: Another on dit is, that, should the
Duke of LEINsTEE resign, the Earl of DEvox will be
invited to become his Grace's successor. The idea
is a happy one, should the assumed vacancy occur.
"The intimate acquaintance which the Bail of DETON
acquired with the social wants of Ireland, as the head
of the Commission whose elaborate and talented re-
port threw so much light upon the general destitu-
tion of Ireland, and the causes thereof, would render
his Lordship's appointment to the presidency of the
Agricultural Society most appropriate. But, desir-
able an acquisition as the Earl DEVON would be, we
would rather that no defection should take place, and
that, upon due reflection, the society should preserve
its ranks unbroken.

While it is the duty of all classes in Ireland to
exert themselves to the utmost degree for the relief
of the existing distress in that unhappy laud ; while
the Government sanctions the advances of large sums
from the national Exchequer, in order to provide a
fund immediately available ; and the landowners
charge their estates, and subject themselves for many
years to a weighty tax for the repayments of such
advances ; while almost every landlord is affording
to his tenantry great indulgences, both in the reduc-
tions of the rents and the extension of the time for the
repayment thereof; and. while every person pos-
sessed of the power, is striving to give the utmost
degree of employment to those in his immediate
locality who may require such aid, it is doubly in-
cumbent on the class for whose especial benefit
these great exertions have been made, and
are making, to receive with gratitude the re-
lief extended to them, to preserve the public
peace and tranquillity, and in everything to comply
to the best of their ability with the rules and regula-
tions laid down for the distribution of the national
bounty. It is not a time when the peasantry of the
country shouldishrink from any labour, however se-
vere. If a larger stipend could be earned by task
work than at daily wages, they should be rejoiced at
having the opportunity afforded to them of obtaining
a larger sum; they should cautiously avoid the badly
disposed and turbulent persons, and not lend an ear
to their inflammatory harangues; they should have
such a degree of proper pride as to avoid having re-
course to the public works wherever employment
could be procured from a private source, and they
should be especially rejoiced at having their labour
occupied in the further development of the capabili-
ties and the improved cultivation of the soil, so as to
lead to an increased production of human food
throughout the kingdom. We regret to say, how-
ever, that the conduct of the people is not that whicl
might have been hoped for from their patient and
exemplary conduct in the earlier stages of the dis-
tress. Thy are, unfortunately, listening to the sug
gestions of evil counsellors, and lending themselves
to acts of outrage and disturbance, careless of the
consequences to themselves that must necessarily
result from a perseverance in such reckless conduct.
The decided and vigorous course adopted by the
Executive, in suspending the public works in the•
barony of Upper Tulla, does not appear to have had
the salutary effect that might reasonably have heel.
anticipated. No submission or promise of amend-
ment has as yet been offered. The infatuated pea-
santry persevere in their mad resistance to the
authorities ; food riots are of daily occurrence.,
and an organized opposition exists to the free
passage of edibles of any description throughout
the country. In many instances the farmers are
unable to obtain a sufficient quantity of labour for the
due cultivation of their lands and the ordinary agri-
cultural operations. 'The ground is not prepared for
the reception of the wheat crop for the ensuing year ;
and the present favourable season is suffered to pass
away without any advantage being taken thereof.
The labourers refuse to work for the farmers at even
a higher rate than that which they could obtain on
the public works. Things cannot be suffered to con-
tinue in such a state. It would lead to the ruin of
every person in any way interested in land through-
out the kingdom. It was only contemplated by the
Legislature, when giving their sanction to " the
Labour-rate Act," that the surplus labour should be
employed on the roads, and other works, not immedi-
ately profitable. These works were, as the Premier
has stated in his letter to the Duke of LEUNSTER, in.
tended to be merely auxiliary to private exertion and
private expenditure, and not the chief objects to be
regarded.

