The Sun.
London, England, 1846-09-17 00:00:00

SEPTEMBER 17,
184 G.

oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, by which the greatest known
heat can be produced, and the result was precisely the
btthiethmeePetriensgi:
17911 THE
dent, addressed the meeting at some length.
BRITISH ASSOCINTION
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
called
d r lie
sp send
SOUTHAMPTON, WEDNESDAY. Yesterday eveaing S;hrediOtHeyte. tDeEr.Rßsc:ElLNsboeNinagl
a public dinner, open to ell the members of the =swede-
and alluded to the extraordinary visitation of comets
than, took place at the long room, a large hall in which
(luring the past two yours. Their number was so great
the meetings of the mathematical section arc held. The
that on one night he had been able to point out to some
of his friends who visited the Armagh Observatory no
banquetmembers
havingv e ),
satnumerouslyd
on n
to attended,
table, b n upwardst ththe
ar
arrange-
less than five comets. A remarkable fact, which ap-
ments, to say the least cif them, were not those of a
first-rate London hotel. There were no stewards ap-
peared to have some connexion with the discovery of Mr.
pointed, and the guests were kept waiting in an ante-
room without seats for a full hour after the time ar- Grove, is that the comets when coming from their an-
ranged. Philosophers were, however, not expected to
star
the
or comet
solid swellsbody
Considerably
i into a n
tie ion appear like small stars surrounded by the cloudy
complain of such trifles, and_ to say the truth of them
sinwghitlheethseunstat
btenvelope or coma from which they derive their name ;
they went through the experiment made upon their ca-
immenseu after
size,p as
pebility of endurance with true professional equanimity.
Sir R. I. Murchison, the president of the association, decreases, and in one instance, observed by Sir John
filled the chair. Herchel at the Cape, appeared to have entirely dis-
On the right of the chairman sat Professor Oersted, appeared.
Sir John Herschel, Bart., the Rev. B. Powell, and the Sir JOHN HERSCHEL remarked that one of the most
Dean of Westminster, and on the left sat the Mayor,
extraordinary scientific facts of the past year was that of
the Marquis of Northampton, Leonard Horner, Esq.,
one of the comets having divided into two, each of which
F.R.S., and G. Porter, Esq., president of the statistical
section. All the other foreigners who are guests of the proceeded on its way alone. He would probably havesome remarks to bring before the association on this
association were provided with places immediately in
front of the chair. subject at a future time.
When the cloth was removed, and grace said,
The meeting, after hearing some explanatory remarks
The PRESIDENT, in proposing the usual loyal toasts, from Mr. Grove, separated.
referred to the interest which her Majesty took in the The sections, with the exception of those which hadcompleted their labours yesterday, all opened at eleven
proceedings of the association, and to the knowledge
o'clock this morning.
which his Royal Highness Prince Albert displayed of the
several branches of science treated of at the sectional SECTION B.—CHEMISTRY.
There were six papers read at this section, but there
meetings which he had attended. 'He then gave
"The Queen." was only one of any general interest among them.
" His Royal Highness Prince Albert, the first and "On certain principles which obtain in the application
only honorary member of the British Association." of manures. By W. C. Sooner." After alluding to
" The army and navy." the importance of studying economy in considering the
Lieutenant-Colonel COLBY, RE., returned thanks on
application of chemistry to the purposes of agriculture—
the part of the army. He said that as they had so very a fact which chemists were but too prone to overlook—
brief an interval before the hour fixed for the evening the author dwelt on the necessity of attending to the
meeting, he would not occupy their time except merely distinction between manures that are most essential to
to return thanks for the honour that had been done the the plant, and which can only be supplied by manure,
service with which he was connected. Europe had now and those which are less essential and which can be pro-
been blessed with thirty years:of peace, and he trusted
hiainnc
