The Sun.
London, England, 1846-11-28 00:00:00

LONDON, SA.TURDAY YEN_INCI, NOVEMBER 180.

ss. 3d. The South-Western is 14s. first class, 103
second, and 65. 6d. third. I beg to state, with regard to
the South Western, that I have excluded the fast and
express trains, which are charged rather higher. If I
calculated the tariff of the Orleans Railway, so as to
make it the same length as the Rouen, that is 85 miles,
instead of 76, its charge would be thus, according to the
tariff-11s. 6d. for the first class, Bs. 9d. for the second
class, and 6s. for the third class. In instituting a fair
comparison between the English and the French railways,
we ought to observe that, upon French railways, there is
a very small amount of luggage allowed free of extra
charge. On the Orleans Railway it is only 15 kilo-
grammes, which is 30 pounds ; even half a pound
exceeding is charged for all classes by an increased scale
so as to make it 2s. extra; you cannot take a pound more
luggage on the Orleans Railway beyond the tariff with-
out being charged 2s. for the extra weight. I find that
on English lines of railway, on the Dover, for example,
you may carry 84 pounds first class, and 56 second and
third. On the London to Rugby line you are allowed
100 pounds first class, 100 pounds second class, and 56
third class. On the Manchester and Birmingham there
is 100 pounds first class, 100 second, and 60 third class
allowed. On the Rouen Railway it is only 15 kilo-
grammes, which is allowed, but now I think they are
become rather more liberal. There is another material
item, that of horses and carriages for travellers. You
pay for one horse on the South-Eastern line 345., for
two horses 465., for three horses 625. On the Rouen line
the prices are very nearly the same, 28s. for one horse,
455. for two, and 625. for three horses. But on the
Orleans you pay 30s. for one horse, 555. for two horses,
and 755. for three horses. On the Manchester and
Birmingham line you pay 21s. for one horse, 425. for
two horses, and 635. for three horses. For a carriage on
the Dover line you would pay 455.; on the Rouen line,
485.; on the Orleans, if it is a small carriage. you pay
505., if it has double seats, or has a box, you pay 765.
I have made a table, which I will put in, of the cost of a
family travelling to Dover, Rouen, or to Orleans. I
assume that the family would require two first-class
seats, two second-class seats, and the conveyance of a
carriage; the cost of such a family travelling to Dover
would be 955.; to Rouen, 955. 6d.; whereas the convey-
ance of the same persons to Orleans would be 118 s. 61
To elucidate the facts still more with regard to the
charges for baggage, without which it is hardly fair to
look at the mere charge made for carrying passengers, I
wish to state to the committee that the overweight of
luggage on the Orleans line of railway, in the year
1844, was 6,952,085 kilogrammes, which was charged
375,288 f., or 15,0001., whereas the parcels or light goods
carried by the passenger trains amounted to 4,384,619
kilixrammes, the charge for which was 122,361 f., or
4,9001. ; from which it appears that they carried about
half the quantity more of passengers' luggage than they
di3 of parcels and of light goods, and that they received
three times more than they received for their parcels.
Does that which you have now stated include all that
you wish to say respecting the fares of passengers and
luggage ?-I have only compared the Orleans line with
the Dover line ; and I think that I ought to state to the
committee that the Orleans tariff is adopted now as the
standard tariff in France on all lines, with the exception
of a relaxation to a larger amount of baggage ; there is
a larger amount of baggage now allowed ; the Northern
line allows 30 kilogrammes, which is 601b5., and the
Avignon to Marseilles tariff is 20 kilogrammes, or 401bs.
You are aware that the Northern line taitiff, as respects
luggage, is adopted on all the other lines which have
lately been conceded ?-I have stated that the tariff, as
regards passengers and luggage, has been extended to
60Ibs. instead of 301bs.

