The Sun.
London, England, 1848-02-01 00:00:00

was come to in any of them ; and writers of autho- a length to the manner in which confirmations of this have we had a specimen of a kindred arrange-
rity—Coke and Blackstone—used no expression to j bishops had taken place prior to the Reformation, and Talent in the Nagpore state, under Sir Richard Jen-
indicate that the right in question was stated to since, and concluded a most learned and elaborate kins, though a less brilliant example than the Pun-
exist. Many of the ancient writers who had been judgment, by stating his opinion to be—an opinion
cited on the other side spoke forcibly against the which he confessed he had come to not without con- jaub, of what may in this way be done, ought to
right contended for. After some other observations, siderable doubt and difficulty—that the rule for a man- have been sufficient for our instruction and guidance.
the Learned Judge concluded by saying that, after damus ought to be made absolute. The Bunoor expedition is threading its way
riving the best attention that he could give to the Mr. Justice PATTESON then delivered his judg- through the passes ;it has hitherto met with no ob-
subject, he had to come to the conclusion that the ment at considerable length. He was clearly of struction save those physical obstacles present, and it
upposed right did not exist, and that the rule for a opinion that the confirmation of a bishop by the
is not supposed it will meet with any. The Seikh
mandamus ought to be discharged.
archbishop was a judicial and not a ministerial act,
Mr. Justice COLERIDGE next delivered his judg- and that such being the case the opposition to the soldiers have behaved themselves admirably ; their
ment. He said the case had been argued with great consecration of the bishop ought to have been heard. discipline has astonished our officers, considering the
ability, and that he regretted, from the active nature
mHaenwdaams,utshoeruegfhortet,oobfeogprianniotned.that the rule for the recency of their organisation. They are a fine, high-
of his duties, that he had been precluded from giving spirited, martial people, hardy, bold, brave, and
that deep examination to the subject which he had Lord DENMAN then delivereds his judgment at con- temperate.
wished, and went on to say that he regretted this the siderable length, and after indignantly and eloquently
more because he felt himself called upon to differ expressing his surprise at the attacks that had been It is said that the Dooel Moolraj is anxious to place
with his brother Erie, and, he believed, with the Lord made in the course of the arguments upon Archbishop
looltan more immediately under our wing; in fact,
Chief Justice. He admitted that the inquiry was ill- Cranmer, and going at great length into the Acts of in place of there being any aversion to an English
suited to the judge, who felt called upon to declare Parliament that governed the case, stated his opi- administration, such as that of the Punjaub, the like•
the law as it is, not as it ought to be ; and also that, nion clearly to be that the rule nisi that had been ob- iihood is that it will become the envy of the adjoining'
from the antiquity of the authorities on tke subject, tamed for a mandamus ought to be discharged, states. The hereditary institutions, and all their
and from the various branches into which the law was considering that if the Court adopted any other course
divided, that a judge experienced more than ordinary they would be giving encouragement to those thee- nationality, is spared to them ; it is, in fact, the native
difficulty in dealing with them. It was impossible logical animosities which he lamented to see existing custom in fashion and appearance, made of English
for a judge to express strong confidence in them. in the Church. His clear opinion was that the rule materials, such as you see every day everywhere
It was, however, satisfactory to him to be enabled to ought to be discharged. around on the identical man.
state, though ho gave his opinion with the utmost The result is, that two judges are in favour of Smallpox has broken out in Scinde, and is commit-
confidence, that any error of judgment on his part making the rule absolute, Mr. Justice Coleridge and
ling sad ravages, otherwise the country is healthy.
would not be final. He believed also that the den-Mr. Justice Patteson ; while Lord Denman and Mr.
ger which would arise from the people not being Justice Erle are of opinion it should be discharged. The Commissioner is proceeding meanwhile very
allowed to oppose the election of their bishops, and Their Lordships were three hours and forty minutes quietly with his arrangements, probably avoiding to
the danger to the Church, though he admitted there delivering their judgments. make any such sudden attack as to give offence or
was danger, had been much exaggerated. He
considered that the applicants were entitled to the
OVERLAND MAIL create alarm ; he is preparing to have the whole of
mandamus for which they had applied. The Court the old system overturned. Depend upon it, if you
exercised jurisdiction over all inferior courts, and the are to have India well governed, it must be oo
fact that parties who had a right to appear in one of through the ability of men familiar with the country
the inferior courts were refused a hearing was a suffi- and intimate with the habits and usages of the natives.
cient reason to his mind to grant a mandamus. If Mr. Clarke and his councillors, Mr. Pringle and
the statement was true in this case, and he saw no his assistants, have made the country and its inha-
reason to deny it, he thought it could not be
bitants their study for half a century, and no men are
denied that it was within the province of
more likely to arrange matters discreetly, durably,
this Court to call upon the inferior court
and wisely in the new province than they.
to do what was right. It might be said
that the lower court was not an inferior one. Eccle.
siastical Courts were not withdrawn from the au-
thority which that Court exercised by mandamus
over all inferior courts. They could not, indeed,
determine the nature of their proceedings, but they
could review them by way of appeal after. Of course
they were the best judges of the practice which
should be adopted in them. Nevertheless they could
compel an ecclesiastical or any other judge to do his
duty, or to restrain those who were about to step
beyond it. In the case of the King v. the Church-
wardens of Bedford, this Court refused a mandamus,
saying the subject was one which ought to have been
carried into one of the Ecclesiastical Courts, and
he did not question the propriety of the
decision. The subject had relation to the
collection of tithes, and the parties were forced to go
to one of these courts in the first instance. There
was no ground for believing that their case would
not be dealt with ; but, at any rate, they were to go
there before they could come to this Court. With
respect to the case of the King v. the Justices of Caer-
narvon, Mr. Justice Holroyd said, if only one side
was heard he should consider it equivalent to no
hearing at all, and should consent to the issuing of
a mandamus. They must, therefore, look at the facts.
