The Sun.
London, England, 1848-07-19 00:00:00

iiiid

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JULY 19, 1848.

On Thursday last we pointed out the injurious
results of the present system, by which every person
aggrieved or injured by the criminal acts of another,
is not only permitted, but absolutely required, to
carry ou the proceedings against the accused, and
that, if he should neglect, or decline, to discharge the
duty so imposed upon him, there is, at least, a great
probability that the offender may escape the punish-
ment due to his crime. At present we trust to
chance for the vindication of the law
; and, as Lord
BILOUGIIAM truly remarked in his great speech on the
introduction of his Bill " to consolidate and digest
into one statute all the laws of England, as far
as
relates to indictable offences, and the punishment
.thereof," " no provision whatever is made in our
system for any one criminal being
brought
to trial, any one offence prosecuted, or that
may not just as well prove nugatory as
effectual." Practically we leave " our criminal
law to execute itself:" We, however, then
merely alluded to the chances of a failure of justice,
slid of the impropriety of compelling an innocent
party, who perhaps had already sustained losses
which he might be ill able to encounter, to undergo
considerable expense, annoyance, and inconvenience
in carrying on a prosecution which, in accordance
with every principle of justice and expediency, should
be conduct9d by a public functionary, appointed and
remunerated by the nation. Wealthy criminals are
thus enabled to evade punishment. Impunity is too
frequently afforded to crimes which strike at the
very root of society. Public offences are every day
privately compromised, and the most atrocious acts
are atoned for by pecuniary compensation to the
aggrieved parties.
There is, however, a still more fatal objection to
the system. Incalculable injury may be inflicted
upon innocent persons ; their future prospects in
life may be blasted ; they may be reduced from
comfort and affluence to want and penury, and in-
volved in absolute ruin by the vindictive proceedings
of some malignant scoundrel. Any person who
pleases may prefer a bill of indictment against any
other, without the slightest notice or intimation of
such an intention. The charge is investigated by the
grand jury—if investigation it can be called—behind
the back of the accused, without any opportunity
whatsoever being afforded to him of repelling the un-
just accusation, or of explaining circumstances which
ti xi, 1-* 1-;. could easily be cleared up. The hasty and slovenly
manner in which grand juries too frequently dispose
rk•gits',
,f f their important duties has now, unhappily, become
/ oto rious. We have, during the past year, seen par-
:;Kt;-.4 es placed upon their trial for warder, when the first
hues' called, a medical practitioner, distinctly
s •

11 E,

proved that the supposed victim d ied a natural death,
and that it was not occasioned by any act of violence '
whatever. Innumerable instances of similar careless-
ness might be adduced. Some time since, one of the
judges called for a grand jury to explain on what '
grounds they could possibly have found a true bill,
but, in consequence of their having been previously •
discharged, they escaped the admonition and censure
which their negligence had richly merited. There
is, therefore, no adequate protection afforded
by the so-called inquiry. A true bill is, per-
haps,
found, and the party, who may not have I
imagined the possibility of any charge, may bF
arrested, taken away from the most importa'
business, incarcerated until the trial, or, perhaps,
compelled to enter into heavy bail, his residence T nay
be invaded under colour of law, his private pipers
ransacked and pryed into, a heavy expenditure ren-
dered necessary, and himself exposed to the stigma
of having been placed in the dock to answer a criminal
charge—a stigma which can, perhaps, never be
wholly removed or eradicated, however clearly his
innocence may be established, and although judge and
jury may declare that he left the court without the
slightest stain upon his character. The fact that he has
been placed in the dock, that he has been compelled
to answer to an indictment, _will not be forgotten,
although the circumstances of the case and his com-
plete and thorough vindication may escape the me-
mory. We daily read of parties brought before police
magistrates, and it being urged by the attendant
officers that some time previously they bad been tried
for felony, a statement which is invariably received
as evidence of the bad character of the accused, and
sufficient, if accompanied by any suspicious circum-
stances, to justify a prolonged remand, and that, al-
though it was at the same time stated that "they
had been acquitted," which, of course, is supposed by
the keen officials to have been occasioned by some
defects in the evidence, and not at all on account of
the innocence of the accused.

