The Sun.
London, England, 1848-12-21 00:00:00

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7/2

S N, DECEMBER 21, 1848. patcE SD.

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW,
No. CLXVIL, will be published in Saturday, December 30.
CONTENTS:
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11. Diary of Count Wessonberg.
111. Duke a Argyll on the Church.
IV. Layard's Discovery of Nineveh.
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Hot, I, Mr. J. 11. Wynne in the chair. After the usual
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evening closed the festive and philanthropic meeting.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
I must say a word in explanation of the title of this
pamphlet.
Perhaps it will be conceived (as a writer of no small
merit has already observed) that the expression " Ex-
tinction of Pauperism" has silo direct reference to a work
whtise single object is the, welfare of the working
classes.

True it is, that between the misery arising out of a
compulsory stagnation of labour on the one side, and
pauperism on the other (resulting so frequently from
vice), a great difference exists. Nevertheless that the
one is the immediate consequoce of the other may well
be maintained ; for to diffuse -Competence, education, and
morality among the labouring'
which, of all, is the
most numerous, this, if nciVb, class,
extirpate pauperism, is to
remove it to iiy.ery great extenli - •
ro
For this reason to ppotiff einethodnalculated to
initiate the masses is all the advantages of civilization is
to dry up the fountain heads of ignorance, vice, and
wretchedness. Therefore, without any extravagant
boldness, I conceive I may keep my title—" Extinction
of Pauperism."
I offer my reflections to the public in the hope that,
when developed and reduced to practice, they may tend
to general utility and relief. In adversity it is natural
to think of those who suffer.

