The Sun.
London, England, 1841-07-09 00:00:00

GALWAY.

IRELAND.

M. J. Blake, Esq. ...... I
Sir V. Blake
LONDONDERRY.
Sir 11. Fergueson I

ELECTION MOVEMENTS.
YORKSHIRE, (WEST RIDING).
FIRST DAY'S POLL, JULY 8.
AN TI-MONOPOL IS TS. MONOPOLISTS.
Lord Morpeth 8,231 J. Wortley, E5q.*......9323
Lord Milton 8,266 Denison, Esq. .9060
LINCOLN (NORTH)..--FIRST DAY, JULY 8.
Lord Worsley 1,605 R. Christopher, E5q...1,505
Hon. C. Cust 1,454
This return is exclusive of Spilsby, Alford, Sze. A cones-
ponient thus wri es from Spilsby, July B.—" Lord Worsley at
this polling place (the stronghold of the Tories, where the
Willoughby thumbscrew, lass been most closely applied) was,
at half•past one o'clock; only 14 below Cult. At Alford he
is within 1 of Christopher, and at Horncastle at the head of the
poll. There is every reason to believe that his Lordship will
be triumphantly returned."
CHESHIRE (NORTH.)—FIRST DAY, JULY 8.
(Return from Stanley's Committee.)
Hon. E. J. Stanley 2,098 Lord F. Egerton 2,625
C. Legh, Esq. 2;488
(Return from the Tory Committee.)
Hon. E. J. Stanley 1,912 Lord F. Egerton
C. Legh, Esq 2,467
ESSEX (SOUTH.)—FIRST DAY, JULY S.
Bramston and Palmer are more than 2,000 votes over Al-
ston, and consequently will be returned.
NORTHAMPTON (SOUTH.)—FIRST DAY, JaLv 8.
Lond Easton 677 W. R. Cartwright, Esq 2,115
Sir C. Knightley 0,033

IRELAND.
CORK.—JULY 6.—Half-past 5,
ANTI-MONOPOLISTS. MONOPOLISTS.
F. Murphy, Esq ...... .....377 Col. Chatterton 346
D. Callaghan, Esq.. ..... .368 Morris, Esq

CARDIGAN BOROUGHS.
CLOSE OF THE POLL, JULY 5.

Majority for Price, Reformer, over llarford, Tory 21
We are informed on good authority, that the Mayor of Car-
diganEas not been able to make any return in this case, the poll-
book for the Aberyswith Borough not having duly reached him,
it being missing. From the information which has just reached
it,appears, that upon Mr. Simons (a professional gentleman
of Carmarthen, who hail been retained in the Tory interest to
attend the polling at Aberyswlth) reaching Aberayon, on
posting down to Cardigan on his return to -ascertain the
state of tke poll, he was requested by the landlord of the
Feathers Hotel to take a small paper parcel to Car-
digan for him, which was addressed to Mr. Brown the
Mayor ; no exVanation was given, and the parcel was put in
the chaise. Mr. Simons arrived at the Black Lion Inn, Car-
digan, at eleven the same evening, when being surrounded by
the partisans of Mr. Harford, making enquiries as to the poll,
it escaped him to think of the parcel, but just as he was about
to leave for Newcastle at two in the morning, it occurred to
him, and he desired the boo's of the inn to fetch the parcel
from the chaise, when It was quickly brought him, and which
he then handed to the landlord, with directions to forivaid it
to Mr. Brown. What became of the parcel afterwards we
are not at present able to say, but we understand,
that it was missing on the Tuesday morning, and that
consequence the Mayor could not make his return. ThA
Inn at Cardigan was crowded at the time, and tb?
presumption is, that a trick has been played. It ir to be re-
gretted that. Mr. Richard 0. Powell, the Tory ?Bator, of
Aberystwith, transmitted the parcel so unprotected. We are
not justified in attributing any undue motive to him, but rather
the ahence of the proper one—the delivering the poll book ira
person to the Returning Officer, or forwarding it by a respect-.
sable person direct. We do not know that any othz,-; cause_
quence will arise from this, but delay and expe;:sse: which in
any cane to a greater or less degree appear‘ certain. If the
book should continue missing, it is possible that the House of
Commons, after due investigation, may r;rder a new poll book
to be made up from the check b°4olr" of the candid.tes, and
w
which were made to correspond with the poll book before the
latter was closed and sent. We believe there is an instance
where the House has ordered additional names to be inserted
and the return made to eorrespond. If the
forthcoming, it will perhaps present. a novel
obnookthsehopulol d.l tdlr
feature for the wisdom of the House, but the trouble and diffi-
c'fity will in that case be, at all events, reduced. It is how-
ever, to be hoped that the Tory gentlemen of the county will
see the book is found, and set this abortive attempt all right,
and that speedily. No blame whatever can be attached to
Mr. Simons.

