The Sun.
London, England, 1848-11-29 00:00:00

THE StJX, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 20 1848,

France, on the contrary, declares herself boldly for
either CAVAIGNAC or LAMARTINE, she will honour
herself in so doing, she will consolidate her newly-
acquired institutions, she will secure her own free-
dom, and give the death- blow to despotism in every
nation on the Continent. Well will it be for
her, therefore, and for Europe in like manner,
if the claims of these two great citizens
are maturely reflected on, and one or other
of them raised to supreme authority in the
Republic. The question is not a question of men
but of principles ; and the French electors, in exer-
cising an enormous power over the destinies of their
own land, will, when dropping their votes into
the urn of election, be wielding an awful influence
over the futurity of Christendom. One only doubt
consequently remains to be solved, according to our
estimate, of the approaching contest—the doubt as to
the expediency of supporting CAVAIGNAC or LAMAR-
TINE. The electors must decide at once, if they have
not already arrived at any determination. They
must decide for the poet or for the soldier. Poet or
soldier—they are both patriots, both true and devoted
Republicans. They have both displayed capacity in
the arts of government, they are both statesmen, both
diplomatists, both orators, both men of unimpeach-
able probity, of unwinking vigilance, and of
unconquerable valour. CAVAIGNAC defended the
Republic in June—but LAMARTINE created
it in February ! CAVAIGNAC beat down the
anarchists with his sword—but LAMARTINE had pre-
viously blighted them into the dust with the audacity
of his unarmed heroism, and the lightnings of his
superb eloquence! CAVAIGNAC has preserved tran-
quillityin France during a period of five months, from
the close of June to the close of November—but
LAMARTINE has other claims upon the population of
his mother country, he preserved peace in France,
and not only in France but in Christendom, during
the more perilous months preceding that interval, dur-
ing March, and April, and May; he abolished capital
punishment, he proclaimed the Republic, he decreed
the system of universal suffrage, he inaugurated the
National Assembly, he spoke in the tribune and
fought before the barricades, he laboured for France
in the privacy of his cabinet and struggled for her
salvation in the uproar of the streets, he has proved
himself firm in danger, patient under calumny, and
capable of sacrificing for his country, fame, and
name, and property, and life, and, as a final claim
upon the suffrages of the multitude, he it was who,
by his last and perhaps his most felicitous master-
piece of oratory, preserved to the people themselves
the right of electing their President. Between these
two great candidates, therefore, France has now to
make her selection. Were we asked to express an
opinion upon the alternative, we should say that
France would gain greater safety by the acceptance
of CAVAIGNAC, and greater glory by the election o
LAMARTINE.

We recently directed the public attention to cer-
tain observations upon railway management con-
tained in a letter to GEORGE Ceau GLTN, Esq., M.P.,
by Mr. WHITEHEAD, late secretary to the South-
Western Railway, and now a member of the Stock
Exchange. The position formerly filled by the
writer, his experience in everything relating to rail-
way management, and, above all, the tone and manner
of the communication, entitled his suggestions to an
attentive consideration, and to receive something
more than a mere passing notice. That letter has since
called forth a reply from Mr. MARK Humu*, the ge-
neral manager of the London and North- Western
Railway, in which the several points alluded to by
Mr. WHITEHEAD are answered in detail, and placed
in a very different point of view. And it is only just
and equitable that the justification put forward
should receive the same currency as the original
strictures.

The arguments of Mr. WHITEHEAD were princi-
pally directed against the practical monopoly of the
goods' trade since the company became carriers on
their own account, a course which he maintains
to be alike injurious to the interests of
the shareholders and of the country in ge-
neral. Ile also asserts that the rates charged
for the conveyance of goods are by no means remu-
nerative, that in fact the traffic ' a attended with losses
which absorb a considerzble port'on of the profit re-
c.is ed from passengers. Mr. Huisu grapples with
these . arious assertions, and certainly produces facts
which strongly support •is vie..s in opposition to
hose of Mr. WHITEHEAD.
We confess that we are at all times opposed to any-
thing in any degree tending to the creation of a
monopoly. There is something so odious in the
very name that it at once excites a spirit of opposi-
tion. No practical injury has, however, as yet re-
sulted from the change. Mr. Huisu declares that
the rates are the same formerly paid, and no
charge has been made against the company of not
duly attending to the public convenience. There is,
however, the possibility of some future evil
from want of that active competition which at
all times affords the best assurance that the wants
of the community will be fully provided for.
Mr. Hum! merely regards the question so far as the
interests of the shareholders are concerned, and in
this respect he certainly makes out a complete case.
He says, " that the matter is settled by the almost
universal fiat of the railway boards," and claims as a
strong argument in favour of the system, the fact
adduced by Mr. WHITEHEAD against it, viz., " that
the canal companies have been compelled to adopt it
as their only means of maintaining any competition
with railways." And he adds, " that the system must
work very profitably indeed, since the rates
are the same and the carriers' profit comes also
into the company's exchequer." The facts of the
amounts derived from the traffic, however, afford
stronger proofs than any mere speculative reasoning,
however plausible, and these are altogether with Mr.
Holm. So far from the goods' traffic being carried
on at a loss, as insinuated by Mr. WHITEHEAD, it
appears that the total cost of working the railway in
every department, was very nearly defrayed
by the receipts for goods and merchandise,
in the very first year that the company
became carriers on their own account. That the re-
ceipts for passengers, mails, and parcels for the year
ending the 30th June last, was 1,417,6591., of which
105,0871. was for parcels, which might fairly be in-
cluded in the goods' traffic, while for goods, coals, &c.
(after deducting collection and deliveries and terminal
charges at Camden-town), the receipts amounted to
722,3761. for tonnage only, the cost of working the
line being 751,1721. There can, therefore, be no
possible grounds for supposing that the traffic in
goods is carried on at a loss, as asserted by Mr,
WHITEHEAD.

