The Sun.
London, England, 1848-01-01 00:00:00

THE SUN, _LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, JANUARY 1, 1848.

THE ZOLLVEREIN - PROTEC-
TION VZILSIJS FREE TRADE.

(Continued from The Sun of Thursday.)
11.

Now that we have brought the new system into
some shape, we shall be better able to judge with
some certainty concerning its influence on the diffe-
rent branches of industry. It may be objected to the
present inquiry, that, being exclusively limited to
the consideration of one particular form of the navi-
gation-law, it has acquired an appearance of one-
sidedness, and we may be blamed for having dwelt
upon certain given relations only, while other
combinations might equally well have been sup-
posed; it may be said that the existing laws
of foreign states are not irrevocable, and that
the states, according to the union, would be at
liberty to have recourse to other measures than those
reserved in the draft of the treaty, and alluded to in
the preceding section, Objections of this kind
would, however, render a searching investigation of
the proposed plan impossible, for strictures on one
measure proposed may always be met by the re-
mark, that others might be substituted, and it would
then only remain to prove in general the utility or
inutility of differential duties. To do this would, how-
ever, be worse than superfluous, for there is not a
manual of political economy in which this question
is not discussed, and several publications of an
exclusive character have of late appeared, in which it
has been considered in all respects. It is contended
that political economy does not deserve the name of
a science, because it does not possess general and
comprehensive principles, and because what it teaches
with regard to one country, very often cannot be ap-
plied to other countries and to other times. The
latter assertion is, at all events, true, and there-
fore the examination of a proposed measure
of political economy, and still more of a whole
complicated system of such measures, must be
undertaken with reference to certain given re-
lations, unless one would enter upon the her-
culean labour of examining them in all the imaginable
changes they may undergo, and applying them to all
imaginable cases. At least when the question to be
decided is the expediency of a navigation-law for
Germany, it is not possible to avoid putting forward
some particular case as an example ; and certainly
none could be more to the point than one taking for
its basis the most liberal of the plans as yet pro-
pounded (namely, the project mentioned in our intro-
duction), and in connexion wits this the existing
relations between the states concerned.

If we now proceed to consider the influence which
the system of differential duties, such as we have de-
scribed it, is likely to exercise on the different
branches of industry, and particularly-
1.

On the shipping interests, we shall at once see that
the differential duties affecting the foreign flag are
here of most immediate importance. The other dif-
ferential duties, such, namely, as would favour direct
importation from trans-Atlantic countries, will be-
nefit the German shipowners mediately only, and
only in case the two following assumptions should
prove correct :—first, that this measure will really
lead to a considerable increase of direct trade with
those countries ; second, that this increase will benefit
German shipowners only. That neither the one or
the other is probable will have to be shown hereafter
when we come to treat of the import trade.
The distinctions to be introduced by the new
system, to the detriment of foreign flags—namely, the
increased shipping charges on Dutch, French, and
Spanish vessels, and the increased customs duties
(waarenzolle) which, in addition to the above-men-
tioned nations, will likewise be imposed on Portuguese
vessels, is to have the immediate effect of facili-
tating the competition of German ships with' the
vessels of those foreign countries as regards im-
ports into German ports. The importance of this
protection can only be measured by the extent
of the competition against which it is directed.
In other words the services to be rendered to
German shipowners by the differential duties in ques-
tion will depend upon the number of the French,
Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish vessels competing
with them in our ports, and upon the efficacy of the
measure to diminish that competition. Here we meet
with the first case (but such cases will return regu-
larly in the course of this investigation) in which sta-
tistics must be brought in to the aid of argument; we
will, therefore, here express the hope that persons de-
voting themselves to the consideration of such weighty
interests as those comprised in the question of the
introduction of a new navigation-law for Germany,
will not neglect to consult statistical tables, in order
to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the
present state of commercial affairs, before attempting
to introduce a change. Not having had at hand such
complete statistical materials for judging of the trade
of other countries as we have had for judging of the
trade of Hamburgh, we have in the present discus-
sion referred more particularly and more frequently
to the latter—a proc?eding which will, we are sure,
not require justification.

Of the 3,543 sea-going vessels with cargoes,* which
in the year 1846 entered the port of llarnburgh,
79 were French
262 „ Dutch
9 „ Portuguese
31 „ Spanish

altogether 381 vessels,
on which, according to the new system, differential
duties would be levied ; the remaining number—
more than 3,ooo—would be able to continue their
trade, unmolested, as before. From this it will already
be seen how insignificant is the competition against
which these duties are to protect us. How little our
German shipping requires such protection is shown
by the number of ships belonging to the German
Confederation, as opposed to the 381 foreign vessels.
There were 1,518 of the former, to which may be
added 372 under Danish flag, which must also here
come under consideration, because, as we have before
remarked, there is among these a preponderating
number of llolstein vessels, and consequently of
vessels belonging to a state of the German Confede-
ration. It is further to be observed that—

Of the 79 French ships 70 came from France.
262 Dutch 21$ „ the Netherlands
9 Portuguese 7 „ Portugal.
31 Spanish 29 „ Spain.

381 324
So that of these 381 vessels only .57 carne indirectly
to Hamburgh. This proportion proves, on the one
side, how little the differential duties on the indirect
trade of these flags, so strenuously recommended by
some parties, would avail; and on the other side,
renders it doubtful whether, upon the whole, any
benefit would accrue to our flag from the heavier
burdens imposed upon the others. According to
what is above stated, the reason why in the trade
between Hamburgh on the one side, and Holland,
France, Portugal, and the Spanish colonies on
the other, the flags of these latter countries
prevail, is principally, if not solely, to be sought
for in the differential duties existing there. Sup-
posing now that these duties should remain in force
after the introduction of the German Navigation Act
(the probability or improbability of their being main-
tained will he treated of elsewhere), and as long as
they do remain in force, all persons sending cargoes
to these countries will, of course, in order to avoid the
additional duties, give the preference to the flags en-
:Ming privileges in those ports, and German vessels
will, perhaps, only be used to fetch cargoes to our
ports. Thus, if the system be carried out to
its full extent, the result would be that the vessels
of both parties would make one voyage in
ballast, in order to obtain freight for another ; that
is to say, if it were in the power of
customs laws thus to pervert the channels of trade.
However, it is well known that this cannot be. In
the present instance, it is more than probable that
matters would stand as follows would not be
possible to dispense with French and Spanish ships
for exports to Franca, Cuba, bcc. ; these ships would
always, even in spite of the differential duties, be able
to get freights hither, though, perhaps, at a somewhat
reduced price. Should even the merchants in France,
Cuba, &c., desire to avoid these more heavily-taxed
ships, they would not, therefore, be obliged to have
recourse to German vessels, but might choose English
or American ships, which are always to be found
there in as great number as ours.
From these remarks, drawn from the experience of
Hamburgh, it results—First, that the number of fo-
reign ships to be supplanted by means of the differen-
tial duties, is comparatively but very small ' • secondly,
that it is very doubtful whether they will,is highly
in reality,
be supplanted ; and, thirdly, that it highly impro-
bable that they would be replaced by German ships
alone.

