The Sun.
London, England, 1848-06-26 00:00:00

No. 17,394.] "If :
LONDON, MONDAY E

THE ROYAL POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTION, REGENT-STREET,
First Exhibition of Important and Novel Experiments in Elec-
tricity, by Isham Baggs, Esy., illustrating the Phenomena of Thunder-
torms and the Cause of Lightning, in a series of Lectures, on Mon-
day, Wednesday, and Friday, at Two o'clock, and in the Evenings
of Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at Nine o'clock.—Popular Lec-
tures by 1)r. Ryan and Dr. Bachhoffner.—DiorAmic effects are ex-
hibitel in the new Dissolving Views, which, with the Chromatrope
and Microscope, are shown on the large disc.—Experiments with
the Dher and Diving-hell.—New Machinery and Models described.
Open daily from Eleven to Five ; and in the Evenings (including
Saturday) from Seven till half-past Ten.
Admission, Is.—Schools, Half-price.—The New Catalogue, Is.

GUARDIAN FIRE AND LIFE ASSUR.
ANCE COMPANY.
No. 11, LOMBARD-STREET, at the Entrance of the Old Post

office, London.
DIRECTORS.
JOIIN DIXON, Esq., Chairman.
JOHN MARTIN, Esq., 'M.P., Deputy-Chairman.
Henry Hulse Berens, Esq. Lewis Loyd, jun., Esq.
Francis Hart Dyke, Esq. George Lyall, Esq.
Sir Walter R. Farquhar, Bart. Stewart Marjoribanks, Esq.
Thomson Hankey, jun., Est. Rowland Mitchell, Esq.
John Harvey, Esq. James Morris, Esq.
John Gellibrand Hubbard, Esq. Henry Norman, Esq.
George Johnstone, Esq. Henry R. Reynolds, jun., Esq.
John Labouchere, Esq. John Thornton, Esq.
John Loch, Esq. James Tulloch, Esq.
`TORS.
A. W. Robarts, Esq.

♦UDI'

Henry Sykes Thornton, Esq.
Samuel Jones Loyd, Esq.
AcTUAßT—Griffith Davies, Esq., F.R.S.
In the LIFE DEPARTMENT, Assurances may be effected at
;ow Rates without participation in the Profits ; or at moderate Rates
with participation in one moiety of the Profits every seven years. At
each of the three Septennial divisions which this Company has made,
the Bonuses amounted to about 1 per cont. per annum on the sum
assured, or about 27 per cent. on the amount of premium received ;
and the whole amount of Reversionary Bonus allotted by the Com-
pany exceeded 530,0001.
LOANS granted on Life Policies to the extent of their values, pro-
vided such Policies shall have been effected a sufficient time to have
attained in each case a value not under 501.
In the FIRE DEPARTMENT, a Return of profit was declared
on the 7th of June, upon the premiums received on all Policies
which had been in force seven years at Christmas 1847, and the same
is now in course of payment daily (Friday and Saturday excepted),
between the hours of ten and three o'clock, at the Head Office ; and
also by the Agents in the Country Districts.
Nets. is hereby given; that Assurances which expire at midsum-
mer must be renewed within fifteen clays, at this otnee, or with hir.
Sams, No. I, St. James's-street, corner of Pall-mall; or with the
Company's Agents throughout thd,kingdom, otherwise they become
void. - GEORGE KEYS. Secretary.

LONDON
Instituted 180 G.

Office, 81, KING WILLIAM.STREET.
rItESIDENT—Sir CLAUDIUS STEPHEN HUNTER, Bart.
VICE-PREsiDENT—CHARLES FRANKS, Esq.

The Members of this Association who have been assured seven or
more entire years are informed that their premiums falling due on
the Ist July next will be reduced this year 661. per cent., leaving only
341. per cent. to be paid.
Parties desirous of joining this Association will be entitled to a re-
duction of premium one year earlier by effecting their Assurances on
or before the Ist July, and for their convenience a Board of Directors
will be held at Twelve o'clock every Wednesday and Friday during
the month of June

EDWARD DOCKER, Secretary.

