The Sun.
London, England, 1848-01-11 00:00:00

Illustrated by 26 Anatomical Coloured Engravings on Steel.

THE ZOLLVEREIN PROTEC-
TION VERSUS FREE TRADE.
(Continued from Tice Sun of yesterday.)
Iv.
We proposed at the opening of this inquiry to put
forward all the considerations which are opposed to
the introduction of a common or general navigation
Act for Germany, even when clothed in the form of
the oft-mentioned draft of a treaty which is based
upon much more liberal principles than any former
proposals. In this, as in all former 'plans, the diffe-
rential system forms the nucleus round which are
grouped all the other proposed measures.
Several of these latter measures are highly de-
sirable and useful. Such are the proposed regulations
(sec. 6) for facilitating on all sides traffic by the
inland frontiers of the different states ; further, the
benefits to be conferred on the manufacturing inte-
rests, by mutual concessions as to remission of duties
and modifications of transit duties, anti particularly
the diminishing or abolition of river dues. All these
are measures which would be of the greatest service
to commerce, would contribute to the prosperity of
the country, and would be everywhere hailed with
joy; but they stand in no immediate connexion with
a system of differential duties affecting navigation in
general, and might, they efore, be introduced quite
irrespective of such system.
The union (recommended sec. 7) for introducing
a uniform system of coinage, weights, and measures,
which might perhaps lead to union also for postal
arrangements, for the taxing of commercial travellers,
&c., would likewise be very desirable, but would be
attended with great difficulties, which would, how-
ever, by no means be obviated by the proposed Navi-
gation Act. The same may be raid of any common
agreement as to laws touching quarantine regula-
tions, stranded goods, &c. (sec. 19.)
These and other measures fraught with blessings
might indeed be the fruits of the united endeavours
of the German states for the prosperity of the com-
monwealth, if conceived in the spirit of national
unity, though quite independent of any union for a
common navigation law, such as the one we have de-
scribed; but there are other measures comprised in
the projected treaty, some of which can only be con •
sidered as the external signs of such a union, and
others as the conditions and consequences of it, and
can only be taken into consideration as such. The
success and utility of these measures, quite inde-
pendently of their connexion with that system, is very
problematical. A German flag would not be recog-
nised as such until known to represent a permanent
--e states in matters relative to navi-
gation and connne,,,-.
it. would be matter for serious consideration whether
it would be advisable to substitute for the Prussian,
Bremen, or Hamburgh flag, which have for years been
known and respected beyond the seas, and which are
in a certain tnea,ure favoured either by treaties and
laws or by the good opinion of merchants—a symbol
which as yet is perfectly unknown, and which will
require a long time to acquire for itself similar con-
sideration. The same may be applied to the Danish
flag, regarding which there is the additional diffi-
culty that it must be given up by some ships which
now carry it, while it would be retained by others.
Besides, surely not only the interests of the smaller
states individually, but the interests of Germany at
large, require that we should well consider what
would be the result in case of a war, even indepen-
dent of a war between the confederated states, if the
German commercial fleet, united under a common
symbol, should be obliged to follow the policy of the
more important belligerent powers, instead of the
smaller states being able, as heretofore, each under its
own neutral flag, to carry on the trade of Germany
unmolested.
Another measure (sec. 5), namely, the framing of
uniform regulations as to the requisites of a national