Mr. limn also explains the apparent anomaly of
the difference in charges between goods and passen-
gers, alluded to by Mr. WHITEHEAD, when he makes
the assertion " that either the goods' rates are too low,
or the passengers' rates too high." He shows that
the receipts per mile for the merchandise trains were
ss. 6d. during the past year, while for passengers it
was 6s. 81d. only during the same period.
This is accounted for by showing that
passenger carriages are very seldom entirely full,
t.that in fact on the average little more than one-half
(ngeusaeratdse,a,:nocs occupied; that a passenger train does not
ductive, while
average more than a dozen carriages, of which two
a uggage.carried free) are unpro-
to 35 trucks. Theerlc2handuse train will consist of 30
each, cost the companPyassenger carriages,. at 3504
capital to carry on the business journey double the
the 30 merchan-
dise trucks at 651. each. Thesfsoreomfthere,rtoo, are carried
slasatre conveyed
at 36 miles an hour, while thenis
at only; half that speed.
Mr. WIJITEHEAD'S own showing, who recommends
that passengers should be charged in proportion
the speed at which they are carried, forms a Vero
material element in the calculation, which has beeny
wholly lost sight of by Mr. WIIITEIIEAD. Another
tact stated by Mr. Hums is of importance. It
appears that the passenger trPins which left the
Euston-square station during the month of October
last averaged sixty-one passengers each ; the mer-
chandise trains during the same period about seventy-
two tons. That as there are a greater number of
third than of first-class passengers, a receipt of lid.
per passenger per mile was above the average, while

• Letter to George Carr Glvn, Esq., M.P., in reply
to a Late Pamphlet. By Mark :finish, General Manager
of the London and North-Western Railway, London:
w, H. Smith and Son, 186, Strand.

the receipt on each ton of goods exceeded that amount,
after deducting the cost of collection and delivery.
No analogy between the comparative weights of
goods and passengers will assist the calculation of
the charges that should be made to each. " A run
of 238,732 miles was sufficient to convey a weight of
goods which it required 4,220,078 miles to transmit
when converted into passengers." Again, the capital
employed to transmit 100 tons of goods would be but
3,6501., while it would take 14 times that amount,
or 51,6001., to convey 100 tons of passengers. This
extraordinary circumstance is explained when we are
told that " four tons of passengers require a
dead weight, including engine and tenders, of
no less than 52 tons to convey them, while 72 tons
of goods required only 80 tons, including the engine ;
thus it appears that there is 13 tons of dead weight
for every ton of passengers conveyed, and but little
more than one ton of dead weight fur each of mer-
chandise.

The above facts, recorded by Mr. Mugu, appear
conclusive on the points of difference. We cannot
conclude, however, without giving one extract ex-
plaining his views on railway prospects. He says—
" The attention now directed towards Railways—the
spirit of inquiry which prevails—the collision of opi-
nions—the necessity for increased care and vigilance to
recover the ground which has been lost from a viciou s
system (or rather want of system) in legislation—all
ttnd to a healthier state of things. Called as you have
been to preside over one of the largest of these under-
takings, no one can have a greater interest in pro-
moting and extending the circulation of authentic
information on the subject of railways than yourself.
Few know the labour and anxiety of such a position ;
very few will ever know the mental cost of the last three
years—but the horizon is clearing, a calmer future is at
hand, clashing interests are settling down, the disap-
pointment and the triumph are over, and the pause
which has succeeded will not be wasted in reflections on
the past (save as a beacon for the future), but devoted to
the internal improvement of a property as secure as the
soil upon which it is based, and to the full development
of a system which, amidst all the struggles of its early
career—the discouragements of one Parliament and the
oppressions of another—the mistakes of its friends and
the opposition of its enemies—not only exists as one
of the greatest monuments of modern improvement and
social advancement, but (unless this country also is
doomed to pass through the furnace of affliction) must
improve with the increase of population and the exten-
sion of commerce."