It is absurd to say that no injury is inflicted upon
a party by being placed upon his trial: It is be-
neath the dignity of the Crown to pay costs, and the
party by whom the law is put in motion may be a
man of straw, unable to satisfy any damages subse-
quently recovered against him in an action for mali-
cious prosecution. In fact, such a remedy is seldom
resorted to, and cannot be regarded as of any practi-
cal efficacy in restraining those persons who would
prefer unfounded charges for any sinister objects,
whether it might be to gratify malice, to extort money,
or to obtain some particular advantages, as, for instance,
to drive a party out of the way, whose presence might
prove inconvenient on a particular occasion. We have
it on the authority of the able Under-Sheriff, Mr.
DAVID WILLIAMS WIRE, " that the present system
is almost daily made the medium of private.
malignity and revenge, or of vexation, and
that there are hundreds of persons who
make a livelihood by preferring indictments
on false charges, getting the bills found by the grand
jury, and afterwards extorting money from the per-
sons falsely accused upon the terms of abandoning
the prosecution." We have ourselves known an in-
stance where a bill for a misdemeanour was sent for-
ward, and found against the managing clerk of an
eminent solicitor, for the mere purpose of compelling
him to be absent from a reference in which his know-
ledge of the case might frustrate the hopes of the
party preferring the indictment, who found that he
would obtain undue advantages if his opponent could
be kept out of the way; and the deep-laid scheme
was only defeated by the solicitor to whom we have
alluded discovering, by mere accident, that a warrant
was out for the apprehension of his clerk, and imme-
diately serving notice of bail, so as to have it com-
pleted before the time when those services were
required.
It is unnecessary to multiply instances of similar
conduct. A talented correspondent, whose letter
appeared in The Sun of Friday last, has mentioned
two cases of extraordinary hardship. Two persons
were convicted at the last session of the " Central
Criminal Court," and sentenced to two years' impri-
sonment for having unlawfully and s maliciously con-
spired together to make a false charge of forgery
against three highly respectable gentlemen. And it
may be well to add that the sapient and careful
grand jury found the bills against those gentle-
men without even requiring the production of the
document alleged to have been forged !! ! Lord
13nouGnAst has mentioned the case of a gentleman
7 1
leis ervarit had incautiously left a rope across a road
under repair, over which an old woman, returning
from market, had fallen and had broken her neck.
The want of a public prosecutor, by whom proceed-
ings should be sanctioned before a trial could take
place, might have proved equally inconvenient to
Lord Joule RUSSELL as the finding of the bill by
the grand jury did to Mr. BLUNDELL, as it is well
known that a coroner's jury, in the county of Mayo,
who sat upon one of the unfortunate victims of the
late Irish famine, returned a verdict of " Wilful mur-
der" against his Lordship—a verdict on which he
might have been arrested even in his place in Parlia-
ment, carried over to Connaught, and detained in
Castlebar Gaol until duly delivered at the assizes
in due course of law, if any English magistrate
could be found to back the warrant of the
Connaught coroner, and on which he might be seized
without any further authority, if he had visited Ireland
in attendance on his SOVEREIGN, or for any othercause.
We take it for granted that this inquisition has been
quashed, or if not, a journey to the other side of St.
George's Channel may still be productive of conse-
quences which the Premier could scarcely imagine,
and would certainly by no means relish, but which
would very speedily lead to the introduction of a
better system, in the management of public prosecu-
tors. It has been said that the " Smithfield-market
nuisance" will never be abated until an Alderman is
tossed by an infuriated OX. SYDNEY Stern de-
clared " that protection would never be afforded to
the public on railways until a bishop was burned to
death." We trust that we shall not be kept without a
public prosecutor until a member of the Cabinet is
placed in the dock to answer some trumpery and ridi-
culous charge, such as that to which we have just
alluded.