THE GREATEST NOVELTY IN EURO t'E.
THE CHINESE JUNK,
The KEYING, manned by a Chinese crew, as visited by
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furnished in the most approved style of the Celestial Empire.
Splendid Joss or Chinese Idol, &c., &C.
The KEYING is NOW OPEN for EXHIBITION, from Ten to
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Admission, 2s. ; Children, Half-price.
Junk Tickets, including fare and admission, are issued at all the
Stations of the Blackwell and Eastern Counties Railways. Convey-
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bridge and Woolwich.
Catalogues, obtainable only on board, price Sixpence.
"There is not a more interesting Exhibition in the vicinity of Len-
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are in the Chinese world—you have quitted the Thames for the vi-
cinity of Canton."—The Times.

TEAS AT WHOLESALE PRICES.
No. 2, BUCKLERSBURY. Ckeapside.
Black, 2s. Bd., 35., 3s. 4d., 3s. Bd., 45., u. 4(1., ss.
Green, 35., 3s. 4d., 3s. 81, 45., 55.. Gs., 75.
Coffee, 93., 10(1., Is., Is. 2(1., Is. 4d., Is. Gd., Is. Bd.
Delivered free of carriage to any part of England.
CARRIAGE FREE TO ANY PART OF
ENGLAND.—Six Pounds and upwards of TEA delivered
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All orders not containing remittances must be accompanied by a re-
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MANSELL and Co., Wholesale Tea-Dealers, 2, Ilucklersbury,
Cheapside.
•_ _ _

HORIZONTAL WATCHES, VERY FLA
A. B. SAVORY and SONS, Watchmakers, No. 9, Cornhill,
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continue leering whilSt being wound. A twelvemonth's warranty given

STRICTURES Or THE URETHRA.: Prevalent and Da7gerous

Errors in their Treatment.

Just published, price 55., (by post free, 65.,) Bvo., in cloth,
THE PATHOLOGY AND RATIONAL
TREATMENT of STRICTURES of the URETHRA, in all
their Varieties and Complications. With Practical Observations no
the Use and Abuse of Instruments in the Treatment of Urethral Dis-
eases, showing that the unnecessary employment of instrum,nts is
a frequent exciting cause of stricture, and that a want of practical
knowledge and manual dexterity in their use, when necessary, is the
s.orree of most of the severe, long-protracted, and complicated cases
()t• that disorder so fatady prevalent. The whole illustrated by nu-
merous cases.

By F. B. COURTENAT, M.R.C.S.E.
Published by ID I.lailliere, 219, Regent-street; Mantehlan, Stew-
art, and Co., Edinburgh ; Hodges and Smith, and Pannier and Co.,
Dublin ; Simms and Denham, Manchester ; Deighton and Laughton,
Liverpool; and all Booksellers.

REMOVED TO 37, BEDFORD-SQUARE.
DR. LAWEUT ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF TOUTH
AND MATURITY.-WITII 40 COLOURED ENGRAVINGS ON

STEEL.
Just published, and may be had In French or English, in a Sealer'
Envelope, 2s. 6d„ or post-free, from the Author, for forty-two

