The Sun.
London, England, 1846-12-18 00:00:00

thereby be placed in a dangerous proximity with
the Germanic confederacy. There will be no further
barriers between Russian ambition and the less
powerful states of Austria, of Prussia, of Italy, and
of Turkey. The vast plains of what was once Poland
will no longer girdle in the territorial avarice of its
spoiler. There will be no further check to that ag-
grandisement for which the Government of St. Peters-
burgh has so long yearned.
After these miserable disclosures, it cannot be
matter of astonishment that sentiments of wrath and
indignation are roused against the policy of the Em-
peror NICHOLAS in the civilised West. Those who
are rejoicing under the blessings insured to tham by
constitutional monarchy must inevitably experience
feelings of justifiable rage at this stupendous deed of
spoliation. Apart from all considerations as to the
balance of power on the Continent, what can be more
at variance with the principles of justice, or with those
of civil and
_religious liberty ? Here is a country
which, from a thousand causes, is incapable of being
combined with such a dominion as that of Russia.
With a different language, with different customs,
with a different character, and with a different
religion, it is hopeless for the Cabinet of St.
Petersbugh to expect that there can be any
cordial co-operation between them. And, be-
yond this, it is cruel to attempt any junction of a
people so diametrically opposed to each other. What,
however, are the qualms of a Russian conscience in
such an emergency ? They are as incapable of con-
ception as the gentleness of the Parcae. The con-
science, indeed, is as disproportionately small in com-
parison with the selfishness, as was the bread con-
sumed by FALSTAFF with his allowance of sack.

' against the law upon this statement of Dr. MIL-
. LINGEN, and we ask whether it is constitutional,
whether it is just, whether it is moral, whether
it is right, whether it is safe, that the
law should be permitted to continue in its
present state ? The Doctor then goes on to state
that these certificates are examined by the Commis-
sioners, and that certain books are required to be
kept by the proprietors of lunatic asylums. There
is little use in keeping these books if the public are
denied access to them ; and as to the inspection by
the Commissioners, we repeat what we before have
frequently said, that such inspection is necessarily a
" mockery ;" that, from the paucity of their num-
bers in comparison with the duties they have to
perform, it is physically impossible they can
minutely inquire into every individual case of
lunacy which comes under their notice; that
they constitute a secret tribunal, and, therefore,
that their proceedings are open to suspicion,
and that when their proceedings have be-
come known to the public, as in the Hay-
dock Lodge case, they have not been of such a
nature as to lessen the suspicion which necessarily
attaches to all secret proceedings. It is more than
probable that the conduct of the Commissioners of
Lunacy will ere long become the subject of Parlia-
mentary inquiry, and, such being the case, we pur-
posely abstain from making any further observations
on their conduct. In the case of Mrs. SHUTTLE-
WORTII, as in that of Mrs. CUMMING, we take no in-
terest except in so far as it illustrates the defects
of the law of lunacy. We cannot but re-
mark, however, that Dr. MILLINGEN speaks
of her as " Mrs. RUODES, an unfortunate
lady in a state of imbecility of mind,
who had assumed the name of SUUTTLEWORTII:
This is a curious fact. Throughout the whole pro-
ceedings it struck us as most remarkable that this
case should be fought on both sides by strangers.
The minister of the parish, a stranger to the lady,
considers it his duty to have her removed to a "com-
fortable asylum." Does this charitable minister
cause every person whom he finds in his parish " in
a state of utter destitution, in rags, covered with
ulcers and vermin, and without the common neces-
saries and comforts of life," to be removed to a
comfortable asylum ? If he does, then is he a pat-
tern of a minister, and ere long the parish workhouse
of St. Peter's, Pimlico, will be to be let. Is this as-
sumption of the name of SIIUTTLEWORTII one
of the delusions (not set forth in the cer-
tificate) under which this unhappy lady labours ?
Is this delusion the cause of her being at the present
moment an inmate of York House, Battersea? Who
pays Dr. MILLINGEN for her board and maintenance ?
These are questions that naturally suggest themselves
cn reading this passage in Dr. MILLINGEN'S letter.
Dr. MILLINGEN then puts the following question :
" Now, Sir, do you think that the judges of the Court
of Qum's Bench would have been justified if, on an al-
leged inaccuracy in the medical certificates, they had
discharged this poor creature, and replunged her in her
former melancholy, destitute state, because, forsooth, an
Old Bailey quibbler sought to prove that a conversation
was not a fact?"

