The Sun.
London, England, 1848-05-03 00:00:00

POLAND.

By the information dispatched from Cracow on the
26th ultimo it would seem, as we briefly intimated
yesterday, that a skirmish has taken place between
the populace and the troops, in consequence of the
refusal of Government to allow Polish emigrants, not
natives of Cracow, to remain in the town. Barri-
cades were erected, and several rockets are said to
have been thrown from the Castle. Peace was even-
tually restored by the emigrants voluntarily re-
moving. Gen. CASTIGLIONE is said to be wounded.
We transcribe the following letter, addressed to
the Baron Vox Axonal by Prince CZAItToETSEI :
" Berlin, April 26.
" Monsieur le Baron,—l arrived at Berlin full of
hope. Prussia, the organ of the generous sentiments of
all Germany, seemed to desire that she might be the
first to undertake the reparation of a great injustice.
She appeared not merely to propose the faithful exe-
cution of the promises she had made in 1815, but by
new acts of beneficence to that part of Poland which
she holds under dominion, to efface the vestiges of an-
cient injuries, to put an end to recriminations, and to
strengthen Germany by the gratitude of the Poles.
" I quit Berlin with a heart heavy from the disappoint-
ment of these bright anticipations.
" Whatever may be the cause, it is the fact, that up to
this day not one of the promises made to the inhabitants
of the Grand Duchy of Posen by the Prussian Govern-
ment bas been realised; and during this time the pro-
longed uncertainty which has existed concerning the
future destiny of the country, and the satisfaction that
would be granted to its wishes, has produced, instead of
the union so necessary to the common welfare of the
two nations, a feeling of excessive irritation and the most
deplorable disorders.
" Calumnies wholly destitute of foundation, assertions
the most contrary to truth, have been employed for the
purpose of blackening the character of the Poles, rob-
bing them of the sympathy of the German nation, and
destroying in their minds the confidence which they
ought to place in its justice.
" The German inhabitants who, in pursuance of a
policy hostile to Poland, had been induced to settle in
the Duchy of Posen, have been excited to reject, with
hostile demonstrations, under the pretext of their pecu-
liar interests, measures which the common interest of
two people made to live on good terms with each other
was about to realise.
" The still more narrow interests of the Prussian offi-
cials, who find their position menaced by a change in
the Government of the province, have had, there is no
doubt, the greatest share in this fatal reaction.
"It is this state of things that the Prussian Govern-
ment, even before deciding on the reorganization pro-
mised to the Duchy of Posen, announces the determina-
tion to reduce it by nearly one half' of its territory, and
to attach immediately to the German Confederation
that part of the duchy inhabited chiefly by Germans.
"This operation, which legitimate interests, constitu-
ting new rights, may render necessary, could not pus
sibly be executed with equity in a moment of confusion
and irritation. It should be accomplished in conforinity
with the wishes of the inhabitants. But the mode in
which those wishes should be ascertained ought to be
guaranteed against practices tending to falsify the
result.

v" To reduce at this moment the territory of the Grand
Duchy in a precipitate manner, and on statistical data
which are notoriously inaccurate (for they go so far as
to make a German town of the capital of the duchy
itself), would be to accomplish a new partition of Poland
—a measure to which the noble sentiments of the Flag
are undoubtedly opposed, and against which all Poles
will protest. It is their duty to do so. I also must
fulfil this duty on quitting Berlin, and I perform it,
Monsieur le Baron, by this letter, which I have the
honour of addressing to you.
" The marks of goodwill which I have received during
my stay in this capital form a new reason why I should
leave no room for doubt as to my sentiments on the
subject.
" I entertain besides a profound conviction that the
true policy of the Prussian Government requires that
those unhappy complications should be remedied as
speedily as possible, and that union and confidence
should be re-established between the interests of Ger.
many and regenerated Poland. Poland should not be
compelled to seek that union and confidence elsewhere.
It must not be forgotten that Germany, on the day
when she pronounced her resolution to be free, and again
to become a powerful nation, felt the instant necessity
of repudiating the crime formerly committed by her two
principal representatives, and of constructing on her
eastern frontiers a barrier necessary for her own sacurity.
" I flatter myself with the hope that the Prussian
Government will perceive that it ought, without further
delay, to adopt these views and reduce them to practice.
Its interests and a due regard for good must equally
require that it should do so.
" Accept Monsieur le Baron, the assurance of the high
consideration, &c ,
" ADAM CZARTORYSKI."