l'o secure a full and complete administration of jus-
tice they were to regard this whole matter as a sub-
stance, and not as a mere matter of form. If the
statements of the applicants were well founded the
whole hearing has been no hearing, and the decision
no decision, and the applicants had no power of appeal.
There were no parties, and there can be no appellants.
Considerable stress had been laid by the parties
opposing the application on the argument that the
parties had no interest in the application. It appeared
to him, however, that they had an interest in the
question. If this were a mere form, the citation to
appear would also be a mere mockery, and interest to
the parties or to any body there could be none, and
the applicants would have no right to waste the time
of the Court, or the Court to listen to the application.
The relation in which two of them stood, as incum-
bents of the diocese, gave them, in his opinion, an in-
terest in the faith and doctrine of their bishop. With
respect to the meaning of the 25th Henry VIII., c.
20, it was certainly not what Henry VIII. wished or
intended, but the true meaning of whatayas written, that
they were to inquire into, and if it were to be con-
tinued even according to the intentions of that
monarch, he had no reason to believe that it would be
found unfavourable to the view which he took of the
subject. The question, however, was not Quid
volanti Rex, but Quid Parliamentum recti. The
question, for the first time raised for a judicial deci-
sion, was, what was the interpretation to be put on
the command to confirm, invest, and consecrate. It
had been said that it conferred a new duty upon the
Archbishop, and invested him with new functions and
duties, which were entirely ministerial in their nature.
Upon the other side, it WAS contended that confirma-
tion was a solemn, important, and judicial act, and
one which from the earliest ages of the Christian
Church it had been the duty of the Archbishop to
perform, by virtue of his office. Those who main-
tained this ground, of course, took upon themselves a
large burden of affirmative proof, and they proceeded
to show what confirmation meant in the earliest ages
of the Christian Church. If the word "confirma-
tion" were not to be construed in this manner, the
statute would only have the effect of misleading. It
was right also to examine what, in point of fact,
was done at the time or in succeeding ages in the
matter of confirmation. There were, then, four heads of
inquiry to be gone into, the first, third, and fourth,
might be considered for the most part as inquiries
into mere matters of fact ; the third was a question of
construction. He did not propose to go through the
whole of the facts which had been brought forward.
It was sufficient for him to state that the applicants
had made out a case so clear and so strong, as to:raise
a belief in his mind that the conclusion to which they
came was such, and that they were entitled to the
writ which they asked for. By the practice of this
Court in issuing mandamus absolute certainty was
not required as the ground for such issue'; the ques-
tion is generally more properly decided afterwards
upon the record in a higher court. With respect to the
historical evidence which had been adduced, if the
question were before a jury, and the judge were
summing up, it would be his duty to tell them that
the question was to be considered with all reasonable
allowance for the circumstances under which the evi-
dence had been produced, such as the remoteness of
the period, and the length of the chain of evidence
which was sought and required in the case, and that to
make out this case through a period of trouble and
disturbance as clear as would be required in an ordi-
nary transaction would be impossible. The Court
would, in such a oase as the present, he apprehended,
decide as they did a short time since with respect
to an application to alter the statutes and foundations
of one of the Universities at Cambridge, in the case of
the Queen v. Archdale. The province of the Court ap-
peared to him to be more of a grand than a petty jury,
they were simply to inquire whether enough was
proved to allow the case to go any further.
The evidence with respect to the confirmation had
extended to the apostolic age ; he was content, how-
ever, to go no further back than the age of the] coun-
cils, to which reference had been made, as their
authority had been recognised by statutes passed
since the period of the Reformation, Ist of Elizabeth,
c. 1, s. 36. The councils of Nice and Chalcedon
had been referred to, in which it was stated that the
confirmation of the bishop was in the discretion and
power of the archbishop. And what could be more
reasonable than that such should be the case, and
that the consecration of the bishop should be in the
hands of the party to whose visitatorial inspection he
was subjected ? It had been said that these foreign
canons had no authority in the English Church.
Now, when they spoke of the English Church, they
spoke of a Church in connexion with, or a branch of,
the Roman Catholic Church. The decretals of the
councils were held as authority at Rome, and would
also be regarded as such in this country. The
Church in this country was governed by the 'general
canon law, but it was also governed in smaller matters
of detail by the canons of local or provincial synods,
of which Linwood and other text writers have
written. They were not intended to overrule the
general canons. 25 Henry VIII., c. 19, recited in the
preamble the existence of these several canons, and
enacted the appointment of a commission on the
subject, which, however, was never appointed. When,
therefore, the decretals are quoted by the canonists
and text writers, they must presume that they spoke
truth on those matters, and it was his opinion that the
election of a bishop was subject to the confirmation of
the archbishop, and that such confirmation was a judi-
cial and not a ministerial proceeding. It had also
been said by the party opposing the application that
the inquiry of the archbishop at the confirmation
was simply one of identity, referring only to the
personi electi, and not to the personi electiones. It
was a sufficient answer to that to say that no case
could be adduced where such an inquiry had ever
been instituted. Several of the cases on the other
hand, cited by. Mr. Badeley, proved exactly the re-
verse. The appointment of Robert, Bishop of Bath
and Wells, was set aside by the refusal of the Arch-
bishop to confirm, on the ground of the bishop
elect being a pluralist. A second person was ap-
pointed, who was also refused in like manner, and
the parties appealed to the Pope, but, through the
threats of the Archbishop, who stated his intention
to resign if his decision were reversed, the confir-
mation was not proceeded with, and the Pope ap-
pointed and consecrated a bishop himself. Orford,
the fourteenth Bishop of Ely, was also refused
confirmation by the Archbishop, but, upon appeal
to the Pope, was consecrated upon the spot; the
expenses of the appeal having amounted to the sum
of 15,000/., a very large sum in those day*.
The Learned Judge then referred at considerable

