The Sun.
London, England, 1846-10-13 00:00:00

-.wrr.sannrox.wzrrawanniaratarramez-7,--. . _ .
1979 TA g Ta.
LON BON T UESDAY
1 3
: E
•
?
7 OCTOBER, 13 1846.

NOTICE! ALTERATION OF TIME

GRAVESEND STA it and BLACKWALL
PACKETS.

otter TUESDAY NEXT, the 13th Instant, the Nine o'clock
morning and Five and Seven afternoon boats, from the Brunswick
Wharf, Blackwall, and the Six and ha'a'•past Si,' afternoon boatF,
frcin the New Terrace Pier, Gravesend, will be DISCONTINUED.
Star office, Gravesend 10th Oct, 1646.

GLA E SPIN S" FAR and BLACK. Vi Al L
• - • P. is ETs.
racket and Railway Fare Included in one payment upon every
Paslage.
`.11.--.No.other.Fackets call at the GRAY'S or GREEN-ILIUM
PIERS.

FROM TILE ..NE TERRACE PIER, GRATESEND.
WEEK 1).1)::%.--At 71, 61, 91(2, 11', I, 2, 3,4,5, G, and
SENDAY4S.—At.7I, 51,-4, 11. 1,3, 4. 5. 6, ti
1 ROM . B IYJCK. •IV HARP, BLACK WALL.,
he Trains starting One Quarter of an Ilour befor4 each 01

these thilrs

WEEK' DAYS.—At 9,9%, 11, 12, 134, 2%, 334, 4%, 5, 6
and 7.

UNDAYS.—At 9,9%, 11; Ir, , 2%. 3%, 5, G, rad 7.
rare,.—'l'o or from Lontlwr —Fore caithi, and Scco:td Class Rail
tv,y, 9d. ; Saloon <it'd Fir,t (;kiss nathtiitY, is.
To or rrom and..i.uteranediate Piers,--Fore Cabin, 6d.
Saloon, 9d._ _ .

Boat Tigliets.—rc, ^'n•clve months, 4/. 45.; Six months, 2/ 15s. ;
Three wcmths, 1 /..15s. To he had of the Collectors On b 0 :;rd the
packets; of ?11r. Monk, Terrace l'ier, Gravesend; or of Mr. Saunders,
Bruns ick- wharf, 9:lackwall.
Gravesend, Star Office, Oct. 1, 1546.

I) Ail:.lsEd
SpeSr lb. ; FlNGenu Genuine e g p eSr P2E811611,11.
Yellow
wNsDoaLp
42
CANDLES
IGs., 525., and 569. per 1121bs. ; Mottled, s';s., ' 60s. and G4s.; Wax
Candles, Is. per lb. ; German, Is. 2d. ; Fine Wax, Is. sd. ; Trans-
parent Wax, Is. Bd. ; Genuine Wax, 28. ld. ; Store Candles, 5%d. ;
Extra Wax NI. vick Moulds, 6% d.; Genuine Sperm Oil, 7s. per gallon ;
'iolar, 3s. 3d., Palo Seal, 3s. 6d. ; Argand, or Vegetable, 4s. 6c1.;
Windsor Soap, 18.1 L. per packet; Palm, Is. 4d. ; Old Brown
Windsor, Is. 9d. lOs e, 28. ; Almond, 2s. 6d. ; Scaling Wax, 4s. 6d.
cer lb. ; Hale's erior Paragon Composite, requiring no snuf-
-5413, 930.

FOr (lash—At DAVIES'S Old Established Warehouse 6 St.
Martin's-lane, opposite New Slaughter's Coffee-house.

"B UNIVERSAL GAS BURNER.
To be had at the Patentees, 60, St. Martin's-lane, Charing-cross.
The Patentees beg to call public atteiiiion to the following facts,
flie advantages resulting from the invention are various and
itriking. Independently of a saving of 30 to 50 per cent„ the com-
bustion is perfect, and the brilliancy produced superior to any light
hitherto discovered- -It emits neither smell nor smoke, and burns
steadily for any period ; and such is Its purity, that it neither affects
or soils the most delicate colour or the finest fabric. Objections have
made to the introduction egos in dwellin,f-houses, to the expense of
fittings, to its destruction of furniture, draperies, gold moulding, Sze. ;
these are entirely obviated by the "PATENT UNIVERSAL GAO
nuaNea." As the cost of laying on gas is much lower than is com-
monly supposed, it is adapted for private dwellings, as well as for
club-houses, hotels, manufactories, and public buildings. One of the
small burners is amply sufficient to light a good-sized room, at a sum
immeasurably lower than spirit, oil, or candle, with the avoidance of
waste or trouble.
The merits of the " Burner," its brilliancy and economy surpassing
every other known light, are shown by the annexed authentic
Millions of the qualities of the UNIVERSAL GAS BURNER.
Extract from the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Tuesday, 26th May, 1846, Sir Jonx RENNIE, Preaident, in the Chair.
" A gas burner of a novel and ingenious construction was exhibited.
The principal novelty Raw the introduction of a stream of air to the
centre of the flame by a hollow button in the middle of the burner.
rhe air passing on through the hollow stem of the button, was
heated, and passed out by two series of fire-holes around the periphery,
and impinging with force en the flame of tide gas curved it outwards
while the oxygen of the air, mingling with gas, produced a very perfect combustion,
a hydrogen tul i p ,
flame was quite whitedown the top of the burner, Was very steady,
as was amply demonstrated by the excellent light of the Institution,
1,1'11'11e:he: rtarieet tn
fee. these burners have been tmecl. In comparing the consuinption
the burners with that ohf tine concentric ring burners, and trying
the new burner gave a
ht with a sexing of rather more than one-third."
better g---, I CERTIFICATE.
the power of the two lights y the photometer,
GEoRGE
citisp, },etsgtin setelar:vdowless
turner, it gave a
POLYTECHNIC CHEMICAL. SCHOOL.—"
.Inne testing Clark, Mo Niel],
and Co,'s Universa :Gas
more
pure and brilliant light, with a saving of 20
0 25 per cent."
ROUT. LONGBOTTOM, Secretary,
:
CERTIFICATE.