document, because it must be obvious that the opinions
of a number of gentleman of zeal and intelligence,
whose especial duty it was to institute the strictest
investigation into everything calculated to encourage
the cultivation of the soil, and to extend a better
system of agriculture, promulgated, too, at a period
when there was no such extraordinary necessity for
the means of providing occupation for a starving
peasantry, as has unhappily recently been the case,
must be far more valuable than any suggestion now
offered for the first time. It is true that many
projects have been wildly and recklessly put forward,
and sanctioned, without due inquiry or fair con-
sideration being given thereto, and that, in too many
cases, the special sessions violated the trust and
betrayed the confidence reposed in them by Parlia-
ment, and passed every presentment brought before
them, en masse. But, happily, the fiat of the Board of
Works was necessary before any of these works could
be carried into execution; and, severely as they have
been censured, and strongly as they have been
reprobated, the time will come when the cordial
thanks of the public will be rendered to that body
for their extraordinary labours, their able and efficient
exertions, during the present emergency—indeed, they
have already received the approbation of the more
reasonable and intelligent portion of the community,
of those who do not suppose that a Government or a
public body can work miracles, and exceed the doings
of ordinary mortals.
We are satisfied that such works only as would be
of public benefit would be sanctioned by such a body,
and we are also satisfied that they will be cheaply
purchased by an average rate of threepence-halfpenny
in the pound for ten years, and that it will hereafter
be said (in the words of the Select Committee on the
state of the poor in Ireland), "That the effects pro-
duced by these public works appear to have been
extended cultivation, improved habits of industry,
a better administration of justice, the re-establish-
ment of peace and tranquillity in disturbed districts, a
domestic colonization of a population in excess in cer-
tain districts, a dimunition of illicit distillation, and a
very considerable increase to the revenue."

The intense perfidy and lawlessness of the whole
transaction is as discreditable to the CZAR as it is
threatening to the rest of Europe. There are such
peculiar dangers to Germany in the approaching in-
corporation of the Polish dependencies with the Rus-
sian empire, that it is but natural some change
should be already apparent among its different prin-
cipalities. The hostilities of the continent towards
the Government of St. Petersburgh must necessarily
extend along the banks of the Inine ; for, unless
some decisive measures be taken by Central and
Western Europe, the avarice of the Autccrat
will be diverted from Byzantium to Berlin, from the
sea of Azof to the Lake of Geneva. The spoil already
accumulated in his possession will only tend to
enlarge his appetite, first, for further dependencies, and,
ultimately,for their complete incorporation. Cracow fell,
and England and France protested against its seizure.
Poland is about to be proclaimed an integral portion
of Russia in Europe—what will be the nature of the
supplementary protests forwarded to St. Petersburgh
from London and Paris ? Will Prince INIETTERNIcu
allow his SOVEREIGN to be cajoled by the diplomatic
tools of NicimEAs ? Will not Germany and the
Papal States combine with the more western nations
in branding the CZAR as an enemy to the human race,
to the preservation of peace, to the advancement of
civilisation, to the decrees of man, of religion, and of
GOD? Russia has sown the storm—she shall reap
the whirlw

The circular, of the 4th instant, that has just been
issued by the Board of Works to the county en-
gineers and surveyors, has confirmed the opinion that
had long been formed by every one acquainted with
the state of Ireland, viz., that the employment of the
destitute on roads, and other public works, must
soon terminate, and reproductive works be substituted
for thom. The allowance that we have made of their
continuance for a period of fifteen weeks, and
the daily employment of four hundred thou-
sand labourers thereon, is, in all human
probability, much greater than there was any
necessity for, but our object was to show how
totally groundless was the panic that had arisen on
this subject; and we, therefore, made our calculations
at the very highest rate that could be required, to
satisfy the public how trifling the burdens that
will fall upon the land by reason of the public works
that have already been commenced or may be re-
quired.

