The Sun.
London, England, 1848-11-11 00:00:00

14
toting mt.

LONDON, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 11, Is4s.

Lombardy has again risen to conquer Italian inde-
pendence since we had: last an opportunity of com-
menting upon the position of affairs in the Roman
peninsula. It was scarcely possible that the capital of
Austria should revolt against the treacheries of the
Imperial Government without such an occurrence
galvanizing the importunate Italians into a new de-
monstration. The difficulties which latterly had
begun to accumulate upon the councils of FERDI-
NAND, requiring him to concentrate all his attention
upon the preservation of his authority in the very
heart of his enormous dominions, afforded the people
at its more remote extremities a propitious occasion
for a rising. While all the vigilance of Austrian
statesmanship, and all the resources of Austrian arms
were required to be impinged and amassed at the centre,
it was inevitable that there would be a loosening of
both at the circumference. And the more inevitable
was this consequence of the Viennese revolution upon
the southern millions of Lombardy from the fact that
RADaTzKy's array was in a great measure composed
of regiments of the llungarians—men ripe for mutiny
against the sway of Germany, sad predisposed for a
thousand reasons to sympathine in the popular move-
ment of the peninsula. What might have been anti-
cipated actually occurred. No sooner had the in-
telligence of the great outbreak of the Viennese, to-
wards the commencement of October, crossed the
pinnacles of the Carpathian Alps, than the whole soul
of Lombardy leaped with a responsive exultation.
The flight of the EMPEROR to 011mutz was
the signal for a systematic insurrection, and the
insubordination of the Magyar soldiers under
the banners of RADSTZKT only confirmed
the resolution and exalted the aspirations of the
Italian patriots. A profound scheme was contrived
by which the flames of revolution should spread with
the greatest rapidity in those quarters where the
enemy was least capable of extinguishing them under
the
tread of their battalions. Every conceivable pre-
caution was taken to prevent an accidental discom-
fiture. Every means was adopted to inflame the
patriotism of the population. Every prehparation was
made to prosecute the undertaking with
enthusiasm
immediately Ivan the first outburst, by that
evidence of foresight to ensuretheuiw excavated,timate triumph
materials
were
the spark
of the new revolution. The
ground
the mine was dug, the explosive
collected together—there was only wantings
which was to ignite the gunpowder, the stamp of the
foot which was to be echoed by a tremendous politi-
cal detonation throughout Lombardy.

At last the signal was given, the first brand was
lighted, the awaited sound was audible among the
mountains which border upon Switzerland. The
voice of MAZZINI called upon the men of Lombardy to
arise against their oppressors, and his electric elo-
quence was answered by the manifesto of GaRI-
B,►LDI. The effect of the summons was soon visible
among the lakes and ravines of the northern provinces.
Como was soon in a blaze of insurrection ; the revolt
spread to Bergamo, and afterwards to Sondrio ; it
traversed the valleys of Upper Seriono, of Intelvi,
of Torlezza, and of Camonica. Chiavenna was
captured by the insurgents ; the Austrians
were defeated at Pallozago ; the movement resulted
in a simultaneous outbreak at Argegoo ; and the
triumphant army of liberation, under the command of
the brave and patriotic veteran General Gusa.xmato
PEPS, had soon driven back the German soldiers as
far even as the battlements of Padua. Such up to
our latest dispatches from the Roman peninsula was
the result of the revolution newly germinated among
the inhabitants of the different provinces of Lom.
bardy. If indicative of nothing else, it is a token of
the retribution which will sooner or later descend
upon the diabolical and bloodstained councils of a
criminal dynasty and a ruthless government. It is a
premonition of the vengeance awaiting the EINIPXROR
who still grasps his sceptre with a hand almost un-
nerved by terror and remorse, and a testimony that

his reign cannot be prolonged even by the terrible
sword of WINDISCHGRATZ-1 sword dripping from
the hilt with the blood of his fellow-citizens slain in the
streets of Vienna, and within the shadow of the very
walls of Schonbrunn.