" Ie a series of experiments made upon Clark, molcicii, and
0,
Patent Universal Gas Burner, its superiority was satisfactorily est,;t„
blished in economy and the quality of the light. Tested against
argand burners, Nos. 4 (12 holes), awl 6 (15 holes), it afforded a
saving of at least 25 per cent., and against three fish-tail burners,
4E per cent. The colour and brilliancy of the flame is supe-
rior to any other burner."
T. W. KEATES, Consulting Chemist,
J. 1). P.ALMEIt, Mechanical Inspector.
The VNITERSAL GAS 14131tNElt is used nightly at the Poly-
technic Institution, and way bo had and seen from 11 till 4, at the
Patentees.6o. St. Martin's-lane. Charing-cross ; ai.d of all Gas Fitters.

LADIES TRAVELLING,

Visiting tke Sea Coast,c; ''''''''''''''''''''' to tile scorching rays of

the Sun, will find
OWLAND'S K kLYDOR a most. refreshing
preparation for C:e Complexion, dispelling the cloud of lan-
guor rind relaxation, allaying all heat and irritability, and immedi-
ately atf,rding the pleasing sensation attending restored elasticity of
the Skin. The numerous varieties of Cutaneous Eruptions, Sun-
burn, Freckles, Tau, and Discolourations, are pleasingly eradicated
by the Kalyder, and the skin rendered delicately sett and clear. Its
purifying and refreshing properties have obtained its exclusive selec-
tion by the Court and the Royal Family of Great Britain, and those
of the Continent of Europe, t 0 ether with th "elite" of the Aris-
tocracy and " haute 6e," from the sultry climes of India, and the
Drawing-rooms of Calcutta and Madras, to BA frozen realms or the
Czar and the Salons of St. retersburgh and Meecow.—Price 4s. 6€l.
and 85. 6d. per bottle.

*** Beware of spurious "Kalydors" containing mineral astrin-
gems utterly ruinous to the complexion, and which, by their repel-
ant action,' endanger health. The only genuine has the words
•' L.OWLAND'S KALTDOIL" on the wrapper, and A. ROWLAND
and SON, 20; Rattan•garden„is also engraved (by desire of the
lion. Commissioners) on the Government Stamp affixed on each
bottle.
Sold by the Proprietors, and by respectable Chemists and Per-
fumers.
other " Ealydora" are fraudulent counterfeits.

OYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
Jai A CHEMICAL LECTURE, by Dr. Ryan, (any, and on
the Evenings' of Mondays, Wednesdays, and Friday's. Also a
LECTURE on the ELE,ITROMAGNETIC TELEGRAPH daily.
MACINTOSH'S R EV4 nxiNo ENGINE, COLEMAN'S PATENT
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE, FAURELL'S ARCIUNEEDIAN RAIL-
WAY, the ATMOS PEI E RIC RAILWAY, all in action. HAL LETTE'S
ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY VALVE. The OPAQUE MICR(I-.
COPE. The OXY-HY OROGEN MICROSCOPE. A beautiful Series
nt OISSOLVING VIEWS. A Selection of MADRIGALS of the
Sixteenth Century will be performed by a Sax-Horn Rand, under
Sl I)irecCun oz 1)r. 'Wallis daly,and In the Erenin3s.
Admission, Is. , Schools, Half-price.

ITALI. OF ROME, GREAT WINDMILL-
ST ;t ET, JIAT ITARIZET.

Co,rs from Coventry•street.
Umier Distinguished Patrona4e.—The original POWS rlastiques and

Tableaux ViT.IIIS,

Professor TURNOUR, ever anxious t.) diversify the attractions et
the above. splerdid tiv,atre, *cgs most respectfully to info,m the
'\obi!ity, Su scribers, and the Public. that he has succeeded in en-
gaging one of the finest Models of the day, wit will appear every
afternoon and evening darisg the week in Proressor Turnouts eels-
!mired groupa of Venus 'Rising fro n the Sea and the Lute Player.
The new Cisseical Groupings, which have been acYnow*edged by the
press as Stir surpassing anything of the kind ever attempted in this
country, will be repeated during the week, introducing the TtlItEE
COLOLTIr'.I) FIWALr: 310D10.5, net:yes of Ilindomtan, who have
been received with rapturous applause by fashionable and crdwded
houses. .

31.nnIng Performance at Three o'clock, and Evening at Half-pat
Eight.—Stalls, 2s. 6(1.; .1;o es, 2s. ; Pit, Is.

LIGIIT.-CAMPHINE,• CANDLES.—Patent
CA M ['HINE in. sealed half-gallon cans, 4s. 9d. per gallon;
Palmer's Patent Candles, 71411. per lb., at WILLIAM S. BUR lON'S
: (&ttto-dtippon and Burton's), 39, Oxford-street, corner of Newman-
4tr.t.f, whose assortment of Catnphine, Argand, and Solar Lamps,
and Palmer's Magnum and other Candlesticks, with all the latest
intprovements and of the newest and most recherche'patterns, is the
gargcst in existence. All the seasonable novelties are now ready, and
selling Irons 20. to 30 per cent. under any bonze with whom quality
and style.a..ye considerations. The mousy returned for every article
not apefbivid of. Detailed catalogues, with engravings, sent (per
post) free_