Frtl NIGHT'S GAZETTE.
*TING-STREET, Nov. 24, 1846.
The Queen has been pleased to appoint William a Beckett
and Roger Therry, Esqs. to be Puisne Judges of the
Supreme Court of the colony of New South \Vales ; AWL-Ed
Cheeke, Esq., to be Commissioner of the Court of Requests,
and Thomas Callaghan, Esq., to be Crown Prosecutor in the
Court of Quarter Sessions in that colony.
Her Majesty has alao been pleased to appoint William
George Knox, Esq., to be Puisne Judge fur the island or
Trinidad.
Her Majesty has further been pleased to appoint J.
Hooper Dawson, Esq., to be Chief Clerk and Registrar of the
Supreme Court, and Clerk of the Central Circuit Court, of
the island of Newfoundland.
Commissions by the Lord-Lieutenant of Dumbartonshire.
Sir Archibald Islay Campbell, Bart., to be Deputy Lieu-
tenant ; William Cunningham Bontine, Esq., to be Deputy-
Lieutenant.

COURT OF EXCHEQUER.
Michaelmas Term.—Tenth Victoria.

Wednesday, the 25th day of November, 1846.
This Court will, at the sittings already appointed to be
held on Saturday, the 12th day of December next, proceed
to give judgment in all the motions now standing for judg-
ment, and also in all causes now standing for judgme❑t in
the new trial paper. BY THE COURT.
Read in open Court,

E. BENNETT.
WHITEHALL, Nov. 24.

The Lord Chancellor has appointed ohristopher Carter
Foottit, of Newark-upon-Trent, in the county of Notting-
ham, Gent., to be a Master Extraordinary in the High Court
of Chancery.

RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS.
BRISTOL, NOVEMBER 27.
STOCK EXCHANGK—The sales are—Caledonian, New, 21.
3s. 91—Great Western, New, 63/4—Midland, 123—Ditto,
New, 6—North Staffordshire, 3/. lls. 3d.—Taff Vale, 133%
—Vale of Neath, 1.
LIVERPOOL, NOVEMBIR 27.
STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—Aberdeen, 3s 9d. p.—
Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire Junction, 1/. 6s. 3d. p.
—Birmingham and Dudley, 53/4 p.—Birmingham and Ox-
ford Junction, 6% p.—Chester and Birkenhead, MN—Ditto,
New 20/. Shares, 3% p.—East Lancashire,3% p.—Ditto, New,
No. 1, 4 p.—Ditto, No. 2,3% p.—Ditto, New (scrip), 2 p.—
Glasgow and Dumfries, 3s. 9d. p.—Huddersfield Canal and
Railway, Extension, 11/2 p.—Lancaster and Preston, 10 p.—
—Ditto, Three-quarter Shares, 1614 p.—Ditto, Quarters,
1414 p.—Leeds and Thirsk, New, 14 dis.—London and North-
Western, 192—Ditto, Quarters, 2014 p.—London, and South-
Western (scrip), New, 501. Shares, % p.—Manchester and
Leeds, Quarters, 33/4 p.—Ditto, Extension, 3% p.—Midland,
123%—Ditto, 401. Shares, 674 p.—Ditto, New, 4 p.—New-
castle and Carlisle, 113—North British, New Quarters, 1 p.—
North Staffordshire, 31% p.—North Union (A), 219—Ditto,
(B), 1511/2—North-Western, 1% p.—Scottish Central, 714 p.
—Shrewsbury and Chester, New, % dis.—Shrewsbury and
Birmingham (A), 1% p.—South-Eastern and Dover, New,
No. 4, 1/2 p.— York and Newcastle, Preference, 5% p.—York
and North Midland, Preference, WA—Newry and Warren-
point, 2% p.—Dutch Rhenish, 1 dis.—West Riding Union
1% p.