The Polish emigrants already assembled at Cracow
❑umber more than 1,200 most of them in a
deplorable state of embarrassment. On the 25th
ultimo, these unfortunate men made a very signi-
ficative demonstration, and at which the whole
population of this town assisted. The Austrian
Commissary, M. KRIEG, having given orders to per-
mit no more Poles coming from France to enter the
territory of our republic, a column of 730 of them
was stopped on the frontier. Some of them having,

however, managed to eccape thr. 'vigilance of the
troops, reached the cite, and caused bore a great ex -
citement. Immediately a deputation, composed of
three members of the Polish committee established
here, went to M. KRIEG to demand the recal of his
order. At the same time nearly the whole of the
emigrants, followed by a mass of the population,
proceeded to the hotel of the Commissary ZuN-
GRENAL. The two sentinels posted at the door, and
the soldiers at the neighbouring post, retreated to
the castle, and the crowd penetrated into the salon of
and forced him to go to the hotel where
the Polish committee sits. He was joined by General
CASTIGLIONE, commandant of the troops. Both of
them gave a written order to allow the emigrants to
pass, and abolished all measures taken to prevent the
sending of arms to furnish the National Guard,
assuring them that they had none themselves at the
castle to furnish to the committee.

The Austrian troops are augmenting in number
more and more in the vicinity of Cracow. A corps of
80,000 men is concentrating itself in Gallicia under
.the command of General VINDISCUGRAETZ ; but
there are many who remain still uncertain if this
army is intended to commence hostilities against the
Poles or against the Russians.

DENMARK AND THE DUCHIES.
DANISH ACCOUN T OF THE BATTLES.
From a narrative penned on the 28th ult. we ex-
tract the follDwing particulars :—The Danes who
were taken prisoners on the 23d and 24th have been
brought in to-day. One of the large churches has
been arranged for their reception. About 400 have
been consigned to it, and 82 to private houses. The
number of officers is 13.
At a meeting of the burghers,' held at ;Rendsburg,
Professor DAHLMANN, of Bonn, was proposed Re-
presentative of the German Parliament for the second
district of Holstein, and was unanimously elected.
COPENHAGEN, Aram 27.—The reports from the
army reach only to yesterday, the 26th, when General
HADEMANN had his head-quarters at Sonderburg. In
his report of the battle of Schleswig the General
states that the retreat was not commenced
till the troops engaged in the encounter
had been replaced three times, and the
last reserves were led into the enemy's fire.
The retreat to Flensburg is described as perfectly
regular. The skirmish at Ohersee is stated without
details of the issue. It is conceded that a part of
the enemy and many of the burghers, intimidated
by the false alarms of some fugitive dragoons, have
fled from Flensburg on the 24th. The army, which
had bivouacked in the open air throughout the greater
part of the night, was obliged to break up early on
the morning of the 25th, for Alsen, where the head-
quarters were established. At Sonderbnrg the
troops suffered so severely from rain and cold, that a
few days' rest is indispensable. Among the officers
who were wounded in the encounter at Schleswig
are three lieutenant-colonels, three majors, and
several officers of the inferior rank. In a document
from the Minister of War to General HEDEMANN, of
the 25th inst, in which the procedure of the General is
highly commended, the Minister declares, that the
General will have to maintain the contest for some
time, without any additional reinforcement. ORLA
LEHMANN, the Minister of State, arrived here yester-
day, by the English steamer Camilla. The Berlinger
Zeitung, millout entering into any particulars,
states that the intelligence which he has brought a