hcpi rctohncenu rstijonlign.
cured from other sources. Whilst the compounds of
ammonia and phosphoric acid are of such value as to
gwreel
them—theat
treepx at
ey nwttheebn
be
xesrpu ebn
ans
adt
inittnuurtreseds
—o
forfthaee
alaaclrhkgaeol
tishs u,emrw,
that that peace would long continue to the advancement
of science and the continuance of the intercourse which
now existed between them and the distinguished scien-
tific foreigners whom he saw around him.
Captain ALLEN, R.N., briefly acknowledged the toast cafes, which ought to be realised from the soil,should only
be used as purchased manure when they canbe procured at
on behalf of the navy.
The PRESIDENT alluded to the very flattering and a low expense—particularly as they may be got from
the ashes of vegetables, or from burnt clay or other soil,
hospitable reception which the association had met with
or else by the disintegration of the earth in the mecha-
in the town of Southampton, and said lie was sure every
nical operations of agriculture. The paper concluded
member present would cordially unite with him in
by suggesting the formation of an exclusively agriculs
drinking the next toast, which was " The Mayor, Cor-
poration, and Inhabitants of Southampton."—(Cheers.) tural section at the future meetings of the association.
The MAYOR said lie should claim the same privilege SECTION C.—GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.
that was accorded to those who preceded him, namely, Leonard Horner, Esq., president.
of net tresspassing at any length upon their time, in con-
This section sat for a short time, and afterwards pro-
ceeded to visit the Artesian well on the common, near
sequence of the very few moments that would elapse
before the time fixed on for the evening meeting.
In the town. The president of the association, Sir R. Mur-
returning thanks for the honour which had been con-
chison, announced it to be the opinion of the principal
ferred by the toast they had just drank, he begged to
geologists present, that as the boring had been continued
state that the authorities of the town most anxiously and for such a considerable distance into the chalk, the
ardently desired that the association would do them the works ought to be proceeded with, with the expectation
o
honour of coming among them; and he sincerely hoped of soon reaching the upper-green sandstone, in which
they were in turn well pleased with their reception.—
the great supply of water would be found.
(Cheers.) It was true that the people of Southampton SECTION D.—ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.
had not received them with any great liberality or hos-
Sir John Richardson, M.D., president, in the chair.
pitality, but they knew that they had to prepare for men "On mould containing phosphorescent vegetables.
of science, and that the arrangements which would be By the Hon. W. Fox Strangways." The luminous
most acceptable to the members of the association were matter described in the paper was found attached to the
those tending to promote the objects for which they
roots of some mosses on a hill near Alexandria. No at-
laboured.—(Cheers.) tempt at explaining the phenomenon was made.
Mr. SBAPCOTE acknowledged the toast on the part of Mr. BABINGTON observed that he had found the same
Phosphorescence attached to precisely similar moss grow-
the inhabitants. He apologised for anyi annoyances
which might be felt on account of the delay which had ing in cavities in the red sandstone of Cornwall.
taken place in the arrangements for the dinner, and said "On the dissimilarity in the calcifying functions of
that, on the whole, he trusted they would consider the mollusks, whose organisation is in other respects similar."
pledge which he had given at the Cambridge meeting, By Mr. Lovell Reeve—This was an oral communication,
namely, that they would be cordially received at South-
and the author delivered some interesting remarks on the
ampton, had been redeemed.
physiological condition of the highest forms of mollusks,
The Marquis of NORTHAMPTON, in brief but com-
for the purpose of showing the subordinate character of
Alimentary terms, proposed " The health of the Presi-
the shell as compared with the other parts of their struc-
dent." tare. He demonstrated that of the four shell secreting
kinds of cephalopods, the cuttle fish, the paper nautilus,