ship, with regard to its origin, crew, measurement,
and papers, must, if it is not to prove injurious, in-
stead of advantageous, be couched in the most gene-
ral terms. The limits which other nations choose to
impose upon themselves with regard to these matters
ought not to be considered a rule of guidance for us,
as experience has proved their unfitness, and will
probably soon lead to their being: abandoned. No-
thing could be less advisable than to prevent the
purchasing of vessels built in foreign countries, in
order to promote ship-building at home, for this
would be an indirect burden imposed alike upon ship-
owners and commerce; and itwould be equally im-
prudent to restrain the shipowners in their choice of
an efficient crew, in order to promote the training of
mariners, who are after all notirequired for man-of-
war. service.
The joint appointment of consuls to act for all the
different states (sec. 18), would either deprive the
Governments of these states si the adiantage of re-
ceiving frequent and direct accounts from foreign
commercial places, or would overwhelm the agent with
labour, by rendering it necessary for him to write ten
or twenty reports instead of one, independent of its
placing him in the difficult position of having some-
times to choose between the interests of his different
employers, which cannot possibly always be identical.
It is only in exceptional cases, and under very pecu-
liar circumstances, that several states can be repre-
sented in a foreign country by a common agent,
without inconvenience arising therefrom ; but it is
even now the rule, that the subjects of such German
states as are not represented in foreign ports are to
he protected by the representatives of the other
German states.
The concerting as to the common adoption of
principles of neutrality, blockade, &c. (sec. 19) by
countries which are not naval powers, and which are
not likely to be engaged in war together, can only be
with a view to concentrating their efforts towards
effecting the universal acknowledgment of the prin-
cipleo free ship, free goods ;" a principle which,
even now,
the German states individually, and par-
ticularly
the Hanse Towns, do all in their power to
pro
m o
t •
Though it may in many cases be very desirable for
the German Governments to enter in common into
treaties of navigation and commerce with foreign na-
tions, it is very doubtful if it would be for the general
interest of Germany, if it were to be made a standing
rule, that treaties of this kind could only be concluded
in common, or at least on the condition that all Ger-
man states should equally participate in the benefits
conferred by the treaty. Such a rule would prevent
individual states from securing to themselves by
treaties commercial advantages, which, though they
might, in the first place, benefit the subjects of the
particular state, could not fail to benefit indirectly the
general commerce and industry of Germany also,
while the omission of the rule can injure no one.
Experience, indeed, shows that the navigation treaties
enteredbeen
into by individual German states,
general. The (sec. 17) proposed notice
to terminate all theie treaties would not only deprive
parties of the advantages secured
have hitherton
inbeneficial, and never detrimental, to
Germany
often
t e
but would, by appearing to foreign states
as a hostile proceeding, induce them to retaliate
tthheere cbo)ri,,tracting
against the trade and shipping interests of Germany
by measures which no Navigation Act of ours could
aver remedy.
Finally, there is an object which has not been dis-
in what has hitherto been said, but
plated throughout the proposals which
'
and which has also been borne in
ti nhe
arect lhy named
e:unstge g
mind by us during the course of our inquiry. The
draft of the treaty (sec. 2) psoposes as the object of
the, projected union :—" To establish in all matters
relet4ve to navigation ind tree the principle of the

