The Sun.
London, England, 1846-11-26 00:00:00

PORTUGAL.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR,—Any one acquainted with Portugal t rid the
ch tr,cter ‘t the P.rtugupse, must ra.ad with .iirpriA,
unfounded and cxa!Terated reports that are publi,.l,k-d
th,, hti &Ars of that in cresting but unhappy country ; and
as your columns are ever open to the appeali of truth
aro justice, I venture to address to yeu a few sugg•-,tions
hich a knowledge of the country and recent in:orrnation

supply.
Since the loss of her vast colonies Portugal has vainly
struggled to maintain a system inconsistent with her re-
quireriaents and beyond her means to support.
The great and romantic struggle which destroyed the
hearties: despotism of Dom Miguel, and established the
authority of the Queen and the charter, was succeeded
by a boundless enthusiasm, during which the victorious
party naturally sought to indemnify themselves for their
many sacrifices.
At the same time the sympathies of England were en-
listed in favour of the constitutional regime, and loans
were granted to an amount exceeding the credit and
means of an exhausted country to repay ; and the Go-
vernment, elated by a success beyond all expectation,
lavished honours and pecuniary rewards on the heave
hut craving instruments of its triumph.
The premature death of the groat and patriot c Dom
Pedro develo:ed the ambition ci rival parties, and Por-
tugal became again the prey of cupidity and intrigue.
Each successive Administration had to contend with in-
creased difficulties from the exhaustion and forestalm, nt
of every resource, until the expedients of Agiotism failed
to afford the scanty supplies of even a temporary budget,
and there was no longer any choice between a national
bankruptcy and a vigorous taxation. A talented but
unbending Minister attempted the latter, and presented a
system of finance whereby the exigencies of the State,
including the charge of the foreign debt, appeared, at
least on paper, to be amply provided for. But Portugal,
the former mistress of the res,chirces of Brazil, had
never felt the pressure of direct taxation, and it was
soon found that the new system could be enforced only
in the towns under a well-organized authority, whilst
the rural districts opposed, as by common consent, the
measures of Costa Cabral, whose downfal was as sudden
as it was destructive of the prospects of the Govern-

meat.
The Ministry of the Duke de Palmella was rendered
an impossibility by the total absence of money or
credit, and it became an urgent and unavoidable ne-
cessity that another change should be effected. Thus
it is altogether vain to ascribe the recent events at
Lisbon either to French intrigue or to any want of
faith on the part of the Queen, who has been unjustly
charged with the having betrayed her engagements to
the people, because she hesitated to satisty the sense-
less demands of rebellion. But when Palmella totally
failed to obtain the resources necessary to carry on the
Government, no alternative was left to her Faithful
Majesty but to call other respectable men to
besther
counsels, and her present advisers, with the
general in Portugal at their head, possess strong claims
to the confidence of the country.
It was the fate of Donna Maria to inherit a crown
encircled with thorns, the chief value of which con-
sisted in the proud recollections of a dazzling renown,
so gloriously won by the discoveries and conquests of
the Portuguese, who have never incurred any forfeiture
of their title to our admiration. They betrayed no
degeneracy when they baffled the pride and threw off
the yoke of Spain ; nor, still more recently, when they
emulated the high bearing of the British army, and
their courage and devotion were re-echoed by the
Aripeles and the Pyrenees.
Descending, however, from the proud titles of national
glory, it may be safely asserted that the Portuguese
have the strongest social claims to our respect and sym-
pathy, as in no country of the world have British resi-
dents been treated with more consideration and confi-
dence than in Portugal. We may lament the apparent
harshness of some temporary measures imposed upon the
Queen by a stern necessity, usually attendant on civil
war, and still despise the hypocrisy of those who affect
to whine over the pretended subversion of Portuguese
liberty, whilst they themselves seek by intimidation to
swell the ranks of insurrection with the victims of
anarchy. How do they shew their respect for constitu-
tional guarantees when they surround, and even forcibly
enter, the consular residences at Oporto, in search of
'' suspected persons," as they call the respectable men
attached to the Queen and the charter. And when our
own venerable countryman, Mr. Noble, so well-known
for his benevolence and integrity, during a residence of a
length of years at Oporto, was lately savagely wounded
to the extent of endangering his life, they allowed the
assassin to escape on the pretext that he mistook the
sufferer for somebody else.
And this is the party we are now called upon to
espouse in opposition to those who in other and more
difficult times established the strongest claims to our
lasting gratitude. Are there no living testimonies of the
assistance and protection given to the English on the
disastrous occasion of the invasion of Portugal by the
French, in 1807 ?—no grateful witnesses of the cordial
aid afforded by Sebastiao Correa, Conde de Terena. when
he not only protected the persons of the English, but in
disregard of his own safety and of all existing regula•
tions, he allowed and facilitated the removal of their pro-
perty, to save it from French rapacity.
flow are these facts to be reconciled with the syste-
matic abuse of the Portuguese, and how are we to ac-
count for the supineness of those who, having expo
rieticed the friendship, have neglected to vindicate the
character of our faithful allies. The Portuguese have
struggled to keep faith with the English hondhelders by
she payment of such amount of dividend as they could
raise, and which could only have been raised by the in-
definite p stponement of
etthh the
et
ommoool rraeebasennycceireeenedet ,c
oflaan hsbey
of
pi
tnahrpteuei
rr-
merabhypothecations,
domestic creditors, ast
money of Portugal may testify. The revolutions of
time may have done much to diminish the political
portttnce of our alliance with Portugal ; b
t even no 'm
we cannot be indifferent to her fate without disregarding
,he claims of her constant good faith.