For an answer to this question we will refer Dr.
MILLINGEN to one of the most upright men,
one of the most accomplished lawyers, one of
the most learned judges that ever graced the English
Bench—one to whose transcendant merits Lord
DENMAN himself has not unfrequently borne most
willing witness—one whose opinion is of such high
authority, that every judge in Westminster Hall, when
he differs from it, feels it his duty to state that, in
consequence of such difference, he has deemed it
necessary to carefully reconsider the grounds upon
which such differing opinion was formed, and to
express his regret at the existence of such
difference, —we refer him;' to Mr. Justice
PATTESON, who, in giving judgment in the
Bail Court in this very case, said.
"My own opinion is that the certificates are not
valid," and this is the opinion which Dr. MILLINGEN,
with the characteristic modesty of " skilful persons,"
deems it decent to stigmatise as an " Old Bailey
quibbler." Dr. MILLINGEN proceeds to say that this
application was not made at the request of, or by the
authority of, the patient ! Would any keeper of a
lunatic asylum permit a lawyer to have access to any of
his patients to receive instructions to sue out a writ
of habeas ? This case of Mrs. SuurmEwonTit, like
every other case, demonstrates the necessity of an
alteration of the law. The writ of habeas was ap
plied for on the affidavit of Dr. QUAIL, a "skilfu
person," who alleged that the patient was not insane.
It was resisted on the affidavits of other "skilful
persons," who alleged that she was insane. Here, as
in the case of Mrs. CUMMING, we have opinion against
opinion, and unless the grounds upon which the
opinion is founded are set forth, it is impossible to
come at the truth. These cases, coupled with
Dr. MILLINGEN'S admissions, make it more and more
evident that it is absolutely necessary, to the proper
security of the liberty of the subject, that no keeper
of a lunatic asylum should be authorised to keep any
of the QUEEN'S subjects under restraint, except by a
warrant of some public officer, who shall have pre-
viously instituted a public and open inquiry into the
question of the sanity or insanity of the alleged
lunatic, at which inquiry the alleged lunatic
should be present, and should have the power, either by
himself, or by his legal representative, to cross-examine
eivd coca the "skilful persons " who testify to his
lunacy as to the grounds on which they had founded
their opinion, mid for this purpose, we repeat, no
tribunal can be found so efficient and at the same time
so inexpensive, as the coroner's court. We trust
the time is not far distant when the law of the land