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Os SIM t 4 ON%

SI VN, JANUARY 11, 1848.

on the sea coast and those in the interior, is too ob-
vious to need further explanation. But even were
tho geographical position is the same, as in the case
of the Hanse Towns, the interests may he different,
and it is not at all impossible that a system of differen-
tial duties which would be destructive to the one city
might benefit the other, or at least certain important
branches of its trade. But nothing is so destructive
of union as such advantages bestowed upon one, in
preference to another. It is in the peculiar nature of
such preferences that the one always calls forth an-
other. Some one particular interest which is wounded
and perhaps injured, by privileges bestowed upon
another, claims some usher privilege fur its own de •
fence, and also as a means of competing with a third
interest, which then also lays claim to legal protec-
tion ; and all these claims and assertions, and re-
fusal: and accusations, give rise to that struggle of
all against all, which is the very opposite of union
and unity.
Whether the proposed differential duties might
benefit particular states or particular cities in parti-
cular instances it has not been our object to inquire
into. We have had to consider them only in their
effects upon the commerce and industry of Germany
in general ; and we have therefore abstained from
mentioning the series of consequences which such a
measure would have for Hatnburgh especially, even
were it not in itself quite impossible that Hamburgh
could join the union, if all other ports on the Elba,
and particularly Altona, did not do the same. We
have only thee directed particular attention to the
commerce of Hamburgh, when the disadvantages
accruing to this commerce would affect the commerce
of the whole of Germany. Yet it must be admitted
that disadvantages accruing to particular interests,
without being compensated for by advantages
accruing to the general interests, would in all
cases be considered as furnishing a powerful
argument against a proposed measure ; but the
benefits accruing to some particular state, or
some particular city, can never justify the adoption
of a system that would be more prejudicial than
beneficial to the nation in general. If every seaport
town in Germany were to invent a system of customs
for Germany, entirely suited to its own particular
interests, this system, were it to survive the struggle
of conflicting interests, which it would be sure to call
forth, even in its very birth place, would, when
spread abroad, be opposed in a hundred ways, and if,
nevertheless, carried through, would call forth num-
berless complaints. Only in as far as they are not in
opposition to the interests of all, can any individual
interests have any claim to general consideration. It
is a remarkable sign of the times that in Germany,
where the individual states have prospered and deve-
loped themselves so rapidly, under the especial
guardianship of separate Governments, a voice is
nevertheless raised throughout the country to advo-
cate the general interests of the nation, in conjunction
with, and even in :preference to the particular
interests of the separate states of the Confedera-
tion. This voice has been responded to on all sides,
also on the German shores of the North Sea and
on this side of the frontiers of the Zollverein, and
even where it is heard less loudly and less fre-
quently, the feeling, of which it is the expression, is
not therefore wanting. Hamburgh may with truth
repel the accusation,of indifference to German interests
which has so often been levelled against her.
Whenever the cause of the common fatherland has
required her services, Hamburgh has never been
wanting; she has evinced her German feelings in war
as well as in peace; during the war of liberation she
made the greatest sacrifices for the nation, and she
has since then fulfilled her duty as a member of the
Confederation with zeal and punctuality. In her
treaties she has never forgotten the commercial
interests of Germany, and in her commercial legisla-
tion she has always had an eye to the interests of
German industry ; and the great mission which she
has to fulfil, in her character of mediator between the
aummerce of Germany and that of the countries
beyond the seas, she has acquitted herself of in a
manner which we may indicate with just pride, when-
ever Germany requires a proof of our activity and
zeal for the common weal. The free and independent
way in which the trade of the Hanse Towns has
developed its peculiar character it the true German way,
while all navigation laws and systems of differential
duties are plants of foreign growth, which are now for
the first time to be transplanted into German soil.
The fact of Hamburgh having gradually risen to be
one of the emporiums of the world, must react
Alvniirnhlv nn thiL,wht,lo of Clerv-y....__ 'lna it trc-rree
intention, to reduce such an emporium to a mere place
of export and import for a single country, were it
ever so extensive. That which, in addition to our
natural love for our native country, forms the 6....
bond between Germany and ourselves, is the protec-
tion which she affords to the liberty of our city as
well as of our commerce, and the advantages which '
this commerce bestows upon her in return. We also
desire national unity ; we also desire to see Germany
united, powerful and great; but we cannot desire to
see a system introduced as a means for this end,
which, according to the investigations that we have
made, will on the contrary defeat it; which, though
aiming at the promotion of the national welfare,
threatens to ieflict deep wounds on every branch of
our interests ; which, indicating free trade as its ob-
ject, commences with placing restrictions upon trade ;
and, which, starting from the principle of national
unity, leads to discord and to disunion. There is but
one system which affords grounds of complaint to no
one, because it favours none, and injures none—this is
the system of commercial freedom ; and this is our
national system.
There is an English system of navigation laws;
this is the system of prohibition of imports. Eng-
land recognises its evils, and will probably discon-
tinue it.

[PR ICE SD.

