The Sun.
London, England, 1848-12-09 00:00:00

ter its affairs independently, and remain in the posses-
sion and enjoyment of the property, funds, and endow-
ments appropriated to the purposes of its worship, in-
struction, and beneficence.
13. The intercourse of religious societies with their
superiors is unrestricted. The publication of their orders
and regulations is only subjected to the limitations to
which all other publications are liable.
14. A special law will regulate Church patronage, and
the conditions according to which it is to be abolished.
15. The right appertaining to the State or proposing,
electing, and confirming candidates for ecclesiastical
offices is abolished.
16. The civil validity of marriage is determined by its
conclusion before the officers of the State appointed for
the purpose. The ecclesiastical ceremony can only take
place after the completion of the civil contract.
17. Knowledge and its communication are free.
18. To the youth of Prussia is secured the right of a
general popular education (allgemeine Volksbildung) by
means of adequate public institutions. Parents and
guardians are bound to give to their children or wards
the requisite training for the universal popular education,
and they must, for this purpose, submit to the arrange-
ments which will be enacted by the law of instruction.
It is free to all to impart instruction and to found
educational establishments, if they have given proof of
their moral, scientific, and technical capacity to the State
authorities.
20. Public national schools, as well as all other edu-
cational and instructional establishments, are placed
under the surveillance' of particular and State-appointed
officials. Public teachers possess the privileges of State
servants.
21. The management of the external affairs of the
national schools, and the choice of the teachers (who
must have given preliminary'proof of their moral and
technical competence to the State authorities), appertain
to the communal districts (gemeinde). The religious
instruction in the national schools will be superintended
and controlled by the religious societies of the locality.
22. The means of erecting, maintaining, and extend-
ing the public national schools will be supplied by the
communes, and, in the event of proved incapacity, by the
State in the shape of a supplementary grant. The obli-
gations imposed by third parties, and resting on especial
titles of right, are maintained. In the public national
schools education will be administered gratis.
23. A special law will regulate the system of in-
struction in the aggregate. The State assures to the
teachers in the schools a certain adequate stipend.
24, Every Prussian has a right to express his ideas
freely, orally, scripturally, by the printing press, and by
artistical designs. The freedom of the press must under
no circumstances and in no manner be restricted, sus-
pended, or abolished, either by the censorship, by the
exaction of securities, by deposits, by state-imposts, or
by restrictions of the printing or book trade, still less by
postal prohibitions, or unequal postage duties.
25. Offences which are committed by the above means
of diffusing ideas are to be punished according to the
general penal code. Before the revision of the law of
penalties a special provisional law thereupon will be
issued, until the appearance of which the present general
laws remains in force.
26. If the author of a work is known and in the legal
power of the State, the printers and publishers must not
be prosecuted, unless inculpated by other facts. The
names of the printer and publisher must appear in the
title-page of all such works.
27. All Prussians are entitled to assemble with closed
doors, peaceably and unarmed, without any previous per-
mission on the part of the authorities. This regulation,
however, does not apply to meetings in the open air,
which are, in all cases, subjected to the provisions of
the law. Until the enactment of such a law, twenty.
four hours' notice must be given to the police of the in-
tention to hold an open air meeting, in order that the
authorities may have an opportunity of prohibiting the
said meeting if they deem it dangerous to the public
security.
28. All Prussians have the right to unite in societies
for such purposes as do not run counter to the genera
code.

81. Each Chamber is entitled for the purpose of !n"
formation to nominate commissions for investigating

facts.
82. The members of both Chambers are representa-
tives of the whole people. They vote according to their
free conviction, and are not bound by any orders or in-
structions.
83. They cannot be called to account on the ground
of their votes in the Chamber, nor of their opinions
pronounced there. No member can, during the period
of the sitting, on account of an action liable to punish-
ment be legally prosecuted or arrested without the con-
sent of the Chamber, except he be seiz-d in the act, or
within the next 24 hours. The same consent is required
for an arrest for debts. Every penal procedure against
a member, as likewise every inquisitorial or civil impri-
sonment, is suspended during the sitting, if the respec-
tive ChamLer demand it.
84. The members of the First Chamber receive neither
their journey's expenses nor daily allowance. The
members of the Second Chamber receive from the Trea-
sury- of the State the expenses of their journey and a
daily allowance, according to law. Refusals cannot be
permitted.

CHAP. VI.—OF THE JUDICIAL POWER.
85. The judicial power is practised in the name of the
King by independent tribunals, not subjected to anY
other authority but that of the 'law. The sentences are
passed and executed in the King's name.
86. The judges are appointed for life by the King, or
in his name. They cannot be deposed, temporarily OP
pended, or removed against their will to another place'
except by judicial decision, and upon grounds provided
for by the law; nor can they be pensioned, except for
reasons and under forms that are settled by the laws;
This regulation does apply to changes of place rendered
necessary by changes in the organization of the tribunal
or of their districts.
87. Tho judges cannot be charged with :other paid
Government appointments. Exceptions are admissible
only upon the ground of a law.
88. The organization of the tribunals is regulated
by law.
89. Those only can be appointed as judges who have
the legal qualifications for it.
90. Tribunals for special departments, as tribunals of
trade and commerce, shall, by way of legislation, be stituted in those places where they are found necessary'.
The organization and jurisdiction of the courts of trade
and commerce, and of the military courts, the procedure
in them, the appointment of their members, the peculiar
relations of the latter, and the duration of their dike,
will be regulated by law.
01. The still existing two highest courts of justice
will be united into one.
92. The proceedings in the courts of law in civil and
criminal cases shall be public. Publicity, however, eau
be excluded by a decision, which is publicly to be
flounced, if it threatens to endanger order or morality-
Publicity can also in civil causes be restricted by laws%
93. In all crimes subjected to severe penalties, in all
political crimes and offences of the press, the sentence
as to the guilt of the accused is passed by a jury. The
trial by jury will be regulated by a law.
94. The competence of the courts of justice and of
the administrative authorities will be defined by laic.
The decision on conflicts of competence between the ad:
ministrative and judicial authorities belongs to a tribunal
to which the law refers suoh cases.
95. No previous permission of the authorities is re-
quired in order legally to proceed against public civil
or military officers on the ground of violations of the
law committed by them in overstepping the authority of
their office.