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris papers of yesterday.
Prince LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE has at length
issued his electioneering address, which bears in-
ternal evidence of having been drawn by some
"practised hand" of the English Carlton Club.
It bears a family likeness to those tissues of vague
generalities which were wont some twelve years
since to be issued by gentlemen of the Conservative
party, who " were desirous of reforming all proved
abuses," without stating what proof was necessary to
satisfy their minds of the existence of an abuse.
Our readers will at once perceive that this manifesto
is as much made up of vague generalities as
a royal speech. It pledges to nothing, it
throws no light whatever upon the opinions of the
writer. He may be an Absolutist, he may be a Red
Republican, and the only conclusion to be drawn from
a perusal of it is that the writer is purposely endea-
vouring to deceive and mislead.
The following is the address :
" LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE TO HIS FELLOW-CITIZENS.
" To recall me from exile you have chosen me repre-
sentative of the people, On the eve of electing the chief
magistrate of the Republic, my name is placed before
you as a symbol of order and security.
" This testimony of confidence, so honourable, is
offered, I am aware, much more to that name than to
me, who have as yet done nothing for my country; but
the more the memory of the Emperor protects me and
influences your suffrages, the more do I feel myself
bound to explain to you my sentiments and principles.
Between you and me there must be no misunder-
standing.
"I am not an ambitious man, who dreams now of
empire and of war, now of the application of subversive
theories. Educated in free countries, in the school of
misfortune, I shall ever remain faithful to the duties
imposed on me by your suffrages, and by the will of the
Assembly.
" If I were elected President I would not shrink from
any danger, from any sacrifice, to defend society, so
audaciously attacked; I would devote myself entirely,
and without any reserve, to the consolidation of a Re-
public, wise by its laws, honourable by its intentions,
great and strong by its actions.
" I would make it a point of honour to leave to my
successor, at the end of four years, power consolidated,
liberty untouched, and real progress accomplished.
" Whatever be the result of the election, I shall bow
before the will of the people; and my concurrence is oh
tained in advance for whatever just and firm govern,
meet shall re-establish order in the public mind, as ael
as in public affairs; shall effectively protect religion,
private life, prt,pertv—the eternal bases of every social
state; shall bring about reforms where they are possible,
shall calm animosities, reconcile parties, and thus permit
our troubled country to calculate on a morrow.
" To re-establish order is to bring back confidence, to
provide by credit for the temporary insufficiency of re-
sources, to restore the finances.
" To protect religion and private life, is to ensure
liberty of worship and liberty of education.
" To protect property is to maintain the inviolability
of the produce of all kinds of labour; it is to guarantee
the independence and the security of possession—the
indispensable foundation of civil liberty.
" As to practicable reforms, the following are those
which appear to me the most urgent:—
" To allow every economy which, without disorganiz-
ing the public service, may permit a diminution of the
imposts that are most burdensome to the people. To
encourage enterprise, which, by developing the resources
of agriculture, may, both in France and in Algeria,
afford labour to unoccupied hands; to provide for the
old age of labourers by provident institutions; to intro-
duce into our industrial laws ameliorations which may
tend, not to ruin the rich for the benefit of the poor, but
to found the well-being of each on the prosperity of all.
" To restrain within just limits the number of em-
ployments that depend on the Government, and which
often make a free nation a nation of applicants.
"To avoid that disastrous tendency which leads the
State to execute of itselt what individuals can do as well,
and better than it. Centralisation of interests and of
enterprise belongs to the nature of despotism—the nature
of a republic repels monopoly.
" In a word, to preserve the liberty of the press from
the two extremes which always compromise it—the
arbitrary and the licentious.
" With war their is no relief for our evils. Peace shall,
therefore, be the dearest of my wishes. France at her
first revolution was warlike, because she was compelled
to be so. Invasion she met by conquest. Now that she
is not assailed she may consecrate her resources to
pacific ameliorations, without at the same time abandon-
ing a policy true and resolute. A great nation should
either be silent or never speak in vain.
" To have regard to the national dignity, we must
not neglect the army, the noble and disinterested
patriotism of which has often been misunderstood. At
the same time that we maintain the fundamental laws
which constitute the strength of our military organiz s-
tion, we must lighten, and not aggravate, the burden of
conscription. We must watch over the present and the
future, not only of the officers, but also of the sub- officers
and soldiers, and provide a sure subsistence for the men
who have long served under our colours.
" The Republic ought to be generous, and have faith
in the future ; hence I, who have myself been familiar
with exile and captivity, anxiously desire to see the day
when a magnanimous pardon may without danger put
an end to all proscriptions, and obliterate the last traces
of our civil discords.
" Such, my dear fellow-citizens, are the ideas that I
would carry with me to the exercise of power, it you
should call me to the Presidency of the Republic.
" The task is difficult, the mission is immense—l know
it; but I should not despair to accomplish it, by taking
to the work, without distinction of party, men whom
public opinion and their own elevated intelligence and
probity would recommend.
" Besides, for whoever has the honour to be at the
head of the French people, there is an infallible method
of doing good—namely, to will it.
" Louis NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
" Paris, Nov. 27, 1848."
The National states that the Austrian army en-
tered Hungary on the 23d November.
The Moniteur du Soir contains an official announce-
ment that the POPE has been expelled from Rome.
It was currently reported last evening in Paris that
he had arrived in France.
The Univers says—" The Minister of Foreign
Affairs yesterday communicated to several represen-
tatives dispatches which he addressed to the Duke
D'HARCOURT, the French Ambassador at Rome,
after receiving accounts of the disastrous events of
the 15th and 16th of November. If our information
be correct, in that dispatch the Minister charges the
Ambassador to offer to the Sovereign PONTIFF the
expression of the profound and dolorous sympathy of
the French Government, and to state that the French
Republic is determined to remain the eldest daughter
of the Church, and that as a Catholic and Republican,
the Minister owes a double homage to the Head of
the Aet ht ch
sitting
and the
n f tghr
ee at
Nationalre fo r m i
An reforming sPe
mo pb el .y"
He demanded
Government on the subject of the affairs
mediation was,
counts which hay!
nwhatcer:iatumationntetrhpeelAlatnigonlos.Ftorentehhe
13rxio addressed yoefstlertadla:
and declared that the demagog
Ile then
ncfalwlehdaattitsentatikoingt
placeth in
jean
paortye
hancd-
mitoadrnee' war the
scaasusise of liberty. It was commenced
by a coward
ply as
Teepsisi
etdh e
tLtO
an attack uon his
."
.cynntion, and it now finished by
General CaVAIGNAC
at Vienna had prevented th e
e recent events
mediation from making
much progress, but that it
lv
great activity. With re, eetas now going on with
sP
to what was taking
place at Rome, as soon
as the news was known, the
French Government at once sent 3,500 men from ,

