The Sun.
London, England, 1848-09-21 00:00:00

BANK OF E GLAND-(THIS DAY.)
A half-yearly general court of the Governor and Pro-
prietors of the Bank of England was had at twelve
o'clock, this day, in the Court-room ; Mr. James Mor-
ris, the Governor, presided.
The attendance of Proprietors was very large.
The minutes of the last meeting having been read,
The GOVERNOR said—l beg to inform the court that
this is one of the quarterly general courts appointed to
be held by the Charter, and also one of the half-yearly
general courts appointed to be held by the bye-law s, for
the purpose of considering a dividend ; and that the
Court of Directors having considered the state
of the Bank accounts, are of opinion that a
dividend may be made if the court think
fit of three and a half interest and profits for the halt
year ending on the 10th of October, without any deduc
tion for income-tax. The Court of Proprietors regret
that they are not able to propose the same amount of
dividend as at the last half yearly court ; but owing to
the rate of interest and the little demand for money the
Proprietors must necessarily anticipate such an an-
nouncement on the part of the Directors. I bad better
state the rest. The rest on the 29th of February, 1848,
was 3,946,5241., out of which a dividend, at the rate of
tour and a half per cent. was paid in April, amounting
to 654,881/., leaving, after the payment of the dividend,
I have mentioned, 3.291,643/. The rest on the 31st of
August, 1848, was 3,808,5441., out of which it is proposed
:o pay a dividend of three and a half per cent. in October,
amounting to 509,355/. after which a rest will remain of
3,299,189/., showing an increase in the rest as compared
with that of the 29th of' February, 1848, after the pay-
ment of the dividend, of 7,5461.
Mr. FIELDER wished to make a few observations, but
in the outset of his remarks he wished it to be expressly
understood that he did not wish to suggest anything
which might by any possibility destroy the permanent
stability of England's bank—the glory of the world—
nor in speaking of the government of the bank,
and the course it had adopted in its manage•
ment, should he say anything which was improper
w ken applied to those entrusted with the ad-
ministration of their affairs. The proprietors were
much indebted to the governor for the very accurate and
useful summary of the proceedings of the bank for each
week. He found by that summary that the profits aris-
ing from the business of the corporation—not capital but
cash, were 14,553,000/. (as we understood for the halt'-
e showing that the bank possessed a nett capital of
18,381,6721., independent of the amount funded in 1832,
and other property valued at near 1,000,000/. Such, at
least, was its value in 1832, and he apprehended that the
great improvements that had been made in the bank and
its vicinity, that it was of that value now. In round
numbers, it might be said that the funded property
amounted to 19,000,0001., of which he found that no
more than 11,000,000/. had been subscribed, and that no
less a sum than 7 739,267/. were entirely from profits.—
(Hear, hear)—interest and profits on the business of
the corporation. In looking at the Act of Incorporation
he found that the spirit of the charter was to the effeet
that the annual profits were to be shared amongst the
proprietors without the deduction of one single shilling.
—(Cheers.) That was the spirit of the charter. It did
not say a single word about hoarding up their profits for
future generations, although he admitted that sufficient
of their profits should be retained for the efficient
working of the establishment. The Act of Anne spoke
in a similar strain with respect to the disposal of the
profits; and the great principle which was understood to
guide the operations of the establishment was, that di-
vidends should not in any case be paid out of capital, but
out of the legitimate profits. The Act of George 111.
laid down the same principle for their guidance, and
laid much stress upon the profits of the Bank being
divided every year amongst the Proprietors. But there
was another class of persons to whose interests they were
bound to look, because they were comparatively help-
less—namely, aged widows and orphans, and others,
perhaps, entitled to a life interest only. Why should they
accomplish the hoarding up of a large, and to his mind
an unnecessarily large, sum at the expense of those en-
ti'led only to a reversionary interest?—(Hear.) He was
opposed to the adoption of the principle in the Bank of
England of paying the proprietons only 700/. a year
when they made 1,000/., reserving 3001. to increase the
capital for the benefit of those persons of whom the
widow and the orphan knew nothing. He would ask the
professional advisers of the Bank, whether a Court of
Equity would sanction the payment of a similar sum
out of an estate yielding 1,000/. a year on the ground
that it would be well to lay out 30W. of it in increasing
the land and building upon it, when the heir-at-law
devisee would derive the sole benefit, not the life pro-
prietor, who was to be the sufferer? In 1694, 12,000,000/.
was subscribed, which was subsequently increased, and
he found that they had for many years been in the habit
of sharing the profits fairly and justly, and without
appl)ing any portion of them to swell the capital. Whilst
this plan was in operation, they went on extremely
well; but from the time they began to accumulate from
the profits to the extent of 7,000,0001. or 8,000,000/.
an entanglement of their affairs ensued from which they
had not recovered. No proprietor of right feeling
would favour the application of any portion of the pro-
fits for the creation of capital. In 1816, 2,910,0001. was
taken from the proprietors for this purpose, but he should
consider an old man of business could not understand
why it was done, since it was at the sacrifice of those
who had only a life interest. Instead of paying it off,
the same system was pursued up to the hour he was
speaking. Hence all the entanglement of " the old lady
in Threadneedle-street."—(Laughter.) He did not wish
to cast blame upon the directors, nor to cripple the
efficiency of the Bank, he merely wished to point out
how they might best avoid the errors of the past.
He considered they should be dividing 10/. instead of 7/.
per cent.. He begged to more the following amendment,
and trusted the Governors would take it into their
serious emsidoration :—" That the Proprietors should
have the same bonus, in addition to the dividend, as
they were awarded at the last meeting."—(Hear.)
Mr. 1)E WINTON seconded the amendment. After
paying a dividend of 41 per cent. for the half-year, they
would have a rest of upwards of 3,000,0001.
Mr. LEVY said that this question was discussed in
1847, and he believed it was then understood that when
the rest was 3,000,0001., the remaining profits ought
to be divided.. He defied any one to say that the Bank
had been injured by dividing 44 per cent. He
thought the directors were not the best judges of how
the funds of the Bank ought to be appropriated. It
they did not know how to lay out the money of the
Bank, the proprietors did.
The GOVERNOR said they had not earned more than
31 per cent. during the last half-year.
Mr. SELWYN supported the amendment.
Mr. GREY wished to know, when a larger profit had
been made, why the proprietors bad not had a larger
dividend than 41 per cent? He concurred in the amend-
ment that the dividend should be 41 per cent.
A PROPRIETOR thought they should have had a pro-
posal for a dividend of 4 per cent., but he considered it
monstrous to propose a dividend of 34 per cent., and he
was determined to give it his most strenuous oppo-

CREVIINAL COURT.-(THIS DAY.)