On a former occasion we announced the appearance
of a remarkable pamphlet, called " Sketches of the
Progress of Civilization and Public Liberty," and
written by the Honourable Representative of Glas-
gow. We then transcribed into our columns the
whole of the introductory portion of this political
brochure as well as the closing chapter, treating of
the financial condition of Great Britain, and we did so
not only because those fragments of the pamphlet
were characterised by a peculiar intelligence, but
because the reader might thereby obtain a rapid ap-
preciation of the tendency of the entire argument.
It is with very peculiar pleasure that we resume our
comments upon these seventy-two pages by the
author of the " Progress of America," since we are
solicitous to extend as much as possible a knowledge
of the beautiful theory which is there advanced by
Mr. MACGREGOR in regard to the progress of public
liberty and civilization.

exclamations
distinguishedA l ra e d Already Nv eo
pamphleteer
haveth be e
E men
p Emperor
reminded
of
those
ArobL by the
Ethosree
celebrated
Ce of
nest
our
,est
pas la Coalition qui sn'atrji;
ene
n,
ecpe
puffs
nitvles
i nied epreeestoapbieir
libe-
rates ! ' " I have net been dethroned by the coalition,
but by.liberal opinions."
jai Moque les peoples !"t "
I can never re-establish
myself, for I have abused the rights of the
" J'ai peehe mare les idees liberales, et je meurs
I have sinned against liberal ideas, and I perish."
The mightiest conqueror the world ever saw,
either in ancient or modern times, made'
this acknowledgment as to the irresistible
supremacy of liberal ideas. HE spoke thus, of whom
the historian ALISON has written emphatically in
these words—" Equal to ALEXANDER in military
achievement, superior to JUSTINIAN in legal refor-
mation, sometimes second only to BACON in political
sagacity, he possessed at the same time the inexhaus-
tible resources of HANNIBAL, and the administrative
powers of C.Esar l" And yet it was this extraordi-
nary mortal who confessed that he had been dethroned
by liberal ideas, that his puissance was beyond the
possibility of restoration, because he had abused the
rights of the nations, and that, in fine, he perished,
because he had sinned against the thoughts of demo-
cracy. If NAPOLEON could not withstand the tre-
mendous influence of those liberal ideas—those ideas
which have aggregated their strength and increased
their velocity almost inappreciably sines his

august demise on the rock of Saint Helene—who
among the petty rulers of to-day shall attempt to
stem the current of public liberty ? If the giant was
submerged, shall the pigmy hope to cleave asunder
the waters of civilization, as MOSES separated the
waves of the Red Sea, or as JOSRUA severed those of
the River Jordan? In a similar truthfulness it was
once written by the Prince DE METTERNICH to the
Baron VON BERSTETT—" Le Temps avance au milieu
des orages, vouloir arreter son impetuosite, ce serait un
vain effort." "The age advances in the midst of storms,
to endeavour to arrest its impetuosity would be
a futile effort." Since that truth was first
articulated by METTERNICH DE WINNEBOURG,
that statesman, in defiance of his own reason,
has attempted to stay the impetuosity of the age, and
lo! the power consolidated by his wisdom during half'
a century has been blown to the winds of Heaven
like a handful of corn• husks, and he himself in his old
age rendered a fugitive and an exile.
Every sentence in the introduction of Mr. MAC-
GREGOR'S pamphlet enforces this acknowledged omni-
potence (in a worldly sense, of course), of liberal ideas
and of public opinion : and every successive occur
rence on the European continent corroborates and
verifies that assertio n. having premised this much,
the Honourable Representative of the city of
Glasgow considers, first, the "Progress of Civiliza-
tion," and secondly, the " Epochs of Civilization:.
Insisting at the outset, upon the accuracy of
that saying of HELVETIUS, " that if the hands
of man were formed like the hoofs of the horse,
he would have never attained more intelligence than
that animal," he traces the progress of civilization
from the peculiar construction of the human hand as
well as from the powers of reason and speech, from
the fabrication of what was absolutely necessary to
what was convenient, and ultimately to what was
merely luxurious, from living on wild herbs, roots,
and fruits, to subsisting on the produce of hunting
or fishing, to the attainment of the pastoral and
agricultural state, and in the end to • " the discovery
of the more simple arts, manufactures, and sciences—
to the pursuits of navigation, of trade to learning,
intelligence, and to the higher arts and sciences?'
Nor is the value of the argument restricted to this
merely ingenious sequence of facts—the chief merit
of it lies in the declaration of the truth, that " there is
RO greater fallacy than to confound civilization under
all governments with civil liberty." In testimony of
this fallacy, the writer observes that the ages of the
MEDICI, the BORGIAS, and of Louis XIV. were
" brilliant epochs of civilization," and yet were times
of unmitigated despotism ; that the swineherds and
hunters of Germany have been simultaneously free
and uncivilized ; that the Hurons, the Iroquois, and
the other barbarous tribes of the red Indians have
been in like manner possessed, at one and the same
time, of civil liberty and profound ignorance ; while
the luxuribus and more civilized Mexicans have bowed
in ignominious obedience under the yoke of
an absolute government. So far the argument of the
pamphlet is visibly correct, but Mr. MACGREGOR goes
futher. He maintains with RAYNAL that "Lespeuples
qui ont poli tow les autres ont ete commercans : the
nations who have civilized all the others have been
commercial." And having demonstrated the truth of
RATNAL'S remark by the records of universal history,
he deduces from the facts already accumulated to-
gether the opinion, that the commercial character of
England and its liberal institutions are circumstances
which, combined, are the best calculated to consoli•
date the Constitution, to confirm the nationality,
and to develop still further the civilization of the
United ;Kingdom. As a basis upon which to
erect his arguments in favour of radical and
comprehensive reform, therefore, nothing could be
more secure and hopeful than this : at present, how-
ever, we are compelled to defer our remarks upon
the urgency of the reforms insisted upon by Mr.
MACGREGOR. At another opportunity we shall take
occasion to epitomize still further the arguments of
his remarkable and intelligent pamphlet.

