The Sun.
London, England, 1846-11-26 00:00:00

ntng2lllt

-....
acquiescence in the Cracovian seizure, tend to increase
the popular execration with which the whole pro-
ceeding is regarded.
It is at this moment that all the lovers of liberty
and constitutional government must most especially
mourn the recent misunderstanding and existing dis-
trust which have destroyed the cordial friendship
previously existing between England and France.
We deplore this estrangement between ourselves and
our neighbours across the Channel, and we deplore
it the more because it has originated in the covetous•
ness of a single man. But for the detestable guile
and the profligate contempt for international good
faith evinced throughout the negotiations and cele-
bration of the Spanish marriages, England and France
would have been in a position to enter together, and
immediately upon the initiative, in obtaining repara-
tion from the Northern Triumvirate, for so monstrous
an infringement of all the most sacred laws of
humanity. But for the Montpensier alliance, but for
the consequent infraction of the treaty of Utrecht,
but for the contumelious treatment of Lord PAL-
MERSTON'S protest, England and France would have
been free to co-operate in wresting Cracow from its
imperial robbers, either by diplomacy or otherwise,
and free, moreover, to vindicate at once and for ever
their insulted dignity and their deluded confidence.
In our observations of yesterday we showed the false
position in which France is situated at this im-
portant juncture. The falsity of that position be-
comes more conspicuous the more recent occurrences
are considered. Not only is France incapable of pro-
testing with any explicitness, or, indeed, with any
consistency, against the violation of the Vienna
treaty, because she herself has shamefully violated
the treaty of Utrecht, not merely is she prevented
from demanding with any emphasis a decisive arid
satisfactory response to her protests, because of her
own double dealing and her disingenuous replies to Mr.
BULWER and Lord NORMANDY, but yet later ob-
stacles have arisen, and obstacles which appear to be
impassible under the existing Administration. The
dallying of the Guizot Ministry with the Courts
of Vienna and Petersburgh offers a somewhat intri-
cate obstruction. The proposals which have been
latterly made within the precincts of the Tuileries for
the re-fortification and renovation of the dismantled
battlements of Huninguen promise to inter •
pose a yet more serious preventative. We are
loth to believe that either of these allegations
is correct to the letter. We cannot but believe that
the enlightened statesman and historian who now
presides over the Ministerial affairs of France was
too fully convinced of the disparities of the Russian
and Gallic constitutions, to dream for a moment of any
permanent entente cordiale in that quarter ; he must
have seen that the Governments were in their very
nature antagonistic ; and he must have perceived,
moreover, that in the proposition for the re-garrisoning
and re-fortifying Iluninguen, he would be cutting
away the only spot for a safe footing that remained.
Nevertheless, both reports are sufficiently authenti-
cated to juatify us in granting them a certain amount
of credit. M. GUIZOT has thereby deprived himself
of his weapons of assault, and more than that,
he has cast aside his panoply of protec-
tive rectitude ; he has squandered his poli-
tical bucklers and staked his Ministerial
brand upon a losing hazard. France cannot now re-
monstrate with Austria, and say, " You have
violated the trust repcsed in your Government; you
have acted counter to the stipulations of 1815 ; you
have shamefully availed yourself of certain local
advantages, by which you have insulted other
nations, broken a most memorable treaty, and
deprived an innocent race of their independence
and nationality !" France cannot say this, because
it will be the mere utterance of her own condemna-
tion ; it will be a mere transposition of words which
would equally well apply to her own political crimi-
nality. France cannot say this—at least under the
present Administration. GUIZOT must retire from
office, or he must recalcitrate ; otherwise France is
incapacitated from any honest, or even graceful
participation in the protest which must be forwarded
by Great Britain to Vienna, St. Petersburgh, and
Berlin.

hope the Government will be found ready and willing
to favour a reduction in the obnoxious duties on tea,
and that it will be a considerable one in the first
instance, because, the more extensive the reduction,
the sooner will the Exchequer recover the loss, by
the general demand for, and unlimited supply of, the
article. In 1784 Mr. PITT reduced the tea duty
12i per cent., and in a short time the consumption
rose from 5,000,0001b5. to 21,000,0001b5. There are
other collateral, but most obvious and important
points, which ought to fortify the Chancellor "of the
Exchequer against any undue apprehension with
respect to the revenue. These are well embodied
in the following extract from Mr. J. B. MOOIIE%

speech :
" Supposing there was a reduction in the tea duties c f
from 2s. 2d. to is., that would be a loss to the revenue
of 2,000,0001. ; but, in considering this question, they
must include all its ramifications, and estimate the effects
which would be produced upon other articles, the
revenue to be derived from which must be added to the
lessened revenue on the first article.—(Hear, hear.) One
pound of tea required five pounds of sugar ; if they con-
sumed, as they might expect, 20,000,0001b5. of tea, they
would further consume 25,000 tons of sugar ; and that
alone would bring to the Chancellor of the Exchequer an
immense additional revenue.—(Hear, hear.) Then there
was another calculation which must be made conjointly,
viz., the preventive which a reduction of the duty would
be of the frauds and illegalities which had long been
connected with the sale of tea in this country, induced by
the maintenance of the high duties."
The statesman should be anxious, upon moral
grounds, to encourage, by every means in his power,
the consumption of tea. Intemperance among the
industrial classes, arising from the use of ardent and
noxious liquors, would be materially lessened were
tea reduced to a price compatible with their
means ; crime would be deprived of a powerful
stimulant, and domestic habits engendered and
cherished. In a commercial and manufac-
turing view, the desired reduction would
be invaluable. The territory of China is immense,
and a wiser step could not be taken by this country,
now that we have recently widenel the channels of
commercial intercourse with China, than that of
establishing a liberal tariff with respect to a commo-
dity, in exchange for which our manufactures would
be taken with readiness, and to an extent which it
would be difficult to calculate.