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.
(From the Cambridge Chronicle of Saturday.)
NEW UNIVERSITY OFFICERS.
This morning, being the first day of term, a congre-
gation was held in the Senate House, when the follow-
ing gentlemen were appointed University Officers for
the ensuing year :
PrtocTons-Rev. Edward Brumell, M.A., Fellow of
St. John's College ; Rev. William Towler Kingsley,
ALA., Fellow of Sidney Sussex College.
TAXORS—Rev. Henry Arlett, M.A., Fellow of Pem-
broke College ; William Gilson Humphry, M.A., Fel-
low of Trinity College.
SCRUTAToRS—R,V. John Wolvey Astley, M.A., Fel-
low of King's College ; Rev. Francis Procter, M.A.,
Fellow of Catherine Hall.
MODEEATORS—Rev. George Gabriel Stokes, M.A. ,
Fellow of Pembroke College ; John Couch Adams,
M.A., Fellow of St. John's College.
The following degrees were also conferred :
MASTERS OF ARTS—William Mills, St. John's Col-
lege ; Juints Turning, Trinity College.
BACHELORS OF ARTS—Henry Charles Hawley, Tri-
nity College ; Henry Miles Wingfield, Trinity College ;
James Price, St. John's College ; George Edwin Put-
tenden, St. Peter's College.
TRINITY COLLEGE.
NEW FELLows.—This morning the following gentle-
men were ehected.Fellows of Trinity College :—Hugh
Blackburn, 8.A.-.1845, Fifth Wrangler ; Frederick
Rendall, B.A: 1845, bracketted with the first in Classical
Tripos ;_Lewis Hensley, B.A. 1846, Senior Wrangler.

SACRILEGE,

CLEVER DISCOVERY OF THE' OFFENDERS.

Llantillo Church, in. Wales, was lately despoiled of a
large portion of blialt cloth, with which the pulpit had
been l;ung in consequence of the death of Mrs. Taddy.
Mr. Biissett, -the superintendent of the Ross police, was
applied to to discover the offenders, and having engaged
a person of the name of Lawrence to assist him, an in-
genious stratagem was put in execution.
We quote the result from the Monmouthshi-e Adver-

tiser. suspicion having attached, in the first instance, to
a blacksmith, named Probert, Lawrence went to Llan-
elli°, dressed as a bell:hanger, with his basket of tools
on his shoulder, to where he worked. He went into the
smith's shop,. and asked Probert to make him a punch ;
whilst this was being done, Lawrence offered to sell the
smith a brown coat. Probert declined, and after some
time, upon being pressed, he said he did not want any
clothes, as he was having a suit of black made at Mr.
Jones's, at Ragland. This was the precise clue Law-
rence wanted, and he sbon afterwards proceeded to Mr.
Jones's, the tailor, of that village. Of this person we
think it right to say, that he has always borne an irre-
proachable character for honesty and industry. Upon
arriving at Jones's, Lawrence asked the wife, and after-
wards Jones himself, who entered the shop, if he could
have a brown or a dark waistcoat made there. Jones
said he had not any brown cloth, but he cold make him
a black waistcoat, for which he should charge 103. To
this Lawrence assented, and proffered sixpence to bind
the bargain, saying he would call on another day for the
vest, and pay the remaining 9s. 6d. He then asked for
a pattern, which he took with him, and thus successfully
accomplished trap the second. Lawrence, with other
parties, then compared the pattern with the black cloth
remaining in the church, and it was found exacilly to cor-
respond. Upon the 4ollowing day he returned to Rag-
land, in company with Blissett, and producing a search
warrant, they tock possession of the black cloth, still
lying on the counter, and afterwards apprehended both
Jones and Probert.
Upon the policeman stating the nature of the charge,
Jones stated that the cloth belonged to Probert, who in
his absence had brought it and left it with his wife, for
a suit of clothes to be made from, stating that he had
bought it of a hawker for Bs. 6d. per yard.
The other prisoners, John Jones, labourer, and Thos.
Stead, were apprehended upon the confession of Jones
himself, who stated to the Rev. Dr. Davis that Probert
had devised the scheme of robbing the cloth, and had
gone to the church on the Sunday (the 13th of Sep-
tember) for the purpose of contriving the best means of
effecting their object. During the night, whilst Probert
remained at home; Jens and Stead entered the church
and took off their spoil, which the three worthies divided
among them. After this confession, Jones accompanied
Mr. Davis and others •to a hayriek'in an adjoining
parish, on the top of which, covered with loose straw, a
bundle of the cloth was lying.
The stolen cloth of Probert's was upon the counter.
The examination lasted several hours, and at its close
all the prisoners were committed, but bail was inamedi-
ate:y tecdered for Mr. Jones, the tailor.

CANADA AND EMIGRATION.—It is not generally
known, we believe, that Sir Richard Bonnycastle, the
author of the very important and interesting work, jut
dpinabnlsis)r
ids,thuendsoenr
,r
t,hethetit.wleooolfwi‘cChapnraodfaesagnodr
ottheCana
Mathe-
matics, whose admirable school.books rendered his name
familiar to the juvenile world. He has drawn (says the
chronicle) an amusing and interesting picture of the
pcerlelseeontt
acdovni de
el i on of an
as
well
as i importantofor cmatnoy, e
ofThere is x
a practicale-
kind, which ought to be treasured up by the intending
emigrant, to whom we recommend a perusal of Sir
Richard's book, as giving graphic views of the present
toil for future independence, which all must encounter.
CONDENSATION OF SEWAGE INTO SOLID MANURE.
—An explanatory lecture was delivered in our hearing
at the Westminster Literary and Scientific Institution,
on Friday last, by the patentee, Mr. William Higgs, who
proved, clearly enough, the possibility of condensing, in
a solid form, all that is valuable as manure in the sewage
of towns; by collecting it in tanks, wherein all that is
solid and insoluble, or merely suspended in the fluid,
would of course subside, while by aid of calcareous or
other redgentS; the soluble phosphates, or phosphoric
acid, &c., might be converted into soluble salts/and pre-
cipitated amongst the general sediment, or apart from it,
and the am montacal and hydro sulphuric vapours, uniting
in hydro-sulphuret of ammonia, be also condensed by
aid of chlorine, in covered air-tight areas above the
tanks, and added, in form of sal ammoniac and sulphur,
to the other valuable materials ; the residual water of
the sewage thus, in effect, being rendered perfectly pure
before it issues into the river that may flow in the
vicinity of thu town. Into the question of the profitable
and practicable adoption, or the relative merits of such
an economical and save-all system it is not our province
to enter, but we may remark, that certainly tha health
o(a43o;ndtjteeviverainspobuc)o,ruld not but be vastly benefited by the ab-
sorptiell andits.htsichloeclißitzilhpuiEcuf‘ii cation of the volatile and
permittedunwhole-
:irdtioefißro.EatAi
ot tthoeermi
rivers,
on
from
the
ebwa
which the habitations of man are so frequently eon-
strAuweits
Gar-
den of Glasgow
:(
rather
e. trh —The Royal Botanic Gar-
eTihnh:it.
lose,
:31eh.asaittic,i
til,oygr,yhtah()def Lunatic
‘i.Atessspresenteds3velolu3hn:aag,
having
onhfigiont
home
obe)::ofe
ruD(on)
nral.
Russiall ru st se anirid
shore in a storm, and her crew and passengers were
saved with. difficulty. Amidst the confusion and danger
attendant on getting from the vessel to the life-boat,
poor Bruin was overlooked ; but finding herself de-
serted on the wreck, she slimed up one of the broken
masts, and set up such a pitiful and melancholy howl-
ing, as induced a daring band of the sailors to wan the
boat, and, even at the risk of their own lives, they saved
their poor four-footed fellow-passenger from a watery
grave.—Scottish Guardicn.

