The Sun.
London, England, 1846-08-17 00:00:00

AUSTRALIAN LAND BILL.

The Australian Land Bill then went through Com-
mittee and the report was brought up.
THE SUGAR DUTIES.
_

The Court of Common Pleas Bill, the Militia Pay
Bill, and the Assessed Taxes and the Sugar Duties
Bills, were then read a third time and passed.
The Marquis of LANSDOWNE laid on the table
certain papers and returns connected :with the distress
lately existing in Ireland.
Their Lordships then adjourned.

NEW GEOLOGICAL THEORY RE-
SPECTING BASALTIC COLUMNS.
Within the last two years, Captain Morton has
written and published, in the Jamaica Times, several
essays, with the view of proving that in the magnifi-
cent columns of the Giant's Causeway, and those of
Staffa, we behold the splendid relics of the stupendous
bamboos of a far distant age ! I In support of this
novel hypothesis, he alludes to the fact of the sepa-
rate joints, both in bamboos and basaltic columns,
being articulated with semispherical tenons, and cor-
responding sockets or mortises ; the tenon or the
mortise being, in both productions, sometimes in are
upper and sometimes in the lower end of the joint
as particularly remarkable in the columns of the
Giant's Causeway. In reference to the established
theory of basaltic columns being crystalised from tor-
rents of molten lava, he shows that it is opposed to the
general laws of cry talisation ; and remarks upon the
utter impossibility of the separate joints, blocks, or crys-
tals, of which the columns are composed, selecting (if
thus formed) their fellow-joints of similar diameter,
with corresponding sockets or mortises, and arranging
themselves so closely and exactly one above another, till
stupendous columns were raised many hundred feet in
height, the length of the joints, and diameter of contigu-
ous columns, exhibiting all the relative variety of dimen-
sions which marks a field of sugar-canes or a forest of
bamboos. Some of the basaltic columns of the Giant's
Causeway consist of distinct groups bending towards
one another at the tops, so as to resemble gigantic pillars
and arches of Gothic architecture, which appearance,
Captain Morton observes, is one of the beautiful charac-
teristics of the graceful bamboo.
He also shows that bamboos, even in the present day,
secrete silex or flint, the chief component part of Basaltic
Columns; and that the well-known material called veges
table ivory, now substituted for animal ivory in many
articles of ordinary use, is the production of an existing
order of palm trees.
Instead of admitting that volcanoes are the generators
of Basaltic Columns, he regards them as the destroyers
of these vegetable productions of a far anterior period
and thus accounts for the fact of volcanoes being some-
times found in the neighbourhood of Basaltic Columns,
and the similarity in chemical composition between lava
and basalt. To show that there is nothing more preposte-
rous in the supposition that trees should have been con-
verted into stone columns, than that these columns should
have been vomited forth by volcanoes, he alludes to the fact
of there being now in the Texas a forest of stony trees ;
and to the hard and ponderous nature of many of the
massive timbers of the day (containing earths and
metals), as also to the fact of their having, like the
flinty shell of the cocoa nut, and the stones of our fruit,
been secreted from a fluid sap, while the bones of the
most gigantic animals, and the ivory tusks of the ele-
phant, &c., were once equally fluid, being, in like man-
ner, eliminated from the blood derived from vegetable
food
There is not, says Captain Morton, such disparity in
size between the most colossal of the columns of the
Giant's Causeway, and the bamboos of the present day,
as between the monstrous antedeluvian lizard, the igua-
nodon, and our diminutive reptiles of similar tribes. The
iguanodon was many thousand times a, big as our
lizards ; but bamboos merely five or six times as lofty
as some of the present day, would suffice to give us a
mountain range equal in height to the most lofty and
precipitous basaltic mountain in Scotland.
Where the lowest coal bed is now found, there, the
above-mentioned writer remarks, the surface of the earth
most assuredly once was; that however deep, in what-
ever stratum, the remains of antediluvian animals are
embedded, there too, though no longer evincing a vege-
table structure, must be the remains of the luxuriant
reeds, ferns, and grasses on which they fed, of the mon-
strous trees forming the primitive forests they inhabited.
In the Isle of Arran we find coal overlying Basalt,
in one place, and Basalt reposing upon coal in another.
In Mount Meissner, in Hess, Basalt is found based
upon a substratum of fosssil wood, one hundred feet
deep! and this mountain towers over an area of forty
miles of surrounding country; the inference is obvious.
It is universally admitted that coal and wood were once
vegetable productions growing upon the surface of the
earth ; consequently the superior strata must, generally
speaking, consist of the debris of subsequent animal
iand
vegetable kingdoms, the chemical laboratories
_x employedw
g the
and_ adding them
in solid strata to our expanding globe. Hence the ex-
cess of the equatorial over the polar diameter, from the
great luxuriance of the animal and vegetable
_kingdoms
within the tropics, and consequent accumulations of
matter around the equatorial regions : while the remains
of the elephant and the palm tree, the crocodile and the
bamboo, are still found at the polar surface, where, count-
less ages past, they perished, the diminished temperature
permitting no subsequent vegetation of sufficient luxuri-
ance to cover their remains with succeeding strata.
The Isle of Staffs stands forward as an instructive.
monument of the prominent part the vegetable kingdom
has performed in the structure of our globe, in those re-
mote ages when Scotia, through the greater' obliquity of
the ecliptic, glowed beneath the verdure of a tropical
sun ! The striking characteristics of the bamboo
too strongly manifested in its numerous small pillars,
‘..‘ bending and diverging in all directions," to admit of
further mistake. The mystery which has so long hung
over these, and the magnificent columns of the Giant's
Causeway must, according to Captain Morton, be thus
for ever dispelled. The voices:lie theory of their origin,
though supported " by all living geologists," must yield
to the simple principles of nature' which not only ren-
ders basaltic columns, but many otb er apparently mys-
terious phenomena, susceptible of ea sy solution. Those
persons may possibly be thunderstru ck at the announce-
ment, that trees have been converted into stone columns,
who, in accordance with high authori ties, have been ac-
customed to believe them to have been vomited forth
by volcanoes ; but the fact, that. the hardest and
most brilliant of the mineral proe.uctions of the earth,
the diamond, consists of carbon, the chief component
part of the vegetable kingdom, of wood, coal, and
charcoal, is certainly no_less extrema *dinarY•