Two magnificent advantages would at once result
from any honourable negotiations for the renewal of
the friendship between England and France ; two
magnificent advantages—and those are the establish-
ment of a really cordial understanding between those
countries, and the enabling their Governments to
preserve the balance of European power, and to main-
tain the integrity of treaties by that Most desirable
combination.

When the Reform B:11 was agitating the country
from one end to the other, great as its special merits
were declared to be by the advocates of the measure,
yet it was chiefly from the conviction that its suc-
cess would be the certain forerunner of other salutary
reforms, highly beneficial to the people, that the na-
tion readily devoted its energies to the consummation
of the great charter of the nineteenth century.
No sooner had the representative principle been
placed upon an improved footing in the House of
Commons, than the municipal institutions of the em-
pire were in the like manner remodelled and invi-
gorated. The intensity of the struggle that was
made to retain the glaring abuses which prevailed
throughout the various corporate bodies of the king-
dom, notwithstanding the Reform Bill was then the
law of the land, is one of the most remarkable
proofs of the infatuated tenacity with which the
disciples of monopoly will cling to any system, how-
ever inadequate it may be to answer the purposes for
which it was originally designed. Nevertheless, all
opposition was shown to be fruitless. In vain
did ultra-Toryism plead in St. Stephen's for the
retention of municipal oligarchy, in vain did a
LYNDISURST harangue the Peers to resist the tide of
reform, in vain did Sir CHARLES WETHERELL utter
his philippics at the bar of the Upper House, and
endeavour to demonstrate that it was against the
spirit of the Constitution to break down the obnoxi-
ous charters of the corporations— the fiat, sanctioned
by overwhelming majorities, had gone forth from the
popular and reformed branch of the Legislature,
the House of Lords wisely ahrank from the contest,
and the people secured the privilege of managing
their own local affairs. Towards the termina-
tion of the fierce contention which charac-
terised the entire campaign incidental to the
repeal of the corn-laws, Mr. COBDEN observed
that he valued Sir R. PEEL'S measure more for what
it would lead to, than what it actually accomplished.
Grateful as was the spectacle of the greatest strong-
hold of monopoly crumbling to ruins, over which the
flag of free trade was then proudly waving, still the
victory was mainly appreciated by Mr. COBDEN for
the vast results, commercial, social, and domestic, to
which he predicted it would inevitably lead. His
foresight was almost immediately justified by the
passing of the Sugar Duties Act, and we rejoice to
observe that the question of the tea duties is already
taken up by the mercantile community with a view to
their considerable reduction. A great meeting was
held upon this subject on Wednesday at Liverpool.
The Mayor was in the chair, and a more influential
assembly was never remembered in Liverpool. More
appropriate and convincing speeches than were there
delivered, especially those of Mr. WILLIAM BROWN
and Mr. J. B. MooRE, in favour of the resolutions
that were passed, cannot be read. It is grievous to
think that in this country, where for years tea has
been considered no longer a luxury, but a positive
necessary, it should be subject to a duty of 2s. 2d.
per lb., being nearly 200 per cent. on the average
value.
The old plea of the necessity of keeping up the re-
venue is in this case quite an idle one. The sta-
tistics upon all other articles of general consumption
put beyond controversy, that where duties are ren •
dered light, increased demand invariably fills up the
temporary void in the revenue, and mostly has the
effect of largely improving it.
The history of the tea duties for the 179 years,
during which we have always been subject to them,
elucidate the same fact. The outline of the changes
in the coffee duties from 1791 downwards establishes
in a forcible manner this dictum of political economy—
that whenever the duty was raised, consumption
.lackened in proportion, whenever it was de-
creased, consumption augmented in a correspond-
ing ratio. Thus, by the one operation, the
comforts of the people are greatly enhanced, and the
revenue increased; by the other, unnecessary priva-
tion is entailed upon the most deserving classes, and
the public finances remain almost unreeruited. We

The Augsburg Gazette has the following from
Vienna, dated the 15th :—" A few days ago the
principal bankers of this city waited upon the Mini-
ster of Finance, for the purpose of stating to him
that the public funds and the shares of companies
were continually falling, in consequence of a fear
that the suppression of the independence of Cracow
might lead to a war in Europe. The Minister replied
to them calmly, that the taking possession of Cracow,
so fax from disturbing the peace of Europe, would,
on the contrary, consolidate public tranquillity.
Since this conference, which has greatly contributed
to calm the agitation, the Minister has made consi-
derable advances, and one bank has received a mil-
lion of florins, to aid in raising the quotations at the
Bourse."