LITERATURE.
SERMONS ON PRACTICAL

SUBJECTS.

OLD COURT
(Before Mr. Commissioner BULLOCK.)
Edward Sharnock, aged 21, described as a labourer,
was charged with robbing John Roots of 30s.
The prosecutor came up from Rochester to endeavour
to get into an hospital, and being unable to get lodgings
by sat down on a door step, and fell asleep at twelve
o'clock one night. Whilst there he was struck by a
person whom he swore to be the priu3ner, who was ac-
companied by another person. Whilst in a senseless
state he was robbed of his money. The policeman came
up and found the prisoner, whom he gave into custody,
standing near Lim. No money was found upon him.
The jury did not consider the case proved, and Ac-
quitt( d the prisoner.
(Before Mr. Justice EARLE and Mr. Justice WILLIAMS.)
George Holden, aged 42, a labourer, was indicted for
committing a violent assault, with a rake, upon a lan
named William Payne, with intent to murder, at Brom-
ley, on the 22d of May last.
It appeared that they quarrelled, and the prisoner, in
the heat of passion, inflicted the blow, which eausro
much blood to flow and rendered it necessary that he
should have an operation performed upon him at the
hospital, and to be an in-patient for six weeks, and he
was now an out patient.
The prisoner expressed his sincere regret, and said he
struck the boy after much aggravation.
The jury found the prisoner guilty of the assault, but
not with the intention of murdering the boy.
Mr. Justice EARLE sentenced the prisoner to im-
prisonment in the house of Correction, with hard labour,
for nine calendar month%
THE CHARTIST PRISONERS.
Mr. BALLANTYNE applied to have a copy of the in-
dictment furnished by the Crown to the prisoners, for
whom he appeared.
Mr. Huddlestone and Mr. Kinderley made a similar
apprcation onlkhalf of other prisoners.
Mr. Justice EARLE said the trials of the prisoners
were for felony, and it appeared to him that they should
be conducted in the same way as other cases of felony,
and that it would be improper to make any difference
between the m by furnishing the parties with copies of
the indictments. The depositions with which the pri-
soners were supplied would give them full information
as to the charge which they were called upon to an-
swer. He did not think it right that any other facility
should be afforded to the prisoners except that which
was allowed by the law.
ASSAULT.— William Joseph Bailey, 21, a labourer, was
indicted with feloniously cutting and wounding John
Payne, with intent to murder him.
It appeared that the 'prisoner, while in a state of in-
toxication at a public-house, was engaged in a quarrel,
when Payne interfered, and in doing so the prisoner
struck him under the left arm with a knife, by which a
deep, but not a dangerous wound, was inflicted.
The jury found the prisoner guilty, and
,he was sen-
tenced to transportation for ten years.

1 Vol. pp. 363. By the Rev. Samuel Warytn.
It is not only as the father of one of our most dis-
tinguished novelists that any literary production
whatever from the pen of Dr. Warren, of Man-
chester, is welcome to our heart and agreeable to our
imagination. It is also, and in a particular manner,.
because of his own ripened abilities. The fruits of
his meditations, mellowed by the sunshine of piety,
and smacking of the flavour of a scholarly and re-
flective intellect, form a rare contrast to the crudities
of thought which are thrown off in such`abundance by
the younger and less experienced members of his pro-
fession. Of this the goodly volume before us is a
sufficient evidence, containing as it does the musings
of one whose religious feelings have been neither
embittered by fanaticism, nor darkened by the
wrathful motions of which are too often
generated in the heat of polemical dispu-
tation. Although we are seldom induced to
touch upon matters at all approaching to an ecclesi-
astical character, and although the present volume is
merely an improved edition of what had already been
prin:ed, we are impelled to notice the circumstance of
its publication because of the amenity f disposition
and the sweetness of philosophy displayed in almost
every syllable. Among the twenty-five sermons
eo:nprised in the volume, we must particularize in
an especial manner the one upon " The fading of the
Leaf." It brings to our remembrance the brilliant
and condensed eloquence of old Jeremy Taylor, that
eloquence which glittered with the gems of wit, and
the gold of wisdom.

THE STORY OF 7'HE PENINSULAR WAR.

1 Vol. pp. 399. By the Marquisol Londonderry.
Better, immeasurably better, in our estimation,
than the " Story of the Battle of Waterloo," by that
indefatigable book-maker, that semi-clergyman, and
demi-semi-soldier, the Rev. Mr. Gleig, is the story
of the campaigns in the Peninsula. as told by Lieu-
tenant• General Charles William Vane, Marquis of
Londonderry. The story has the advantage in this
instance of the storyteller having himself partaken
of those perils in " flood and field" which his pen
delineates. As colonel of the second regiment of
Life Guards the noble author shared in the vicissi-
tudes and glories which marked the progress of
British arms on the Spanish and Portuguese
peninsula. He was, therefore, peculiarly qualified
to record the achievements of his gallant brethren in
arms, and the more so, because :he: has: betrayed no
disposition to gratify a petty vanity, by pushing
himself forward into an unnecessary prominence in
the course of his manly and soldier-like narrative.
In speaking thus decidedly of the merits of this com-
position, we are aware that the work is long since
familiar to the majority of English readers. We are
commenting upon a narrative whose merits and de-
merits have long since been weighed in the balance
of miscellaneous criticism. Nevertheless, we con-
ceive ourselves to be justified in some measure
in our allusion, from the fact of the re-publi-
cation of the work of the Marquis of Londonderry
in a more accessible and portable form than hitherto,
in a form calculated to extend the range of its popu-
larity, and to render it welcome in the public estima-
tion as a running commentary on the more ornate
and laborious effusion of the historian Napier. Mr.
Colburn deserves some expression of eulogium for
the production of this fascinating account of the
Peninsular War in a manner so singularly elegant
and compact, and at a price so peculiarly moderate.
The work is embellished with engraved likenesses of
the author, of the Duke, of Lord Hill, of Viscount
Beresford, of the Marquis of Anglesey, and of
General Sir Hussey Vivian ; besides an elaborate
map of the entire Peninsula. It is worthy of
remark that the republication of the " Story
of the Peninsular War" has some direct pretensions
to originality, inasmuch as, appearing in three parts,
the whole of the third part, with the exception of the
28th chapter, has never before appeared.