POOLE, AEG. 15.—Acrd. the Rainbow, Argt 0, Patagonia. Sailed,
_
Linton, Brown, Quebec. ._„

4100aa
RAILWAY SHARE MARKETN".

MANCHESTER, Anousr 15.
STOCK EXCHANGE.-Tho sales are-Ambergate, t\e_a
5-16 c. dis.,-Bostou, Stamford, and Birmingham, )4 dis.-E.4re..4
Counties, York Extension, 1% p.-East Lancashire, 84 P•• Ron
ws
Grimsby and Sheffield, 1% c. dis.-Huddersfield-Huddersfield and Mazullestebe
way and Canal, 1% p.- Leeds and Thirsk, 3% dis.-Leeds, Liver-
bury, and Manchester, 514-Leicester and Bedford, 34 L--
„.„ au--
pool, Ormskirk, and Preston, a% p.-Liverpool, PrOA'"?„ hot,
cheater, and Southport, 17s. c. dis.-Manchester and "
,don
Quarter Shares (B), 10% P.-Ditto, ditto (C), 9% p.--.tl;East-
York, % dis.-Manchester and Southampton, 7-16 dis.-N4* tte.,
ern, 1% dis.-North Staffordshire, 3% p.--Oldham, Blrkenl3l id And
1 dis.-Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction, % dis.-Stiell4l die.--
. Manchester, Quarters, No. I, 4 p.-Shropshire Union. t 3
South-Eastern and Dover, No. 1, 6)4 p.-West Riding ihaione
LEEDS, Aunt:Tyr 15. -t of
STOCK EXCIIANGE.-The purchases of stock in the early
Pa► ing
the account, made under strong.apprehensions of continued advaro•
en
prices, were very considerable, and most of that having been s
on the market for re-sale, prices receded for the account. This
been observable in all the markets. In Leeds the settlement is pa9.fr
ing over satisfactorily, and prices are improving again with a pro
bability of steadiness, and a more healthy trade. Our London or-7
respondent writes, that "when the stock which has been bought 015
speculation has been cleared off, we may expect some farther Ira:
chese
provement ;" and the same feeling exists in Liverpool and 3lan
ter, though not quite so strongly in the former as in the latter pla!„_
The over-speculation having so speedily proved its own corrct"f:
ought to prevent speculators dealing too largely, and no doubt Cur
time w:.11 have that effect. London and Birminghares are recoveo;l
westc
aci,
from the L'ffect of their chairman's speech, and the Great
meeting itav:_eg passed off very satisfactorily, those shares lia.Terrer,
Easterli Counties are steady, Lancaster and Cnclisles ds,
as also are BrightOes, Dovers, Manchester and Leeds, MO
,lidianeelub
In Midlands the fah has been excessive within the last fa
ti t
they having declined sin,:e the meeting, to the extent of abia
pounds per share ; surely b.. eY have seen their worst for the I. are
In local stocks, Huddersfield bed Manchesters, and Dewsbury "ere