A letter from Posen, of th 13th instant, says—
"During the last week several persons have been
arrested upon charges of having been accomplices in
the late revolutionary proceedings ; among them are
three students of the Catholic schools. We learn
from Poland that all the colleges are to be trans-
formed into special schools, and consequently there
will be no snore deep study of Greek and Latin."
The Cracow Gazette of the 17th publishes a long
account of the formal taking possession of Cracow by
Austria on the preceding day. A salute of 21 guns
was fired, there was a service at the cathedral,
and all possible demonstrations were made by the
Austrian authorities. The public buildings were il-
luminated, but the feeling shown by the people was
that of deep melancholy.

A letter from Rome, Of the 12th, states that a
grand dinner in honour of the possesso of Pope Pius
IX. took place the day before in the Theatre Aliberti.
About a thousand guests, including a number of
persons who had been amnestied, were present. Se-
veral speeches were delivered and pieces of poetry de-
claimed, and loud acclamations in honour of the POPE
were heard. After the dinner there was a ball, which
lasted until twelve o'clock. The whole of the com-
pany then went through the streets of Rome, pre-
ceded by a band of music. The only disorder that
took place was the breaking of some windows at the
Borghesi Palace, because the servants did not illumi-
nate quickly enough.

Madrid papers of the 18th have arrived. According
to the Tiempo, the agents of the Government have
been interfering in the elections in the most scan-
dalous manner at Cordova and at Toledo. At the
former place, where Senor PAcnEco is a candidate,
the houses of the electors have been entered by the
police, and the letters of Senor PACHECO have been
seized, while the Political Chief has openly menaced
persons supporting Senor PACHECO with the vengeance
of the Government in case of their voting for him
The Tiempo states it can prove this accusation by
producing the letters. A similar unjustifiable at-
tempt at interfering with the freedom of election had
been made by the Government functionaries at Toledo.

It was rumoured in Madrid that there was a split
in the Cabinet. This report, however, is contra=
dieted in the Heraldo.

MADRID Boma, Nov. 18.—The Bourse showed signs
of improvement. Three per Cents., 34-1- ; Four per
Cents., 20-1. ; Five per Cents. 211 a ; Exchange on Lon-
don, 36i cash.

We have received the Paris papers of Tuesday.
The Journal des Debats of that day quotes, at
length, the article which appeared in the Constitu-
tionnel of the day preceding, and thus comments
on it :

" The Constitutionnel published yesterday a very re-
markable article, the most important passages of which
we reproduce. In this question the principles laid down
by the Constitutionnel have been ours for sixteen years,
as they are undoubtedly those of M. Guizot and the
French Government. We have more especially main-
tained them during the last six years. with a constancy
unshak en by either the sarcasms or the insults of the
.Opposition. We knew full well, as the Constitutionnel
justly says, that the English alliance had its inconve-
niences ; but what alliance is there that has nothing but
advantages attending it ? It is impossible fur two na-
tions, not ve, ardent, and justly proud of their genius and
power, to meet on every point without having sometimes
question. of interest to discuss and differ upon. It is for
the whit] om of their Governments, their spirit of
equity, ti nd their right feeling, to prevent these diffi-
culties ;from becoming envenomed so far as to divert
the two countries from the great object which en-
joins th on to be friends. At the sane time these in-
conveni owes must not be exaggerated. They may
always bi kept within bounds, if evil passions are not
brought into play, and employed in the way of aggrava-
tion. latere are prejudices in Fiance against England,
as well as there are in England against France. These
are obstacles which ail wise men whu are the true friends
of the pox ce and civilisation of the world ought to labour
to remove . We hare never been wanting in this task
when a thoughtless and rash Opposition in this country
has endea .voured to awaken these mischievous preju-
dices an a to excite the anger of France, whether on the
right of vi sit, the pretended attack upon the indepen-
dence of: --our flag, under treaties which had existed
for ten ye ars without any remonstrance against them,
whether on the subject of Texas, or the miserable affair
of Pritc hard. England in her turn,.
ona recent ecca-
sion, far lei ed she had a cause of quarrel in the Spanish
marriag es. We have not tried to increase her irritation;
we have ,contented ourselves with appealing to her good
sense ar Ld reason, and with waiting until she had more
calmly cc.nsidered an affair which in reality gave no
unabrage, -to her greatness, and in which France had to
promote secular interests. The world can judge
whether :the Opposition has or has not assumed this
pacific :ha ratter. Be this as it may, since the head of
the Opt ,osi,tion seems to be disposed to return to better
sentime eta —since, laying aside its personal reminiscences
of 1840,,, it proclaims the superior advantages of the
English all iance, we shall not take the puerile amuse-
ment of re'ouking it for the past, but prefer accepting its
concurr enc e for the future. We have said a hundred
times w hat the Constitutionnel said yesterday, but have
never sr dd it in better terms."

LONDON, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1846.