Two orders have been issued from which we anti-
cipate the most favourable results. It was essentially
necessary to prevent the abuse of the public works by
I the employment thereon of persons who had other
means of subsistence, or could obtain work from the
neighbouring farmers. It would be the duty of the
relief committees to scrutinize most closely the lists
of those seeking occupation thereon, and to take care
that it was only afforded to the deserving and really
destitute. It is now stated that men in comparatively
favourable circumstances—the occupiers of ten or
twelve acres of land—have been working oe
the roads, while their fields have been suf-
fered to lie idle and uncultivated. The first
order which has emanated from the Lord-
Lieutenant is directed to this abuse. His Excellency
desires " that instructions may be given to the officers
of the board that, as a general rule, no person should
be employed whose tenements are valued under the
Poor-law at 51. per annum or upwards, or to the sons
of such persons, unless in cases of undoubted destitu-
,tion." The latter part of his Excellency's order is
calculated to prevent the grievances that have unfor-
tunately taken place by the irregularity of the pay-
ment of the wages on the public works, and to prevent
the people from any advantage being taken of their dis-
tressed condition by those placed in authority over them.
He accordingly directs "that the officers shall report to
the board all cases in which the payments have not
been made weekly, as directed ; and that no person
employed under the board should be engaged in the
truck system,' or in the sale of spirits or food in the
neighbourhood of the works, under pain of dismissal."
There can be no doubt of the propriety and necessity
of those regulations. Although the holder of land
valued at 51. may require the public assistance, he
should be enabled to satisfy the officers that he is in
real distress; the possession of such a quantity of
land is primci facie evidence of his ability to support
himself, and also that there is a fair field for the
proper occupation of his labour in the due cultivation
of his own holding; while, on the other hand, he can
easily afford evidence of any circumstances which
have enforced the necessity of his obtaining employ-
ment on the public works.
The second order which has been made by the
Board of Works is still more valuable; it secures to
the farmers a sufficiency of labour at a reasonable
rate, and obviates the danger of the lands remaining
uncultivated or a future failure of food. It makes the
public works really swaliary to printe eroploymeut,

and not a substitute therefor. " The board ap-
proves of allowing farmers and others requiring la-
bourers to apply to the stewards on the public works
for them, and in case the persons selected by the
stewards refuse to go on, being offered the same rate
of wages they aro receiving on the roads, that the
stewards should be required forthwith to discharge
them."

We congratulate the board on the adoption of a
remedy going to the very, root of the evil, and a strict
adhesion to which will make the Labour-rate Act
what it really was intended to be. They have, not-
withstanding the reproaches poured forth against
them, well and efficiently performed their duty, and
we doubt not that, at a period of less excitement, they
will receive on every side the cordial approbation
that is already accorded to them by the more tempe-
rate and reasonable portion of the public.

The New Zurich Gazette announces that the Swis3
Vorort, having received from Geneva an official noti-
fication of the Provisional Government of the Canton
of Geneva having been duly constituted, has opened
relations with it.

The Grand Council of Geneva has, after a short
discussion, voted in favour of the proposal of the Pro-
visional Government, for the immediate dissolution of
the Concordat of the Seven Cantons. Nothing, there-
fore, remains but to communicate this resolution to
the Vorort.

The Grand Council of the Swiss Canton of Schaff-
hausen has decided, by a majority of 43 to 19, on a
revision of the Constitution.

A letter from Constance, of the 9th, says—
"ln addition to the military measures which the events
of Geneva have called forth in France and Savoy, Aus-
trian troops are aeon to advance towards Vorareberg.
There is no question of an armed intervention, inasmuch
as France has declared that she will not consent to one,
unless in two cases—first, a real violation of the federal
compact as to political institutions; and secondly, the
entrance of foreign troops into Switzerland. Austria,
on her part, it is said, has declared to Sardinia and
ranee, that oh, ots-ald au iut,va
unless the confederation itself demanded it."

The Grand Council of Geneva determined, on the
sth instant, to entrust to a committee of eleven the
task of preparing the draught of a new constitution.
The committees are to be elected by ballot, and their
sittings:are not to be public.

The Danish Royal Commissioner at Schleswig, hav-
ing refused to present to the King of DENMARK, the
address voted by the States; they have entered the
address on their minutes, with a declaration that their
object in so doing is to secure solemnly and for ever
the rights of the duchy, they have likewise, by a
majority of 36 to 5, ordered a protest to be entered
against the conduct of the Royal Commissioner.

