The Sun.
London, England, 1833-01-25 00:00:00

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

We have already alluded to the pamphlet of
Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, on Church Reform.
This pamphlet contains much that is well de-
serving of the attention of all who are now seri-
ously occupied with that important question.
Dr. Arnold wishes to connect the Church with
the people, and laments that a period should
ever have arrived in which the Church and the
Clergy are deemed synonymous. He antici-
pates for the Church of England the fate of the
Irish Chnrch, if a wiser course be not adopted.
" Suppose," he says, " tithes to be commuted,
the revenues of the Clergy equalized, residence
universally enforced, and pluralities done away
with, the efficiency of the establishment, as a
great social engine of intellectual, moral, and re-
ligious good, will still be incomplete, and for
this very reason, its stability will be precarious.
There will still remain that vast mass of the
Dissenting and of the Godless population, who,
not sharing in its benefits, will labour to effect
its destruction. These two parties are leagued
together ; and unless their league can be dis-
solved, the long continuance of a national Church
in this country is a thing impossible. The cry
which is destroying the Protestant establishment
in Ireland is already beginning to be echoed
here ; the Dissenters repeat the complaint of
the Catholics—' Why should we be obliged to
contribute towards the maintenance of a Church
which is not ours ?' All the inherent evils of
our detestable sectarian system will presently be
brought to light, and will derange the very
frame of society. Church-rates have already
been resisted ; that is to say, the noblest and
most useful of all our public buildings will be
suffered to go to ruin, or to be maintained by
private munificence." Dr. Arnold is too sensi-
ble a man to suppose that this state of things
can be cured without a great change in the orga-
nization of the Church. In fact, the organiza-
tion of the Church is so very defective, that it
drives the people to dissent or indiVrence.
" Consider" he says, " the case of one of the pa-
rishes in a large manufacturing town ; there is a
population of several thousand souls often com-
prised nominally within the same subdivision of
the whole Christian society of the nation ; but
what is their organization and bond of union ?
perhaps one parish church, utterly unable to
contain a fourth part of their numbers ; and one
minister, who must be physically incapable of
becoming personally acquainted with even so
much as a smaller proportion of them. The
other officers of the Parochial Society are the
parish: clerk, the churchwardens, the overseers
of the poor (how little like the deacons of old),
the beadle, and the constable ! And how na-
tural was it that men should form distinct
societies for themselves, when that to which they
nominally belonged performed none of the func-
tions of a society. And even in those cases
where, by the exertions of the incumbent in pro-
viding one or more curates to assist him in his
duty, by the endowment of Chapels of Ease, or
the institution of lectureships, the visitation of
the sick in the parish is tolerably provided for ;
still the want of a social organization re-
mains the same. The parishioners, except
in questions about rates never act as a
body, nor feel as a body. They have no part in
keeping up any religious discipline ; those
amongst them who are qualified for instructing
or exhorting their neighbours can do it only as
individuals. The very church itself closed during
the greater part of time day, perhaps of the week,
is opened only for the performance of one uni-
form service—never to be added to—never to
be varied. Thus the people are, as members of
the Church, wholly passive ; the love of self-
government, one of the best instincts in our
nature, and one most opposite to the spirit of
lawlessness, finds no place for its exercise ; they
neither govern themselves, nor is there any
one else to govern them. Dr. Arnold thinks
the actual Dioceses are too large, and
that every large town should be the seat of a
Bishop. The present dioceses might be made
provinces, or, if it should be deemed advisable
to diminish the number of Bishops in the House
of Lords, the number retained might be made
Metropolitan Bishops, so that Metropolitans
only should have seats in Parliament. The
Deaneries would go a great way towards endow-
ing the new bishoprics ; and in many cases, no-
thing more would be required than to change the
name and office of the incumbent of the principal
parish in the town, so that instead of being the
minister of one church, he should become the
Bishop of the diocese. Dr. Arnold thinks that
the addition of such an element into the society
of a commercial and manufacturing place, would
be in itself a great advantage ; " for as in small
Cathedral towns, the society is at present much
too exclusively clerical, so in towns like Man-
chester and Birmingham, the influence of the
plergy is too little ; they are not in a condition
to colour sufficiently the mass of a population
whose employment is to make money." There
is a great deal of truth in this. Foreigners
would hardly believe that a country so rich and
ppwerful as England, with communications far
sispejor to any thing in any other country,
41004 yet be so low in all but the arts of vulgar
production and consumption. Lackington, so late
as the year 1790, could find in all the way between
London and Edinburgh, only a few books,
1) sheep-skin, sold in Leeds. We are old enough
fp rein ember, when the only collection of books
between London and Edinburgh was that of
the Messrs. Todds, at York ; Ford, at Man-
pluster, afterwards had a collection. There
never, perhaps, was before in the world such
masses of men destitute of all taste for liberal
knowledge, Things are now considerably im-
proved, though there are still few of our provin-
pial towns which a man of cultivated mind would
consider in any other light than as a place of
exile. Dr, Arnold would take a leaf out of the
book of the Presbyterians on his organization
of the government of the dioceses. He would
make a Bishop incapable of acting without his
council, and this council should consist partly of
lay members and partly of clerical, to be ap-
pointed partly by himself and partly by the
ministers and lay elders of the several parishes
in his diocese. " A Court would be thus
formed, to which the maintenance of discipline
might be safely intrusted, and ministers of
scandalous life might be removed from their be-
nefices without the tedious and ruinous pro-
cess now imposed upon the Bishop, if he
is anxious to do his duty in such cases.
Probably, too, it would be expedient to cre-
ate something like a General Assembly of the
Church in each diocese, to meet at a certain time
in the year, under the presidency of the Bishop,
and to enact such general regulations as might
from time to time be needed. A meeting of
this kind, even were its sittings ever so short,
would be useful, in the mere sensation that it
would excite among the people ; as it would
present the Church to them in a form at once
imposing and attractive, and would destroy that