BANKRUPTCIES SUPERSEDED.
John Brett, sheep-salesman, Luton, Bedfordshire.
Saul and Walter Samuel, woollen-drapers, Birmingham.
BANKRUPTS.
Alexander Russell, saddler, Ashford, Kent, to surrender
Dec. 4, and Jan. 8, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy.
Belcher, official assignee; Crosby and Compton, Church-
court, Old Jewry.
John Bickerton, plait dealer, Luton, Bedfordshire, Dec. 10,
at half-past twelve, and Jan. 7, at one, at the Court of
Bankruptcy. Bell, official assignee, Coleman-street-build-
ings ; Clarke, Fenchurch-street-buildings.
John Borer, grocer, Exmouth-street;Clerkenwell, on Dec 7,
at half-past twelve, and Jan. 11, at eleven, at the Court of
Bankruptcy. Graham, official assignee, Coleman-street ; Ness,
Dyer's-buildings, Holborn.
John Garratt, licensed victualler, Copenhagen-house, Is-
lington, Dec. 9, at half-past eleven, and Jan. 7, at twelve, at
the Court of Bankruptcy. Johnson, official assignee, Basing-
hall-street ; King and t,ol Queen-street, Cheapside.
William Crosling, linen-draper, Billericay, Dec. 10, at one,
and Jan. 14, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Bell,
official assignee, Coleman-street-buildings ; Jones, Size-lane.
Richard Nichols, jun.; bookseller, Birmingham, Dec. 8
and Jan. 2, at twelve, at the Birmingham District Court.
Whitmore, official assignee, Birmingham ; Spyer, Broad-
street-buildings; Spurrier and Chaplin, Birmingham.
—Samuel George Burton, gas manufacturer, Sidmouth,
evonshire, Dec. 9 and 28, at eleven, at the Exeter District
Court. Hernaman, official assignee, Exeter; Terrell, Exeter;
Terrell, Gray's Inn-square.
Abraham Huddleston, corn miller, Boston, Yorkshire,
Dec. 9, and Dec. 28, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court.
Freeman, official assignee, Leeds ; Sudlow, Sons, and Torr,
Chancery-lane; Shackleton, Leeds.
John Mintorn Vaughan, licensed victualler, Bristol, Dec.
11, at twelve, and Jan. 8, at eleven, at the Bristol District
Court. Hutton, official assignee, Bristol; Castle, Bristol.
William Gawthorne, cabinet-maker, Liverpool, Dec. 7,
and Jan. 19, at eleven, at the Liverpool District Court.
Turner, official assignee, Liverpool ; Gregory and Co., Bed-
ford-row, London ; Belshaw, Liverpool.
Peter Jones and Edward Everett, joiners, Liverpool, Dec.
14, and Jan. 7, at eleven, at the Liverpool District Court.
Cazenove, official assignee, Liverpool ; Storey, Featherstone-
buildings, London; Ewer, Liverpool.
PRICE OF SUGAR.

MANCHESTER, NOVEMBER 27.
STOCK EXCHANGE. —The sales are—Ambergate, Notting-
ham, and Boston, 1-16 p.—Birkenhead, Lancashire, and
Cheshire Junction, 1% p.—Churnet and Blythe, dis.—
Eastern Counties, 23—East Lancashire, No. 1, New, 414 p.
—Ditto, No. 2 (late Liverpool, Ormskirk, &c.), ex add. sh.,
45/51 p. ex new—Fleetwood, Preston, and West Riding, 1-16
di-.—lluddersfield and Manchester Railway and Canal, 4%
p.—Leeds and Thirsk, New, 1 7-1 G dis.—:teeds, Dewsbury,
and Manchester, 1214 p.—Liverpool, Manchester, and New-
castle Junction, 5-16 dis.—London, Manchester, and Bir-
mingham, Quarters (B), 7 p.—Manchester, Bolton, and
Bury Extension, % p.—Manchester and Leeds, Quarters,
33/4 p.—Ditto, Sixteenths, 73/4 p.—Ditto. Extensions, % p.—
Aanchester and Southampton, lls. dis.—North Stafford-
shire, 3 13-16 p.—North-Western, I,‘ p.—Oldham Alliance,
34 p.—Preston and Wyre, Halves (A), 3 p.—Ditto (B),
ii p.—Scottish Midland, 11/ p.—Shrewsbury and Birming-
ham (A), 14 p.—Shrewsbury and Herefordshire, 6s. dis.—
West Lancashire Coast, % dis.—Wharfdale (late North -
Eastern), dis.
LEEDS, NOVEMBER 27.

STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—East Lancashire, 4% p.
—Ditto, No. 2 (late Liverpool, Ormskirk, &c.), 4 c. p.—
Last and West Yorkshire, 111; c. dis.—Huddersfield and Man-
chester, 514 p.—Leeds and Bradford, 4514 p.—Leeds and
Dews'oury, 111/2 p.—Leeds and Thirsk, :g n. dis.—Ditto,
New, 14 n. p.—Malton and Driffield Junction, 153. p.—Man-
chester, Buxton, Matlock, and Midland, 20e. p.—Midland,
Preference, 31/2 p.—North British, Thirds, 445. p.—Ditto,
Quarters (late Carlisle Branch), 21,E p. c. all—Ditto, Exten-
sions (scrip), 20s. p.—North Staffordshire, 35/s n. p.— Wharf-
dale Junction, 1 is. dis.—York and Newcastle, Preference, 5
p.—York and North Midland, Preference, 914 p.—Amber-
gate, Nottingham. and Boston, 2s. 6d. p.—Leeds, Wakefield,
and Midland, 17s. 6d. dis.—North-Western, Bs. 6d. p.—
Sheffield, Rotherham, and Goole, 7s. 6d. p.—West Riding
Union, 31. 16s.

HULL, NOVEMBIR 27.
STOCK EXCIIINGE.—To-day we have had very little
business doing. Prices, however, have not declined mate-
rially. The sales are—North British, Quarters, 81s. cash—
Ditto, Thirds, 21. 9s. p.—Ambergate, Nottingham, and Bos-
ton, 2% p.—Boston, Stamford, and Birmingham, 295. 6d.
—lpswich and Bury, I2%—Ditto, Extension, Norwich, 2,
—North Western, 7s. p.—North Staffordshire, VA p.—Lei-
cester and Birmingham, 3s.
SHEFFIELD, NOVEMBER 27.
STOCK EXCIIANGE.—The sales are—Great Grimsby and
Sheffield, 41. dis.—Ditto, Extensions, 30s. dis.—Manchester
and Lincoln Union, 20.3. 6d. dis.—Midland (Sheffield and
Rotherham), 33%—North British, Quarters (late Carlisle),
p.—Sheffield and Manchester, Quarters, No. 2,1/. dis.
—Sheffield. Rotherham, and Goole, 4s. p.—York and New-
castle, 43/4 p.

YORK, NOVEMBER 27.
STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—Eastern Counties,
York Extension, 3%—Great North of Eneland,236—Leices-
ter and Bedford, 15s. 6d.—London and York, 21. 3s.—Man-
cheater. Buxton, Matlock, and Midland, 31/s—Newcastle and
Berwick, 331/2—North British, Half Shares, 16144—Ditto,
Quarters, 31. 16s.—North Staffordshire, 534 —North-WeAern,
11,4—Sheffield, Rotherham, &c., 31. 2s.—York and Newcastle,
New, 12%—Ditto, Preference, 6L 18s. 9d.

Arbroath and Forfar ••••••••• .. ••
Chester and Birkenhead . •• • • • • •• ••
Dublin and Drogheda• • • .. .......

Dublin and Kingstown • • • • • • .• •• • • • •
Dundee and Arbroath . • • • • •• • •••• • • • •
Durham and Sunderland . • • •• • • • • • • • •
Edinburgh and Glasgow . •• • ••• • • • • •
Eastern Counties and North Eastern • •
East Lancasihre • • .... . ... •••• • • • •
Eastern Union • • • • • • • • • • • • • • " • • • • • •
Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ayr • • • • • •
Glasgow and Greenock• • • • • • •• • • • ••
Gravesend and Rochester.• • • • • •• • • • •
Great Southern and Western • • • • • • • •
Great Western,tke • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Hartlepool ..... • • • • • • - • • • • • ••
London and North Western, &C.." • •
London and Blackwall— • • • • • • • • • • • •
London and Brighton. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
London and Croydon ........... • • ••
London and South Western. • • • • • • • •
Manchester, Bolton, and Bury • • • • • •
Manchester, Leeds, and Hull Assoc• •
Maryport and Carlisle ..............
Midland, Bristol, and Birmingham • • • •
Newcastle and Carlisle • .............
Newcastle and North 5hie1d5........
Newcastle and Berwick
North British .. • • ............

21
22
21
21

21
A l 21

Paris, Corbeil, and Orleans
Paris and Rouen ...................

Preston and Wyre,.........

Sheffield and Manchester • . • • • • • • • • ••
South Eastern and Branches ....••••
South Devon• ••• • • . .......... ••
Ulster. • •.
York and Newcastle . • •_.• •• • • ••• • • •

843
15,5518

it-,iii -in----d ------------ -
York . •- • • • • • • ••

36,221
735
6,748

5,556

demand has been limited for all kinds; the home deliveries
continue large. Geneva has been only in limited request,
and a further decline in prices took place, the market being
better supplied. For British made Spirits the demand is still
as extensive as ever, and prices are firm.
INDIGO.—This afternoon at public sale 68 serons of Gua-
temala Indigo were partly disposed of at fully former rates,
and went at 2s 6d to 4s 9d. . .

