The Sun.
London, England, 1846-07-04 00:00:00

S U 14'

commenced a most important year. We resolved to adjourn
our ordinary meetings of the council for a month to London ;
also the weekly meetings. We then commenced at the
Crown and Anchor; thence we proceeded to Freemasons'
Hall ; and then, invited by that distinguished man, Mr.
Macready, took possession of Drury-lane Theatre. From
week to week meetings were there held ; our tract distribu-
tors were at work, traversing hill and dale, delivering to
every elector in the register a packet of tracts, containing an
exposition of our principles; and, over and beyond this, the
first broadside was given to the agricultural monopolists by
Mr. Cobden announcing his intention of holding a series of
agricultural meetings. These meetings were continued, and
with one questionable exception, in 31 or 32 open county
meetings, the monopolists, on their own ground, were over-
come and defeated.—(Hear, hear, and cheers.) We thus
closed the year 1143. We had lectured the people •, deputa-
tions had waited upon Government; petitions had been
presented to the Ministers; information was spread widely
and freely to the people ; and at our county meetings we had
every one, save one, declared in our favour. We have made
a report to our constituents, and then we proposed that which
they at once conceded, that the fund to be collected for the
next year should be 100,0001. It was agreed upon at a
meeting held in this room, and presided over by Mr.
Greg, when 12,0001. was given at one collection. It was
afterwards increased to 20,0001. I shall not go over a de-
tailed history of our proceedings for 1844 ; they were in
almost all respects similar to those of 1845—public meetings,
agricultural meetings, lectures, and the distribution of pub-
lications; nor shall I refer to the proceedings of the League
during 1845, because they were in all respects, save the
agricultural meetings, of the same character as those of
1844. Nor will I refer for one moment to that extraordinary
exhibition of man's ingenuity and woman's devotion, the
Anti. Corn-law Bazaar, which was held for 21 days in the
Theatre Royal Covent-garden. But in order, after having
educated the country, that we might bring all the influences
of the past agitation to bear on the Legislature, we projected
the last and greatest movement—the registration.—(Cheers.)
I may say of that movement, much as it has been objected
to, that every vote which has been acquired, according to the
suggestions laid down by the League, has been pronounced,
when presented for the consideration of the Lord Chief
Justice, good in every respect—(Hear, hear)—that the de-
sire and disposition of the operatives, or others who may seek
to possess the franchise, has been said by the same eminent
authority to be laudable and commendable.—(Cheers.) I
have thus gone over the principal plans pursued by the
League; they were confined to a few leading operations; it is
for you to judge whether those operations are such as should
entitle any man to say they were at variance with the princi-
ples on which this League was established,', or in any respect
other than legal, peaceful, and constitutional.—(Hear, and
cheers.) It has been a glorious thing, that, to the men of
Manchester, and to those of other large towns, who have
connected themselves with the League, the country is mainly
indebted for the abolition of the corn-laws. It would have
been glorious to have carried our flags over the heads of our
hostile opponents to victory; but surely it is more glorious,
more desirable, to see our forces recruited, and our armies
lei, by men who, all their lives, and up to the present mo
ment, have opposed the abolition of the corn-laws—(Hear,
hear)—and that the flag of free trade should wave in
peaceful triumph over the
_heads of a reconciled and united
people.—(Cheers.)
Mr. COBDEN—If this were a meeting for any other purpose
than that of business, in the strictest sense of the word, I am
quite sure that I should feel more embarrassed at meeting
you on this occasion than I have done at any previous time ;
for feeling myself almost oppressed with the consciousness of
the importance of the events we have been passing through
lately, and of the great interest which is involved in the pre-
sent meeting, I am sure I could not do justice to the feelings
which are now affecting me. We are met here on the present
occasion as a:meeting of the council of the League. We have,
in the working of this body, as you are aware, an executive
committee of gentlemen living in Manchester, and also the
council of the League, consisting of the subscribers of 501. and
upwards. The executive council of the League have called
you, the council, together, for the purpose of taking your
opinion as to the course we shall now pursue ; and I think
the importance of that question is such that I shall confine
myself as strictly as possible to business details in what I
have to say, because I do not wish to prevent many gentle-
men who have come from distant parts having the opportu-
nity of giving their advice and assistance on this occasion.
The executive council of the League in Manchester have
talked over the matter repeatedly, and are now prepared to
submit their views; and as I may as well put you in posses-
sion of what the general purport of all the resolutions is, I
will just explain the substance of the whole.—(Hear, hear.)
We propose to recommend, not that the League shall ab-
solutely dissolved in the strict sense of the word, and yet we
propose to take such steps as amount to a virtual dissolution
of the League, unless the protectionist party compel us again
to revive our agitation. We propose to ask from you the
authority and instruction to wind up and suspend the affairs
of the League. We recommend that you should pass a re-
solution, absolving all those gentlemen who have put their
names down to the large guarantee fund and paid their first
instalment from any further liability. We propose that you
shall pass a resolution, authorising the gentlemen in Man-
chester who have acted on the council of the League, in case
they should see any serious efforts made by the monopolists
to revive the system of protection, or to induce Parliament to
retrace its steps, again to call the League into active exist-
ence. Gentlemen, we have thought that the course by which
we shall fulfil our duty to the general body of subscribers, and
likewise our pledges to the public. We have pledged ourselves
not to retire from this agitation, or disband the League,
until the corn-laws were totally and immediately abolished.
We are therefore not competent to dissolve this League. At
the same time I ought to say, that with reference to our
practical operations, it would be exceedingly difficult to
draw a line between a total suspension of the League and a
partial suspension. If we continue active operations at all,
it must be on a large scale and at an enormous expense.
I do not think you can draw a distinction between 500/.
a week and nothing. We have been spending, the last
three years, at least 1,0001. a week. Under these circum-
stances, I think it is a fair practical question to consider
what can be the object gained if we continue the active
agitation of the League. In two years and a half the corn-
laws will be abolished by an Act now upon the statute-
book ; and suppose our efforts in agitation out of doors
should be ever so successful, it is hardly possible that in
less than two years and a half we should succeed in altering
the law which now exists ; therefore I do not see that any
practical good can result from continuing the agitation in
any form whatever. Now, many people may say, " Are you
sate in disbanding this great organization ; are you safe in
taking off your uniform (if I may use th expression), or
casting aside your weapons of moral warfare ? Will not the
protectionists gain strength and confidence if they see you
abandon the field ?" lam of opinion that there is no danger
of anything of the kind. I look upon it that the mere boasting
and vapouring of a few of the less wise part of the protec-
tionist party may be very well excused by us. It is quite ,
natural that men, who felt worsted in argument and in all
the tactics of political acting during the last seven years,
should console themselves with the promises of what they
will do the next seven years. But I hold that you may as
soon abolish Magna Charta, or do away with trial by jury,
or repeal the Test and Corporation Act, or the Catholic Eman-
cipation Act, as ever re-enact protection as a principle in this
country. Some people say we go back in this country—l
maintain that we never go back after a question has been
discussed and sifted as ours has —(Hear, hear.) You have
never gone back in any of the great questions ; if settled once
they have been settled altogether. People do say that we
went back after the Reform Act was passed. I will tell
you what we did. We got hold of a machine which we
did not know how to use, and the proper use of which we
are now learning, but we never went back. Nobody ever
proposed the repeal of one enactment of the Reform Act.
Therefore, having made friends everywhere, our minds
should be at ease, and if we should see a Noble Lord or even
a Noble Duke talking of what they will do, don't let your
nervous system be excited or alarmed. They must raise a
fresh crop of statesmen to carry out their principles,
for we have all the statesmen now on our side of the
question. (Hear, hear, and cheers.) Such being our
position, we have very good grounds for gratulation on
the present occasion. In consequence, I hardly know
whom to thank, or how to account, for our present
position ; there has been such a combination of fortunate
accidents, that I must confess I am disposed to thank
that Providence which has overruled so many and apparently
conflicting incidents for this great and mighty good.—(Hear.)
I believe, gentlemen, we at all events may say that, humanly
speaking, we owe one debt of gratitude to our gracious Sove-
reign the Queen.—(" Hear, hear," and cheers.) I believe it
is not in strict etiquette to allude to the Queen's personal
views and feelings in any matter; but it is well known that
her predilections are strongly in favour of the cause we agi-
tate. Then there's her late First Minister. Well, gentle-
men, along with our success we have seen the downfal of
that Minister. Some people say he has lost office by giving
us free trade. Well, if he has lost office, he has gained a
country. For my part I would rather descend into private
life with that last measure which led to his discomfiture in
my hand, than mount to the highest pinnacle of human
power.—(Cheers.) Well, among the statesmen, we owe one
debt of gratitude to Lord John Russell.—(Hear, hear.) In-
dividually, I believe, we owe to him and his firmness during
the intrigues of the last six months in London, the support
of the Whig aristocracy at all in this measure.—(Hear,
hear.) lam anxious, as an individual, that all should have
their share of the gratitude due for the passing of these mea-
sures. I would not forget the late Deacon Hume, Mr. Mac-
gregor, and Mr. Porter; their writings have done more
than any declamation can possibly do. I would wish not to
forget Colonel Thompson.—(Cheers.) Colonel Thompson has
made larger pecuniary sacrifices than any man, and he
has contributed intellectually. Gentlemen, I said. I should
not detain you with a long speech, and in fact I cannot do
it, for I do feel oppressed with the feelings which now per-
vade my mind.—(Hear, hear.) I believe we are at an era
which, in importance, socially, has not its equal for the last
1,800 years. I believe there is no event that has ever hap-
pened in the world's history, that, in a moral and social point
of view, there is no human event that has happened in the
world, more calculated for the enduring interests of humanity,
than, the establishment of the principle of free trade ; I do
not mean in a pecuniary point of view, or as a principle ap-
lied to England, but we have a principle established now
which is eternal in its truth and universal in its applications
and must be applied in all nations and throughout all times,
and applied not simply to commerce, but to everyitemnlit, he
tariffs of the world ; and if we are not mistaken in thinking
will
that our principles are true, be assured that those results ill
follow, and at no very distant period.—(Loud cheers.) Why,
gentlemen, it is a world's revolution, and nothing e
(Hear.) And every meeting we have held of this League,
and this its last meeting probably, may be looked back upon
as the germ of a movement which will ultimately compre-
hend the whole world in its embrace.—(Cheers.) I see and feel,
and have always felt, the great moral and social importance
of this great question.—( Hear, hear.) I believe many who
have taken an active part in this question have been in-
fluenced solely by its moral and social consequences.—( Hear,
hear.) Gentlemen, we have amongst us on this occasion a
gentleman who has come) from a neighbouring country,
France, an eloquent advocate of free trade there, M. Duffour,
the mayor of Bordeaux.—(Cheers.) Gentlemen, it is grati-
fying that we should attract by a kindred sympathy the visit
to our meeting of so distinguished a man—(Hear, hoar)—
and I know he will go back, not with fresh emotions of sym-
pathy towards our cause, for those he has entertained al-
ready, but I have no doubt he will go back inspirited by
what he sees here, and that he will be anxious that France
should not stand long apart from England in this glorious
career, but that we should join hand in hand in setting na •
tions the example of the mutual advantages of peace.—(Loud
and prolonged cheering.) Well, gentlemen, this League must
dissolve—it must suspend. Our elements must be scattered.
Well, I cannot help saying personally for myself, that the
greatest pleasure I have found in the course of these pro-
ceedings has been in the acquaintances I have formed
with, and the kindness I have received from, the men con.:
sleeted with this association.—(Hear, hear.) If ; could
ever have despaired of this country, after the Acquaintances
which I have made with men in connexion with this
question—men who will be found the salvation of this
land in whatever good is to be accomplished—having
known what I do of my fellow-countrymen in this agita-
tion, I shall never despair of a moral power to conduct
this good ship through whatever storm may arise, which
will save us from anarchy at the one end or tyranny at the
other of society.—(" Hear, hear," and loud cheers.) lam
going to be egotistical; but I will say that, so far as I my-
self am concerned—so far as my tastes go—a release from
ale ectiris lift of agitation will not be unacceptable to naa.,