most mischievous notion which the present vi-
sitations rather tend to encourage—that the
Church is synonymous with the Clergy." Dr.
Arnold would give to this Assembly, or the
Bishop and his Council, the power of increasing
or reducing the number of Church officers in
parishes, and settling the limits of their minis.
trations. It is observed by an able Continental
writer, that if Calvin had preceded Luther, his
discipline would have probably become that of
all the Reformers, as it coincided with the views
generally embraced by distinguished men in the
Church previous to the Reformation. Dr.
Arnold and the Presbyterians, therefore, draw
from a common source. In one respect, how-
ever, Dr. Arnold may be said to stand alone.
He would unite within his national Church all
Christians who deserved the name, except, per-
haps, the mere handful of the Quakers and
Roman Catholics. In large towns, all the Chris-
tian Ministers of every denomination are not more
than adequate to the wants of the population ;
and, << as, the Dissenting Ministers are actually
maintained by voluntary contributions, so the
assistant Ministers of a more comprehensive
system—whether their opinions were in exact
agreement with the present articles or not—
would be easily, and I believe most cheerfully,
maintained by Easter offerings, levied upon all
the members of the Church, and divided ac-
cording to the qualifications and labours of the
respective Ministers. And these would all be
equally Ministers of the National Church—
they would have their share in the election of
the clerical members of the Bishop's Council;
and would be effectually secured against any
lurking spirit of sectarian hostility which might
be supposed to survive the overthrow of the pre-
sent sectarian system." We cannot follow Dr.
Arnold through the various plans he suggests
for reconciling the advocates of the various
modes of appointment, and guarding' against
improper exercise of patronage. He thinks
that a National Church should comprehend in
itself many various ways of appointment, and
while he would not dictate patronage, he would
obviate the evils of it by general regulations.
It has been often mentioned to the praise of the
Germans, that Catholics, Lutherans, and Cal-
vinists often use the same church, and even the
same utensils. Dr. Arnold would allow different
services to be performed at different times of
the day and week within the walls of the same
church. Where there were several ministers,
as there would be wherever there are now mi-
nisters of different denominations, the church
might be kept open nearly the whole of the Sun-
day, and during some part of every week day, the
different services being fixed at different hours,
and performed by different ministers. If a
Church could in this manner he made available
to all denominations, there would be less ob-
jection to payments for upholding it. It would
certainly be better, too, to have one noble edi-
fice in a town than a number of unsightly brick
buildings. The Church would truly be the pa-
rish church when all the parish could benefit by
it. We fear Dr. Arnold calculates too much
on the mutual forbearance of the different per-
suasions. This is the age for destroying or se-
vering Churches, and not for uniting them. He
is aware of the objection that the scheme is vi-
sionary and improbable ; but he answers, that
the changes proposed are great, because the
danger threatening us is enormous. At all
events, his pamphlet will be read with much
profit, and too much praise cannot be bestowed
on the tone and temper in which it is written.—
Morning Chronicle.