CocniNEAL.—This afternoon the quantity offered at public
sale amounted to 137 bags Honduras ; the demand was
active, and the whole sold at Id to 2d per lb advance—good
ord to fine silvers fetching 5s to 5s 8d per lb.
SALTPETRE.—To-day rough met with attention, and pri-
vately a fair business was transacted ; 400 bags of Calcutta
at auction sold at stiffer rates, and brought 25s 6d for pod
mid grey rather damp small chrystal, 7 per cent refraction.
On s.—This afternoon the quantity of Sperm Oil and
Headmatter offered at public sale amounted to 140 tons, and
sold at easier rates, viz., British of first quality at 861. to
871.. and Headmatter 891. Southern is cheaper; 100 tons at
auction selling at 281. 10s. to 291. ss. for good to tine.

8,101

'517
17,354
2,000

496
1,306
1,143

The average price of Brown or Muscovado Sugar, computed
from the returns made in the week ending November 24,
1846, is 335. 101/2d. per cwt.
DIVIDENDS DECLARED.

15,56

J. Salmon, builder, Beaumont, Essex—first div. of 4s. 9d.
in the pound, on Saturday, Nov. 28, and two subsequent
Saturdays, at the office of Mr. Edwards, Frederick's-place,
Old Jewry.
J. Bunn, builder, Norwich—first div. of 4s. 10d. in the
pound, any Wednesday, at the office of Mr. Graham, Cole-
man-street. _ _

B. Fen wick, draper, Newcastle-upon-Tyne—first div. of ss.
in the pound, on any Saturday, at the office of Mr. Baker,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
S. Pilling and R. G. Watson, wine merchants, Gateshead,
Durham—second div. of 3d. in the pound, on any Baturday,
at the office of Mr. Wakley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
T. and G. Snaith, ironmongers, Bishop Auckland, Durham
—second div. of 23.4 d. in the pound, on any Saturday, at the
office of Mr. Wakley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
DIVIDENDS.
At the Coda of Bankruptcy, Basinghall-street.
J. Benstead, hosier, Fleet-street, Dec. 19, at eleven—W. 11.
Cox, boat builder, Belvedere-road, Lambeth, Dec. 19, 'at one
—S. F. Stephens, bill broker, Old Broad-street, City, Dec.lB
at two—E. P. Sardinson, J. Weston, and It March, wa..e-
housemen, Wood-street, City, Dec. 18, at half-past one—J.
C. Staines, tailor, Oundle, Northamptonshire, Dec. 18, at half
past twelve.