Marseilles and Toulon to Civita Vecchia. He added
that M. DE COURCELLES had already left Paris for
Rome, as Envoy Extraordinary. He then read the
instructions given to M. DE COURCFLLES, of which
the following is the substance—to protect the person
of his Holiness the POPE, and to facilitate his entry,
in case of necessity, into France. The Assembly
directed that this point should be brought again under
discussion on Thursday next.
The debate on the budget was then resumed, and
continued up to the hour of post.
The Archbishop of PARIS has addressed the fol-
lowing past -ral letter to the clergy of his diocese,
dated the 20th :
" Monsieur le Cure,—Our soul is plunged in grief.
The Church suffers in its chief. The capital of the
Christian world is a prey to factions. Blood has been
shed at Rome, even in the palace of our well-beloved
Pontiff, Pius IX. The Vicar of Christ has commenced
his passion. He is drinking from that bitter cup of in-
gratitude which he foretasted on the day when his
magnanimous soul resolved to effect by confidence and
love the redemption of his country. The father of the
liberty of Italy is, perhaps, at this moment no longer
at liberty himself. The events which have ensanguined
Rome, and clothed in mourning the whole Catholic
world, are not yet fully known. But we do know
enough of them to he able to judge of their gravity.
We know enough to cause our tears to flow, and feel the
necessity of putting up our prayers to God. He holds
in His hands the hearts of all men. May He enlighten
the blind, repress hatred and animosity..., appease civil
discord, and confound the plots of the wicked. These
plots are vast and covered with darkness; and those who
are weaving them do not intend to direct them against
the temporal chief of one of the smallest states of
Europe, but against the head of Catholicism. To en-
slave the people, they are trying to break the bonds which
bind them together. But God will not permit this.
Our confidence in the issue of this conflict is undoubt-
ing. All we ask is that it may be shortened. This is
what we have to pray for to heaven. Let us hope, more-
over, that the Catholic nations will become aware of the
danger with which they are threatened; and which, at
the same time, threaten all the modern conquests of
liberty and civilization. Can France, above all, suffer
herself to be thus attacked in her belief, her traditions,
her highest interests? If Rome is the head, France is
the heart and the arm of Catholicism. Let us all pray,
M. le Cure; the priests will every day at mass recite the
prayer Pro SWIM° Pontifice.' Call upon the faithful to
join their pray ers to ycure. Let all men of holy minds
unite with us in ferterat communion. At a future day, if
circumstances require, we will ordain public prayers to
be put up. Accept, M. le Cure, the assurance of my
sincere and very affectionate attachment.
" MARIE DOMINIQUE AUGUSTE,
Archbishop of Paris."
General BEDEAU will, it is said, take the command
of the expedition to Civita Vecchia.
The following are the instructions of the French
Minister of Foreign Affairs to M. CORCELLES :
"My dear Colleague,—You know the deplorable
events which have taken place in the city of Rome,
and reduced the Holy Father to a sort of captivity.
In consequence of these events the Government of the
Republic has just decided that four steam frigates,
carrying a brigade of 3,500 men, should be
sent to Civita Vecchia. It has also been decided
that you should repair to Rome as Envoy Extra-
ordinary. Your mission has for its object to interfere,
in the name of the French Republic, in order to restore
to his Holiness his personal liberty, if he has been de-
prived of it. If ever it entered his intention, consider-
ing circumstances, to retire for a while to the territory
of the Republic, you will ensure, as much as in your
power lies, the realization of that wish, and you will
assure the Pope that he will experience from the French
nation a reception worthy of them, and worthy also of
the virtues of which he gave so many. proofs.
" You are not authorised to interfere in any political
question pending at Rome. It belongs to the National
Assembly alone to determine the measures which the
Government of the Republic shall adopt for the re-esta-
blishment of a regular situation in the States of the
Church. For the present you have—in the name of the
Government which sends you, and which, in doing so,
remains within the limits of the power confided to it—
to secure the liberty of the Pope and respect for his