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• —(" Hear, hear," and cheering.) I ougi
enjoy the full pleasure of an agitator, to
constituted, and I don't think nature ev
for that line.—(Laughter.) I say it m
that I entered upon the career of agitatiol "0
slightest idea that it would ever have conducb\
point to which I have arrived.—(Hear, hear.)
the most distant idea of it. I don't think cle-endttirils.isitaNT
would have warranted me in taking the step eight years
ago if I could have seen what it would lead to.—(Hear, hear.)
We got into the groove and were pushed along, and we •
found ourselves carrying a train of good hardy spirits wko
would not leave us; and having given us their support we
were impelled forward in the groove at an accelerated
speed, and with a constantly accelerated sympathy. Well,
gentlemen, you will hardly credit it, when I say that with
respect to myself, I have precisely the same feelings now
with respect to the ordeal of public meetings that I had
when I began this agitation. It is a matter of great reluc-
tance and difficulty for me to appear before an audience at
all.—(Hear, hear.) Many people would think that we had
our reward in the applause and éclat of public meetings, but
I declare, upon my honour, that it is not so with me, for the
inherent reluctance I have to address public meetings is so
great that I don't even get up to present a petition in the
House of Commons without reluctance. I therefore hope I
may believed when I say that if this agitation terminates
now, it wilt be very acceptable to my feelings; but if there
should be the same necessity, the same feeling which has
impelled me to take the part I have would lead me to parti-
cipate in a new agitation—aye, with tenfold more vigour after
having had a little time to recruit my strength.—(Loud
cheers ) Well, gentlemen' we are going to dissolve; those
good spirits must disband, and I am not quite sure that
it is not wise and proper that it should be so. Now, we
have been kept together for seven years without one single
dispute—without anything to cause the slightest aliena-
tion. We have had the bond of freemasonry and bro-
therhood so closely knit about us, that I don't think
there has been a keen word in the happy family of the
Anti-Corn-law League.—(" Hear, hear," and cheers )
Well, that is the spirit in which we should break off. Were
we to continue our agitation, when the object for which we
associated is gained, I am afraid that the demon discord will
be getting in among us. It is in nature so. It is in our
moral nature necessary that, when an organised body has
performed its functions, it must pass into a new state of
existence, and become differently organised. We are dis-
persing our elements to be ready for any other good works,
and it is nothing but good works that will be attempted by
good Leaguers.—(Cheers.) Our body will, so to say, perish,
but our spirit is abroad, and will pervade all the nations of
the earth.—(Renewed cheers.) It will pervade all the
nations of the earth, because it is the spirit of truth and
justice, and because it is the spirit of peace and goodwill
amongst men. 1 move—
" That an Act of Parliament having been passed provid-
ing for the abolition of the corn-laws in February, 1849, it is
deemed expedient to suspend the active operations of the
Anti-Corn-law League, and the Executive Council in Man-
chester is hereby requested to take the necessary steps for
making up and closing the affairs of the League with as little
delay as possible.