national unity of Germany, not only with regard to
the mutual relations of the states of the Confederation,
but also with regard to the relations of these with
foreign states, and to endeavour to obtain the universal
recognition of this principle."
The latter half of this proposition, to begin with
that, has in the present state of navigation regulations
one very practical side. The other maritime states,
whose laws are to be taken into account, in as far
as they favour direct navigation from European
ports, or rather in as far as they place restrictions
on indirect navigation, mean by direct navigation
the importation of goods from the country in which
they have been produced, and frequently in the
ships of that country also ; and as they must in
this matter be guided by political geography,
German ships and German produce are in conse-
quence frequently placed in the unfavourable posi-
tion that, though coming from Germany, they cannot
b? considered as coming from their own country.
This is of practical importance with regard to our
commerce with two countries, namely, Great Britain
and Portugal.
Portugal, as has already been stated, imposes diffe-
rential duties upon imports in all ships which do not
belong to her own flag or to the country which has
produced the goods : this is frequently rather incon-
venient, particularly with regard to butter, the prin-
cipal article of the trade of Hamburgh with Portu-
gal, because the Hamburgh merchants are obliged to
use inferior Portuguese vessels for the transport of
their butter, unless they would load a Mecklenburgh
ship with a full cargo of Mecklenburgh butter, and
supply it with a certificate of origin. With the ex-
ception of the Hanse Towns, Germany is not, how-
ever, much concerned in this matter ; and as for the
Hanse Towns, they, having hitherto been able to help
themselves in other ways, will certainly not consider
this point of sufficient importance to render the in-
troduction of a German navigation-law desirable.
With regard to England, the matter is of much
greater importance. According to the stringent rules
of the old navigation-laws, a Prussian vessel was not
allowed to import corn from Hamburgh to England.
In virtue of the treaty between Austria and Great
Britain concluded in 1838, and of an Act of Par-
liament occasioned by this treaty, excetions were
made in mitigation of this rule ; the Government
was empowered to conclude treaties, acknowledging
the principle that foreign ships belonging to foreign'
states, and coming from ports situated at the mouths
of rivers which flow through those states, shall be
considered as coming from their own ports. England
has since then proved, by voluntary concessions and
by treaties, not only that she considers this assimila-
tion of foreign outports to the ports of the country i
as harmless with regard to her own interests, but also
that she looks upon further mitigations in her restric-
tive system as quite reconcileable with her own
advantage ; and it may be predicted with pretty I
much certainty, that should the British Navigation
Act be repealed, or at least greatly modified, the
regulations which we are here alluding to would be
the first to fall. But it is a very different matter if
the disadvantages under which German ships are
suffering are not to be removed, not in virtue of
treaties or by the voluntary adoption of more
liberal commercial views by foreign states, but by
their recognition of tke principle of the unity of
Germany as a state (Staatliche Einheit Deutschlands).
If such recognition is to be obtained, or in a
manner enforced, by coercive measures on our aide,
and contrary to the inclination of foreign powers,
this will, in all probability, lead to discussions from
which it will not be easy to exclude appeals to the
international laws of Europe and to the treaties
based upon these. These laws and treaties, as is
well known, recognise in Germany only separate
and independent states, and as a whole, only the
German Confederation. Of course no one can pre.
rent the separate states from forming unions among
themselves, but on the other hand, it could not
surely be made matter of complaint, should foreign
states refuse to recognise in such a union the unity
of a state. The projected union for navigation and
trade is meant to be a union for action upon foreign
states, and proposes to consider as foreign states all
such (even German states) as have not joined the
union. Thus, Austria, Holstein, and Lunenburg, it
they should not give in their adherence, would be
treated as foreign states, and their trade perhaps
be burdened with differential duties. But how
can we demand that others should recognise a
German unity, if we ourselves do not recognise it,
hAt eTerrethe edenntriefrati.t:^M _
union mean to put forward claims to such recognition,
it seems to us that it can only be done on the condi-
tion that it shall comprise all the states of the Con-
federation, and that the Diet shall form its centre.
But as to whether it will be possible, within a given
time, to embrace all the states of the Confederation,
Austria and Luxembourg, as well as Holstein and
Lunenburg, in a common union for navigation and
trade, such as the one described, or whether it would
be advisable to entrust the direction of such a union
to the Diet at Frankfort; these are questions which
we have not at present the means of answering.
Other questions also here press upon us, which can
not at present be answered. Would a union of Ger-
man states, sshich did not embrace all the states of
the Confederation, have a right to call the German
flag its own ? or would such a union have a right to
call the symbol of its union the German flag ? Would
foreign states recognise it as such ? Would the con-
suls chosen to represent the -union be German con•
suls, or only union consuls ? Would a German con-
sulate or a German flag be able to maintain a digni-
fied position in distant regions, if not protected by a
German fleet? Would the Confederation, which has
been obliged to use great efforts to establish an army
(Bundes Armee), be willing to make the still greater
efforts iwhich it would require to create a German
war fleet, and would it be able to surmount the al-
most unconquerable difficulties which oppose the at-
tainment of this object ?
But, independent of the relations of the union to
foreign (non-German) states, it is very doubtful
whether the projected system of differential duties
would in any way promote, in Germany itself, the
principle of national unity which lies at its founda-
tion.