Having is our article of yesterday, shown from
Dr. AIILLINGEN'S own letter that those assertions in
which he declared that there was not one syllable of
truth, were confirmed in every particular by himself,
we feel that we are entitled to pass over without
notice, not only his personal vituperation, but also all
his uncorroborated assertions, except so far as that
vituperation and those assertions involve admissions
against the law, of which Dr. MILLINGEN has put
himself forward as the champion. We, therefore, pass
over without notice his imputation of ignorance, but
we cannot pass over his assertion that Lord DEN-
MAN uttered nothing of the kind imputed to him,
Had this affair been a matter of " physic or
farces," in the compounding; of both of which Dr.
MILLINGEN is, we admit, equally skilful, we might,
perhaps, have been content to defer to his authority ;
but it is an affair :of short-hand writing, and Dr.
MILLINGEN must excuse us if we prefer accepting
the report of Lord DENMAN'S judgment, furnished to
us by " skilful persons" in the art of stenography,
which report was transcribed by those " skilful per-
sons" from their notes, written a few hours after that
judgment was delivered, to Dr. MILLINGEN'S month-
old reminiscences. It is true that the Act of the Bth
and 9th VIcToaIA enacts, as stated by Dr. MILLiN-
GEN, " that no physician, surgeon, or apothecary,
who, or whose father, brother, son, or partner, is
wholly or partly proprietor of, or a regular profes-
sional attendant in, a licensed house, &c., shall sign
any certificate for the reception of a patient, &c. ; that
any medical man infringing this clause will be guilty
of misdemeanour ;" but it is equally true that the
same Act requires, in as express and explicit terms,
that the person certifying should state, upon the face
of his certificate, the facts that led him to the con-
clusion that the person was insane.
Now, Lord DENMAN has decided that a certificate
which does not set forth the facts which led the cer-
tifier to the conclusion that the person was insane,
is sufficient to justify the detention of any alleged
lunatic. Nay, more—that it is monstrous to suppose
that a " skilful person " should set forth those facts,
although expressly directed to do so by the Act of Par-
liament; and,*as Lord D.ENMAN declares that the pro-
visions of the Act need not be strictly abided by in
one instance, why need they be abided by in any ?
The principle of Lord DENMAN'S " luminous
judgment " goes fully to this extent—Do we
deny the validity of the law as thus laid
down by the Court of Queen's Bench ? On the con-
trary, we admit that it is the law, we accept it as
such; but, so accepting it, we say that the law is a bad
law, and requires alteration. Proceed sNe now to the
next section of Dr. AllLLlNouri's letter, in which he
speaks of medical certificates, and of the impossibility
under which a " skilful person" labours of specifying
minutely the nature of the delusions under which a
supposed lunatic suffers. He says—
" Such a statement is not required, for, in most in-
stances, when a medical man is called upon to visit a
supposed lunatic, he is an utter stranger to the party,
and can only form his opinion from the incoherence of
his conversation, when his actions are not violent; or
from the account of the patient ha receives from the
parties who havo called him in."
We admit fully the exposition of the law
of certificates as laid down by Dr. MIL•
LINGEN, and we are obliged to him for
the important admissions, which he has made.
Dr. MILLINGEN is one of our most useful allies in
the war which we have been long wageing against
this iniquitous law of lunacy, for he here admits that
the law authorises the detention of any person as a
supposed lunatic upon the certificate of a medical
man, " who is an utter stranger to the party, and
can only form his opinion from the incoherence of his
conversation, when his actions are not violent, or
from the account he receives from the parties who hat e
called him in." Who is safe as long as such a state of
the law continues ? Who shall say that the medical
man himself is not the person incoherent
in conversation, and the patient the coherent
person.? But even incoherency in conversation is not
requisite; for, if the medical man receives a cen'ain
account from the parties who have called him in, he is
authorised in granting his certificate. Such is the
law. How does it work ? There is a certain person
possessed of large property about to make a will dis.
inheriting his heirs. Those heirs call in a medial

Every writer on Ireland has spoken of the extra-
ordinary capabilities of that ',country, its great natural
advantages, the fertility of its soil and climate, and
deplored the imperfect cultivation and inadequate
produce of its lands under tillage. They have mar-
velled at the fatuity of the landowners, who, with such
an extraordinary quantity of labour at their disposal,
which could be obtained at the most moderate price,
have refused to expend anything in bringing the lands
into good order and condition. To use the words of
the Land Commissioners once more—" No person
acquainted with Ireland, or who takes the trouble of
referring to the evidence collected by us (the Com-
missioners), can doubt the importance of encouraging
agricultural improvement throughout the country.'
This improvement, so desirable in every respect, will
now be effected; the want that has so long
been deplored will be supplied. Labour must be ex-
pended on the lands, the necessary capital will be
laid out, and an ample return obtained far exceeding
the expenditure. From this cause therefore there will
be no reasonable grounds of panic for those possessed
of charges affecting real property in Ireland; on the
contrary, it should be looked on as increasing
greatly the stability of the securities, and giving
them increased confidence. We trust that we have
established our proposition, " that estates in Ireland
are as good security as they have ever been for the
several sums advanced upon them, and that the tem-

porary indulgence which the creditor may be re-
quired to afford is a far less inconvenience than he
would sustain by throwing the property of his debtor
into Chancery, and thereby ruining the owner and
seriously injuring himself."