Stamps,
SELF-PRESERVATION; a Medical Treatise
on the Physiology of Marriage, Infelicitous and Unproductive
Unions, and the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Ma-
turity, usually acquired at an early period of life, which enervate
the physical and mental powers, diminish and enfeeble the natural
feelings, and exhaust the vital energies of Manhood ; with Practice:
Observations on the Treatment of Nervous Debility and Indigestion,
whether arising from these causes, close study, or the influence of
tropical climates: Local and Constitutional Weakness, Syphilis,
Stricture, and all Diseases and Derangements resulting front Indis-
cretion. With Forty coloured Engravings, illustrating the
Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Reproductive Organs,
explaining their structures, uses, and functions, and the various
injuries that are produced in them by solitary habits, excesses, and
infection. BY SAMUEL LAWERT, M.D.,
37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON.
Doctor of Medicine. Matriculated Member of the University of Edin-
burgh, Licentiate of Apothecaries' hall, London, Honorary Member
of the London Hospital Medical Society, &c.
Marriage requires the fulfilment of several conditions, in order
that It may be really the cause of mutual happiness. Could the
veil, which covers the origin of domestic wretchedness, be raised,
and its true source is every instance disclosed, in how many could
it be traced to physical disqualifications and their attendant disap-
pointments. Excesses are always injurious ; the gift, which when
ased in moderation is fraught with advantage, becomes, when
abused .tho prolific source of mischief and of greater or less injury
to the constitutional and vital powers. The particular excesses, on
the nature and conseauence of which this Treatise professes to dilate,
are productive of greater severity of misery to the human frame,
than any other to which it is subject.
This work contains an accurate and complete account of the
Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive Organs, and of
their relative conditions in health and disease. It deservedly
requires the closest attention and study, for what subj ect can
be of more importance than the preservation ef the health
and of the physical capabilities of which every man should
be possessed. It unfortunately happens that the unhappy
victim of excessive indulgence and vicious habits, whether acquired
in early life or from the follies of advanced age, while suffering
from their Invariable consequences, unwisely entertains a fear of ap-
plying to a qualified physician for relief. Shame and the dread su
frequently, but erroneously entertained that these complaints are
beyond the reach of art, alike restrict him and prevent kis seeking
:or assistance where alone it can be procured. In acting thus, he
forgets that accurate discrimination n ascertaining the causes of
disease, sympathy with the sufferer, and, above all, secrecy, inva-
riably characterise the intelligent and practical physician, and to the
medical man who can show by his posse!sion of the requisite legal
qualifications that he is entitled to esteem and respect in his profes-
sional pursuits, the utmost confidence should be extended. Dr.
LA'MERT has obtained the highest medical honours, as his diplomas
certify, and the great extent of his practice for many years is a
guarantee for his professional experience, which has reference almost
solely to the treatment of these diseases.
Published by the Author, and may be had of Kent and Richards,
52, Paternoster-row; Hannay, 63, Oxford-street; Starie, Tichborne-
street, Ilaymarket ; 'Jansen, 115, Fleet-street ; Gordon, 146,
Leadenhall-street, London ; or, free by post for forty-two stamps,
from the Author, who may be consulted on these disorders personally
or by letter, daily, from Ten till Two, and from Five till Eight at his
residonee, 37. hodf+-4-tauare London.

DEATH OF A MISER AT TOT-
TENHAM.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
Szn,—An article entitled as above has appeared in
Ths Sun of yesterday, which is much calculated to
offend the relations of the Rev. David Thomas Powell,
who lately died at Tottenham.
Mr. Powell was a celebrated antiquarian, sad of re-
tired habits. He has given 2001. a-piece to his executors,
and more considerable legacies to two dependants ; the
bulk of his property is certainly bequeathed to the Lon-
don Hospital, but I am not informed of any attempt or
desire of Sir Henry Martin to contest the will. The
executors have taken proper measures to protect the
property and prove their own disinterestedness, but
there is nothing to justify the other parts of the para-
graph alluded to.
The executors hope, therefore, by the publication of
this letter, you will contradict the offensive parts of the
article complained of.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
EDWARD STARLING,
Solicitor for the executors, 7, Sackville-street.
June 24, 1848.

COMPLIMENTARY BENEFIT TO MR. MACREADY.—
Before her Majesty's pleasure was known in reference
to the representation announced to take place on the
10th of next month at Drury-lane Theatre, a requisi-
tion addressed to Mr. Macready was in course of sig-
nature, and had already received, among other names,
those of Lords Lansdowne, Clanricarde, Fitzhardinge,
Ellesmere, Besborough, Chesterfield, Scarborough,
Strangford, Campbell, Douro, Morpeth, Nugent, and
Dudley Stuart; Count D'Orsay, Sir Edward Bulwer
LYttola,! Sir Charles Marshall; Messrs. Shcil, M.P.,
Stanfield, RA., Benjamin Hawes, M.P., Charles
Dickens, Maclise, R.A., Cobden, M.P., Milner Gibson,
M.P., Fonblanque, Ewart, M.P., w. J. Fox, M.P.,
F:er:.bteire,
ißieonwyring, M.P., Monckton Milnes, M.P.,
ve i nugn
United States
IT,.homas Carlyle, Henry Hallam, Charles Young, Charles
that
on Proctor, Alfred Tennyson, &c. The
srrciuleis_it_ion was to the following effect:—" The under-
toigvislithtlaiiitti itsh Me
aril. tMumacnreaperleyv'sioiunstetnotihoins
their general wish
final retirement from the to hint
that,
beforestage, beg to express
appear in one of the
Mr. Charles Kean charactershasse
he leaves England,s ha will
to which he has rendered
nt aofeotnhtarti:auttlioonnt,lodrf al;
towards the statue of mr:uch essential service.'
iu Westminster Abbey. .
Siddons, about to be placed

TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
BRADFORD REFORM ASSOCIATION.
SIR,—On Wednesday, 21st June, the writ for
Cheltenham was directed to be issued, by 59 against
47. And on Thursday the same was done for Hor-
sham, by 54 against 50. It must be left for the
movement, or for some movement; the tEthiop will
never wash himself white.
On Thursday night the debate on the motion for
going into Committee on the; Sugar Duties was re-
sumed, and again adjourned. The evil of long
speeches is increasing in the present Parliament;
their effect being precisely that of putting a glass of
wine into a pailful of water, what might have been
good under one form being smothered in the other.
The further debate on Mr. flume's motion was
adjourned till the 30th.
On Friday the writ for Derby was refused by
112 against 97, which is argument of yielding on the
next attack. The reasoning among the Liberals ap-
peared to be, that as wrong had been done in issuing
writs to Horsham and to Cheltenham, it would be
"great injustice" not to do the same to Derby.
The debate on going into Committee on the Sugar
Duties was resumed, and at two in the morning again
adjourned. The conclusion was stormy, and answer-
ing fully to the proverbial description of an ill wind.
As the report of Parliamentary proceedings hap-
pens to run short, I take the opportunity of making
some remarks on the French Project of Constitution,
as taken from the Morning Post of June 22.
Englishmen are beset with considerable misappre-
hensions on the subject of French performances in
the serious line. A vague idea that the French are
the gayer nation, has prompted national vanity to
the conclusion that they must be less effective in that
way than their more sombre neighbours. Nothing
can be farther from being borne out by fact. In a
particular description of what may be denominated
organization, the French have shown themselves de-
cidedly the foremost. As instances, they had a most
complete military Ordonnance, or what in English
would be called " Rules and Regulations," when
those of England were talking about " a partial part,'
with corresponding tokens of inferior talent through-
out. The service of their hospitals was brought to a
state of exactitude so far as rules could go, which
had the air of chronicling beforehand all the
possible accidents of disease. In the science of
language they displayed the same power, and a
French Arabic grammar was a thing voluminously
concise, if the term may be applied to the teaching in
two large volumes what others did not teach at all
in one. But the great display of this faculty was in
the Code Napoleon ; by virtue of which a Frenchman
holds in his hand for two francs in one volume duo-
decimo, with the eight leading divisions neatly distin-
guished by the colours of the leaves, the concentration
of what an Englishman must look for in the hundred
folios of the Statutes at Large, too happy if through
the spectacles of his lawyer he can come at anything
which is not as likely to be wrong as right. Napoleon
was wont to say, he should go to posterity with the
Ccode in is hand; and a striking comment on the
truth of the prophecy, is that in the political concus-
sions which have separated the Rhenish provinces
from France, the one thing the Holy Allies could never
accomplish, was to make them part with the Code
Napoleon.
Much of the same power is displayed in the present
" Project." It is clear the French lawyers have not
all come over with Louis Philippe. The commence-
ment must be satisfactory to those who took umbrage
at the tone of some of the proceedings of the former
revolution.
PROJECT OF CONSTITUTION.
IN THE PRESENCE OF GOD, AND IN THE NAME OP
THE FRENCH PEOPLE, THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
PROCLAIMS AND DECREES AS FOLLOWS :
DECLARATION OF DUTIES AND RIGHTS.
Article 1. "The duties of man in society are
summed up in respect for the Constitution, obedience
to the laws, defending the country, the accomplish-
ment of the duties of the domestic relations, and the
brotherly practice of the rule, not to do to others
what you would not they should do to you, and what
you wish that men should do for you, to do the same
for them."
Art. 2. "The Constitution guarantees to all the
citizens, liberty, equality, security, instruction, labour,
property, assistance." That is to say, it undertakes
to do its best towards giving them. It must be an
unreasonable grumbler that expects man or constitu-
tion to do more.
Art. 3. "Liberty consists in the right of going and
coming, of assembling peaceably and without wea-
pons, of associating, of petitioning, of following every
man his own form of worship, of making public
his thoughts and opinions through the press
or otherwise. The exercise of these rights hes
no limits but the rights and liberty of
other people, or the public safety." It is not
easy to be better. There is an evident allusion to
the French market. woman, who, sitting at her stall,
was overheard saying, " My daughter, the art of life
is in doing all the good you can for yourself, without
doing harm to anybody else." The French market-
women are further advanced than in Covent-garden.
Art. 4. " Equality consists in the exclusion of
every title and privilege of birth, class, or caste, in
the admissibility of every man to all public employ-
ments, without other ground of preference than virtue
and talent, and in the equitable participation of all
the members in the burthens and advantages of
society." Bating what relates to the exclusion of
titles and privileges of birth, which may be to some
extent local or fitted to the actual circumstances of
France, the definition accords with what all sensible
people view as the meaning of the term ; and parts of
it will have a strong tendency to tell upon the Jew
Bill, and the motion of the Member for Montrose.
Slow as they may be, the people of England will
never consent to be more than a certain distance in