There is a French system of navigation laws; and
this is the system of differential duties. These have
proved themselves useless in the countries where they
have been introduced, except in as far as they are
connected with their colonial policy, and have called
forth a number of opponents, who will probably
ultimately succeed in getting them repealed.
But there is also a German system of navigation
laws ; and this is the system of free trade, under the
protection of which Germany has attained a degree
of prosperity greater than that of any other continen-
tal state, and which will soon be adopted by England,
whose example will at a later period be followed by
other nations. May it please the Princes of Germany
in their wisdom to preserve this jewel for the nation.

We have at the commencement of this section
enumerated several matters which the projected
union, in accordance with this principle, desires to see
regulated in common by all Germany. It would,
probably, however, be most desirable that these mea
sures, originating among a small number of united
states, should thence spread over the rest of Germany,
as, for instance, the adoption of a common system of
coinage by the states of the Zollverein has opened
the way for the introduction of a uniform system
throughout Germany. But when we come to
treat of a union for navigation, the true character
of which consists in the common adoption of
measures which are to be brought to bear against
foreign countries, the matter assumes a very
different aspect, for here we meet at the very first
step the anomaly above alluded to, namely, that Ger-
man states which do not join the union are to be
treated like foreign states, and consequently in many
respects like opponents. Why, this would be the
very means of destroying in the bosom of Germany
herself the] principle of her national unity. Besides,
this unity cannot be promoted by a system of cus-
toms which, as we have endeavoured to prove in the
preceding sections, is not advantageous for the ma-
terial welfare of the country; which, on the con-
trary, is prejudicial to trade and industry; which
impedes commercial intercourse, instead of promoting
it ; which is destructive of the principle of commercial
liberty that has hitherto been the basis of the com-
mercial policy of the German states; and which, by
imposing upon a union of independent states the
impracticable task of reconciling, by a series of pro-
tective measures adopted in common, the interests of
the sea-board states, of the general commerce, of the
shipping trade, and of the inland countries, will
introduce elements of discord into the union, which
it will be impossible afterwards to master.
The system of differential duties is, like all other
protective systems, a system of favouring and pre-
ference, and is, therefore, in accordance with its
nature, more likely to destroy union than to promote
it. A system of differential duties affecting naviga-
tion as it regards foreign states, does, indeed, in the
first instance, only aim at injuring foreign nations.
But it is a necessary consequence of such a system,
that at home also one branch of business is favoured
at the expense of another, and in the end none are
benefited. Natural inequalities are to be levelled by
artificial means ; and because everything cannot be
raised to the same height, that which has naturally
risen above the rest is artificially depressed until it is
reduced to the same level. In the same manner as
the various branches of industry are differently af-
fected by the differential system, so are also the dif-
ferent states and the different towns. If it be desi-
rable for the south-western states of Germany that
the transit through France, Belgium, and Holland,
should be open for their imports, then the impedi-
ments caused by differential duties cannot be wel-
come to them, though they might benefit the
commercial ports of North Germany. It is fur-
ther evident that measures which might be advan-
tageous for certain seaports, as, for instance, a rise
in the rates of freightage, would, on the contrary, be
detrimental to the inland states, which have no ship-
ovum. The differehoe in the intrres4 of the Wes

NEW APPLICATIONS TOR
LICENCES.

