The Sun.
London, England, 1841-09-08 00:00:00

TO THE EDITOR OF THE

tort"
by
SIR—I will not degrade myself or my cause- e'l of
ing the scurrility of a writer who, in addresbiiri
letter, in your journal of the 3d inst., Subscribes
a Constant Reader."
It may be well, however, for those wb" encontggoPle:
attacks upon a nation of seventeen millions ota P
and especially for a journalist now to be reg,i.
the organ of a new Administration, to consider t' barb
rural effect of such language upon your readers °ll
sides of the Atlantic. f
One of those desirous of preserving the Peace
ad:rbjeafottoridtb:nilyoa::dnotos,
ianti;:ot,
etihbuir,oeruggsntrseshoou,tsbeil
senuos
catipniervnoirpejrberiteslettstrihots:
ie:ccanearar(enileoladfifli nfttsththtylhi:en:Baa ttreti
elt)ithai
onpndu
blOl
ilfiuctt
era
icor
16.('
Atle
population are lesseiinnnded
nd
portion to her
commercial country in Europe, but upon the 6°,.licor:
ments, both "Federal and State," of the whole AT-state,'
Republic. The debts contracted, by the sever4„%etl
ulfiletnver siendriuornalsc, ut aahtiea rddi cit:101 p;rr
and Corporations of the United States are suPl?-o,oovi
amount to two hundred millions ofdollars, or 40,00. (Of
sterling. The annual interest upon this Inass4ioo,°.
cannot, in the aggregate, be less than twelve mi"loo'''
dollars, or '2,400,000/. sterling, including the ) • 0
sions on its transmission, and its payment in EurPir.ejarg
he ,
Now, the whole, or very nearly the whole, of
debt was contracted several years ago, and unite
greater part of its amount received by the
y
States in the shape of British manufactures. c'ple
b,,
But until the commencement of this year, 110;_;3„1-,la)
case had occurred, that I have heard of, in w T3lobile,!
State or Corporation, except the single Citr)t
,td
in Alabama, had failed to pay its interest ahr°,
exact punctuality.
One reason, and by no means the least po',l •i 0
operation, of the late and present distress of
facturing classes in England is, that twelve Toy wa
dollars which used annually to be remitte applie.
United States to pay for British goods, 'are no
acted 0
to the payment of interest upon a debt enrql,
England for objects in America yet unproduet!%(:, 01401!
For example, take the two middle States or s'sibio
Maryland and Pennsy/vania, which are resPenii knoviDe
nearly one-third of the loans referred to. It is ',..ef,f• thos.
that of all the internal improvements of NW
States, there is not one which yields at this thl',e,,;ns aD"
lends enough to defray the exigencies of collect,
repairs. , Statel
thus the entire interest on the debts of ttlc'l 4 1°
of dol L.ter;:otief
amounting to more than three millions
been withdrawn from their ether sources °f. n7IP/.°;
public or private, to pay the annual interest 011,11 d tatc
'luctive fund, drawn from England to the VEllte
by foreign loans. fo rejlie
But has a public creditor of Maryland; or