What is in this respect said of Hamburgh may, no
doubt, be said proportionately of all other German
ports. We will here adduce two as examples.
Of the 1,531 laden vessels which entered the port
of Stettinf during the past year, there were 5 French
and 102 Dutch vessels, all, or at least the greater
number, coming from France and the Netherlands ;
of Spanish and Portuguese vessels there were none ; of
German, on the contrary, there were 957 (97 Danish
not included). In Bremen,l out of 1,605 sea-going
ships.iyhich entered the port in 1846, 144 were Dutch
(120 of these came from Holland), and 7 Spanish (5
of which came from Spain and Cuba). Of French
and Portuguese there were none ; but, on the other
hand, there were 1,101 German vessels.
We have in the preceding section mentioned the
reasons why no other countries but these four, the
names of which we have so oft repeated, and parti-
cularly why England is not taken into account, when
we are treating of those nations whose ships are to

* Ships entering in ballast are not, of course, to be
taken into account, as we ara treating of measures fa-
vouring importation.
-I. " Handel's Archiv," April No., p. 352.
I ‘.tlbid," p. 335.

be charged with differential duties. Even the
" Memorial of the Prussian Department of Trade of
1845," supposes that the English flag must be placed
on an equal footing with the German. But supposing
even that we acted on another and a different prin-
ciple, which has likewise been recommended, and
that we charged differential duties upon English ves-
sels also, and, indeed, upon all not German ♦essels,
coming from ports out of Europe, the case would not
thereby be altered. The objection would still hold
good, that the benefit accruing to German shipowners
would by no means be proportionate to the danger
attending such a step. The traffic in the port of
Hamburgh may here again serve as proof.
0 f the 347 ships which during the past year came
to Hamburgh from trans-Atlantic ports, 188, conse-
quently more than half, were German, 63 Danish
not included. But of the cargoes coming from coun-
tries out of Europe,
2 only were imported under French flag.
1 under the Netherlands flag.
21 Spanish
17
2 71 Portuguese „
20 „ English 1)

making 46 vessels.
The whole result of the last-mentioned modifica-
tion of the system would be, that in the most
favourable case, these forty-six ships would be driven
out of the market, and would be replaced by German
or other ships on an equal footing with the German ;
we have not, however, taken into consideration, that
the greater number of these foreign ships came from
the colonies of their own countries, and would, there-
fore, as coming direct, be exempt from the additional
duties.
Nor will the objection here hold good, that the
proportion is, perhaps, more favourable in Hamburgh
than in other ports.
To Bremen * there came from places out of
Europe 250 ships, of which 230 were German and 9
Danish ; an the other hand there were—

English ....
Spanish

Together
French, Netherland, and Portuguese there were
none. In Bremen, therefore, this system would only
serve to protect 230, or more correctly 239 ships,
against the competition of eleven others.
With regard to Stettin, the numbers made acces-
sible by the press afford no satisfactory standard. The
Stettin report in the " Handels Archly" (April num-
ber) only distinguishes between Prussian and not
Prussian vessels; so that it cannot be seen how many
of the forty-six ships which arrived from ports out of
Europe were German, or such as enjoy the same
rights as the German (of Prussian there were indeed
but six); but there is no reason to suppose that the
proportion was materially different from that in the
two Hanse Towns.

But numbers speak still more plainly when we
look at the ship traffic in the port of Hamburgh, as it
has been for a series of years. Table I. will show
this. It will be there seen that the German flag,
wi-hout the aid of differential duties, has during
the last ten years gradually taken possession of
the trans-Atlantic trade ; that the number of ships
under the German and Danish flags, employed in
this trade, has increased from 148 yearly, to 268
yearly—i. e., has increased from 50 to 68 per
cent. of the total number (in 1845) ; that the
number of vessels protected in the mother countries
by navigation-laws has decreased from 28 to 46
e., has been reduced from 28 to 13 per cent. ; that
the number of Hamburgh ships, more particularly,
has increased from 92 to 160, or from 32 to 59 per
cent., and that at the same time the number of Eng-
lish vessels has sunk down from 70 to 20, or from
25 to 60 per cent. It will be seen, consequently,
that the system of free trade has here in prac •
tice obtained a victory, which in this field could
even in theory hardly have been predicted; for
svhere can it be supposed that the Navigation Act will
prove its beneficial effects, if it be not in the trade
with distant countries? Energy, perseverance, and
industry alone are in such matters sure of success.
Difficulties rouse activity, competition excites that
ardour which will not rest till the competition be
vanquished. Artificial protection, by prohibitions
and duties, weakens zeal, renders exertion unne-
cessary, slackens activity, and finally leaves even
the result itself doubtful. According to the
opinion of those well informed on the subject,
German ships are now in general superior to
the English; their crews are more efficient and
their freights more moderate. Not only in the
trade with places out of Europe is the English flag
gradually being supplanted in the German ports, but
in the European trade also it is gradually losing its
influence. Table 11. shows this more plainly. The
number of British ships in Hamburgh, excepting
those in ballast and the colliers, has during the last
ten years decreased from 25 to 19 per cent. But
the decreasing activity of the English flag, even
with regard to England's European trade is still
more evident in the country itself. Table 111.,
borrowed from the returns laid before the
Committees of the Houses of Parliament, shows
that the number of English vessels employed in
England's trade with Germany is only half as great as
that of other vessels (most German) employed in the
same trade ; that of the vessels employed in trade with
North America, less than half; and in trade with the
Scandinavian countries, scarcely one-fourth are
English ; and finally, it shows, that precisely in the
trade with those five countries where navigation
laws have been established, the majority of British
ships is so great that it balances the disadvan-
tages under which they labour in the free-trade
countries. This is a remarkable fact. Is it owing
to the operation of the navigation-laws ? The answer
may be doubtful ; but it is a known fact, that a
growing desire is evine,cd in England for the abro-
ga`ion of the navigation laws, and that there is some
hope that the term of their existence is drawing nigh.
Frans*, with a Navigation Act almost as exclusive
with her artificially framed system of differential
duties, with her fine ports and her excellent mari-
time position, surrounded on three sides by the ocean,
France, the second maritime power in the world, has,
when her coasting vessels are deducted, a commercial
navy inferior in number to that of Germany (fir
proofs see Table IV.), and up to the present day her
trading vessels are almost entirely excluded from the
commerce of other countries with the world in gene-
ral, while the number of foreign ships engaged even
in her own commerce, surpasses the number of her
own ships. The number of ships coming into and
going out of French ports- in 1845 amounted to-
gether to 30,245, with a tonnage of three millions
and a half; the share of the French flag in this trade
only amounted, calculating by ships, to 42, and cal-
culating by tonnage, to 39 per cent. The increase
above the year 1844 amounted with regard to fo-
reign vessels to 898 voyages ; with regard to foreign
vessels to 1,120 voyages.t Still more remark-
able is the increase of the latter during the pre-
ceding years.§ The number of arrivals and departures
was—

In 1827-16,632 vessels with 1,614,823 tonnage.
1844-28,227 " " 3,288,000 „
Of these were foreign vessels :-
1827 915,351 tonnage.
1848-2,072,000 ,
so that the share of the foreign flags increased during
this period, 1,116,649 tons, while the French share
increased only 556,528 tons. The commercial fleet
of France (including coasting vessels) comprised,—
ln 1827-14,322 vessels of 692,125 tons burthen.
1844-13,679 „ 689,286 „
The result is thus on every side unfavourable.
Neither does Holland, though her commercial navy
is on the increase, present results such as would en-
courage imitation. Her ships, fitted out for long
voyages, and enjoying particular privileges for the
trade between the mother country and her colonies,
limit themselves almost entirely to that trade, and
the Dutch trading navy is inferior in number to that
of Germany.
Belgium, with her differential duties, has not raised
her commercial fleet to 300 sea-going ships, whilst
Germany has above 3,000 ; and in Belgian ports the
competition of foreign flags is rather on the increase
than the reverse. Since 1840 the tonnage of Belgian
ships has increased from 56 to 68, that of foreign ships
from 170,000 to 278,000 tons.