MARLBRO'-STREET-(THIS DAY.)
James Kingsley, a respectably dressed young man, who
rave his address No. 267, Strand, was.broughtibefore Mr.
Bingham, charged with begging.
Mr. George Fred. Hardy, a gentleman residing in
Gate-street, Lincoln's Inn-fields, said last night as he
Ras proceeding along Berry-street, St. James's, the pri-
soner came up to him and asked him to assist him (pri-
soner). Witness immediately recognised the prisoner by
his voice as the same individual who had addressed him
in a similar manner some few weeks ago. Witness, to
satisfy himself as to that fact, questioned the prisoner,
when he repeated exactly the same tale as he had done
on the former occasion, which was that he was a student
of Trinity College, Dublin, and that he had been dis-
charged from a situation in a school at Cowley,
near Oxford, for having a quarrel with a fellow
tutor, and that his family had discarded him and
refused to assist him ; he was, therefore, in the
greatest distress. Witness told him if he really was
a schoolmaster in distress, and his tale was true, he
would give him a sovereign. The prisoner, however,
declined to satisfy witness as to the truth of his state-
ment, and on arriving in Regent•street he gave him in
charge.
In answer to the charge, the prisoner said he had
lately left a situation as tutor in a school at Cowley, near
Oxford. He previously held the situation of a tutor in a
school at Sunbury. By writing to those places the Ma-
gistrate would be perfectly satisfied as to the correctness
of his statement.

HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
From 1789 to 1848. Part I. By T. W. Redhead.
A very remarkable compilation, of which the pre-
sent part is the first instalment, has just commenced
by the Messrs.iChambers. To the other boons which
those industrious and gifted publishers have conferred
upon the people of these islands will undotibtedly be
added, and that, moreover, in a very prominent posi-
tion, the work written by Mr. Redhead upon the French
Revolutions. From the Preface and Advertisement
we observe that the history will be completed in six
monthly parts, forming three volumes octavo. It
will embrace the narrative of all these wonderful
events which occurred in, or emanated from, France
from the year 1789 to the year 1848, inclusively.
The style of the writer is perspicuous, and occa-
sionally even characterized by a nervous energy of
expression.

Complainant said he would leave a sovereign in the
Magistrate's hands, in case the prisoner's statement
should prove true.
Mr. BINGHAM said he proposed to let the matter stand
over until Saturday next; and if he really was in the
distress he said he was, it could not in the least act as a
punishment, as he would be extremely well cared for in
prison. He (Mr. Bingham) would direct that prisoner
should be furnished with writing materials, to write to
the places mentioned, as he (Mr. Bingham) held it his
duty to make the fullest inquiry into the case.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.
BEDFORD RACES.—WEDNESDAY.
The Bedfordshire Stakes of 20 sovs. each, 10 ft., Scco
with 70 added. Two miles.
Mr. Parr's Sponge, 3 yrs ... (W. Butler) 1
Mr. Stephenson's Doctrine, 4 yrs ... 2
Count Bathyany's Egremont, 3 yrs ... 3
The following also started, but were not placed:—
Mr. Ongley's Bird of Paradise, 3 yrs
Mr. Russell's Legislator, 4 yrs
The Two years old Stakes of 20 sovs. each, with 50
lidded. Last half mile. _

THE ROYAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1 Vol.

-
pp. 129. Translated by J. A. F. Ju+lge.
A little book, emblazoned with the royal diadem,
and consisting of the Private Letters between Queen
Victoria and Louis Philippe—those letters which, with
other strange manuscripts, were discovered in the port-
folio of the ex-Sovereign of the French, on the cap-
ture of the Tuileries, and which subsequently ap-
peared in the Revue Retrospective. As a curio-
sity in the Belles Lettres the correspondence is not
unworthy of preservation, and especially as contain-
ing very important materials for the future historian.

(Pettit)

Duke of Bedford's Newport ...
Mr. Dyson's Christiana ••• •••
Lord Lonsdale's c. by Epirus darn, by D'Egville ... 3
The following also started, but were not placed:—
Mr. Ongley's Maid of Lorn ••• 0
Mr. Cnarlton's Kiss-a-way ••• 0
Major Martyn's Cmsarian ••• 0
Mr. Douglas's Repletion ..• ••• • 0
The Preparation Stakes of 10 sovs. each, 5 ft, and 25
added. Once round and a dis. Gentlemen riders.
Mr. J. Daley's Wee Bit, 4 yrs ...(Mr. Townele) ) 1
Mr. Lowther's Chapelgorie, 3 yrs
Mr. Ongley's Bird of Paradise, 3 yrs
Count Bathyany's Bellinden, 3 yrs
Mr. Edwards's Polly, 6 yrs
The Town Stakes of 5 sovs. each, and 25 added. Heats,

THE MILITARY LIFE OF JOHN DUKE OF
MARLBOROUGH. 1 Vol. pp. 504. By Archi-
bald Alison.
Had this noble volume by the historian of Europe
appeared in the first instance in its present state of
isolation, we should have indulged ourselves in a
comprehensive criticism upon its general character.
As the work, however, originally appeared as detached
and fragmentary sketches in the pages of Blackwood s
Magazine, and as Mr. Alison has merely compacted
those brilliant sketches into a finely-proportioned
biography, we find ourselves only enabled to record
the fact of its publication. As a companion
to Maxwell's "Life` of Wellington" and Gur-
wood's edition of the Duke's Dispatches, Ali-
son's " Life of Marlborough " will be an essential
addition to the bookshelves of every true Englishman.
The volume is embellished with a map of France and
the Netherlands, with a plan of the siege of Lille,
and plans also of the renowned victories of Blenheim,
Families, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet. Now that
the biography of Marlborough, by Alison, has ap-
peared in this substantial and elegant guise, the public
can no longer be accused, without blame, of having
as feeble an idea of his fame as of the fame of Tiwour
and of Bajaset.

one mile and a quarter.
Sir S. Spry's ch m by Sir Hercules out of Taglioni
6 vrs ...(Nat) 1 1
Mr. Pettifor's fby Martin Chuzzlewit dby Belers 4 2
Duke of Bedford's Sable, 3 yrs ... ... 2 dr
Mr. Edwards's Amazon, 5 yrs ... ... 3dr