the rear.
Art. 5. " Security consists in protection for the
person, family, dwelling, rights, and goods, of every
member of the society." And a decent notion of
security a Frenchman has.
Art 0. " The right to instruction, is that which
all the citizens have, to receive gratuitously from the
State the teaching proper to devvlope the physical,
moral, and intellectual faculties of each." There is
something indefinite about this; a sort of 0 wenism.
If meant as a declaration that education ought to be
promoted by the State, it will be opposed by none.
But how far, and by what rule ? Is everybody to be
educated gratuitously, to the extent everybody may
desire ? If so, the colleges will be overwhelmed
with peasants desiring to be parish priest 4, and con-
scripts anxious to be brought up to be field-marshals.
There must clearly in practice be a modifying power
somewhere. But if so, who is to decide and how,
on the physical, moral, and intellectual faculties of
Francois and Jean, and tell the Government how much
and what instruction he ought to receive gratuitously
from the State ? There is no use in quarrelling with
a thing for saying too much ; but there is a portion of
Owenite or Saint•Sinionian verbiage here, which in
practice must come down.
Art. 7. " The right to labour is that which every
man has to live by working [if he can]. It is the duty
of the society, by the exertion of the productive and
general means at its disposal, arid which will be or-
ganized.at an ulterior period, to furnish labour to the
able•bodied men who cannot otherwise procure it."
This is interesting as bearing on a question of the
day ; and it is amusing to watch how the matter
dwindles in the future handling, leaving posterity to
infer that the opinions of Louis Blanc were strong
enough to obtain admission in the outset of a Consti-
tution, but not strong enough to hold their ground.
The interpolation between brackets above, touches the
weak point in the case. If the Constitution had
guaranteed the right of the citizen to health, it would
have been true of as much as he could get, or as the
State could give him; but would not have kept out
the cholera, if the cholera is what State regula-
tions have only to a limited extent the power to
affect. The promise also that the means are to be or-
ganized, at an ulterior period, is amusingly in the
manner of the schools before alluded to. They make
a list of things the power of man is utterly incompe-
tent to compass, and engage they shall all be settled
by the secretary against a future meeting.
Art. 8. " Property consists in a man's right of
enjoying and disposing of his goods, his income, and
the fruits of his labour, intelligence, and industry."
Which will all be much the safer when the spirit of
some of the preceding articles has mellowed down.
Art. 9. " The right of assistance, is that which is
possessed by deserted children, the unable, and the
aged, to receive from the State means for existence."
A poor•law.
The next portion is headed
CONSTITUTION.
CHAPTER I.—OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE.
Art. 10. " France is a democratic Republic, ose
and indivisible." It would appear therefore, there
may be Republics which are not democratic. In fact
the term Republic in itself signifies little more than
society for public purposes. And by the same rule
there may be things not calling themselves Republics,
which may be democratic or governed by popular
power. A noticeable fact.
The phrase " one and indivisible" is purely of
local application; being handed down from the time
when there was a supposed danger in France, of
splitting into as many republics as there were pro-
vinces. It may rank therefore as an innocent anti-
quarianisin, like our " Defender (litho Faiths".