At the Tower Hamlets special session for the
transfer of licenses, the Bench, on the motion of the
Chairman, came to the following resolution relative
to new applications for licences to be hereafter made
at the General Annual Licensing Meetings, viz. :
" That for the more correct information of the Li-
censing Magistrates of this division, all persons ap-
plying at the General Annual Licensing Meeting in
each year for the grant of a license to sell exciseable
liquors by retail on premises not previously licensed,
shall,in a schedule to be annexed to their petitions,
set forth the names and signs of the victualling houses
nearest to such premises in every direction ; also the
distance of each such victualling houses from the
premises for the licensing whereof application is
made, as well as the number of dwelling-houses
standing between such existing victualling houses
and the premises as to which application is made
distinguishing those dwelling-houses which are com-
pleted and those which are incomplete—those inha-
bited and those uninhabited—and those which have
been begun or finished since the last annual licensing
day, with any other important facts.
" And also, that a ground plan of the vicinity,
which may impart and ifloirue:sterornayuntsdeseustheahlens
0110 above
aotlivtleiopnarticu-
particu-
lars, should
thh e
licensing
ceetappendednitsi
ionngof h
s
to
repetitionsy.tiy
o u si
laigeae"ninnssetd, :t aeli
be filed with the Clerks of the Justicesp
on
or before the General Annual Licensing Meeting.
" That this resolution be communicated to all per-
sons petitioning.
" The form of the schedule will be furnished by the
clerks to the parties applying."
ME - -
LANCHOLT SUICIDE AT THE BULL INN, BISHOPS •
GATE.—Last evening Mr. Joseph Payne, the Deputy
Coroner, held an inquest at the Bull Inn, Bishopsgate,
on the body of John Collard, aged 44, a helper at the
above inn. From the evidence it appeared that the de-
ceased had, for several weeks past, been unwell and
confined to his bed. Yesterday morning Mrs. Wade,
the landlady, on going into his bed-room with some
toast and water fur him, was astonished at finding him
hanging to the bed-post. An instant alarm was given,
the police were called in, and the deceased was cut
down, but life was quite extinct. The deceased bad
been noticed, of late, to be exceedingly depressed and
low spirited, and it was the opinion of Mrs. Wade that
he was not able to earn sufficient to keep himself. The
jury having consulted, they returned a verdict of "Tem-
porary insanity."
A letter of the 27th ult. from Algiers states that
the submission of Abd-el-Kader was announced there
by salvos of cannon. The city was illuminated at night,
and the Central Commissary of Police went to the
theatre and made known
.the important event to the
audience, who received the intelligence
, with enthusias-
tic cheers. The " Marseillaise was called for and sung
on the awe, the whole of the audience joining in the
6 dons.

------2
- , -:/ " - .-/------
7 _
...-
i/4 , CONFESSION OF SALES.'
:51iiii........ ~,,.r, „.,:. \
'':'4•:" • : ' ' , 7 , i . '//:7 '?1;1/ ~ . , j//1 .(,<:'7 A correspOtiaent sends us the following :—Sale
continued to say he was innocent until teeo'clock
7.,
on Sunday night, when he expressed a wish- to see
iliffrs.,s-, ,---1
the Rev. Ordinary. The Rev. Gentleman at once
6.--- proceeded to his cell, when he said, " He could not
get God to relieve his wicked soul as he should like,"
.....11fr - .....'' - ''''' on which the Rev. Gentleman replied—" No ; God
will not give peace to the soul of any one of us, unless
we speak the truth in all things." Sale paused for a
moment, and then said—" I confess I did do it. I
struck the blow. What M'Coy has said is the truth.
It was agreed that M'Coy should rob Mr. Bell-
chambers, and, if he made any resistance, I_was to
knock him down. I had the bolt with me, which
was known to Young, but M'Coy did not know it at
the time." Sale then proceeded to say that be had
been guilty of a great many other crimes before. After
this confession he became exceedingly penitent, and
expressed a hope that he should he forgiven. He
then expressed a wish to have one of his handcuffs
taken off, on which the Rev. Gentlemen sent for Mr.
and it was agreed that the handcuffs should be
Cope,
removed. At the request of Sale, the Rev. Gentle-
man wrote the two letters already alluded to.
The following letters were written from the •
wretched man's dictation by the Rev. Ordinary :
" Condemned Cell, Newgate, 20 min. to 11, r.m.
Jan. 0, 1848.
" Dear Father and Mother,—Hoping to find you as
well as lam at present, considering my unhappy
situation, I write this letter to you. I hope my bro-
ther William and my sisters will be good children
towards you, and comfort you. When my poor bro-
ther Henry has got his liberty. I hope he will be
dear to you. Dear mother, I hope you will protect
my poor children. I could earnestly beg your prayer&
for my wicked soul if it were possible. Had I taken
your advice and my father's I should not have been,
here. I pray that the blessed Lord may receive my
guilty soul. I have sent you a lock of my hair; a
portion of it for my wife.
" Your unhappy but affectionate son,
" Mrs. Sale. " THOMAS SALE.
" P.S. I wish my father to have my shirt and black
handkerchief."