THE ZOLLVEiiEIN.
The new modifications made by the German Customs
Union in its commercial system, merit some atention from
those nations more particularly affected thereby; while it
is of some importance to ascertain the position taken up by
this great association at the present moment, when the
question of free trade is exciting such lively discussion
throughout Europe. For the better comprehension of
this subject we will first recall the changes introduced
by the Zollverein into its tariffs during the last few years,
and will afterwards attempt to characterise the nature
and bearing of those recently effected.
The Zollverein has scarcely touched its tariff in the
last quinquennial period, except to aggravate its disposi-
tions ; these augmentations of duties have not, however,
been realised without severe struggles, and pro-
longed opposition. The obstacles that have been en-
countered may be readily conceived, when it is
known that the decisions of the Customs Con-
gress require unanimity, and that it is in the power
of a single State to raise an insurmountable obstacle.
There are in Germany, as in every other country, two par-
ties, the one an advocate of commercial liberty, the
other the partizan of the protective system. Prussia,
which has placed itself at the head of the former, has
long resist,d the wishes of the southern States, which
more especially represent the latter party. It has, how-
ever, at last been obliged to give way, for fear of
loosening the bonds by which the association is held
together, and perhaps, some day, seeing a work dissolved,
to the existence of which it justly attaches political in-
terests of so much magnitude.
Without going farther back than the year 1842, we
see the Zollverein at that epoch doubling the duties on
jewellery and fancy iron wares, on gilded bronzes,
paper-hangings, and perfumery, &c. In 1844 it im-
posed a duty on raw iron, which was before exempt, and
raised the tariffs on various sorts of iron. The same year
it increased the import duty on light woollen stuffs by
two-thirds; awl, finally, it now raises the duty on cotton
and linen threads.
To judge of these augmentations of duty, we need not
consider them from an abstract point of view ; in the
present state of international relations, it must be al-
lowed that a people need only consider its own industrial
and commercial conveniences for the adjustment of its
tariffs ; but even under this regard all their augmenta-
tions do not seem to us to be dictated by an equally judi-
cious appreciation of the production and wants of
Germany.
Thus the measures directed against the importation of
articles of art, fashion, and luxury are rather opposed
than favourable to the interests of the country.
The German manufacturer does not pique himself
on disputing with France the sceptre of taste and
invention ; he willingly leaves to her the supply
of those varied products which derive their chief
merit from the elegance of their form, the
becoming harmony of their colours, and the finish of
their workmanship. He wisely prefers to apply his re-
sources to the production of those more common wares,
which suit a numerous population, and even by that
alone enter largely into consumption. The elevation of
the duties on works of art and taste will not give him
what is not in his nature. The cold and serious cha-
racter of his genius will not bend itself to all these bril-
liant fantasies of the imagination. What, then, is the
, result of this elevation of duties ? To prevent habits of
comfort and elegance from penetrating into the middle
classes, to oppose the wants inherent to the progress of
civilisation, and to injure national industry, by depriving
it of models by which it might have profited.
The increase of the duties on cast and wrought

1,214
33,3,47
704
5,003

iron—may be justified much better. Germany possesses
all the necessary elements for the development of
metallurgic industry ; its soil conceals rich mines ;
magnificent forests flourish on the banks of the
Rhine and on the numerous mountains that advance
from the sides of the Alps or the Hereynian Car-
pathians; the working of the beds of coal is extending
more and more every year in the basins of the Ruhr,
Silesia, and Saxony. It was then very natural tor the
Zollverein, seeing its metallurgic industry menaced by
English competition, to come to its aid by assuring it
better prices and a more considerable share in the supply
of the national market.
The question of cotton and linen threads, which has
also been settled on the side of protection, is that
which has been most warmly discussed in the councils
of the Germanic Association ; little was wanting
to set the Zollverein in a blaze. It was brought
forward at the Customs Congress of Stuttgard, in
1842, and reproduced at that of Carlsrnhe last year.
The cotton manufacturers, ho wever, saw their demands
rejected, the first time by a refusal, and the sec,•otid by
an adjournment. It was not until this extraordinary
conference, held at Berlin, that they at last gained their

5,895
889
7,341

5,904

14,981
1,669

cause.
The fabrication of cotton is one of those industries
which manufacturing nations show most perseverance in
disputing with England. The products in cotton mann--
factures form, it is known, the chief part of the colossal
total of the exportations of Great Britain. " The cotton
trade," said an English orator, "is for us principally an
object of commerce ; of seven bales which we manu-
facture, only one is intended for domestic consumption;
out of the seven days of the week our workmen empl+•y
six in clothing the foreigner." This cannot, evidently,-
be a normal state of things. There is no reason of cli-
mate why England should thus charge itself with -
manufacturing cotton for almost the entire universe. •
Accordingly every nation possessing an industrial life
is trying to free itself from the British monopoly, and
it the German association has shown so much hesita-
tion in taking a decided part, it is because energetic
resistance has been met i❑ the associated states, arising
from interests formed under the state of things hitherto
in vigour.
The cotton-manufacture has of late been much ex-
tended in Germany. Thus, while she consumed on an
average only from thirteen to fifteen millions of pounds
of cotton wool in the period from 1834 to 1836, she
consumed upwards of thirty-one millions, or more than
double, in the same period from 1843 to 1845. But
the importation of English threads into the States of
the Zoliverein, has, nevertheless, continued to increase
in a remarkable proportion ; it rose during the same
period from less than thirty millions to forty-nine
million pounds weight. It even exceeded that amount
in 1844 and 1845. The fact is, that in spite of the
progress she had made in the. manutacture of cotton,
Germany, far from being able to compete with England,
is not even on a level with France or Switzerland. The
use of machinery is there of modern date ; the establish-
ments are on a small scale ; the factories of Saxony
have not, on an average, more than four thousand
spindles, and there is not, perhaps, in the whole Zoll-
verein five factories with from twenty to thirty thousand
spindles. It may be calculated that the spindle of an
English factory produces at least a fourth, and perhaps
a third, more than the spindleof a German factory. How,
then, can the industry of the Zollverein defend itself
with its own forces alone under such conditions of inferi-
ority ?—Constitutionnel.