person.
" On your arrival before Chita Vecchia you will land
in person, and proceed to Rome to confer with M. d'llar-
court, with whom you will come to an understanding,
and act afterwards jointly, in compliance with the in
structions given to you by the Government. You will
cause the troops at your disposal to land, either at Civita
Vecchia itself, or wherever that force may with safety
co-operate in ensuring the success of your mission.
Measures have been adopted to reinforce that brigade,
if necessary, and you will no doubt receive subsequent
and more detailed instructions if the National Assembly
should consider them indispensable.
" I cannot too often repeat that your mission has not,
and cannot have for the moment, any other object than
to ensure the personal safety of the Pope, and, in a❑ ex-
treme case, his temporary retreat to the territory of the
Republic. You will take care to proclaim loudly that
you arc not come to interfere, in any respect, in the dif-
ferences that divide to day the Holy Father and the
people he governs. The Republic, moved by
,a
sentiment which is an old tradition among the
French nation, repairs to the assistance of the per-
so❑ of the Pope. It entertains no other intention. Your
mission is a delicate one. It requires a great clearness
of view and appreciation. The Government of the Re-
public places every confidence in the sentiments that will
direct you.

' " I roust also call your attention to the use you may
be obliged to make of the troops confided to your
superior direction. Their landing must only be effected
within the very limited range in which it may be
possible for them to act with i fficacy in obtaining the
sole object of your mission—the security of the Pope.
" It is possible that the events may suggest to you
necessities which 'cannot foresee. In that case you wil
have to apply without delay for the orders of the Go.
vernment of the Republic, which, according to circum
stances and the propositions you may submit to it, will
act on its own impulse, or after consulting the Assembly
" Receive, &c.
(Signed) " The Minister of Foreign Affairs,
" Paris, Nov. 27, 1848," " JULES BASTIDE.
BOURSE—PARIS, TUESDAY, Nov. 28.
THREE O'CLOCK.—Thero have been considerable fluc-
tuations at the Bourse to day. The Rentes opened con-
siderably below the closing prices of yesterday, and
were rapidly declining, when all of a sudden the process
of discounting (which is carried on to a large extent
every day) sent the Five per Cents. up fully one-
halt per cent., and they afterwards continued rising
till nearly the close of business, when there was
a slight reaction. The Roman Funds fell Si per
cent. in consequence of the flight of the Pope. The
news from that quarter was looked to with great interest.
For the account, the French Three per Cents. have
risen 5c.; the Five per Cents. have fallen 15c.; and the
Loan has fallen 10c. For Money, the Three per Cents.
remain the same as yesterday; the Five per Cents. have
advanced sc. ; and the Loan has fallen 30c. ; Bons qt.
Tresor not quoted; Bank of France Shares have declined
SE; Belgian Bank Shares not quoted; ditto Five per
Cents. are at yesterday's prices. Spanish Active not
quoted ; Roman has fallen ai per cent. ; Rothschild's
Receipts not quoted. Exchange on London (30 days),
25 42 ; ditto (90 days), 25 35. In Railway Shares
there is no very material change. A good deal of busi-
ness was done in Ruuens and Northerns.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE. Nov. 28.
Luxembourg (10/.), 114—Northern of France, s%—Or.
leans and Bourdeaux, 1%.

SPAIN.
Madrid journals of the 22d have arrived.
They confirm completely the intelligence which we
published yesterday of the defeat and dispersion of
the column of the Quaaa's troops under General
MANzario by the Carlist forces commanded by CA-
BRERA. The battle took place at Avinon, about three
leagues from Manresa, on the 16th. The QUEEN'S
General, MANZANO, 16 officers, 500 soldiers, 600
1 muskets, 20 horses, &c., &c., fell into the hands of
CABRERA. The rest of column, 300 in number,
took to flight. CABRERA. had under his orders
BORGES, MARSAL, and the two brothers TRISTANI.
During the fortnight preceding the engagement the
Alontemolinists captured more than 300 prisoners,
500 muskets, and the forts of Prades, La Garriga, El
Abisbal, Cabra, and Gerra. After the defeat of MAN-
ZANO, GeneralCoan.ovA, the Captain-General, re-
turned to Barcelona

On the 12th, four days before the battle, a large
Carlist band, under the brothers TRISTAN', got posses-
sion of the extensive salt magazines in the immediate
neighbourhood of Cardona on the night of the 12th,
and were joined the next day by CABRERA ; according
to a letter from Coromina, the force altogether
amounting to 800 men. They were fired at by the
guards from their strong house, and several shots
were fired at them from the fort at Cardona, but
without effect. They had previously made all their
dispositions for disposing of the salt in a most buai-
ness•like way. For some time before that they
had placed these salt depots under an interdict,
warning the country people not to supply them-
selves there; and as much salt is required for the
cattle at this time of year, and the country people
did not venture to disobey these injunctions, scarcely
any salt was sold by the Government employes, and
the price was raised enormously, reaching as high as
40 maravedis the pound (about 3d). Having planned
the present attack, the I:msrANis sent parties in all
directions to tell the country people to come with their
horses, &c., and that they should have as much salt
they liked at twelve reals per load; and on the 13th
there were above 100 beasts of burthen employed all
day carrying away salt; the Carlists pocketing a
large amount in dollar•, and the country folks highly
contented at getting that necessary article so cheap.
CORDOVA has dispatched General MATA Y ALos to
Madrid to demand a reinforcement of 20 additional
battalions, and 25,000,000 of reals, without which
it will be impossible to make head against the Carlists
in Catalonia.