The commercial marine of Spain is as insignificant
as her differential duties are oppressive to foreign
nations.

The trading vessels of Portugal are the least ad-
mired in Europe.
The above is not exactly meant to prove that navi-
gation-laws are injurious to the shipping interests,
though in England this is maintained by many, but
proves at least so much, that experience does not
speak in favour of their beneficial influence.
The German commercial marine is superior to
those
above
mentioned : our captains and crews in
general
an excellent reputation ; our vessels are
good; their preponderance in our own ports can no longer
be disputed; their number is in a state of satisfactory
increase; and so,
if
Heaven gives its blessing, we
shall go on increasing in prosperity ; at least, there
is no cause to think that this increase will suddenly
stop, if arbitrary disturbances of trade do not take
place. But there exists as little cause for interfering
with this natural and gradual increase, and forcing it
on by artificial means, as for transforming the vigorous
and healthy plant into a delicate hot-house plant
calling for anxious care, .
Too much may also be done to promote the increase
of shipping, if this be considered in itself as a branch
of industry, and not merely as an aid to commerce.
The possession of an overwhelming number of ships
cannot always be considered a fortunate circumstance

*" Handsls• Archly," April No., p. 351.
f (Query 67.)
I Journal des Economistes. D4cembre, 1846, p. 14.
§ Denkschrift der COlnischen Handelskammer von
184, p. 14.

for the country; the business of a shipowner is not
necessarily a profitable one, as many shipowners can
attest from their own experience. A sea-port will in
general, it is true, be benefited by a great extension of
its shipping interests, though the individual shipowners
may be losers thereby, and it is therefore quite justifi-
able that in such ports all possible efforts should be
made to promote this extension; but when applied to
the economy of a whole country, the question assumes
a very different aspect. Unless the geographical po-
sition of a country be peculiarly favourable, the arti-
ficial promotion of the shipping interests will be bene-
ficial to a small number of individuals and a small
number of towns only. Great Britain and Ireland are
islands, the half of Holland has been redeemed
from the sea, France is bounded on three sides
by the ocean, the Peninsula is almost entirely sur-
rounded by water; all these countries abound in ex•
cellent sea-ports, and in all these ports the shipping
trade and fisheries give employment to a vast number
of individuals. All measures, therefore, which really
conduce to the benefit of the home shipping in these
ports, in reality conduces to the benefit of a large
proportion of the population of the country. Ger-
many, on the contrary, if we do not include the non-
German provinces of Austria, possesses only five or
six ports on the North Sea, double the number on
the Baltic, and two or three on a small bay of the
Adriatic, and the rest of the country and its popula-
tion are entirely unconnected with the shipping trade
and its interests. Under such circumstances it be-
comes doubly necessary to beware that we do not
burden the whole country for the exclusive benefit of
the shipping interests. The country must, however,
unavoidably be burdened if the home shipping alone
does not suffice to keep down freights as low as the
competition of foreign vessels would render them.
The exclusion of foreign flags, which, according to
what has been said above, is unattainable or almost
ineffective, would, if obtained and made effectual, only
serve to raise the freights of German ships ; the pro-
fits, therefore, intended for the whole country, would
flow into the pockets of the shipowners only. Should,
even under these circumstances, a greater number of
ships be built in Germany, the proportionate profit
accruing to the great mass of the population would,
nevertheless, be very insignificant, particularly as a
large proportion of the materials must be purchased
from foreign countries.
It must not, however, be supposed from these ob-
servations that the inhabitants of the sea-ports under-
rate the importance of the shipping interests, as re-
gards the maritime states.* The importance of these
interests is great, greater even than at first sight ap-
pears; but as it is the object of the present investiga-
tion to elucidate the question of differential duties,
not with reference to Hamburgh in particular, but
with reference to Germany in general, we are bound
to point out of how little relative importance the
shipping interests are to a country like Germany,
having so little sea coast.
Thus, to sum up in a few words, it results from all
that we have said concerning the shipping interests,
that the protection to be afforded to the German flag
by the imposition of differential duties would be of no
importance, because even as matters now stand they
suffer very little from foreign competition ; that the
beneficial effect to be produced by this trifling pro-
tection on the German shipping interests, is very
doubtful ; that experience shows that the German
flag requires no protection, and that it is superior to
other flags enjoying protection ; that to confer parti-
cular benefits on the shipping interests at the expense
of the general interests of the country, would in
Germany be anything but advisable, and that it
would be particularly ill-judged to do so by the im-
position of differential duties, which, as we mean to
show in the following section, are calculated to injure
commerce.

In considering the subject with regard to com-
merce, we have not only to take into account the
higher charges to be imposed upon the flags of Hol-
land, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also, and in a
still greater measure, the heavier burdens that would
be imposed on indirect importations from those coun-
tries, as also from England and Belgium. In general
and especially according to the words of the project
of law of which we are treating, the term " indirect
importation" means the importation of the produce of
one country from the ports of another country; but
it will greatly simplify the mode of expression. and
also facilitate our inquiry, if we designate the impor-
tation into Germany of all non-European produce
from European ports, as th?.t which is to be bur-
dened with differential duties. If we were to adopt
any other distinction than that between European
produce and the so-called colonial produce, and par-
ticularly a distinction as to the nationality or the
political circumstances of the producing countries,
this would, in the working out of the system, render
it absolutely necessary that all goods claiming ex-
emption from the higher duties should be accom-
panied by a certificate proving their origin. But
this is a measure which, even independent of the
impossibility of guarding ag iinst fraud, would impose
such restraints upon trade, that we cannot suppose it
would be recommended by the partizans of the dif-
ferential system. Besides, as the object is only to
favour the direct trade with transatlantic countries, it
would net much matter whether Havannah sugar
was fetched from Cuba or from North America.
But this is the place to demonstrate that if the system
of favouring the direct trade from the producing
countries were to be consistently carried out, it would
shackle the transatlantic trade also.