If earnestness and unanimity of wrath at the lat
appropriation of Cracow can redress the wrongs of
that miniature republic, there is a certainty of its
speedy extrication from the thraldom of Austria.
Throughout England and France the sympathy for
the deceived Poles is at this moment intense. All
the diversities of political opinion are for a while
merged into one cordial community and coincidence
of feeling upon this occurrence. Taking the Pa-
risian press as the stethescope of the political senti-
ments of that country, it is impossible not to yield
to the conviction that the hearts of Frenchmen, as
well as those of Englishmen, beat with an irrepres-
sible indignation at the insolence and perfidy of
the Northern Powers. The naked fact of the an-
nexation was of itself sufficient to enkindle these
generous passions. The bare circumstance of the
violation of the solemn engagements entered into at
Vienna between eight contracting Governments,
afforded ample cause for this formidable excitement.
But the'peculiar features of aggravation with which the
seizure of the independent town and the infraction of
the Vienna treaty were associated have tended consider-
ably to enhance the resentment of the Western empires.
The cruelty of three such gigantic powers as Russia,
Prussia, and Austria violating the faith of nations,
and abusing their own sacred office of
protectorship, merely for the purpose of enlarging
their dominions by the annexation of a little territory
twenty-one square miles in extent, and for the pur-
pose ofsubjecting to their arbitrary sway a population
of 146,000 unotinding citizens and peasantry—the
audacity of the manner in which this injustice was
consummated, without any reference to the five
States, who were equally
of the compact 01'51 hrested in the mainte-
nancet ti,grant selfishness
of the Austrian Kaiser and his imperial and royal ac-
complices—themonstrousahuffligvEt e pleas advanced
in the ordinance of IFEB.DINAND Etr;ansa everything,
partiesiohnn has
in short, connected with this atrocious
" double-dyed" the guiltiness of the
cated. Of aggravating circumstances there Pare
assuredly enow. And the latest rumours, that Hotzen-
plotz is to be ceded to Prussia, and that the
northern segment of the Gallician circle of Tarnopol
is to be yielded
_to Russia, in consideration of their

This ce.rtainly looks like an attempt on the part
of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs to
renew the Thiers-Guizot coalition of 1839, and it
is not imp robable that such is his present desire, in
order to :secure to himself a party and a position
when la s retirement from the Ministry shall
become : necessary, an event, which, according
to the go ssip of the political salons of Paris, may
be expo cti ;d to take place every day. It is said that
on Alomda y their were great dissensions in the Cabinet
Council, • that M. GuizoT recommended that an ener-
getic prol test should be presented to the Northern
Courts, m id that France should at once assume an
imposing attitude. This was opposed by M. Du-
cuATEr. a: -id some other members of the Cabinet,
who recur amended acquiescence in the spoliation
committed by the Northern Powers, and were
opposed even to the presentation of a pro-
test. Tl; is mode of proceeding met also, it

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDA Y EVEN IN G, NOVEMBER 26, 6,4

is said, with the approval of the KING, who
fears that any demonstration on the part of France

might lead to a general war. At this Council also
the reply of Lord PALMERSTON to M. G UIZOT'S note,
presented by Count DE JARNAC to the English Go-
vernment, was read, in which Lord PALMERSTON

declares at once, and in the most unmistakeable
terms, that there can be no simultaneous action
between France and England in regard to the
affairs of Cracow. This is the answer that
every one who for a moment had reflected
on the subject must have expected. The answer to
any protestation in which France. took part would
necessarily be, " You who have just violated the
treaty of Utrecht can have no right to complain of
our violation of the treaty of Vienna." Such an
answer, however, could not be returned to the protest
of England, for she has protested equally against the
violation of either treaty. M. GUIZOT, however, ap-
pears to have been surprised at Lord PALMERSTON'S
answer, and many of his colleagues expressed their
dissatisfaction at his having made such an overture to
Lord PALMERSTON without having first ascertained
the manner in which it was likely to be received.
Having failed both in his attempts to conciliate the
Northern Powers and in his endeavours to reconcile
himself with England, it is said that the KING has
determined that the time has arrived when the retire-
ment of M. GUIZOT is become necessary ; that Count
MoLE will be entrusted with the construction of a
new Cabinet, of Ns, hich M. BILLAULT, General
CUBIERES, and M. BLANC will be members ; and that
Count ST. AULAIRE will be dispatched to London, to
endeavour, if possible, to bring about a renewal of the
English alliance—a task which King LEOPOLD had
previously declined to undertake, as he considered the
attempt premature. If these rumours have any foun-
dation in truth, the article which we have quoted
above from the Debats would lead to the conclusion
that M. GUIZOT would be nothing loth to again join
his forces to those of M. TRIERS, in opposition to a
Mole Ministry, and should he bring with him any
considerable number of followers from the Conservative
camp, M. MOLE will hold his power by a very pre-
carious tenure.

of the day before, recommending the English alliance,
the Fresse waxes very indignant, and protests against
the ultra-English sentiments of M. THIERS.

The manifesto of Au3tria and the proclamation of
General CASTIGLIONE are thus commented on in the
Journal des Debats

" We publish two documents, which cannot be read
without painful indignation. We had previously said
what ought to be thought of the motives alleged to
cover a usurpation so manifest. The brutal language
of force would, in truth, provoke less painful reflections.
We shall, however, return to these strange documents."