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sylvania, ever waited a day for his interest on the Stocks
of either States ?
The same interrogatory, in relation to every other State
of the twenty-,ix now composing the American Union,
must meet with the. same negative response ; except,
indeed, in-the cases of Mississippi and Indiana.
But in the former of these a Governor, who inculcated
the doctrine that the State was not bound to pay its
bonds, was severely rebuked by both Houses of his
Legislature without distinction of parties.
Inability to pay a debt, unexpectedly demanded, not of
the-principal debtor, but of his endorser or security—
and such is the character of the cases of delinquency
referred to—is no evidence of Lad faith; and set down at
its full extent, the charge upon the twenty-six States of
the American Republic rests on the delinquency of
but two, the circumstances of one of which I have related.
As to Indiana, I entertain no more doubt of good
faith thin I do of that of the Bank of England, which
was for many years exempted by an Act of Parliament
from the payment of its just debts except in its own de-
preciated notes, until the rate of exchange between New
• York and London fell"froM an advance of 10 per cent. in
favour of England to 20 per cent., the exchange of 1812,
in favour of the 'United States. Indiana has not paid the
interest of this year owing to a blunder in her financial
legislation, which she will repair at the next meeting of her
Legislature.
Of the territorial governments of the United States
• Florida' is singled out by your " Constant Reader" for
special denunciation. Yet when the last Legislature
Of that' territory terminated its regular annual session,
a case
.of delinquency- in the payment of interest on a
'territorial or' Florida bond had not arisen, although
1. the bondi' of the territory neVer sold originally below,
and selling sometimes above par, have been in the Lon-
don StoCk Market for more than six years, so that divi-
dends amonnting•to six-and-thirty per cent. have been
paid upon a large portion of th6l.
A single Florida Bank has circulated more than two
millions of territorial' bonds in Europe, on which the
annual interests- Mir "been at any time one day in
nrrear. - •
As to the distinction to which your " Constant Reader"
refers, between " Federal and State" jurisdictions in
AmeriCa, it. is one little understood, like many other
facts g
respectin
On America, by the British public.
it, however, rests the union, the peace, and proba-
bly, the freedom and happiness of .more than seventeen
millions of people—a people speaking the language, copy-
ing the institutions. civil and religious, cultivating
the literature and science; and consuming annually one-
fourth of the manufactures of England. And, what may
make a strong appeal to the " Constant. Reader," who
threatens, as men high in authority have done, to em-
ploy force, as the only instrument competent to correct
the " baseness" of America, the exports of this much-
abused people constitute the chief basis of British manu-
facturing industry. Allow me to call the attention of all
your readers to but a single fact, illustrative of this state-
ment—a fact supplied me by the late debates of the
House of Commons. It is, that the last year's Report of
British exports comprehends a value of cotton cloth and
yarns little short in amount of sixty-eight millions of
pounds sterling. To say nothing of the navigation to
which this branch of British exports gave employment,
estimate, I pray you, the number of hands it busied, of
mouths it fed, and the Sall total of fixed, as well as active
capital, of which it paid the annual profit.
I will not go after your "Constant Reader" into the
merits of M‘Leod's case ; nor determine whether the
United States be more to blame for detaining and trying
M‘Leod, notwithstanding Mr. Fox's abrupt and laconic
demand for his immediate discharge ; or Great Britain,
for failing to return any answer whatever to the repeated
and civil requests of Mr. Stevenson for satisfaction for
the destruction of the Caroline, and the death, not to say
murder, of a part of her crew.
One fact, hitherto unnoticed or disregarded, I will add
to this hastily written letter ; it is, that to destroy the
Caroline it was necessary for the military expedition
which accompanied that not very glorious achievement,
to pass around a British island in the River Niagara,
within point-blank cannon-shot of the Canadian shore,
whereon were stationed a band of brigandists, who had
set at nought the jurisdiction of Great Britain, but
whom the authors of that rewarded exploit did not at-
tempt to disturb.

One other fact, pen;nit me to add, that the United
States are the only nation on earth who have a law to
punish, and that severely too, their own citizens for
setting on foot a military expedition against any people
with whom they are at peace.
For the frequent and open violation of the principle
on which this law is founded, let the history of other na-
tions be consulted.

In conclusion, let me tell you that the seeds of ani-
mosity between England and the United States are
widely scattered over both countries, that peace is the
interest of both, and no true friend of either can wish
its interruption.
It is true that the United States, as lately intimated in
one of your columns, are not prepared for war. The
policy may be questioned at least, whether, situate as
they are, remote from Europe, it would be wise in
them to incur a great and constant annual expense, to
maintain, in time of peace, institutions hostile to the ge-
nius of their Government and the spirit of the people.
But let war come upon them when it may, they will
be found not so unprepared as you have supposed. Every
man in America is accustomed to the use of a gun ; he
needs no drillinc, to make him a good marksman. In
courage, the descendants of Great Britain and Ireland
emulate their sires ; and there is scarcely a branch of
menufactur) which is not now established in America.
This sort of industry needs but another war to advance
most rapidly towards perfection, and to supplant abroad,
when peace shall have returned, the nation least to be
benefited by its improvement.
A ship, the largest in the world, has long rested under
cover of the largest edifice in America, which was ready
to be launched on the bosom of Lake Ontario at the
close of the war of 1812, when but sixty days old, from
the hour at which her keel was laid at Jackett's Harbour.
The go-ahead policy of an enterprising people, to which
your " Constant Reader" alludes, needed in this instance
no aid from British capital ; and will, even in this
branch of national defence, soon supply the negligence
of peace, and assume the attitude and means of hostile