The toast was received with great applause.
The PRESIDENT returned thanks. He felt in the tes-
the pearly nautilus, and the spirule or ram's horn, each
timony of their applause that, humble geologist as lie
exhibited a different method of forming its shell, differ-
was, they were satisfied with the, exertions g
which he had
ing as much from each other in their microscopic struc-
made as president of their association. Hes would ask
tune;
,and secreted even from different parts of their
those—if there were such, for he had eat 'lrinatime for
systqa, although strictly allied in all those elements of
anatothicals detail which constitute the'ssoft 'parts or
reading latterly, and lie did Rota well know what was
animal, frame; showing also that whilst the Calcareous
going forward—he would ask those. who criticised their
portion of the cuttle fish was merely represented by an
proceedings, to look at the scientific charaeter of the men
by whom he was surrounded. He might mention 100 internal bony plate, consisting mainly of carbonate of
lime, the shell of the pearly nautilus constituted a huge
names of members of that association who occupied the
very foremost rank in science, and he would islewhether mechanical apparatus, secreted from the mantle envelop-
it could be said that they were not capable of directing ing the visceral mass, and consisting of two separate
deposits, an outer crust, and an inner nacre, for the
the whole power of _their,minds „to the greatest objects
of the sciences which they 'cultivated ?—(Hear, purpose of buoying up its inhabitant under the
hear.) In a recent elaborate discourse he endeavoured different mutations of pressure to which it is
to put before them the claims which the ass°• subjected in its deep region of habitation. The
ciation had on science, and the many instances shell of the paper nautilus, on the other hand,
in which they had effected objects of the highest was a light elastic boat, transparent and permeable
scientific interest, which would never have been to light, secreted only by the female for the purpose of
produced but for the energies and the money of the containing her eggs; and that in this animal the office
members of that bod He would sa to those to whom of calcification was transferred by some mysterious order
he alluded, that if t hey.y did not lookyto these facts—if
from the mantle to the hinder pair of arms. The spirula
they did not look the horse in the face—let them not was again totally different, it being contained within the
omfantle of' an animal far larger in proportion than that
attempt criticising their praceedings.—(Hear, hear.)
the other cephalopods, under circumstances which at
The association at its present meeting received an im-
psent remained unknown. The drawing exhibited was
pulse in the support which had been extended to it by
taken from a living specimen recently collected at New
all classes, from the Sovereign downwards, and which
could not fail to be most beneficial to science.—(Hear.) Zealand, for the first time in perfect condition, but as the
The PRESIDENT again rose, and after complimenting proprietor was unwilling that it should be dissected, Mr.
Reeve could only state that it contained a problem in the
the foreign guests of the association separately, and re-
physiological history of the cephalopods which it was
ferring to the great scientific claims of each of them,
which he bad before set forth in his inaugural address, extremely desirous to solve. The next point to which
he directed the attention of the section was the curious
ing member, and the other distinguished foreigners who
begged to propose the health of M. Oersted, their lead-
difference which takes place in the growth of the cowrey
had honoured the meeting with their presence. The
and the olive, and which he had more fully communi-
cated to the Linnman Society. When the cowrey arrived
toast was drunk with great enthusiasm.
Mr. BULLER, of Southampton, begged, on the part of at a certain period of its existence, the mantle divided
cordial
into two lobes, which passing out of the aperture of the
his fellow-townsmen, to offer a welcome to the
s
illustrious foreign gentlemen whose health had been shell on either side, deposited the testaceous matter
lust drunk. from the outside; but the olive, which produces a shell
. .