in most demand ; East Lancash:rett, and Ormskirks, are consid,
safe for purchase at quotations. In foreign shares the variations 04,.. •
trifling, and the business passing limited I.n extent. It is but solo'',
a comparative small number of capitalists that other than Eng d
shares meet with much attention. The sales are-Blackburn
Freston, 9 p. -Eastern Counties, York Extension, 395. p.-East La.,
cashire, 914 p.-Great Grimsby and Sheffield, 1 dis. -Ditto, Exteto,
sions, 12s. 6d. dis.-Huddersfield and Manchester, 2% p.- D
and
it
Extensions, 10s. p.-Hudderstield and Sheffield, S p.-Leedo
Bradford, 43 c. p.--Leedsp.-Leedsiofd, and Dewsbury, 5 p.-Ditto. Extensio,,,
Is. p.-Leeds and Tldrsk, dis.--Ditto, New, 3-Manchester ;7
Leeds, Extensions, 21. 188. p..-North British, Carlisle Brancl4
s. p.-York and North IVlldlasO, East and West Riding, 11% tto,
Ambergate, Nottingham, and 13,Ston, 155.-dis.-Clitheroe
Jui,'Y.
16s. dis.-Grand Union, 13s. 6d. di:,-Lancashire and North
shire, 10s. dis.-Lancashire,
and North-Eastern, ,/,
dis.- Leeds, Wakefield, and Midland. I7s• dis.-Leicester and Pp,
ford, 10s. dis.-Liverpool, Ormskirk, and Preston, 3% 10.--1411 •
and York, 6s. 6d. dis.-Milton and Drifttsld Junction, 9s. 6d.
Manchester, Buxton, 3/snook, and Midlan
21s. s. p.-North
fordshirc, 314 p.-North Western, 7s. p.-01-ford, Witnoy, and Oa
teuham, 18s. dis. -South Midland, 15s. p.-WC
%eh Midlands, 33,*.--0,
dis.--West /tiding Union,; Si. 23.-Yorkshire ~•nd Glasgow 1.501
1% dis.
SHEFFIELD, AUGUST 15, GrimsbySna
STOCK EXCIIANGE.-The sales are-Midland, 14/
Sheffield, Extension, I la. dis.-Ditto, Quarter Sh.ireS*,
-Huddersfield and Sheffield, 8% p.-Boston, Newa.'k. and
% dis.-Leeds, Wakefield, and Midland, 17s. dis.-31,%n chester,,s vjd
field, and Midland Junction, 21.195. dis.-NorthWestern',..7s.;l'-
and Lincolnshire, Is. dis.-South Yorkshire Coal Railw.V "" dig.

.
HULL. AUGUST 15. _VON
STOCK EXCKANGE.—The sales are— North British, 3'9,
Carlisle, 4/. 3s. 6d.—lllackturn, Darwe,n, and Bolton, B—l nivortlb
colnshire, 15s.—Leeds and Dewsbury, 235,—Leicester and Tax .estors,
345. 6cl.—Manchester, Buxton, and .111atloCk, 235. p.—North rpoolt
Ss. 6d.—North Staffordshire, 3% Grand Union, 155.--Elva
Onnskirk, and Preston, 3% p.—South Midlands, 14s. P.
YUKK, AUGUST 15.
STOCK EXCHANGE.---The sales are —Ambergee, Notting' 11077,1 so.
'2 Boston, 2—Eastern Counties, York Extension, ,34 OrTar„tion r.id
(Nottingham and Lynn), % —lpswich and Bury 9..14
York, 21. 4s. 6d.—Newcastle and Darlington, New, '';" 3,25,"
tish, Carlisle Extension, 31. 19s. 6d.—North Western, I*--