It is generally overlooked, though it ought not to
be, that we receive from North America, for instance,
besides the productions of the country itself, large
quantities of Havannah and Brazil sugars, and Brazil
and West India coffees, which the North Americans
have partly purchased from the producing countries,
partly exchanged for salted provisions and flour; we
also obtain from them hides from Buenos Ayres, tea
from China, pepper from Sumatra and the East
Indies, spices from the Indian Archipelago, indigo
and camphor from India and South America, cochi-
neal from Mexico, and dyewoods from the islands of
the West Indies and the Pacific ; all of which they
hare brought from the producing countries, and which
reach us by this circuitous route. Should this cir-
cuitous route likewise be obstructed by the proposed
differential duties, then would all that is said below,
as to their injurious effect upon trade, be applicable
in a still greater degree.
The uncertainty occasioned by the former plan re-
commended by Bremen, as to whether the differential
duties are to affect certain principal articles only, and
as to what these are to be, can, according to the
spirit of the present more liberal project, hardly be
settled otherwise than that, with the exception of those
that are entirely exempt from duty, all goods the pro-
duce of countries out of Europe, should be taxed in
this manner. It will be necessary, however, while
examining the plan, to fix upon some particular exam-
ples, and these may, with the greatest propriety, be
borrowed from the principal articles just referred to.
The immediate effects of the differential import
duties must, in the first place, affect the import trade ;
and here we must again distinguish between the dis-
advantages imposed upon foreign flags, and the diffi•
cuities placed in the way in indirect importation.
As regards the former, not even the warmest advo-
cates of the differential system can deny that their in-
fluence on the import trade cannot be otherwise than
prejudicial; the impediments to competition placed
in the way of certain foreign flags, must, of course,
raise the freights of the favoured ships; their total
exclusion would reduce the number of ships at the
disposal of the merchants ; both these circumstances
would render the importation of goods difficult, and
consequently either reduce them in quantity or raise
them in price, and the mass of consumers would thus
suffer even more than the importing merchant. This
will require no further elucidation.
The effects of the other measure, as to obstruct-
ing indirect importation in the sense above detailed,
seem more doubtful. The first object aimed at by
such a measure must of course be the increase of di-
rect importation (i. e., the direct importation of non-
European productions from transatlantic countries).
and here the following questions arise :—Are such
means required for the attainment of this? and, Will
these means led to this end ? Will the means not
prove in themselves, more injurious than the end will
prove beneficial ?
In order to answer the first question we must take
a survey of the present state of the German import
trade in non-European goods.
To Hambugh, to begin again with that which is nearest
to us, there came in the year 1845, according to the
returns of the statistical section of the Custom-
house :

From Trans• Atlantic From European.
Ports. Ports.
Raw sugar 53,861,300 lbs.
Coffee 46,972,600 „
Cotton 11,653,000 „
Hides
Rice

Tobacco
Dye-woods 11,605,600 „ 3,297,600 „
These tables show, it is true, a great preponde-
rance of direct importations over indirect, but in
reality the proportion in favour of the direct impor-
tations is still greater, for we have here placed among
the imports from European places, those imports also
which are marked in the statistical office as coming
" from Altona, and by land." Now, it is evident that
whatever goods of that description come to Hamburgh
by land can hardly come from any other place than Al-
tona, and that they must have been imported into Al-
tons direct from transatlantic countries. According to

* As regards Hamburgh, we may perhaps here be
permitted to allude to the great exertions and money
sacrifices by which her merchants were enabled to esta-
blish the first German sea steam-ships in opposition to
the. English companies. Hamburgh at present possesses
six such ships of the largest kind, which navigate the
Elbe (see Table VII.) and three new ones in course of
building, two of which are destined to trade with Lon-
don. As is well known, there is already one line-of-
packet ships established between Hamburgh and North
America, and another is about to be introduced.

the number ofivessels coming to Altona from countries
out of Europe, it may be assumed that at least three-
fouiths of the colonial goods imported into Hamburgh
" by land and from Altona," may be reckoned among
the direct importations which have come from trans-
atlantic places to the Elbe, and have been discharged
Lin Altona, for reasons irrelevant to the present ques-
tion, be it for Hamburgh or be it for Altona account.
If we leave these good " eoming from Altona and by
land" out of the account, of which Table VIII. shows
the amount, the proportions of the direct importa-
tions to the total importation for the year 1845, are :
Raw sugar ... ... 92 per cent.
Coffee ... 83 „
Cotton
Tobacco ... 59 ~

Rice ... ... 45 „
Hides ... ... 79 „
Dye woods ... ... ... 89 „
Whereby it is also to be observed, that among the
European ports from which these importations took
place, were also some German ports—as, for instance,
Bremen, whither the goods had been imported
directly. With regard to some of the articles enume-
rated, we must make some further observations ;
thus, we must remark, relative to the apparently un-
favourable proportions of the imports of tobacco, that
of the 7,000,0001b5. placed under the head of in-
direct importations; the greater part, or about
5,000,0001b5. came from Bremen, into which port it
had been imported indirectly; and that further a
part of it was Russian and came direct from Russia.
The apparently still greater disproportion in the
imports of rice, is to be attributed to some particular
temporary conjunctures; as a general rule, the pro-
portations are very different; for, in 1844, the
direct importations of rice into Hamburgh amounted
to seventy-five per cent., and in 1843 even to
ninety-three per cent. of the whole amount of this
article imported. The only article the relative pro-
portions of which are really unfavourable is cotton,
of which more will be said hereafter. Further de-
tails are given in Table VIII., and in Table VIII. a
and I* containing a recapitulation of the former, and
in addition to which we may here notice that the
value of the total amount of importations from trans-
atlantic ports, was declared at the Custom-house to
be 36,880,200 marks banco, and that the goods that
were entered for immediate transit only amounted to
the value of 3,129,700 marks banco. The remainder
was thus entirely for account of the Hamburgh mer-
chants, who cannot, therefore, be reproached with
having neglected Germany's immediate relations with
distant regions.
What has been said of Hamburgh is equally appli-
cable to Bremen. According to the statement in the
April number of the " Handels Archiv," relative
proportions of the direct importations to the tot it
amount of importations into that port, amounted in
1846 to—

Tobacco 92 per cent.
Sugar .• • 90 „

..
Coffee ••• •. B7
_ _ II

Cotton ". 92
80

Dye woods
-Itaw' hides
Whereby it'must be remarked that the imports from
Hamburgh are reckoned as direct.
As regards the Prussian Baltic ports, it may be
deduced from a complete import table contained in
the January number of the " Handels Archiv," that
in the year 1845, the proportion of the imports from
the transatlantic and German ports into these ports,
to the total amount of imports, amounted to
Coffee

Raw sugar 46 „
Cotton •• • • 14 ~
Tobacco
Rice .. 23 „

Dye woods .. .
_ . _

With the exception of rice, of which the same may
he said here as was said when speaking of Hamburgh,
and cotton, of which more is to be said hereafter, the
proportions are not here either entirely favourable.
Besides, it is in the nature of things, that the pro-
portion of these imports in the Baltic ports could not
be so favourable as in the North Sea ports of Ger-
many, and that the former ports should receive con-
siderable supplies of colonial produce from the latter.
We have only to read the memorials which have lately
emanated from Stettin and Dantzic, to be convinced
of how little_ benefit there is expected from differential
duties.