How soon the dream of Italian nationality will be
realised it is, of course, impossible to conjecture.
But that Austria will speedily be deprived of
her Italian possessions is beyond all doubt. Be-
fore the insurrection of the Viennese in October,
this was sufficiently conjectural; but after the
sanguinary triumph gained by Prince WINDISCH-
GRATZ it becomes imperatively necessary and ab-
solutely inevitable. An ingenious scheme for the
satisfactory settlement of the territorial partition of
Lombardy, subsequently to its acquisition by the in-
surgent Italians, has been recently propounded by
Dr. AUGUSTUS GRANVILLE, in two letters addressed
to Lord PALMERSTON, successively in August and
October.* But, whether Italy is to be mapped out
into four great divisions—Tuscany, the Papal States,
Naples, and a northern kingdom stretching from
Geneva to the Adriatic—or whether she is to be
carved out into separate states, bound together in an
aggregate league or federation—Piedmont and Lom-
bardy (with Sardinia, Parma, and Piacenza); the
Grand Duchy of Venice (with the Italian
Tyrol and Friul) ; the Grand Duchy of
Tuscany (with Lucca, Massa, Modena, and the
Isles) ; the Pontifical States (with the Three
Legations) ; the kingdom of Naples (with its
islands); and the kingdom of Sicily (without any-
thing beyond the classic shores sacred to the memory
of POLTPREMUS and THEOCRITUS)—it is one amongst
the numerous dooms of Austria, that Lombardy
shall very speedily be freed from the yoke of German
despotism.

It were as frivolous to represent the insurrection of
the Lombards, throughout the district of the Valle-
line, as a merely local and temporary enzeute, capable
of suppression and punishment, as to declare that
nothing will come from the establishment of an
understanding between YRIARTE and CABRERA, and
the systematic co-operation of the Montemolinists
and the Progressistas. In the Aveleltine and in
Catalonia, the popular movement is daily and hourly
progressing, while reinforcements are perpetually
flowing across the Pyrennees from France into Spain,
and across the Alps from Switzerland into Lombardy.
In either case we shall, before a very long period has
elapsed, have occasion to recount the details of some
decisive demonstration.

Is tranquillity ever to be restored in unhappy Ire-
land ? Can the peasantry be convinced how deeply
injurious their insane conduct has proved to the best
interests of their country ; and how utterly destruc-
tive of every future hope are the wild indications of
an insurrectionary spirit still exhibited. The arms
that were collected with so much anxiety, and so os-
tentatiously paraded by the misguided owners, have
been carefully concealed, and few, indeed, have been
surrendered to the authorities deputed to receive
them. There is manifestly a notion abroad that
the time will speedily arrive when they
may be made available for the purposes
for which they had been originally procured.
Agrarian outrages, too, are unfortunately of daily
occurrence. The blood-stained assassin stalks abroad,
and follows his horrible trade with even more than
ordinary audacity and recklessness. Every species
of crime appears to be perpetrate,l as if they supposed
that the law could be violated with the most perfect
impunity. The conspiracy, however, which has just
come to light at Clonmel, is of a more
audacious character than could have been conceived,
and shows how completely the salutary lesson taught
at Boulagh-common and at the other localities, where
the insurgents came in contact with the constabulary,
have been forgotten.
It might have been hoped that the signal defeat of
the rebel force, the complete suppression of the out-
break, would have opened their eyes to the absurdity
of their proceedings, and convinced them how vain
was the expectation that a body of undisciplined
men, badly armed, and without experienced
officers, or military training, could have suc-
cessfully competed with the police alone, although
wholly unsupported and unaided by any regu-
lar troops. In addition, however, to that force
which, during the trying times that have been wit-
nessed, proved their devoted loyalty, staunch
fidelity, unflinching courage, and determined bravery
—the district bristled with the bayonets of well-

trained soldiers in the highest state of discipline and
efficiency, and supported by artillery and all the ap•

pliances of modern warfare. What hope could even
the most sanguine have entertained as to the result of
a conflict between such combatants? The chosen leaders
of the movement too late discovered the error into which