It was at one period in contemplation to send
NARYAEZ to Catalonia, but he fears to leave the
field open to the intrigues of CHRISTINA and
Mori, by quitting Madrid. .11IoN and PIDAL bitterly
reproached him with the appointment of CORDOVA,
whose instant removal from the chief command in
Catalonia was at once agreed on. It is said that
General MANUEL CONCHA will be appointed his suc-
cessor. The intelligence from Catalonia has occasioned
the greatest consternation at the Court of Madrid.

MADRID BOLSA, Nov. K.—The Three per Cents.
:tre 7%. per cent. lower to-day, being reported at 191
,o 5-16 buyers, s seller.; Five per Cents., 94 to ;j-
-,uyers, sellers : Coupons, .n buyers ; Passive Debt,
:3 9-16 buyers, sellers ; Bank Shares, 40 sellers ;
Discount on Notes, 2 per cent. Exchange on Lon-
don, 48 35.

GERMANY

AND

THE NORTHERN STATES

PRUSSIA.

It is said that 140 of the Members of the National
Assembly have determined to attend the sittings at
Brandenburg, but it is currently rumoured that it is
the intention of the KING at once to dissolve the As-
sembly, and to grant of his own full power a consti-
tution, the main features of which will be the follow-
ing :—Two Chambers, one cf Deputies (the electors
for which, as well as the elected, must possess an
income of about 301. sterling), and the other, also an
elective one, composed of persons having an income of
751. Another rumour is that the KING will convoke
the United Diet, which voted the Law of Elections,
and leave it to decide between himself and the As-
sembly.
Several private soldiers of the 40th Infantry Regi-
ment, in garrison at Mayence, were arrested on the
24'h, for having uttered seditious cries; their com-
rades went to the colonel anel in a tumultuous manner
demanded their release, and it was only by the inter-
ference of some Austrian officers that they were in-
duced to return to their barracks. The next day the
regiment was sent to the Lower Rhine.
The Inspector of Police of Dusseldorf has been
suspended for stating that the National Assembly
has acted legally. Six members of the Government
Board of that city have been dismissed, and two others
have in consequence resigned their places.
It is stated, in a Berlin correspondence of the
Neue I?heinische Zeitung, that 25,000 guns are still
" in good hands" in that city.
The Karlsruher Zeitung states that, according to all
appearances, another republican insurrection is at
hand ; numbers of young working men are assem.
bling on the Swiss frontier ; and in French Alsace
people, it is said, are busy recruiting for the " social
republic," holding out tempting promises to persons
who have served in the army.
The congress of deputies from the civic guards of
the kingdom is fixed to take place at Breslau, on the
4th of December next.
Mr. JOSEPH MENDELSSOHN, the banker, of Berlin,
and the eldest son of the celebrated MOSES MENDELS^
SOHN, and uncle of the late FELIX MENDELSOHN BAR-
THOLDY, the celebrated composer, died at Berlin on
the 25th inst., in the 79th year of his age.
The arrival of VON GAGERN in Berlin on the 26th
had given rise to a rumour that the KING had sent
for him to construct a Ministry.
The Municipal Deputies of Berlin have published
;he following address to the National Assembly :
" HIGH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.

" The rights of the nation have been trenched upon
(gekrankt) by the Ministers of the Crown—encroached
on by Ministers who never did, and never can, obtain
the country's confidence, and, with most unfortunate
delusion, are hurrying our fatherland into au abyss: of
destruction. The sacred rights of the nation have been
honourably combatted for—they have been ratified (be-
siegelt) by the Royal word; and the citizens of Berlin
will be the last to renounce them, for they were the first
who openly declared that we would side with the Na-
tional Assembly (auf der scite stehe). The firm will of
our citizens, the will of a great nation, is—
" We will concord a constitution, but not accept one
as a gift.
" For this purpose we selected you. You, the men
of our confidence, belong to UP. No servants of the
Crown shall take you from us. No one shall limit the
full powers which yon derive from the nation. We never
were stronger than we are now, under the dominion of
force (gezvalt der waffen), and in the consciousness of our
lawful rights. This consciousness will strengthen you,
the National Assembly, in follon ing with firmness and
constancy the path which will lead to the triumph of our
just cause. Under this consciousness you will know
hour to protect your own rights, as well as the supreme
rights of the Crown, and to bridle all passions that may
tend to overpass these limits. In the execution of these
duties you Mill be careful to avoid all measures that may
tend to the destruction of our fatherland. Therefore we
beg and implore ofyou to revoke forth with the proposition
(antrag) for the refusal of taxes. We are teo strong to
require he adoption of desperate measures (Why not
say illegal?) which must tend to entail incalculable
misfortunes upon the country and Crown, to produce
years of confusion, and to estrange men's hearts from
our cause. We implore of you to respect the rights of
the Crown, and the Crown will then respect our rights,
end henceforward select its advisers from amongst those
men who possess the confidence of the National As-
sembly. We pray and beseech the National Assembly
to stretch forth its hand to an honourable arrangement
between it and the Crown, as is becoming for two co-
equal powers.
,An arrangement dishonourable to the
Crown would not only turn from you (the National As-
sembly) the hearts, but all the convictions of the country.
We implore you, therefore, to direct all your efforts to
bear up with constancy and patience against the domi-
nion of force as well as passion—to hold fast to our just
rights—but to restore peace to the country and give to
the people a free constitution.
(Signed) " THE MUNICIPAL DEPUTIES OF BERLIN.
"Berlin, Nov. 23"
The PruBsian State Gazette of the 25th announces
that a Royal ordonnance, inserted in the Bulletin of
Laws, continues the tariff of customs duties which
was to expire at the end of the present year. This
continuation takes place in consequence of a con-
ference being at this moment open at Frankfort to
establish a general regulation of customs for the states
of Germany.