annoyance towards any foe that may wantonly wage war
upon them. Forbear, therefore, I pray you, the expe-
riment of force, which is, at best, but a vulgar instru-
ment in this philosophic age, and do not fight simply
because you are better prepared for battle than your
neighbour.
A FRIEND OF ENGLAND AND AMERICA

LIST GF NEW PATENTS.
AUGUST, 1841.

Edward Morewood, of Highgate, Middlesex, gentle-
man, for an improved mode of preserving iron and other
metals from oxidation or rust—being a communication.
Sealed 27th August—six months for inrolment.
Miles Berry, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery-
lane, Middlesex, civil engineer and patent agent, for cer-
tain improvements in the means and apparatus for ob-
taining motive power, and rendering more effective the
use of known agents of motion—being a communication.
Sealed 27th August—six months for inrolment.
Samuel Hardman, of Farnworth, near Bolton, in the
county of Lancaster, spindle and fly maker, for certain
improvements in machinery or apparatus for roving and
slubbing cotton; and other fibrous substances. Sealed 27th
August—six months for inrolment.

Thomas Chambers, and Francis Mark Franklin, of
Lawrence-lane, London, button-warehousemen, and
Charles Rowley, of Birmingham, Warwick, button ma-
nufacturer, for improvements in the manufacture of but-
tons and fasteniings for wearing apparel. Sealed 27th
August--six months for inrolment.

A POLITICAL COINCIDENCE.--The new Mi-
nistry of Sir Robert Peel is but the old Ministry of '34,
with some changes of seats, and the introduction of three
men who had no confidence in it seven years ago, Lord
Stanley, Sir James Graham, and the Duke of Bucking-
Lam, in lieu of Mr. lorries, discarded (though an abler
man by far than Mr. Goulburn), Lord Rosslyn, and Mr.
A. Baring.
am a. PEEL'S MINISTRY IN SIR R. PEEL'S MINISTRY IN
41. Sir R. Peel, First Lord of the Sir R. Peel,' First Lord of the
Treasury and-
Chancellor of Treasury.
the Exch:•quer.
Duke of Wellington, Secretary Duke of Wellington, a t• of State for Foreign Affairs w
. the Cabinet without tea
1n
Mr. Goulburn, Secretary of Mr. Goulburn, Chancellor. of
State for the Home Depart- the Exchequer.
meat.
Lord Aberdeen, Colonial De- Lord Aberdeen, Secretary of
partment. State for Foreign Affairs.
Lord Wharneliffe, Lord Privy Lord Wharncliffe, President of
Seal. the Council.
Lord Ellenborough, President Lord Ellenborongh, President
of the Board of Control. of the Board of Control.
Sir E. Knatchbull, Paymaster Sir E. Knatchbull, Paymaster-
Gere:al. General.
Lord Lyndhurst, Chancellor. Lord Lyndhurst, Chancellor.
Earl de Grey, First Lord of Earl de Grey, Lord Lieutenant •
the Admiralty. of Ireland.
Sir G. Murray, Master-Gene- Sir G. Murray, Master-Gene-
ral of the Ordnance. ral of the Ordnance.
Lord G. Somerset, Woods and Lord G. Somerset, Duchy of
Foresti. Lancaster.
Sir H. Hardinge, Secretary Sir H. Hardinge, Secretary at
for Ireland. War.
—Norwich Express.
MRS. RAWLES'S CASE.—ALLEGED CASE
Or POISONING AT .NEWPORT.—Mr. Wm. Rawles, Of
Newport, having commenced actions against the Coroner
and medical advisers who acted in this case, has addressed
a • rinted letter to the inhabitants of Newport, and the
public generally,' in which his purpose is to disabuse the
mind at the public, preliminary to the trial, of the vari-
.ous insinuations which have got abroad, and which
• might prove detrimental to his own interest or that of his
nephew's. This, however, the exculpatory verdict of the
Jury ought sufficiently to do. The action will be tried
at the next Spring Assizes.
Lord Western, the veteran Corn•law advocate,
and impugner of our Currency system, has published a
Supplement to his Letter to Lord John Russell, in which
he says—" My opinions I need hardly repeat •, unhesi-
tating, unshaken, they are formed upon the long and
anxious thoughts of many years, after availing myself of
the superior information of others ; and convinced I am,
that nothing but an alteration in our monetary system
can relieve our present distress, or render effective any
measures for our future security. That a change ere long
must come, I believe no man of reflection can doubt; the