satisfactory.
The Fadrelandst gives extracts from letters ad- ,
dressed to the Duke of GLUCKSBURG, which were
found at Flensburg. One of them is from his wife,
a daughter of King FREDERICK VI., the other from
his brother, Prince WILLIAM, who is in the Austrian
service. Both of them express disapproval of his pro-
ceedings, and are in favour of the Schleswig-Holstein
cause. The same journal contains a communication,
in which it is stated, that as soon as it is known
for certain that the Hans Towns have joined in the
war against Denmark, the royal ships of the line will
receive orders to take possession of all German
vessels without distinction, and that they will not
escape with a mere embargo, but that they will be
unconditionally condemned.
The communication goes on to say, that a blockade
of the Elbe, according to the definition established by
the rights of nations, would offer so many difficulties,
not only in a political, but also in a naval and military
point of view, that without refraining from the occa•
sional bringing up of individual ships, the Danes 1% ill,
in the main, limit themselves to support the opera-
tions of the land army by the ships of the line.
The meeting of the Diet was opened yesterday at
Roeskilde, by the Royal Commissioner, Count SPON-
NECK. The speech from the Throne treats the oppo-
sition of Schleswig-Holstein to the incorporation of
Schleswig with Denmark as open rebellion. The
Councellor of State, M. SCHOUEN, was nominated
President of the Assembly; and Professor CLAN.
SENDEU, President. The President proposed an address
to the KING, and another to the army, both of which
were unanimously adopted.
ALTONA, APRIL 28.—1 t has been confirmed that
Count CHARLES MOTTKE has been summoned by the
KING to Friderichia.
BERLIN, APRIL 28.—N0 Berlin journals have yet
appeared, as the question for a rise of wages is not
yet settled. The demands of the workmen are in
general very exorbitant, and the compositors are
determined, if the masters do not give in, to found a
printing union of their own, by shares, with an equal
division of the profits. There is very little indeed
doing in literature ; consequently the printers have
had very little employment, and this is doubtless one
reason for the present strike. No work has been de-
livered from the Royal Library since the 18th of
March. This stagnation extends, of course, also to
the other branches of the trade. One of the most
remarkable and unreasonable demands made by the
compositors is, that besides the machine-press, a cer-
tain number of hand-presses shall be used, and be
subject to an extra tax.—Hambursh Borsenhalle,
April 29.
A telegraphic dispatch, which arrived at Altona
on the 27th, gives information that the Danes are
pushing on towards Tondern, in order to get into
Ripen. They are cut off from communication with
Alsen. Their batteries at Holnis have been taken.
Count CHARLES MOLTKE has been summoned to the
presence of the King of DENMARK at Frederica.
Appenrade is also in possession of the Germans.
From Flensburg a letter dated the 27th is written to
the Borsenhalle, stating that a Danish officer with
preliminaries for a truce arrived thore on that day
A traveller, who arrived at Hamburgh from Flens-
burg on the 28th, states also that the Hanoverians
under the command of General HA.LKETT, intended,
on that day, to comm-nce an attack on the island of
Alsen. The Danish Chamberlain, DE ORKOLM, who
had been sent to St. Petersburgh in order to ask for
the assistance of Russia, has, according to a private
letter received from St. Petersburgh, got a categorical
answer that Russia will in no way iunterfere.
On the 24th, at Schleswig, they buried the bodies
of those who had fallen at the siege of the town,
They amounted in number to 102.
Mr. MUNTEN DAMON, captain of !the Dutch vessel
Jacobs (in ballast from Hamburgh to Hobroe in
Jutland), reports that on the 26th c f April, when he
was on the point of leaving the ca nal of Schleswig
Holstein, a Danish man-of-war, which happened to
be on the spot, fired on him and drove him back.
Upon his appeal that he carried a ineutral flag, and
was steering to Hobroe, the man-of-war assured him
that no vessel, no matter of what Ration, could pass,
The Jacoba put back to Holtenau.

We read in the Echo des Allies Maritimes, a
The
people ;recent coefn
Cc
aconduct a
have
Lord ;Brougham, in whichpublished
:
thefancied there were indications of ht istile feelings to-
wards France, and to their neighbouri ug friend Charles
Albert, have nearly cost him his coup try seat. At one
of the late meetings of the clubs (4 the canton, after
bearing read his speeches in the HouA . of Lords, a mo-
tion was made that the members of the clubs should
immediately proceed---it being then nine o'clock at
night—to his Lordship's chateau with, torches and com-
bustibles. But one of the speakers ruse and said—' No,
citizens I not now. If we he we shall be taken for
robbers. If the house of this unget lerous citizen is to
be burnt let us do it in open day.' T his suggestion pre-
vailed, and the chateau was saved. On the following
day the idea of burning was abandon ed, and instead, a
resolution was come to that a chariva ri should be given
to his Lordship if he ventured to set leis foot in Cannes."
A Cuutous MousE's NEsT.—A few days since
Mr. Thomas Wallis, plumber and glazier, Newport
Pagnel, found a mouse's nest in his warehouse, lined
[
with gold. The mice had made tke of the gold book
which was used for lettering iu makirig their nest.