We have often had occasion to express a
wish for the better observance of the Sabbath,
and, whilst we have advised the poor, for their
own sakes, to abstain from making it a day of
labour, have recommended it to the rich, for
the sake of example, and for the general pro-
motion of good order and good morals, to re-
those indulgences which necessarily
impose toil on their dependants and tradespeo-
ple, and deprive them of the means of reason-
able rest as well as of religious instruction.
Great efforts are now making by benevolent
people, of all religious persuasions, to promote
the same object, and a committee has been ap-
pointed for the purpose of suppressing trading,
and every kind of vending, on a Sunday. This,
we apprehend, may be easily effected. There is
nothing done on the Sabbath-day which may
not, with the happiest effect, be transferred to
the preceding day or days. The addresses cf
the Society are too long for insertion ; but it is
determined also to apply to Parliament for fresh
laws to guard the sacredness of the Sabbath.
We repeat that the matter concerns the comforts
of the poor more than the rich, and we trust
the complaints of the poor will receive a bene-
volent attention.— Times.

In our law report of Wednesday, under the
head of " King's Bench," a case of misde-
meanor was mentioned, in which Counsel made
a motion to dispense with the payment of fees
on respiting the recognisances of the party in-
dicted, under peculiar circumstances. Of the
merits of the case we know nothing, nor is it of
any consequence what the merits may be in con-
sidering the general principle involved in the
motion. The whole administration of the laws is
affected by the fee system, in a manner that has
always appeared to us derogatory to the dignity
of ju.tice, and at variance with the rights of the
subjects of the realm. The case, as far as we
have to deal with it, will be best understood from
the following extract of the report :

64 Mr. Platt sail this was an indictment for a nuisance,
and he was instructed, on behalf of the defendants, to move
to respite their recognisances, without the payment of fees.
The affidavit stated that they had paid the sum of 10/. last
term, for leave to respite the recognisance', and were now
unable to pay a further sum. It was no fault of theirs
that they had to respite the recognisances, because they
were willing and ready to go to trial immediately, if the
cause could be brought on : but that was impossible, as
the business before it was of equal importance to the par-
ties concerned.

" Mr. Justice Littledale observed that the fees to respite
recognisances belonged to the officers of the Court; and
they (the Judges) could not make such an order.

.•
" Mr. Platt remaiked that the offic,rs were not now
remunerated by fees ; they now had an annual salary, and
the fees went to the Government.
"Mr. Justice Patteson—That is a less reason for us to
order business to be transacted without fee..

" Mr. Platt-1 don't think, my Lord, the Government
of this count, y desire to sell justice.
" Mr. Justice Taunton—Sell justice !---1 think that is a
very improper expression to be used."
There is a fastidiousness about the use of
certain terms sometimes, when theme is no such
nicety of feeling with regard to the, facts which
such terms properly designate. When a price
is paid for an article in time market, that article
is said to be sold, and the person who disposes
of it for a price is said to be the seller. if
Government receive a price for justice in the
Courts appointed to administer it, justice be-
comes a marketable commodity. The Govern-
ment sells it, and the subject buys. Should it
be so ? Those who approve of a practice, not
because it is right, or reasonable, or just, but
because it is established, will say " Yes;" the