"'That: the accounts of the receipts and expenditure of the
League, now presented, be passed.
'• That after payment of the first instalment the subscribers
of the 250,0004. League Fund be released from al further
liabilities.

" That in case any serious attempts be made by the Pro-
tectionist party to induce the Legislature to retrace its steps,
or prevent the final extinction of the corn-law in February,
1849, the gentlemen who have hitherto so ably fulfilled the
duties of the executive council be hereby authorised to call
the League into renewed existence.
" That this meeting views with feelings of unfeigned ad-
miration and gratitude, the long, arduous, and invaluable
services rendered to the League by the chairman of its
council, George Wilson, and hereby authorise the executive
council to present him, and to request his acceptance of, a
sum of not less than 10,000/., to be paid out of the funds of
the League.
" That the members of the executive council of the League
are entitled to the warmest gratitude of the League and of
the country, for their high-principled, laborious, and most
successful exertions during the seven years of our constitu-
tional agitation ; and that a committee be appointed, con-
sisting of Mr. Joseph Brotherton, M.P., and such gentle•
men as he may associate with himself, to determine on some
suitable testimonial to be presented to those gentlemen out
of the funds of the League.

" That the Council of the League, whilst discontinuing its
own operations, cannot be insensible to the intimations given
by the leading Protectionists in both Houses of Parliament,
of a determination to contest the ensuing general election,
with a view to obtain the repeal of the Corn Importation
Bill; and, under these circumstances, the Council offer their
earnest recommendation to the free-traders in the Parliamen-
tary constituencies to continue their vigilant attention to the
registration, so as to be able to return a decided free-trade
majority to the next House of Commons."
Mr. J. BRIGHT, M.P. rose to second the resolution, and
was greeted with loud Cheers. He spoke as follows :—I need
not say that I participate to the fullest extent in the feelings
which have been expressed by Mr. Cobden—feelings which
must arise, I believe, in the hearts of most of us, when we
contemplate' the fact, that this is in all probability the last
meeting of the Anti. Corn-law League.—( Hear, hear.) lam
at this moment impressed with a feeling of the greatest pos-
sible delight that the object for which we have been banded
together is at length accomplished ; but that feeling is tinged
with one of another character, when I remember that in all
probability we are now about to separate from friends with
whom we have been long connected, and that have no
longer in pursuit an object which has been the dearest ant
most cherished of our lives.—(Hear, hear.) At such a meet-
ing as this, and in such circumstances, I would be the vet
last man to utter one syllable of unworthy exultation over
those who have been defeated.—(Hear, hear.) I would n
add one word to the unpleasant sensation of a party who
hopes have been altogether destroyed ; I would not say any-
thing that should add to the exasperation and the bitternj-ts
we have introduced to some extent between various classes
of this community during the protracted struggle which ii
now concluded; but I am of opinion that this final meeting
may have some result beyond that of merely determining to
wind up the affairs of this League—that it may have some
result, that upon it we may point a moral, and may learn a
lesson—we may contemplate the past. and we may for a
little survey the future.—( Hear, hear.) To the public, the
men especially who don't think very deeply, the object.
of the Anti-Corn-law League is accomplished when the
corn-law is repealed ; but if a thinking and philosophic
mind were asked what the League has done, I am -of opi-
nion that his answer would include many other points
and many other things beyond the repeal of a particular
statute.--(Hear, hear.) We have taught the people of
this country the value of a great principle.— (Hear, hear.)
They have learned that there is nothing that can be held
out to the intelligent people of this kingdom so calculated
to stimulate them to action, and to persevering action, as a
great and sacred principle like that which the League
espoused.—(Hear, hear.) They have learned that there is iii
public opinion a power much greater than that which resides
in any particular form of government ; that, although you
have in this kingdom a system of government which is called
" popular" and called " representative," a system which le
clumsily contrived, and which works with many jars and
clatters, that still, with a great principle, and with great
labour, and with great sacrifices, all those obstacles are
overcome, and out of a machine specially contrived for the
contrary justice and freedom at length is achieved for
the nation ; and the people have learned something beyond
this, that is, that the way to freedom henceforward is not
through violence and bloodshed,—(Hear, hear, and loud
cheers.) Why, there can be no power on earth with which
we can ever be again called to contend more powerfully
than that which we have overthrown on this question—(Hear,
hear)—for we have had the particular privileged class banded
together, many of them strong in prejudices, many of them
believing that their personal and class interests depended
upon the views which they thee held being maintained ;
and we have had also mighty prejudices and ignorance.
among the people to contend with; and yet all these havebeen
dispelled ; and there is nothing in the whole United King-
dom at present to oppose us except the miserable remnant of
the ignorance which once prevailed.—(Hear, hear, and cheers.)
I take it that there is no better lesson for the people to learn
from it than this,—that by persevering effort. that by no in-
fraction of moral law, by strict obedience to the principles
which we believe to be enjoined by the Christian code, they'
can obtain so great and signal victories, and victories which
are not tarnished in the gaining, and victories which can
never be lost,—more great and more glorious than any other
nation ever achieved by force of arms.—(Hear, hear, and
cheers.) But this Anti-Corn-law League will stand before
the world as a sign of a new order of things.—(Hear, hear.)
Until now this country has been ruled principally by the
class of great proprietors of the soil. Every 020 must have
foreseen, as trade and manufactures extended, that the
balance of power would at some day or other be thrown into
another scale. Well, that time has come—(Hear, hear)—
and the rising of this League seven years ago was sufficient
to have pointed out to any statesman that the power of the
landed aristocracy had reached its height, and that hence-
forth it must find a rival and an opponent to which eventually
it must become subjected.—(Hear, and cheers.) Now, we
have been livingoutstroeufgh
Lrda
s mredveoeluteidoniwtsiettf a power without
in theknowing it,.
In 1832 the House
state irresponsible except to heaven, and took upon itself to
say that a law should or should not pass. The House of Lord&
now makes no such pretensions ; Lord Stanley declared,
" God forbid that your Lordships should set yourselves against
the clearly expressed will of the people"—(Hear, hear)—aud I
heard (for I listened to most of their debates on this quell-
tion)—l heard several other Members of the House of Peers
make use of very similar expressions.—(Hear.) They there-
fore understand their position now—that they meet there%
not directly representing certain constituencies or elected by
them, but still that they are supposed to represent the people
to some extent, and that they are responsible to public opi-
nion for the exercise of the power which the constitution
Heacro,
ahnear,'t'aant h
d ctheeeru
ihta has
si intrusted utahtiesdatnhde ma wi
neighbouringth.--(
greats. t Bug
ele-
ment of power in this country is henceforth to be found.
' Lancashire, the cotton district, and the West Riding of ‘ county h
York-
shire, must govern England.—(Hear, hear. )
The meeting was afterwards addressed by Mr. R. H. Greg;
Mr. Edward Baines, jun., Leeds ; Mr. P. A.Taylor, London;
Mr. William Brown, Liverpool ; Mr. John Cheetham,
Staleybridge ; Mr. F. R. Atkinson, Manchester; Mr. G.
Thomas, Bristol ; and Mr. John Whittaker, Hurst. Mr.
Cobden moved a vote of thanks to Mr. George Wilson, chair-
man of the League, for his invaluable services. By the ret•
solution conveying this vote, the executive council are an-
, thorised to present to Mr. Wilson the sum of 10,0001.
' Mr. J. B. SltiTli seconded this resolution, and it was ably
' supported by Mr. Joseeir BROTHERTON, M.P.
Thejproceedings terminated at half-past two o'clock.

