The Sun.
London, England, 1846-11-23 00:00:00

filorrninff nit

ing all our anticipations. The Portuguese conceive
themselves to have been not merely irredeemably in-
sulted by their present rulers, but to have had all their
dearest rights as men, emancipated from the thrallom
of feudality, shaken to the very foundations. Among
the many indications of the disposition with
which the present emeutes are conducted, the dispatches
of the valorous chieftain SA DA BANDEIRA are about
the most significant. The recklessness of tone as-
sumed by this insurgent captain, while it indicates
a most decided enthusiasm for the cause of the revo-
lutionists, evinces at the same time a supreme indif-
ference to the displeasure of the Sovereign whose
forces are leagued together for his destruction and
the subjugation of his fellow-countrymen. Reading
one of those independent documents we are naturally
reminded of the spirit in which HAMLET scorned the
frowns of his father-in-law, with that contemptuous
couplet:—

LONDON, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1846.

" And if the King like not the comedy,
W hy, then, belike he likes it not, pardie
So confident are the popular commanders, both in the
integrity of their cause and the unanimity of the popu-
lation in their favour, that they appear to have
actually alarmed the Loyalists into a trepidation
which will inevitably be productive of fatal conse-
quences, unless the army of SALDANHA and his asso-
ciates be swelled by foreign battalions. According to
our latest information the British squadron in the
Tagus was held in readiness to receive and defend
Queen MARIA and her royal relatives in case of any
sudden and alarming emergency. From this arrange-
ment it would appear that serious alarm was expe-
rienced in the Palace at Lisbon as to the result of the
civil war which had been aroused in Portugal by its
ignorant and debasing policy.
That the animosities of the insurgents against the
existing form of government should continue to
be of the deadliest character, is scarcely sur-
prising, when we consider the despotic reprisals
' and enormous penalties by which they have been
opposed. An adventitious lustre and an additional
importance has been imparted to the recent disturb-
ances, by the fact of certain amongst the most in-
fluential of the nobility having identified themselves
with the insurgents. Under the championship of DAS
ANTAS, Of SA DA BANDEIRA, of CASTRO DAIRE, Of
DA TAIPA, Of FRIAS, and Of JOIE ESTEYAO,
have assembled not merely vast multitudes of guerillas,
in communication with a number of juntas, but many
of the largest territorial proprietors and sonic of the
most illustrious of the national aristocracy. The
stringent measures by which the Goverment have
endeavoured to thwart the intentions of the popu-
lace, and to punish their more distinguished
supporters, have only tended to consolidate
the power of their antagonists, and to render the in-
fluence of the sceptre more than ever contemptible.
By depriving the noblemen, who have rendered them-
selves thus obnoxious of their titles, and thereby re-
ducing them to the rank of private individuals, and by
ordaining that the armed peasantry shall be shot
immediately on their capture, and after the merest
mockery of a military investigation, they are
driving the insurgents to a state of desperation
that nothing but victory or annihilation can ter-
minate. Propitious as are the prospects of the
people, they must remember that their conquest
must not only be over the soldiery in the
pay of the SOVEREIGN, but over the prejudices
of the minority of their fellow-citizens, and we
fear, besides, over the prowess and stratagies of
foreign armies. Otherwise their triumph will be
neither complete nor beneficial. Let them reflect
that, supposing DAS ANTAS to be victorious over
SALDANHA, the Spanish forces will be still upon the
frontiers, or will have actually advanced into the
kingdom. Let them be true to themselves, moderate,
valiant, collected, and Portugal may be speedily extri-
cated from its present dilemma.