In general we see from the above, with regard to
direct trade, that which was made manifest relative
to the shipping interests, namely, that the object
sought to be obtained by artificial means has long ago
been attained naturally and simply by means of free
trade, and that it will go on gradually developing
itself, if left undisturbed under these influences. The
first question, as to whether our import trade requires
the protection of differential duties must, therefore, be
answered in the negative.

(To be continued.)

MARKET INTELLIGENCE.

From the London New Price Current of Dec. 31.)

REVIEW OF THE SUGAR MARKET FOR THE YEAR
1847.—From the position and proceedings in the raw
Sugar market in the early part of the year, it could not
have been imagined that the disastrous events that after-
wards occurred would have taken place; the supplies
would be greater than for many years ; that the in-
crease in the consumption in this country would be
immaterial, contrasted with the previous seasons, it
could not have been foreseen that sugar would be selling
from 20 to 30 per cent. under the cost of importation.
These events, however, have actually taken place,
and to the astonishment of nearly every one en-
gaged in the sugar trade. There was much firmness
in the market during the seven first weeks of the year.
From the refiners and grocers an extensive demand was
experienced, whilst speculators were induced to operate
largely in consequence of the admission by orders from
Government of the unrestricted use of sugar in the
distilleries and breweries, and the immense quantity
that would in consequence be required fur that
purpose. There was also a good export demand,
and supplies were moderate ; prices continued to
advance, and towards the close of February we
find that brown Jamaica, which was selling at
the beginning of the year at from 43: to 44s 6d, had
risen within that time to 50s to 5246 d, thus showing an
advance of from 78 to 8s per cwt. After which period
the market assumed quite a different appearance; the
demand for all purposes decreased, and supplies were
upon a more extended scale; prices continued, with a
few intermissions, gradually to give way, and con-
tinued so until the close of April, after which the
decline became rapid, and continued so until the
commencement of December, when brown Jamaica was
sold at 34s to 355. The arrivals during that period
continued upon an extensive scale from all sugar pro-
ducing countries, whilst merchants were eager sellers,
and continued week after week to press immense quan-
tities for sale, regardless of the lowness of prices, and
the loss upon the importation. The home trade on the
other hand, in consequence of the advance in the
rate of discounts, were debarred from holding large
stocks, although the consumption continued to be
of a saisfactory nature. It would, however have been
larger, had it not been for the monetary panic, and
which was the means of depriving vast numbers of
the working population of employment. The
sugars belonging to the firms that were compelled to
suspend payment, and which were forced upon
the market, also contributed to assist the down-
ward movement in prices. The export demand
has fallen much under expectation, although during
nearly the whole year prices have ruled under those of
the Continental markets. The Government proposition
of allowing the use of sugar in the breweries and dis-
tilleries may be considered as nearly a failure, for it was
calculated when the subject was first proposed, that
with moderate prices the quantity requisite would be
100,000 tons annually, and although prices have ruled low
for eight months, yet the quantity taken has notexceeded
12,000 tons, and is a subject of surprise, only to be ascribed
to. the real properties of sugar mixed with grain being
unknown, the consumption having been confined to a
few small brewers and distillers. There can be no doubt
but that sugar, in connexion with grain, can be advan-
tageously used in the process of making ale or porter.
Tho distillers that are using sugar find it to be to their
advantage to continue the use of sugar. There were
symptoms of improvement in the value a few days prior
to the closing of the market, but any material rise in
value in the ensuing year is not looked for, although
there may be a large consumption, as stocks in
Europe are nearly double of what they were at
the close of 1846, and there is every prospect
that supplies will be as large in the ensuing, as
they have been in the present year; indeed, they
will be greater, should the navigation laws be abolished.
The losses upon the importation of sugar into the
United Kingdom this year amount to nearly two mil-
lions sterling. In comparing the arrivals to this port
in 1846, it will be perceived on reference to our annual
statement that the increase in West India is 27,000,
Mauritius 10,000, Java, Siam, and: Manila 4,400, Ha-
vannah 12,000, Porto Rico 5,000, and Brazil 8,000 tons
but of Bengal and Madras 2,000 less have been received.
It will thus be seen that our imports exhibit an increase
over those of the past season of 66,400 tons, but the quan-
tity delivered for home consumption is larger of Colonial
by 1,000, and of Foreign to the amount of 6,000 tons.
Of all sorts the export deliveries are greater by 15,000,
so that the deliveries for all purposes are greater than
during 1846 by 21,000. The stock, it must be taken
into consideration, is of Colonial 24,000 and of Foreign
7,000 tons heavier than at the close of 1846. The
trade, however, are scantily supplied all over the coun •
try, and it must be taken into consideration that prices
are lower than at that time by 9s to 10s, for West
India, 103 to 12s for Bengal and Madras, 9s to 1 ls
for Mauritius, 7s to 8s for Foreign East India, 5s to
83 for slave labour. By the weekly averages from the
London Gazette, the highest) aggregate for 1847, 37s
4d on the 2d February; the lowest on the 19th Oc-
tober, 21s 6d; the highest of West India 38s 3d, on
the 26th of January, and the lowest on the 9th of No-
vember, 22s 6d; ,the highest of Mauritius 37s 64d on the
2d of February, and the lowest on the 14th of December,
19s Old; the highestof East India 39s 21d, on the 23d
of February, and the lowest on the 9th November was
19s I Id. At the request of several parties interested
in the sugar trade, we publish two atatements for the
year—one exhibiting stocks, deliveries, and arrivals in
puns; the other in hhds, bags, chests, and barrels.
REPINED.—There is much demand for refined goods

for home consumption, and full rates are offered, but
the supply is Fcanty. The value of brown grocery
lumps is 52s 6d to 535, and standard 53s 6d to 54s per
cwt. The market is looking firm. Bonded crushed
Sugar is held for 30a to 31s for first, and at 29s 6d for
second sort, but there are not many orders. Loaves are
in excellent request, and the tendency of prices is up-
wards.