5,672
4,993

541
1,822
6,678
559
966
739
5,714
5,475

INTERCOURSE WITH NEW OR-
LEANS AND THE GREAT VALLEY OF THE

1,0'16
5,375

W EST.
A plan is in the course of execution for improving the
communication of New Orleans, the sole outlet of the
great valley of the Mississippi, with the sea, which,
when executed, will be attended with many advantages
to the rapidly increasing commerce of that city and the
region of which it is the port, and with some especial
advantages to the commercial and personal intercourse of
the Southern and Western States with this country. The
object of this improvement is to avoid crossing the bar
at the mouth of the river, at Belize, and also to avoid a
tedious and winding voyage of ninety miles from Belize
to New Orleans, by forming a railway from the city
of New Orleans to Cat Island Harbour, a fine well-
sheltered anchorage, which has recently been discovered
at the entrance of Lake Borgne, forty-six miles east of
New Orleans. There is depth of water in this harbour
for ships of war to victual and refit; for steamers of the
size of those of the West India line to enter at all times,
and for large merchant vessels to take in full cargoes of
grain and other heavy goods, none of which things are
practicable at the present harbour of New Orleans.
The greatest advantage of this plan probably is, that
it will render it possible to extend all the advantages of
the safe and rapid mode of communication between Eng-
land and America furnished by the %Vest India mail
steamers to the whole of the Valley of the Mississippi,
as well as to Mobile and other parts of the cotton-grow-
ing States in the Gulf of Mexico. At present these vast
regions furnish 1,000,000 bales of cotton every year, at a
very moderate computation worth 5,000,000/. sterling,
and they are likely in future to supply us with grain,,
flour, provisions, and tobacco, to a still greater extent.
This immense trade is every year creating an increase
in
the personal and epistolary communication between Eng-
land and New Orleans, and there can be no doubt that it
would be much facilitated and greatly increased, if
West Indian steamers could proceed toNew Orleans the
present this is impossible, as they draw too muchwate. rAtot
cross the bar, and are, therefore, unable to approach
nearer than 110 miles of the city, oa point without
a harbour or a road, to New Orleans.t
They have, in
consequence, giving up calling at that point, after at-
tempting twice, and thus the people in the g
of the West are deprived of the advantages of this
valley
cheap
and rapid route to Europe, and the company is deprived
of the profit of carrying them. When the railroad
is
completed to Cat Island Harbour, the
steamers will be
able to approach within a couple of hours' • ride to New
Orleans, and ten hours' sale of Mobile,
and to lie there
ia a well-sheltered harbour in deep water.
Another great advantage
of this place, and one which
would be invaluable in times of European
scarcity like
the present, when the chief supply of corn and flour
during
the winter months must be derived
from the
valley of the Mississippi and
the port of New
Orleans,
is that it would render vessels of large size
available for the purpose of carrying it to Europe.
At present it is useless to send large vessels' to New
Orlean , in the hope of their bringing home full
cargoes of corn or flour, as no vessel carrying more than
about 300 tons of heavy cargo can cross the bar at Be-
lize. The consequence is, that the greater part of our
'British shipping is unavailable for this purpose. With

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4,892

AMERICAN PROVISIONS.—The American line-of-
packet-ship Victoria, just arrived in the London Docks,
from New York, has brought an extensive and various
cargo of articles of food, the production of the United
States of America. Of the various articles brought by
this ship, the most noticeable are the supply of a few
packages of peaches, and 250 bales of hops.
A statuette of Napoleon, by the Count d'Orsay,
has been recently presented to the city of Ajaccio (the
birth-place of Buonaparte) by Prince Decsidoli. The
" inauguration " took place in September last.