" Condemned Cell, Newgate, Jan. 9, 184$.
10 min. to 11 P.M.
"'Dear Wife,—l send you these last lines in the
hope they will find you as well as I am at present,
excepting the awful condition in which I am unhap-
pily placed. Had I taken your advice, my dear girl,
I should never have been here. It is no fault of yours.
I have left you with two children in the wide world.
I hope you will go home to your friends in Yorkshire.
If
,you get married again I hope you will marry a re-
ligious man, and not such a blackguard as I have
been. God bless you and my children.
" Your unhappy but affectionate husband,
A
sL
~ THOMAS E.,,
This young man was transported about two years
since.

FATAL RAILWAY RIOTS IN
SCOTLAND.

ABERDEEN, JAN. B.—For some time past the COB..
duct of the navvies engaged on the Aberdeen Rail-
way, in the neighbourhood of Stonehaven, has been
a source of much anxiety to the peaceable inhabitants
of that village, and on Wednesday last there was a
serious riot, attended with loss of life.
• It appears that the navvies were paid their wages.
by the contractor of the works, and at midnight
began to offer insults to some of the villagers, who
were then engaged in celebrating Christmas in the
old style. Towards morning a good many house'
were forcibly entered, and soon after it became evi-
dent that a premeditated attack was about to be made.
The constabulary force were able to hold in check the
earlier disturbances, but the Highlandmen, being
armed with bludgeons, and perfectly ferocious, every
attempt to resist their barbarous onslaught was futile,
and the police had to abandon the ground. Houses
were now broken into, bakers' and butchers' shops
ransacked, spirit cellars in some cases emptied, and
one young man was so severely bruised by the blows
of a ruffian that he died on Wednesday night ; others
were more or less bruised, and some of them now lie
in a very hopeless condition.
As soon as Mr. Gordon, the sheriff: clerk, was made
aware of the riot, he dispatched an express to Aber-
deen, which arrived about the same time as an express
from Captain Barclay, of Ury, near Stonehaven, for
a detachment of the military stationed here, and the
Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire having stated
the necessity of the case personally to the com-
mandant of the depot, two companies were imme-
diately dispatched and arrived in time to restore quiet
and apprehend the ringleaders of the riot.
(From the North British Mail of Friday.)
We briefly referred yesterday to a disturbance
which occurred on Tuesday among the railway nav-
vies at West Calder, and of which we have since
learned the following particulars :—lt appears that
on Monday and part of Tuesday the whole of the
railway labourers employed on the Caledonian Rail-
, •
Lue
map' iry'Let Wtioni were Irish, a very few only bins
Theof
ll,roisooh,
Scotch, and some English, were paid off "by the
labourers,ocpied a t o
temporarythe nu
contractors, the works on that line of railway being
eao-emupnledteerds.tand,
lage .
to the line of railVce called Colibinshaw, adjacent
from West Calder, `wOßtl out a mile and a half
evacuate, as the authorities, -anticip-6._ ordered to
disturbances if they were allowed to remain in -L..—
part of the country, the villagers and the navvies
not being on good terms, determined to destroy the
huts, and thereby dislodge them. About four
o'clock on Tuesday afternoon a great number
of the Irish labourers, amounting, it is said.
to upwards of 600, armed with guns, pikes,
palings, sticks, and other offensive weapons, one of
them being armed with a scythe, entered %Vest Calder
and threatened to burn the village, in revenge for the
proposed destruction of their huts, and the assistance
which the villagers and Scotch and English labourers
uniformly rendered to the police in quelling the dis-
turbances which arose among the Irish on every pay-
day. The villagers, however, reinforced by the few
Scotch and English labourers in the neighbourhood,
and ten or twelve constables cf the county police