NAPOLEON LOUIS BONAPARTE,
CHAPTER I.
Fort of Ham, May, 1844

The wealth of a country depends on the prosperity of
agriculture and industry, on the development of domestic
and foreign traffic, and on the equitable distribution of
the public revenues.
Nut one of these elements of material prosperity but
is sapped in France by an organic canker. All inde-
pendent persons acklowledge this. The only difference
among them is as to the remedy.
AGRICULTURE.—It is averred that the extreme sub-
division of property is the bane of agriculture, aid yet
the re-establishment of the law of primogeniture, which
was the mainstay of large properties, and the lite of ex-
tended cultivation, is impossible. In a political sense
this is fortunate.
INDUSTRY.—lndustry, that source of opulence, is
at present without rule, organization, or aim. It is an
engine working without a regulator, and cares little
what force it employs. Grinding beneath its wheels
men and materials alike, it unpeoples the fields, collects
crowds in spots where there is not a breath of air, en-
feebles at once mind and body, and casts forth on
the streets the operatives whom it may no longer
know how to turn to account, and who have sacrificed,
to swell its gains, strength, youth, and a life. The true
Saturn of labour, Industry, devours its children, and
lives by their death. Must we, however, in order to ob-
viate these defects, place industry under an iron yoke,
deprive it of the liberty which is its life, kill it, in fact,
because it kills, without taking its immense benefits into
any account ? We think it will be eulEcient if we
cure those whom it has wounded,- and destroy its power
to wound.
But this must be done at once. Society is no fictitious
being, but a body with flesh and bones, which can pros-
per only in proportion as all its component parts are
well and thriving.
Some effectual remedy for evils of industry is needed ;
the common good, the voice of humanity, the very inter-
est of Governments call for this imperiously.
DOMESTIC COMMEROE.—Domestic commerce suffers
because industry producing overmuch in proportion to
the slender remuneration which it affords for labour, and
agriculture not producing enough, the nation is thus
composed of producers unable to sell, and of con-
sumers starving, yet unable to buy; and this ill-poised
position obliges the Government, as well here as in Eng-
land, to go even to China in quest of a few thousand
consumers, while millions of English and French are
around them destitute of every necessary, and who, ii
they could only buy food and clothing of a decent kind,
would create an infinitely more important commercial
activity than could be derived -from the most advan-
tageous treaties.
FOREIGN COMMERCE.—The causes which paralyse our
exports are too closely bound up with politics for dis-
cussion here. Enough to say that the amount of ex-
ports is always in exact proportion to the number of
bullets which a country can send among its enemies on
any call of honour or dignity. Recent events in China
prove the truth of this.
Let us now speak of taxation.
France is one of the meat heavily-taxed countries in
Europe. Perhaps she would be the wealthiest if her
revenues were distributed with perfect justice. The
levying of a tax may be compared to the action of the
sun absorbing the earth's vapours, in order afterwards
to dispense them back in rain, wherever the ground re-
quires water for fertility and productiveness. When this
return is duly made, fecundity is the result; but when
the sky, in its anger, pours back the collected vapours in
storms, waterspouts, and hurricanes, the germs of pro-
duction are destroyed, and barrenness follows; for some
receive more than they want, and others much less than
they need. Nevertheless, whatever may have been the
clement or inclement action of the atmosphere, yet al
most always by the end of the year the same amount 01
moisture will be found to have been absorbed and re.
turned. The only difference, then, is that caused by the
distribution. Regular and just, it creates plenty; thrift-
less and uneven, it produces dearth.
So it is with a good or evil administration. If the
sums annually raised from the population are employed
for unproductive purposes, such as the creation of use ,
less places, the erection of barren monuments, the main-
tenance, during profound peace, of an army more expen-
sive than that which coequered at Austerlitz, taxation
then becomes a crushing burden; it exhausts the coun-
try; it takes without returning. Bat if, on the other
hand, those resources are empoyed in the creation of
fresh elements of production, in the re-establishment of
the equipoise of wealth, in the destruction of misery, by
the organization and stimulation of labour, and, in fine,
in the cure of the ills cons( quent upon our civilization
then certainly taxation, as a Minister once said from
the tribune, is the best of investments for the citizen.
Therefore in the budget we must find the cornerstone
of every system intended to relieve the working classes
To leek for that corner-stone elsewhere is chimerical.
The savings bank is doubtless useful for the easier
class of operatives. It supplies him with the means of
beneficially using his superfluous earnings; but for the
most numerous class, who have no savings, and no means
of saving, this system is altogether insufficient. In
point of fact, to attempt to relieve the misery of men
who know not how to live, by proposing that they should
each year lay by a something which they have not, is a
mockery and an absurdity.
What, then, is to be done? This. Our equalising
laws on the division of property ruin agriculture; we
must remedy the inconvenience by an association which,
employing all hands out of work, may redintegrate pro-
perty and tillage on the grand scale, without detriment
to our political principles.
Every day industry summons to our cities men whom
it enervates. We must recall to the country the super-
fluous masses of our towns, and repair in a pure atmo•
sphere so many worn minds and bodies.
The working class possesses nothing ; we must make
it a proprietary. Its only wealth is its hands. We
must place in reach of those hands employment useful
to the whole community. It is like a people of Helots
in the midst of a population of Sybarites. We must
give it a social place, and bind up its interests with those
of the soil. Finally, this class is without organization
and without ties, without rights and without a future ;
we must give it rights and a future, and elevate it in its
own eyes by association, education, discipline.
CRAPTER IL—PRoPoszTiox.
For the accomplishment of a design so worthy of the
democratic and philanthropic spirit of the age, so neces-
sary to the general welfare, so useful to the repose of
sogiety, three things are requisite : Ist, a law; 2d, a
first deposit of funds taken the budget; 3d, a system.
1. Tun Law.—There are in France, according to
official agricultural statistics, 9,190,000 hectares of un-
cultivated ground, belonging to Government, to the
commons, boroughs, or to individuals. These fells,
heathers, commons, pastures, yield but a very slender
revenue, eight francs the hectare. It is a sunken capi-
tal, profitable to no one. Let the Legislature decree
that this untilled ground belong of right to the opera-
tive association, provided there be annually paid to the
present owners what they now derive therefrom. Let
I the Legislature give to these fallow hands these equally
fallow tracts, and the two unproductive capitals will re
vive by each other's ministration. This will be a means
of at one and the same time relieving misery and en-
riching the country. To avoid the reproach of exag-
geration, we will suppose that but two-thirds of these
nine millions of hectares can be surrenders(' to the as-
sociation, and that the remaining third is either un-
cultivable or occupied by buildings, streams, canals,
&c. The work would be made possible by the crea-
tion of agricultural colonies, which, spread all over
France, would constitute the basis of a single immense
organization, of which every poor workman would be a
Metnbt r, without being personally a shareholder 'of the
property.
2. THE DEPOSIT —The advances requisite for this
establishment should be supplied by the State. Accord-
ing to our estimate, this sacrifice would amount to about
300,000,000 of francs, payable. in four years, for by
the end of that time those colonies, while supporting a
large number of operatives would have begun to realise
a t r.fit, By the end of ten years the Government could
thence raise a positive tax of about 8,000,000, withoat
reckoning the natural increase of the indirect duties,