AQUATICS.
ST. JOHN'S, WAPPING, AND ST. GEORGE'S

REGATTA.
This regatta, which commenced on Tuesday and was
adjourned in consequence of some fouling and the late-
ness of the hour, came off yesterday. A coat and badge
and
tradesmensundry
eother prizes
vicinity. w e T
e givenhe
contestby t h
e gentry
wasm
a and
nn
eightg
together
wawas from
rom a
St. w m
large
atKeeraetnheeanernipnrl
concourse
plying at
of
ectat various stairs, and drew
Dock Buoy,
and
ta
de
go
nistwaiccee
round a boat moored off New Crane wharf.
First heat—Thomas Lucy (stripes), 1; John Cannon
(purple), 2; William Teery (pink), 0; George Jones
(green), 0. Lucy took the lead, kept it, and won easily.
Second heat—R. Jones (blue), 1; J. Pumfrey (orange),
2; J. Legan (red), 0; T. Watkins (yellow), 0. Won
easily.
Third heat—This heat was composed of the two first
men of the two preceding heats:—T. Lucy (stripes), 1;
R. Jones (blue', 2; J. Cannon (purple), 0; J. Pumtrey
(orange), 0. This was a well-contested heat between
Jones and Cannon. Lucy at starting rowed right away
from them, and won by some boats' lengths.
Fourth heat ;This, the grant heat, was comprised of
the two first men of the last heat:—Thomas Lucy
(stripes), 1; Richard Jones (blue), O. This heat was
rowed with good pluck and skill on both sides. Lucy
first took the lead, but was passed by Jones, who, how-
ever, soon lost his position. They were, towards the end
of the heat, Nearly scull and scull, Lucy winning, alter a
severe struggle, by about two boats' lengths.

sition.
Mr. Coos, considering the present state of the Coe-
op
ios readt i
ao ns
0,
uf enl
dt
discretionbound o say
in tphrao tr
otshi en
gd i
ther e c t odri sv
dh
eandd e
they
had done.
Mr. Alderman SALOMANS thought the Court of Di-
rectors ought to give. some reasons to the Court of Pro-
prietors why they had reverted back to the dividend
of :4 per cent., when, if they paid 4i per cent., there
would be a rest of upwards of 3,000,0001.
The GOVERNOR said the reason of their making larger
profits on previous half-years was the railway deposits,
and the high rate of interest. During the last half-year
they had only made the .3f per cent. He could assure
the proprietors that the directors had well considered
the subject, and he trusted the Court of Proprietors
would support them.
Mr. Alderman SaeomANs, under such circumstances,
would support the proposal of the directors, expressing at
the same time a hope that when greater profits were
made they would have a larger dividend.
Mr. GOLDSMID had heard no reason for the dividend
being decreased, and if the directors were to make what
dividend they liked, it was no use the proprietors com-
ing there.
After some short discussion,
The GOvERNoit put the amendment, and declared it to
be carried by a show of hands.
A ballot was then demanded by nine proprietors being
members of the Court of Directors.
Mr. JONES LOYD thought that before a ballot was
demanded it was necessary to put the original resolution
as amended.
The GOVERNOR said, as the amendment had been
carried the original resolution had fallen to the ground.
Under the advice of Sir F. Kelly, he thought Mr.
Fielden had better make his amendment as an original
motion.

SADNESS AND GLADNESS. A Novel, by the
Don. Miss Sidney. 3 Vols.
TEE DISCIPLINE (.11.' LIFE. A Novel. 3 [cols.
IVe cannot refrain from uniting in the same re-
view these two works, which, we believe, made their
public appearance on the same day, and which in
many respects singularly resemble each other. Their
very names conjure up a similar train of ideas. " Sad-
ness and Gladness," and " The Discipline of Life."
The object of both works is the same, and that object
is a high and a holy one. Both arefrom the pens of
ladies, and of ladies of the aristocracy—one authoress
being a descendant of Sir Philip Sidney, and the other
the daughter of a Noble Lord (now deceased) justly
celebrated for his admirable qualities as Lord-Lieu-
tenant of Ireland. The position of the wri-
ters in this instance adds an additional in.
terest to their works—those ladies reared in
affluence, and surrounded by all the luxuries of life,
have dedicated their talents to the illustration of the
trials and troubles of humanity, and not to illustrat-
ing those trials and troubles only, but to showing
how those trials may be overcome and those troubles
turned to advantage. The object of both works is,
as we have already said, a high and a holy one. But
by classing these two works together, and by declar-
ing them to be to a certain extent very similar, we
are far from meaning to recommend either one as
being capable of affording the amusement an I benefit of
both. The perusal of the one is in no wise ci lculated
to diminish the interest of the other, for resembling each
other as they do in name and object; in plot, style, and
manner, they are totally dissimilar. The one is a com-
plete novel filling three entire volumes, the other work
consists of three 'separate tales. But, in order the
better to demonstrate their points of resemblance and
of dissimilarity, let us enter more particularly into
the peculiarity of each. " Sadness and Gladness,"
from the pen of the accomplished authoress of
" Home and its Influence," consists of one story occu-
pying three volumes. Its object, as implied by its
name, is to illustrate the different influences of joy
and sorrow, or rather the different effects of a joyous
and sorrowful temperament.
" As half in shade and half in sun,
The world along its course advances,"
there' are some individuals whose path seem to lead
perpetually through the sunshine, and others
who are as continually in the shade. So it
is iith the two heroines of Miss Sidney's tale.
Mal is a creature of " gladness," endued with that
hapiiest of dispositions—happy to its possessor and to
all who come within its influence—the disposition
which is prone to look on the " bright aide" of every-
thing. Lady Flora, on the contrary, is one of those
untie ppy ones who, miserable in themselves, can find
" gli ,dness" in nothing. As if more particularly to
den ionstrate how little fortune and worldly circuua-
staiices have to do with happiness, the sad e heroine,
the. Lady Flora, is the daughter of an Earl, and is
surrounded by all the appurtenances of wealth,
while the "glad" Mabel is reared in comparative
poverty, and compelled to devote her talents to the
support of an unloving and ungrateful father. In this
pictu re of life in its various phases, which Miss Sidney
here presents us with, if some of the adjuncts of the
picture be not quite natural, we are willing to for-
give, and we can easily forget these incidental
blunders, inconsideration of the reality and vitality of