Sir John and Lady Shelley have left Farratoe's Hotel
on a visit to the Duke of Grafton, at Euaton Hall, Thet-
ford,

ENGLAND AND JAPAN.

The less Great Britain can conceal from herself that
she has lost the western hemisphere, the more energeti-
cally does she strive to insure to herself the eastern, in
order that she may rule without a rival in the Indian
seas. The southern extremity of Africa belongs to her;
by the island of Aden she commands the entrance to the
Red Sea; she has taken her stand on Bushire, to watch
the mouth of the Euphrates; Ceylen lies at the entrance
to the Bay of Bengal ; on the west coast of Trznsgan-
;Tette India also has she established herself for now
twenty years, by the peace of Yendalm. The keys to
the Straits of illa'acca, are. heevever, far more important,
namely, Pul ) Penang, and the flesriehing settlement of
Singapore; while, io order to insnre t h route. to the
Chinese colony of Hong-Kong. it, . i:,llnd of Laboan,
in possession
exerciseopnl
o ur
ef.d :if,
on the north-west coast of Borneo, 'has just been .taken
tI al
litcb
ihnetnhat iiy)
of Brop}tii,:riitesti7n:iaptQa•ennedtdhemt7o:rreedenorpr,vedtrteylrel,
hie the further inroads of the Dutch, n.tw so active
in the East Ind:an Archipelago, are prevented. At
the sans time Pule Labo an is imp )rtant a: a coal dt pot,
as it lies about half way between Singapore and I-long
Kong, which latter commands the mouth of the Canton
River, in the same manner as Heligoland does the
Elbe and Weser. Chusan, which England should
have evacuated long ago, is still in her possession ;
hut even if she do give it up, she has instead of this
unhealthy island, another in view, which has a healthy
climate, and a far more favourable position for her de-
signs. This is the island of Quelpiert, the rumoured
occupation of which by the English, as stated lately in
Antwerp and London journals, we by no means doubt.
This island is the largest in the Archipelago of Corea
(lon. 126 E., lat. 33 20 N.). 11,44 lies about 20 leagues
from the S. point of the Corean peninsula: it can be
reached by steam from Chusan in a few days, and com-
mands at once the Yellow Sea, the route to Pekin, the
Straits of Cares which leads to the sea of Japan, and
the west coast of the Japanese empire, particularly the
neighbouring port of Nangasaki. The possessors of
Malta and Gibraltar, the Falkland ',lands. and Adt-n,
know well how to prize such advantages. Quelpaert is
well adapted to form the last link in the long chain of
maritime stations. On this subject we would remind
the reader that about three years ago Captain Belcher
was charged by the Admiralty with making a hydro-
graphical survey of the Japanese waters, that within
the last few years especially, Englishmen, disguised as
the subjects of the Celestial Empire, have, at the risk
of their lives, entered Japan on board the Chinese
junk trading thither, and that the Eng7ish Go-
vernment has more than *once attempted to obtain
permission for a direct trade wi,h the subjects of Japan.
These efforts have, indeed, always failed of success,
but with perseverance, patience, and in case of need,
open force, England has ever succ; cied in attaining its
object—the extension of its trade. Even at the period
of the opium war, it was undisguisedly declared in the
English press, as well as on 'Change, that the seclusion
of the Japanese empire must necessarily cease, anti that
the opening of its ports would be an unavoidable conse-
quence of that war. As is well known, Japan admits
only the Chinese and Dutch, whose trade' is, moreover,
subject to numerous conditions and, limitations ; they
are only allowed to-visit Nangasaki with a certain num-
ber of vessels, while every other port is unconditionally
closed to foreigners. England is now impelled by a
perfectly legitimate curiosity to seek admission to the
Japanese people, end to make them acquainted with the
blessings of European political economy and English
free trade. It is against all cosmopolitistn that a state so
populous, and which has attained so high a degree of
peculiar civilisation, should, in the enineteenth century,
obstinately withhold itself from all interchange of ideas
with Europe. The Japanese Government, however, well
know why for two centuries and a half it has kept Eu-
ropeans at a distance, the bitterest experience has taught
it prudence. When the Portuguese first landed in Japan,
foreigners were received with a kindness and tolerance
of which even 'modern Europe can offer no parallel;
they were freely allowed to trade, at,d, which would
scarcely be permitted in Christian states to Asiatic
heathens, to sp:ead their religion and make hundreds of
thousands of proselytes. Several princes were baptised,
and under Gregory IIIL, an embassy proceeded from
Japan to Rome to shovi their respect for the holy father.
The ambition of the Portuguese, however, who had con-
quered Gets, Malacca, and Macao, tr9r.spired the Emperor
with anxiety ; the diffusion of Chelbtianity was said to
aid the political aims of the foreigner, and on that ac-
count persecutions of the Christians commenced, which
continued without intermission for almost half a century,
and only ended with the complete extirpation of the fol-
lowrs of the cross. Several thousands had taken. refuge
in the fortress of Sinsabera, where the martys defended
themselves to the last man ; and when the conquerors
entered at night by assault, they literally waded up to
their ankles in blood. Since that time no Portuguese
has been allowed to enter Japan. The Europeans,
owever, were not absolutely excluded, art in 1611
Spanish and Dutch embassies arrived almost simul
taneously at Jeddo. The first was denied admission,
because they came tricked out in velvets and silk, and
allowed their haughty arrogance to appear too visible ;
the latterattained their object through their shop-keeping
artifices, and the most submissive humility. Since then
Rolland has driven a trade with Japan, which, although
very circumscribed, and only permitted under the most
humiliating conditions, has yet excited' the envy of other
maritime nations. These latter have frequently, al-
though fruitlessly, endeavoured to open the ports of this
kingdom; even the efforts of ,Admiral Krusenstein in
1804, whose death has lately been announced, were un-
successful. The negotiations in which he then engaged
show the Japanese in the best light ; they acted towards
their unwelcome guests with the greatest consideration,
with a delicacy and a willingness which left nothing to
be desired. The negotiations were conducted by the
imperial plenipotentiaries with a politeness and ability
which would do honour to the most refined European
diplomatist. If, then, the English now give it to be un
derstood that it is against all the laws of nations that
Japan, which knows nothing of the European law of na-
tions, and in its exclusiveness can dispense with this
highly elastic law, should seclude itself from intercourse
with Europeans, we might give them for answer a diplo-
matic note (if we may so use the term) which was de-
livered to the Russians in 1805, and which may find a
place here :—" In ancient times ships of all nations
freely came to Japan, and the Japanese were allowed to
visit foreign countries ; but about a century and a half
ago an emperor impressed upon his successors no longer
to allow their subjects to leave the country, and far-
ther, to give the Dutch, the Chinese, the Coreans, and
the inhabitants of the island of Rinkin only, access to
Japan. Other nations have repeatedly made attempts
to contract relations of friendship and commerce with
Japan, but they have been obliged to be refused, in con-
formity with the ancient orders; moreover, it would be
dangerous to form friendly relations with an unknown
power, unless they rested on the bases of equality; for
friendship is like a chain, which, to perform a special
purpose, must consist of a certain number of links. If
one part of the chain is strong, but another weak, those
links which are weaker will soon break. Thus friend•
ship can only cause hurt to the weaker party. Thir-
teen years ago a Russian ship, commanded by Lieute-
nant Lerman, came to Japan, and now another with an
ambassador from the great Emperor of Russia has ar-
rived. The first was not received without mistrust, but
the second in a friendly manner. The Emperor of
Japan has willingly done all in his power, consistent
with the laws of the empire; he regards the arrival of
this second Russian vessel with pleasure, as a proof of
the amity of the Emperor cf Russia. That mighty
monarch has sent him an ambassador, and valu-
able presents. Were these received, the Em-
peror of Japan must, according to traditions es-
teemed as highly as laws, also on his side send an
ambassador to the Emperor of Russia, with pre-
sents of at least equal value. But every inhabit:Nnt and
every ship of the empire is expressly forbidden to leave
the same. Moreover, Japan is so poor that it can oiler
nothing comparable to objects of such costliness. The
Emperor can thus decidedly receive neither the ambas-
sador nor the presents. Japan has but few wants, and
the productions of other countries are of little use to it.
If its soil denies to it a small number of really useful
productions, and if custom has made it acquainted with
a few other wants, these are supplied to it in sufficient
quantity by its trade with the Chinese and the Dutch.
Besides, luxury must not be countenanced. There are
great difficulties in the way of introducing an extensive
trade here, because all intercourse between the people
and foreign sailors is expressly forbidden by law." It
must he allowed this ultimatum delivered to Heron Von
lica3onoff is as politely, as it is concisely and decidedly
expressed, and that the buccaneering expeditions of
the Russian naval officers, Chwostoff and Davidoff,
who shortly after attacked the island of Sachalia,
and wantonly encamped on the Japau Kuriles,
were ill calculated to make the Japanese kbandon
their system. The at'empts of the Americans to
procure admission into Nangasaki, for their vessels
under the Dutch flag likewise failed, and when in
1837 the Marmion, an American ship, brought some
Japanese sailors, picked up by it, back to the native
country, the severe regulations were rigidly maintained
against them. Parker and Williams, who wrote an ac-
count of this voyage, declaim, like the English, against
the obstinacy of the Japanese, as people who understood
not the law of nations. The Europeans have not, how •
ever, often acted in a manner to command esteem. In
1808 Captain Pellcw, in the English man-of-war
Phaeton, pursued some Dutch merchantmen into the
bay of Nangasaki, under the Netherlands flag,
and the
agents suspecting nothing, went to meet him ; they were
taken prisoners end kept on
• board the Phaeton. The
Japanese governor, who is responsible to his Emperor
for the safety of the Dutcle'dwelling on Dezima, fell into
the greatest embarrassment, which was increased when
the Phaeton entered the harbour and steered right upon
Dez:ma, without a lootsen or permit. It was only with
much trouble that Captain Pellew wes induced to depart.
This incident, as Si; bald expressly remark:), has not been
forgotten in Japan, and the dislike toward.; England has
been there* raised to a great height. The governor o
Nangasaki was reduced to such despair by the event,
that he assembled his family and servants, and, as is
the custom of the country, ripped open his belly in their
presence. The other officers followed his example, and
the Viceroy of the province, although at the time at
Jeddo, was cast into prison, because the officer appointed
by him had not been attentive enough. Besides this, the
family of the Governor was obliged to pay a year's sa-
lary of about 1,0004 sterling. On board of the eboye-