will be encouraged to improve and drain his lands
while the man of less means, who is obliged to look
to his daily labour for his daily bread, will have
ample employment afforded to him at his very
threshold, and will be enabled to indulge in the
pleasing thought that, while receiving fair wages for
his work, he is increasing the fertility of the soil and
ameliorating his own future condition.
It is truly stated in the report of Lord DEVON'S
Commission, in speaking of the small farmer, whose
only capital is the labour of himself and family, that—
" If you show him in what manner the application
of that labour may be rendered most conducive to his
own comfort and permanent benefit, and assist him
with money or materials, which his labour cannot
supply you will generally find the Irish peasant ready to
co-operate with you in effecting improvements, bene-
ficial alike to himself and to the country."
Lord HERTFORD has taken upon himself to do this
in the most useful manner—he is ready to provide
the money and materials. The peasant so assisted
will not be found wanting. If his Lordship's offer
was restricted to making the necessary advance it
would be extremely valuable, but, further than that,
he offers as a free gift a sum which may amount to
120,0001. sterling ; for it is said that the lands re-
quiring draining on his estate exceed 60,000 acres.
Lori HERTFORD will, however, receive an ample
equivalent for this large expenditure in the happi-
ness and prosperity of his tenantry, the increased
security for his rents, which that prosperity w ill
afford, and the improved value of his property.

The existence of the Portuguese monarchy is now
staked upon the precarious denouement of a revolu-
tion. Although, as we have already intimated,
the principal leaders of the insurrection have
not committed themselves to the abolition, or
even to the temporary suspension, of the
sovereign authority, it is evident that the recent be-
haviour of the QUEEN'S Government has been so
peculiarly rigorous as to transform the comparative
lenity, or loyalty, or whatever that shadow of sub-
ordination may be designated, into a most intense
and predominating sense of injury. The minute
vestige of affection. for her MAJESTY, which had
hitherto survived the alternations of the different
Cabinets and the vicissitudes of the popular cause,
has utterly disappeared. MARIA DA GLORIA is es-
tranged from the hearts of the Portuguese. When
the protracted misrule which tint misguided lady
has persisted in supporting in direct opposition to
the will of the population is remembered ; when
the execrable domination of the CABRALS is borne
in recollection ; when we call to mind the
unconstitutional influence acquired and exercised by
the royal pedagogue DIETZ, it cannot be matter of
astonishment that the nation has ultimately risen to
wreak its vengeance upon those who have been in-
strumental in the perpetration of so many grievous
outrages upon the community. It cannot be mat-
ter of astonishment that a civilised race should
look with jealous suspicion upon a Govern-
ment whose course has been so wonderfully
devious, and the sinuosity of whose policy has
interfered so marvellously with the general pros-
perity, and placed the liberties and rights of the
citizens in such imminent jeopardy. It is possible that
much further encroachments might have been made
upon the fundamental principles of the Constitution
of Portugal without inciting the multitude to
any overt exhibition of its indignation, if
the aid of a foreign Ministry had not
been summoned to the assistance of a shame-
less Legislature. By that imprudent and flagitious
proceeding the downfal of the court minions
has been precipitated. The perils by which the
young SOVEREIGN is now encompassed have been
evoked by the sorcery of her own unpopular sway.
The conflagration by which the monarchical power
is threatened with destruction has been enkindled
by the abrupt collision of her own and the na-
tional will, by the continual friction of opinion,
especially amongst the bourgeoisie, and which friction
is attributable solely to the unwelcome character of
tha Government.

Amongst the many plans which have been adopted
by landed proprietors in Ireland for the purpose of
affording employment and rendering assistance to
their tenantry, few have been of a more extensive or
beneficial character than that which has lately been
promulgated by the Marquis of HERTFORD. The more
extensive farmer is thereby encouraged to undertake
works which are calculated, not only to provide ample
work for the inhabitants of the district, but to in-
crease the value of the lands, to bring them into im-
proved cultivation, to multiply their productive qua-
lities, and lead to a vast addition to the supply of food
which can be raised to meet the exigencies of the
country. Unfortunately there are few connected with
Ireland who have at their disposal the enormous
means, the princely wealth of the Noble Marquis. Every
man, however, has something in his power, and al-
though the attempt must naturally be on a more
moderate scale than that proposed by Lord HERT-
FORD something of a similar description may be
attempted which would, undoubtedly, prove beneficial
to all parties concerned. The landlord who is unable
to make the necessary advances from his own re-
sources, can obtain the national aid by availing him-
self of the provisions of the Million Act, or if he is
but the owner of an entailed estate, and thus deprived
of its benefits for the present, he can, by giving the
required undertaking, procure the necessary funds,
under the Labour-rate Act. True it is, that the
loan must be repaid within ten years in place
of 22, and that the instalments will fall more heavily
on his property ; but by inducing a sufficient
number of his brother landowners within the electoral
division to co-operate with him, and to apply for a
sum equal to the amount that would fall thereon
under the Labour-rate, he will escape from the burden
of any contribution to the expenses of works of a
useless and unproductive character, and have the
money advanced by the State expended in a much
more beneficial manner.