We are happy to state that, according to accounts I
received from Canada by the last mail, the health of the I
Countess of Elgin aas in a fair way of permanent im-
provement. It is now understood that the Noble Earl
has abandoned all idea of retiring from his high office
for the present.
The Earl and Countess of Harrowby and Lady
Frances Ryder, Lord Dudley Stuart, and a select party
are visiting the Hon. G. M. and Lady Louisa Fortescue
at Boconnor.
THE OCEAN MONARCH.—About noon on Friday
the steam-tug Skerryvore and a smack were dispatched
from the Mersey to the scene of this disaster (which has
been duly buoyed), to endeavour, if possible, to recover
some part of the property sunk with the ill-fated vessel.
The steam-tug had on board a skilful diver, with the ne-
cf ssary dress or apparatus to make respiration endur-
able beneath the wave, and from his exertions great
hopes are entertained of the recovery of much that is
valuable.—Manchester Examiner.
CURIOUS IF TRUE.—Nearly all the birds in the
animal world (at least in England) this year are of the
male gender. The registrar's return shows a majority
of men children in most districts; and amongst the cat-
tle, sheep, &c., the farmers say there is little else bid
male produce.
t,
toevhiWEDNESDAY.—Thedenrehnan,m uhradsere
murdered
ie nr
lastmquine sa ttwe
edoenki
nt
bh
yea
bodiesverdictSince
i ntal: ooletf.Ch wohGet noihHlewreful Asroi
brklmehuoorucdsceeurraargainst the unfortunate woman.en
at Wolverhampton theolverhal‘rem.pttcohned woinamsatantehaosf
insanity. She, however, is sufficiently sensible of having
committed the terrible offence, and has repeatedly ac-
knowledged her guilt. She will be removed to Stafford
gaol to take her trial at the next assizes.
SOUTHAMPTON, WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 20.—The
Ocean Steam Navigation Company's ship, Hermann,
Captain E. Crabtree, sailed this afternoon with the
United States mails from Germany, France, and Eng-
land, for New York. The Hermann took out 129 pas-
sengers, amongst whom was the famous Dr. llecker, the
leader of the insurrectionary party in Baden—an exile
to the United States. The cargo was a large one, con-
sisting of valuable silks, watches, jewellery, lace,
&c., from France ; woollen goods from Bremen ; and
cotton and silk manufactures from England ; also some
opium, and raw silk, and specie value e 25,000. The
Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company's
ship Indus, Captain Soy, also took her departure, with
usual East India and China mails, via Gibraltar and
Malta, to Alexandria. The Indus had ninety first-class
and some second class passengers, and about 160 tons of
manufactured goods, cottons, linens, &c., on freight. The
auxiliary screw steamer, Waterwitch arrived this morn-
' ing, in six days, from Oporto, with seventy-nine head
of cattle.

Mr. FIELDEN did not care how he put it, so as they
gt
ho
etAaqf
tudeeri
sv
tsiidooemnud es d
oof 4 p
further
u 1
be
eedrsi
seecteutniset.
sid
bny,
ti tb
ew absa
itett,ewr ientebde rt ht
beet
place on Wednesday
ditTichteendbaslhlootulwdasbeb3rLorred4itopetar ckeen
next between the hour of eleven and four.
Mr. DE WINTON then brought forward the motion of
which he gave notice at the last Court, relative to the
alteration of the constitution of the Court of Directors,
and proposed certain resolutions.
A PROPRETOR suggested that the resolutions should
be printed and distributed among the proprietors, and
their conFideration postponed to a future Court.
After some further discussion,
Mr. DE WINTON ultimately postponed his motion to
the next Court.
Mr. WEEDING gave notice, for the next Quarterly
Court, to move that a Committee be appointed to consi-
der and report on the present state of the bye-laws of
the Corporation, and if, in their opinion, It be expedient
to make any and what alteration therein.
The Court then adjourned, at two o'c!ock, till Wed-
nesday next, at eleven o'clock.

On Sunday afternoon, about five o'clock, some.
children playing with limiter matches on the premises of
the Rose public-house, at Crofield, near Stonham, set
firo to the straw in a bullock-shed, and the flames rapidly
extended to the barn and the public-house, which, with
about six coombs of wheat, were entirely destroyed; but
Mr. Somers, the landlord, succeeded in removing his fur-
niture andeffects.—Bury Post.
GLASGOW AUTUMN ASSIZES.--TUESDAY, SEPT. 19.
—Th3 Glasgow Autumn Circuit Court was opened to-
day by Lords Moncrieff and Cockburn. The only case
of interest tried during the day was that of Margaret
Park, accused of child-stealing, or " plagium," as the
offence h termed in Scottish law phraseology. From
the evidence it appeared that the prisoner picked from
the streets a little girl, the daughter of a Mr. Morrison,
a pattern drawer; that search was afterwards made for
her in every direction; and that many days afterwards
the child was found in a state of nakedness in this
woman's possession in an obscure part of the city. The
prisoner was convicted and sentenced to fourteen years'
transportation.