Rank cannot remain for ev-r subject to perform impossibili-
ties. Such an alteration of our monetary system as I con-
template, would be felt only in the relief and benefit of all
classes, in the steadiness of the markets, and the security
of the merchant and manufacturer. They would be then
enabled to rely upon the well-founded calculation of pro-
bable demand and supply, which at present afford them
no protection against loss and failure."
DANTZIC, AUGUST 28.—Our wheat market
has been very dull this week, because we have a con-
- 4inuance of fine weather, and the accounts from England
are discouraging,

THE QUEEN AND THE MINISTE-
RIAL CONFERENC v: ON THE CORN-LAWS.

The Rev. J. W. Massie has supplied us with a copy
of the Memorial to the Queen, adopted at the Conference
of Ministers, held during last month, in the Town-hall,
Manchester, and the answer of her Majesty to the As-
sembly, through the Marquis of Normanby, which we
subjoin : . ,

TO HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
May it please your Majesty—We, your Majesty's du-
' tiful and loyal subjects, being Christian ministers of all
denominations, and from different parts of the United
Kingdom, assembled in Manchester on the 17th, 18th,
19th, and 20th days of August, 1841, " to consider the
laws restricting the food of the kingdom," beg permis-
sion to approach your Majesty with an expression of our
sentiments in relation to the momentous subject which
has thus brought us together. In craving this indulgence,
we beseech your Majesty to believe that we are in-
fluenced by affectionate veneration for the person, and
an ardent attachment to the throne, of your Majesty, as
well as by a deep heartfelt interest in the subject itself.
Our unceasing prayer to the Supreme Ruler is, that
Christianity will continue to smile on your Majesty,
your august consort, and your illustrious offspring ; pre-
serving your Majesty in the uninterrupted enjoyment of
health ; surrounding you with all the endearments of
domestic life ; and after rendering you, through a long'
course of years, a blessing to your people, giving you
in the realms of eternal glory a crown that fadeth not •
away. Brought by our professional avocations into
daily intercourse with the more numerous classes of
our fellow-subjects, it is, as it has for some time past
been, our painful lot to witness scenes of wide-spread,
heart-rending, and ever-deepening distress, arising
mainly—as, alas ! is too obvious—from a want of ade-
quate employ, and a consequent destitution to a very
great extent of the' common necessaries of life. In
endeavouring to ascertain the cause of this most
deplorable state of things, we beg to assure your Ma-
jesty, that after patient' and dispassionate investigation,
we have been constrained to admit the conviction that it
is to be found primarily and chiefly in those laws which,
by unrighteously interfering with the arrangements of.
our beneficent Creator, produce an artificial scarcity of
food, impose shackles on trade and commerce, cramp the
efforts of industry, and, even where they seem to benefit,
occasion only a delusive advantage. Encouraged by the
painful solicitude which your Majesty has uniformly
manifested for the welt-being of your subjects, we hum-
bly yet most earnestly solicit your Majesty's interposi-•
tion, so far as it can be constitutionally rendered ; as-
sured that nothing more becomes the dignity or answers
to the office of Princes or Potentates, than an imitation
of the Sovereign Haler, who is good to all, and whose
tender mercies are over all his works.