(From the Herald.)
An Extraordinary Express has brought us letters
and papers from India, in advance of the Overland
Mail, with dates from Bombay of January 1; Cal-
cutta, December 21 ; and Delhi, December 20.
Nothing later from China. Of course, our first at-
tention is directed to the state of commercial
affairs at Calcutta; and here we are glad
to find that the worst is believed to have
passed. Rumours, it is true, were rife as to the
suspension of three or four additional firms ; but
only two were known to have succumbed to the
pressure of the times, via., Messrs. Colville, Gilmore,
and Co.; and B. T. Ford and Co. Disastrous and
wide-spread as have been the effects in Calcutta,
arising out of the late failures in England, they are
not so extensive as was at first contemplated would
be the case. Trade of necessity is paralysed, and
matters look gloomily enough ; but we confess we
were prepared for more ruinous consequences than
have yet occurred, or are likely to occur, from the
pastiaspect of things. In Bombay, too, we are grati-
fied to learn that no further failures have taken place ;
and though trade is dull, there is an improvement in
the markets, which may be considered remarkable
facts at a time like this. We say, therefore, that the
commercial intelligence from these two Presidencies
is not so bad as we apprehended it would have proved;
but, on the contrary, matters are looking somewhat
upward, which we are inclined to anticipate will be
more decidedly apparent on the arrival of the next
mail.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.
Casualties by death in the armies of India, reported
since the departure of the mail of 15th Dec.