Art. 11. " The French Republic has for its motto,
i Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity." Quite as good
as " Dieu et 171011, Droit," which everybody now ad-
; mits was no Droit at all ; or as most other of the
mottoes the Heralds' College can produce.
Art. 12. " The sovereignty resides in the univer-
sality of the French citizens." It does the like in
all sensible countries; and twice within two cen-
turies the citizens of England have exercised it with
a vengeance. But there are two applications of the
term sovereignty ; one to the source of power, which
must be with the community who have it, and the
• other to the ruler or rulers to whom by the consent
of the community the direction of its power is com-
mitted. The world is grown so wise, that none but
knaves pretend to confound the two. "It [this so-
vereignty] is inalienable and imprescriptible [in less
concise terms, is what no man can make away with,
nor any man set up a valid claim against]. No in-
dividual, no fraction of the people, can appropriate the
exercise of it.
Art. 13. " All public powers, of whatever descrip-
tion, emanate from the people. They cannot be dele-
gated by hereditary succession." Good English
\Vhiggery; except that in England the community has
not seen reason to proscribe hereditary succession
within limits.
Art. 14. " The separation of powers is the first
condition of free government." Alludes to the division
in the following chapters, the first of which is entitled
OF TUE LEGISLATIVE POWER-
What follows will be given without precise distinc-
tion of articles, but omitting or contracting nothing
without notice.
" The French people delegates the power of legis-
lation to a single Assembly." This so far settles the
question of two Chambers. The reasons which may
exist for two Chambers are of two kinds. One,
where the privileges of the second Chamber are
founded on a capitttlation with powers which in an-
tecedent periods of history were stronger than at
present; as may be considered as exemplified in
Great Britain. The other, where a second Chamber
exists on the conceived ground of its utility; as may
to a certain extent be the case in Great Britain, and
is to the whole extent in the United States. The
most reasonable scheme for displaying the abstract
use of a second Chamber, would be to propose that
the first Chamber should be elected frequently, as for
instance annually, to give the impression of actual
popular feeling, and the second be elected for a long
term, as for instance seven years, in order to modify
the present feeling by the admixture of the feelings
generated in years gone by. There is clearly some
use in this species of check ; for it is impossible to give
into the raw reasoning of those who urge, that either it
is a good that popular will should rule or it is not, and if
it is a good, then it is not good that it should be checked.
The old almanac history, which records past motions to
calculate future, declares that in most cases the
movements of popular will under momentary im-
pressions, were or would have been the better for an
infusion of the judgment of men not chosen on the
spur of the moment or of the current year. The
great mistake of the world and of every fraction of it,
is always in believing that there never was any time
like the present. The statesman on the contrary
knows or ought to know, that there have been many
times like it, or at all events like one piece of it or
another, to the extent of leaving none which may not
be fitted with some sort of precedent. The citizen
believes there never was such a storm as overtook
him between the bridge and Margate. The experi-
enced sailor knows there have been fifty ; or even if
the wind was higher than ever before since Adam
(which is not impossible), he knows that the experi-
ences of past times are primary elements in his salva-
tion.

" The elections are based on population." The
principle of equable electoral divisions. This is a
good place for remarking the difference between
equable and equal electoral divisions. It is understood
there are to be thirty-four representatives for Paris
and neighbourhood ; which if Paris proper contains a
million of inhabitants, assumes that the neighbourhood
added contains about a third of a million more. If
Paris then has thirty-four representatives, and a pro-
vincial town and district of eighty thousand inhabi-
tants two, this is equable representation. It is feeble-
ness to say that it is not equal; for the difference be-
tween voting for thirty-four representatives as one of
a million and a third of people, and for two represen-
tatives as one of eighty thousand, is not a thing for
wise men to quarrel about. It is like the difference
between helping to work a ship of 100 tons and of
1000 ; in one case a man is one of ten that bring a
hundred tons into port, and in the other
one of a hundred who bring a thousand tons.
A sailor might lawfully have a choice; but he would
be beside the mark, if he paid any great difference to
chine. It follows then, that equability is the impor-
tant thing, and though there may be no reason
why equality also should not be pursued as far as can
be, yet there may be a liberty on this head without
any marked harm.