your history and that or Germany generally, ari
sound up together. Turn out then f r ;he
riJtcous stlug.:.:l-. We on our parts shall be true to
you; unity and f, adorn shall be victorious."

ITALY.

ROME.

The latest accounts received direct from Rome
state that the POPE was besieged by the people in the
Quirinal ; and the Diario di Roma of the 18th states
that he at that time meditated flight. The Alba of
Florence of the 23d gives the following account of
the progress of the insurrection. It will be seen that
the son of LITCIEN BONAPARTE, the Prince of
CANINO, is one of the chiefs of the insurgents. The
Alba says:—
" As soon as the Pope had consented to change his
Ministry, and had accepted the conditions which the
Democrats had dictated to him, it was announced to
the people who were splitting the air with their cheers,
that if they would be for a moment silent, M.
Galetti would come and give them an account of till
that had been done. Quietness was immediately re-
stored, and M. Galetti came and announced, first, that
the Pope would leave it to the Legislative Chambers
to determine on the demands of the people ; and,
secondly, that a new ministry had been formed. M.
Galetti added that it was necessary that all feeling of
hatred and vengeance against the Swiss troops should be
laid aside, and that the more especially because many
brave men of that nation had fought for the cause of
Italy at Vicenza. He then requested the National
Guards to go home, and ordered the troops to return to
their barracks.
"Immediately after this news became known the
troops defiled through the Corso, which was magnifi-
cently illuminated. The National Popular Club met at
half' past five in the afternoon ; MM. Sterbini, Vincig-
nerra, Bonaparte, Spini, Pinto, and other members were
present, and for the sake of public tranquillity they re.
solved to issue a proclamation.
" Half-past Seven.—The Club has written to Colonel
Stewart, the Commandant of the Castle of St. Angelo,
to continue in the command of that fort. He immedi-
ately gave in his adherence. It is announced that hslf
of the dragoons kept back by Col. Savini do not frater-
nize with the people. Orders have been given for the
dismissal of the Colonel, and for his being succeeded
provisionally by Major Piccinetti. It is now said that
the dragoons have come over to the people.
"Eight o'Clock.—Notice has been sent to the Cham-
ber of Deputies to inform the President of the measures
adopted by the Popular Club for the preservation of
order, and to invite that body to send a deputy; but the
Chamber had adjourned before the arrival of the
message."
The Diario di Roma of the 18th instant has the
following :
" The Pope intends to escape from Rome; last night
he was kept under strict guard; he will not give way.
Several ambassadors of foreign powers encourage him.
A Spanish ship is ready to take him either to Malta or
Marseilles; the Cardinals have almost all fled. The
Popular Club now governs alone at Rome; to-morrow
or the day after the Chamber will be constituted, and
the people will present to it as the first question that of
an Italian Constituent Assembly. The Pope has written
a letter to the ambassadors, in which he takes leave o
them."

The following declaration has been published by
the Popular Club :
" The country is in the greatest danger. The blood
of our citizens has stained our soil. At this decisive mo-
ment it is the duty of all good citizens to devote them-
selves for the public safety. The Popular Club assumes
the grave resporsibility of adopting provisional mea-
sures necessary to assure the life, honour, and pros-
perity of every Roman, and to consolidate order until
a Government shall have been formal. The people are,
in consequence, apprised that the centre of operations is
fixed in the Popular Club at the }lan° Palace. All good
citizens are invited to respect the measure which shall
emanate from that centre, as representing the true and
absolute will of the people.
" Dated from the Popular Club, 16th Nov., 1848."
The military authorities and the colonels of regi-
ments having been invited to send officers to the