Her Majesty's Troops—Lieut. G. L. Woodd, 8(;th
Regiment, at Bombay, on the 22d Dec., Lieuten ant

H.C. Cardew, 94th Regiment, at sea, on board the
Mary Ann, on his way home—date not given.
Bombay—Lieutenant C. F. Tolfray, 4th Rifles,, at
Kurrachee, on the 7th December. Major G. St.. B.
Browne, 7th Regiment at Kotree, Sinde, on the 7tk
December.

Madras—Ensign J. A. Wright, 39th Regin tent,
at Coimbatore, on the Ist December, Captain; J.
Clifton, commanding 7th Nizam's infantry, at Ellfich-
pore, on the 20th Dec.
Bengal—Captain J. Sibbley, 54th Regt., at Mug-
soorie, on the 9th Dec.
THE BOMBAY MARKET.
(From the 15th to the 31st December.)
The tone of our markets is much the same as at
the date of our last, that for imports beinif in a
healthy state, though somewhat more quiet than it
was, whilst the export one continues depressed., and
in the accounts to band on the 28th instant per Over-

[and Mail, we see nothing to change the relative

position of either.
Money, though somewhat scarce, is much. leas so
than is usually the case at this season, or was ex-

pected, but the Bank of Bombay has deemed it re-
quisite to raise its rates of discount, &c., one per cent.
since last mail.

Cotton Piece Goods—We have had a further sup-
ply of these fabrics by the arrival of some vessels i u
the early part of the fortnight, and which, added t
what were received towards the close of the first

Of political news, we have nothing of particular
importance. Of the little war in Oude, and of the
trifling insurrection at Goomson, nothing need be said,
for they are ,altogether too insignificant for notice.
Of the vast empire of India, it may be said, all is
tranquillity and peace ; thanks to the wisdom,
firmness, and moderation of the noble and gallant
Hardinge. That venerable warrior has accom-
plished this arduous mission, and now re-
turns to his country and his home, amidst shouts of
congratulation and the respect of the scattered mil-
lions, who have reason to bless the hour when the
government of India was entrusted to his care. The
Noble Lord reached. Calcutta on the 11th of Decem-
ber, where he would remain until the arrival of Lord
Dalhousie, which was shortly expected.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONMINT.)
BOMBAY, JAN. 1, 1848.
A dispatch was last night received from the resi-
dent at Baroda, intimating the demise of his High-
ness the Guicower, who had been long dangerously
ill. His Highness leaves seven sons, the eldest of
whom will succeed him.
The most plcaning item of-Lutolligence I can this
mail give you is that of the improvement in the
state of our markets, which though not very consi-
derable, has occurred in the face of the unhappy
news from home. No more bankruptcies have oc•
curred amongst us, and none are apprehended as in
prospect, Trade is dull, but money somewhat less
scarce than it usually is at this season of the year.
The Governor-General arrived at Calcutta on the
12th ult., and met a most cordial welcome from the
inhabitants. He has been just two years and two
months absent from the capital ; in this time our
foreign relations or policy and our principles of
action have been revolutionised. A deputation of
the inhabitants waited on him on his arrival to pre-
sent him with an address. It contained a hearty
welcome and warm eulogy on his conduct during
his absence. The reply of his lordship is a
model in its way—short and to the point, full of
sound sense and right feeling. He states that our
`armies are now sufficient in strength to protect
19,000 miles of frontier, from the Himalayas to Cape
Comorin ; that all the enemies on our borders have
been subdued, and that the career of peace improve-
ment now fairly commenced, he hopes to see perse-
vered in—internal intercourse promoted—arts, in-
dustry, and education protected and fostered. A meet-
ing has been summoned to take into consideration the
importance of erecting a monument to his Lordship,and
I have no doubt such a memorial will be got up
as India never witnessed the like before. At Bom-
bay it is hoped the fruits of the subscription will
be devoted to the establishment of a school of
industry, to be called the Hardinge Institution.
No more appropriate monument to one who has
given peace to India could be erected, than one
devoted to instruction in the arts of peace. Our
railways will immediately require some such semi-
nary; they will never be worked with advantage
till they are so by the children of the soil, and never
can these be resorted to until well and carefully in-
structed.
Lord Dalhousie is about this time at Madras. lie
will net be at Calcutta for ten or twelve days to
come. The administration of Lord Hardinge will
open on us a new era is India, and give a new tone
and character to the Government of England in the
East.