sense, and
the expret
monly cor,

the receipt from which always swells with the general
diffusion of comfort.
This advance of 300,000,000 francs would, therefore.
be no sacrifice, but a splendid investment. And when
the State thinks of the end, how could it refuse this ad-
vance—the State which spends annually 46,000,000
ft r the purpose of preventing or of punishing the attacks
at property, which sacrifices every year 300,000,000 to
fashion the nation to a military life, and at this moment
purposes 120,Q00,000 for the construction of new prisons
Ina word, could the country which without ruin has given
two milliards to its invaders—which without a murmur
has paid one milliard to emigrants—which without
flinching spends two or three hundred millions upon the
fortifications of Paris—could such a country hesitate to
pay 300,000,000 in four years for the purpose of de-
stroying pauperism, of emancipating the unions ("com-
munes") from, the immense burden imposed on them by
destitution, and, in fine, of augmenting our territorial
wealth by more than a milliard?
3. ORGANIZATION.—The masses are nothing without
organization; they are everything with discipline. With
out organization they cannot speak, nor even make them-
selves understood; they cannot hear—they cannot re-
ceive a common impulse. On the one side the voice of
20,000;000 of persons, scattered over a vast territory, is
lost, without even an echo; and on the other side no
words are loud and persuasive enough to convey from a
common centre to the consciences of 20,000,000, without
recognised intermediaries, the ever harsh doctrines of
authority.
Now-a-days the reign of castes is over: you can go-
vern by the masses only; they must, then, be organised,
that they may give form to their will—and be disci-
plined, that they may be directed and enlightened on the
subject of their own interests.
Domineering by violence over a people is no longer
now to govern it; to govern it is to conduct it to a better
future, by appealing to its reason and its heart. But as
the masses require to be instructed and moralised, and
as, in its turn, authority requires to be restrained and
enlightened with respect to the interests of the majority,
it is quite necessary that there should be two co-
ordinate movements in society—the influence of autho-
rity upon the masses, the influence of the masses upon
authority. Now, these two agents cannot operate with-
out a collision, if there be not mediators who may pos-
sess at once the confidence of those whom they repre-
sent and the confidence of those who govern. These
mediators will have the confidence of the former when
by the former they shall be freely elected; and of the
latter they will deserve the confidence when they come
to fill an important place in society; for, in general, it
may be said that man is what his office makes him.
Guided by these considerations, we should like to see
between the operatives and their employers an interme-
diate class created, which should have legally recognised
rights, and should be elected by the whole body of ope-
ratives. This intermediate class should be an order of
umpires ("prud'hemmes").
We would, each year, have all the labourers or opera-
tives assemble at the corporation to choose their repre-
sentatives or umpires, at the rate of an umpire to every
ten workmen. Good conduct should he the only quali-
fication. Every master-manufacturer and master- farmer,
every contractor whosoever, should be obliged by law, if
he employed more than ten workmen, to have an umpire
to superintend them, and to pay this umpire double the
salary of the common journeymen.
These umpires would discharge in the working
community the same functions which the noncom-
missioned officers discharge in the army. They would
form the first minor order in the social hierarchy,
stimulating the laudable ambition of all by showing
them the example of a reward easy to obtain.
Exalted in their own eyes by the very duties which they
would have to perform, they would be compelled to ex-
hibit a model of good conduct. By this means every
decade of workmen would contain within itself the germ
of perfection. What improves men, is to present con-
tinually to their eyes an object at once honourable and
honoured.
As for the impulses which would have to be imparted
to the masses, in the way of instruction, of communica-
tions, of suasives to action, the question would be sim-
plified precisely in a tenfold degree; and taking twenty..
five millions of persons who live by their work from day
to day, there would be two millions five hundred thou-
sand of mediators with whom communications could be
maintained with a confidence the more complete, inas-
much as such mediators would share at once in the
interests of those stiiito obey and in the ideas of those who
command.
These moderators should be divided kith two classes.
One class would remain in the world of private industry,
the other would be employed in the agricultural esta-
blishments. And (we repeat) this twofold mission would
be the result of a direct election accorded to the whole
of the operative class.
CHAPTER M.—AGRICULTURAL COLONIES.
Let us suppose that the three foregoing measures are
adopted.
The twenty•five actual millions of journeymen possess
representatives, and the fourth part of the agricultural
domain of France is their property.*
In each department, and above all where waste lands