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris papers of yesterday.
Tbey contain letters from M. DROUYN DE Lumrs,
Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and
also from M. MAuGurrt, and from M. NAPOLEON
BONAPARTE, complaining of the statements contained
in the published speech of M. LAMARTINE, which
they declared misrepresent'what fell from them in

L .
they are precluded- from answering them publicly by
the resolution of the Committee that their proceedings
should be secret, a,resolution of the existence of which
they say M. Ds LAMARTINB was probably ignorant,
as he did not attend the earlier sittings of the Corn-
tnittee.

The Moniteur announces the nomination of M.
MARIE, President of the National Assembly, to the
Ministry of Justice, in the room of M. BETEMONT j
of M. JULES BASTIDE as Minister for Foreign
Affairs, vice General BEDEAU, whose recovery from
his wound will yet be tedious ; and of M. DE VER-
raxac, to the Ministry of Marine, in the room of
M. BASTIDE.

The candidates for the Presidentship of the Na-
tional Assembly, vacant by the appointment of M.
MARIE to the Ministry of Justice, are either 31.
ARMAND MARRAST or M. GARNIER PAGES, on the
Republican interest, and M. DUFAURE or M. LA-
CROSSE, put forward by the Thiers party.

In the discussion in the Committee of Finance on
M. PROUDHON'S proposition for confiscating one-
third of the property of proprietors, a most important
admission was made by the chief of the Commu-
nists, on which it would be well that many in
our own country who set up as humanitarians
par excellence should attentively meditate. M.
PROUDHON having developed his celebrated proposi-
tion that property is theft and ought to be abolished,
was replied to by M. TRIERS, and in reply to a ques-
tion from that gentleman M. PROUDUON admitted that
the right to employment guaranteed by the Constitution
must cause the destruction of property. " Grant me
the right to employment," said M. PROMION, " and I
will leave you property." We are rejoiced at finding
M. PROUDISOS thus bearing his unconscious testimony
to the eternal truth of the doctrines of political
economy ; once depart from those doctrines—once,
interfere by law between the employer and the em-
ployed—once put the State in the position of em-
ployer-general of labour, and you will be driven on
inevitably to communism.
It is said that M. DOItNES, editor of the National,
and one of the Members of the National Assembly,
who was wounded while heading an attack upon the
barricade on the 23d June, died on Monday from his
wounds.

The examination of the insurgents confined in the
fort of Ivry, and who are nearly 1,100 in number,
has been concluded, and the Military Commission
will decide on their fate.