West Riding I.llliOA, 5.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, Anousx 15.
STOCK EXCIIINGE.—The sales are—Great North of Eng-,:,
Shares, 35% p.—Liverpool, Manchester, azd Newcastle Jal7,
6s. dis.—London and York, 6e. dis.—Manchester, Buxton, and •
lock, 20s. 9d. p.—Newcastle and Berwick (North Shields), 10:
EDINBURGH, AUGUST 14-

LLIPIIS V. ~- Abe
STocx EXCHANGE.-The sales are-Aberdeen, 8/. 176, 6d.-- Ay
deers Banff, and Elgin, 1/.-Airdrie and Bathgate, 3/. 158,:h.-600
breath and Forfar, 281.-Ditto, Half Shares, 181. 105.-Arma-b-
Portrush, 145.-Ayr and Galloway, 11. 95.-Banffshire, 160'4, lB'
and County Down, 12s. 6d.-British and Irish Union, 21 08r
6d.-Caledonian, 161.-Ditto, New, 11. Bs.--Caledonian' Exleisiortr
1/. 135.-Caledonian and Dumbarton, 1/. 25,-Caledonian and moli
ern Direct, 2/. 25.-Clydesdale Junction, 231.- Cornwall an ,
Central, I/. Ils.-Deeside Railway, 2/. 105.-Direct North, Tinia'
13s. 6c1.-Dublin and Enniskillen, 31. 155.-Dundee And
37/.--Ditio, New, 211. 58.-Dundee and Ferth, 24/. 29. 611-,c;
Indian Railway, 15s. 6d.-East of Fife, 11. 35.-Edintsitrgh „
gate, 2/. 18s.--Edinburgh and Glaigow, 74/. 10s.- ii.ttoi
Shares, 18/. 2s. 6d.- Ditto, Quarters, 181. 175. 6d.- Ditto,
New, 181. 105.-Edinburgh, Leith, and Grantor, 17/. 158%, „sel'
Preference, 211. 10s.-Edinburch aid Northern. 9/. 9s.- jape,
port, 155.-Edinburgh and Perth, 21. lbs.-Forth and rt. v",,t, St'
Lion, 1/. 16s.- Glasgow and Ayrshire, 75/.-Ditto, New Sb.
17s. 6d.-Ditto, Quarter Shares, 181.. 10s.--Glasgow and ''.olo-
-Union, 2/. 75.-Glasgow, Dumfries, and Carlisle, I/. 17s. 6c1;;;;,. 111,
gow and Dundee Junction, 11. 125.-Glasgow wad Garnkirk,
-Glasgow General Terminus, 8/. 10s-Glasgow and- Greenoot see
10s.-Ditto, New Stock, Si. 155.-Ditto, Preferent,e, 1/.
.4tirt-h3/` 'P;
gow, Kilmarnock, and Ardrossan, I/. 145.-Glasgow, coal ta
and Lesmahagow, 2/. 195.-Granton Junction, 105.- Gra3"ooss na
Down, 1/. 155.-Great North of Scotland, 10s. 6d.-In ro-gt,
Elgin, 11. 25.-Lanark and Lothians, 21. Bs.-Larne, B 6d.
Ballymena, Os.-London, Bristol, and South Wale's, 11-
London and York, 2/. 58.-Ditto, Half Shares, 1/. 155." -4:l°-
and Eastern Counties, 155.-Newcastle and Berwick, 294 to Crd:
British, 381.-Ditto, Halves, 131. 17s. 6d.-Ditto, El'ensi°s7 98; fir
lisle, 165.-Ditto, Fifths, 71. 10s.- North Staffordshh-e,..„"
.7- North Wales Mineral, 161. lbs.-Ditto, New, 101.-P°
verness, 11. Its. 6d.-Scottish Central, 191.-Ditto,
Scottish Central and Caledonian Junction, 1/. Os yet,
Junction, 12s.- Scottish Midland, 71.-Scottish Southern,
Shrewsbury and Hereford, 95.-Shrewsbury, Oswestrl, acid
Si. 55.-South Midland, 21. 15s. 6c1.-Stirling
Bs. 3c1.-Stirling and Midland, 2/. 165.-Strathern Junctl
Wishaw and COltness, 471. 10s.
GLASGOW, AUGUST 15. tension, 33‘i
STOCK EXCHANGE. -The sales are -Caledonian
°
6d.-Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Extension, --s'and
Fife, 215.-East Indian Railway, 143.-EdinburVb ,ounst
18/. --Glasgow General Terminus, Ayr,lago giuna.rnoc
ansego TnverilesS
475. 6d.-Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and
and Dunfer.;-, 24,
and Ardrossan, 31s. 6d.-Great North of India, la 4.-
and Elgin, 225.-Larne, Belfast, and BallYra.vloa Carlisle, iv
and Southampton. 31s. 6d.-North British, };,;x`e-
-Scottish Central, 19 IA -South Midland, 5.8' 9'.-311-a-nchos.ter,,s.