Lord HERTFORD justly conceives that the first duty
of a landlord is to provide employment for the people
belonging to his estate. The most valuable mode of
employing that labour is on the land itself. It would
be bad policy to pauperise the inhabitants, by making
them objects of charity, the recipients of bounty for
which they are to make no return. Such a course would
destroy the manly pride, that independence of cha-
racter which is the fairest possession of the sturdy
yeoman : deprive hint thereof—let him lose his self-
respect, and he must inevitably sink in the social
scale ; he would on every occasion seek for gra-
tuitous gifts in place of an opportunity of earning a
support for himself and family, by the exercise of his
honest industry, and after a short continuance in such a
course, he would become utterly demoralised, a
burden and weight on the resources of the country in
place of being the producer and creator of national
wealth.

Let it not be supposed that we are opposed to re-
ductions being made by the landlords to their tenants
under present circumstances ; far from it. The
rent payable out of any quantity of land can only
be fairly regarded as the value of the produce
thereof, after setting apart a certain portion for the
cost of cultivation, and the payment of county and
other charges that must in the first instance be paid
and satisfied, and also a reasonable support for the
farmer and his family. If that produce should wholly
fail—should it be destroyed or damaged to such an
extent as to be insufficient to pay the expense of seed
and tillage, there is a just and fair reason why the
proprietor should participate in the loss of the occu-
pier, and if the full value is paid for the land a certain
portion should be freely forgiven, and not kept hang-
ing over, a weight that must restrain the energies,
and cripple the resources of the hard-working man,
from which it may be impossible for him ever to
extricate himself.