(THE REPLY.)
Whitehall, August 30, 1841.
Sir—l have had the honour: to' lay before the Queen
the loyal and dutiful address from the Christian:minis-
ters of various denominations assembled in Manchester;
and I have to inform you, that the address was very
graciously received by her Majesty.
I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
Rev. R. Vaughan, D.D., NORMANBY.
1, Holland Park-terrace, Notting-hill, Kensington.
The number of ministers who assembled was 645 ;
about eighty others had promised, and expected to be
present during its deliberationS, but were prevented.
Thus seven hundred and twenty -five pastors of churches
gave their names as members of the Conference.
During the preliminary arrangements, more than seven
hundred sent in their approval, and expressed their re-
gret that they could not attend ; many (nearly one hun-
dred more) have since signified their concurrence with
the views and proceedings of the Conference. Hence we
are warranted in stating, that more than fifteen hundred
ministers of religion stand personally pledged to carry
out the recommendations of the Assemby. But, more-
over, many of the ministers who were convened were de-
legated from extensive associations, unions, &c., and were
but the representatives of much larger numbers in the
country who could not assemble ; the fifteen hundred
may therefore be trebled.—Manchester Guardian.

THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS AND
THE POOR-RATES.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR—Having had my attention lately called to a
paragraph in thy journal copied from an Irish paper, in,
which it is very erroneously stated that " the Quakers
have declared against the payment of the Poor-rates,
because they allege that a tax to support the poor is
contrary to Scriptural doctrine," I shall be obliged by
thy contradicting this statement altogether, as the Mem-
bers of the Society of Friends have always cheerfully
paid the Poor-rates, besides bearing the exclusive charge
of maintaining their own poor, who never receive relief
from the parish. In confirmation of the foregoing, and
in furtherance of the cause of Religious Liberty, I should
be obliged by thy giving insertion in thy widely cir-
culated paper to the following petition to the House of
Commons, which embodies the views and feelings of the
Society of Friends, both on the duty of relieving the
poor and on the importance of guarding against ex-
clusive and illiberal measures in reference to their reli-
gious instruction.