COFFEE.—Although the arrivals from our West India
colonies have not been large during the year, and are
only 3,000 cwt greater than in the previous one, yet
merchants have been anxious to sell, and prices continued
to give way, with little intermission. This may be as-
scribed to the consumption being much interfered with
by other sorts on account of the difference in price,
and the improved quality, for the supply of West India
has consisted mostly of mixed and inferior sorts. The
deliveries in consequence are less than in the year
1846 by 4,200, and there is an increase in the
stock of 3,000 cwt. The opening prices of Ja
maica this year were 33s to 55s for low to fine ordi-
nary, and 56s to 130 s per cwt for low middling to fine;
in the middle part of the year we find they stand thus—
the former from 39s to 675, and the latter 74s to 106 s,
whilst the present value is 27s to 49s for low to fine
ordinary, and 50s to 100 s for low middling to superior,
this showing that :prices have come down from 7s to 30s
from the commencement of the year. Of Ceylon the
arrivals have been of such magnitude, and exhibit an
increase over those of the past year of 35,000 cwt, the
excess being more apparent in Plantation sorts, and
there is every appearance that the importation will be
as heavy in the new as in the old year. Prices having
ruled low and with a downward tendency during the
chief part of 1847, caused a large consumption, and to
exceed that of the former season by nearly 36,000 cwt.
The stock on hand is heavy, and shows a surplus of
nearly 30,000 cwt; so that no material advance in prices
can be expected to occur, although they are lower than
at the close of the previous year by 4s to 6s for Native
and 4s to lOs per cwt for Plantation. The opening prices
this year were 37s to 38s for good ordinary Native, and
38s to 90s for common to fine Plantation. On the first
quarter of the year they were 42s to 43s for Native, and
44s to 90s for Plantation; in the second 27s to 38s for Na-
tive, and 39s to 85s for Plantation; in the third 34s to 35s
for Native, and 26s to 83s for Plantation; in the fourth,
32s 6d to 33: 6d for Native, and 34s to 80s for Plantation.
SPIRITS.—From the West Indies the arrivals of Rum
have been unusually large this season, notwithstanding
prices were unsettled, and generally have been of an
unsatisfactory nature. The increase over the year 1846,
it will be observed on reference to our annual statement,
is 11,200 puns and hhds, 4,500 more than in 1845,
and 13,000 greater than in 1844. The receipts
from the East Indies are also heavy, and ex-
hibit an increase over those of 1846 of 1.000, 1845
of 3,000, and in 1844 of 6,300. The home
deliveries of West India have been of a satisfactory
nature, and which must be attributed to the moderate
rates that existed; they exhibit an increase over those of
1846 of 3,000, in 1845 of 3,300, and in 1844 of 5,000.
The export demand, however, has not been so goed as
might have been expected—the deliveries for that pur-
pose are only on a par with those of the previous season,
but are greater than in 1845 by 1,000, and larger than in
1844 to the extent of 4,600. Of East India the home
deliveries are 1,100 greater than in 1846 ; for
exportation, however, nearly 1,000 puncheons, &c.,
less have been taken. In comparing stocks with
those at the end of last year, we find there is an increase
in West India of 4,200, in the year 1845 of 1,600, and
in 1844 of 4,000. The quantity of East India is nearly
double of what it was last season. Prices are, how-
ever, lower, than at that time by 10d to lld for Leeward
Island, 7d to 8d for East India, and 2d to 6d per gallon
for Jamaica. The proeeediegs in the market were of an
important nature during the month of January, and in
the early part of February, the home demand being ex-
teesive, whilst exporters were large buyers, and many
speculative purchases were made, whilst the advance
in prices was considerable. The excitement in the mar-
ket was chiefly produced by the proposition of Govern-
ment to reduce the duties, the reduction in Ireland and
Scotland being considerable. At the commencement of
January the value of proof Leward was 2s 6d and of
fair Jamaica 30 per cent. over proof 3s 6:1, whilst in the
first week of February, prices advanced to 4s fur the
former, and 5s 4d for the latter, since then, however.
a total change has takeu place in the position of
the market, supplies have much increased, merchants
willing sellers, whilst all parties have operated with
caution, and prices have come down rapidly with but
little demand, proof Leewards being now only worth
Is 7d, and fair Jamaica 30 per cent over proof 3s 6d per
gallon. The general impression is that for Leeward
Island and East India, prices will remain much the same
as at present for a week, but that Jamaica will be
cheaper, as this kind of Rum is higher in price than any
other. The downward tendency in the value of Brandy has
continued throughout nearly the whole of the year, al-
though the home deliveries have been of a satisfactory
nature, and for the United Kingdom they are 995,000,
in the previous year 100,000 gallons, but the arrivals
have been upon a large scale, and merchants showing
much anxiety to sell caused prices to rule low, especially
for old landed sorts. The stock is under 7,000 puns
and hhds, whilst Brandy is 8d to is per gallon cheaper
than last year, but as supplies are likely to be heavy
in 1848, no material improvment in the value can be
expiated to occur. Prices for Geneva have ruled sa-
tisfactorily for the importers by reason of the
scanty supply. The lowest quotations for shipping
sort in 1847 was 2s 4d, the highest 2s 9d. The quan-
tity taken for home consumption this season has been
12,00 gallons for the United Kingdom, against 22,000
labt y ear. The consumption of British Corn Spirits
has been unusually large, and for the first three
month 4 prices continued on the rise, and went
up to Ils 9d per gallon proof, afterward.
declined to Ils, then rose to lls 6d, then went
down to I ls, and now rule at lOs 6d, which is 6d lower
than at the close of 1846. There is only one party
using sugar fer the purpose of making spirit, and the
prices obtained is 10s 6d per gallon proof ; it is taken
by retailers for the purpose of mixing with other spirits.
Several parties are surprised that others do not turn
their attention to this business as it is very profitable by
reason of the cheapness of sugar.
_

Sioo.—This article met with much attention in the
early part of the year, and as supplies were inconsider-
able, the advance in prices was rapid, and in the month
of September we find that pearl was selling at from 40s
to 56s for common to fine quality. Since then how-
ever, the demand having fallen off, combined with the
increase in the supplies, prices continued to recede, and
now range at 15s to 245, which rates are 16. to 19s under
those that existed at the close of 1846. The stock
is 574 tons, and in the former season 289. The
arrivals amount to 1,106 against 778 in 1846, whilst the
home deliveries are 756, and in the former year 784 tons.
For :export the deliveries are 10, and in 1846 only 6
tons. For Sago Flour at one period of the year prices
ruled at 34s to 365, but have since declined, and range
at 23s to 21s, there having been a better supply and but
limited demand. The arrivals for the year are 180 tons,
and in the former one 117. The home deliveries are 98,
and in 1846 255, for exportation 10, and in the former
year 34. The stock is 134, and in 1846, 667.
TALLow.—This afternoon the public sales of Tallow
went off flatly, and at rather lower rates; 147 casks of
Odessa were only in part sold at 44s to 44s 6d; 146
casks of South American, 41s 6d to 425; 461 casks .t
Australian, fine 45s 6d to 46s 3d, good 44s 6d to 45. 3d,
middling 425t0445, low 39s 3d to 42s 3d per cwt.