;hey had fallen, and appeared from the very outset

to have despaired of a favourable termination. The
very first repulse received from Inspector TRANI. and

his forty-eight gallant companions completed their
discomfiture. They dispersed in every direction, and
sought for safety in flight. A few succeeded in
making their escape, and are now fugitives on
foreign shores, perpetual exiles from their native
land. Some of the chief traitors have been brought
to justice, and are now convicted criminals, whose
forfeit lives have been only spared by the
clemency of the SOVEREIGN, whose power they had
defied, and against whom they bad waged a treason-
able war. Should not their melancholy fate act as a
beacon light to warn others from the rock on which
they had wrecked ? Nothing, however, appears to
be sufficient for that purpose. At almost the very
moment when the Royal mercy was extended to the
State prisoners, and when the points raised by the in-
genuity of their eminent counsel were set down for
solemn argument► in the Courts, so that a pro-
spect was opened for their escape from

every p,lnal consequence of their crimes, a

plan was formed for ' their forcible rescue,
in which there must necessarily have been

a fearful sacrifice of human life. It is said tha
the project was to have been carried into speedy exe-

notion in the following manner :—A large body of the
peasants, several thousands in number, were to march
into the town in the middle of the night, while the
police and military were slumbering in their respec-
tive barracks, all the passagos leading to the gaol
were to be occupied by the conspirators, and bar-

ricades erected where the soldiers were to be re-
3isted, if !listening to the assistance of the
prison authorities. In the mean time a
combined attack was to be made on the
gaol, which was to be broken open, stormed,
and all the prisoners, political or otherwise, set at
liberty. Such was the scheme which exceeded in
audacity anything that had been conceived since the
period of the " Porteous Riot." The authorities were,

however, warned in due time. The secret was be-

,rayed before the project came to maturity. In ac-

cordance with the invariable rule in Ireland, informers

had revealed the plots of the insurgents, and their
machinations were countermined through the
agency of pretended friends. On Wednesday

night, or rather early on Thursday morn-
ing, the entire military and police force in the
neighbourhood were called out and marched to a

--
secluded place called " The Wilderness," distant only
one mile and a half from the town. Nearly 2,000
men, armed with guns, pikes, and pitchforks, and a
rude and motley collection of weapons of offence,
were there assembled, and going through military
exercises in separate bodies. The moment, however,
the soldiers came in sight these doughty
heroes betook themselves to immediate flight,
and, favoured by the obscurity of the
night, and the thickness of the woods in
the vicinity, by far the greater portion suc-
ceeded in effecting their escape. Seventeen pri-
soners were, however, captured, who are said to be
the ringleaders in the movement. Among them was
a student of Trinity College; the others were small
farmers, or Clonmel tradesmen. It is supposed that
they were members of the committee to whom the
conduct of the enterprise was entrusted.

Every precaution must be taken and vigilance
practised to defeat the designs of the ill-disposed. It
is obvious that no rational hope can be entertained of

effecting the permanent pacification of the country
until the peasantry are completely diiarm€d. All

the efforts of the Executive should now be directed to

effect that great desideratum.

* " On the Formation and Constitution of a Kingdom
of Upper Italy," &c. By Augustus Bozzi Granville,
M.D.,F.R.5., pp. 82. Ridgway, London, 1848.
" The Italian Question, a Second Letter," by A. B.
Granville, M.D., E.R.S., pp. 63, Ridgway, Londoa,lB4B.

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris papers of yesterday.

The Orleanists and Legitimatists have determined
to vote for Prince LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE as
President of the Republic, as they consider that his
election would be tantamount to a resuscitation of
monarchy, and would be immediately followed by
the restoration of one or other of the dynasties.
The 12th Legion of the National Guard, which
was disbanded in June, has been re-organized.
General MONTHOLON will probaLly be elected Co!onel
of the Legion.
M. BETHMONT, who was one of the members of
the Provisional Government, and who was subse-
quently elected a Member of the National Assembly,
having determined to retire from political life, vacated
his seat in the Assembly, and was subsequently ap-
pointed First President of the Court of Cassation.
This appointment was attacked in the sitting of the
Assembly on Thursday by M. LHERBETTE, on the
ground that the law which declared that no deputy
could hold an appointment of this character applied
to all persons who had ever been deputies during the
sitting of the Assembly of which they had ever
formed a part. In the course of
.his speech, M.
LHERBETTE chose to indulge in some observations on
M. BETHMONT, which were as unfounded as they were
unjust, and in consequence of this attack M. BETH-
MONT, who is one of the most honourable and high
minded of men, has refused to accept the appoint-
ment. He announced his refusal in the following
letter addressed to M. MARIE, the Minister of Jus-
tice