M. OERSTED briefly returned thanks, and expressed
the gratification felt by his foreign friends, as well as by
himself, at the kind reception they had met with in this
country, and the great amount of valuable and interest-
ing knowledge which they had received in attending at
the meeting of the British Association.
The company then separated.
THE EVENING MEETING.
The fourth evning meeting of the association was held
at half-past eight o'clock, in the Royal Victoria Rooms.
The attendance was fully as numerous and brilliant as
on the preceding evening.
Sir R. MURCHISON, the president, on taking the chair,
apologised to the ladies present for the delay of half an
hour which had taken place beyond the usual time of
meeting, in consequence of the proceedings elsewhere.
Lie then introduced Mr. Grove, the eminent chemist, to
the meeting. The matter selected for the proceedings
of this evening, it should be observed, comprised an
explanation by Mr. Grove of his own recent discoveries
of the decomposition of water by heat, and also an
account of M. Schonbein's extraordinary invention of
explosive cotton.
Mr. GROVE entered in the first place on an explanation
of Professor Schonbein's invention. He commenced
with a sketch of the history of explosive substances.
Though the origin of gunpowder is generally attributed
to Schwartz, a monk of Cologne, he considered it pro-
bable that the experiments of that individual were made
on explosive bodies well known for a considerable time
previously. A pyrotechnic combination called " Greek
tire" is mentioned in Arabic, Greek, and Latin
writers of the 9th century, and in the 13th century
a considerable number of such substances were
known to the Arabs, who called them " Chinese
fire" and " Chinese hail," &c.; and most probably,
therefore, owed their knowledge of them to the
Chinese. In all of these nitre was introduced, and some
of them contained the precise ingredients of gunpowder.
Professor Schonbein's discovery was not as yet secured
by a patent, and of course it could not be supposed that
the ingredients which he made use of would be commu-
nicated, but it was a gratifying circumstance that he had
in the first place come to offer it to the British Govern-
ment and the British people. The principal drawbacks
in the use of gunpowder were, that it produced so much
smoke, and left a residuum which prevented fire-arms
from being used fbr any considerable time without
cleansing. M. Schonbein's gun cotton had neither of
these disadvantages. It had all the appearance of
ordinary white cotton, and was not injured by moisture.
There were two kinds of this cotton, both similar in
appearance, but one of an inferior quality which pro-
duced a small quantity of smoke, and left a slight
residuum. Tho other caused not the slightest appear-
ance of smoke, and left no traces whatever on the paper
from which it was fired. Mr. Grove fired off some
portions of gunpowder, and of the two kinds of cotton,
both dried and moist. In one experiment the superior
cotton when placed on gunpowder exploded without
igniting the powder, which was afterwards fired off on
the application of a heated wire. This proved the great
rapidity of its combustion, while the absence of smoke
was according to the opinion of Sir J. Herschel,
expressed at a later period of the evening, owing to the
perfect union which took place between the substances
made use of.
Mr. GROVE next proceeded to explain his own
great
discovery of the separation of water into its constituent
elements by heat. His discourse was the substance of a
paper which he has communicated to the Royal Society
on this subject. Water is known to be composed of two
elements, from a chemical union
through a red-hot gun-barrel the oxygen unites with
nelfewheineths , oi
tx yegaenn
been de
ahsyi
lyd r ofegremn
ed. By passing water
the iron, which becomes incrustated with rust, while the
hydrogen is eliminated separately. This is the old
mode of proceeding, but no attempt had heretofore suc-
ceeded of collecting both the gases in one experiment,
without having either absorbed by any other substance.
The new process discovered by Mr. Grove consists iu
introducing two platinum wires into the lower part of a
glass tube, hermetically sealed, and filled with water,
from which the atmospheric air has been first expelled
by boiling. The wire is then heated almost to the point
completelybbbles, which were
decomposing the
u
of fusion, by means of the galvanic current, and the in-
tensew ater,h
heatt has e
gases the e
risingffcellected at the other extremity of the tube. As it
might be supposed that the decomposition was produced
ect offn small
by the action of the galvanic fluid, he next tried the