:5
;

(From the Liverpool Mercury of yesterday.)
Another meeting was held at three o'clock, at the
same place, to take into consideration the propriety of
presenting a national tribute to Mr. Cobden. The
Mayor, W. B. Watkins, Esq., occupied the chair.
The MAYOR stated that he had consented to preside
in consequence of a requisition presented to him, and
signed by gentlemen of all parties. If the meeting had
been called merely for party purposes, he need scarcely
say he should not have been there. He called upon
Mr. R. H. GREG to propose the first resolution. Mr.
Greg read a letter from the Hon. Mr. Villiers, cordially
approving of the object of the meeting, and expressing a
hope that it might be successful. He also read a letter
from Mr. C. Paget, one of the most successful agricultu-
rists in the kingdom, offering 1001. towards a subscription,
and then proceeded to eulogise the conduct of Mr. Cali;
d(n, who, he had been informed, had not only given
his labour and time, but, he had it from good authority,
had sustained an actual loss of 50,000/. by his unwearied
attention to the League. He proposed the following
resolution;—" That this meeting, impressed with a deep
sense of the untiring exertions, the unsparing self-sacra
five, and unrivalled wisdom and prudence exhibited by
Richard Cobden, during the seven years' struggle for
the delivery of our industry from the restrictions of an
impolitic and unjust legislation, desire to conclude this
peaceful and moral triumph by a fitting expression of
honour and gratitutlo to that man to whom the nation is
mainly indebted tor its succe.tslul issue ; it is tkertofoco.re
rem:Ana, that our fellow-countrymen be invited o
operate with us itt testifying their appreciation of the

iralleled services rendered to the nation by Richard '
den, by raising for, and presenting to him, a nationa
trivate commensurate with hls deserts, and with the
character of the British people."-(Loud cheers.)
Kr. Wm. BROWN seconded the motion, which was
can ied unanimously.
The MAYOR then read a letter from the Earl of
Radnor, approving of the objects of the meeting, and
desiring to have his name put down as a subscriber.
He also read a letter from Mr. John Brooks, who ex-
pressed a hope that at least 100,0001. would be raised
for the testimonial, and begging that his name might be
put down for any sum not exceeding 5001. A letter was
read from the Earl of Dacie, stating that they ought not
to be satisfied with an amount less than 100,000/., and
also a letter from Sir Joshua Walmsley, expressing his
desire to be useful with others in promoting the object
of the meeting.
Mr. ROBERT GARDNER, seconded by Mr. J. P. WEST-
nEAD proposed the appointment of a Committee for
carrying out the previous resolution.
Mr. Alderman NEILE proposed that the Mayor of
Manchester be the chairman; Mr. Alderman Potter the
vice-chairman; Mr. R. H. Greg, Mr. George Wilson,
and Mr. William Rawson, the joint treasurers of the
Cobden National Testimonial Fund.
The motion was seconded by Mr. SALTS SCHWABE,
and supported by Mr. W. A. Wilkinson, of London.
The CHAIRMAN then commenced to receive subscrip
tions, and the following were announced:-J. and N.
Phillips and Co., 1,000/.; Brown, Shipley, and Co., of
Liverpool, 1,0001.; Mr. T. Mather, of Holy well, 1501.;
Miss Mather, Miss J. Mather, Messrs. J. R. and D.
Mather, of Liverpool, 8501., being 1,0001. from the
Mather family; Mr. John Brooks, 5001.; Mr. R. H.
Greg and Brothers, 500/.; Alexander and Samuel Henry
Ind Co., 1,000/4 Frederick Steiner, 5001.; Hargreaves
Brothers and Co., Broad Oak, 5001.; Rathone Brothers
and Company, Liverpool, 250/. ; Thomas Hoyle and
Sons, 800/. ; Kelsalls and Company, 250/. ; James
Mulleneux, of Liverpool, 2001.; Thomas Tl.omason,
Bolton, 500/4 James Collier, Harter, and Co.; 5001.;
William Hargreaves, Grange, Milnthorpe, 2001.; Salis
Schwabe and Co., 5001.; John and Thomas Potter,
tool.; Lady Potter, 1001.; Gardner and Bazley, 4001.;
ohn M`Viccar, 100 guineas; John Kershaw, 300/.;
and J. Rawdon, Liverpool, 250/. ' • James Mellor,
Liverpool, 2501.; John Finch and Sons, Liverpool, 1501.;
the Mayor of Manchester, 2001.; George Foster, 1501.;
Samuel Fletcher, Sons, and Co., 400/.•' Richard Matley,
2004 ; James Chadwick, 2001. ; J. P. Westhead, 200/.;
Edward Westhead, 100/. ; R. Johnson, 100/. ; Robert
Stewart, (who gave the first 10/ to the League,) 100/. ;
George Humphreys, 2001. ; ill‘Connel and Co., 250/. ;
Robert Lees and Son, 730/. ; Ramer Stansfield, of Leeds,
100/ ; J. B. Smith, 1001. Cards were still being handed
in when our reporter left-the subscriptions at that time
received amounting to the handsome sum of
FOURTEEN THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED AND
FIVE POUNDS ! !