Constitution of England says " No." In for-
mer times great complaints were made of the
oppression and hardship inflicted on the subjects
of the realm by making them pay by fees and
other exactions the purchase-money of justice,
which should neither be bought nor sold. This
was one of the grievances taken into considera-
tion by the framer of the Great Charter. By
that solemn compact between the King and the
Barons, confirmed as it is by numerous Acts of
Parliament, the Sovereign Power pledged itself not
to sell justice to the subject. 'We have not at this
moment the opportunity of referring to a copy
of iltagna Charta, but if we recollect the
passage in question, it runs thus--"Nztai diffe-
remus—nulli negabinzus—nulli vendemus justi-
tiam vel rectum." "We will not delay—we
will not deny—we will not sell to any one jus-
tice or right." The word " vendemnus" did not
allude to the abuse of the judicial power, in
consideration of a bribe, for that would be to
sell, not justice, but injustice; it had reference
only to the grievous taxes imposed on the King's
subjects coming for justice into the King's
Courts, which, whether they be called by the
name of fees or any other name, are the price
at which the privilege of obtaining justice is sold
to those who are able to buy it, which a great
many of the King's subjects are not. Nothing
could be more vicious in practice than the mode
of paying officers of Courts of Justice by fees,
instead of fixed salaries. When we formerly
advocated the payment of such officers by fixed
salaries, we advocated also, not the transfer of
those fees to the Government, but their total
abolition. By giving the officers fixed salaries,
anti by transferring the fees to the Government,
the country becomes doubly taxed, for the ex-
penses of the administration of justice. The
public pay the officers the annual stipend through
the hands of Government, and the latter re-
ceives the fees by which the officers were pre-
viously paid. Thus is the country a loser, in
point of expense, by the alteration, which leaves
the machinery of our tribunals still clogged and
impeded by those vexatious imposts. The up-
rightness and purity of English Judges obtain
for the Bench in general, in the discharge of its
judicial functions, the honourable estimation of
the country ; but Justice itself has neither the
dignity which should belong to it, nor the
power by which it should equally protect from
oppression and wrong the highest and the lowest
of the people, while Mammon blocks up and
guards every avenue of its temple, and, in the
name of the King or a King's officer, exacts a
price for every step which the King's subjects
take to obtain redress or protection within the
sanctuary of the laws.--111orning Herald.

ORKNEY AND ZETLAND ELECTION.

(Abridged from the Edinburgh Observer.)

A very serious riot took place at Kirkwall,
Orkney, on the 15th instant, in consequence of the
friends of Mr. Laing wishing to proceed on the
strict letter of the Act, and have the return made
on the 10th, being aware that that gentleman had
the majority of the Orkney voters. The Sheriff,
however, feeling that it was his duty not to make
the return until the packet should arrive from Zet-
land, and put him in possession of all the poll-
books, fixed the 15th for declaring the return, the
steamer having only arrived on the afternoon of the
13th, which was Sunday. In thus acting the Sheriff
was completely borne out by the opinion of the
Lord Advocate. Accordingly he was about to pro-
ceed to the Market Cross, and there make the
official return, but having reason to fear that some
violence was intended on the part of the mob, he
had sworn in a number of special constables. Im-
mediately before leaving his house he received a
letter from a gentleman stating that an infuriated
multitude had assembled in the Broad-street, armed
with bludgeons and staves, evidently with the inten-
tion of obstructing him in his duty, and suggesting
that the Magistrates of the burgh should be called
upon to preserve the peace. The Sheriff wrote to
Mr. Laing, as Provost, claiming his aid and that of
other town Magistrates in preserving the peace.
Mr. Laing, however, declined to attend.
Three of the Magistrates, much to their credit,
attended the Sheriff, and behaved with great cou-
rage, prudence, and presence of mind, viz., Mr.
James Spence, Mr. William Traill, of Woodwirck,
and Mr. John Baikie; the first and the last in par.
ticular were severely handled by the mob. Upon
reaching the head of the Broad-street, the mob was
observed forming a mass, consisting of many hun-
dreds, having a drummer and piper, and armed with
stones, staves, and bludgeons.
The Sheriff and several gentlemen of the county,
who had come to his aid, made an attempt to push
through the crowd, but the mob made a violent
rush, seized the Sheriff, and attempted to kill him.
Their intentions seem to have been to get hold of
the poll-books at all hazards, and wreak their ven-
geance on the Sheriff. The other gentlemen present
surrounded and protected him. Capt. Balfour was
repeatedly knocked down, arid had his clothes torn.
Mr. Urquhart, though a very powerful man, was
treated in a similar way ; and Mr. J. Baikie warded
off a blow which would probably have killed the
Sheriff. Not withstanding their utmost efforts, they
were compelled to retreat. _ _