of almost similar appearance and external polish, com-
pleted its growth by the gradual addition of matter at
the top, secreted by the mantle, which has no further
influence over the shell after it once receded from it in
its course of retrovolution, and was held in a state of
tention by a filament or cord passing from its posterior
extremity into a narrow groove in the spire of the shell.
Other peculiarities were also demonstrated in the colours
and design of the different layers of enamel. The
author next directed his remarks to the chiton, patella,
dolium, glassy nautilus, firoles, and other mollusks, the
whole of which were illustrated by a series of beauti-
fully executed drawings on a large scale, each as in a
living condition, with its shell in situ. Mr. Reeve con-
cluded his observations by hoping that as the result of
his inquiries were in course of publication elsewhere,
we should soon see our amateur conchologists collecting
their specimens with a more philosophic spirit of inquiry
into the nature and habits of those animals of which
they merely constituted a subordinate portion. Whilst
the geologist might content himself to a certain extent
with the shells, as serving to identify that abundant issue
of imperishable medals by which he is enabled to calcu-
late the age and convulsions of the crust of our globe,
the zoologist must be satisfied with nothing short of
complete physiological analysis of the mysterious ani-
mals from which they are derived.
SECTION E.—SUBSECTION FOR ETHNOLOGY.
Dr. R. G. Latham in the chair.
1. Dr. Twining on Nekrowazezers of Bessarabia.
2. On the Inhabitants of Timor.
3. On the Inhabitants of Macassar.
4. Dr. R. G. Latham's Report on the present state of
Ethnological Philology.
SECTION G.—MECHANICS.
The Rev. Dr. Robinson, vice-president, in the chair.
The proceedings at this section to-day were looked
forward to during the week with much anxiety, as
the new wave principle in the importont department
of naval architecture was expected to be developed. The
room was densely crowded during the meeting.
Dr. PHIPPS gave an account, which was of a most
flattering kind of the sailing powers of two sailing
yachts, built by him on the wave principle. These were
the Enchantress cutter and a smaller boat built for Dr.
Corrigan, of Dublin. In the course of his remarks he
observed that vessels of from 70 to 80 tons might be
safely cutter-rigged, but above that tonnage the enor-
mous weight and size of the mainboom would render
such a rig unwieldy and dangerous. In smaller vessels
it might be taken as a general rule that no plurality
of sails would never effectually supply the place of one
large sail.
The Rev. Dr. ROBINSON said, before calling on Mr.
Russell, the author of the wave system of ship building,
to explain its principles, he would offer a few preliminary
remarks on a subject involving so intimately the great-
ness and prosperity of this empire. There was a museum,
which was easy of access, kept at Somerset House, of the
models of nearly all the vessels of war that had ever been
built, and it was a most humiliating sight to perceive
that, with the exception of the celebrated ship the Great
Harry, and the Sovereign of the Seas, there was not a
single model rising higher than that of a beast of burden
in the entire, save some prizes taken from the French.
During the war it was found that French vessels could
always keep to the windward of the British ships, and
then sail away from them when they liked, and it was
solely owing to the indomitable spirit of the British
sailors that so many great victories had been obtained.
The superiority of the French ships he ascribed to the
care taken by Louis XIV. to unite practical know-
ledge with superior science in this branch of national
greatness. The few good British ships that had been
constructed were made after French models, and even
in these there was such an inferiority, that a number
of small vessels, built on the plan of a celebrated
French corvette, were so bad as to be known in the
service as the forty thieves. The writers on naval arAii •
tecture, with the exception of Chapman and a few more,
promulgated the most absurd rules and systems, and left
the subject without any theoretic principles whatever to
guide the builders. He would have asked the associa-
tion before this to obtain a report on the practical prin-
ciples of naval architecture, but that he really knew no
one to whom they could apply with a prospect of getting
a satisfactory answer. As an instance of the bad feel-
ing existing on this subject, he had only to allude to the
recent operations of the experimental squadron, where
matters of fact had been made matters of party. He
trusted, however, that at the next session of the associa-
tion some better prospect would be before them. A few