are in the greatest quantity, agricultural colonies arise,
offering bread, instruction, religion, work to all who
wa,,at them—and God knows whether there be not innu-
merable persons in such want throughout France.
These charitable institutions, in the midst of an ego-
tist:Leal world, delivered up to the feudalism of money,
must hare the same beneficial effect which was produced
by ,hose monasteries of the middle ages which were,
amid forests and among warriors and serfs, the germs of
light, peace, and civilization.
The association possessing unity of operation through-
out France, the unequal distribution of waste lands, and
even the paucity of those lands in certain departments
would be no impediment. The poor families of a de-
partment which, at first, might not have an agricultural
colt my, would repair to the next department • the great
adv antage of partnership being to distribute help equally
and to relieve all distresses, without being checked by
the 'consideration which at present exculpates every in-
humanity—" he is not of this union" (commune).
The agricultural colonies would have two ends to
fulfi I—the first, to support a great number of poor fami-
lies, by making them till the lands, tend the cattle, &c. ;
the second, to afford a temporary refuge to that floating
mass of labour to which the prosperity of industry im-
part a feverish energy, and which the stagnation of trade
or t he introduction of new machines plunges into the
dee, pest misery. Every poor man, every person out of
work, would in the places mentioned find means to turn
thsi r strength and intelligence to their own account and
to Oise profit of the community at large.
I', bus there would be in these colonies, besides the
number of men, women, and children strictly necessary
for t he farming works, a great number of labourers
ince?. !sandy employed either in clearing new lands or in
build sing new establishments for the infirm and the old;
the a dvances granted to the association and its ul-
terior r profits would enable it to employ annually a
consi, lerable amount of capital in these productive dis-
burse ments.
WI ten private capital shall want hands, it will seek
for th tan at these central emporiums, which, from that
very f 'sect, will maintain wages at a remunerative rate;
for it is clear that the labourer, certain to find in the
agricu Rural colonies an assured existence, will not ac-
cept w ork at the bands of private capital, except in pro-
portion . as the latter offers him a profit over and above
that st rhatly necessary remuneration constantly supplied
to him by the general association.
To a stimulate these barters and to excite the emula-
tion of the labourers, a sum could be charged on the
profits 'of each establishment, for the purpose of creating
for ea eh operative a particular fund. This accumulation
would ,constitute a real savings bank, which, over and
above wages, would yield to every workman at the
momei it of his discharge a share, the amount of which
should be determined by the days of his labour, by his
zeal, r ,nel by his good conduct. In this manner the dili-
gent t torkman will be able, at the end of a few years, to
accumulate, by means of his particular fund, a sum suffi-
cient t a provide for him during the remainder of his days,
even o alt of the colony.
In o rder better to define our system, we will employ
an illustration. When through the midst of a country
flows a great river, it is a general cause of prosperity;
but, c ceasionally, the too great abundance, or the
extrem ,e scantiness of its waters, leads to inundations
or to , frought. What is done to obviate these two
scourge ss ? The Nile affords us an example ; great
basins are dug, into which the stream pours the sur-
plusag( is of its waters when they swell too high, and
whence it receives them back when they sink to
insuffics,eucy; and by this means is secured that constant
and lev el flow which begets abundance. Well, that is
what w e propose with respect to the working class, that
other ri 'rev which may alike cause ruin or fertility, ac-
cording; -to the manner in which its course may be traced;
We see k on behalf of the floating mass of the population
great p laces of refuge where their strength and their
mind a tight be sedulously developed, and where during
times o f general depression the surplus of unemployed
labour t th ould be preserved with a view to its subsequent
redistri he don in due proportions. We seek, in a word,
real esc 64. es for the population and useful tanks of its
industr 7, which might maintain at a constant and equable
level th a observance of that ordinance of Divine justice
which c mounds that the sweat of the poor man shell
receive skte just hire.
The u umpires or representatives of the labourers are
to be tl to regulators of this continual undulation. The
umpires of private indteary,f conversant with all the
wants cif their subordinates, are to share with the
mayors .of corporations the right of dispatching their
unempl, u able hands to the agricultural colonies. The
umpires of the colonies, conversant with each man's
powers, -will seek to place advantageously under the
sphere of private capital all whom the latter may re-
quire. S erne practical inconveniences will perhaps be
found ire ;this exchange; but what institution is without
such jam nveniences at the outset? Ours would have
the imai en, se advantage of multiplying the instruction of