Nor can our interests fail to be deeply affected if we

_...„
abmdon— the Douro and the Tagus, and thus lose a con
siderable commerce, which is still carried on with Por
fugal upon terns of facility and advantage denied to us
by other countries of Europe, which are now engaged
in the spread of combinations, with the view to curtail
and ultimately to destroy the trade in our products and
manufactures. If due attention were given to these
really important considerations, the misinformed or un-
reflecting public would be less prone to view with indif
ference the misfortunes of a people possessing so many
titles to our esteem.
London, Nov. 23, 1846. PHILO JUSTITUE.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing letter, advices from
Lisbon announce the issuing of a decree, making the
notes of the Lisbon Bank a legal tender, and subjecting
to heavy fines all who refuse to receive them, or attempt
to make contracts payable in coin.
No doubt there will be losses inflicted on creditors and
on the holders of bills of exchange who have given equi-
valents for a payment in metal, which they will now only
realise in a depreciated paper money.
The same result followed the Bank Restriction Act in
this country, and parties so situated suffered a loss in
amount equal to the advance in the market price of
gold, which occurred in the interval of their reimburse-
ment. Yet no one ever heard of indemnities being
given in any shape to persons whose interests were so
injured.
But as to the fines imposed by the Lisbon decree they
are chat acterised alike by folly and violence, and from
their obnoxious character it may be expected that they
will be at once rescinded.
[The writer of the above is known to us as having
been long resident in Portugal. We insertth his letter
upon the principle of audi alteram partem, although
by no means coincide with hi:n in the opinions which he
entertains. We have no faith in the honesty or patri-
otism of Costa Cabral or of Saldanha, or of any of the
Afrancesado or liberticide faction.—ED. Sun.]

We are authorised in stating that the Count de
Montero°lin, or, as he is called by his adherents, his
Majesty Charles Luis King de jure of Spain, arrived in
the metropolis on Sunday night. His Royal
Highne,s
travelled under the strictest incognito, and was accom-
panied only by General Montenegro, and his private
secretary, Don Romualdo Mon. The Marquis di Villa
Franca Duke di Medina Sidonia arrived in London a
few days since.—Times.
IMPORT OF PROVISIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES.
—The Saranak, which arrived at Liverpool from Phila-
delphia on the 21st inst., brings 2,854 barrels of flour,
12,000 bushels of wheat, 5,000 bushels and 40 IY,g's
Indian corn, 30 casks of beef, 9 casks of bacon, and 7
barrels of potatoes.

COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS.—Tuesday a depute
tion of gentlemen conducting private boarding
in different sections of the country, headed by schools,
banks. Esq., M.P., and T. Ewart, Esq., M.P., an
audience of Lord John Russell, on the subject of the
recently formed College of Preceptors. His Lordship
received the deputation graciously, and patiently listened
to a detailed plan of their future movements.
LAURENT'S CASINO.—This novel place -of enter-
tainment, in which the amusements of the concert and
ball room are so happily blended, is now entirely
established in public favour; it is nightly crowded by a
highly respectable company, who are apparently very
well pleased with the entertainments presented by the
spirited proprietor, Mr. Ellis. Not a vestige of the
scientific instruments, which formerly, to so little pur-
pose, stocked the gallery, is now to be seen. The con-
cert consists usually of a dozen well selected pieces from
the compositions of Mozart, Bellini, Donizetti, Balfe,
&c. A very well arranged orchestra, under the able
direction of M. Laurent, jun., gives due effect to these
selections. The vocalists eng,aged are Miss Clairton,
Messrs. Binge, Do Courcy, J. Roe, and the popular
Ginnie singer, Mr. Sharpe, all of whom sing in a very
praiseworthy style the music allotted to them. The
dances are each evening varied, and comprise the mo,t,
popular qaadrilles, polkas and wahzes; among which are
" La Peri," Musard; " The Brunnaw," Tinney; " The
Tzanmeister," Strauss, Six efficient masters of the
ceremonies render the dances orderly and complete.
By a judicious arrangement the amusements cease half
an hour before midnight, by which means late hours and
consequent fatigue are avoided, to the comfort of the
visitors.
PRICE OF LAND.—Tuesday, by an order from
the Court of Chancery, a piece of land, known es the
Gospel Oak and Five-acre Fields, lying between Kent-
ish-town and Hampstead, so called in consequence of
the bishops preaching the Reformation at that locality,
beneath an oak, which is at present standing there in
the last stage of decay, was put up to auction at the
Gray's Inn Coffee-house, for the purpose of tl e erection
of villas. The land was exonerated from land-tax tied
tithe free, save a payment of 4d. per acre, and a pay-
ment of 4s. yearly rent to the lord of the manor of
Tottenham; it formerly being copyhold of inheritance
of the manor of Tottenham. There were but little
L more than two acres, which sold for 1,4001., or 7001.
an acre.