At an opening of the street the Sheriff and his
friends again made a stand, and he there opened
the seals, and began to cast up the votes; but
another desperate rush was made, and another vio-
lent struggle took place. Stones and sticks were
now in unsparing use, and the Sheriff, after making
another attempt, succeeded, when near his own
house, in proclaiming the election. The mob, how-
ever, increased in violence, arid he was obliged to
retreat into his house, where he would not in
all probability have been safe had it not been for the
fact of Mr. J. Spence, who said he had a circular of
Mr. Laing's to read to them from the Cross, by
which he drew them off from the Sheriff, arid with
much difficulty got them to disperse.
The affair w►ll, of course, be brought under the
notice of the Lord Advocate. In the course of the
riot the Riot Act was read, but the people paid no
attention.

NIGHT AND DAY TELEGRAPHS IN
FRANCE.—A project has been laid before the Government
by a Company (Messrs. FERRIER and Co.) for improving
telegraphic communications to such an extent that they
will he able to transmit intelligence an immense distance
at any moment of the night or day. This plan is espe-
cially calculated for the conveyance of commercial intelli-
gence. A million of francs will be sufficient, according
to the Company's calculation, to establish a full comple-
ment of telegraphs between Paria and the following
places :—Havre, Calais, Lille, Aluibeuge, Marseilles,
Toulouse, Bordeaux, and Nantes. The yearly expense
they calculate at 900,000 francs, but the produce per
annum would be 2,803,203 francs.

BANKRUPTCY COURT.—It has long been
an important question among solicitors whether the Corn-
rinissione:s of this Court have power to summon them to
produce proceedings or papers in cases before the Court.
Hitherto, however, none of the professions have ventured
to make any decided opposition. A short time since Mr.
CARTEIt, a solicitor of the Lord Mayor's Court, having re-
ceived a summons to produce certain papers relative to a
case before the Court, refused ti appear, expressing a de•
termination, should a warrant be issued for him, to try
whether the Commissioners really had this power, A
warrant ;vas issued, to which he refused to attend, and a
Subdivision Court was to have met on Tuesday to try
the case; but at twelve o'clock Mr. CARTER, entered Mr.
Commissioner MERRIVALE'S Court, and expressed hi.
regret for the contuination which he had shown, and
stated that from having carefully inquired into all the laws
respecting the subject, he found he had formed an erro-
neous view of it, and humbly begged pardon for what lie
haul done.

The EXTRAORDINARY INVESTIGATION.

Yesterday evening, at eight o'clock, Mr. Higgs
arid the Jury reassembled at the sign of the Coach
and Horses, Flood-street, Dean's-yard, Westminster,
to inquire into the death of a person known by the
name of Eliza Edwards, aged 24.
On the arrival of the Coroner a most tremendous
rush was made to gain admittance into the jury-
room by crowds of persons who had assembled
outside, principally consisting of medical students.
The crowd wus so great that it was at last found
necessary to send for the police authorities to keep
order, as the witnesses could not gain admittance.
Previous to the meeting of the Jury, a number of
medical gentlemen viewed the body of the deceased.
The first witness sworn was Mr. Alfred Taylor,
of 35, Great Marlborough-street, surgeon. He
stared that he had examined the body of the de-
reased, and it was the same that he had seen in the
dissecting-room at Guy's Hospital. On opening
the stomach he found it perfectly healthy ; the liver
was much diseased, and presented that appearance
seen in persons addicted to drinking, commonly
called a drunkard's liver. The death was occasioned
from disease of the lungs. The deceased was a
perfect man.
Juror—Has the head of the deceased been sepa-
rated from the body ? Witness—lt has not.
Some other questions were put to the witness,
which excited the greatest astonishment from the
answers, but the evidence is unfit for publication.
Mr. Oilier, surgeon, of Delahay-street, West-
minster, corroborated the evidence of tine last wit-
ness. In addition he said that the body was co-
vered with blotches.