named ship, the-Morrison, was the Chinese missionary
and interpreter, Gutzlaff, who was visiting the Chinese
coast in smuggling vessels, and who condemns most se-
verely the conduct of the Japanese in thus excluding
themselves from all intercourse with other nations. Ac-
cording to all probability, things will take the following
course, either now or at some future time. Some Eng-
lish vessel, well manned and armed, appears before a
Japanese p r t for the purpose of engaging in trado. The
authorities do their duty and refuse it entrance. John
Bull, meanwhile, perseveres in his design, the Japanese
commwd him to quit the harbour, he refuses to stir, and
is warned to depart by a cannot shot from the hat hour-
battry;,and perhaps a ball kills a sailor. The English
nowitly fur vengeance, as the law of nations has been
bri•l44), war is declared, and finally peace is concluded,
aft, -r the Japaaese have granted the English admis-
sion to such and such ports, and comentel to pay so
much silver. At leastg,thar was the racale-of- pro, edure
in China. We .see no peaceful way for Engtinil
open to herself the Japanese markets. We will allow
tl•at attempts are made, through the Chinese intervention,
to obtain pi-riniasion to lay their wi.hes before the Court
of Jedda by a special embassy, alai that this wish is
granted. -Bat then there are ten things to one against
success : firs', that the. Eaglif,h will not submit to the
humiliating coromotiial to which the Dutch submit, and
thus certainly offend the Emperor ; and second, that an
ultimatum is given to them similar to that received by
the Russian envoy forty years ago. The Dutch;-too,
would act foolishly, unless they threw as many hin-
drances as possible in the way of their powerful 'rivals.
Besides, who could blame the Japanese for keeping ns
fas as possible from them a people who, having, not a
hundred years ago built a miserable fort in the jungle on
the Ilooghly, soon conquered all India therefrcan ? The
island t,f Quelpaert, however, if pos4essea'by the Eng-
lish, nil at the same time be a wedge to open up both
Japan and China. The dragon of the Celestial Empire
has been forced to yield -to the British lion ; the flag of
Japan will also soon sink before that of Great Britain.
—Augsburg!: G.:vile.

STATION ACCOMMODATION.
NOR SOUTH, EAST, AND WEST.
The following is a statistical sketch of the stations
on the principal working lines, showing the extent of
railway accommodation afforded to the various towns
and counties, with the corresponding population of each
county, according to the last census :
LONDON AND NORTII-WESTERN.—The number of
stations on this line, from London to Birmingham, with
branch to Aylesbury, 120 miles, is in all 2.5, of which_
Stations. Population.
5 are in Middlesex
7 in Herts 157,237
1 in Bucks 155,989
2 in Beds
5 i❑ Northamptonshire
5 in Warwickshire

25 2,598,961
Showing that the London and North-Western, in its
first section of 120 miles between London and Birming-
ham, accommodates, with its five•and-twenty stations, a
population between north and south of 2,598,961.
On its branch from Northampton to Peterborough, 47
miles, there are 14 stations, all in Northamptonshire.
From Birmingham to Liverpool, 97i miles, there are
24 stations, of which
Stations. Population.
3 are in Warwickshire 403,121
9 in Staffordshire 510,206
9 in Cheshire
3 in Lancashire •

24 2 974,691
So that this section in its 971 miles and 24 stations, ac-
conamodatcs 2,974,691 souls.

•
On the Northern branch from Liverpool to Man-
chester, 30 miles, there are 21 stations, all in Lan-
cashire. _

From B:rmMgham to Manchester, 35 miles, there are
26 stations :-3 in Warwickshire, 9 in Stainrdshire, 11
in Cheshire, and 3in Lancashire. On the Chester and
Birkenhead in the same counties there are 11 stations in
16 miles.
Hence the London and North-Western accommodates
a population of upwards of three millions, over its total
area of 328 miles, exclusive of a large collateral traffic
frlaa ont
total
hlt
ahoveri
nlng2o
connected
shnt
naaet
incoctlne
sds. owui tt hh ,
tasn
Ida
r fromely Ir
ramifying
eml
nagn ds
ySscot
mt -

The West of England ranks next. On the Great
Western the total number of stations between London
and Exeter, including the branches to Oxford and Glou-
cester, a distance of 2401 miles, amounts to fifty. Of
these—
Stat:ons. Population,
5 are in Middlesex 1,576,616
2 in Bucks
10 in Berko
3 in Oxfordshire ]61,573
8 in Gloucestershire
4 in Wilts
14 in S ,e3Ersetshire 436.002
4 in Devonshire 533 731

3,715,451

This shows that the Great Western, running over a
less mileage, and through a less manufacturing district
than the North-Western, apparently accommodates a
larger local population, with its fifty stations and 240
miles, exclusive of its Welch traffic, than tha North-
Western does with its 121 stations and 328 miles.

On the Midland (south branch), from Rugby to
Derby, 49i miles, there are 22 statiuns, of which—
Stations. Populatke.
1 in Warwickshire 402,121
14 in Leicestershire 215,855
3 in Nottinghamshire
4 in Derbyshire

22 1,139,951
On its north branch from Derby to Leeds, 73 miles,
the number of stations, including the branch to Sheffield,
is also 22, of which—
Stations.

Population.

11 are in Derbyshire
11 iu Yorkshire

On the western branch from Derby to Birmingham,
41 miles, there are 13 stations, five being in Derbyshire
and eight in Warwickshire.
On its Bristol and Birmingham branch, for 90 miles
there are 30 stations, of which—
Stations. Population.

6 are in Warwickshire
11
10 in Worcestershire
14 in Gloucestershire

30 664,791
The Midland, consequently, accommodates on its
route of 260 miles, and with its 85 stations, a total local
population, independent of collateral traffic of 3,104,724
souls.

The Manchester and Leeds, on its route of 60 miles,
has 23 stations, accommodating the before-mentioned
population of Lancashire and Yorkshire.
This, with one or two exceptions, forms a summary of
the station accommodation of the kingdom north and
west.