We have supposed that the operative assoMAation
would at first but farm the land, since they would pay
to the actual. proprietors the slender revenues which they
derive fro si the waste lands and from the commons; but
by degree s the association would buy up the fee simple.
t We tti tus translate here the word " industrie," which
is well k xiown that the French often employ in this
often also in the meaning which we attach to
iliOn " capital,"" l'industrie et le travail" coca-
mspond to our " capital and industry."

the people, of giving it healthful work-, and of teaching
it agriculture; and would render general that practice
introduced by the culture of beet-root sugar, and even
by that of silk, that practice on the part of journeymen
of passing alternately from the labours of the field to the
labours of the workship. The umpires would be one in
ten, as in the sphere of private capital.
Besides the umpires, there are to be superintendents
commissioned to teach tillage.
These superintendents are to be elected by the um-
pires and workmen together. Proofs of particular
knowledge of agriculture will be required of them as
tests of eligibility. Finally, a governor in each colony
is to be set over there superintendents, umpires, and
workmen. This governor will be nominated by the su-
perintendents and umpires together.
The administration is to consist of the governor and of
a committee composed of a third of the superintendents
and two-thirds of the umpires.
Every year the accounts are to be printed, communi-
cated to the general assembly of workmen, and laid be-
fore the general council of the department, who will
have to sanction them, and will possess the right of
cashiering such umpires or superintendents as may have
betrayed their incompetence. Each year the governors
are to repair to Paris, and there, under the presidency of
the Minister of the Interior, to discuss the best use to
which to put the profits standing to the account of the
general association.
All beginnings are hard ; thus we have found no way
of creating these agricultural colonies without establish-
ing a species of camps, where the labourers should, in
the earlier stages, be barracked, like our troops. It is
needless to say that as soon as the receipts exceeded the
outlay, these barracks (or huts) would be exchanged for
solid houses built on some well considered model. Then
supplementary buildings will arise, where civil and re
ligious instruction will be supplied to the members of
the colony and to the children. Finally, vast hospitals
will be formed for the infirm and superannuated.
Severe discipline will prevail in these colonies ; a rude
but healthful life will there be led, for their end is not
to feed sluggards, but to ennoble men, by vigorous and
remunerative labours, and by a moral education.
The workmen and families employed in these colonies
will be maintained in the simplest manner. L d:,ings,
pay, food, raiment, will be regulated after the military
tariff; for the military is the only organization bused at
once on the well-being of all its members and on the
strictest economy.
Nevertheless these colonies would not be military at
all, they would burrow from the army its admirable
order, nothing more.
The army is but an organization; the working class
would foam an association. These two bodies would
therefore have very different principles, and a very dif-
ferent end.
The army is an organization which, having to execute
the commands of its leader blindly and promptly, must,
above all things, have a system of ranks graduated from
above.—(" Uric hierarchic qui part d'en haul.")
The working class, consisting of an association whose
officers' only duty would be to regularise and execute
the common will, should have an electoral system of
ranks. Our proposal, therefore, has no relation to mili-
tary colonies.
To render our plan more plain, we will give an esti-
mate of the probable receipts and outlays of an agricul-
tural colony. Our calculations are grounded on official
figures. Still every one will understand how difficult
such a budget must be. There is nothing less exact than
a minute calculation of the productions of the earth. We
claim not that we have foreseen everything. The best
foresight, says Montesquieu, is that which feels it cannot
foresee all. But, if our figures can lead to discrepant
conclusions, we will not grant as much for our system
in itself. It maybe, in spite of the care with which we have
made our valuations, that we have omitted some expenses
or even some receipts, or reckoned the returns of the
earth at too high a rate; but such omissions affect not at
all the main idea, which we hold to be just, true, fertile
in good results; the following simple arguments will
prove this.
The returns of the soil, exclusive of what belongs to
the fiscal department, are commonly divided into three
portions—the gains of the labourer, the profit of the
farmer, the property of the landowner.
In our model farms, the working class would absorb
all these three products, and would at once be workman,
farmer, and owner. Its returns, then, would be immense,
and the more so because, in a well-formed association;
the expenses are always smaller than in private specula-
tions. The first resourc2 would enable a great number
of poor families to live in modest competence; the second
would form those individual funds already mentioned;
the third would not only build houses of charity, but
would incessantly augment the capital of the society by
the purchase of new lands.
This is one of the greatest advantages of our own
plan. For every system devoid of a principle of conti-
nued increase is defective; it may, perhaps, lead to tem-
porary benefits, but, when its object is attained, the
distress which it caught to annihilate revives—it is as if
nothing had been done. The poor-law in England and
the workhouses afford striking examples of the truth
of this.