; 104
is, ng rile
CONDUCT.—On Thursuaj Ven.
about half-past seven, as a Mr. Mitchell, a
ger AlernanixtosB
committee clerks' office of the House of C oMMO nos; fat
rowing up to Putney, he saw a boy about eight
years of age fall from the towing path in front of
Duke's Head public-house, Putney, into tin 3 river,
depth of at least 12 feet water. Although. the tide `17,-..
running very strong at the time, Mr. Mitchel,s without n'a
dressing himself, instantly pletiged in and succeeded tie
bringing the boy, who 'sunk the second tint e, ab°v_egbtlf
water. When they came up, the boy's arms
clasped round Mr. Mitchell's neck, and ;t r squired eiba
• himself' be
siderable exertion before he could disengag.s .
relieving himself from the boy's grasp, Mr. At itch °
is an expert swimmer, succeeded with great ;, case'
bringing the boy to the towing path, which wa
In
vibeeij
quence of the high tide, three or four feet under w• assembled
were
he was pulled out by a number of persons who had :sfrom hle
at the spot. Mr. Mitchell was all but exhausit prightseuii
exertions, and his watch very much injured. Mr.
the landlord of the Duke's Head, accommodated 31, bly fro
0°
with a change of clothes, but he suffered coned - *r, save ,&
the effects of his gallant and successful exertions t° „roar -
life of a fellow creature. The boy's father, a gra, ',;rceerd
Putney, of the name of Nicholls, on hearing of tL
stance, waited on the preserver of his son's life, ant „
'-,-taerra
him for his invaluable services. This is the second -„
Mitchell has risked his own life to save that of 'B.notuer
having, about seven months back, saved the life 01, ddieB
boy under somewhat similar circumstances, off LA's
Pier, Millbank.
FATAL ACCIDENT ON CITIZEN "A" Sillent-- 'es.- •
0 Pe
On Saturday morning between seven and •eight.titb fro
met „
John Davis, mate on board the Citizen
death under singular and melancholy circums tanceloptlit,
boat was lying with others belonging to the Si Ives 13•1
at their moorings off Tarver's (the ship-break erb,hs
tersea. Deceased, who was assisting in clearitug
tjith, re'
was rinsing a mop in the river, when it became ell the P
the chain which is fixed to the hull of the boat for it de;
servation of life; and in endeavouring to Oise ngfie
Weoi
ceased lost his balance and fell overboard.. 14'°„"f tbst.y.
thrown out to the deceased, but none of the c 3w'" and,:bt
the other boats were courageous enough to jura Pin ia
tempt to save the deceased, who is said to have b ee: a 601'0a
nearly five minutes. It was half an hour belt I'Boo,l g
boat was procured, and then all efforts to recover five )7
of the body was useless. The deceased was forty-
of age, and has left a wife and eight children. 00°'
HORRIBLE ACCIDENT ON CITIZEN " D tot
"
—On Saturday afternoon, between twelve and a'l fist
the following dreadful accident, attended with DlO,iist„..fr,bo
occurred on board the Citizen "D" steam-boat, If', for ''.d,
vessel was holding on to the Nine Elms Pier, wai aors stst`to
train. Richard Lewis, the engine-driver, had, as
tithe
i°,
unknown to those in command of the vessel, desct bei lof
the larboard paddle-box, for the purpose of oiling a act,..
ings of the wheel; he had done this, and was in t
getting out of the paddle-box when the captain 'li,9 tlI
order to "go on." The engines were set in motiolijotlP;
stoker, and, before the wheels had completed a rev,n
an obstruction to the way of the boat was felt by The
board, and several asserted that they heard a sbeiek-.., oleo
3° 01,3
dreadful fact that the engineer was in the paddle-b3t:
flashed upon the crew, and the boat was swl),l3°- inreseli no
Upon looking into the paddle-box a horrible eigiltj
itself. There was no sign of the engine driver, any dower
had been instantaneously killed tbere courdnot bsehed an otr
as the top and sides of the paddle-box were sPlapsa between
:
with his brains. His body had afterwards dr T:up to Satin
•'
floats into the river, from whence it htran°
day evening, been recovered.
CORRESPONDENTS.--A
they sr
NEWSPAPER CORBESPONDENTS.-- our
. ed a ii.tericin;
a curious class; but we have seldom received
munication than the following, which we. print siioulo7 t'ige
re.
literatim :—" Sir,—when I send you anytisipg
_Ott jo
uto rint it nearly the same and nototwoirelp. as Y
;Such blunder
not approved off."—
Notting_ 4 re,
speeting the anneversity of the
.710.dmfealll..
CYDERk DirAKERS.—AII is quest Iva:, of
s, Esq., coroner far the liberty
of
cenCtlAyuhTerdNbyTOT.
labourer, who died ler( en the 011;:tisper
iocFnh"ehad been boiled in & 'brass of copper
Sherborne,
drinking cyderit appeared by the evidence of :the rer_sraioist
Dorset, on
furnace.
made the cyder, that a quantity of hoos, fit to ripe
lost
sugar, ginger, and liquorice, was put into .the "cl- red V
wtrotastaoistporde,vaensmt
atlllieporrtecioipneofbehinra_ddscovegrs adaed-
owitasaathheina boopiliednioinn
that
tfutrhnac 31_,ievi: pro,iliewicre:t:!.uTidnuaraepr
s'piltuirr and
neemixture
were harmless, but the boiling in a brasse
duce the acetate of copper, and ulceration 4.
vder
as he had found on a post mortem exami, aetii°l,;king
found, that death had been occasioned 'l'c:-
boiled in a brass furnace for the purpose of nolub."-
liewe-bovirTeLls; jry