North Staffordshire (Hareeastle to Sandbach), 9 miles
in length, with a capital authorised by Act of 200,0001.,
and a further capital to be borrowed of 65,0001. Parlia-
montary deposit, 15,0001.
North Staffordshire (Pottery line), 55 miles in length,
with a capital authorised by Act of 1,500,0001., and a
further capital to be borrowed of 500,0001. Parliamen-
tary deposit, 115,0001.
North-Western, 61 miles in length, with a capital au-
thorised by Act of 1,350,0001., and a further capital to
be borrowed of 450,0001. Parliamentary deposit, 51,4781.
Rugby and Stamford, 35 miles in length, with a capital
authorised by Act of 600,0001, and a further capital to
be borrowed of 200,003/.
Scottish Midland Junction, 16 miles in length, with a
capital authorised by Act of 300,000/., and a further
capital to be borrowed of 100,0001. Parliamentary
deposit, 21,500/.
Slamanan and Borrowstouness, 7 miles in length, with
a capital authorised by Act of 170,4001., and a further
capital to be borrowed of 35,000/. Parliamentary deposit,
7,875/.

South-Eastern, Ashford Station Enlargement, with a
capital authorised by Act of 500,0004 and a further
capital to be borrowed of 160,000 L

South-Eastern, Rye to Rye Harbour, with a capital
authorised by Act of 20,0001., and a further capital to
be borrowed of 6,6001. Parliamentary deposit, 1,5001.
South-Eastern. Tunbridge Wells to Hastings and
Rye, 21 miles in length, with a capital authorised by
Act of 640,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed of
213,300/. Parliamentary deposit, 48,0001.
York and North Midland (East Riding Branch, No.
1), 35 miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act
of 360,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed of
120.0001.

York and North Midland (East Riding Branches,
No. 2.), 26i miles in length, with a capital authorised
by Act of 265,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed
of 88,3001. Parliamentary deposit, 20,0001.
York and North Midland (Leeds Extension), 17 miles
in length, with a capital authorised by Act of 360,0001.,
and further capital to be borrowed of 120,000/. Parlia-
mentary deposit, 26,725/.
York and North Midland (Whitby and Pickering Ex-
tension), lei miles in length, and a further capital to be
borrowed of 300,3771.

SUMMARY.

Capital stock authorised by tho Acts of

_
Parliament £36,334,130
Further capital authorised to be borrowed
over and above the capital stock

Total amount authorised to be raised
Note.—There are about twelve Bills to receive the
royal assent this evening, in addition to the above.

THE BISHOP OF LONDON'S NEW
CHURCH DISCIPLINE BILL.

The following is a synopsis of the Bill introduced by
the Bishop of London—" For amending the laws for
the correction of clerks," which has excited so much
attention amongst the clergy. The preamble states that
the manner of proceeding in Ecclesiastical Courts for the
correction of clerks requires amendment, and repeals the
4th Vic., " Act for better enforcing church discipline,"
and the Ist Hen. VIL, " Act for bishops to punish
priests and other religious men for dishonest lives," and
it provides that all proceedings commenced before the
passing of this Act under the authority of the first-
recited Act shall be continued, and carried on to judg-
ment and execution, and all such proceedings and judg-
ments shall be as valid as if the first-recited Act had not
been repealed.

