The Sun.
London, England, 1848-05-10 00:00:00

POLAND AND POSEN.

A letter from Posen of the 3d inst., in the Cologne
Gazette, states that on that day various combats took
place in different directions, but no detailed informa-
tion as to their results has been received. It was,
nevertheless, known that the Poles had, at Wreschen,
attacked and beaten General HIRSCHFELD. He was
pursued by the Poles till be came to Sokolowo. The
loss of human life on both sides is stated to have been
very great, as the Prussians made much use of their
artillery. Another combat is said to have taken
place on the IVarth. 200 Prussian troops at
Obornik were, on the 2d, surprised by a superior
number of insurgents, and disarmed. The whole of
the Grand Duchy is in a state of insurrection. The
commander of Posen, General STEINACKER, has sus-
pended the functions of the civic guard of that town.
General CoLosn and the Chief President BEURMANN
have published a declaration of martial law. Per-
sons found in arms against the authorities or their
delegates, or such as are seized in the act of distri-
buting arms, or exciting others to insurrection or
revolt, shall be tried by court-martial, and executed
immediately after the sentence of the court has been
pronounced.
The Posener Zeitung states that SOO German vo-
lunteers were enrolled on the sth, and that a free
corps has arrived from Neumark to fight against the
Poles.

Prince ADAM CZARTORTSLI has addressed a long
' letter, dated Berlin, the 26th ult., respecting Poland,
to M. DE LAMARTINE. He begins by saying that
recent events had given hopes to Poland, that the
German people had declared themselves the friends and
defenders of Polish nationality, and that the two Polish
provinces which Austria and Prussia had appro-
priated had been able to establish their rights to a
separate existence; but he says that, in the greater
part of Poland, nothing has beers changed; that
religious and civil persecutions, confiscations, rigours
of all kinds, have increased; that the prisons are
always full, and Siberia more peopled than ever;
and he adds that, even in the two provinces be-
longing to German Governments, Polish rights of
nationality have not obtained all the satisfaction
promised to them in 1815. " The fate of Poland,"
he proceeds to say, "notwithstanding appearances
which seem to be favourable, still remains more
than doubtful, if it be not energetically pro-
tected. This protection we have the right to
expect from France, and from the other Govern-
ments which feel it to be an urgent necessity to
Europe to re-establish Poland as an act of justice,
of humanity, of high policy." He then states that,
notwithstanding the seventeen years' protests of the
French Chambers, the late Government never pro-
nounced a word showing its desire to deliver a
nation whose martyrdom was a scandal and con-
tinual danger to other nations ; but he says
that the Provisional Government cannot follow
examples which have been so fatal to those
who gave them. As the French people at present
desire to respect and sustain everywhere the
principle of the independence of nationalities,
the moral but decided support of France is
due to Poland. He admits that the Provisional
Government has made representations on behalf
of Poland to Cabinets : but he says,—" At the
moment at which the National Assembly of the great
nation is about to commence its deliberations, we
demand from France to cause its powerful voice
to be heard in our favour, not by the Cabinets,
but by the nations of Europe, which have
become the arbiters of their destinies, and which
all feel the necessity of respecting their
several rights and territories.' The PRINCE remarks
that two of the three Cabinets whose consent is
necessary to the re-establishment of Poland, having
been already stricken by the terrible warnings
of PROVIDENCE, proclaim their desire to make re-
paration for the crime of the division of Poland,
and the third, may, perhaps, also cede to the
movement which now forces all human powers
to think of justice, so that this great question
may, however miraculous that may appear, be peace-
fully resolved. "But it will not be so resolved," adds
the PRINCE, " without the active co-operation of
France." After referring to the recent measures of
Prussia and Austria, which he says really amount to
a new division of Poland, the PRINCE expresses ap-
prehension that Germany, notwithstanding her re-
cently expressed sympathy for Poland, may sanction
them, if France does not raise her voice. The PRINCE
then says :

" If circumstances more pressing than all human calcu-
lations, like those which have just produced so many un•
foreseen events, should oblige the Poles to take arms where
they are bent down underan abhorred yoke, could France
see them again decimated, annihilated by their oppressors,
without going to their aid ? We need not, however, dread
this extremity. On the one hand, the most rigorous duty
commands us to adjourn any premature enterprise, and
the favourable and decided attitude of France can more
than anything else cause the counsels of prudence to
prevail among us. On the other hand, France will not
give a denial to the words inscribed on her flag; the
fraternity of nations will not be a vain word to her."
In conclusion, the PRINCE warns France that Poland
is surrounded by enemies, who conspire to rivet fur
ever the chains which the unanimous voice of
humanity declares to be a violation of the laws
of nations ; and this reactionary conspiracy,
he says, would threaten France, and all emancipated
nations as well as Poland. In signalising these
dangers to France, the PRINCE says he has the firns
conviction that the National Assembly will know
how to guarantee Europe against them.
The Universal German Gazette of the sth has the
following from Posen, dated the Ist :—" We have just
received news, which, without doubt, requires con-
firmation, that Colonel DE BRANDT, without waiting
for the horse artillery, yesterday attacked the insur-
gents, and routed them. The town of Miloslaw is
stated to have been retaken, and MIEROSLAWSKI and
Count Silvis:Rums MICLOZYNSKI are said to have been
killed."