"The total number of representatives of the people
is to he seven hundred and fifty, including the repre-
sentatives of Algeria and the French colonies. This
number shall be raised to nine hundred in the case of
an Assembly which shall undertake to revise the Con-
stitution." Two great marches gained upon English
legislation. The first provision would have prevented
the separation of the American colonies ; the second,
if time is given for things to settle, may prevent fu-
ture revolutions in France, or other countries that
adopt it.
" The suffrage is direct and universal." All your
friends may not know, that by direct suffrage is meant
that the voters are not to chuse people who are to
elect, but are themselves to elect.
"The electors are, all Frenchmen of the age of
twenty-one, and who are in the enjoyment of their
civil and political rights." What is to cut a man off
from these last, is stated afterwards.

" The capable of being elected, without restriction
of property or dwelling-place, are all Frenchmen of
the age of twenty-five, and who are in the enjoyment
of their civil and political rights."
" Can neither elect nor be:elected—l. Uncertificated
bankrupts. 2. Individuals condemned either to
afflictive or degrading punishments, or to correc-
tional punishments for acts ranked as crimes by the
law, or for the offences of theft, swindling, abuse of
trust, and attacks on public decency."
"The law on elections shall point out the holders
of office who cannot be elected within the territorial
sphere of influence where they exercise their func-
tions. The examination of the votes is secret." There
may be room :for inquiry here. It does not say
the voting shall be secret. If anybody is to have the
power of knowing who votes for whom, the pretence
to preserve secrecy afterwards is a fraud. It is won-
derful what a puzzle is made, about what is every-
where done daily without difficulty where there is
the will. A simple printed list of the candidates,
with directions to run a pen through the names not
voted for, as is done at the India House, the Royal
Society, and by all sensible people upon earth, is suf-
ficient to send all mechanists of ballot-boxes to the
right-about.
"The election of the representatives shall :be by
department, at the head place of [each] canton, and
by examination of [each] list." This is not very
clear; though perhaps it may be to Frenchmen.
Does it mean that a certain number of representatives
are to be elected for each department (which will be
on the average about nine), the elections being car-
ried on at half-a-doyen different polling-places or as
the case may be, in the head places of the divisions
on
called cantons, the votes being collected in each
canton, and then sent to the head to of the depart-
ment to be added together?ileyequal in extent, and of the
.sizd
English There acroeuBn4tyd. epTarhte-
e members to
gopulation.
dimensionsm ents
of a
in
middle-sized
number of representatives, as s.t
ulati ated, is to be equably
accordingtothepop ; which is very
departments. On the whole,
different arranged
in
different
the representation is to be merged into what we
e a
c,shouldhT ehn
ecn allnNt ya at
bli una t
Ayp r ros epe pot
nrr ebt
ney
nn
eit
sad t i
tt oon n
i,
ts th
verifyp
[scrutinize]
the powers of its members, and determine on the
validity of electors." This is much the same as the
House of Commons does. But no mention is made
of the process by which complaints of undue election
are to be forwarded.
" The National Assembly is, elected for three years,
and is re-elected all at once. This misses a great
chance for improvement; which would have been the
late Member for Bath's plan, for a Parliament per-
manent in the main, but one-third to go out and be
re-elected every year. This, in the course of time,
must apparently lapse into men's coming into the
House when there are vacancies by death or other-
wise, and every man sitting three years from the
or Minister ; an
day of his entrance, subject' to the same inflictions
as for other illegal voting, if he voted afterwards.
There may be reasons to surmise that this
would be an improvement on either Annual or
Triennial Parliaments. The French appear to have
done away with the trickery of Parliaments being
itidn werei syseonitr a
g
dissolved by
aa whichnle
ofmight c Sovereign,ardasd,
dP
b u resident,t liveliness
game i
totally
to the
unwogrthy of
being an element in the game of government, It is
the more pity they should not have thought of trying
the effect of the re-election of a third, or what it is
surmised to lapse into with time, the sitting of indi-
vidual members for three years, and so renewing the