The inquiry is still going on into the frightful ex-
plosion in Mr. PARKER'S colliery, at Oldbury, by
which so many human beings were deprived of life,
We hope it will not be suffered to close till after the
calamity shall have been most searchingly investi-
gated in every conceivable shape. The scene of the
disaster itself should be minutely inspected, and
men of competent skill and science be called
upon to examine the locality, and report as to
whether in their judgment prudent and proper
precautions had been taken, to generate a
sufficiency of air through the several passages of the
mine, where operations were carried on. We know
that in subterranean works the expenses attendant
upon the adoption of the requirements for the preser-
vation of human life are exceedingly heavy ; and
there is reason to think, that this consideration,
slighted by the promptings of avarice, and the know-
ledge of their always being surplus labour at com-
mand, where population is so abundant as it is in this
country, have frequently spurred on speculators to
prosecute their undertakings, heedless of the en-
dangerment to life engendered by a heartless
and repulsive economy. We would not impute that
such a selfish spirit animated the proprietors of the
mine in question. From the evidence of Mr.
THOMAS HAYNES, the mine surveyor, it appears
that " one road had been driven at an ex-
pense of 3001., for the purpose of getting a greater
body of air into the present workings?
But we desire, on public principle, that such and
other matters should be judged of by disinterested
persons of experience and suitable intelligence. It
is necessary that, in these cases, the public should be
satisfied that the lives of their fellow-creatures have
not been wantonly risked. And this is the more
imperative, because ignorant and poor men, desirous
of employment, bestow their toil on work, surrounded
by occult dangers, which can only be properly esti-
mated by persons of geological, engineering, and
chemical attainments. Humanity itself dictates that
where people are hurried into eternity in such num-
bers as we have of late witnessed, by explosion and
other accidents in the different mines throughout the
country, their several causes should be jealously and
rigidly investigated. Since steam has been so exten-
sively applied to locomotion, by sea and land,
to stationary engines, and a variety of other
purposes, the sacrifice of life has been fear-
ful. Public attention became aroused, and it
was ascertained that many of the catastrophes
were attributable more to ignorance than negligence.
The consequence is, that a superior order of men, with
qualifications duly examined into, has, for the most
part, been appointed to superintend the vast ma-
chinery, on the skillful management of which thou-
sands of lives are momentarily dependent. But this
improvement has been hitherto chiefly confined to
steam-boats and railways. Against pure negligence,
we have some check provided by the first law of
nature, self-preservation ; for a man is not
prone to be grossly negligent, where, either by acts
of omission or commission on his part, his own life
would probably be involved in the fate he might
bring down upon his fellow-workmen. But, as
against sheer ignorance, and its effects, which are
occasionally so awful, particularly in subterranean
undertakings, we have no such primary protection.
The following evidence was given before the coroner
at Oldbury on Friday :
" William Clift, a miner, said, two months ago I
worked in the pit for two days and part of another : it
was much given to damp, but middling clear of sul-
phur ; it was the choke damp, and put the candle out.
The third morning I went to the pit there was a side of
work where I was full of sulphur. There was a head
way driven oat of this side of work, and in it there v., as
also much sulphur. I said to Holland, the • butty,'
that I was dissatisfied about working on that side of the
pit, because there was sulhur ; it kept getting worse,
and I said that I should like to have the lamp ;he
(Holland) said he would take it ; he lighted it, and I
went with him to the side of the work of which I had
complained. .Holland tried the lamp, and said the place
was fit to work in. I then took the lamp and tried it my-
self. I found that there was a great deal of sulphur. I
then said to Holland that I would not work in that sulpur,
if he would give me the pit. I told him I should go out of
the pit, and I put on my clothes and went away."
Mr. THOMAS HerNEs, the mine-surveyor, subse-
quently stated, that "he believed the explosion to have
been occasioned by sulphur having congregated in a
part where a portion of coal, attached to the roof, had
broken down."

Now, upon these facts, it appears to us, that a
strong case of suspicion is made out, that Mr. Hor.-
LAND —" the butty"—is not a person qualified to fill
a situation where the grave responsibility rests of de-
ciding whether the atmosphere in a mine is in a fit
state or not for men to work in, without danger
to their lives. Two months ago, though HOL-
LAND had tried the air with the lamp, the
man, CLlrr (who also tried it immediately,
afterwards) was so dissatisfied with HOLLAND'S judg-
ment, that he actually put on his clothes and walked
away ! Within eight weeks, in the very same pit,
and from the congregation of sulphur (as believed by
the surveyor), which caused such apprehension in the
mind of CLIFT, this frightful accident has happened.
IVe hope the wealthy owners of these collieries and
the like undertakings will, for their own credit, look
well into these things, and by employing as their
subordinates (to whose superintendence the protec-
tion of the lives of thousands is committed), men
only, whose steadiness of habit, good repute, acuteness
of intellect, and education expressly adapted to mining
operations, will afford the public the best guarantee
against the repetition of so heart-rending an occur-
rence as the one to which we have drawn the atten-
tion of our readers.

"We learn by letters from Rome that the Govern-
ment of the new POPE having found the finances of
the country entirely ruined, in consequence of the
disorders of the last Administration, is under an
absolute necessity of having recourse to a loan. The
confidence is so great in the present head of the State,
that he has already received advantageous offers from
several important houses. It is stated, that before
concluding anything, he has called on Cardinal Gizzi
to present him with an exact statement of the wants
of the Treasury, and of the resources of the country.
But the necessary documents have been exceedingly
difficult to find, in consequence of the carelessness or
ill-will of the provincial officers, who had not their
accounts in proper order, and never supposed that the
taxes were to be levied with exactitude. Cardinal
Gizzi has, however, succeeded in drawing up a state-
ment, and in forming a plan for organizing the State
finances. The result may be long in being arrived
at, but the Government is determined to persevere,
and carries with it the sympathy of all well-thinking
persons.