INDlGO.—Although the owportation of East India has
not been heavy during the year, and exhibits a decrease
of 300 chests compared with 1846, 9,600 in comparison
with 1845, and 9,000 with 1844, yet the market has
been in a very unsatisfactory position during nearly
the whole of the year, owing to the unwilling-
ness of exporters and the home trade to make
purchases; the readiness of holders to realise, combined
with the stiffness of the money market, and the
numerous failures that occurred amongst merchants
and manufactures. Prices continued to decline up to
the October sale, at which Bengal purple only
fetched 4s 9d to 5s 3d, violet 3s 3d to 4s 9d,
(sipper is 6d to 3s 3d; Madras, low to fine Is 3d to
3s 9d, and Kurpah at Is 8d to 4s per lb. Since then a
better opinion has been entertained towards the article,
the home and export demand having been good, whilst
speculators have been induced to make purchases, and
a rise in the value of 2d to 3d per lb has taken
place. A further improvement may be expected to
occur unless the importation in the new year is
excessive, as the stock in bond is less, than in 1846,
by 1,200 chests, whilst the dealers in this country and
throughout Europe are scantily supplied, prices ruling
from is to is 6d per lb under those of the last three
years, and merchants obtaining only small profits
upon the importation, whilst there is every pros
pect of a material increase oceuring in the consumption,
owing to the activity there will be in the manufacturing
districts shortly, occasioned by the improved demand for
goods, and the fall of the rate of interest. Notwith-
standing the unfavourable auspices under which trade
and commerce progressed during the year ; yet
we find there is an increase in the quantity
of Indigo delivered for home consumption and
exportation of 2,100 chests, whilst the deliveries are
greater than in 1845, and are nearly equal to those of 1844.
For Spanish the market was in a dull state during
nearly the whole of ten months, and prices were de-
pressed, but since October the demand has bee❑
more active, and a rise in the value took place ;
yet prices are lower than for some years. The
supply during 1847 consisted chiefly of low and midd-
ling sorts, indeed the rates obtained for all kinds were
under the cost of importation ; this is not likely to be
the case in the ensuing year. '['he stock is greater than
it was at the close of 1846 by 700 serons, whilst the in-
crease in the arrivals amounts to 1,000, and there is a
decrease in the deliveries of 300 serons.
COCHINEAL.—On reference to our annual statistical
statement, it will be observed that the arrivals this
season have been unusually large, and exceed those of
the previous one by 2,100 bags, and are greater than in
1845 by 3,400. The moderate rates that have
been experiended, however, occasioned the home
and export demand to be satisfactory, the deliveries
for both purposes having been as large as in 1846, and
3,000 bags greater than in 1845. The stock is more
than it was at the close of the past season by 1,000,
but less than it was i❑ 1845 by 260 bags. In comparing
prices with those of the close of December last year,
they exhibit a decline of 6d to Is for silvers, and
of 2d to 3d per lb for black. For some months past
prices continued to recede, by reason of the anxiety of
merchants to realise, the large parcels pressed upon
the market, and the caution exercised by exporters
and the home trade in doing business; common silvers
were sold as low as 3s 8d per lb, but during several
weeks the demand continued to increase, and prices
to advance, whilst the lowest quotation is now
4s 2d. Appearances are favourable for the article during
the ensuing year as regards consumption and prices,
whereas the importation is not likely to be so large as
during the present season, as prices only barely remu-
nerate importers, That there will be a large export
demand in 1848 there can be no doubt.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.
MANSION-11011SE.
George ilyder, a ruffian who flung a large stone at,
the shop window of Mr. Challis, of Cornhill, smash- I
ing a pane of thick plate glass, of the value of 151., on
Wednesday last, was brought up for examination.
Mr. Gill, the city of London pass-master, stated
that he had passed the defendant to Dublin once in
April, 1845, and once in January, 1846.
The LORD MAYOR—Defendant, you said yester-
day that you had never been passed to Ireland. Now
it is certain that you have been twice passed. W hat
lo you say to the statement you have just heard ?
Defendant—l say that I have been four times passed,
but I never went further than half way. I didn't like
to go there, so I came back to yez again, and here I
am at the end of the ould year.
The LORD MAYOR—I shall commit you as a rogue
and vagabond, which you are in the completest sense
of the words, for three months to the Giltspur-street
Compter.
Defendant—Very good. I know the Compter well.
The LORD MAYOR—By the time you come out an
Act of Parliament will, I dare say, have been passed
empowering magistrates to flog such fellows as you,
And:you may depend upon it that if you are caught in
the City offending in this way again, care shall be
taken to give you as sound a lashing as can be ad-
ministered.
Defendant—You must pass the Act first, please
your Worship. I'm sure I wouldn't be such a fool as
to break it if you once make it.
The prisoner was then committed to prison for
three months, and upon leaving the bar he said he
hoped somebody would be so good as to let him know
when the flogging Bill was passed.
Fanny Rogers, a notorious thief, who is in the habit
of waylaying drunken men and robbing them, was
brought up charged with having stolen a purse con-
taining 21.65. from Mr. Edwin.
The prosecutor had been applying " hot and rebel-
-1 lious liquor in his blood," at a public-house in Thames-
street, until half-past one o'clock in the morning,
when the prisoner, who had been drinking at the bar,
followed him into the tap-room, and coolly slipping
her hand into his pocket, grabbed his purse and left
the house. She was, however, followed by a young
fellow who seized her and pulled the purse out of her
hand. The moment she found that she had no chance
of enjoying the plunder, she accused her pursuer of
having robbed the gentleman, but she was taken neck
and crop by the young man and given into the custody
of a policeman, whom she endeavoured to persuade that
she was innocent.
Mr. Goodman, the chief clerk, said the prisoner had
been frequently at the bar for robbery, but in most
cases the complainants were so much under the in-
fluence of the bottle that their evidence failed, and
she having contrived to pass the plunder to her "pal,"
could stand the test of a search.
The prisoner said that all who accused her of dis-
honesty were perjured.
The LORD MAYOR—We have caught you this time
upon the strongest and most indisputable evidence,
and you shall go for trial to the Central Criminal
Court.
The prosecutor requested that his Lordship would
be so good as to decide the case summarily, as it
would be inconvenient for hints to go to the trouble of
a prosecution.
The LORD MAYOR—What ! and allow this de-
praved woman to make more victims. You must
prosecute ; and have no right to talk of the
inconvenience, after having exposed yourself to rob-
bery by getting drunk in a public-house at one o'clock
in the morning.
Committed for trial.
A girl, who has been twenty times committed for
breaking windows, was charged with having demo-
lished four panes of glass in one of the kitchen win-
dows of the Mansion-house.
The LORD MAYOR—Why it was only a few days
ago that I committed you for a similar offence.
The defendant (laughing)—Very well, I know it
is. I came out yesterday after fourteen days' impri-
sonment, which you gave me for nothing but break-
ing a single pane. Now the moment I was discharged
I paid you a visit, and instead of troubling the ser-
vants by knocking at the door, I just tapped at the
window and broke four of them.
The LORD MAYOR— You must go for fourteen
days', and upon bread and water again.
The defendant—Look out for me when I come out.
I'm blessed if I don't trouble you again.
The LORD MAYOR—You must procure bail before
come out again.—Committed.
BO W-STREET.
UTTERING A FORGED CHEQUE.—A young man
named George Walker was placed at the bar before
Mr. Henry, charged with knowingly uttering a
forged cheque for 3001., purporting to be drawn by
Messrs. Mayhew and Reynolds, of Carey-street, Lin-
coln's Inn-fields, upon Messrs. Dixon and Co.,
bankers, Chancery- lane.
Mr. Reynolds stated that about two o'clock in the
afternoon, the prisoner, accompanied by another man
then in court, called at his chambers to inquire if
anything was known there respecting a Mr. Harri-
son, of 51, Lincoln's Inn-fields, for whom he had
cashed a cheque for the amount in question, and he
was anxious to know where he could meet him.
Witness having taken him into an inner room told
bins he wished to put a few questions to him, which
lie seed not answer unless he thought proper. The
prisoner then gave his name and address, 13,
Marshall-street, Golden-square, and stated he had
until lately been in the service of Messrs.
Oddie, solicitors, of Portland-place, but in
consequence of the death of the principal in
the firm he had been discharged. 'Witness inquired
how he came acquainted with Mr. Harrison, and he
replied, that being out of place he had advertised in
the morning papers for a messenger or a light
porter's place, at the same time showing the receipt
for the insertion, and that it was answered on the
15th of December by letter from Mr. Harrison,
stating that if G.W. (the signature with which he
had advertised) would meet him at the Grotto
Tavern, in Southampton-buildings, Holborn, on the
following day he would treat with him upon the
subject. On going he was told that Harrison was
not then within, but if his business was of a private
nature he might walk in, which he did for a short
time, and on leaving he was met by a person who
addressed him without any introduction, and asked
him if he was not G.W., and upon answering
in the affirmative he produced his testimonials.
Mr. Harrison then said he was acting as an agent
for a gentleman residing at Blackheath, and occu-
pying chami ers at No. 51, Lincoln Inn fields, by
whom he was instructed to look out for a light porter
After some further conversation, an engagement took
place on the following day, his salary being 355. a
week. They then proceeded from the Grotto towards
the chambers, and before they entered, the prisoner
received a shilling to fetch a railway time bill from
Charing-cross, which was to cost a penny, but not
being able to obtain one, he was desired to get his
dinner with the money. Mr. Harrison then gave him
71. in gold, to get silver at the Bank of England for
the amount, which he did, and, having delivered it to
him in the vestibule of the chambers, he gave him a
shilling to get a glass of ale. On leaving the public-
house, he met his employer, who gave him the cheque
cashed at Messrs. Dixons. It purported to be drawn
by Messrs. Mayhew for a debt of costs in an
action, and he was ordered to get 2501. in
501. notes, and the remainder in cash. On re-
turning to the chambers his master met him at
the steps, and handed him 6s. for his trouble, telling
him that the Blackheath gentleman was ill and could
not come to town until the following Monday, when
he would drop him a note. On snaking inquiries at
51, no such person was known there. Witness had no
such name as Harrison in any action, nor did he know
of such a person.
Mr. William Dixon said that he heard nothing of
the matter until within the last six hours, when he
ascertained that the money was paid on Saturday
week, and credited to the firm of Messrs. Mayhew
and Co., but the registered mark of the bank was not
the same as appeared on the cheque.
The prisoner being called on for his defence, after
entering into the particulars of the interview with
Mr. Reynolds, said that he had made inquiries at the
bank previous to his going to Carey-street, and that
he not only possessed a good character from Mr.
Oddie, but also from Mr. Solley, 16, Manchester-
square, where he had been three years.
Mr:He:say said the case was full of suspicion, and
in order to give time for further inquiries the prisoner
should be remanded.
WORSHIP-STREET.
EARLY DEPRAYITT.—Henry Tachrell, a diminutive
urchin only twelve years of age, was charged by his
father, a glass-dealer in Shoreditch, with repeated acts
of robbery.
The prosecutor, who appeared to be painfully
affected, stated that the prisoner had manifested the
most vicious propensities from his earliest childhood,
and that every means had been adopted to effect his
reclamation, but unfortunately without success. His
habits of pilfering were so active and inveterate, that
witness was compelled when he retired to rest to dis-
pose of his clothes about the bed in which he lay to
ensure their safety. On the preceding morning he
was aroused by the slamming of the street door, and
on searching for his trousers, which he had placed
under his pillow over night, and the pockets of which
contained a sovereign and 75., he found that they
were gone. He immediately opened the window, and
saw the prisoner running down the street with the
garment under his arm. Witness raised an alarm,
and the prisoner was stopped by a neighbour, who
brought him back to the house, and he was then given
into custody.
Police-constable Morell proved that he was present
at the Clerkenwell Sessions in the month of Septem-
ber, 1846, when the prisoner was convicted upon a
charge of felony and sentenced to six months' impri-
sonment ; he was subsequently tried with another