Turning to the east and south-east, we find that the
number of stations on the Eastern Counties (Cambridge
line), for 83 miles, namely, from London to Brandon,
and including the branch to Hertford, is 33, of which—
Stations Population.
7 are iu Middlesex
11 in Hells , 157,237
9 in Essex
4 in Cambridge .
2 in Suffolk 315,129

33 2,538,486
Add to this the Norfolk line from Brandon to Yar-
mouth, 58 miles, there are—
Stations. Population.
16 in Norfolk
On the Colchester line of the Eastern Counties, taking
the four stations on the Eastern Union, there are 18, all
but two in Essex, showing that the Eastern Counties, in
its route of 191 miles, supplies an average population of
2,971,107 with 68 stations.

On the London and Brighton, and South-crast, 56
miles, there are, exclusive of the Hastings and Chiches-
ter branches, 21 stations:—
Stations.

Population.
8 is Surrey 299,770
13 in Sussex

21 701,891
On the South-Eastern, including the Canterbury,
lamsgt.te, end Maidstone branches, there are 29 sta-
tions over 120 miles.
Stations. Popula lion.
6 in Surrey 299.770
23 in Kent .. 548,161

847,931

The South-Western, over 88 miles from London to
Gosport, have 19 stations, exclusive of the Guildford
station.
Stations. Population.
10 in Surrey 299,770
9 in 'Tants

19 599.770
The Lyndon and Croydon has seven stations over ten
miles, all in Surrey.
The London and Nackwall has nine over a length of
less than tour miles, and the London and Greenwich
four over a length of rather more than three.