The Epoque, which is more peculiarly the personal
organ of M. GUIZOT, thus concludes its refutations Cl
the arguments put forth in the Austrian manifesto :

The Sicswie, however, takes a more common-sense
view of the matter, and says—
" All the rc ilections of the Constitutionnel are full of
justice, and we aeccde with all our hearts to the conclu-
sion, provided the British alliance be not imposed upon
us as a fatal necessity, provided we be not made to pay
too dear a price for it, provided, in fine, that it shall pro-
pose a great and noble object, which, as we have said a
hundred times, can alone cement it.

The King of the BELGIANS will visit Paris at the
end of the week in consequence, it is said, of having
been again invited to use his best endeavours to bring
about a reconciliation of the differences between
France and England. .

" It cannot, we think, be necessary for us to carry our
examination further ; to remark, for example, upon the
cruel irony of giving as a motive for the suppression of
Cracow, that it had not spontaneously delivered up to
the Austrian police the refugees by whom it was sud-
denly invaded and treated as a conquest, to demand
whether there is not a more cruel derision in quali-
fying, as a violation of the treaties of 1815, on the
part of this republic, according to the expression of
Field-Marshal Castiglione, the impossibility of Cra-
cow to resist the proceedings of these Polish emigrants.
The question, as we view it, is not circumscribed
within the boundaries of an argumentation more or less
specious, more or less bold. It is not a question of
expediency for the three Northern Powers. It is a
question of the rights of Europe ; and in this light only
can we considsr it. We therefore declare that—' Every
treaty binds all who have signed it, both in its letter and
in its spirit, and no one of them can, without breaking
his sworn faith, depart from any one or more of tl.e
clauses which he has promised to observe, until he has
obtained the consent of all who signed it with him.'
Nevertheless, we perfectly admit that no treaty can be
taken as excluding for ever ail possibility of revision and
modification. We maintain, however, that it cannot be
revised or modified without the concurrence of all who
have sworn to its execution."
The latter part of the above article, relating to the
binding nature of treaties, is the most complete justi-
fication of the course pursued by England on the
Spanish marriage question that could be offered. It
would seem almost as if, in dictating this article, M.
GuizoT had been quoting, unconsciously, from one of
Lord PALMERSTON'S notes.
The Constitutiannel has the following on the sub-
ject— -

According to the official reports in the Moniteur,
the supply of food in the southern departments of
France is satisfactory, and the price is falling :

COU RS A UMENTIQU E.—PA RIS, Nov. 24.—French Five per
Cents., 116 f. 90c. 95c. 117 f. 117 f. 10c. sc. 117 f. ; Four per
Cents., 1051. 60c. Three per Cents., 81f. 55c. 50c. 70c. 75c.
70c. ; Treasury Bonds, 31/2, 2 m. ; Bank of France Shares,
3,460 f. ; Obl. of the City, 1,370 f. ; Neapolitan (Rothschild's)
Definitives, 1021. ; Romans, 99%f. ; Belgian Five Per Cents.,
1840, ; Exchange on London—One month, paper, 251.
45c. ; money, 25f. 45c. ; three months, paper, 251. 35c.;
money, 25f. 32Lc.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE

LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, NovicusEn 25.
Boulogne and Amiens, 13%—Bordeaux, Toulouse and Cette
(Espelete), 3%—Demerara, 4,4—Direct Bombay and Madras,
14—Dutch Rhenish, 4%—kthist Indian, % —Louvain A, la
Sambre, 13/4—Luxembourg, s—Madrid and Valentia, %
Northern of France Constituted, 9%—Orleans and Vierzon,
12%—Orleans and Bordeaux, 7%—Over Yssel. 234 dis.—
Paris and Lyons Constituted, 4% —Paris and Rouen, 34%
—Sambre and Meuse, 41/2—West Flanders, 2%.

PORTUGAL.
LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

We have received a letter from Lisbon from a corre-
spondent whose notes upon Portuguese affairs, we have
on several occasions lately, presented to our readers,
dated Lisbon, N0v.19, 6 P.m. The intelligence it contains
is not of a decisive nature, but is generally confirmatory
of the news we have previously published from the same
quarter. We have no further particulars of the alleged
defeat and capture of Saldanha's advanced guard. The
writer, in a postscript, says, " The Government have
received an express that the Conde Das Antas had this
day in the morning attacked the posts of
,Saldanha"—
without, however, giving any result, which had doubt-
less not transpired. Saldanha had previously sent an
urgent request to the Government to send him 2,000
men, with horses and mules, of which he was much
in want ; the National Battalion had, however,
refused to march. General Selestino and his forces
entered Santarem on the 16th ; and General
Baron de Almargen, with his forces, from Oporto,
had also arrived there with a large sum of
money. The British merchants had sent a strong me-
morial to the Government at home, against the Decree
of the 14th of November, by the Polyphemus steamer.
An influential deputation of Portuguese merchants had
also waited upon the Minister to induce him to modify
the decree, to prevent the evils it was likely to inflict
upon trade and public credit ; but the Minister declined
to comply with their request. A Decree, however, had
since appaared, modifying the 21 article as regards all
transactions before the 14th instant ; but this in no
way satisfied the commercial body.