It is said that General CAVAIGNAC has given per-
mission to the proprietors of the Presse and of the
other suspended papers to resume the publication of
them in a few days.
Prince DEMIDOFF has addressed a letter to the
editor of La Presse, which has been published in the
Reforme, in which he indignantly repels the charge
made against him in La Presse, of having come to
London, and from thence remitted gold to Paris to
instigate the anarchists to the late insurrection. The
Prince says he has never, during the last eight
months, been absent from San Donato, his estate near
Florence, and that he has not been in London at all.
He designates the attack upon his character as a foul
calumny and unqualified falsehood.
M. EzaILE DE GIBARDIN has addressed the follow.
ing letter to the editor of the Constitutionnel :
"You state this morning, We have seen eleven
journals suppressed by an act of authority, and nobody
has thought of making it a matter of interpellation at
the tribune.' The object of this letter is not to complain
of the silence which has been maintained at the tribune,
but solely to remark that no parity can be established be-
tween La Presse and the ten other journals which have
been suppressed, inasmuch as La Pi esse alone had com-
plied with the provisions of the laws referred to in the
Moniteur of the 25th of June. It was sufficient, in
order to prevent the other journals from appearing, to
apply to them the law respecting security money, and as
to La Presse, even admitting that its articles were impru-
dent, the Executive Government was armed against
them. The Government might have seized the paper ;
it was not necessary to suppress it. A seizure would
have been legal, the suppression was not. The law per-
mitted the seizure, but it did not permit the suppression
of a journal which had complied with all the conditions
and given
all the guarantees required. This is a dis-
tinction which it behoves the entire press to demonstrate
in the full force of its truth.
" EMILE DE GIRARVIN."

Another of the persons implicated
General Ba.RA, and of his Aicl-de-,

the murder of
c.%npp CtiptHia

MANGIN, has been arrested at Ivry.
A notice appears in the Moniteur expl, Bring Chat
Treasury bons, not already converted into Five per
Cent. stock may be converted at any time, ': at the
option of the parties, but that as to such as we re con-
verted under the decree of the 7th of July, the 'holders
must apply within one month of the promulgation of
the decree to obtain th? compensation, being t, dif-
ference in price between 80 and 100 francs.
M. Ducoux is said t have been named Pre feet of
Police, vice M. TROUVE CIIAUVEL.
The committee of the interior has adopted a pro-
position, made by M. BAUTIER, for the format ;io".1 in
all the towns of France of committees for nr )vit ling
for the poor. This proposition has been drawn up
in the shape of a decree, which we give texi 'ually :
There shall be organized in all the towns ot" Fr ince
committees for providing for the poorer classes. T hese
committees shall purchase by wholesale such pry ivi,tuna
as can be preserved, such as wine, eider, be r, inci ve•
getables, and shall deal them out again by retail et the
cost prices, augmented only by cough to co vex ;he
charges of warehousing, and the salaries of the persoos
necessarily emplo)ed. The sales shall be in ado for
ready money. The fit st funds required for la) log the
•,tucks for a month shall be advanced by the rec.siver of
taxes for the canton, and shall be reimbursed by the
committee at the end of two months at latest. The Mi•
nisters of the Interior and Finances are each charged
with prescribing such measures within their r espec ttve
deparrments as they may find necessary for attaining. the
end proposed.
The theatres of Paris. were opened last night for
the first time since the insurrection.

The following telegraphic dispatch has been re-
ceived by the Minister of War from the General in
command at Lyons :—" The number of arms distri-
buted or pillaged was 35,404 muskets and 1,160
musketoons. Of these there have been received back
32,854 muskets and 654 musketoons. 'I hope that
we shall accomplish a complete disarmament, or
nearly so."

It is said that the Duchess of BERRY is in Paris.

The Minister of Finances has presented a decree
to-day, giving the head of the executive power 15,000
francs a.Oonth asfrais de bureau.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs has received from
the French Plenipotentiary at. Frankfort a note, an-
nouncing that the Diet of Frankfort has the inten.,
tion of withdrawing Venice from the Italian League
and attaching it to the German Confederation.
Several Members of the National Assembly intend
to address strong interpellations to M. BASTIDE on
this point.
The Constitutionnel says :—" The story related by
the Ere Nouvelle of pistol-shots having been fired in
the Champs-Elysées at the carriage of M. L. MURAT,
penetrating it in two places, is entirely unfounded.
It is true that, two or three days after the events of
June,-the horses of M. L. MURAT were frightened
by a shot; but there has not been anything dis-
covered to warrant a belief that it was fired with an
evil intent."
General CHINGARNIER, Commander-in-Chief of