The Government of India have resolved to allow
10,0001. a year for some years to come, to be
bestowed on experiments on the cultivation of tea
on the banks of the Beas, in our newly-acquired
Seikh dominions, and in Simla districts. The
country here is from 1,000 to 4,000 feet above the
level of the sea, having valleys from sixty to eighty
miles from one extremity to the other, and from two
to three across, sweeping along the banks of the
rivers. They are divided from each other by moun-
tain ridges of moderate elevation—increasing in alti-
tude towards the north, where they approach the
higher Himalayas. The best of these are at pre•
sent covered thick with snow. The climate is healthy
and delightful, villages are already springing up in
all directions. Sir J. Davis has been directed to pro-
cure a supply of seed, and to send from the first tea
gardens in China some of the best cultivators that
can be found. At present the people in the north-
west provinces, to whom tea is the greatest of
luxuries, are supplied with it from across the fron-
tier ; it is enormously dear and bad in quality, and
gets deteriorated on the way.
Major Napier has taken up his appointment, and
commenced operations as superintendent of roads and
canals in the Punjaub, on which 30,0001. a-year is
for some time to come to be expended ; the Durbar
promising to allow 60,0001. so soon as the state of the
treasury will permit. European cultivation continues
to advance: turnips are now to be seen around Lahore.
I had a letter from Colonel Lawrence a fortnight
since, stating that tools and implements of the best
construction, with Seikh workmen, were either to
be sent down to Bombay to receive instruction in
the arts or Bombay tradesmen well instructed to be
sent to Lahore.
The Punjaub administration will be an example to
all India, not because of its being under our govern-
ment—for the Company's dominions In which no
progress has been made have been ours for centuries
—but because we have a Native Government feeling
their own independence and responsibilities, but only
, on the suggestion of English councillors. Once before