A letter from Leghorn, of the 7th, says—

"According to accounts which we have received from the
Roman states, the population of Fano, in the legation of
Pesaro and Urbino, had risen in arms against the
Jesuits. The population, believing that the Jesuits were
conspiring against the Pope, effected a forcible entrance
into their convent, and ill-treated some of the inmates.
A demonstration was likewise made against some Je-
suits at Perousa. It appears that disturbances continue
in the Marches. The people, excited by the enemies of
the present system, are endeavouring to oppose the ex-
portation of corn." •

A letter from Bologna states that the citizens
having applied to the Secretary of State for permis-
sion to-organize patrols for the purpose of repress-
ing nightly disturbances which had for some time
taken place, received the wished-for authorisa-
tion on the 3d instant. The news of this measure,
which was looked on as a step towards the consti-
tution of a civic guard, was received with the utmost
joy, and in the evening at the theatre loud cries
of " Long live Pins; IX !" " Long live Cardinal
Gam !" were repeatedly uttered. The next day the
beads of the patrols were nominated, and the service
commenced the same evening. A deputation, com-
posed of some of the chief inhabitants, proceeded im-
mediately to Rome to thank Cardinal Gum for the
concession.
A letter from Rome says—

" In various districts of the provinces the inhabitant:
having formally opposed the exportation of corn, Car-
linal Grunettini has issued a severe ordonnance against
iuch proceedings. An agricultural association' has just
'col formed here, under the patronage of Cardinal Mas-
;inio, who has consented to be the president. It is
rumoured here that the Pope intends shortly endowing
'dome with municipal institutions, which would tend
much to aid the administration of justice, against which
loud complaints were made during the late Government."

It is said that the POPE has determined to do away
with the system of obtaining commissions in the
papal army by purchase, and that henceforth merit
►lone will secure promotion, while all officers not
-uffieiently instructed in the duties of their profession
will be placed on half-pay.
A letter from Genoa, of the 4th November, says—

" We have been assured that Don Carlos, who lives
retired in this city with the Princess de Beira and a very
.mall number of followers, intends to quit the dominions
)f Sardinia, and settle at Venice. It appears certain
hat his two sons, now in the service of his Sardinian
lajesty, have been appointed Generals in the Austrian
Th,! two Princes are yet novices in the art of
,var. The Queen of Holland, who ha.) travelled to Milan
and to Rome in search of a temperature congenial to
or health, purposes to stay some time at Nice."

Madrid papers of the Bth and 9th have arrived.

The greater number of the Spanish refugees in
Portugal had availed themselves of the amnesty to
return to Spain. 200 have already arrived at Cadiz•
The papers contain no later intelligence from
Portugal.
A letter in the Heraldo, from Seville, states that a
public dinner had just been given to Mr. COBDEN in
that city. General CIIACON, who was in the chair,
proposed to the party " the health of their illustrious
guest, and the application of his principles to the
financial state of Spain !" Mr. COBDEN replied in
English, his speech being translated to the company
by M. ALBERTO PROST T SOLER.
MADRID BOLSA, ov. 9.—The Three per Cents. were
;lone at 33j for cash; the Four per Cents., at 21k; the
Five per Cents., at 21i; the Debt without interest, at
6i; and the Coupons, at 20.