I am, respectfully, thy friend,
6th of 9th month, 1841. J. H.
TO THE COMMONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED.
The petition of the undersigned respectfully showeth—
That the Christian Society of Friends has now existed
nearly two centuries as a distinct religious body. From
their rise to the present day they have felt themselves
required on conscientious grounds to refuse the payment
of tithes, and all other demands of an ecclesiastical cha-
racter. Political considerations have had no part in this
retusal; its sole ground has been the conviction that such
imposts are repugnant to the doctrines of the New Tes-
tament, and to the whole scope and design of the reli-
gion of Jesus Christ. The open yet patient and peace-
able maintenonce of this refusal is felt, as it ever has
been, to be a matter of conscience with them as a testi-
mony to the freedom and purity of the ministry of
the Gospel, and to the spirituality of the reign of the
Messiah.
Your Petitioners feel that the appointment of Chap-
lains of the Established Church to act as the Ministers
of the Union Houses under the New Poor-law, and the
imposing upon Dissenters of the payment of their sti-
pends, however small in amount, out of the Poor-rates,
are fresh violations of these religious scruples. They
consider the appointment as a new addition to the Esta-
blishment, and the mode of payment as 'a serious in-
fringement of the rights of conscience.
They consider farther, that the regulations and pro-
visions, in regard to religious care and instruction in the
Union Houses, are calculated to favour an exclusive sys-
tem, alike unjust to the inmates of these houses, and
inimical to those great principles of religious liberty, to
which it is the firm persuasion of your Petitioners that
the prosperity of their beloved country is, under Divine
Providence, greatly indebted.
And in reference to this part of the subject, they would
respectfully express their regret, that other teachers than
those of the Established Church are, by some recent re-
gulations, in danger of being wholly excluded from
giving Christian instruction in the Union Houses, ex-
cept to the inmates of their own religious persuasion in-
dividually, and to them only when such inmates re-
quest it.
It is in the view of your. Petitioners highly objection-
able thus extensively to collect a • portion of the com-
munity in one building, and there 'to restrict the
re-
ligious
instruction of them collectively to a particular
class, and refuse admittance to all other Christians, who
in love to their Lord and Saviour, and to the souls of
their fellow-countrymen, may feel it their duty to ad-
dress them on the solemn truths of the Gospel and their
eternal interest.
They are far, indeed, from objecting to the exercise of
religious care over the inmates of these houses. But
such is the sacred nature of the truths to be conveyed,
and such ought to be the religious feelings of the in-
structor, that they think it derogatory to this high
duty to fix that it shall be performed for money. And
they further believe, that ,if the instruction be freely
conveyed, if it were imparted purely from Christian
love to the souls of the hearers, and wholly unconnected
with pecuniary emolument, it would be more beneficial
in its character, more likely to be blessed in its fruits.
Your Petitioners would further submit, that whilst
the Boards of Guardians are invested with a controlling
power to determine what religiously concerned indi-
viduals shall be admitted to the Union Houses, and under
What regulations, no practical incon% enience is likely to
result from the liberty for which we plead.
Many of the members of the Religious Society of
Friends have been appointed Guardians under the new
law, and have cheerfully rendered their aid. The So-
ciety of Friends feel a lively interest in the temporal and
tchoemir relief,fort sofantd theyhepoora.re
notT h e They
indifferentrea d p atoy
at
nh
ye
rpa t e
measures tuf o alr
which promotes th moral and religious im-
• provement of the community. They love their country,
and it is their sincere deshre that pure and genuine
,blessed head of may, under
and felt, and practised. in the land.
the power and authority of
moreC Christianityhrs tthetfthe Church, be more and
pyersoevidi ga theireffec effectual
er
remedy
et
dhye.
Your Petitioners in thus
e
n
House of Commons, earnestly
conviction that by doing
may be enabled to devise and desire that Parliament
they have adverted and
iasn eines
theto Ncychmi%c,
so the
real welfare of the poor will be best promoted, and the
common weal of the country most advanced.
ftohreyth ask sgkr
Signed by us, Members of a Meeting appointed to re-
present the Society of Friends in England and
Vale=, London, the seventeenth day of the third
month, one thousand eight hundred and forty-one.
BY MANY FRIENDS.
The above Petition was presented to the House of
therton
Commons by Joseph Bro , M.P. for Salford, on
the 26th of 3d month, 1841.

A desperate attempt was made by a man named
Robert Fell, who keeps a beer-shop known by the sign
of the Duke of Cambridge, near the Robin Hood-gate,
to destroy himself yesterday mornint
under rather extraordinary circumstances. It appears
that Fell took possession of the beer-shop about a week
ago, and he was yesterday morning to have been married
at St. George's Church, Ilanover-square ; and an ap-
pointment was made to meet his intended bride at ten
o'clock, and a fly was hired for that purpose. About
five o'clock yesterday morning a man named Williams,
with whom he slept, heard him get out of bed, and in
the course of a few minutes stagger about and fall to the
floor. He immediately obtained a light, and he then
.discovered the unfortunate man lying upon the ground
in a pool of blood, with his throat nearly cut from ear to
ear, and a razor by his side. A surgeon arrived, and
heimmediately sewed up the wound, but the injury is so
great as to preclude any hopes of his recovery. Infor-
mation was conveyed to the young woman to whom he
was to have been married, and her feeling may well be
conceived. N. o cause whatever appears to be assigulble
for the commission of the desperate act.