Lord HERTFORD offers a premium of 2/. for every
acre of land, English measure, drained on his estate,
according to the Deanston system, with stones or
tiles, between this and the Ist of October next, sub-
ject to certain limitations in extent, according to the
size of the farms. And he further proposes (in ad-
dition to the premium of 2/.) to advance such further
sum as may be necessary to carry out the work
wherever the small farmer may be unable to take
advantage of the offer, by reason of his not having
the means within himself; the additional sum only to
bear interest at five per cent. Proportionate enco
u-
ragement will also be given for sod draining in
grazing and mountainous lands, where tiles or stones
cannot easily be procured, and also for subsoili .ng,
where draining may not be required. Rivers and
watercourses will be cleaned out and deepened when-
ever necessary without any expense to the tenants..
The above are the principal points of the proposit ion
made by the Noble Marquis, and it would be diffic
to 'Peak too 148111 Y in its, favour. The large holder

Everything portends some unprecedented catas-
trophe in the metropolis of Portugal, and the conse-
quent diffusion of some novel influence throughout
the different provinces.

The Augsburgh Gazette of the 15th states that the
proclamation for incorporating Cracow with Austria
has been prepared, and will be published almost im-
mediately.

By the latest intelligence from the seat of
these intricate comrnotions we have observed
that matters are momentarily assuming a more for-
midable appearance, and in this they are only reams_

Madrid papers of the 13th have arrived.
The Gaceta publishes a royal decree for the adop•
tion of the necessary measures for the Governmeni
staking in hand the collection and administration a

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 56, y 1846

the salt duties on the 30th, when the period for which
they had been farmed out will expire. It also Rah-
lishes a decree fixing the 6th of December for the
commencement of the general election.
On the 4th two small vessels of war arrived at
Vigo from Portugual, with the rest of the Spanish
emigrants who were in the depots. They consist of
private citizens, soldiers and police, and custom-
house officers. The emigrants entered the town
amidst general expressions of joy. On board the
steamer which arrived from Lisbon on the 2d were
also many emigrants, most of them officers of the
battalion of Oviedo. They are to go to Santiago,
and place themselves at the disposal of the Captain-
General.

A letter from Vittoria of the 9th November, which
appears in the Tiempo, says— _ .

" General Flores, who was yesterday at the theatre
with several of the officers who are to accompany him in
his expedition to the Equator, left to-day for Durango
and Orduna, where he intends passing his troops in re-
view. The number of recruits is not considerable, but
the men are picked. Amongst the officers are MM.
Guillem and Dominguez. It is said that not more than
1,000 men have been got together.
Meunin BoLsA, Nov. 13.—The Three per Cents. are
per cent. higher to-day, being reported at 34+ buyers;
Five per Cents., 21+ with the Coupon; Coup,,n, 23;
Passive Debt, 62 buyers. There was a fall of above 3
per cent. iu the shares of the General Assurance Com-
pany, owing to the news having arrived of the losses
sustained in the terrible hurricane at the llavannah.

We have received the Paris papers of Thursday.
The determination of Russia, Austria, and Prussia
to suppress the republic of Cracow seems tc have
struck M. GUIZOT aghast. It is evident that he is
now desirous if possible of renewing the entente cor-
diale with England, but once broken it is not so
easily renewed. Those who have once deceived
can never again expect to be trusted. England will
no doubt do her duty as one of the parties to the
treaty of Vienna, but we should hope that she will
do it independently altogether of M. GUIZOT. The
following article from the Journal des Debats may be
considered as the official announcement of the views
of the French Cabinet on the subject :