the National Guards of the Seine, has addressed the
following letter to such of the colonels aslhad refused,
in the name of their legion, the decorations which the
Executive power intends according to them :
" My dear Colonel,—General Cavaignae, President of
the Council, to whom I submitted the observations which,
in the name of his colleagues, the Colonel of the 4th
Legion addressed to me on the 6th instant, persists in
thinking that it is proper to give the National Guard
the decoration which it so well merited in the days of
June. If in depriving of all recompense the National
Guards who fought for order and society we could tear
out this sad and bloodstained page from our history,
their patriotic hearts would rejoice ; but this deplorable
remembrance being unfortunately indelible, we ought
not to separate in the distribution of distinction.; of
honour to the National Guard, the Guard Mobile, and
the army, so united daring the combat. The President
of the Council having come to a decision which several
legions have already accepted, I have no doubt that 3ou
will place yourselves in a position to execute his orders,
not only with the obedience which we all owe to them,
but with the readiness which I have a right to expect
from your patriotism and your conciliatory and enlight-
tenedspirit."
PARIS BOURSE, TUESDAY.

THREE o'CLocK.—The funds and shares were exceed-
ingly heavy to•day,, and the business limited. There
was no news of any, kind to create the fall, but there is
a general uneasiness in consequence of the continued
stagnation of affairs. Some important capitalists are
among the sellers.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE

LONDON STOCK- EXCHAN GE, J LY 18.

Dutch Rhenish, JAl—ltalian and Austrian, %—Namur
and Liege, 3, —.Northern of France, s—Orleans and Boor-
dean x, 2.

CU 4 TAT

Madrid journals of the 13th have arrived.

The Gazeta publishes a decree suspending the sales
of the estates of religious corporations of the military
orders.

The Herald() complains that the Portuguese au-
thorities suffer Carlist bands to organize themselves on
the frontier for the invasion of Spain. One band has
entered Spain by Campo Mayor, and proceeded to
La Mancha, and another had entered the Spainish
territory, near Albuquerque.
The following is the official dispatch from
UIBISTONDO, giving an account of the recent affair
with the Carlists :

" VITTORIA, JULY 10.
"THE CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF THE BASQUE PROVINCES

TO THE DEPUTY•GENERAL OF ALAVA.

" At this moment, ten o'clock, rot., I receive a report
from Brigadier Isidro Ruiz de Equelaz, who announces
that he has reached with a company of the queen's Re-
giment, and fifty minones of Alava, the faction com-
manded by Iturbide, composed of 160 or 200 men. The
fuctiosos have been completely beaten on the hills; eight
or ten men have been killed, several have been wounded,
and five rebels, of whom three are officers, have been
merle prisoners. Besides this 15 or 20 muskets, and two
horses, were lia)ten,
" P.S. The five prisoners are, a, captain, an honorary
Lieutenant-Colonel, named Selu, two Lieutenants, Ber-
roga and Zabazl, a sergeant, and a soldier."
A letter from Aldudes of the 14th says—

" One hundred and fifty Montemolinists, who were
obliged to take refuge on our territory, have just been
disarmed by our troops. Among the number are two
generals, namely, Ilsirbe and Zubiri; three colonels,
namely, Sabirino, Enneterio, and Soto; seven comman-
dants, twelve captains, twenty-three lieutenants, seven
sub-lieutenants, and the rest subalterns and soldiers.
They aro to be sent to Bayonne. Fifty of their mus-
kets, when taken, were charged."
The above is confirmed by the following extract of
a letter from the frontier :

" The Mayor of Aldudes has sent a message to St.
Jean Pied-de-Porte, demanding a reinforcement of
troops. A company of Grenadiers is :0 be sent to him
tu-morrow. A captain of infantry, detached at Aldudes,
announces to his commander at St. Jean Pied-tie-Putt,
that he has sent him one hundred and fifty Carhsts, who
after hairing been beaten and pursued by the Christinos,
Were obliged to take refuge in the French territory. it
is presumed that these 130 men ere part of the troop of
Colonel Ilzthrbe, who must have joined Zuturi. To-
morrow I shall give you the details of this affair."

There were rumours in 111adrid that an outbreak
had taken place at La Granja, but they did not obtain
general credence.
MADRID BOLSA, JULY 13.—The Threo per Cents
were done at 201 cash, and were 1-3 to 3 16
buyers, sellers after the close ; Five per Cents.,
114 cash ; Passive Debt, 4i buyers, 4 sellers;
Coupons were done at 8 cash. Discount on Bank-
notes has fallen considerably, and is reported at 41 to
5 per cent. The shares are not quoted.

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