THE REPUBLIC oF CRACOW.
THE ROYAL ORDINANCE.
BERLIN, Nov. 19.—The follewiag ordinances have
been published at Cracow :
" We, Ferdinand of Este, by the grace of
h God Ern-
poror of Austria, King of Hungary and Boemia, Sec.
" After the peace of Vienna, of the 14th of October,
4809, had detached from our empire the city of Cracow
and its territory, and had added it to the Gland Duchy
of Warsaw, but which, in consequence of the events of
the war of 1812, the Russian troops had reconquered,
our father, the late Emperor Francis I , concluded with
the Allied Courts of Russia and Prussia a treaty,
dated the 21st of April and 3d of May, to the follow-
ing effect :
" Cracow, with its territory, shall form, for the future.
a free and indtpendendeut city, under the protection of
the Three Powers. Nevertheless, the express condition
and the necessary supposition of that arrangement, will
be the strict neutrality of that free town, and the duty
imposed upon it not to give an asylum to any refugee
who is a subject of the three protecting Powers, but, on
the contrary, to deliver them to the competent authori-
ties. Nevertheless, an unhappy experience of sixteen
years has proved that Cracow has net fulfilled the con-
ditions of its independent existence, hut that since the year
1830 it has been the iacessatit cradle of hostile int egg e;
against the three protecting Powers. To such an extent
has this gone, that at the end of the month of
February of the same year it became the theatre of
scenes more violent and more dangerous than ever.
After the Government and the constitution had been
destroyed, and that the fate of the town was abandoned
to a certain number of conspirators, who had taken the
title of the Revolutionary Government of Poland, and
excited the inhabitants of all the ancient Polish provinces
to an armed revolt against the existing Government, an
armed horde made an irruption from the territory of
Crdcow into the states. It was therefore necessary once
more to place Cracow under a Provisional Government
under the military authorities, and to occupy it with the
troops of the protecting Powers. These events having
placed us in the impossibility of re-establishing the basis
of the liberties and independence of Cracow, which had
been broken by the enemies of the order, the repose, and
the tranquillity of Europe ; and penetrated at the same
time by the duty of placing our faithful subjects of Ga-
licia, and the la( aceful inhabitants of the town of Cracow
itself, in a position of safety from the attacks of the re-
volutionary party, we have, in accordance with his Ma-
jesty the King of Prussia, and his Majesty the Emrror
of Russia, submitted to a serious appreciation the future
fate of Cracow.
" With this view, deliberations have taken place with
the special plenipotentiaries of the courts of Berlin and
St. Petersburgh. The result of these deliberations has
been a convention, concluded on the 6th of November of
this year, at Vienna, by which the three protecting
Powers of the city of Cracow revoke and suppress the
treaties of the 33 May, 1815, and in consequence that
town and its territory return under our sceptre, in the
same manner that it belonged before the peace of Vienna,
of 14th October, 1809, to our late father and to our an-
cestors. It is on this account that we take possession of
the said city of Cracow and its territory. We join it for
ever to our crown, and declare that it forms an insepa-
rable portion of our empire, in which we incorporate it.
" We name the Count Maurice de Deyme, our cham-
berlain, member of the Council and Governor of Prague,
our Aulic commissioner, for this taking into possession,
and we seriously invite all the inhabitants of the town of
Cracow, and of its ci-devant territoi y, in their own in-
terest, to obey that Aulic commissioner sent by us, and
also to the authorities whom we confirm, and whom we
establish anew. We invite them, besides, to follow punc-
tually the ordinances made and to be made.
On the other hand, we promise them the main-
tenance and protection of our holy taligion, impartial
justice, equal division of imposts, and full and entire
guarantee of the public security to those who will render
themselves worthy of our grace by submitting imme-
diately to the present measure, which is in their interest,
and by their fidelity and their devotion to our house.
We shall always be a mild Prince and a gracious Em-
peror, and we shall make every effort in our power to
insure to them the benefits that their union to a great
and powerful monarchy is of a nature to guarantee to the
inhabitants of Cracow.
" Done in our Imperial Palace at Vienna, the 11th of
Novemba, 1846, and of our reign the 12th.
" FERDINAND (L. S.)
" CHARLES COUNT DE JAZAGIIE, First
Chancellor.
" FRANCIS BARON DE PILLERSDORFF,
Aulic Chancellor.
" JOHN BARON DE KRUCKZA, Vice-Chan-
cellor.
" By the special order of his Apostolic Majesty.
" FRANCIS CHEVALIER OF WADHERNY,
Aulic Councillor."