CHAP. VII.— OF THE PUBLIC OFFICERS.
96. The especial position of those of the public officers
who (Isnot belong to the rank of judges, including the
nisters, is to be regulated by a law,which, withoutlimitivg
the Government in the choice of its executive organs,
will secure to the officers a sufficient protection again,"
an arbitrary withdrawal of their office and income.
97. In the law respecting the Servants of the State es:
pecial regard will be had to the officers duly appointed
before the proclamation of the Constitution.
CHAP. VIII. ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE Fla.

_ -
NANCE&
98. All the revenues and disbursements of the State
must be estimated for every ear in advance, and carried
to the budget, which shall bye confirmed every year bi
a law.

99. Imports and taxes for the Treasury can only
.1345
levied when taken into the budget or decreed by specoi
laws.

the Supreme Judicial Court of the Monarchy in United Senate. Su long as two supreme courts of judicature
still exist, they will be conjoined for the above; purpose.
The details of the arrangements for cases of rt;sponsibl:
lity, the course of proceeding, and the degree of punish'
ment, will be decided by a special law.
CITAP. V.—OF TILE CHAMBERS.
60. The legislative power is exercised in co/omen hi,
the King and by two Chambers. The concurrence of
these three branches is essential to give validity 01
every law.
61. The King, as well as each Chamber, has the right
of proposing laws. No rejected proposal can :be re•
newed the same session.
62. The First Chamber consists of 108 members.
63. The members of the First Chamber are electedbf
the representatives of the provinces, of the departments,
and of the districts,—(Art. 104.) The representatives
of the provinces, of the departments, and of the district 4
constitute the electoral body, as will be more minutely
regulated by the electoral law, and they elect the neel-
ber of d.puties corresponding to the amount of the pori"
lation of their electoral districts.*
64. The legislating period of the First Chamber is
fixed at six years.
65. Every Prussian who has accomplished his 40rh,
year, who has not lost in consequence of a legal judicial
sentence the full possession of the civil rights, and 101°
five years has belonged to the Prussian State, is eli'gible
as a member of the First Chamber.
66. The Second Chamber consists of 350 member!'
The electoral districts are to be fixed in proportion to the
copulation.
67. Every independent Prussian who has aceone.
pushed his 24th year, who has not lost the full pesse.i
sion of the civil rights in consequence of a legal judiela
sentence, has, within the parish where he dwelled or
lived for the last six months, the right of voting se
an " Urwiihler," unless he receives relief from public
funds. f
68. The " Urwahler " of each parish elect an elector
(Wahlmann) for every 250 souls of their population.
69. The representatives are elected by the electors.
The electoral districts are to be organized in such a way
that at least two representatives will be elected by 011 e
electoral body.
70. The legislating period of the Second Chamber is
fixed at three years.
71. Every Prussian who Las accomplished his 301?,
year, who bus not lost the full possession of the civil
rights, in consequence of legal judicial sentence, and
who has belonged for one year to the Prussian State, is
eligible as deputy of the Second Chamber.
72. The Chambers are elected anew at the end of their
legislating period. The same is done in case of disso-
lution. I both cases those who have hitherto been
members may be re-elected.
73. The way of proceeding in the elections for both
Chambers will be more accurately settled by the law for
the execution of the elections.
74. No substitutes for the members of either Chamber
are elected.
75. The Chambers are convoked by the King recnilarlY
in the month of November of each year, and, besides,
as often as circurnstancas shall require it.
76. The Chamber will be opened and prorogued 131
the King personally, or by a Minister charged by biro
with that office, in a common sitting of both Chambers.
Both Chambers are at the same time convoked, open"'
prorogued, and closed. At the dissolution of one 010'
ber, the other is prorogued at the same time.
77. Each Chamber examines the legitimation of its
members, and decides on it. It regulates its business by
an order of business, and elects its president, vice-presi-
dents and secretaries. Public functionaries do not re'
quire leave of absence for entering the Chamber. 131
accepting a paid Government office, or by promotion 'll
the service of the State each member of the Chamber
loses his seat and vote, and cannot recover his place e%
cept by a new election. Nobody can at the same time be
member of both Chambers.
78. The sittings of both Chambers are public. Each
Chamber meets at the motion of its President or of WI
members for a secret sitting, in which first of all tbat
motion is to be discussed.
79. Neither of both Chambers is capable of passing
resolution, unless the majority of the members be Pre'
sent. Each Chamber passes its resolutions by an 050;
/Lite majority of votes, with the reservation, however, 01
those exceptions which possibly may be settled by the
order of business for elections.
80. Each Chamber separately has the right of direct'
ing addresses to the King. Nobody is allowed person'
ally to present petitions or addresses to the Chambers or
to one of them. Each Chamber may refer to the Millis'
ters the writings addressed to it, and demand from them
information respecting the complaints received by the
Chamber.