~~

BIRTHB.
On the 9th inst., at Belle Vue for ;ik op L"-
wife of the Rev. Nesbett Lodge, of' a dangh
t, Si.• peck'
On the 10th inst., at South-street-terrace, Ale-11111-
ham, the wife of Charles Rolle, Esq., of a dat igb ter. the Wife
On the llth inst., at Prestbury, near Chelltst 'barn'
of G. R. Stevenson, Esq., of a daughter. •
n gi
On the 12th inst., at Marston Rectory, 'll-
Richard Boyle, of a daughter.
On the 13th inst., at the Bury, Chesham,.. -
shire, the lady of W. Lowndes, Esq., of a son. de-park, the
On the 13th inst., at Cambridge-square, SS
lady of A. Salomons, Esq., of a son. .h e lady of •
Un the 13th inst., at Maize-hill, Greenwich,-
Kent, Esq., of a son. jjornert of
On the 14th inst., the wife of the Rev. Jobr
daughter.

Backiag)as-

MARRIED.
cat .S%•
On the 19th of May, at Hyderabad, Sinde; eheritle'
Horwood, 14th Regiment, Bombay N. J. to Jath
eldest daughter of Captain C. T. Hall, Maida-hilL

DIED.
On the 11th inst., at Calais, Gertrude liendrika, Wife °I
George De Mattos, aged 55.
On the 12th inst., at Ipswich, Mr. T. Shorten, aged 5T,24,3'
On the 13th inst., in New Basinghall-street, George '—
staff, Esq. • Smart'
On the 13th inst., Anne, second dau.,hter of '—
Esq., of Hackney, aged 34.
On the 14th inst., John Taylor, Esq., of Stragard.
Essex

London: Printed and Published by 11f17RD0 a
YOUNO. of "p;,:doc4
Strand, Printer, at The Sun Omen, N 0.112, Strand. in
_O 10
of the Savoy, in the county of middinaos, XIMSW
17,_1848,