"My dear Friend,—l accepted the functions which
you offered to me, when you knew my fixed resolution
z.o retire from political life. I must now resist you,
whatever may be my convictions as to the legality of
the measure, and whatever may be the peaco of our
consciences as to the motives which influence both. I
cannot consent to accept a high post in the magistracy
with the insult of a suspicion on my character. When,
in the night of the 24th of February, a note from you
called upon me in the name of the Provisional Govern-
ment to share your perils, I did not hesitate. I could
then, without scruple, accept an honour which I had
not sought, and which the most malignant envy could
not think of tarnishing. Permit me now to refuse to
yield to your entreaties. I will not be accused by my
enemies of an unworthy calculation, which they might
be pleased to attribute to me. Receive the assurance of
my grateful affection and esteem.

" BETLIM ONT."
All the papers contain the following paragraph,
which it is said may be considered as an official an-
nouncement from the Spanish Embassy :—" We are
requested to give a positive denial to the rumour
which has been circulated by the English journals
that negotiations have been entered into between the
Spanish Government and that of the United States
for the cession of the island of Cuba."

In the Assembly, on Thursday, M. MAREAST, in
the name of the Committee of the-,,Constitution, pro•
posed the following as the heads of the organic laws
to be adopted lay the Assembly :-1. Responsibility
of the depositaries of authority. 2. On the Council
of State. 3. Electoral laws. 4. Organization, de-
partmental and communal. 5. Organization judi-
cial. 6. Education. 7. Organization of the public
force. 8. The press. 9. State of siege.
In the same sitting a supplementary grant of
9,006,000 f. was voted to assist the Municipality of
Paris to maintain the poor of the capital, and a
grant of 1,000,000 f. as an additional aid to the

The Assembly was occupied yesterday in discus
sing the budget of the Minister of Public In
struction.

It is said that the Minister of Justice is preparing

a decree of amnesty, which will be promulgated
immediately after the proclamation of the Con-

stitution.

The important banking-house of BRASSAUD, Bro.
thers, of Tulle, bas been declared bankrupt. The en.
gagementa are said tdamount to 1,400,000 f. (66,0001.,

Twelve hundred muskets were withdrawn from
Vincennes on Thursday, to be distributed amongst
the National Guards of the 7th arrondissement.
A letter from Bordeaux announces that the Teste
Railroal has been sequestrated by the Executive
Government.

BOURSE—PARIS, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 10.
THREE o'CLocß.—Very little busihess was done at
the Bourse to-day. The Raines were exceedingly heavy
throughout the day, and gradually fell to rather more
than per cent. below the closing prices of yesterday.
Nothing shows more clearly that the rise of the day be-
tore yesterday was a factitious one than the heaviness of
the Bourse ever since, and the gradual sinking of prices,
notwithstanding the efforts made in influential quarters
to support them. For the Account, the French Three
per Cents. have fallen 30c.; the Five per Cents. 35c.;
and the Loan, 40c. For Money, the Three per Cents.
20c.; the Five per Cents. 35c., and the Loan 35c.; Bons
du Trdsor not quoted; Bank of France Shares have
declined 35f.; Belgian Bank Shares not quoted; Two-
and-a-Half per Cents. are at SBi; Spanish Funds not
quoted; Roman have risen per cent.; Rothschild's
Receipts are the same as yesterday. Exchange on Lon-
don (30 days), 25 52.1; ditto (90 days), 25 40. In
Railway Shares the changes are insignificant.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE, Not. 10.
Orleans and Bourdean.x, 1% —Paris and Lyons (10/.), 4
Sambre and Meuse, 2%.,