WATERI.OO.I3IIIDGE.--Since the stoppage of West-
minster-bridge, the daily nver2ge trafli:: over this
bridge, from six in the morning till six in the evening is
—foot passengers, 2,400 ; vehicles drawn by two horses,
950 ; ditto by three, 48 ; ditto by one, 2,648 ; trucks,
96 ; and F addl.? horses, 30 ; according to the tolls
charged, giving a receipt of 441. 9s. 9d. per diem of 12
houre.
STOPPAGE OF CITY TPIOROUGIIPAUES.—On Satur-
day the Commissioners of Sewers gave notice aat the
following thoroughfares would be stopped during .the
month of October :—Princes-street, Resemery-lat.r,
Devonshlre-street, Sweetapple7ca3tt, Garlick-bill, Wes:-
street, Three Crane conrt, and Thames-street, for the
purpose of paving.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.
TIMES.—No one who has watched the stationary.
not to say the dubious, condition of mercantile affairs for
the whole of this year, will expect any decided results
from the quarterly returns of the revenue. if they still
permit us to hope, that is about as much as we could
possibly expect under almost unexampled difficulties.
After striking off what may be called the accidents of
the yearly and quarterly comparison, we find that we
can not only hope, but hare to some extent realised a
steady increase of prosperity. The extraordinary and
mit:neural gush of e nterprise which marked the whole of
last year very possibly temptcd the most prudent to (ix-
Feet an earlier and a larger harvest from the great (Toe
of experiments, public and private, we then were sowing:
The nation is wiser this year than last, and has pro-
bably learnt also to- be mire moderate in its expecta-
tions. The Excise is usually considered the chief tea
of prosperity. Uniler this head there is an increase
on the wierter amounting to 226,820/ There is ne
risible reasoe why this sum should (a b' considered
I fd; index of iiicreasin;2;l c instimption and
trade in exeiseablo articles . Lest (patter, it will be
'remembered!, gave nearly an equal recut as compared
whim the July returns of the previous year. They who
are behind the scenes might possibly be elite to inform
us whettinr both the July and October returns for 1845
were not somewhat depressed by the drawbacks allowed
on those articles on w hick the duty had just been
abolished or reduced. Unless some such accident has
destroyed the equality of circumstances, certainly the
Excise is prospering considerably. As for the compa-
ratively slight increase on the whole year, it is scarcely
necessary to remind our readers that the two first quar-
ters in the year ending October 10, 1815, hid the benefit
of the old duty on glasennitid some- other eonshh rable-
items, lopped off or prune.l in the spring of 1845 by the
shears of the. beneficent Premier. As for the Customs,
they are a very peculiar and capricious subject. Last year
we had to condole with Sir Robert Peel on the leineetable
eircumstence. that under the operation of his sliding-settle
the abundant harvest of 1841 had pinched his revenue
by the exclusion of foreign corn. The great iinencier's.
own pet device had led to the singular and ridiculous re-
cult of changing a national bit wing into a fiscal curse,
and setting at cress purposes the . treasury and the
people. This year the corn-laws still intrude and dis-
turb the account. An aggregate duty, amounting to
nearly half a million, on the corn imported immediately
on the new Corn Bill coming into effect, hks made the
Customs of this quarter, and, strange to say, of this year
also, almost exactly so much more than the Customs of
the quarter and of the year ending October 10, 1845.
But fir that single importation, which must now be
looked upon as an extraordinary and exceptional occur-
rence, the two years and the two quarters would present
just the same results. Could more, however, have been
fairly expected ? As for the comparison between the
two years, it must be remembered that the- two first
quarters of the former year came under the old duties,
beitre Sir Robert Peel had struck off the
duties on sugar, cotton, and some hundreds of
minor imports, to the amount of two millions and
a half. The year just ended suffers not only that
amputation, but another, by no means inconsiderable,
inflicted this last session, and felt by the two last quar-
ters. There has been a double drop by free-trade mea-
sures in the two years. Under circumstances so very
unequal, aid bearing so hard on the later members of
the comparison, it is very gratifying to find that the
quarter and the year just past have yielded a revenue
not inferior to that of the corresponding periods ending
Oct. 10, 1845. The natural improvement of the country
must be thanked for filling up the gaps made by fiscal
remissions. If more has not come to pass—if, barring
the god-send of half a million on foreign corn, there is
after all only au equality—candour will recollect the
dihneulties, the perplexities, and we must add, the
:calamities of this year. Free trade, it will be said, was
to do great things. It could neither do great things in
a hurry, nor produce abundance invite' nutira. Free
trade is not an open sesame to give us at our bid-
ding transcendental prosperity over and above the
operations of the physical creation. It is true it has
thrown back those gates of Janus that nothing but war
should ever have closed, and it has this year brought in
between two and three million quarters of corn. But it
could only deal for the present with the existing material.
It could only bestow what there was in the world. All
that food has come in, and yet we are on the eve of a
famine. On the average of this whole twelvemonth just
ended, food has been too high to allow the labourer and
the operative very much to spare for superfluous com-
forts. Ths elements have starved both the Customs and
the Excise. What revenue are we now to expect from
the millions in Ireland, who cannot even buy their daily
bread ? What revenue from those in this country, whose
bread eats up the whole of their humble allowance ? It
is.enough that we have just managed to anticipate " the
Catastrophe of an irremediable famine," which this day
twelvemon h we veniurecl to predict would " conclude