We have received the Paris papers of Friday and
Saturday.
The marriage of the Duc DE BOURDEAUX seems to
have excited a very great sensation amongst all par-
ties in France. The Ministerial Epoque has a very
orldthat
long article, the object of which is to prove that it is
an affair of no consequence, and to proclaim in the
name of M. Guizov that he does not care at all about
correct
it.oerrTrtaehThecarriesoa
ilkel feowawca otli f
gnit ht, hh withtroublethepeople
from
feeling
et
lri gives
with a
regard to the rival dynasties :
ratherthattSo theu
idcie, r
we Fn
a sssuspeiotirhoeeaswe
French
appearance.M"
The Legitimatist journals greatly and very naturally
exaggerate the impression produced in France by the
marriage of the Duke de Bordeaux. Public opinion,
says the Quotidienne, is almost unanimous in proclaim-
tug this marriage to be the greatest event that has oc-
curred since 1830. The ark of great principles,' ex-
claims the France, ' has sought shelter in foreign climes,
ini str
ity
should
but there at least it has not perished.' We know not
what the Gazette says, but it most probably is not
baltind the other in eloquence. Such exclamations go
far beyond the truth. The fact is that:the marriage of
the Count de Chambord is viewed at Paris as a mis-
chievous trick played on M. Guizot by Prince Metter-
nich, who has received from him so many genuflections
and advances. But much has also been said, although
the news was uncertain, about the marriage between
Louis Napoleon and Miss Burdett Coutts, heiress of
the Duchess of St. Alban's, who, it is said, brings with
her a dowry of thirty millions. In all these simulta-
neous weddings of the Queen and Infanta of Spain,
Miss Burdett, and the two archduchesses, sisters of the
Duke of Modena, in each of which the bride,
instead of a crown, brings to her husband at least
20 millions, the public has seen a singular coincidence,
without being occupied with the political consequences
to which the Legitimatist journals make allusion. The
principle of monarchical legitimacy is too miserably
compromised in France to preserve abroad any nume-
rous partisans, except amongst those anciently privileged
personages who still dream of the return of an impos-
sible regime. On the other side, devotedness to royal
families is gradually becoming effaced. This may be
well imagined when it is considered what acts ofingra-
titude, folly, weakness, and disloyalty have dishonoured
most of the young and old dynasties within the last
forty years. The people have been brought to think
that it is scarcely worth the trouble to substitute one for
another—to make revolutions for such a purpose. Of
Don Miguel or Donna Maria, of Don Carlos or
.Maria
Christina, of Isabella or the Count de Monteinehn-Tto
speak only on what is passing in the Peninsula—which
is most likely to insure to their respective countries
a free or national government ? A choice may be made
between the two principles which these namesrepre-.
sent ; but we are unnable to select either of the different
branches for their proper virtues. We know that
pretenders, because they are unfortunate, and their
faults are not exposed to view, may easily invest them-
selves with a certain degree of prepossession
in in their fa-
vour, which is too frequently sought for vain on the
brows of crowned princes. But these have compensa-
tions which reader them content, The Legitimatist

journals concur in giving us most flattering portraits of
the Duke de Bordeaux. We do not pretend to say
that there is adulation in this, for we know nothing
about him, and we readily confess that we are not ac-
quainted with any positive fact that warrants us in
denying their verisimilitude. On the other side it is
difficult to deny that the sons of the King of the French,
by their education, their antecedents, and their known
character, present guarantees which are rarely to be
found in the same degree among princes. Supposing,
then, all things to be equal, and by this supposition we
do not intend any offence to the son of the Duke de
Berri, if there is but the mere question of one man or
another, why make any change? What would France
gain thereby? Perhaps we may be agreed with on
this point ; but the question of principle may be
raised. Well, on this question France has given
her decision, and the reproach she makes to the
reigning dynasty is precisely that it bas too strong a
recollection of the doctrines and pretensions which
characterise the monarchy called Legitimatist. Europe, it
is true, thinks on this subject differently from France,
and it is very probable that if the Orleans dynasty is
tolerated by Austria and Russia, on account of the
services which our Government exerts itself to all
monarchies against revolution, the re-establishment of
the elder branch on the throne might appear to these
powers a very differently assuring guarantee. In this
consists the weakness'of the Government of July, as it
shows itself unfaithful to the conditions of its origin. It
bas made itself, in a measure, the gendarme of Europe,
in order to gain the good graces of absolute kings; it is
only tolerated, and when the English alliance fails it, it
cannot obtain another for France, for it meets every-
where else with only coldness and It has re-
jected that moral force which was in its principle, and
it is in vain for it to seek strength in a contrary prin-
ciple. It is the conviction of this weakness, becoming
more and more manifest, which sustains the hopes of
the Legitimatists—hopes, however, which, in our opinion,
are very ill-founded, for the Government of July, 1830,
is afraid of making itself, in the face of Europe, the re-
presentative of the spirit of revolution, while France is
proud of representing before the eyes of whole world
the present and future rights of nations."