ITALY.

DISPOSITION OF THE CONTEND-
ING ARMIES IN ITALY.
From the Epoca, published on the 21st ult. at
Rome, it would seem that the arming of the popula-
tion and the fitting out of expeditions to the aid
of
the army of independence progresses admirably. A
contingent of three thousand men, in addition to the
troops already dispatched were to leave Naples on
the 22d, on their road to Lombardy. Of the events
which are occurring throughout Lombardy we 311511
speak in detail.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
The main body of the Piedmontese army extends
along Laguna, Peschiera to Pozzolongo, Ponti and
Mezembano, on the right shore of the Mincio, and
on the left shore from Valeggio to Borghette, as far
as the centre of the province of Verona. In the front
of Puzzolo a bridge of boats has been constructed,
which facilitates to the Piedmontese the crossing of
the Mincio. CHARLES ALBERT passed through 11.8.
leggio on the 22d ult., in order to prepare for
toci
attack against the heights that master Verona, and
which, in conjunction with the movement directed
against Peschiera, seemed to give credit to the repot'
of a projected simultaneous operation against Yeroua,
Peschiera, and Mantua.
The Austrians, meanwhile, are distributed in the
fortresses of Peschiera, Verona, and Mantua. Thos
three lines lie, with respect to each other, as
the points of a right - angled triangle, the
extremities of the base indicated by Aligitti:
and Verona (distanced from each other abnii
twenty-two miles), the apex marked hi Pia'
twenty-two
chiera, which lies about eleven miles due sves' -
Verona and about nineteen due north of 3-lantu,l;
Peschiera is situated on the lake of Guards, just at til •
effluence of the Mincio, and this position gives itki,
importance in the present campaign, as it thus filinici;
as it were, the left issue of the defile through vihLem
lies the communication between Austria and
bard,,—the right being covered by Verona. -LP--
lian
great roads lead from the Tyrol into the Its
plains. The first, turning to the left at Roverel
emerges into the Venetian territory
would consequently conduct the Austrian reinfort:o
meats directly into the heart of a hostile poPula of
already occupying the principal military positionerld
the country. The second road crosses the upper.
ore
of the lake of Guards, and follows its western 5111,,
to Brescia, a town actually in the hands ofthtiPta`
Italians (occupied by the Roman troops). The
descends the left bank of the Adige, thr°l4it
at Vicenza, 00_,
Irento and Roveredo, at which latter placeoo
throws off a smaller branch, the roil' !bile
continuing its course direct to Verona, 'lO,
its offset crosses to the right bank of the str'eci.
and tracks its narrow path amid the Pruo,
pices of the Montebaldo as far as Osteria del la
f
he
gana, where, forced to the right by the nature
finally
ground, it ascends the plateau of Rivoli, and
.0 the
connects itself with a broader line, turning 05 1 ugh
direction of Peschiera, which it reaches thrltatts,
Castelnuovo, lately reduced to ashes b,Y the. sod
trians ! The principal points along this line ottisibies
being still in the hands of the Auetrians• ;hoe
them to keep up their communications with: can be
resources ; and unless these commun
thicaticn Sig!'
is
partially, if not utterly, broken, e camp
ce
likely to be a protracted one.
.fain estimate Of
It is difficult to arrive at anyrn, The Its
lia
the actual strength of RADETSK,I'S ar-J nr ect, the
papers state it as 50,000 ; but if this be c-oor men is
boasted assertions of Austria to have 120,0
tmheehLeeoninlebtairtdor
trheenesttriaunggkliengmduosmt
hpereivoiookueds to:ph:netie:li
Metternichian fanfaronade. We shall get nearer iiticat
truth, perhaps, by making allowances for PattboeG
deceptions—taking the original force $5l terio•
80,000, setting down its subsequent t`terotig
ration at 20,000, and consequently Oti
its actual strength in the north cif t one
at some 60,000. Of these it would appear t 133
half is encamped in and about Verona, under 0;100
mediate orders of Rapexsxr himself, while tvi°4l-ree
occupy the redoubted fortress of Mantua; °leper
maining sixth is charged with the defence of
chiera.
Verona and Mantua are of course the objet,
of the chief anxiety of the enemy; they form, f in ftv.-tel
the bulwarks of Lombardy and Venice, oand bees.