PR P NTY 1141,."rlAttlqr) ON, TArrtgliAV EfrNINTI.) II.EPT/IMIIEI /849,

the most conspicuous portraits. The character of
Lady Flora, for instance, is delineated with most
painful truthfulness. Naturally neitl er beautiful in
person nor captivating in manner, yet possessed of a
good heart and amiable disposition, poor Flora was
reared in an ungenial climate. her natural affections
were allowed no vent; she grew up painfully con-
scious of her own defects—defects greatly exagge-
rated by that very consciousness. Lady Flora was
proud, and bashful, and painfully sensitive, and the
numerous trials and annoyances to which these qua-
lities exposed her on her entrance in the world are
admirably described. We do not purpose following
the career of the timid debutante; we will not say
how the influences of kindness at length converted
into "gladness" the "sadness" of her heart, neither
shall we speak of the trials of the happy Mabel,
nor the disappointed ambition of Georgina Mulgrave,
whose portrait, disagreeable though it be, is capitally
drawn. We prefer leaving these interesting pass,ges
to the consideration of our readers. Turn we now to
the "Discipline of Life." The three tales which con-
stitute this work are all must beautiful. If their
brevity renders them individually less attractive than
the more elaborate walk we have just been considering,
that defect is more than compensated by their pecu-
liar characteristics. Necessarily less interesting, as
far as regards the complication of the plot or the va-
riety of the incidents, than the three-volume now 1,
the three tales which illustrate the discipline of
life are imhued with a beautiful pathos,
and fraught with a depth of passion which
render them most attractive. " The course of
true love never did run smooth'. is apparently
the text upon which these tales were written.
The sorrows of love are here made to act as the most
effectual "discipline" of life, and perhaps they are so.
Be this as it may, the heroines of these three tales are
most assuredly sufficiently disciplined by love and
sorrow. The third tale, "lhe Moat;' illustrates the
moral most effectually, yet it is perhaps too much
pervaded by an air of melancholy. Margaret, one of
the heroines of this tale, endeavours, not (happily)
without success, to emulate the conduct of Marion in
the " Battle of Life," and surrender her lover to her
sister, because that sister also loves him. But' The
Moat" concludes to our thinking, more happily than
the "Battle of Life." The lovers are united, and the
unloved sister, "disciplined" by the trial, obtains that
highest kind of happiness which is inseparable from
self-conquest. It is not fair, however, thus to dis-
close an author's secrets, and tell the denouement of a
tale; we will therefore leave undiminished the inte-
rest of "Isabel Denison" and "The Country Neigh-
bour." This latter tale is peculiarly attractive, on ac-
count of its peculiarly attractive heroine, the sprightly,
joyous, wilful Evelyn Villars. Her light-hearted
genial gaiety is most infectious, the reader of her
history is perforce fascinated and amused. Her
joyous presence suffuses the pages with a spiritual
sunshine.

PAYNE'S ROYAL DRESDEN GALLERY, from
Pictures by the Great Masters. Divisions 1,2, and 3.
The Dresden Gallery is well known as one of the
richest in Europe, both iu Italian and Flemish
masters. To make the glorious works enshrined in
that Gallery familiar to all the lovers of art in Eng-
land is the object of the present publication. Each
division contains ten splendidly engraved plates by
Payne, from the originals in the Dresden Gallery,
and each plate is illustrated by a notice, biographical
or critical. These notices are exceeding well written,
and, taken as a' whole, Payne's Dresden Gallery
is not only one of the cheapest, but the best, of the
artistic serials.

VAUXHALL GARDENS.—In addition to the attrac-
tions of fireworks, music, dancing, Juba, Van Amburgh,
the lions, horses, &c., the proprietor has caused a model
on a large scale to be constructed of the contemplated
transformation of these gardens, hitherto used only as
summer gardens, into a place of winter recreation, and
into gardens that shall flourish all the year round. Ac-
cording to the plan described in the model, which fills
one of the large apartments in the premises, the covered
walks will be enclosed on the sides, in such a manner
that the cold air will be excluded. They will be illumi-
nated with an immense number of gas burners, by
which heat as well as light will be obtained; the sides
K ill be so contrived so that they will afford a pano-
ramic exhibion of the overland route to India, com-
mencing with the city of Marseilles, and showing all
the principal points. The Rotunda will be made into an
elegant dining-room, a conservatory will be erected, and
stocked with plants and flowers ; and on the ground
now devoted to fireworks will be raised an immense
Hippodrome, in which it is stated that M. Franconi, from
the Hippodrome at Paris, will exhibit his chariots,
horses, and equestrian pageants. There are many minor
alterations and additions to be made for the opening of
the place for the winter amusement of the inhabitants of
the metropolis. The model, which is a very perfect one,
will be interesting to all who are in search of recreation,
and who have been accustomed to seek it at Vauxhall.
If the design be carried out in the manner proposed
there is little doubt of its meeting the patronage of the
public, although the project is a novelty which a few
years ago would never have been thought of by the most
speculative caterer for public entertainment. The gar-
dens were last night well atter.ded, and the performances
went off in their usual well arranged manner.
ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.—Dr. Bach -
hoffner is at present engaged in delivering a course of
most useful and interesting lectures on the history and
uses of Gutta Pcrcha at the above named establishment.
The substance has become so important, entering as it
does into the arrangements of our manufactures—the ac-
coutrements of our horses and the ornamental portions
of our furniture—that a knowledge of its character, its
origin, and capabilities, seems absolutely to be necessary.
Dr. Bachhoffner's method of handling the subject is ex-
ceedingly happy. From the natural history and the
chemical analyses of this newly-discovered material, he
passes easily and opportunely to its manufacture and its
application in an economic point of view. The Gutta
Perch& Company have supplied the Doctor with a large
and well-assorted supply of beautiful manufactured
articles; and as the lecture embraces practically every
style of solution and fabrication experimentally shown,
we would strongly recommend all interested in the bear-
ings of discovery and of science upon the progression of
civilization to visit the Royal Polytechnic Institution, for
the purpose of hearing the learned Doctor's discourse on
this interesting material.
DISTILLING FROM SUGAR.—On the 4th instant, an
Act (11 and 12 Victoria, cap. 100) was passed to permit
the distillation of spirits from sugar, molasses, and
treacle in the United Kingdom. The Act 10 and 11
Victoria, cap. 6, is repealed, and also part of the 4th
George IV., cap. 94, and 6 George IV., cap. 80. It is
sow enacted that licensed distillers may distil from sugar
only, or from potatoes only,' or from molasses only, or
from treacle, or from any of these materials, and malt or
grain mixed.
the In
chargeth the
annual
may
account
bem
ede on
of duty,
the when
distiller, sugar
only is used,
but when other materials are mixed, then a different
mode is to be adopted. There is a clause in the Act,
directing that no sugar or molasses shall be received by
distillers, except from the Customs warehouse, and must
be in the same state as when cleared on the payment of
duty, and to be aceompanied with a certificate from the
proper officer of Customs. Treacle and molasses to be
used for the purposes of distillation are to be kept in
storehouses until used to prevent adulteration. Notice
is to be given to the proper officer of the removal of ma-
terials, and scales and weights are to be provided for his
use. Distillers are to make declarations to claim the al-

[(mance, and are to deliver an account of the quantity of
the articles used.