LITERATURE.
THE HISTORY GUERNSE.
Longman, Paternoster-row.
Guernsey, the chief of the Channel islands,
has long stood in need of an historian, and Mr.
Duncan, from his long acquaintance with the
Norman policy and movements, as also having
personal knowledge of most of the leading men
in the island, and access to the inedited docu-
ments and manuscripts which their archives
possessed, had advantages at his disposal
which have combined towards the pro-
duction of an authentic and sterling Work.
This island appears to have been faithful
in its allegiance to the English Crown
under all aspects and political changes, from the
remote period of its first junction to England,
in the person of the Norman William, of whose
duchy it formed part. During the various sieges
it has undergone, as also the later period of the
revolutionary war against France, the privateers
of Guernsey were eminently distinguished by the
hardihood of their crews, and the rich prizes they
captured. Edmund Burk e observed that the Chan-
nel Islands occupied no mean share in contribu-
ting to the naval pre-eminence of Great Britain.
The present. Carey family, which is now so nu-
merous and respectable in the island, was planted
here in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, in the
person of a Carey, nearly related to Anna Boleyn,
a poor man, but whom the royal favour of
the former Queen elevated to a fair standing in
the island. They are the only family connected
with the Royal blood in the island, and their
escutcheons of three roses and a swan-crest be-
. speak the quartering of their arms with Eliza-
beths. The internal policy of the island affords
some few points worthy of notice, as they differ
materially from those of England, some for
the better, others for the worse. Among
the more objectionable is that of : the
prison discipline, which permits the indul-
gence to the felonry, of daily intercourse
with his associates. This non-observance of the
" silent system" undoubtedly renders punish-
ment light, and the object of severity is defeated.
Again, in the judicial courts, the method of trial
proceeded upon in criminal cases appears open
to a host of objections. It is an impossibi-
lity that a coroner's jury, who act in .con-
formity to the plan adopted, by which
all the preliminary evidence and factS of
the case are gone into, before the prisoner or
his counsel are permitted to appear or state their
case,, can come into Court, on the day of trial,
with unprejudiced minds. This unfairness to-
wards the prisoner has been long acknowledged,
but no reformatory measures have been taken. Tlie
" Small-farm system" is, perhaps, one of the
Most pleasing features of the island, as it bears
upon the peculiar relation of landlord and tenant,
especially appertaining; to Guernsey. To enter
into a discussion of the nature of this tenure of
property would far exceed our limits ; but it
appears to be productive of such reciprocal ad-
vantages to both parties, and experience', has
proved it to generate so excellent a system of in-
dustry, content, . and economy, that our author
earnestly urges its adoption -r Ireland, stead-
fastly believing that if actet.Tpon there, an Irish
acre would yield comfortable subsistence to five-
fold its present number of persons, the ratio al-
lotted to the same surface of ground in Guernsey.

HISTORY OF THE IRON TRADE.
Smith and Eller, London, 1841.
To practical men, and those who take an interest
in the subject, this history of he ironitrade through-
out the world, from the earliest records to the
present period, will present many points of at-
traction, for it is the carefully digested pro-
duction of a gentleman who shows in every
page that he is perfectly familiar with
his subject, and who treats it accordingly 'in a
succinct and luminous manner. The design of
his work is—as he assures us in the introduc-
tion—to report from researches into ancient and
later writers what they have noticed of impor-
tance relative to the history of iron—a design
which he has worked out in detail and with
much skill.

THE PORCELAIN TOWER.
Bentley, London, 1841.
The majority of these stories have already ap-
peared from time to time in the -pages of Bent-
ley's popular Miscellany, where they attracted
so much attention as to have been deemed worthy
of re-publication. They are mostly narratives,
founded on Chinese habits and legends; are re-
plete with arch drollery, and are illustrated in a
kindred spirit by Leech. A more humorous or
entertaining little volume has not appeared this
season.