The following proclamation has been issued by ts
provisional Governor of Cracow:—
" Field-Marshal Lieutenant Count de Castiglione,
entrusted pros isionally with the government of the free
city of Cracow by the three protecting Powers, has
announced in their name that on the 6th instant they
drew up and signed the following convention:—
" Considering that the conspiracy which in the month of
February, 1846, led to certain events in the Grand Duchy
of Posen, nas a project arranged at a distance, with the
assistance of numerous accomplices in that country ;
considering that this criminal faction took arms at the
time agreed upon, commenced hostili• ies, and circulated
proclamations which excited the minds of the people
to a general revolt ; considering that Cracow became
'he seat of a central authority which assumed the
name of a revolutionary Government, and that this
Government issued ordonnances for the direction
of the in,urrection ; considering that all these
circumstances have put the city of Cracow into a mi-
serable state of war, which would have authorised the
three Courts of Austria, Prussia, and Russia to use all
the rights which a state of war gives ; considering
that upon this one ground the three Courts aforesaid
alight have disposed as they thought proper of a terri-
torey which had taken a hostile attitude against them;
hut, considering also that the intention of the three said
Dowers is not to subject the city of Cracow to the law
the strongest; considering that where there is so great
.n inequality of force, such law ought not to come into
operation ; considering that it is no longer a question for
an act of retaliation against that city, nor for its punish-
ment, but that the high protecting Powers only desire
to re-establish peace and order in the territory of Cra-
cow, and have not any other object than to protect their
subjects from a recurrence of events which have so
seriously disturbed their tranquillity; considering that by
a treaty of peace concluded between them on the 21st of
April (3d May), 1815, the city of Cracow, with its terri-
tories, was declared a free, independent, and strictly neu-
tral city, and placed under the protection of the three
high contracting Powers, and that the three Courts have
desired to put into execution by this convention the arti-
cles relating to Cracow in their several treaties of the 21st
April (3d May), 1815, of which one was concluded be
tween his Ma;esty the Emperor of Austria and his Ma-
jesty the Emperor of Russia ; and the other, of the
same date, between the Emperor of Russia and his Ma-
jesty the Kiag of Prussia ; but, considering that the
existence of the free city of Cracow, so far from fulfil-
ling their intentions, has been a source of disorders and
troubles, which for a period of twenty years have not
only menaced the peace and prosperity of that free city,
and the security of the neighbouring territories, but have
further had for object to overthrow the state of affairs
established by the treaties of 1815;
" Considering that numerous events of this kind,
which are to generally known to render it necessary to
examine them further, have entirely changed in its
essence the nature of the condition of the city of Cracow,
and that by proceedings contrary to the provisions of
existing treaties Cracow has on several occasions cast
aside the duties which a strict neutrality would impose
upon her, which proceedings have on several occasions
led to the armed intervention of `the three Powers, and
that all the modifications heretofore effected in her con-
stitution, with a view of giving more strength to her
Government, have not been sufficient to prevent a re-
currence of these deplorable events—considering that
and
e focus of
the patient spirit manifested in the benevolent
ordonnance of the three Governments, instead of leading
to the object intended, has only served to strengthen the
Cracowes of o order eis
wn their m e projects,.tfih
a new and extensive conspiracy, tI•T ramifications of
which extend into all the ancient province!
.. nd.,
abler and dis oyal project
" Considering that this culpa
itrhraetcothnecilfarbeelecietnyeomfi
has been followed up by an attack with open force on
the part of Cracow, which has become the centre from
which the spirit of revolt has sought to undermine the
uillitv o the jacent
foundations of the interior tr this eircumif tanceadtie t it
, a
territories—considering, from
appears that Cracow,
as a political state. is evidently
too
lattempts o
weak to resist the continua f Polish emigrants,
which
itude so that
which hold that city in a state of moral serv,
o the Powers aforesaid any seen-
she no longer affords t
rity against a recurrence of the attempts at disturbance
so often made;— that enterprises of this cha•
" Considering, further,
meter are an evident violation of the treaty
of the 21st
April (3d May), 1815, as
also the second article of the
act of constitution for the free city of Cracow of the 30th
May, 1833—considering that the conventionst e three
above-
mentioned concerning Cracow, agreed to by h
of the
Powers, were repeated in articles 6,7, 8,9, and 10
June,
1815 act of the Congress of Vienna of the 9th of
1815, sqlely in order that that treaty might comprehend
the various results of the arrangements concluded in the
course of particular negotiations betweent he Govern-
ments ;—considering consequently that if the three
aforesaid Courts now agree to change in regard to Cra-
cow a state of things upon which they were voluntarily
agreed in 1815, they are only adopting the exercise of
an incontestable right ;
" Considering all which precedes, and having taken
into serious consideration the safety of their territories,
so often threatened by the free city cf Cracow, the three
Courts of Austria, Prussia, and Russia have agreed to
the following resolutions :
" First. The said three Courts of Austria, Prussia, and
Russia revoke the articles of the treaties concerning the
city of 'Cracow, agreed to, the one between his Majesty
the Emperor of Russia and the Emperor of Austria, and
the o between the Emperor of Russia and the King
of Prussia, and signed on the 21st April (3d May), 1815.
" In like manner the additional treaty between Aus-
tria, Prussia, and Russia, of the same date, is revoked
and suppressed.
" Secondly. In consequence, the city of Cracow- and
its territories are restored to Austria, and re-united to
the Austrian monarchy, to be possessed by his imperial,
royal, and apostolic Majesty, as it was previous to the
year 1809.

(Signed) " CASTIGLIONE.
" Cracow, the 16th November, 1846."

MADAME ANNA 131S110P.—The engagement of this
ae.!omplished voealist, at Drury-lane Theatre, will ter-
minate, on the 23d of December, after which Madame
Bishop will make an extensive tour to fulfil her engage-
ments in the provinces.