Severe laws defeat their makers. Unless the pu-
nishment decreed to attach to the offender against the
law be justly proportioned to the offence, juries will
refuse to convict, and thereby frequently allow the
guilty to escape. Juries may be told over and over
again, not only by the counsel fur the prosecution,
but likewise by the judges, that they have only to
decide upon the fact, aye or nay ; still, if they are
aware that their finding a verdict of guilty will bring
meinc,
upon the prisoner a heavier sentence than that with
which the offence charged ought, in their opinion, to be
acquit him
thoughvisited,
thetheyd
e evidence
e will,a cin
ed
avery an
adduced many instances,
es
e svtearn soconclusive
as
to his guilt. When capital punishment was affixed
to the crimes of forgery and rape, juries constantly
refused to convict. Nothing could be more danger-
ous than such a state of things. Criminals escap-
ing with impunity rendered crime more prolific,
and the law, rendered impotent, was brought into
contempt. Public opinion forced itself to be re-
spected. The Legislature was compelled to mitigate
and mould legal punishments 30 as to have them in
better keeping with the feelings of a just, benevolent,
and enlightened people. The consequence has been,
that serious crimes, which formerly increased, because
juries would not convict where sentence of death was
to follow, have considerably diminished, by reason of
the prompt, curtain, and juster punishments which
are now sure to overtake those who dare to commit
them. This result, too, is not to be detracted from,
because the number of trials for forgery, rape, &c.,
may appear to have been greater in some years
than it was before capital punishments, in these re-
spects, was done away with; for, it must be borne in
mind that, under the improved state of the law, par-
ties are more willing to prosecute, as well as juries to
convict ; and, therefore, it may very well be, that
particular crimes have diminished, though, upon
first consideration, the calendars at the assizes and
the verdicts of the juries, might not seem to justify a
contrary conclusion. And yet, though much has un-
doubtedly been done towards rendering our criminal
code more acceptable to us as a civilised community,
its present deformities, incongruities, and deficiencies
demand immediate and extensive reformation. When
we punish, we punish upon no principle of uniformity.
The most disproportionate sentences are frequently
passed upon similar offences. Oftentimes a
comparatively trivial breach of the law draws
after it a very severe sentence, and vice vers4 ; con-
sequently, persons who traffic in crime, regard it as a
species of lottery. The law is so uncertain they
reason, that they may get off just as lightly for com-
mitting a serious crime a., for another of not so grave
a character. Besides, we have done literally nothing
towards reforming the character of the
prisoner.
We incarcerate and punish him, and then we
turn him adrift upon the world, wounded
in his feelings, and expect him to gain an
honest livelihood in a sphere where, naturally,
the respectable portion of society are at enmity with
him. All around him he Perceives he is an object of
distrust and suspicion. lie is chilled back to his old
haunts and companions, and, from very despair, re-
news his former vicious courses till he is again en-
thralled in the iron clutches of the law. The cruelty
of this system—that of neglecting the moral culture of
those who have deservedly for a time forfeited their
liberty, and of not providing some industrial ordeal,
by which, whilst they are in prison, good habits may
be acquired, and a good certificate of character
handed over to the prisoner when he is about to

will prohibit the detention of any person as a lunatic,
except upon the warrant of the coroner, founded
upon the verdict of a jury en3pannelled to try an
inquest of lunacy.