Here, on the contrary, once the agricultural colonies
are in full bearing, they will always be able to extend
their sphere, and to multiply their establishments for the
appointment of fresh workmen. The one transient ob-
stacle to this increase would be the want of hands on
the part of private capital (•" industrie"), and its capa-
bility of more profitably empl,,ying them. Yet would
not the cultivated lands be on this account neglected.
The supernumerary workmen already mentioned would
reenter the general field, until some new public stagna-
tion should drive them back to the agricultural colony.
Thus, while on the one hand, property becomes more
ar.d more subdivided by our equalising law, the operative
association will reconstruct property and cultivation on
the grand scale.
While capital continually draws our population to
the towns, the colonies will attract them back to the
country.

When no more sufficiently cheap land shall remain in
France, the socitty will establish ancillAry branches in
Algeria and even in America. Some day yet it will
engross the world; for wherever there will r. main an
acre to clear, and a poor man to feed, that association
will appear with its capital, its hoot of labourers, and its
ceaseless activity.
Let no one accuse us of being dreamers of impossibili-
ties. We should only have to point to the example of
the famous English East India Company. What was
the latter if not just such another society as we propose,
but with effects, though amazing, yet less favourable to
humanity than would be those of the institution which,
with all our hearts, we pray may arise. Before piercing
so far into the future, let us calculate the probable re-
ceipts and outlays of these establishments.
CHAPTER IV.--RECEIPTS AND OUTLAYS.
According to our hypothesis, the operative association
would have to clear two-thirds of 9,190,000 hectares of
ground now uncultivated, that is, 6,127,000 hectares.
To know what these hectares would bring, if subjected
to skilful culture, without the fallow land, we have made
the following calculation:—
Tbe number of cultivated hectares in all
France is
Of meadows, nattiral and artificial

19,314,741
5,774,745

25,089,486

Total in hectares!.
The rough product of these lands are:—
For the tilled ground
Meadows

Total in francs
Therefore, the average product by the hectare of seed
or meadow land amounts to 165 f. Again, there are in
France 51,568,145 tame animals of every kind, yielding a
rough value of 767,251,851 E One with another, each
head of cattle is therefore worth 15f.; and as these
beasts are fed on about 26,000,000 of hectares, that gives
two head of cattle to the hectare. On an average, we
may say that each hectare yields 195 f., 165 f. in revenue,
and 301. in cattle.