Thomas Davis, the porter at Guy's Hospital,
stated that on Sunday morning last Nicholson, the
beadle of this parish, brought two bodies to the hos-
pital ; there were printed forms with them according
to the late Act of Parliament, and they were de-
scribed to be females. Nicholson also said that they
were both females. On examination he found that
one of the bodies was that of a man, and he had
seen the body again that afternoon in St. Marga-
ret's workhouse.

CORONER—Did you notice the hair on the head
of the deceased ? Witness—l did, it was very long
in front as well as behind, and turned apart like a
female's.

Juror—How long was it before you discovered
that the deceased was a man 2 Witness—About
four hours. I was certainly very much surprised.
Mr. Oilier, the surgeon, said, that as soon as it
was known at Guy's Hospital that the deceased
was a man, information was sent to the parish au-
thorities, and from that the inquiry took place.
Mr. Arber, one of the overseers, said that he had
seen the body, and from what he had seen of the
manner in which it had been returned, he should
have no objection to give his own body for dissec-
tion.

A desultory conversation took place between the
parish authorities and some of the medical gentle-
men from Guy's Hospital, as to the propriety of
continuing the dissection of the body after the ex-
traordinary discovery took place.
The students of the hospital interrupted the pro-
ceedings several times, and were rsbuked by the
Jury, who said that such conduct was highly inde-
cent.

A Juror said that it appeared to him to be a most
extraordinary case of depravity, and he was of opi-
nion that the body ought not to be buried in the
usual way, and that some proceeding should be
adopted ►o warn others from such unparalleled acts
of turpitude, which reflected the highest disgrace
upon human nature.

A person here stepped forward, and said that
from what he had seen in the newspapers, and un-
derstanding that the deceased came from Dublin, he
was satisfied that he knew the party. About twelve
or thirteen years ago the deceased sometimes passed
for a man and sometimes a woman. She had lately
performed on the stage in the country, in the prin-
cipal tragic characters.
Juror—Did you know her sister? Witness-1
never knew the deceased had a sister.

Another gentleman stepped forward and said that
he believed he knew the party, and the father was a
gunsmith in Dublin.

The room was ordered to be cleared of strangers,
but from the great crowd this was found impossible,
and the Jury retired to an adjoining room, and after
a few minutes' consultation, the following verdict
was returned—" That the deceased died by the vi-
sitation of God; and in returning this verdict, the
Jury are compelled to express their horror at the
unnatural conduct the deceased had evidently in-
dulged in, and strongly recommend to the proper
authorities that some means may be adopted in the
disposal of the body which will mark the ignominy of
the crime."

While the Jury were in the adjoining room, for
the purpose of considering the verdict, the conduct
of several of the medical students present called
forth some severe remarks from gentlemen present.
Some idea may be formed of their conduct, when
we state the fact, that several of them called the
Jury a set of humbugs and jackasses.

A respite for " three months from the sth of
February, the day appointed for his execution," was re-
ceived at Newgate on Tuesday evening, for ROBERT
CIIANNINS, who was convicted of murder at the last Ad-
miralty sessions.

FIRE AT HA It ROW.—On Wednesday morn-
ing, about 8 o'clock, a fire broke out in the mansion-house
of Lord NORTHWICH, occupied by the Rev. Mr. KEN-
NEDY, one of the masters of Harrow School. The acci-
dent arose from one of the pupils leaving a lighted candle
in his room while he went to breakfast. At one time it
was feared the whole building would be destroyed, but by
the exertions of the townspeople, with the Harrow and
two other small engines, and the timely arrival of a
London fire-engine and the county firemen, the fire was
confined to the upper story, in which it originated. The
furniture removed was safely deposited in the church.
The Estafette, of Havre, gives in its number
of the 16th instant a complete table of the departures
from the ports of France during the years 1830, 1831,
and 1832. The result of this table shows that the trade
of the United States hail augmented during the last year
in a moat extensive degree. In 1831 there were 274 ves-
sels, and in 1832, 382, being a difference of 108. This
is the more worthy of notice, because the actual increase
of the year 1832 over that of 1831 has been only 67 ves-
sels ; so that while the commerce of the United States has
increased that of some other nations must have declined.