S'l °UM:MIDGE, JULY S.
(Fitost A CORRESKYNDENT.)
The Hon. Captzin St. George Foley having retired from
contesting the Eastern Division of the county of Worcester,
the Tories have had the bells of the church ringing, and a band
of music playing about the town the whole of to-day, accom
panied, by a gang of hired ruffians, bearing besnms, &c., and in
their hats Tory colours. Having an unlimited run of ale from.
different public-houses, they have become intoxicated, and are
assaulting persons as they pass along the streets, and many
shopkeepers have put up their shutters. About four o'clock
some dispute having arisen between two of their own party,
named Heywood and Pearson, both of whom were intoxicated,
the former struck the latter and knocked him down, and his
head coming in contact with the kerb-stop,;, a concussion of
the brain took place, and he died instant 4. Heywood is in
custody.
EL

,ECTORS !—REGISTint ! REGISTER !
The 20th of July is the last day for sending in county
claims ; and for 10/, votes paying poor-rates and assessedtaxes in boroughs.
County electors wr
:iti arc not already registered for the same
property, or wh
have changed their places of abode since last
Ju
overseers ily, must,rseers ;I 'a:, or before the 20th of July instant, send to the
the parish in which their property is situated their
claims tch
e vote, which must coulain- a 'description of their places
of residnce,
tena*,t's name; and they must send with each claimo
_a
will lsethesirll'ontge;
the nature of qualification, and its situalioni,.olir.the
Borough electors who live in 101. hotues
'th of April last,
unless they pay, on or before the-20th of July instant, all poor_
rates and window taxes due prior to the 6
.1
Whether demanded by the collector or not. Scot and lot
voters will be disfranchised unl.—, they pay, on or before the
30th of July instant, all the which have been de-
-1)&1e-rates
manded of them up to that day.

NOMINATIONS, AND
AND
LIST
-) —Nomination, July 10. Polling
BANFF (Co"" 'POLLING.
n dap,CARLOW July 10 Ca ' CoUNTY ). —Elect ioCandi-
dates—Colonel 15th. Candidates—James Duff; Lord Redhavert.
ELECTIONSOF CA NDIAIDsA TOE
FS
14th an
—atCoes.lonel Bruen, T. Bunbury, D. 0 Connell, Jun., .k,h_
C. O'Brien, C. Vandaleur.
CLARE (Cott wrY).—Eleciion day, July 10. Candidates
CUMBERLAND ( WESTERN DIVISION ).—Nomination
day, July 10. Candidates—E. Stanley, S. Irton.
CORK COUNTY.—Election day, July 12.
--tdoantl:ll(sajor Macnatnara,
DERBY (Soon' DtvlsioN).—Poll-day, July 13. Can-
didates—C. R. Colville, E. N. Monday, AL Gisburne.
DERRY COUNTY.—PoII day, July 12.
DUBLIN COUNTY.—Candidates, Lord Brabazon, G.
Evans, J. H. Hamilton, Hon. Mr. Taylor. Poll July 10.
EAST NORFOLK.—Candidates—E. Wodehouse, Esq.,
H. Burroughes, Esq. Nomination, July 10. Polling, July I*..
FERMANAGH. (County).—Polling day, July 15. Can-
didates, M. Archdall, sir A. B. Brook.
GALWAY COUNTY.—PoII day, July 12.
HUNTING7DucOoNNuTsI(,C.coyupLoyi:E-d)ia.e—yet:ojnoullldyianlyg3, day, July 10.
Candidates—E. Fellows, G. Thornhill.
DERR Y.—Poll day, July 12. ;*July 12.
LLK
OI
NRI LIMERICK
NC
LOUTH (County).—Election day, 10th !July. Can-
didates—R. M. Bellew, Hon. V. Dawson, M. Fortescue.
MAYO COUNTY.—Election day, July 13. Candidates—
/I D. Browne, M. Blake.
MONAGHAN.—EIection day, July 10.
QUEEN'S COUNTY.—Election day, July 10.
SOMERSETSHIRE (WEST Drytsrow).—Polling day,
July 10. Candidates—W. Dickinson, Esq., and T U. Ack-
land, Esq.
STIRLING (County).—Nomination, July 10. Polling
days, July 12 and 13. Candidates—Sir M. Bruce, Bart., W.
Forbes.

SUFFOLK (WEST).—Polling, July 15 and 16. Candi-
dates—Lieut.-Col. R. Rushbrookr, H. S. Waddington.
TIPPERARY COUNTY.—Election day, July 10. Can-
didate—W. P. Barker, Hon. C. Maude, R. 0. Cave, and 3,
Maher.

WATERFORD COUNTY,—Nomination, July 10 ; Elec-
tion day, July 12. Cand;dateg—W. V. Stuart, Hor. R.
Carew.

WESTMEATH.—PoIIing day 12th of July. Candidates—
G. A. Boyd, Esq., W. Chapman, Esq., W. Pollard, Esq.,
H. M. Tuite, Esq.
WORCESTERSHIRE (EASTERN, DtvistoN).—Election
12th and 13th July.
WEST EAT H. —Election day, July 12.
WEXFORD (County).—Polling day, 16th July. Candi-
ates—El. K G. Morgan, Esq., Captain V. F. Hatton, Esq.,
J. DeverQux, and E. Devereux.
WEXFORD.. Sir T. Est:amide, James Bourne, Esq.
Election day July 16.
WICKI,LOW i/UNTY. —Election, July 12. Candidates—.
G"4.:En, Esq., Sir R. Howard, Colonel Acton, and Mr.
1 Tlutt.