RcIoC
at the officEeivrof a
nt
n)
IMPUD ' TK—
pLo
raas
rt y wineetkhis a c
tt; nagnedr
ordered
a large number of handbills, annouecing a masqued ball
at the Royal Subscription Rooms, " d la Jullien," on
Tuesday night last. Dresses and masques were to be
obtained at the rooms two days before the gala ; but
there was a positive declaration that " no person in the
garb of a clown or harlequin would be admitted." At
the appointed time the rooms were prepared for the
accommodation of the travelling wardrobe, but it came
not, nor were there any tidings of its being on the road.
At last Tuesday night arrived, with the same result, and
the consequence has been a general feeling of amuse-
ment at the thing being a hoax. The only persons who
appear to have suffered arc our contemporary and the
bill-sticker. He is no doubt the same person who at the
same time placarded the walls of Taunton with the an-
nouncement of a grand concert of eminent London
vocalists in that town on Wednesday.—Devonshire
Chronicle.
COLD WATER CURE.—The: body of John Smith,
a labourer, well advanced in years, belonging to the
parish of St. Cyrus, who died here suddenly about a
fortnight ago, was on Wednesday exhumed, in order to
an inquiry by the Fiscal before the Sheriff. It appeared
that the deceased had been attacked by rheumatic fever,
and was under treatment by a respectable medical gen-
tleman; when, acting on the advice of another, he was
subjected to the cold water cure, having been wrapped
up in cold sheets for an hour or two, when he expired.
The inquest clearly brought out that death followed
from the appliance of cold. The individual who recoils-
mended the cure has been committed for trial, but libe-
rated on bail.—Montrose Review.
Ithaikcimous ESCAPE.—A man named James Col-
lins, a miner at St. Blazey, whilst picking nuts at a dis-
tance from St. Blaney, on an old burrow mine, known
by the name of St. Blazey Consols, overreached a bush
hanging over an old shaft, seven fathoms deep, and fell
to the bottom. Having providentially escaped serious
injury, be resolved to exercise every effort to extricate
himst lf; and his only means of escape was by climbing
up the shaft, He at once set himself to the task, which
he happily accomplished in about ten hours, from eight,
A.M., till six P.M. As the place was at a distance from
the public road, and he was, of course, quite beyond
hearing, he must otherwise have inevitably been starved
to death.—Mining Journal.
During the last two weeks, that is from August 23
to Sept. 11, the eight military commi,aions have deci,hd
on the fate of 2,827 insurgents; of these 1,839 have been
set at liberty, 858 condemned to transportation, and 30
sent before councils of war. From the time of their
entering into functions these commiasions have pro-
nounced 8,700 judgments in all, by which nearly 4,890
persons were set at liberty; somewhat less than 3,600
condemned to transportation, 2'29 sent before councils of
war.—Gaiignani.
REDUCTION OF DUTIES ON COPPER AND LEAD.—
The following duties are now payable on copper and
lead, under the Act 11 and 12 Viet., cap. 127, vs hich
took effect on the sth inst. Copper ore and regulus of
copper, ls. per ton ; old copper, unwrought copper, rods
or ingots, in plates and coppe coin, at 2s. 6d. the ton.
Lead, pig Sin,
sheet, per ton, 2sr . 6d.

CHESTER AND HOLYIIEAD

RAILWAY.

The ninth lialcyearly ge err.l meetirg of this cAn-
pany was held y, sterday at the company's office,,, 61,
Moorgate-street, City; L.lr. W. B. Collett, M.P., in the
chair.

The CHAIRMAN said he would only occupy the meet-
ing a short time, as the directors had in thefr report gone
more fully than usual into the details. Since his return
from abroad he had been much over the line, and had
attended to the development of the traffic across the
Channel. The directors had recently inspected the line,
and they were satisfied with the state of the works and
the progress of the local traffic. The most satisfactory
event which had taken place since the last meeting was
the confirmation by the Legislature of the powers of the
company to take passengers across the Irish Channel by
having steam boats under their control. Although the
trade was in its infancy, it proceeded in a satisfactory
mann, r, and gave the directors great confidence of suc-
cess. On the arrangement being made for 30,0001. a
year from Government, Sir H. Peel stated that it would
be in the power of the eotnpany to do the distance Iron]
London to Dublin in 1.1. In Ins, when considerable doubt
was expresied in the llou,e of Commons whether it
would be possible to do so; but the fact was, that al-
though there was a break of four miles on the way, they
h:d been able since August to do it in little more than
13 hours. The whole traffic for the week ending Aug. 9
exceeded 2,0001., although the mineral traffic was not yet
developed, and there was a break in the line. Before
long he hoped that Ireland would be in a very satisfac-
tory condition, and that the i' mpany would have the
whole trade between Ireland and this coun:ry, which he
presumed must be very large, Nit h 16,000,000 of people
on this side and 8,000,000 on the other. 'I hey would

have also 30,000/. a year fur tl.e mails, and-were in
treaty with the Admiralty for the Post office service
ucross the Channel. There was every prospect, a hen
the line was opened, that they would have a traffic of
5,0001. per weak, which would pay a very handsome divi-
dend on their shares.