We, on Wednesday, proved that there was nothing
very formidable in the amount of the sums that may
become chargeable upon real estates in Ireland by
reason of the public works now in progress of con-
struction, or which the relief of the existing distress
in that country may render necessary. Assuming that
the future expenditure will amount to three times that
which has already taken place ; that two millions of
persons must be provided for, and supplied with the
necessaries of life for fifteen weeks from the present
time, which will bring us to the beginning of April—
before which time works of a reproductive character,
sanctioned and aided by the Government, will, we
doubt not, be in full operation—the charge therefor
will amount to less than threepence-halfpenny in the
pound on the rental for a period of ten years, less than
half the income-tax payable in this country, no
matter from what source that income is derived. It
must not be supposed that these works will be value-
less, or without advantage to the people; undertakings
of a similar description have ever been found pro-
ductive of the greatest benefit to all classes brought
within the sphere of their operation. The report of the
Devon Commission, published last year, speaks in the
highest terms of the utility of such works, and of their
great importance in a national point of view. It
quotes the opinions of the Commissioners of Public
Works, and states their entire concurrence with the
sentiments there put forward, that " the execution of
such works leads to the adoption of improved modes c f
cultivation and the abandonment of the rude and
primitive implements in common use, and opens to
the officers of justice and the local authorities places
which had been the secure haunt and the impenetrable
refuge of the outlaw and the robber;" and that " they
conceive that the advantage of affording aid to the
promotion of such works, in a statistical, moral, or
political point of view, are too obvious to make it ne-
cessary to dwell on the subject at greater length."
And the Land Commissioners, in reference thereto,
say, "that they hope that such opinions, now again
stated by a beard which must have the best means of
knowing both the wants and the capabilities of the
country, v ill have much weight with the Legislature,
and that there will be a disposition to promote, by
liberal pecuniary aid, the execution of such public
works as shall, upon due examination, be found likely
to contribute to the general advantage of the
country. We refer particularly to the opening of ex-
tensive mountain districts by the formation of roads;"
and add, " that they believe the principles of sound
policy and of a wise economy ought to lead to the
undertaking, at the public cost, of works of this

roan, bribe a medical man or men (for be it remembered

Mr. FLETCHER, the will forger, was a medical man,

and these certificates can be purchased in the market;
therefore it will not do to set up the immaculateness

of the medical profession) ; these heirs bribe two
medical men to certify that this person is a lunatic

and upon that certificate he is transferred to a lunatic

asylum. He applies for a writ of habeas. It is use-
less ; the certificate is suffi3ient; it need not set

forth, according to the decision of Lord DENMAN,
the grounds upon which the "skilful persons" formed
their opinion. Nay, it is not even necessary, ac-
cording to Dr. MILLINGEN'd gloss upon Lord DEN-
MAN'S law, that the patient should have exhibited even

any incoherence in conversation—" a certain account
from the parties who have called him in (the bribers)
t) the medical man (the bribed) is sufficient
to authorise him in granting his certificate?'
Be it remembered this is not the assertion of "one
utterly ignorant of the subject." It is the exposition
of a "skilful person," of Dr. MILLINGEN, of the state
of the law, as laid down by Lord DENMAN, of the
state of the law as it exists at present. It is the ex-
position, not of the opponent, but of the champion and
defender of the law. We are content to rest our case

_
regain his liberty, and mingle once more with the
world,—the cruelty of our system,
and of these our
acts of omission, tells upon no class so severely as
upon juvenile delinquents. Such is at length felt to
be the harshness and folly of our proceeding, that
public sympathy is being roused in favour of the un-
fortunate beings of tender age who have been un-
warily seduced into temptation.

nature, even although the inhabitants of the district,
or the proprietors of adjoining land, are unable or un-

willing to contribute."