RATIAVAY NEWS,

WiTil

CONDENSED ACCOUN T

RAILWAYS.

Good ROADS, Canals, and Navigable Rivers, by diminishing the
expense of carriage, put the remote part of the country nearly on
a level with those in the neighbourhood of a town, and are the
greatest of all imprcvemcnts.—AnAii SMITII. -

The roads or track ways of the ancient Britons were a single
line of stones laid down frtim one town to another, and although
our ancestors used ss ar-chariots and other whee!ed carriages,
yet they did not level the soil nor cut out the earth, but con-
tented themselves with a single line of stones, more as an indi-
cation of the route than as a channel upon which their chariots
might be driven. These ancient British track-ways are to be
found very perfect upon Da►:moor, and in many parts of the
kingdom—they have teen confounded with the Roman road, but
their origin is more ancient—a single way of stones is always
British, the Roman road is a more elaborate structure, and our
modern read-making is a very small improvement upon their
art. The Roman reads ran nearly in direct lines, and were
made as level as this direction would permit ; they were made
high in the centre and sloping tothe sides ; the bed was formed
of layers of sand, gravel, and cement ; the crest was paved with
large stones, were forty Roman feet wide, with paths on each
side; they ran in grand trunk lines from east to west, and
north to south, with branches to the principal stations—thus
the Watling-street ran from Dover through London to Chester.
The Ermin-street from London through York to Edinburgh,
With a branch sine passing the wall of Severus to Carlisle. The
Foss Way commenced at Camelodunum, on the north coast of
Devon, went tl:rough Bath, and fell into the Ermin-street near
Lincoln. The Ikneld Way ran from the south coast of Dorset
to Norwich ; thus the island was intersected with trunk lines of
road. These roads were used by tl.e Saxons, Danes, and Nor-
mans, and very little improvement was made by them in the
public highways. The feudal nobility of the period subsequent
to the Norman conquest, fearful of too rapid a communication
with their fiefs, discouraged all attedapts to make the roads
passable. Cardinal Wolsey improved the approaches to his
own palaces and the Royal resideaces, but the dignitaries of the
Church, actuated by the same selfish motives as the lay Barons,
did not improve the public highways, excepting so far as they
were useful to bring the good things of this life to the convents
and monasteries. Tl.e suppression of the religious houses, and
the distribution of the plunder of the Church lands, induced
the wealthier nobles who received a part of the spoil, to endea-
vour to connect their newly-acquired possessions whit their an-
cient territories, and they all at once found Unit the ancient
highways were no ronger good enough for their travelling, so
that in the reign of Philip and Mary statute 28 was passed.
The prcamLie of this Act states " that the toads were tedious
atsiti- noisome to travel upon," and enacted that the
inhabitants of the parishes should each work four days
during the year upon the public highways. This Act
origira•ed the "statute labour." James I. and Charles
I. issued yroclamations for the regulation of the roads;
but it was not until the restoration of Charles 11. that any im-
provement took place. Before this time, passengers and goods
were con sled upon the backs of horses ; but the rapid increase
of wheeled carriages compelled an amendment of the old sys-
tem. By the 16th of Charles 11. cap. 11, passed in the year
1683, the system of turnpike trusts was introduced, and a
money payment upon the principal roads substituted for the
yearly contribution of labour and horses. Three toll-gates were
erected upon the road from London to Cambridge, and the
principle cf levying tell for the repair of the way upon the
party using -the road, instead of compelling the parishes to re-
pair it, was established. Very l►ttle advance, however, was
made until after the defeat of the Pretender ; when th 6 great diffi-
culty the Government found in the transportation of men and
stores to Scotland, induced them, in 1748, to improve the roads.
Since that time the turnpike system has been gradually ex-
tended, so that from the year 1750 to 1839, nearly 4,200 Turn-
pike Acts have been passed, 23,787 miles of read male, divided
into 1,231 trusts, having upon them 4,900 toll-gates ; and the
amount of revenue derived for keeping the roads ip repair
1,500,0001. Notwithstanding this extended system, and the im-
provements made in road-making by Messrs. Telford, ill'Adam,
and J. M‘Neil, and the extreme depression of manufactures,
from the year 1823 to 1830, and consequent want of employment
of the operatives. which enabled the turnpike trustees and pa-
rish officers to obtain labour at a cheap rate, for the improve-
ment of the roads, Si) tjrat Great Britain could boast of the best
constructed roads in the world, and a!though our canal com-
munication saved much time, labour, and expense, yet our heavy
taxation, the increased competition of foreigners, the rapid in-
crease of our large towns, the value of individual time, and the
increased application of steam as a motive power, made the
people of England seek some more rapid mode of travelling ;
and the attention of our civil engineers was directed to the ex-
teosion of the formation of the tram road ; and the use of steam
as a tractive power. The result of their labours is the present
system of railroads.