Therefore, our 6,127,000 hectares, reduced to cultira-
tion,_would bring:—
For the rough product of the earth
Ditto, for cattle 183,810,000

Total in francs
Deducting from this amount what those
hectares now yield, according to the
statistical returns, that is, two-thirds
of 89,064,046 E, we have

54,709,364

The territorial wealth would, therefore,
be augmented by
1,140,055,636
Let us now consider the outlay. To simplify the cal-
culation, let us suppose that the land requiring to be
cleared is equally distributed throughout the various po-
litical divisions of France, we shall have 6,127,000 hec-
tares to divide by 86, which will give us for each de-
partment 71,241 hectares. By fixing twenty years as
the term by the end of which the land would be reduced
to cultivation, we should have, by the department and
by the year, 3,562 hectares to clear.
The number of hands necessary for this work may be
determined thus: one workmat, on the aver,ge,
three hectares a year. But, as we must take the sick
Into account, and as then, by the second year, these
workmen will be obliged to give a portion of their care
to the culture of lands already cleared, and to help the
agricultural families who will be annually called in,
over and above, we will suppose but a work of two
hectares yearly; 1,781 workm‘n vill be therefore neces-
sary to accomplish this work in twenty years, and as
each year there will be 3,562 hectares cleared, the colony
Rill annually receive 120 families to aid in the culture
of the cleared eroutid and to tend the cattle; since we
him also reckoned, according to the general census of
France, two he'd of cattle to the hectare. Every year,
therefore, after the end of the first, the colony will buy
twice as many head of cattle as it will have cleared
hectares the year before. Thus, for twenty years, the
colony's receipts and expenditure would be progressively
increasing.
THE RECEIPTS, without counting the original ad-
vances of Government, would consist of the periodical
addition of 3,562 hectares, cleared, and of the annual
improvement in the value of those hectares.
For admitting that each hectare yields a produce of
195 f., the grounds would give this amount only at the
end of three years' cultivation, and four years' toil. That
is to say, the first year after the clearing, each hectare
would yield 65f., the second year, 130 f., the succeeding
years, 195 f.