✓
" What must be first remarked in this long series of
considerations, destined to justify the most crying abuse
of force, is the complete omission of the names of France,
England, and all the other contracting parties of the
treaty of Vienna, except the three Absolutist Powers.
There is no more mention made of France than if she
never existed, or than if she had no interest in the rup-
ture or observation of the treaties made at her expense
and against her. Nothing can equal the coolness with
which the three Powers garble the text of the treaty of
Vienna, so easy to be verified. They pretend that the
conventions relative to Cracow were only repeated in the
treaty of Vienna, signed by eight Powers, in order that
the act should embrace the whole of the results of the
negotiations ; and that this insignificant insertion in no
way deprives the three Powers of the right to modify
these conventions without the consent of the other
parties who signed the treaty. It is said, on the con-
trary, in the most formal manner, in the treaty of
Vienna, that the conventions relative to Cracow are
therein inserted in order to be considered as an in-
tegral part of it, and of the same force and value as if
they were textually inserted. It is impossible, there-
fore, to make an assertion more strikingly contrary to
the truth. If the argument of right brought forward
by the three Powers does not possess a shadow of
foundation, what is to be said of the rest ?
Austria and Russia complain of having been
invaded by Cracow ! The hostile attitude of
Cracow with respect to the three Powers places
them under the necessity of protecting themselves
against its aggressions! They could only save
themselves by breaking their sworn faith and violating
treaties ! The treaties undoubtedly declare that Cracow
is to be considered in perpetuity as an independent city ;
that the three Courts of Russia, Prussia, and Austria,
formally undertake to respect, and cause to be respected
at all times, the neutrality of Cracow, and not to intro-
duce into it any armed force, under any pretext whatever.
But it was absolutely necessary to defend the existence
of Prussia, Austria, and Russia, against the invading
republic ! Besides, the Government of Cracow, se me-
nacing for its neighbours, had another effect—its
extreme weakness towards the conspirators, whom it
could nut keep within bounds. Thus a plot was
devised in the Polish provinces ; Prussia, warned of
it by the information that came from Paris, soon
discovered the whole of the scheme, and imparted
it to Austria. The three Powers, far from
preventing anything, allowed the plot to ripen, favoured
its outbreak, and, alter having stifled it in blood, now
punish Cracow for not having been able to prevent what
they themselves allowed to go on, for the purpose of
having a pretext for confiscation. But this is attaching
too much importance to a derisive document ; such ar-
guments as it contains are not refuted, they cannot have
any other reply than the indignation of all the nations
of Europe. We cannot say the same of the proclama-
tion addressed to the inhabitants of Cracow by the Em-
peror of Austria. The cruel executioners of Galicia
assumed a honeyed tone, and still bloody from the mas-
sacres of Tarnow, they are filled with declarations full
of gentleness. Speak of their mercy, grace, and good-
ness, when the fires lit up by their orders are still
smoking—when the officers of Austria have scarcely
finished pa3ing for the dead bodies of her slaughtered
subjects l"
The Presse, even the Russian Presse, admits that
the act of the Northern Powers is quite unjustifiable,
that an alliance with them is impossible, and it con-
cludes its article with a declaration that France will
take advantage of this violation of the treaty by the
Northern Powers.

generallt ft se wrs auynwr.
Congress
neoowcp
would
e andas
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merelyd e ato
forrepresent
form's
•
theot mention,says,
sake, arrangements concluded in private negotiations.
considering European
fb society,
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tthhhdeeelmfdead
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re
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etias
exist only private conventions, which the co-contracting
parties could destroy amongst themselves without in-
forming the other Powers, and in destroying, also, by
the contrary effect the articles of the treaty of Juno
9th, which summed them up, and endowed them with
an appearance of European guarantee. We ask for
nothing better for our part than that there should be
attributed to the act of Vienna this character, which
deprives it of all political importance, in order to turn it
into merely a simple repertory of special conventions
concluded amongst these powers ; but it must be allowed
that this is too brutal a contradiction given to the history
of this treaty, and to the public right which it estab-
lishes. But no ; the liberty and independence of Cracow
were not thus placed at the mercy of the three Powers
whom Europe had charged to protect them. They wore
the creation of Europe ; Europe had placed under its
patronage their existence, and the conititution which had
conseci ated them. The three Powers had pledged them-
selves to Europe to respect them fur ever. It was not
for mere form that the articles of May 3 had been
annexed to the general act, and declared integral parts
of its enactments. Austria wa3 not more at liberty to
seize on Cracow, without the consent of Sweden, Spain
and England, than without that of Itussia ; for all these
Powers had on the same title consecrated the liberty of
Cracow. This liberty had become one of the conditions
of the equilibrium of Europe. It has been violated ; the
pact which established this equilibrium has been torn
up ; everything has been again unsettled in Europe.;
France has been disengaged from the shackles and sacri-
fices which 1815 had imposed on her. Let the oppor-
tunity now present itself—the right has been restored to
us. Such is the truth ; and there is in this truth matter
to cause serious reflections to those Cabinets which
have just taken the trouble to confiscate a little republic,
which assuredly was not worth what it cost them one
day."
In commenting on the article in the Constitutionnel

NI ONE Y and

TAL NEWS.