OVEB LAND MAIL
INDIA.
(From the Times.)
We have received by extraordinary express from
Marseilles our dispatches in anticipation of the
Overland Mails from both Bombay and Calcutta.
The dates are from Calcutta to the Bth, and from
Bombay to the 15th of October.
The Bombay mails of the 15th of October bring
important intelligence. The British troops in the
north-western provinces of India are in movement,
in consequence of the difficulties in which the new
Maharaja, Ghoolab Singh, is placed. In conformity
with the provisions of the treaties of last March,
he during some months has endeavoured to obtain
possession of the Vale of Cashmere ; but he
has encountered unexpected opposition from
Seikh Emaum-ood-Deen, the son of one of his
own old confederates, who has governed that
district during many years. The Seikh has
raised the standard of resistance to Ghoolab :
the latter sent a force to reduce him, but the
Cashmerian mountaineers beat Ghoolab's forces
and slew the commander. Seikh Emaum-ood-Deen
has assumed the title of Emir-001-Moomemin, and
has attempted to make it a religious war against
the Seikhs, whether under Ghoolab or under the
Lahore Government. The Mahommedan tribes in
the neighbourhood appear disposed to support the
Emir-001-Moomemim.
Cashmere is known as a most remarkable tract to
the north-westward of the Punjaub. It is healthy
and fertile, and the inhabitants have long been cele-
brated for their industry. From its situation, as well
as from its being enclosed amongst lofty mountains,
it may be called the most important military position
in that central part of Asia, and it is, like Gibraltar
to the Mediterranean, the key to India, for no invasion
can ever take place through the Punjaub while there
is a force in the Vale of Cashmere ready to cut off
the supplies of the assailants.
The extent of Cashmere is about 120 miles in length
and 70 in breadth. It was annexed to the Dooranee
empire by Ahmed Shah in 1752, and in 1819 Runjeet
Singh subdued it by intrigues, and governed it by
Mahommedans ; after the defeat of the Seikhs in
March last it was ordered to form a part of the
kingdom which the Governor-General con-
ferred on Ghoolab Singh. The Vale of Cashmere
has seven passes, through which it may be entered ;
they are scarcely passable for even horses. The son
of the old Governor may seize these passes, and
defy Ghoolab during the winter months, that is,
until May next. While thus embarrassed by his new
and refractory subjects, Ghoolab applied to the British
authorities, and they have sent a force of 6,000 men,
under General Wheeler, from the Jullunder Doab
to occupy Ghoolab's capital, while he proceeds with all
his forces to put the rebellion down. To render the
matter more singular, the British, who are not bound
by treaty to assist Ghoolab against his internal op-
ponents, have persuaded the Government of Lahore
to aid Ghoolab by dispatching 10,000 to the passes of
Cashmere.

" When, yesterday, we reproduced an article from the
Augsburgh Gazette which announced that, with common
accord of the there protecting Powers of the Republic
of Cracow, this city was incorporated in the domains of
Austria, we abstained from all observation, for the
strange news appeared to us to be at least doubtful.
We could not believe that the three great Powers,
Austria, Prussia, and Russia, had concurred in giving to
the world such a manifest example of so dangerous a
violation of solemn treaties. The evident fallacy of the
meti!es alleged by the Augsburgh Gazette in palliation
of this act of violence contributed still further to render
us suspicious of the news. Who ever has read the
treaties of Vienna must know full well that the esta-
blishment of the Republic of Cracow was not the exclu-
sive work of the three Powers who now arrogate to
themselves the right of destroying it, and if there exist,
as the Augsburgh Gaze* pretends, private conven-
tions, in virtue of which Austria, Prussia, and
Russia, considered the independence of the Republic
of Cracow as a simple experiment which they
were always at liberty to abandon, it is too evident
that these conventions are without force or value with
regard to the other powers who signed the treaties of
Vienna. Europe has never heard of these conventions,
and this is the first time of their being revealed to the
world. We had therefore every right to mistrust the
assertion of the Augsburgh Gazette. It is, however, but
too true that this journal was well informed. It is now
certain that Austria, Prussia, and Russia, borrowing
from the Emperor Napoleon the formula for which he
has been so much reproached, have pronounced with one
common accord that the Republic of Cracow has ceased to
exist, and that this city, the last remnant of unhappy
Poland, is to be united to the Austrian dominions. The
news was on Tuesday notified by the Prussian MiniEter
to the British Ambassador, Lord Normanby; and yes-
terday M. Guizot received the like notification from the
Austrian Charg4 d'Affaires. The act, therefore, is con-
summated. But right still subsists, and the marked de-
clarations that were made last summer in the French
Chambers and the British Houses of Parliament, by
the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the two nations, are
sure pledges that right will not be given up."