A letter from Posen of the 3d, in the Cologne
Gazette, states that the Polish insurgents have
evacuated Miloslaw, and taken up another position,
under the orders of MIERORSLAWSYL There is
nothing in this letter to confirm the rumour of their
having been defeated and driven out by the Prussians.
General CoLosfn has published a report of the
battle of Miloslaw. From this it appears that the
Prussians lost three officers, three non-commissioned
officers, and 12 men killed; 11 officers and 29
soldiers mortally wounded ; and eight non-com-
missioned officers and 249 men are noticed as missing.
A letter from Berlin, of the sth, says :—" General
DE PFUEL left yesterday morning for St. Petersburgh
to negotiate with the Russian Cabinet on the Polish
question. He will stop Lt Posen to resume the
execution of the plan of pacification and re-organiza-
tion of the Grand Duchy. He is accompanied by
Colonel STAYENHAGEN, and it appears that, on the
part of the Poles, it is Doctor KRACZEWEKI who is
charged with the direction of this affair."

ITALY.

ROME.

The following letter from Rome, dated 29th ult.,
furnishes additional particulars as to the causes which
led to the recent outbreak in that city :--
"A violent manifestation is to take place this morn-
ing, caused by the following circumstance:—The Pope,
although he has allowed a crusade to be preached up in
his churches, and troops to be sent into Lombardy, has
not officially declared war against Austria; the Austrian
Ambassador still remains here, and the Papal Nuncio at
Vienna; nor have the diplomatic relations between the
two Courts been interrupted.
"In consequence of this doubtful position, Radetsky
having made prisoners of some Roman volunteers, would
not consider them as prisoners of war, but shot them im-
mediately. One was hung to a tree with a placard
attached to his body, with the words—' In this way are
treated the crusaders of Pius IX.'

" The indignation of the people of Rome was roused
by this act, and they proceeded in a mass to the resi-
dence of the Austrian Ambassador, with the intention of
taking sanguinary reprisals. Fortunately Count Lutzoff
was regarded as a liberal man. lie had frequently blamed
the excesses of his Government, and had been several
times in consequence on the point of giving in his resig-
nation. This consideration saved him, but his position
is no longer tenable, and he has been urgently requested
to retire.
" Delegates from the Roman Clubs had formally ap-
plied to the Pope to put himself at the head of the Italian
league, and declare war against Austria.
" Notwithstanding the violent manifestations which
may be made, I do not consider the Pope will formally
declare war against Austria; his resolution on this point
appears unshaken. His plan will probably be to brand
with reprobation in the most solemn and severe manner
the infamous and atrocious conduct of Radetsky, and
protest before God and the Christian world against all
the horrors committed by Austria, in defiance of all laws, human and divine.

La. ,

" It is expected that a document to this effect Will ap-
pear this evening in the Gazelle.
The following official notice was posted up at
Rome on the Ist :—" The Ministry offered their re-
signation to his Holiness on the evening of the 29th .
His Holiness has accepted this resignation, and has
given orders for the formation of a new Ministry.
But the negotiations on the subject not having as yet
succeeded, his Holiness has signified to the former
Ministers that they shall remain in office, authorising
them to continue freely in the exercise of their sari'
butions. The Substitute to the Ministry of the In:
terior, who had also resigned, remains in office with
the Ministry. The Ministry with their President
unanimous as they have always been on all questions,
are taking such measures, guided by their feelinfe
of Italian patriotism, as they consider conscientious
to be useful and necessary in the present circuta
stances to the weal of the state and the Italian cause-
A letter from Civita Vecchia of the 2d inst.,
quoted by the Genoa Gazette, states that the Minis'
ters of Tuscany and Sardinia have protested again:
the encyclic letter of the POPE. Gen. Duke ,
RIGNANO informed the POPE that he could not re'l
on the civic guard, who occupy the castle, the powder
magaaine, and the public offices. None are as Yet
allowed to leave Rome. Several Cardinals, ainneg
whom the new Cardinal DELLA GENGA, have tried tO
escape, but were sent home again under escort, 811 d
gardis a rue. On the morning of the Ist, 3dAmi°ll
Dom, and CoasiNl waited upon the Porß, and °li
treated him to give way. All seemed useless, sead.
the POPE obstinate. Noon was approaching, tin
the people waited an answer. At last Pius gave waYf
to the entreaties of Mextram, whe presented hiolse,
to the people at one o'clock, announcing that the 31e
nistry was confirmed, except Cardinal Aprrossalf
whose stead he (MAMIANI) was substituted. The next
day all the correspondence of the cardinals 06
sequestrated, and read to the public at the Capitol hi
the senator. MAMIANI, while he harangued
people, declared the following points :-1. No Priest
to be called to public offices ; 2. Formal declaratiels
of war; 3. Pius IX. at the head of his Government;
4. Daily official bulletin of the great army; 5' Ins
vitation to the youth of the Roman States to Min;
Several arrests have taken place of directors an
commanders of ports, particularly at Ancona, where
a conspiracy had been discovered, tending to
the town and give it up to pillage. Four corner 3 °`
the town had been mined, and the mines were t°
have sprung at the moment the Neapolitan troof'
were to have made their entry.
The latest news from Civita Vecchia announce that
the cardinals, who find they cannot leave Rome, sr!,
assembled at Monte Cavallo. AlAsuarvi was
named after all, though the people were loudly in wrt
favonr ; they were induced, however, to rest satis6'
with the concessions they had obtained, to iiVoi44ll.
necessity of naming a Provisional Government.