RAILWAY ACTS WHICH HAVE
RECEIVED THE ROYAL ASSENT, 1846.
The following is a list of railways for which Acts have
passed in the present session, the length of each line,
the capitals and further sums authorised to be raised,
and the Parliamentary deposits paid :
Arbroath and Forfar, with a capital authorised by Act
of 40,0001.
Ballechney, with a capital authorised by Act of
40,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed of 13,300/.
Parliamentary deposit, 3,300/.
Belfast and County Down, 451 miles in length, with a
capital authorised by Act of 500,000/., and a further
capital to be borrowed of 166,666/. Parliamentary de-
posit, 20,000/.
Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire Junction, 46
miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
1,500,0001, and a further capital to be borowed of
500,000/. Parliamentary deposit, 97,245/.
Boston, Stamford, and Birmingham, 22 miles in length,
wi'h a capital authorised by Act of 252,000/, and a fur-
ther capital to be borrowed of 84,0001.
Brighten, Lewes, and Hastings Deviations, and East-
bourne, Seaford, and Newhaven Branches, with a capi-
tal authorised by Act of 182,000/., and a further capital
to be borrowed of 60,600/. rarliamentary deposit,
18,680/.
Brighton and Chichester, Bogner and Littlehanapton
Branches, three miles in length, with a capital autho-
rised by Act of 45,000/., and a further capital to be bor-
rowed of 15,0001. Parliamentary deposit, 3,375/.
Brighton and Chichester, Steyning Branch, four miles
in length, with a capital authorised by Act of 45,000/,
and further capital to be borrowed of 14,6661. Parlia-
mentary deposit, 3,300/.
Bristol and South Wales Junction and Ferry, 15
miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
250,000!. and a further capital to be borrowed of 83,333/.
Parliamentary deposit, 9,487/.
Buckinghamshire, Oxford, an d Bletchley Junction, 291
miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
600,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed of 200,000/.
Par isaien,ary deposit, 55,000/.
Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction, 331 miles
in length, with a capital authorised by the Act of 600,000/,
and a further capital to be borrowed of 200,000/. Par-
liamentary deposit, 45,000/.
Colchester, Stour Valley, Sudbury, and Halstead, 191
miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
250,000/, and a further capital to be borrowed of 83,0001.
Parliamentary deposit, 18,750 Z
Direct London and Portsmouth, with a capital au-
oaorised by Act of 1,500,000/, and a further capital to
her:owed of 500,000/. Parliamentary deposit, 58 000/.
East Lincolnshire, 48 miles in length, with a capital
horised by Act of 600,000 L, and a further capital to
borrowed of 200,000/.
Eastern Union (Ardley to Colchester), two miles and
!lea in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
-J,OOOl, and a further capital to be borrowed of 6,666/,
l'arliamentary deposit, 1,550/.
Eastern Union and Hadleigh Junction, with a ca-
pital authorised by Act of 75,000/., and a further ca-
pital to be borrowed of 25,000/. Parliamentary deposit,
5,7051.
Edinburgh and Glasgow (Amendment and Branches)
six miles and a half in length, with a capital authorised
by Act of 150,000/, and a further capital to be bor-
rowed of 50,000/.
Edinburgh and Northern (Branches from the Dundee
and Arbroath Railway and Tay Ferry Improvement),
one mile and a half in length, with a capital authorised
by Act of 110,0001., and a farther capital to be borrowed
of 36,7001. Parliamentary deposit, 11,010/.
Edinburgh and Northern, Pettycur and Perth Har-
bour, one mile in length, with a capital authorised by
Act of 26,550/, and a further capital to be borrowed of
8,8501. Parliamentary deposit, 2 655/.
Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton Amendment, with a
capital authorised by Act of 53,2804 and a further capi-
tal to be burrowed of 17,760/.
Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock, and Ayr Amendments
and Branches (No. 1), three miles in length, with a
capital authorised by Act of 60,000/., and a further capi-
tal to be borrowed of 20,000 L Parliamentary deposit,
6,000/.
Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock, and Ayr Amendment
and Branches (No. 2), four miles in length, with a
capital authorised by Act of 80,000/., and a further capi-
tal to be borrowed of 26,6661. Parliamentary deposit,
8,0001.
Glasgow. Paisley, Kilmarnock, and Ayr Amendment
and Branches (No. 3), 18 miles in length, with a capi-
tal authorised by Act of 230,000/, and a further capi-
tal to be borrowed of 76,000/. Parliamentary deposit,
23,000/.
Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Extension (No.
1), 7+ mites in length, with a capital authorised by Act
of 290,000/, and a further capital to be borrowed of
96,6001. Parliamentary deposit, 4,500/.
Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Extension
(No. 2), 20 miles in length, with a capital authorised by
Act of 265,000/, and a further capital to be borrowed of
88,000/ Parliamentary deposit, 23,0001.
Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Extension (No.
3), 201 miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act
of 300,000/., and a further capital to be
‘borrowed of
100,0001. Parliamentary deposit, 20,0001
Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction (ffumber Fer
ries), with a capital authorised by Act of 40,0001., and
a turther capital to be borrowed of 13,0001. Parlia-
mentary deposit, 3,000/.
Great North of England and Bedale Branch, seven
miles in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
80,500/, and a further capital to be borrowed of 29,500/.
Parliamentary deposit, 6,6351.
Great North of England and Boronghbridge Branch,
51 miles in length, wi h a capital authorised by Act of
70,8001., and a further capital to be borrowed of 23,6001.
Parliamentary deposit, 5,295/.
Great North of Scotland, 108 miles in length, with a
capital authorised by Act of 1,500,0001, and a further
--spited to be borrowed of 500,000/. Parliamentary de-
oosit, 133 4471.
Great Western, with a capital authorised by Act of
~710,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed of
,2::6,666/.
Lancashire and North Yorkshire, 45 miles in length,
/NI a capital authorised by Act of 1,470,000/., and a
archer capital to be borrowed of 496,000/. Parliamen-
ary deposit, 56,000/.
London and Brighton (East Grinstead Branch) 6i
tailes in length, with a capital authorised by Act of
0,000/., and a further capital to be borrowed of 26,6661.
Parliamentary deposit, 6,000/.
London and York, 307 miles in length, with a capital
authorised by Act of 5,400,0004 and a further capital to
be borrowed of 1,800,000/.
Maldon, Witham, and Braintree, 12 miles in length
with a capital ate horised by Act of 200,000/, and a
further capital to be borrowed of 60,0001. Parliamentary
deposit, 7,5001.
Mahon and Driffield Junction, 24 miles in length, with
a capital authorised by Act of 240,0001., and a further
capital to be borrowed of 80,0001. Parliamentary de-
posit, Is,loBl.
Manchen.qr and Birmingham, with a capital authorised
by Act of 460,0001.
Midland Erewash Valley Extension, 8} miles in length,
with a capital authorised by Act of 230,000/., and a flir-
t' er capital to be borrowed of 76,666/.
Midland (Syston to Peterborough, Deviations and
Branches). 61 miles in length, with a capital authorised
by Act of 85,000/., and a further capital to be borrowed
of 28,333/.
Newcastle and Darlington (Thirsk and Milton
Branch), 28} miles in length, with a capital authorised by
Act of 300,0001., and a further capital to be borrowed of
100,000/. Parliamentary deposit, 22,550/.
Nc rth British, 15:1 miles in length, with a capital au-
thorised by Act of 170,000/, and a further capital to be
borrowed of 56,6661.
North British (Hawick Branches), 25 miles in length,
with a capital authorised by Act of 770,000/., and a fur-
ther capital to be borrowed of 266,666/. Parliamentary
deposit, 53,000/.
North Staffordshire (Churnet Valley), 65 miles in
length. with a capital, authorised by Act of 1,200,000/.,
and a further capital to be borrowed of 400,000/. Par-
liamentary deposit, 84,50D1

The ist clause defines the terms "benefice," "bishops,"
and " diocese."

The 2d enacts that: any clerk in holy orders of the
Established Church, who shall be charged with any of-
fence against the ecclesiwtical laws, or concerning
whom there shall be any scandal or evil report, or who
may have demeaned himself in any manner unbe-
coining a clergyman, the cognizance of the cause shall
belong to the bishop of the diocese in which he shall
hold any benefice ; and, in the case of a clerk holding
no benefice, to the bishop of the diocese in which he
shall reside ; and if ho have no known place of resi-
dence in England or Ireland, to the archbishop of the
province in which the offence is alleged to have been
committed ; or, if the offence is alleged to have been
committed out of England and Ireland, to the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury ; in any case in which it shall ap-
pear to the bishop, &c., that the expense of the pro-
ceedings would be much lessened by causing them to be
instituted in another diocese in which the offence is
charged or reputed to have been committed, if he shall
think fit, he may make over the cognizance of the cause
by letters of request to the bishop of such other diocese.
The 3rd enables the Bishop, if he should think proper,
before articles against a clergyman are filed, to cause a
preliminary inquiry to be made, and to admonish the
accused, who may consent to a private inquiry taking
place. The Bishop, either personally or by commission,
to examine witnesses in the presence of the accused,
unless with his written consent. Ile may tender wit-
nesses for examination, and cross•examine such wit-
nesses as shall appear in support of the charge ; no
counsel, advocate, agent, proctor, or attorney, shall be
allowed to be present. If upon being required so to do,
the accused party shall thereupon, by some writing
under his hand, confess the truth of the charge, and con-
sent that the Bishop shall forthwith pronounce sentence
upon him, the Bishop may pronounce forthwith such
sentence, which shall not exceed the sentence which
might be pronounced in due course of law.
The 4th requires that articles of accusation shall be
signed and approved of by an Advocate practising in
Doctors' Commons, and the party exhibiting such
articles to be bound with two sureties for the payment
of costs in the event of the charge failing, to be approved
of by the Registrar of the diocese in sums to be fixed by
the Bishop. Not to apply to articles exhibited by the
Bishop.
sth. Benefices may be sequestered to pay costs in the
event of conviction.