half of the month, appears to have supplied th e
demand for the present, and the market ha
therefore been in a much less active stat e
during the last ten days than it was pre e
viously; prices, however, are without change,
except for shirting in the grey, of which large
sales have been made, at, in some instance's,
a slight concession in price. Maddapolam, long
cloth, and coarse domestic, are the descriptions that.
have continued to enjoy an advantage in demand;
and prices of which, with those for jacconet in the
grey, are well supported. In bleached goods, Mad-
dapolam of low quality (thirty-one inches) has been a
good deal inquired for, and jacconet up to middling
quality has been in some request, but all other kinds
are neglected. Fancy goods—Orange pine dresses, as
well as zebra, are in good demand, especially the'
former, which are scarce; as also book muslin up'
to medium quality, and dyed mulls. Grey mulls are
also-inquired for, as well as bleached up to middling
Tuaiity, but lappets of all kinds are dull of sale_
urkey red dyed plain cloth, for which prices had ars
upward tendency at the date of our last, has again
receded in value, owing to some rather large sales at~
as luvvrr figure. Twilled continues in good demand,
as also are mulls, both of which are scarce. Prints in,
this dye are very dull of sale.
Cotton yarn, in the grey, has been more inquired(
for since our last, and some large sales of mule have
been effected at rather lower prices for inferior, but
full ones for the better qualities. Of water there
have also been some sales, and such of both as haves'
come to our knowledge are undernoted. Orange and-
the best quality of Turkey red continue in demand,
but inferior of the latter is quite neglected.
Mule-160 bales 3001 b. each (20-80ths 30-80.11u0'
64 74) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ; 150 do. do. 7 71 82;
141 do. do., 61 7 74 8i; 550 do. do., 74 74 9 10 104
121 141 16 ; 100 do. do., 64 7 74.
Water-150 bales 3001 b. each, 71 74 9 ; 80 ditto'
ditto, 7 7i- 84.
Woollens—For save list cloth there is some littler
inquiry, bat the prices offered are still low and we'
hear of no transactions. Flannel is neglected.
Metals—Swedish bar iron continues in demand,
as does also British. In the latter a sale of a cur-
rent assortment has been made at a full price,'
but much higher would be given for one''
consisting of square and round only. °i-
nstil rod, sheet, and hoop iron, some sales have been'
effected as noted below, the prices obtained foe:
square nail rod and hoop being something under oar
last quotation.—Copper continues steady, and sevecall
sales of braziers' have been made at our quotations,.
with one of South American of very inferior quality
—the latter just before the departure of the last -mail-
-Spelter as well as steel has further receded in vo"
lue, as will be seen by our report of sales, 'out the
quality of the latter sold is said to be infeitor.-111
lead or tin plates no transactions reported, y nd price
are unchanged.
Iron-1,300 candies British bar, at Siirs.; 120
ditto ditto square nail rod, 434r5.; 1,120 ditto ditto
ditto, 43r5.; 1,000 bundles ditto round dit to, 46/0.
per candy ; 600 ditto ditto sheet, 74r5.; 600 ditto
hoop, 61rs. per cwt.
Copper-600 cwt. braziers', at 624r5.; '2OO ditto
ditto, 624r5.; 200 ditto ditto, 62irs.; 765 ditto
South American ingot, 34rs. per cwt.
Spelter-400 cwt. at ll4rs. per cwt.; 11:10 cwt. 4
114r5.; 1,475 cwt. at 1 Irs.
Steel-150 cwt. tub and 950 cwt. faggNit at 811'
per cwt.
Cochineal continues scarce, and a sm• ill import
since our last sold readily at our extreme quotation'
whilst a sale of 8,700 lbs. to arrive has be en,effected
at 44rs. per lb.
Saffron has improved in demand and waluef two
parcels having sold in the fortnight at I.4rs.
for 2001b.' and lqrs. for 175, both of good qualliV
with 10016. of rather inferior at 12rs. per lb. •d,
Beer in cask is wanted, but none to be h.
A recent import of English bottled Allsop,
Barclay and -Friend, has sold readily at Gs. Pe
dozen, the quality being a great improvement upon
what has been coming forward for a long time past.
Spirits—Owing to a recent import of a rather large
quantity from Bordeaux direct, the price of brandy
has given way materially, rs 3 per gallon being the
present rate, and at which 210 hhds. have been tII
posed of. Of gin we hare heard of no sales. ,
EXPORTS.
Cotton Wool—The accounts from home, -se 10,1!
as those last received from China, continuiiis
be most unfavourable for this staple, riliee
have further given way since our last, and „
market has still a dull and: declining appearstlieQ,
At one time during the fortnight there was a sti
inclination to an increase of business, but since t.',6
arrival of the China (26th) and Overland MSOP.
(28th instant) transactions seem to have been pu4,
stop to, the undernoted purchases having been mita'
previous thereto. Several small parcels of cotton
from Dharwar, the produce of American seed, lasSe
arrived in the last fortnight, and the same is 5E11314
at 112 rs. to 115ra. per candy ; the quality is inferior t.L$
that sold by Government in the early part of the year;,_
and the prices quoted are therefore, under present'
circumstances, high ones. Other parcels are Inowo
to be on the way to this port, and for the future r 1(
doubt our market will be regularly supplied with it.
Purchases-600 candies Compta, at re. 82 ; 30()
candies Mangalore rs. 80 to 81 ; 500 bales Dollars,
rs. 794 ; 4,200 bales Broach, of the new crop, to ar-
rive, ra. 90 per candy.
Sheeps' Wool—The market has been dull, 1 end
very small quantity has changed hands, purchasers
such being chiefly native shippers.
Opium—About 250 chests of new have arrived,
the quality of which is favourably reported on, lino!:
for which 950 rs. per chest is asked; but as yet no
thing has been done in it; nor have we heard of any
transactions in old, prices of which are nominal.
TONNAGE.
The rate of freight to Great Britain is much,
ltb,e
j
same now as last reported, what few transactions v,:
had effect in the interim having been done s
31. 12s. 6d., at V. 15s. for Liverpool, and 31 15'; to
for London, and under 31. 15s. tonnage .1% -n
be had for either port to-day. For Chimer's ye"'

•,
• Am.