There is great commercial depression in France,
and the money market is in a very agitated state.
On this subject the National says—
" France, which has lately experienced such cruel
calamities, sees this unfcrtunateyear draw slowly to its
close in the midst of a financial crisis which reacts upon
commeree and manufautureo. Fur acorn(' weeks past
affairs are embarrassed, money appears to be withdrawn
from circulation, credit is restrained and diminished,
all the securities quoted at the Stock Exchange are
undergoing a pi ogressive depreciation, and the Bank
of France perceives its coffers diminishing in an alarm-
ing degree, and it is contemplated to raise the rate
of discount, and at the same time to diminish the period
at which commercial bills are at present discounted.
All those symptoms arise one from the other, and it
requires not such a demonstration to prove the
existence of a real evil. We do not wish, however,
to exaggerate either its extent or its depth. Per-
haps we have a right to show ourselves at present severe,
as we have, thank God, sufficiently and energetically
warned the Government and the country of the misfor-
tunes they were preparing, and to what shocks they
were exposing public =edit, by giving permission to
public companies to act according to their fancy, and to
make calls of 80 or 100 millions almost at the same
time. The year has been in every respect unfortunate:
we have been obliged to pay in cash the supplies of corn
required in consequence of an insufficient harvest; the
disasters which have fallen on a portion of the country
demand large sacrifices, both from the state and from
individuals; the period of the year at which we have
arrived is severely felt by all branches of trade, in con-
sequence of the call for money from Germany, gold and
silver having emigrated towards the north, and the
rupture with England, together with the consequent un-
certainty of political events, combine to render capi-
talists timid. All these causes united have profoundly
affected public credit. and it is precisely at this moment
that the railroad companies come forward and call on
the shareholders for 100,000,000. What can we
think of a Government so improvident as to abandon
to the egotism of private interest an action so
influential on the affairs of the country? It might
be imagined that at the moment of a crisis the
Bank of France would enlarge its credit. No such thing.
It is stated that the rate of discount is to be raised, and
that no bills at 90 days are to be received. There wanted
only such an enormity to change a passing crisis into a
terrific perturbation and a real disaster. And whence
arises this terror? Because the stock of bullion in the
bank has diminished. A few days back there were in
the bank cellars but 80,000,000 in silver, 5,000,000 in
gold, and 15,000,000 in pieces of six liards, 15 sous, and
30 sous. But you may conceive that if the demand con-
tinues, it fears to be completely exhausted. The remedy
proposed for this is to increase the rate of interest, which
will prevent commercial bills from being presented for
discount, so that our merchants, at the moment they
have the most need of assistance, shall find less accom-
modation from the bank. We cannot believe that the
governor of the bank will have recourse to such a re-
medy. The diminution of the cash on hand is not a
sufficient reason. The bank has another mode of pro-
viding for all its wants, and the essence of every estab•
lishment of credit is to have its capital moveable, and
susceptible of being at a moment sent into circulation.
The bank need merely convert its unproductive capital
into cash to be circulated, and it will have sufficient
funds to encounter the most perilous contingency."

Affairs in the agricultural districts of France
appears, also, to be in a very bad state. In Nor-
mandy formidable bands of peasants scour the
country by night, and threaten with assassination all
who refuse to assist them. A considerable number
of these mendicants presented themselves a short time
since at the chateau of Canv, and were loud in their
denunciations of the farmers of the Duke of Lux-