Total of foreign and domestic consumption 24,929,995
Deducting this sum from the amount produced, there re-
main 11,853,298 hectolitres unused.
These figures show at once the cause and the remedy
of the distress; they prove the superiority of the na-
tional to the export market, for if by the means indi-
cated the impulse impressed upon the home traffic in-
creased consumption only by one-tenth, an event not
out of probability, the increase would accordingly be of
2,3E'5824 hectolitres, which is nearly double our entire
kiports.
On the other hand, if the policy of our rulers succeeded
and we are far from auguring tharit will, in augmenting
our exports even by one-fifth, that increase would be but •
270,334 hectolitres.
Labour creating competence, and competence creating
consumption, are the true foundations of a country's pros-
perity. The first duty, then, of a wise and able Ministry
is to strive, by the improvement of agriculture and of the lot
of the majority, to increase home consumption, which is far
from having reached its height. For, statistically speaking,
in France each inhabitant consumes yearly, on an ave-
rage—of wheat, merlin, rye, 271 hectolitres, which gives
328 rations of bread annually to such individual; of
meat, 20 kilog.; of wine, 70 litres; of sugar, 3 to 4
kilog.; which, humanly speaking, amounts to this, that
in France there are many millions of individuals who
eat not bread, or meat, or sugar, and who drink not
wine. For all the rich consume much more than the
average, that is to say, 365 rations of bread, instead of
328; 180 kilog. of meat, instead of 20 kilog.; 365 litres
of
of 3 2 vkine, instead of 70; and 50 kilog. of sugar, instead
-5.
We do not Me:duce too much, but we consume too little.
Instead, then, of going to China in quest of consumers,
let us augment the riches of our own territory; let us
employ all idle hands to the benefit of every existing
distress and trade; or rather, if it he wished, lc: us do
both; but, above all, let us not forget that a countr \ like
Franc,, which has been so richly
.1-Mowed by He .ven,
contains within itself all the Elements 01 its prosperity,
and ihat it is a disgrace to nor cie ion to think that
in the ntnet.en,h century at least the tenth part of our
population are in rags and are dying of hunger in the
presence of milliens of naatiufactured produce, which
cannot be sold, and of millions of agricultural produce
which cannot be c:,ntuctied.
To sum up all, the system which we propose Is the
result of all the ideas and wishes put forth by the most
competent economists of the last half century.
In M. Goviu's report to the King, which stands at
the head of the official agricultural statistics, the Minister
(p. 28) declares that one of the greatest possible im-
provements would be the clearing of those lands which
yield but Bf. by the hectare. Our plan realises this
thought.
All men who are animated by the love of their fellow-
creatures demand a tardy justice for the working
classes, who seem to be disinherited from all the advan-
tages of civilisation ; our plan gives to those classes
everything that can raise the condition of man—compe-
tence, instruction, order—and to each individual the
means of rising by his own merit and his own labour.
Our organization has no meaner tendency than to render,
at the end of some years, the class which is the poorest
now, the richest association in all France.
At present the wages of labour are left to chance or
violence. Either the master oppresses or the workman
rebels. By our system wages are fixed, as human things
ought to be determined, not by compulsion, but by a just
equipoise between the wants of those who toil and 'the
necessities of those who make them toil.
At present, all is affluence at Paris, the centre alone
absorbs all the activity of the country ; our system,
without harming the centre, conveyes life to the extre-
mities, by calling into action under the high direction of
the Government 86 new- individualities.joiling continu-
ally towards perfection.
And what is necessary to realise this project? A
year's army estimate—fifteen times the sum which has
been given to America—a cost equal to that which is
laid out on the fortifications of Paris.
And this advance would, at the end of twenty years,
bring a milliard of franca to France, 800,000,000 to the
working classes, and 37,000,000 to the treasury.
Let the Government carry out our idea, with what-
ever modifications the experience of men conversant
with these complicated matters may suggest in the way
of useful information or new hints let the Government
take to heart the great national interests—let it es-
tablish the well-being of the masses on an unshakeable
foundation, and it will be itself unshakeable. Poverty
will cease to be seditious when wealth ceases to be ty-
rannical ; opposition will disappear, and the obsolete
pretensions which, rightly or wrongly, are ascribed to
certain men, will vanish as those light breezes that skim
the surface of the sea under the Equator vunish when
Comes the real wind which fills the sails and bears the
ship onward,
the mission of soothing
animosities is
i a great and
on of menthe ambit
holy one, and worthy
of
moving
'ute
acr:rzaesnisngotthe; ,-.l„uinflg'erle-
ings of
the mission of
ihtyealhiyngownoittrng4sth
in one common 11-1 country tert st and in hastening the
which civilisation mint soatier or
taadtveernbtri fg
at
o futurepass.

In the 'Centitry before last, La Fontaine uttered that
se,:tence, too often true, but Y
"hierarchy"
so :ad, so destructive
fof ell society, of all order, of ail ienrchy"--s. Je vou,
le die en bon Francais : notre ennemi c'ot noire maitre."
At present the aim or every able Government cught
to be to tend by its efforts towards what may scam be
f.id :—" The triumph cf Chti4rianity has destroyed
4avt•ry ; the triumph of the French flevoitt:ioti has de-
niri,yed nage ; the triumph of detnoera:ic ideas has
destroyed pauperism."
Frahl-s of figures folbw, justifying the Prince's cal-
cleations.j

EARLT CLosING Assoc lATION.—The Rev. George
Gilfillan, Of Dun& e, delivered last night, in Dr. Fletcher's.
Chapel, Finsbury-circus, a lecture upon " the Christian
arings of Astronomy,",and at the same time review,'
the arguments used by Dr. Chalmers, in his Ash-D.-do_
rnical Wicourses. The lecture was the second of ,a se-
ries proposed to be given by the Rev. Gen!lemari gra-
tuitously„ for the benefit of the Early Closing ',.l.sBc,e'
tion, and the ability he displayed was duly a rip reciated
by a numerous audience.
ACCIDENT ON THE MIDLAND RAILWA!.—A. rather
serious accident, though fortunately unattonded ith loss
of life, occurred on Tuesday morning, about a
t a
before six, at Kegworth, Leicestershire. T 'quarter
-ppea rs that,
the mail came in contact with a luggage train, and a
'.remendous caash was the result. Several carrier gets were
% 'cry much damaged, but none of the passenvars sus-.
,ti tined maiterial injury, although more than ( ipe way
sli*htly bribed,