the drams, cr rather the farce, of protection."
CHRONICLE.—The country has awakened, has re-
flected, and is now speaking out aloud. When the
Church as the only instrument of education was insisted
upon, there was a degree of supineness in England that
ignorance scarcely explained, and bigotry imperfectly
excused. The difficulties that encumbered the teaching
of an English alphabet to an English pauper were (and
are) such as would excite the wonder of a Kielikalioo or
Potowhottamie Indian, if he could be brought to under-
stand there in the whole fulness of their absurdity. That
there must be some trouble in the matter he would con-
ceive ; since he might suseectethat in respect to speliing-
boplis and schoolmasters alone there would be the price
of much tobacco and many beaver skins expended. This
he would see at the first glance. Proceeding in his rea-
soning, he would measure the value of the commodity
against the price. Here, whether he agreed with his
teacher or not, he would at least infer that the learniag
was worth something—some beaver-skins amtsome to-
bacco ; though not so many or so much as the vendor of
the alphabetic mystery might demand. His doubts, how-
ever, upon this point would be converted into either con-
fusion or contempt, when the further explanation was
made to him, that unless taught by certain men, and in
a certain manner, the power in question of understanding
alphabets was not only worth no tobacco and no beaver-
skins, but that it was absolutely prejudicialand perilous,
and that in England it was not imparted to people at all,
because parties were at variance as to the conditions
under which it should be communicated. Neither was
(nor is) there any teaching of the dudes of education by
the way of example. Upon such matters numerous
writers, good and bad, had appealed to Government, with
illustration in all its forms ; with the whole artillery of
examples from the continent, and with encomia upon
foreign education. It was upon these points, and the
like of them, that Holland and Prussia were qnoted and
over-quoted by the German, and France and Switzer-
land by the Gallican school of ameliurationists. Never-
theless, it was just the lesson that we were predeter-
mined not to learn, either from Prussia or from France,
from Holland or from Switzerland, from Turkey or from
America—in short, from any portion of the habit•
able globe whatever. Grave men in shovel-hats
denounced it both in speeches and in charges, agricolous
scpireens denounced it in post-prandial orations,
bitter Dissenters denounced it in petitions, and stripling
clergymen groaned over it at visitings and at tea-tables.
It was a lesson which we were determined not to be
taught. Now if these things at the present moment are
changing, and that after the rate and fashion that opi-
nions on the bread monopoly took to change, to what
must we attribute the alteration? To whatever it may
be attributed, it is not referable to an indifference upon
religious subjects. Church subscriptions, anti slavery
meetings, Exeter-hall statistics, all join in the acquittal
of the present decennium of lukewarmness upon points of
spirituality. It is neither more nor less than common-
sense, acting upon palpable facts. It is a clear compre-
hension of what is be: t calculated for the maintenance
of the public happiness. It is the deliberate determina-
tion that the welfare and existence of a great country
shall be guarded against the mischiefs of popular igno-
rance, and the suicidal economics of deluded poverty.
As'such we value the review in question, as much for
the evidence it affords as for the arguments it supplies.
Those who have faith enough to expect regeneration
from a Stanley Ministry have not faith enough to believe
in a permanent state of ignorance, or in the sufficiency
of priests to remove it.
HERALD.—There is, perhaps, no country in Europe
of the same extent, in which a greater diversity of lan-
guage and manners exists than in Switzerland. Within
the limits of a small territory three different languages
are spoken—French, German, and Italian—and within
the twenty-two cantons of which the federated states
are composed, is to be found congregated as much jea-
lousy, hatred, envy, and bitterness, as could be raked
together amidst all the monarchies of Europe. Hence
the multitude of factions which have prevailed in Swit-
zerland during the last half century, and which for a
p riod of forty years have threatened the independence
and the existence of the " land of the brave and the
free." The most pacific, and we may sly, as a neces-
sary consequence, the most progressive period of
Switzerland was from 1815 to 1830. During those
fifteen 3 ears new roads were cotistruoted and old ones
improved—commerce and industry flourished—a more
rapid and a cheaper postal system was adopted—hrary
and scientific and agricultural secieties acre established
—and Switzsrlance became the chosen residence
of
some of the nest distinguished men, and come
of the most renowned citizens of , Europe. 4301 du-
French revolution of 1830 completely changedtl.e
From
that period discontent, distrust, and diseffection have
become predeccinant. Religious hasbc-en supe.rnd.led to
political jealousy—townhas armed itself (gainst coma-
try—noel c",untry against town—canton has stood is
battle array ugaiiist canton, and the very frame of the
federation seems to be dislocated and laosened. Meet-
ings
have sect:vet-fed to meetings—concessions have
fol-
lowed concessions—on the part of some of this federative
Governments—while others have " kept the word of
promise to the ear, and broken it to the hope." But
concessions—promises—and open resistance, on the part
of the Goverements, have only produced one result on
the governed, i.. c., augmented exacerbation and discon-
tent. It would appear that the scenes of December,
1830, are again to be re-enacted—again shall we hive
vast assemblages of armel peasants end hue4hers, and
probably some new Troller and Pl 3 ff.,r may arise in
Gen Ova, in 1846, as in Aarau in 1830. In the Heraid of
yesterday we gave such hurried details as reached us from
Paris, written late on Saturday evening, and there it