The son of the old Seikh Emaum-ood-Deen, who
was long a servant of the Lahore Government, is
supposed to be influenced by intrigues set on foot to
injure Ghoolab, who is hated for his treachery by
the Government of Lahore.
There is no doubt of the double defeat of Ghoolab,
and the latest intelligence is that the Emir is making
preparations to resist, and that the British are about
to move towards Cashmere. The winter is a fearful
season in the passes, and it is apprehended that but
little can be done in them until May next, if the Emir
makes the anticipated resistance.
The Nizam of Moultan, a Hindoo, who farmed
that district from Runjeet Singh, is also causing
trouble to the Lahore Government, and refuses to re-
ceive their troops into his forts. At the end of last
year, when ordered to have 60,000 men ready to op-
pose Sir Charles Napier, he coolly told the Lahore
rulers that he would not, for he preferred the English
rule to theirs.
It is therefore supposed that Sir Charles Napier
will ere long have to move troops up the Indus to-
wards Bhawulpore, and perhaps even to take pos-
session of Moultan, which is the great entrepOt
for trade with Affghanistan and all the surrounding
districts.

After quoting from the speeches of M. GUIZOT and
Lord PALMERSTON, the article thus concludes :
" These quotations sufficiently show the true light in
which France and England ought to view the act of vio-
lence which the three Powers, who, by a painful incon-
sistency, still call themselves the protectorsof the Republic
of Cracow, have allowed themselves to commit. The im-
portance of this republic is not the question: we know
that the incorporation of the city of Cracow in the
dominions of Austria will not disturb the balance of
power in Europe ; but the question is upon a prin-
ciple on which reposes the public rights of Europe,
and the independence of all its states, small as
well as great. If the existence of the Republic of
Cracow was really incompatible with the repose of three
such Powers as Austria, Prussia, and Russia, it would
still have been no reason for a violation of right. Refer-
ence3l )11 d have been made to all the Powers who signed
the treaties of Vienna. France and England would cer-
tainly have taken into serious consideration the inquie-
tudes which the Republic of Cracow might have caused
the Emperor of all the Russias and to the two great
German Sovereigns. But for three to tear in pieces
treaties which had been concluded between seven is a
tovelty never before heard of in the annals of diplomacy.
For to-day we shall confine ourselves to these reflections."
The Epoque has an article on this subject, which
from its style we should guess to be from the pen of
M. GuizoT himself. It is a most remarkable article,
and in it M. GuizoT has passed the most severe con-
demnation of his own policy with regard to Spain and
has shadowed forth the fate which most assuredly
awaits himself, if he do not alter that policy in time.
The following is an extract from this very remark-
able article :

" However elevated a throne may be, it is subject to
the eternal principles of honour. We have the happi-
ness of living in an age in which principles seated at the
depth of the conscience of man form there a tribunal
before which emperors and kings must appear like the
rest of mankind. When the world, still in its semi•
savage state, was only enlightened by the uncertain rays
of the moral theories of philosophers, princes who had
force on their side had a chance of being unjust and
wicked with impunity. But since Christianity has vul-
garised and universalised the fundamental system of
right and duty in all, there is no longer, in any sphere,
an act of violation of %hat is true, and just, and holy,
that can hope to escape condemnation. In this point of
view the three Governments of Russia, Prussia, and
Austria have lowered themselves in the opinion of their
own people. There is no division in good faith. When
the foreigners have been cheated, natives may also be
cheated, and they who have suppressed the liberties
of one town may be justly suspected of being capable
of suppressing the liberties of twenty others. If we
were citizens of St. Petersburgh, Berlin, or Vienna, the
fate of Cracow wou!d give us ground for reflection."
The French of all parties agree with M. GUIZOT
in thinking that when foreigners (Spanish and
English) have been cheated, natives (Frenchmen)
may likewise be cheated. They, too, are of opinion
that those who hare suppressed the liberties of one
town (Madrid, for example), may be justly suspected
of being capable of suppressing the liberties of twenty
I others, and to the citizens of Paris, Bordeaux, and
Marseilles the fate of Spain gives ground for serious
reflection.