Yesterday week a vessel arrived in our har-
bour from Fayal, one of the Western Islands belonging to
Portugal, laden with oranges: she is called the Un ido,
and the name of the master, the only white man on board,
the crew being all men of colour, is T. J. DIAS. The
singularity of seeing in this port an entire crew of blacks,
and a rumour that some of them were slaves, excited con.
siderable curiosity among the inhabitants, who assembled
on board in great numbers for three or four days, to the
evident annoyance of the Captain, who repeatedly ordered
the decks to be cleared of strangers. Wednesday morning
one of the crew, a strong athletic fellow, without shoes or
stockings. about twenty-four, who was, it appears, the
only slave on board, got, as sailors say, "to windward of
the Captain," and came on shore, contrary to orders. He
immediately communicated in broken English, to a few
persons whom he met on the quiy, that he was a slave,
and received hid food, bad usage, and no wages for two
years and a half, during which time he was on
board the Unido. The men to whom he related
this story told him be was no longer a Wave from the
moment he set his foot on British ground, which informa-
tion threw the poor fellow into the greatest eestacy, and he
capered and danced about the quay for several minutes. A
master sweep, who was among the group that heard the
black's story, insisted o❑ treating his sable brother to a
glass of the native, after which he conducted him to the
Mayor's office, in order to make an applic,ttion to our
Chief Magistrate for his freedom. He stated to the Mayor
that he had been captured in the woods and sold as a slave
to a merchant in Fayal, who sent him on board the Unido,
where he was badly treated as already stated. The Cap.
tarn was sent for by the Mayor, and, on his arrival at the
office, he acknowledged that the black was a slave, and
that he was hound under a penalty of 300 dollars to return
him safe to the owner. The Mayor on hearing the Cap-
tain's acknowledgment, told the black he was free, and at
liberty to go where he pleased. The black Indian and
the black Irishman (the sweep) then left the office, arm in
arm, in the greatest glee.—. Waterford Mail,

ROASTING BY GAS.