DIBRIN'S SONGS. Part I.
How and Parsons, London, 1841.
The day of Dibdin's popularity is, we appre-
hend, fast passing away. He was perhaps the
most successful ballad-writer of his time; but
that time was one of mediocrity, when a very
litte poetic talent went a great way, and made a
very effective show. His happiest efforts were
his sea songs, which were sung with enthu-
siasm by the blue-jackets, and possess a cer-
tain rough cordiality of manner and homeliness
of sentiment, every way calculated to recommend
them to the favour of those to whose sympathies
and prejudices they appealed. But their great
defect is, that they inculcate the blindest and
unhesitating submission to authority, under
every possible circumstance. They impress upon
the sailor the fact that he is to consider himself
a mere machine, incapable of thinking or judg-
ing for himself. He is to have no feeling of his
own, but such as his Sovereign may be pleased to
patronize. "God save the King!" is to be the alpha
and omega of his thoughts—the sole prompter.of
his actions; and next to this, he is to cherish a
deep-rooted hatred and contempt of the French,
as though they are his natural enemies, whom it
is an act of insanity to attempt to conciliate.
These sentiments suited the time at which Dibdin
wrote, when the nation was in a perfect ferment
respecting French revolution and French in-
vasion ; but they now wear an aspect of the
most absurd exaggeration; and are only worth
preserving as a curious record of the sympathies
and prejudices of a past age. Dibdues sea-songs,
though they may tend to make a sailor a more
exemplary machine, -and raise his feelings of
loyalty up to fever-point, will never strengthen
and enable his sense of morality, or exalt him
in the scale of thinkingbeings.

EXCURSIONS IN NORMANDY. 2 Vds.
album, London, 1841.
Normandy has been of late years quite the
rage with English tourists, as much so as even
the Rhine or the Genevese Alps, and numerous
are the volumes of travels we have perused on
the subject. To say nothing of Landscape An-
nuals devoted to illustrating the scenic beauties,
antiquities, &c., of this fine French pro-
vince, we have had Mrs. Trollope lavishing
encomiums on it to the extent of two
volumes; Miss Costello raking up all its wild
legends and spperstitions ; Mr. Tolfrey dwelling
with rapture on its various sporting capabilities;
and now comes Mr. Shoberl, with a series of
sketches descriptive of the characters, manners,
customs, &c., of the Normans, as also of their
arts, sciences, manufactures, scenery, and history.
This work takes a wide range; and it is but justice
to add, that it does well what it professes to do.
After devoting an introductory chapter to a brief
digest of the history of Normandy, and to some
details respecting its wealth in natural produc-
tions, the author proceeds to describe the well-
known sea-port of Havre, of whose commercial im-
portance he speaks highly, observing that "nearly
one-fourth in amount, and nearly one-third in total
value, of all the goods circulated in France pass
through the town." He adds that the mercantile
class of Havre in general espouse the principles
of free trade; and though in every political
struggle they have shown themselves decided
partizans of the juste milieu, yet on all commer-
cial questions they are real Jacobins, who cannot
endure any monopolies or privileges, no matter
whether belonging to nobility or bourgeoisie.
Dieppe our author describes as being during the
season " one of the pleasantest sea-bathing places
in Europe," and states that it owes its celebrity
to the Duchess of Bern, who for years visited it
annually up to the period of the revolution of
1830. In describing Rouen, the name and
deeds of Joan of Arc of course occur to the
author's recollection, and he expresses great
indignation "at the manner in which both
French and English have treated the Maid
of Orleans, and even her memory. The house
in which she was born," he says, "has been
turned into a cow-house ; the tower, where she
was confined, has been,ptaled down ; and it has
been deemed superadous to erect a monument
for her, either where she lived or where she
died." We close our hasty notice by one or two
anecdotes of sea-bathing. at Havre :
Men and women bathe here together, and I really
cannot see that there is anything objectionable in this
practice. The women wear bathing dresses of the most
modest fashion, to which a ball-dress is absolute nudity.
eau
rsvteriuntg,
aa h esnh
uyuolud
enri,ayaupderltihapesfusiere
ut‘l‘i,euebre,auu-f
Sometimes the playful waves will draw out a pin, or
untietifu
course, blushes, as though she did not expose a great deal
more to every eye when fashion pleases to command her.
From my own experience on several occasions, I have
found that the bathing together of the sexes was a lucky
circumstance. The sea is at all times treacherous.
During the ebb, it always draws you away to a distance,
and you have great difficulty to reach the shore again,
when you have ventured out too far. One day, a beau-
tiful English woman, too confident in the dominion
which her country assumes over this element, had swum