of the points o'a which information was wanted were
these :—The stability of the vessel to carry a suffi•
cieney of canvass to obtain the necessary speed was
an important consideration. The stability was to be
obtaine,d, either by lengthening the vessel, or still
mor'e by increasing the breadth, or else by deepen-
ing it. Each of these modes, however, bore with
it a corresponding disadvantage, and some general
theory of proportion was most desirable. The
second point was to enable the vessel to move through
the water with the least possible resistance. By increas.
ing the stability of the vessel, they increased also the
resistance, and that resistance was also considerably pro-
moted if the vessel left a slough or vacant place in the
water at its stern. The third great object was to increase
the power of the vessel to sail against the resistance of
the wind, as in sailing near the wind her tendency to
drift sideways was much greater than in going ahead.
On none of these points had they any accurate theore-
tical knowledge whatever. The water line, which was
the line formed by the water on being first separated
and then closing behind the vessel, was entirely unsettled,
almost every ship-builder having some favourite theory of
his own, without, however, being able to assign any
reason for adopting it. The reverend gentleman then
gave some particulars of the excellent sailing qualities
of Dr. Corrigan's yacht, but said that it was probable
the wave principle on which she was built might here-
after be still further improved. At least there were
sDme points on which he would like to cross-examine
the inventor.

Mr. RUSSELL, then came forward, and after expressing
his gratitude to the association for directing its attention
to so important a subject, proceeded to explain the
theory of what was known as the wave principle in
ship building. He was first induced to direct his mind
to this subject when the canal companies proposed, some
years ago, to establish swift boats that might compete
with the mail coaches. On being applied to by them,
his first attempt was to build one with a spheroidal bow,
but the result was not as successful as was to be wished.
The favourite shape of bow among seamen at the time
was that called a duck's breast, but the effect was to
raise a large wave immediately in front of the vessel,
which of course considerably retarded its velocity. He
then directed his attention to the motion of the water
itself. When a vessel passed through the water at a
great velocity, a high wave was raised at the head, as
high in the old steamers as four feet, and this wave on
falling back formed a hollow by its pressure immediately
behind it, and the water was afterwards sent out with
great force on both sides of the bow. All this was a
costly and useless expenditure of force. In en-
deavouring to ascertain the least resistance necessary
to bring the particles of water out of a state of rest, he
conceived that there ought to be a similarity between
the motion of water and that of a pendulum revolving in
a circle, and this led him to adopt the form known as the
wave principle. This is different from a bow formed of
two straight lines meeting at an acute angle, in being
narrower than such a bow towards the cut-water, and a
little wider towards the bow. The object to be attained
was, he conceived, to remove the particles of water ra-
pidly, and at the same time not to throw them farther
aside than the breadth of the vessel amidships. That
this object was effected by the wave principle he ascer-
tained in the following manner :—He got his model boat
to be carried along by high-bred horses at a speed of 17
miles an hour, and made the head pass between two
oranges floating on the water, and which he intended to
represent two particles of the water to be removed. The
oranges merely touched the side of the vessel until they
got amidships, and there remained, thus showing that
no greater force had been applied to them than was
necessary to remove them out of the way of the vessel.
Another phenomenon observed was, that, instead of the
high wave at the bow, which sailors thought was a sign
of a ship sailing well, or what they called carrying a bone
in her teeth, the elevation and subsequent depression of
the water were entirely got rid of. He at first thought it
would be better to have the same shape behind, but he
found it did not answer at all. He discovered, in fact,
that the fuller she was behind, and the flatter she lay
upon the surface of the water, the quicker she sailed, and
that this should be the case is clear, when it is consi-
dered that the water, returning to its level, is governed
by an entirely different law from that by which it is first
separated. These two considerations united led him to
the adoption of what is known as the wave principle.
In the wave formation, the greatest breadth of the ship
is not at the bows, or even amidships, but a great way
aft, in the ratio of three to two, and the other peculiarity
is, that there is a long and extremely gentle hollow in
the water-line forward, with a very full water-line abaft,
but which is, however, never on . the surface of the
water to exceed a cycloid.
An interesting discussion followed, and several mem-
bers expressed themselves highly grafi ied at the explan-
ation which Mr. Russell had given of his theory.
MEETING OF THE GENERAL COMMITTEE.
The general committee met this day at three o'clock.
The President in the chair,
The minutes of the last meeting having been read and
confirmed,

Mr. TAYLOR, the general treasurer, read his report of
the number of tickets issued since the commencement of
the meeting. They were as follows :
Old life members 241
New members lO
New annual subscribers...— 39
Old annual subscribers
Associates
Foreigners
Ladies .

198

Total 843
The amount of money received was 7101., to which was
to be added the subscription of his Royal Highness
Prince Albert of 1001., and Si. 4s. Bd. for books, making
in all 8201. 4s. Bd.

Colonel SABINE, the general secretary, then read the
lists of recommendations agreed to by the committee of
recommendation. These were divided into three parts,
the first involving grants of money from the associa-
tion, the second requiring no grants of money, and the
third being recommendations to the Government or
other public bodies. The recommendations were una-
nimously adopted.
The following is 'a synopsis of the grants of moneys
recommended, with the name of the member, who alone,
or as the first of the committee, is entitled to draw for
the money:—
Kew Observatory £lso 0 0
MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
Erman, A.—Computation of Gaussian for
1839. (Continuation.) ..... £so 0 0
Birt, W.—Researches in Atmospheric Waves 10 0 0
Robinson, Rev. Dr.—Construction of a new

Anemometer
(Committee).—Complete Catalogues of Stars 70 0 0

CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
Percy, Dr.—On Crystalline Slags, &c.. 2O 0 0
Schunck.—Ou Colouring Matters
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.

Strickland, R. E.—Vitality of Seeds
Portlock, Capt.—Marine Zoology of Corfu lO 0 0
Lemon, Sir Charles, Bart.—Marine Zoology
of Cornwall lO 0 0
Forbes, Prof. E.—Marine Zoology of Britain 10 0 0
Egerton, Sir Philip, Bart.—Habits of Marine
Animals
Spence, William. —On Scorpionidm and
Arachnidm
O wen, Prof.—Tabular Forms for Registering
Periodical Phenomena
PHYSIOLOGY.

Blake, Dr.—Physiological Action of Medi-

tines 2O 0 0