their walls the destinies of Italy will, in ill pObsie
bility, be decided.
Verona is very strongly and beautifully situstea c:f
the lower ridge of the hills which form the hariltita
the Adige, that river, in fact, flowing through it'
massive ramparts and outworks present us wit"h
~,
lustrations of almost every epoch in the hllt°r"fo4
fortification. The Emperor GALLIENVS was tb„e
to increase by art the strength with which natlioei 1,10
already endowed it, and portions of hishyloa- sent
pointed out to the curious stranger even atte;cevice,''
day. Two other lines of rampart, still inti V ableto
,O preservation, are attributed resPec
r HEODORIC and to CIIARLEMAGNB, and tiPticaeol/11
tyheofvtehneetSiacnags laigdedreid,
some
which goes by the name of the former betti'-es
elfroil
andh parapets were constructed in them iddle, ages
tout - op,
whichln h
were planned and superintended by thia,,,l'eset
rated SAN MICHELI, founder of the modern sel' cos"
fortifications, since' developed and perfecterrcihblivhfa
of these
VON SCHEITER, and VAunAli• -`-e.,iersx"/
added
works has been again
ohmene strong 61°r14h
n
engineers. Notwithstanding all this,
. to, and strengthened by the .Austria untold
areratnalsreaeh
no prominent part in the wars of the first ifeakif
revolution. In 1796 the Venetian Republiciforto
permitted MASSENA to occupy it without anY, odd
resistance ; and the Treaty of Vienna in 1816 of t 193
it over to Austria with the rest of the territory
insulted and plundered Queen of the Adriati4
' af ths
The role of Mantua, in the same ePisteA je
world-drama, was of far greater importance. ""t-i,o1"
by both belligerent parties as the bulwark o' ~get
bardy, in the possession of which the &detest; 01
of the struggle must depend, immense eftbr sattire'
made on either side for its defence as for thes eiiirieich
Placed in the middle of a lake, formed by ue
and artificially deepened by embankments,
can only be approached by five chaussies, ot. of:
at the period of its siege in 1796, the eatranc to 1,11,
couple only were fortified ; three locks girlie ;le::
arrison the command of the waters of rei sljf
enabling them to increase their depth at Plessbe
even to flood a considerable portion of fit af
approaches to their margin. The pecullaritltreog,d
position, while it gives Mantua its immense sole r:00
reacts against it, in some measure, by ref co
tit'
necessary a vast extent of outworks, whie° aol to
demand a proportionately large garrison ; bytire
buting greatly—and especially in summer
the unhealthiness of its situation ; and uponc-by
el 3
ca
its blockade and throwing the beseiged ie4Sto
internal resources for subsistence. In °l' 05111,039
of these disadvantages, NAPOLEON, eVel:oo;
to
hands full, was able to spare a suffiewio
of men to surround Mantua, and IceeP:to,V
a garrison which actually out-numbering 0i
o'4)
siegers, while he himself devoted all his theVoo
crushing the Austrian armies sent to relleve:‘, aete
The stubborn defence of this fortress by t.-„,000,i
WURMSER is well known. Mantua was only en°6l.sf,
to capitulate after a blockade of seven it
would probably have held out much longer' -0000.,1
been for the supernumerary garrison it catlif'
which, adding nothing to its defensive strecileilltld,e
insufficient to assume the offensive, only c°,-tee
to diminish the scanty provisions and erovves toe
pitals—always more or less burdened Otero! eir,
healthy town. In vain did the tough old Gonad and 1/6/1
out the half rations of his troops by killingtbe rtot,
ing the horses of his magnificent cavalrY;,trisOsote
so anxiously looked for, and so desperatelithfal of
was everywhere intercepted by the rtlis stoc ioe'
queror of Italy, and Wuriarsert, seeing h re4o
provisions reduced to a three days' stillreptstrto'
tantly capitulated, leaving to Mantua tls,e,bi,4l.eita)
of being impregnable, save to famine. iittit dar0:(01
tion, however was destined to be sosnewsortreso.ol,
by the comparative ease with which thebist cier it)
afterwards recaptured by Kaar. ior 1001'
aware that the real strength of Mantu,s,is Pt/
position rathei- than its works, direct oppr
tentien to overcoming the difficulties jets eriata
of esmel„lo e
these presented. The possession
Go so, had placed the whole line of the octet (1
hands, and he availed himself of this to°oo of
numerous gunboats, armed with eall

J