force, though altogether scarcely half the number of
their assailants, promptly turned out to meet the
rioters, whom they encountered at the entrance of the
village. A severe fight ensued, which ended in the
complete discomfiture and rout of the Irish party,
who fled in all directions ; but the police succeeded
in apprehending one man, who was armed with a gun
which he had stolen from the house of one of the
villagers during the affray. As the defeated navvies
threatened to return in the evening, by which time
they expected to receive a reinforcement froni a village
of huts within a few miles of Cobbinshaw, where seve-
ral,hundreds of Irish labourers were living, information
of the anticipated attack was immediately dispatched
to Mr. List, the superintendent of county police,
in Edinburgh, and was received by him about nine
o'clock in the evening. Application was thereupon
made to Major General Riddell, the commander n
chief, fur a detachment of cavalry fromFlere
hill
Barracks, which was at once granted, and about
he 3
one
d
o'clock on Wednesday morning fifty teen of t
Dragoon Guards left for lVest Calder. They were
met at the west end of Princes-street by Acting
Sheriff Campbell and Mr. List, who accompanied the
cavalry to West Calder Upon their arrival there
everything was found quiet, and the military were
billeted in Mid Calder, a few miles distant, where
they remained ready for action, should their assist-
ance be required. On Wednesday, however, no dis-
position to riot was shown by the Irishmen, who
were evidently awed by the presence of the soldiers.
During the whole of the day the police were
engaged in :apprehending the principal parties
engaged in the riot on the previous day, and they
succeeded in capturing three of the ringleaders,
who, along with the man taken with the gun in
his possession, were sent off to Edinburgh gaol, where
they were safely lodged on Wednesday night. La
the course of Wednesday the huts of Cobbinshaw were
evacuated by the Irishmen, who have spread them-
selves all over the country, and the only persons now
remaining are sick or convalescent, and women ant
children. They also are to remove as soon as possible,
when the huts will be entirely destroyed. Yesterday
Mr. List and Acting Sheriff Campbell were to pro-
ceed to a place called Torphin, about two miles from
Cobbinshaw, where a number of Irishmen are located
in huts, for die purpose of searching for rioters, and
alsoend
to warn the navvies to remove. It was expectedutra
that a number of the Irishmen engaged in the outrage
on on Tuesday would be found at the village of
Black-
burn, in Linlithgowshire, about three miles distant
from West Calder; and Acting Sheriff Campbell
proposed to proceed there yesterday,
received at the
was but up to a late
hour last night no information h
'dinburg of the proceedings
county police office in b
of Irishmen, in bands
m er
yesterday. A great nu
of fifty, were seen on Wednesday and yesterday,
proceeding to Edinburgh by b e-r d
direction of Cobbinshaw, but no property, so far as
I
Iwe have heard, in the road of march, has been
injured.

CAUTION TO HOTEL AND' TATERN-KEETERS.—At
an early hour on Saturday evening a person of gentle-
manly address, and having the appearance of a fo-
reigner, entered the Shades wine-rooms, Leicester-
square, and requested, previously to taking refreshment,
inconsiderately shown into a room where a considerable
quantity of plate was deposited, and on the waiter soon
after going to look after his anticipated customer, it was
discovered that he had contrived to elude observation
and had decamped, taking with him seventeen silver
table-spoons and other articles of plate. The Sabloniere,
and some other hotels in the neighbourhood, have suffered
similar depredations, supposed to have been effected by
the same individual, who is described as of about the
middle height, wearing a black mustache, stud ;peaking
with a forsigu aeouts

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