6111 and 7th. Articles to be filed, and articles, notices,
and requisitions may be served personally, or left at re-
sidence of party accused.
Bth. The accused to appear when cited, either person-
ally or by agent, within fourteen days.
The 9th appoints a Diocesan Council, consisting of
the archdeacons and some of the beneficed clergy within
the diocese.

10th. Accused not appearing to be proceeded against
during absence.
12th. Questions of fact to be decided by a majority of
the court, and those of law by the Bishop, &c.
15th. Offences and punishments. The Bishops, &c.,
may punish, by admonition, by deprivation of, or sus-
pension from, any benefice, and by adjudging to be per-
manently disabled to hold any benefice or exercise any
spiritual function, or by deposition from the ministry,
any clerk in holy orders who shall be found guilty of
blasphemy, heresy, schism, or of lewdness, incontinency,
drunkenness, or other indecency of life or conversation,
or of simony, or who shall have been convicted of trea-
son or felony before any Temporal Court, or for any
other cause for which by law now in force he may be
deprived, or is declared to be disabled to hold any office
or benefice, and every clerk so deposed or adjudged to
be disabled shall be for ever disabled to hold any spiri-
tual office or benefice, or to exercise any spiritual func-
tion.

17th. Empowers the Bishop to inhibit the accused
from performing the services of the Church during the
investigation and until the decision of the appeal, if
appeal be claimed. The accused may nominate a fit
person to act, who, if approved of by the Bishop, to be
licensed. If no such appointment be made, the Bishop
to appoint and fix the stipend, not to exceed half the net
income of the benefice.

19th. Witnesses and production of papers may be
compelled to attend by subpoena.
22d. Witnesses to be examined on oath.

23d. Appeal allowed to either party to the Court of
Appeal only on the ground that evidence material to the
issue of the cause has been wrongfully received or re-
jected, or that any judgment in order given to the cause
by the Bishop, &c., was not warranted by law, and on
either ground to move the Court of Appeal to order that
a new trial, or that the judgment or order complained
of be vacated and annulled.
24. Appeal shall be to the Queen in Council, and
shall be heard before the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council, unless the articles shall charge heresy,
or the Bishop havinx cognisance of the cause shall be of
opinion, and shall certify under his hand to the Lord
Chancellor, that a question of heresy or false doctrine
arises from consideration of the cause, when the appeal
shall be to a commission of delegates, to be appointed
according to the laws in force in cases of heresy, before
the passing of the Act 2 and 3 William IV., intituled
" An Act for transferring the Powers of the High Court
of Delegates both in Ecclesiastical and Maritime Causes
to his Majesty in Council."
25. Bishops who are of the Privy Council are to be of
the Judicial Committee on appeals, and no such appeal
shall be heard before the Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council, unless, at least, one of such Bishops shall be
present at the hearing tht reof. The Bishop who shall
have heard any such case, either personally or other-
wise, shall not sit as a member of the Judicial Committee
on appeal in that case.
26. No appeal shall lie, without leave of the Bishop,
&c., presiding at the trial, from any interlocutory de
tree or order not having the force of a definitive sen-
tence, nor in any case unless the party prosecuting such
leaiensnt appealwcutrhiosl
rlhr
epat a
shlrloeosbnseeeacccbuoultmerei et
ssyuubound, with two sufficient sureties,
in as
t e t (I) eh
appeale rßw pis
with
hrot
eyp
ff, shalle
tc ht at a
ntdeemhdeaaps pi 1 effia
ll
costs incurred by such other party by reason pofythe
appeal which the appellant shall be adjudged by the
Court of Appeal to pay, in case he shall not succeed in
, the matter of his appeal.

27. Empowers the Court of Appeal to order new
trial, It ben, where, and before such bishop as it shall
direct ; or to affirm, reverse, or annul the judgment or
order ; or to make other orders.
28. Sentence to take effect after the determination of
appeal
29. Enacts that no criminal suit shall be instituted in
any ecclesiastical court except such as are constituted
by this act. _

.•
30. The act not to interfere with persons instituting
suits to establish civil rights.

War Fans,Etatt.—The hops here are in a very precarious
state; some grounds are very full of vermin. The result is
very uncertain.
THE PRESENT HOT WEATHER.—The most agreeable
relief during this hot weather, is the use of Ross and Sons
Esprit de Lavande, as it is not only the most durable of per-
fumes, but the most reviving and refreshing. It is made from
the finest lavender water, perfected with extracts from the
choicest flowers, woods and Oriental gums, and smells, if
possible, more pleasant as it dries on the handkerchief, than
when first. applied. It has taken the sole propriators2o years
to bring it to its present state of perfection. Address Ross
and Sons, 119 and 120, Bishopsgate-street, who import the
inest French perfumes, made expressly for them in the south
of France, and which are four timei the strength and flavour
of eny L 9 be obtained in Paris.

THE SUN,
_LONDON, SATURDAY molt N JULY 4, 1846.