Club to concert measures with it, the general staff
established at the Pilot' a sent a deputation o, su-
perior officers to the club, who declared that they
were fully disposed to execute the will of the people
and to protect their rights, guaranteeing, however,
the inviolability of the sacred person of the PONTIFF.
M.M. STERBINI, VINAGUERRA, SPINI, and PINTO
replied in terms of gratitude, and assured the deputa-
tion that the POPE'S person was the object of the
veneration of all, and that the ecclesiastical govern-
ment should be fully guaranteed. It was then re-
solved to reinforce the gates of the prisons and to send
patrols into the districts where danger to property
might exist, to maintain order.
A detachment of dragoons arrived at the Fiano
Palace, and the Commander placed them at the or-
ders of the Club for the transmission of dispatches.
The battalion of Traneteveri, to the number of 300
men, offered to place themselves at the orders of
the Club. At half past seven o'clock a letter was
written from the Club to Colonel STEWART, the
Commander of the Castle of St. Angelo, to re-
tain his command, to which he assented. It
was announced that half of a regiment of dra-
goons, restrained by Colonel SAVIRI, would not
fraternise with the people. Orders were immediately
issued to cashier the Colonel and to give the com-
mand provisionally to Major PICCINETTI. At eight
o'clock a message was sent from the club to the
Chamber of Deputies to inform the President
of the measures adopted by the Popular Club,
and to request hips to send a deputy. An
answer was returned, saying that the Chamber
was closed. It was subsequently announced to the
Club that the new Ministry had been formed.
The new Ministers were invited to meet on the
following day at the residence of Abl6 ROSMINI A
courier was dispatched to MAAIIANI at Genoa
to invite him to return to Rome. The re-

presentatives of the Popular Club then re-
signed their functions. The Ministers, GALLETTI and
STIARBINI, commanded that all the extraordinary
precautions adopted should no longer be enforced.
They invited the Civic Guard to watch over the

maintenance of public order. They then withdrew,
in the midst of the enthusiastic applause of the peo.
ple, who cried " The Line, the Cardinals, Fraternity,
and Union for ever." The Abbe ROSMINI had re-
fused to accept the Presidency of the Council of
Ministers. He was replaced by Cardinal MUZZARELLL
A letter from Leghorn of the 22d inst., states that
TERENCE MAMIANI, the new Roman Minister, had
arrived there, on his passage from Genoa, and that he
had received a visit on board the steam- boat on which
he was a passenger from the Tuscan Minister GUER
RAZZ'', during which they had a long convers,

;ation,

NAPLES.
Letters from Naples of the 17th state that on the
previous Sunday an English Foreign-office messenger
arrived from London, with the ultimatum of the great
Powers for the decision of the Sicilian question,
which had been approved by the French, Russian,
and Neapolitan Ministers in London. The contents
of this important document have not transpired. In
the meantime the KING continues his military prepa-
rations. The forts of Naples fronting the sea have
keen doubly fortified, and the army has been aug-
mented to an effective force of 90,000 men. Great
pains have been taken to form a corps of cavalry
capable of acting efficiently in the mountains.
The Sicilians are greatly exasperated against
the KING, and declare they will accept of
no conditions from him. Calabria also is in
a very disturbed state, and troops have been dis-
patched to that province from Naples. The city of
Naples itself is exceedingly ill guarded, and street
robberies and assassinations are of so frequent occur-
rence that it is not safe for persons to venture out at
night. The police are exclusively employed in
watching secret societies, and arresting political
offenders, so that the thieves and assassins are left in
undisputed possession of the streets. All the returns
that have been to the Chambers from the pro-
vinces up to the 17th are anti-Ministerial. In the
last Chamber the anti-Ministerial majority was thirty-
five. It will be largely augmented in the present
Chamber.
Intelligence of the death of IBRAHIM PACIIA
had been received at Naples.

DEATH OF THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES

BULLER, M.P.
The Right Hon. Charles Buller, M.P. for Lis-
keard, and President of the Poor-law Board, died
between five and six o'clock this morning, at his resi
deuce, 2, Chester-place, Pimlico, aged 42.

It is rumoured that Jacob Omnium, Esq., a gen-
tleman well known in the City, has been appointed to
the governorship of Sierra Leone and its dependencies.
Mr. Uranium ie, we understand, extensively connected
with the colonies, and during the last session rendered
important services to the Government, by correcting
various errors of fact into which they had inadvertently
been betrayed. Whatever credit is duo for making so
just and judicious a selection belongs to Lord Grey.
There was no family connexion in the case---not even,
we are informed, personal acquaintance. The appoint-
ment was wholly unsolicited, and was made solely on
public grounds It cannot be attributed to political
lavouritisni.—Ministerialpaper.
THE LATE LORD PROVOST.--We believe we are
betraying no secret when we state that within the last
few days a baronetcy has been officially offered to
Mr. Black, the late respected provost of the city, but
that it has been respectfully declined.—Edinburgh
Evening Past.
The Count de Grammont was married on Monday
last to Mademoiselle de Pruslin. The happy couple are
to be established in the apartment of the late Duchess
de Praslin, the bride's mother, which has been newly
cleansed and decorated fur the occasion.
The rate of exchange at Rio on London was
quoted 24d., at which figure some considerable transac•
tions had taken place; Paris was marked 400, aid Ham..
burgh 720. Freight to London was 455.; and to the
Channel 40s. to 455. Local stuck continued at 87i to
88. The profit of• the Del Bey mines for September was I
3,3661., and their working is described as extremely
batizittetory.