M. GUIZOT has laughed at the English protest
against the Montpensier marriage, holding it to be an
absurdity to protest against un flit accompli, and yet
in the case of the annexation of Cracow, we find that
M. GUIZOT himself proposes to commit this very
absurdity. " France and England," says the Epoque,
" cannot, and certainly will not, accept without re-
servation and energetic protests, the perpetration of
the fact in question. M. GUIZOT has given pledges
on this point which we cannot suppose he will violate
Lord PALMERSTON, on his side, has given even more
precise and positive pledges, and he would deceive
the whole world if he should forget them."

Sinde is tranquil and healthy. • Sir C. Napier re-
mains at Kurrachee. The withdrawal of some native
regiments was spoken of. Her Majesty's 17th Regi-
ment was about to have volunteers taken from it, and
then to embark for Bombay and afterwards for Eng-
land.

The Legitimatist journal the France says—" M,
Guizor flatters himself to turn this affair to account
as regards England. He will say to her, "If you
had not abandoned me, we would have protested in
concert against the powers of the north. Suffer,
then, the punishment of the isolation to which you
have condemned me." We doubt, however, whether

this mode of reasoning will offer much consolation
for M. Guizor. England, although she signed the
treaties cf 1816, is very little interested as to whether
the Republic of Cracow be incorporated or not. The
revolutionary Government of France, on the con-
trary, has for sixteen years set itself up as the official
protector of the Polish cause—of that cause which.
in the town of Cracow, is about to lose its last
bulwark."

A bloody revolution has taken place at Katmandoo,
the capital of one of the most powerful Indian states.
Nepaul has long been notorious for its fierce wild in-
habitants. The paramour of the Queen of that country
was assassinated by a faction : he was a man of low
birth and habits.
To avenge his death she procured the massacre
of the Prime Minister, and of hundreds of other
influential persons. She is the second wife of the
Maharaja, and she is jealous of his eldest son by a
former marriage. Her husband has fled, and
there is a prospect of more carnage in that wretched
country.
The Nizam's dominions present the usual picture
of inextricable confusion, arising from bad financial
arrangements.
The Government of India has re-opened the Five
per Cent. Loan. The notice was published in
Bombay on the 14th of October, and within 24
hours all the public securities fell 10 per cent. A
sort of panic has seized the holders of the Company's
paper.

There was much anxiety about the new Governor
of Bombay, who was expected without much delay.
Sir David Pollock, the new Chief Justice, had ar-
rived, but was not expected to take the oaths until
the departure of his predecessor, Sir H. Roper, on the
2d of November.
The health of the Superintendent of the Indian
Navy was much impaired, and he must follow the
example of Sir George Arthur, and soon retire from
the heats of India.

The Journal des Debuts contradicts the report that
Rear-Admiral MONTAGUIS DE LA ROQUE, Command-
ant of the African station, had received orders to re-
turn to Toulon, in consequence of disease infecting
the crews of his ships.
The announcement of the annexation of Cracow to
Austria has produced an extraordinary sensation in
Paris, and created a panic on the Bourse.
The Three per Cents. closed on the Paris Bourse on
Thursday at Slf. 45q. ; the Five per Cents., 116 f. GOc.; the
Orleans Railroad Shares, 1,200 f. ; Rouen, 865 f. ; Havre, 660 f. ;
Great Northern, 613 f. 75c. ; Avignon, 852 f. 50c. ; Vierzon,
561 f. 25c. '
; Bordeaux, 537 f. 50c. ; Basle, 215 f. • Paris and
Strasburg, 472 f. 50c. ; Tours and Nantes, 482f.50c. ; Paris
and Lyons, 495 f. ; Lyons and Avignon, 485 f. ; Bordeaux and
Cette, 465 f. ; Spanish Domestic Debt, 32k.

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