to the practical conclusion at which non-professional
men would arrive ; namely, " that, whatever may be the
case, it is certain that the disorder must be a most
extraordinary one, with which the Eclair is infected, if
it has produced so many lamentable results ; and so
much the more extraordinary, as other vessels have held
the same course as the Eclair, upon the same coasts of
Africa, have not contracted any disease."* The Neapo-
litan Government, whether rightly or wrongly, were
disposed to deal with this as a peculiar case ; and it is
pretty evident that, had not quarantine restrictions with
respect to this vessel been carried out by our Govern-
ment the injurious effects to British commerce—setting
aside the risk to public health—would have still been
greater than they were.
It is impossible not to commend the fair and candid
spirit which has been manifested by our Government in
publishing, as it has done, the whole of the correspond-
ence connected with the disease which prevailed in this
ill-fated vessel. It will show to foreign countries that
there is no desire to conceal facts, or to give a false
colouring to events which appear to militate against the
present feeling to abolish the laws of quarantine ; and
although the result to our minds leaves it certain that
these laws, in a mitigated form, cannot be dispensed
with, yet it is satisfactory to meet with a clear case, in
which facts and medical theories on the subject of con.
tagion can be fairly contrasted.
No later than the 16th of May, 1846, a motion was
made in the House of Commons on the quarantine laws
by Dr. Bowring. This gentleman, not being then in-
formed of the facts which have since come to light,
argued, with respect to the disease in the Eclair, basing
his argument on the views of Dr. M'William, that there
was not the slightest evidence that the disease was com-
municated from one person to another, thereby assuming
that all fevers acquired on the African coast must possess
precisely the same characters as the fever observed by
Dr. M'William on the African rivers. He further con-
tended, that " had they (the crew of the Eclair) been
removed from the focus of contagion, there would have
been no danger whatever to others, and he believed many
valuable lives would have been saved." Another mem-
ber thought "that the abolition of these (the quarantine)
laws would be a step not only in humanity, but towards
free trade;" and Mr. Mackinnon declared, " that if the
quarantine regulations had not been in existence, he
sincerely believed that one-half of the persons who
perished in the Eclair would have been saved."
This commercial view of the question—a view which,
for the sake of freedom of trade, leads its advocates to
propose, not merely the removal of abuses, but the entire
abolition of a system which civilised countries have set
up as a safeguard against the importation of disease.
Unfortunately for the arguments thus employed, they are
entirely opposed to the facts contained in this corres-
pondence. While Dr. ,'William's remarks on the ab-
sence of contagion apply to the river fever, Dr. Bowring
refers them to a fever contracted on the coast, differing
completely in symptoms from that described by Dr.
William, especially in the absence of one which is cha-
racteristic of the most aggravated form of the malady,
namely, " black vomit." Mr. Rendall's letter will
suffice to show whether there would or would not
have been danger to otheis by the disposal of the
crew of the Eclair in any other way than th
adopted under the directions of Sir W. Pym and Mr.
Arnott. The same answer may be returned to Mr.
Mackinnon's declaration, that "if the quarantine regu-
lations had not been in existence. he sincerely believed
that one-half the persons who perished in the Eclair
would have been saved." The correspondence shows
that the numbdr of the deaths after the arrival of this
vessel and her being placed in quarantine was only five.
It also proves that the number of deaths from fever
at Bona Vista, where the vessel had not been placed
under any quarantine restrictions, amounted up to the
last date (March 9) to no less than 400. We are,
therefore, disposed to draw a conclusion the converse of
that at which this gentleman has arrived, and to express
our firm belief, from the report before us, that had the
Portuguese Governor at Bona Vista adopted the quaran-
tine restrictions resorted to in this country, not one-half
only, but probably the whole of the 400 individuals who
have fallen victims to the fever in that island would now
have been living. Mr. Macaulay, a resident on the
island, in his official correspondence with the Earl of
Aberdeen, says, in relation to this subject:—
" One thing is quite clear, that the medical officers of
the Eclair, who had never previously served on the
African station, misunderstood the malady which pre-
vailed on board their ship, declaring from first to last
that it was nothing but the common coast fever—an
opinion which, whilst it unhappily obtained the unequi-
vocal concurrence of the only Portuguese doctor in the
island, received also the tacit assent, if not the unre-
served approval, of the only English doctor.
" Assured, by the concurrent testimony of all the
medical men to whom reference could be made, both
ashore and afloat, it is not surprising that the Governor-
General should have permitted the intercourse between
the ship and the shore to continue. As an unprofes-
sional man, he could not be expected to see cause for
alarm and precaution where none was thought necessary
by the doctors."—Page 39.
Dr. Bowring lately stated in Parliament that "he had
seen again and again that a crew, arriving in perfect
health, had perished from being delivered over to the
tender mercies of the sanitary laws." He may now, we
think, fairly add to his experience by a perusal of this
correspondence, in observing what are the effects of
deliverinz over the crew of a vessel effected with a sus-
picious disease to the tender mercies of commercial
theorists! The question is, not as Dr. Bowring puts it,
whether the healthy crews of vessels are to be subjected
to vexatious restrictions of intercourse, but whether
those crews which are not healthy are, for the sake of
freedom of trade, to become the means of spreading a
most fatal malady throughout a healthy community.
Is it better to cut off intercourse with the crew of a vessel
affected with disease. or to run the risk of multiplying the
inortalitya hundredfold among the community bscause the
present quarantine system is open to abuse? A man must
be singularly infected with the doctrines of free trade,
and singularly ignorant of the nature and progress of
contagious diseases, who can hesitate in deciding be-
tween these alternatives? The commercial party are,
however, fully aware of this difficulty to the practical
application of their views; they therefore adopt the opi-
nion, that the disease, whatever it may be, is not con-
tagious, and they seek to explain its diffusion by refe-
rence to all sorts of contingent circumstances—the state
of the thermometer, barometer, malaria, decomposed
bilge-water, mental depression, the use of ardent spirits,
Scc. We do not deny the influence of these causes in aid-
ing the diffusion and increasing the mortality of fever,
but we deny that they suffice to explain how it happened,
coast, g
au
i after
ttee r
that, in spite of the removal ofthecre
of the v
crew at Boila Vista,es.
and in spite of the thorouegnhaffoovearr haul overhauling, white.
washing, ves-
sel, htihneg ,Eclair fumigation,sho uld
cooling, and watering
still,
having sailed over nearly 2,000 miles of sea, become a
source of infection and a direct cause of death to several
persons who were permitted to have intercourse with
the ship. This may be explained either by contagion
existing in the ship itself or in the crew—we care not,
which. The bare fact still remains—a most fatal ma-
lady identical with that which prevails and is endemic
en the coast of Africa, was brought close to our
shores, and proved rapidly fatal to some who had
not been exposed to these peculiar therraometrical
and barometrical changes, malaria, the vapour of
bilge water, So. It is an event of this kind which
nations dread, and to prevent which quarantine re-
strictions are established. That these sometimes fail
to keep out disease, that they are most expensive to
maintain, that they are great burdens on commerce, and
that they are turned to vexatious uses by despotic states,
are circumstances which, with the evidence from this
correspondence before us, fail to furnish sufficient ground
for their entire abolition.
We shall reserve our examination of the conflicting
views entertained by Sir W. Burnett and Sir W. Pym,
on the nature of the fever which prevailed in the Eclair,
for a future number.

* " Che qualunque pert) fosse certo the un morbo tutto
straordinario deve esser quell° di cui e infettato • l'Eclair,' se
tanti tristi effetti ha predotto, e Canto pih straordinario in
quanta the gli altri legni the han tenuto la stessa rutta the
l'Eclair, non han contratto aleur morbo."

LORD WILLIAM RUSSELL.—The accounts of his Lord-
r ship's illness received on Saturday last by the Duke and
Duchess of Bedford were most discouraging; but subsequent
letters have pronounced a change for the better. As soon as
the Noble Lord can be removed with safety, he will be
brought from Genoa to this country.
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