The Secretary then read the following report :
" During the six months that have passed since your
directors last met you, considerable progress has been
made in cc mpleting the link in the great chain of com-
munication between London and Dublin which it is the
object of your incorporation to supply. On the Ist of
May last your line was opened for the conveyance of
passengers between Chester and Bangor; on the Ist of
the following month the carriage of goods was under-
taken; and on the Ist of August the whole line from
Chester to Holyhead was brought into use, with
the exception of a break of about four miles at
the Menai Straits, across which the passengers are
carried in conveyances provided by the com-
pany. Simultaneously with these operations, your di-
rectors were engaged in carrying through Parliament a
Bill empowering the company to run steam-boats from
Holyhead to Dublin. This object, which had been de-
feated in the present session, your directors had
the satisfaction of accomplishing on the 22d of
July last, when the Royal assent was given to their Bill,
notwithstanding the strenuous opposition offered to it
by parties interested in confirming the stream of traffic
to other and less eligible channels. And they are satis-
fied that this decision of the Legislature will confer at
least as much benefit upon the public as upon
the company, whose interests in the rapidity
and certainty of the whole journey are indeed
identical. The vessels has ing been prepared, in
anticipation of this successful issue of their endeavours,
your directors were enabled to begin running them on
the 12t of August, on which day, and since, notwith-
standing the break in the line above adverted to, the
entire journey between London and Kingstown has been
performed with regularity in little more than thirteen
hours. And when the abort gap in question is filled up
by the completion and opening of the Britannia bridge,
and other facilities of the railroad are matured, it
may be expected that the time will be reduced to
twelve hours. The efficiency of the steam-boats
that have been built for the service of the com-
pany have greatly contributed to these satisfactory
results. Their speed and accommodation have fully
realised the promises of their builders, and the expecta-
tions of your directors. The quickest passages have
been from Holyhead to Kingstown, three hours and
thirty-two minutes. From Kingstown to Holyhead
three hours and thirty-four minutes. And the average
of the six weeks of their employment from Holyhead to
Kingstown three hours and fifty minutes; from Kings-
town to Holyhead three hours end forty-five minutes.
Your directors are happy to believe that these vessels
(the :peed of which is considerably in excess of the rate
which a few years ago was thought to be possible) have
given quite as much satisfaction to the public, who have
bad occasion to make use of them, as to themselves.
" At your last half-yearly meeting you were informed
that the Tube through which it was intended to pass the
line across the river at Conway had just been floated to
the foot of the piers prepared to receive it. It was
placed in its position without any accident or difficulty;
and, from the Ist of May last, the whole traffic of the
line has passed through it. This experience, now of
nearly five months' duration, has tested with the most
satisfactory results the entire soundness of the views of
the eminent engineer who had the boldness to project, and
the ability to construct, this extraordinary work. Since
the Tube has been carrying the trains across the Conway,
no deflection bas taken place. The passenger through the
Tube is not sensible of the slightest vibration, and the
noise of the transit certainly does not exceed, if it is
equal to, that experienced in an ordinary tunnel. Your
directors, therefore, have the gratification to be able to
report that the issue of this remarkable experiment has
been signally successful, and such as to justify tke most
entire confidence, that ibe same method of transit
which it is intended mploy, upon a much larger
scale, at the Menai Straits, r ill a qually answer its
important ends, and raise still higher Mr. Ste-
phenson's character. The tubes fbr the last-
mentioned structure, and the stupendous piers
of masonry intended to support them, are advancing to
their completion simultaneously, and as rapidly as is
consistent with the sa±ety of such a work; and your
directors trust that early in the ensuing spring, the pas-
sage across the Britannia• bridp e w ill be open. Whe n
this object has been achieved, and the magnificent struc-
ture has been placed on a site, the natural beauty and
grandeur of which admirably suit it for the location of
one of the greatest works of art, your directors are
satisfied that it will become an object of the highest in-
terest to men of science in all parts of the world, and
that nose of these, nor any travellers of enlightened
curiosity, will visit England without inspecting the
mighty work with which Mr. Stephenson's name and
reputation will be inseparably connected.
"Her Majesty's Government having commenced the
railway for carrying the stone from the Holyhead
mountain to the harbour of refuge and packet pier, your
directors expect to be called upon shortly for the first
instalment due from this company on recount of these
works; but they do not intend to proceed with the ex-
tension of the line to the new packet pier until some
considerable progress shall have been made in the works
undertaken by the Government, as above adverted to.
"You will have perceived from the statement of the
receipts and disbursements of the company, which has
been for some time iu the hands of the shareholders,
that whilst the latter amounted on the 30th of June last
to 3,007,1011. 18s. Bd., the receipts fell short of that sum
to the extent of 24,827/. 10s. 4d., being only
2,982,2741. Ba. 5d., which amount includes the whole of
the subscription which the London and North-Western
Railway Company were authorised to make, both in the
original and the preference shares. Of the 42,000 pre-
ference shares created under the resolution which you
passed in August last, only 31,256 have been taken up.
" Your directors estimate at 200,0001. the sum that
will be necessary during the next six months, ever and
above what may be raised upon the original shares, to
meet the liabilities which have been already incurred.
Of this sum the London and North-Western Company
have undertaken to advance 120,000/., being the amount
of capital which they are further authorised to subscribe
by the Act of this session, alluded to in the commence-
ment of this report. The remainder your directors trust
to be able to provide either by the issue of debentures,
or by the further sale at par of the preference shares al-
ready sanctioned; a price at which they
have been eagerly sought for, but fur 13eY would certainly
the unexampled
depression of railway property, in common with all com-
mercial investments. Should it be found expedient to
issue debentures instead of these preference shares, your
directors now solicit your sanction to their taking that
step.
" The results as to the traffic of the partial opening of
the line that has hitherto taken place have been satisfac-
tory to your directors, and appear to them, as they trust
that they will to you, to "fiord a good prospect of very
considerable further development as soon as the line is
completed throughout, and time has been afforded for
personal intercommunication, and trade to flow into the
new channel thus afforded to them. As long as the line
was open to Bangor only, and the company's fast steam-
vessels had not been placed upon the passage across St.
George's Channel, the traffic, as might have been ex-
pected under the circumstances, was almost purely local,
the original Parliamentary estimate for which was as
follows:
Passengers
Merchandise and Agricultural Produce 100 ~
Minerals

£l,lOO „
" This estimate your directors are happy to report was
exceeded within eight wt elcs of the opening of the rail..
way, under all the disadvantages inseparable from the
first operations of such an undertaking, in a part of the
country where the inhabitants may be supposed to be
more than ordinarily backward to avail themselves of a
novel means of locomotion, or of carrying on their
trade, having amounted from that period to the end of
July, to an average of 1,203/. 4s. 9d. per week. On
the Ist of August, as above stated, the line was opened
through Anglesea, and the steamers were placed upon
St. George's Channel. From that date the accession of
through traffic has been encouraging, the whole returns
having averaged during the weeks from the Ist of August
to the 9th inst., 2,2071. 13s. Bd. per weck. The full ud.
vantages of the line cannot, of course, be appreciated,
nor its value ascertained, until the improved means of
intercourse which it affords are more generally known—
until the considerable break at the Menai Straits is filled
up—and until the mineral traffic has been in some measure
developed. With a view to the latter important object,
your directors have made arrangements with the Mold
Railway Company to become the purchasers of that line
after i's completion, which will bring to your railway the
produce of an important mineral district. Hitherto the
traffic in minerals can hardly be said to have com.
nseneed, the first consignment of slates having been
Lrought upon your line at a very recent date. On the
hole, your directors feel that they can safely assure
you that, whilst the past traffic under the qualifyingDss r (
circumstances above adverted to, and the
de-
pression of the country, has surpassed their expectations,
will Iso they see reason to believe that it
highly satisfactory ratio as the line is perfected, as its
capacities unfold themselves, and the general
increase in a
as people for whose