We have extracted thus largely from this able

On Wednesday evening the Society for Promoting
le Amendment of the Law held a special meeting at

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 18, ) 846.

their offices in Regent-street, for considering the
sulject of juvenile offenders. Mr. M. D. HILL made
an interesting speech, and showed that in various dis-
tricts the reformation of youth had been successful
in many ways, and at a far less cost than that
entailed upon the country by the prosecutions which
must ensue, if the youthful criminals were not early
reclaimed. What occurred only last week before Mr.
Sergeant ADAMS, at the Middlesex Sessions ? A
little boy, only seven years old, not three feet ten
inches in height, was convicted by a jury of picking
a lady's pocket of half-a-crown. The child had evi-
dently been instigated to the act by two older boys,
who were watching his attempt. What was the
Learned Judge's opinion of his own position, com-
bined with our lack of proper provision for
juvenile delinquents ? Addressing the jury, Mr.
Sergeant ADAMS thus gave vent to his feelings :
" What could be done with this little child? It would
be ruination t ) send him to a common prison. These scenes
were positively heartrending. Was he to pass over the
cases of these children as though the fact of their being
brought to that bar was to be regarded quite as a matter
of course? Was he to change his nature and so to steel
his feelings against the claims and helpless condition of so
small a creature as that now before the Court? What
could be done with this child ?"

The Judge ultimately decided upon allowing the
child, after an hour's imprisonment, to be handed
over to the parents, who, both in the utmost distress,
implored to have their little son restored to them.
Can any one doubt that Mr. Sergeant ADAMS
adopted the most humane as well as, under the
circumstances, the wisest course ? On the
other hand, can any one doubt that such
a course of leniency is apt to be taken advantage of
by older thieves, and used by them as a stimulating
argument to induce inexperienced children to follow
their wicked counsels ? Yet, until our prison dis-
cipline be materially improved, in instances like the
one we have alluded to, we repeat the question put
by Mr. Sergeant ADAMS, " What can be done ?"

A Bologna journal says—" The political prisoners
who remained confined at Civita Vecchia, but have
had the amnesty extended to them, have j;gst arrived
at Bologna. The people hailed with joy this new
proof of the clemency of their SOVEREIGN."

The Augsburg Gazette has the following from Con-
stantinople, dated the 26th ult. :—" The Ottoman
Porte has declared to the mediating Powers in the
dispute with Persia, that it is very anxious for a
termination of the affair, and that if it be not settled
within three weeks it will break off the negotiations,
as none of the obstacles to a termination of the dis-
pute have been on the side of the Turkish Govern-
ment."

The Nuremburg Correspondent of the 1 1 th, an-
nounces, but without quoting its authority, that the
partisans of the Count DE MONTEMOLIN are
about to publish, in addition to the mani-
festo, addressed by the Pretender to the Spanish
nation, an address to the Courts of Europe, re-
vealing to them the way in which the abdication
of Don CARLOS was obtained by the intrigues of the
French Government. They intend, it is said, to
show that Don CARLOS was induced to abdicate by
an assurance that the Cabinet of the Tuileries would
bring about a marriage between Queen ISABELLA
and the Count DE MONTEMOLIN.

The Official Gazette of Vienna publishes a con-
vention between the Emperors of AUSTRIA and
RUSSIA, the object of which is to promote the com-
merce between the two countries, and fix their reci-
procal relations as regards navigation. By this
treaty, which is for eight years, and the ratifications
for which were exchanged on the 28th ult., the
commerce and vessels of the two states in the respec-
tive ports will be placed on an equal footing.
The President of the States of the Duchies of
Schleswig-Holstein held, on the sth, a sitting with
the Deputies who had not withdrawn from the
Chamber, and who form the minority of the whole
body, for the purpose of adopting the minutes of the
sitting of the 4th. On this occasion the royal com-
mission announced that the sittings of the Chamber
would be suspended for ten days in order to give
time for him to receive further instructions. It was
supposed that his instructions would be accompanied
by a decree for the dissolution of the Chamber.

None of the Madrid papers have arrived, but ac-
counts from Bayonne of the 11th give the result of
several of the Spanish elections. Out of ten elections
in the northern provinces, seven have been in favour
of the moderate party, and three in favour of Pro-
gressists. On the Bth the results of six elections in
the capital were announced. Two Moderados, M.
MoN and the Marquis DE POVAR, and three Pro-
gressists, MM. MENDIZABAL, SALAMANCA, and SAN
MIGUEL, were returned. On the 9th there was to be
a second ballot between M. PIDAL and M. DEL
SOCORRO.