EMBURGH.
The semi-official Messager will, it is said, cease to
appear at the end of the present month. The tele-
graphic dispatches and official news will from that
time be communicated to the Moniteitr Parisien.
The Moniteur of Friday publishes a royal ordi-
nance, establishing two new professorships in the
University—namely, one of the higher class of
geometry, to be held by M. CHARLES ; and the other
of mathematical astronomy, or mecanique celeste,
which was created specially for M. LEVERRIER. It
likewise contains an announcement that the French
Government had received from the Portuguese Govern-
ment an official notification of the blockade of the
mouth of the Douro. •
The Moniteur of Saturday announces that on the
7th, Bth, and 9th instant, 85 vessels, laden with
277,500 hectolitres of grain, had arrived at Marseilles,
which, with 548,000 hectolitres, imported between
the 2Bt- ult. and the 6th instant, formed a total
amount of 825,500 hectolitres. The greater part of
that corn was supplied by the Russian harbours on
the Black Sea.
The damages occasioned by the overflow of the
Loire to the Bordeaux Railroad, between Tours and
Amboise and between Blois and Amboise, were
nearly repaired. On the 10th there only remained a
space of about 100 yards to be terminated at Am-
boise. It was expected that in the evening of the
11th the communication would be completely re-
established, and that on the 12th the train from Paris
would travel without any stoppage to the terminus of
Tours.
The Journal des Chemins de Fer inserts the report
of the directors of the Paris and Strasbourg Railroad
Company, read to the general assembly of the share-
holders on the 11th inst. The company expects to
be able to open, in the course of 1848, the first sec •
tion (172 kilometres) between Paris and Chalons :
the intermediate portion (57 kilometres) between
Nancy and Metz ; and the last section of the line (71
kilometres), from Sarrebourg to Strasbourg—in all
300 kilometres. The branch to Saarbruck and the
other sections of the road will be terminated in 1849,
and the whole line opened in 1850. The report fur-
ther states that no call would be made on the share-
holders before April, 1847. A number of the share-
holders of the Paris and Caen line had summoned the
directors and bankers of the company to deposit,
within three days, in the Caisse des Consignations,
the 16,000,000 f. of the first instalment paid on
160,000 shares, holding them personally and jointly
accountable for the consequences of their non-comply-
ing with the injunction.
The Three per Cents. closed on the Paris Bourse on
Saturday at 82f. 65c. • the Five per Cents., 117 f. 85c. ; the
Orleans Railroad Shares, 1,227 f. 50c. • Rouen, 885 f
Havre, 675 f. ; Great Northern, 6481. 75c. ; Avignon,
870 f. ; Vierzon, 566 f. 25c. ; Bordeaux, 5471. sOc•
Boulogne, 450 f. ; Basle, 2201. ; Fampoux, 405 f ; Dieppe,'
353 f. 75c. ; Paris and Strasburg, 477 f. ; 'Tours and
Nantes, 4871. 50c. ; Paris and Lyons, 502 f. 50c. ; Lyons and
Avignon, 490 f. ; Bordeaux and Cette, 475 f. ; Spanish Do-
mestic Debt, 32%.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, NOVIMBER 14.
Boulogne and Amiens, 14%--Bordeaux, Toulouse and
Cette (Mackenzie), I%2—Ditto (Espelete), 3/4—Dutch
Rhenish, 512—East Indian, %—Great Western Bengal, t 4—
Luxembourg, 3%—Northern of France Constituted, 103/4
Orleans and Bordeaux, 7%—Paris and Lyons Constituted,
s—Paris and Strasbourg Constituted, 33/4—Sambre and
Meuse, 4%.

MARRIAGE IN Mon Lim—We have to record the
celebration of an alliance between the members-of two
of the principal families in Monmouthshire—namely, the
marriage of the only child of Sir Benjamin and Lady
Hall, of Llanover and Abercarn, to J. Arthur Jones,
Esq., of Llanarth, Tre Owen, and Penllwyn, which took
place on Thursday, the 12th instant. A large party of
wedding guests, consisting of the friends and relations
of both families, assembled at Llanarth, Clytha, and
both the houses of Llanover, the beginning of the week,
when dancing and music enliVened the assembled guests,
balls taking place every evening, attended by the neigh-
bouring families.

The number of prisoners on charges of being im-
plicated in the robberies committed by the band of which
Thibert was the chief, either as thieves or regeiverst has
been inbreased by several new arrests.