CITY, QUARTER TO THREE.

The Cotton Market at Liverpool, yesterday, was very
steady. Sales 5,000 bales, including 4,000 of American,
at sd. to 6id. per lb. Shares were quiet. In some in-
stances prices ware maintained, but in others they were
flatter.

The decision of the Learned Chief Baron of the Court
of Exchequer, in the case " Reynell v. Lewis," deter-
mined yesterday, hag formed the topic of almost uni-
versal conversation in City circles to-day, espbcially where
parties tare connected with railway matters. With all
due deference to the Learned Judges, who, from their
" exclusive habits," and, without being mixed up in
transactions of the nature referred to, the decision, it is
thought, hardly comes up to the mark where boat fide
claims exist. It is considered in most quarters that
where a man consents to allow hi% name to be used he
does so for gain, and it follows, as a matter of course,
the name being announced and not denied as fact,
the party ought to pay his share of loss, if any, and
may be the whole of the expenses, if his fellow-commit-
teemen are dishonest enough to stave off claims made
upon them.
Some important advices have come to hand to-day
from Lisbon, financially speaking. The bills of the
Bank of Lisbon are to be taken at the current rate cf
the day, and not at par, as was most imperiously and
unjustly insisted upon formerly.
This is the settling day in the Consol Market, and as
far as present appearances go the arrangement is pro-
ceeding very satisfactorily ; in fact, throughout the
whole of the account, the fluctuation has scarcely
amounted to 11 per cent. Exchequer• bilis command
from Bs. to 11s. premium ; Bank Stock is at 205 ;
India Bonds are at 225. premium, and the New Three-
and-a-Quarter per Cents. are at 958.
A very few bargains have been made in the Foreign
Funds to-day. For the Five per Cent. Brazilian Stock
851 has been paid; for Russian 1111; for Spanish Three
per Cents., 378 ; for the Dutch Two-and-a Half per
Cents., 591 1; and for the Four per Cents., 911.
The Share market is comparatively steady to-day.

BRITISH FUNDS THIS DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK.
(From the Official List.)
Bank Stock .205_ _

3 per Cent. Reduced Annuities 93%%
3 per Cent. Consols Anns 94%% %
New 314 per Cent. Annuities
Long Annuities, Jan. sth, Expire 1860 9% 13-16
Do. 30 Years, Expire Jan. 5, 1860 lOl,O
India Bonds 1,000/ ........ ........ 22 p
South Sea Stock
Ditto Old Annuities
Ditto New Annuities
Consols for Opening, Jan. 16 94,8
Exchequer Bills. I%d.
1,000/.
500/.
Ditto Small
1 RICE OF FOREIGN FUNDS AT ONE O'CLOCK.
Brazilian Bonds, 5 per Cent B5l/
Russian Bonds. 1822, 5 per Cent lll%
Spanish Bonds, 5 per Cent, 1840 —
Ditto Passive Bonds 5%14
Ditto 3 per Cent... 371/8
Ditto for the Account
Dividends on the above payable in London.
Dutch 2% per Cents
Ditto 4 per Cent. Certificates
BUSINESS DONE IN RAILWAY SHARES AT ONE O'CLOCK
RAILWAYS. PAID. Paz &uiz. °
Aberdeen

Amber., Notting., Boston, &c. 2% 2% to
Armagh, Coleraine, & Portrush 1% to
Belfast and Ccunty Down .. 43/4 .. ..
Birmingham and Dudley ..... 425. ... . 5% p... to
Birmingham and Gloucester..loo ......127% to
Do. New (iss. at 7% dis.).. 171 A — to
Birmingham 8; Oxford June... 2
Bir kenhead, Lancashire, and
Cheshire Junction 23/4 ..... to
Boston, Stand , & Binning... 225.
Bristol and Exeter
Do., New
Bristol and Gloucester 3O
Bristol and Liverpool June... 2%
Buckinghamshire..
Caledonian
Ditto, Half Shares
Cambrian and Grand Junct 425.

Chester and H01yhead......... 27% — to
Cburnet and Blythe
Chester and Manchester 425.
Cheltenham and Oxford
Clydesdale Junction 2O ..
Cork, Blackrock, & Passages 225.
Cork and Killarney 2% ..
Cork and Waterford
Cornwall
Ditto, Half Shares _ ... 2% — to

Cornwall and Central Devon A to
Derby and Crewe 2% to
Direct Lincoln, East Retford,
and Sheffield Junction 2% to
Direct Northern - 1%...... to
Direct Norwich 1
Dublin and Belfast Junction.. 121 A — to
Dublin, Belfast, & Coleraine 21/2 — ...... to
Dublin and Galway
Dundalk and Enniskillen ... 10 ......
Eastern Counties 141. 16s 2234%. . to
Do. New l2l. 16s 7,6 p... to
Do. Perpet., 5 per ct. No. 1,6/. 13s. 4d
Do., d 0....... N 0.2,6/. 13s. 4d...
Do., York Extension
East Dereham and Norwich 1
Eastern Union
Ditto, Quarter Shares
Do. Extension to Harwich 1%
Do. Cambridge and Ely ... 21/2 214 to
East Lancashire
Ditto, New
Do. ( late Preston & Ormsk.) 2!A ...