We have received the Paris papers of Wednesday.
The National has a characteristic article on the
subject of the recal of the French Consul at the Mau-
ritius. The National admits that it is possible M.
BARBET may have misconducted himself, but claims
for him, in his quality of Frenchman, the right of
insulting a foreigner with impunity, without giving to
the foreigner any,satisfaction, and declares that, because
the disavowal of the impertinence of M. BAR..
BET is asked for, that is sufficient to jus-
tify his Government in upholding him. "To
consent to the recal of M. BARBET," says the
National, "on the order of England, would be to
commit an act of meanness, and something worse.
At bottom, the person of our Consul interests us but
little. But the question is not about him at present;
he is the diplomatic agent of France; he represents
her on a foreign land, and it is in that quality that he
has a right to the protection of his Government. The
Minister who named him will blame him if he has
been in the wrong ; but it is enough that it is wished
to impose on us his disavowal, to cause us to maintain
firmly his situation against every one."
This article in the National is certainly a most
laughable and exaggerated exhibition of the national
failing—vanity.
The Journal des Debats, in the course of a long
article on the subject of the incorporation of Cracow,
thus replies to the allegation of the Northern Powers,
that such incorporation had become necessary as a
measure of police :
" While representing the destruction of Cracow as an
affair of police, the German press raises a question w hich
somewhat alarms it. Since Cracow, it says, is punished
for having conspired, why was it not punished at the
moment when the conspiracy wvs discovered? Since
there was a conspiracy, and a judicial inquiry to dis-
cover the conspirators, why did not the northern
Courts wait till the end of the investigation, and the
publication of the proofs, to punish at one and the
same time the delinquents and the city which encouraged
them? The incorporation came either too late. or too
soon. Too late if a war measure, too soon if a.;ucliclal
sentence, because the trial was not finished. This ques-
tion, put by the German press, is so silly, thatit ruins
its own argument, founded on the law of police. The
incorporation of Cracow can never be considered as an
exercise of a police law ; it is a political matter, testi-
fied by the division of Europe into two camps, watching
each other's movements—the three Northern Powers on
one side, and France and England. on the other side.
There has been a misunderstanding in the camp, of which.
the other party took an immediate advantage... This. it
is that has made the affair of Cracow significant in the
policy of Europe."
The Constitutionnel has a long article sneering at,
rather than controverting, the arguments of the free
traders. The writer,
" Willing to wound, but yet afraid to strike,
Just hints a fault, and hesitates dislike."
Marshal BUGEAUD has been carrying matters with
somewhat too high a hand in Algiers. He has been
interfering with the freedom of religious worship in
the colony, and has, in consequence, drawn upon
himself the censure of the Government. The Presse
says—

we have recently spoken of a .serious dispute be-
tween Marshal Bugeaud and the Protestant Consistory
of Algiers. It may be remembered that the Governor-
General,joining the spiritual pontificate to his numerous
military and administrative attributions, believed he
could, of his private authority, suspend the Consistory,
and maintain over the Protestant churches the domina-
tion which was looked on s ith suspicion by the Con-
sistory. The Government has thought fit to take notice
of this abuse of power, and has just sent to Algiers the
pastor Cuvier, to examine the facts which we have just
stated. Whatever may be the result of this mission, it
is evident it implies a blame on Marshal Bugeaud 's
conduct."

The King and Queen of the BELGIANS arrived at
the Tuileries on Tuesday.
PAINS BOIJIM; WEDNESDAT.—TiIe market continues firm.
The Threes opened at 811. 30c., and after some variations,
during which they for a moment touched 81f. 10c., they
closed at the opening price. After the Bourse they were done
at 81f. 35c. Nothing was done in Spanish. For Account
Fives have risen 20c. ; Three?, se. ; Belgian Fives have
risen 4. The other Foreign Funds are unvaried. For