bOy at the Croydon assizes for knocking down and
robbing, a child in August last, of which he was
found guilty, and sentericod to three months' irup-ci-
sontnent laid to be privately whipped.
The prisoner who did not exhibit the slightest
compunction, was fully committed to Newgate for

William Thomas, an ex-policeman of the N divi-
sion, was charged with stealing a horsecloth, the
property of Mr. Edward Cook, the landlord of the
Kings Arms, Wick-street, Spitalfields, and the case
having been fully substantiated, the prisoner, who
said that he took it in a frolic, was committed for
trial.

MARYLEBOIVE.
ItaFFIANLT OUTRAGE UPON A STOCKBROKER.—
Mr. Alexander Francis Campbell, a gentleman staying
at Fladong's-hotel, Oxford-street, was brought before
Mr. Long, on the charge of having committed a must
serious outrage upon Mr. James Henry Trye, a
stockbroker, in Warnford court, City.
.Complainant, who seemed to have been much
injured, was accommodated with a seat while giving
his evidence, which was to the effect that on the pre-
vious day at five o'clock, he was in conversation with
a lady at the end of Connaught-terrace, when he was
suddenly attacked by defendant, whom he had seen
only once before, and who jumped out of a cab, and
gave him a violent blow with a stick ; he (com-
plainant) had an umbrella up at the time, as it was
raining, and he endeavoured to ward off other
blows, but he received several more, and was very
severely cut and bruised upon the back.
He at last contrived to seize fast hold of
the end of the stick, when the upper part of it,
containing a sharp sword about twelve inches long,
was drawn out by defendant, who with it struck at
him (complainant) through the umbrella, but fortu-
nately he was not stabbed; he got into a cab with the
lady, but he had no sooner done so, than the de-
fendant opened the door, struck at him with his fist,
and tried to drag him out ; he (defendant) finding
that he could not do so, re-entered his own cab, and
was driven off in the direction of Hyde-park, followed
by complainant, who gave him into custody. Com-
plainant believed that the lady to whom he was talk-
ing at the period when the fracas took place has been
living with the defendant.

In answer to the charge defendant entered into a
few particulars, the purport of which was, that he had
reason to believe that complainant had paid ♦isits to
the lady, and given her money. He totally denied
having had any intention whatever of stabbing or in-
juring him in any way with the sword alluded to.
Mr. LONG came to the conclusion that it was a
matter of two serious a nature for him to dispose of
summarily, and committed the accused for trial. Bail
was taken, himself in 2001., and two sureties in 100/.
each.

POOR MAN'S GUARDIAN PAPER.—It is
with the most unfeigned regret that the Patron and Proprie-
tor of this i'aper, which has the word of God f,r its motto, and uut-
♦ersal benevolence for its object, are reluctantly compelled to sus-
Pend its useffil and prosperous career, the Commissioners of Stamps
having most oppressively insisted that One Penny Stamp should be
Paid on every Penhy Paper.

E. MACKEYZIE, Publisher.