East Lincolnshire . li,l — ..... to
East and West of England... 1% — ...... to
Edinburgh and Glasgow
Ditto, Half Shares
Ditto, Quarter Shares 12% to
Edinburgh and Northern ... 12% ......
Edinburgh and Perth
Ely and Huntingdon
Enniskillen and Sligo ..... -.. 2% — ...... to
Exeter, Yeovil, & Dorchester 51/4 3l/4.- to
Glasgow, Kilmarnock, & Ayr 50 — to
Ditto, New
Do 14 Shares (5 per ct. gua.) 12% ..... ..
___ . .

•
Glouc::Aberystivifh,andten:
of Wales
Done Goole lister Sheffid &c. 42s
_ _
_. —

Grand Union (Nott. & Lynn) 1% — ... .. to
Great Eastern and Western... 214 — ...... to

Great Grimsby and Sheffield 10-
Gt. South. & West. (Ireland) 27% to
Great Munster 2l/2 — ...... to
Great North of Scotland
Great North of England 100 ......
Ditto, New 5 ' to
Ditto, New l5 ... .. .. ... to
Ditto, New.. ........ ....
Great Western
Ditto, Half Shares
Ditto, Quarter Shares . 10
Ditto, Fifths
_ .

Do. New
Huddersfield and Manchester 13
Dittc, Extension
Hull and Selby 5O
Ditto, Quarter Shares . lrh — ..• •• to

Ditto, Half Shares

to

Ipswich & Bury St. Edmtindsll%...l2l/256%1,43% to
Do. do. and Norwich
Lancaster and Carlisle
Do. New.
_ _ _

Leeds and Bradford
Leeds and Carlisle
Leicester and Birmingham... 225. - ...... to
Leizester and Bedford 22s.
Leeds, Dewsbury, & Mancho. 22% 343/4 to 35%
Ditto, Branch (Blue) ...... 2% lO ..... to 9%
Ditto, Extension (Green).. 214 — ...... to.
Leeds and Thirsk l7l/2 15% to
Ditto, New - to
Liverpool, Manchester, and
Newcastle Junction 2l/ 214%... to
Liverpool and Bury l4
London )..4 Blackwall...l6/. 13s. 4d.......
Do. New ..
Do. Extension
Gond., Bright., & South Coast 50
Do. Fifths 4O ...... 47% to
Do. Guaranteed 5 per Cent. 9 . .....
London and Greenwich... 121.155. 4d... 91/ t
o
Ditto Preference lBl 17s 2d... ..... .to
London, Hounslow, &Western 2
...• .... to
,
London and North Western..loo
......190 " to 192
Do. Quarter Shares .. 2
Do. do. New ...... .... ..... 2
Do. do. Fifths
Do. Eighths .........G. J 12% — to
Do. New Quarters ...G. J. 5 .
Do. 401. Shares. ..L. &M. 8 —.. •
••••
London and S. Western.... 414 6s 10d 621/2 to
Do. New consolidated Bths.. 40
Ditto New 22%. 27
Do. New lB — to
London and York... 2% — to
Ditto Extension
London and Windsor ... I 3:' ...
London, Salisbury, & Yeovil 2%... —
Londonderry and Coleraine... 15
Londonderry and Enniskillen 15
Lynn and Ely
Lynn and Dereham
Manchester and Leeds B2 .....
Ditto Half Shares
Ditto Quarters
Ditto Fifths
Ditto Sixteenths ...........614 — ...... to
Do. Extension
Manchester and Birmingham 40 — to
Ditto Quarters (A)
Ditto Quarters (13)
Ditto Q (C) 1
Manch, Buxton, & Matlock 425.
Manchester, Birmingham, and
MouldJunction — to
Manchester and Southampton 2
Midland...
100 .....122 123 to 112
Ditto Fifths
Ditto, New
Ditto, New
Midland, Birm., and Derby...loo .....
Midland and Eastern Counties 2% — to --
Midid. Great Western (Irish) 15
Newcastle and Berwick
Do North Shields. 25 — ... .. to
Newcastle and Carlisle lOO ......
Newmarket and Chesterford 5 ......
Newport and Abergavenny. . 2% % to
Newry and Enniskillen ...... 7
- •••••• to ••••••
Newark, Sheffield, and Boston 1% — ..".. to
Vorfolk
Do. Half Shares
Ditto Extension
North British
Ditto Half Shares.. ll
Ditto Fifths
Do. Quarters ll4 — to
Ditto, Extension
% 15x..... to
50
Northern and Eastern 753/4 to
Ditto Scrip (iss. at 5 dis.)... 45
Ditto Quarter Shares
Ditto New
North Staffordshire 42s. ......31/2%A p to
North Wales 3% to
North. & South. Connecting 2%..... --.