(From Loudon's Encyclopedia of Cottage and Villa

Architecture and Furniture, Part IX.)
An Apparatus for roasting Meat of every
Kind by Gas has been recently invented by Mr.
Hicks, the patentee of the improved iron oven,
by which spirit is obtained from the exhalations
of fermented bread while_ baking, before noticed,
§ 2000. This apparatus is so extremely simple
and beautiful, that a very few words will suffice
to explain it. The has is admitted to a metallic
circle, fig. 1389, a, through a very narrow conti-
nuous opening, round the outside of which the
gas issues, and forms a ring of blue flame. In
the centre, supported by two lateral gas tubes
joined to the circle, is an upright spike, c, serv-
ing as a spit on which the meat to be roasted is
stuck. From the centre of the circle the pipe,
d, which supplies the gas, passes down to the
gas main, e; having a cock, f, with a regulating
lever, g, by which the gas can be turned on or
off, and the degree of flame produced can be re-
gulated with the greatest nicety. The circle is
raised a few inches above a bench or table, h, so
as to admit of the introduction of a convex tin
dish, furnished with a spout for receiving the
dripping under each spit. From this dish the
dripping runs off by the spout, and is collected
in any common dish placed under it. Over the
bench, at the height of three or four feet, is a
projecting boarded canopy or hood, for receiving
the heated air and smell from the gas and meat,
and conducting them to a flue, so as to prevent
them from accumulating in the kitchen. Di-
rectly above the gas circle is a cone of
polished copper, suspended by a weight.
This cone is two inches wider in dia-
meter at the base than the gas circle, and
it has a small orifice at the top. When the
operation of roasting is to be performed, all
that is necessary is to spit the meat, and
light the gas, regulating it so as to produce only
a blue flame, closely resembling a blue riband
round the base of a black turban ; and then
to bring down the copper cone, until its lower
edge is on a level nith the base of the
gas circle. A vessel to receive the dripping
is then placed under the spout of the tin drip •
ping-dish, and the process of roasting goes on,
without basting or any other operation whatever
being requisite. The heat produced by the gas
is radiated from the copper cone on the meat,
and, this being done equally on all sides, the
latter never requires turning, while, the heat not
being so intense as that from an open fire, the
meat is neither dried nor burned ; and, conse-
quently, does not need basting. It is, in fact,
roasted by heated air, but air whieh is constantly
renewed ; and, therefore, this operation has no
affinity with baking. The time required for
roasting in this manner is shorter than that
before an open fire, in the proportion of
about twelve to fifteen ; it requiring fifteen
minutes for roasting every pound of meat
before an open fire, and only twelve min utes
for roasting the same quantity by gas. As
the cones are nicely balanced, in the manner
of chandeliers suspended from lofty ceil-
ings, the cook, when she wishes to look at
the meat, can raise and 100 er the cone hang-
ing over it with the greatest ease. The fat drops
slowly, and as pure as water, into the dish
placed to receive it ; and when the period of
dressing is nearly completed, it is indicated by
the appearance of gravy being mixed with the
fat. For different joints, and for fowls of dif-
ferent kinds, and game, there are rims and covers
of different sizes ; and for a sirloin of beef, the
cone approaches to the form of a cylinder with
a domical top. The operation, when the meat
is once spitted, and the gas properly adjusted,
is conducted or rather goes on of itself, with all
the quite precision of a chyrnical process in a
laboratory ; and, in short, with so much cleanli-
ness, neatness, and absence of smell and heat,
that it would not he offensive in a drawing-room.
On the evening of January 5, 1833, we were
present, along with a number of gentlemen, in
Mr. Hicks's kitchen, in Wimpole-street, when a
part of a sirloin of beef, a leg of mutton, two
fowls, and a pigeon, were roasted in this manner,
and afterwards tasted by the company, when they
were found to be in all respects equal, if not
superior, to meat and fowls roasted in the com-
mon way. Mr. Hicks's apparatus had been only
erected a few weeks, and was, at the time
we saw it, not made known to the public.
The expense of gas is much less than might
be imagined, the effect being produced not
so much by intensity of heat as by its con-
centration. Mr. Hicks has found sixteen
cubical feet of gas, which cost 2id., suffi-
cient for roasting twelve or fourteen pounds
of meat ; which is considerably less than a far-
thing per pound. When it is considered that
bread is baked and browned at from 280° to
300° Fahr., and that meat is roasted in bakers'
ovens after the bread is removed, the circumstance
of gas affording a sufficient degree of heat for
b
it
roasting will not occasion surprise. We have
before, § 1950, described the mode by which
y is
it,
c,lea so r that,inay
boiling and stewing by gas has been for some
at isme roastingpractised
cani
,nE
adlisnob Edinburgh ;
effected and
baking. The whole business, therefore, of the
preparation of human food by the application of
heat, may be performed by gas, and that with
great economy, in all families who roast and
bake at home. This is only realising what was
long ago anticipated by the late William Strutt,
Esq., of Derby. There can be no doubt that
oil, or any liquid fat burned in the same manner,
would effect the same end ; and, indeed, this
is prored by the portable machine for the use
of ships and ambulatory cottages, § 516,
invented by Mr. Cochrane, and sold by Josse, in
Regent-street. How far the art of cooking by
gas will be suitable for country inns, may be
considered uncertain in the present infancy of
the invention ; but as, on calculation, it is found
in London to be much cheaper than roasting
by open fires of coal, and, for small joints,
equally cheap with sending meat to be cooked
in a baker's oven, it appears highly probable
that, wherever gas is used fur lighting, it will
answer to employ it also for cooking. In cities,
which are now generally lighted with gas, it will
probably soon effect an important revolution ;
for, since every house may be supplied with
heat by steam or hot water from public com-
panies, domestic fires will become unnecessary ;
and, as the smoke may be burned in the en-
gines of all manufactories by Witty's furnaces,
our atmosphere may
be left comparatively pure,
and our town architecture be displayed to as
great advantage as town architecture now is on
the continent.

That popular work, " Tremaine," which has
now acquired a standArd place in our literature, is an-
nounced to form the first of the intended reries called
t, Culburn's Mo'fern Novelists." In publishing Monthly
the various Novels of which this Collection will be formed,
it is intended to afford the public an opportunity of obtain-
ing at a cost little exceeding one third of their original
prices, some of the moat sterling and admired works of
fiction that have emanated from the pens of living writers.