The Sun.
London, England, 1846-10-10 00:00:00

LONDON, SATURDAY 22: V N Mrki

No. 16,867.

CALEDONIAN EXTENSION RAILWAY.
N4,tice is hereby given, that in accordance with a Resolu-
tion passed at a Meeting of the Shareholders of this Company held
to-day, at (Ebb's Royal Hotel, Prince's-street, Edinburgh, the sum
of It. Iss. per share will be RETURNED to the holders of Scrip on
and after the 15th day of October next ; and the holders of Scrip
are requested to deliver or transmit their Scrip Certificates to the
Secretary, at 122, Prince's-street, Edinburgh, four days prior to
the day of payment, each of such Certificates to to indorsed with
the names and addresses of the holders of such Scrip.
Bank cheques will be delivered, or, if requested, transmitted by
post, to the holders of the Scrap Certificates four days after their
receipt.

By order of the Board;
JOIIIC MARE, Secretary,
112, Prince's•strect, Edinburgh, Sept. 23, 1846.

HARIVICII STEAM PACKET COMPANY.
The holders of Eastern Counties and Northern and Eastern
Railway Scrip entitled to Shares in the Harwich Steam Packet Com-
pany will, upon application at this office, be informed of the terms of
the contract between this Company and the Eastern Counties and
Eastern Union Railway Companies, under which the two Railway
Companies guarantee a minimum dividend of 5 per cent. per annum
upon the Steam Packet Company's capital until the Company be dis-
solved, and the return of that capital in full in case of the dissolution
of the Company. _ _ _

By order of the Board,

C. T. BEKE, Secretary.
6, St. Mildred'a-court, London, Bth Oct., 1846.

PUBLICATIONS.

THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CLXX.,
will be published on Friday next.

CONTENTS:-
1. PROPOSALS for EXTENDING the IRISH POOR-LAW.
2. SPEECHES and WRITINGS of the late LORD XING.
3. GROTE'S HISTORY of GREECE.
4. LIVES of EMINENT LAWYERS—LEGAL EDUCATION.
b. STATE and PROSPECTS of BRITISNAGRICULTTJRE.
6. GOVERNMENT of BRITISH INDIA.
7. RAILWAYS at HOME and ABROAD.
London : Longman and Co. Edinburgh : A. and C. Black.

NEW WORK BY SIR BENJAMIN BRODIE.
Just published, in Bvo., price 12s. cloth,
LECTURES illustrative a various subjects in
PATHOLOGY and SURGERY. By Sir BENJAMIN C.
BRODIE, Bart., F.R.S., Sergeant-Surgeon to the Queen, Surgeon to
H.R.H Prince Albert, Foreign Correspondent of the JastiLute of
France, &c.
By the same Author,
LECTURES on the DISEASES of the URINARY ORGANS. :id
Edition. Bvo. 128.
PATHOLOGICAL and SURGICAL OBSERVATIONS on DIS-
EASES of the JOINTS. 4th Edition. Bvo. 108.6 d.
LECTURES illustrative of certain LOCAL NERVOUS AFFEC-
TIONS. Bvo. 4s.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

PROFESSOR LOW'S WORK ON AGRICULTURE, &c.
Just published, Bvo. with Engravings on Wood, 255. cloth,
ON the DOMESTICATED ANIMALS of the
BRITISH ISLANDS : comprehending the Natural and
Economical History of Speeies and Breeds ; the Description of the
Properties of External Form ; and Observations on the Principles
and Practice of Breeding.
By DAVID LOW, Esq. F.R.S.E.
By the same Author,
ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. Bvo. 21s.
ON LANDED PROPERTY and the ECONOMY of ESTATES.
Bvo. 21s.
THE BREEDS of the BRITISH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
DELINEATED. 2 vols. 4to. coloured plates, 161. 16s.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

Just published, in 2 vols. Bvo., price 28s. cloth,
ri,HE LIVES of TWELVE EMINENT
1 JUDGES of the Last and of the Present Century. By W. C.
TOWNSEND, Esq., A.M., Recorder of Macclesfield.
"Lively, entertaining, and interesting. In the familiar, almost
dramatic variety of these amusing volumes, the reader finds himself
as one looking on."—Examiner.
"With such excellent subjects, and ample materials to his hand,
and with his professional esprit de corps,' Mr. Townsend could
scarcely fail in producing a pleasant and useful book for the world at
large, and an interesting work for the lawyer or law-student."--
Spectator.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

NEW WORK BY R. J. LANE, A.R.A.
Just published, post Bvo., with numerous Illustrations, 14s.
LIFE AT THE WATER CURE ; or, a Month
at Malvern. To which is added, THE SEQUEL.
By RICHARD J. LANE, A.R.A.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

Just published, brought down to the present time, price 103. 6d. bound
in cloth, the Thirteenth Edition of the
CABINET LAWYER : a Popular Digest of the
Laws of England, both Civil and Criminal; with a Dictionary
of Law Terms, Maxims, Statutes, and Judicial Antiquities; also cor-
rect Tables of Assessed Taxes, Stamp Duties, Excise Licences, and
Post-horse Duties ; Post-office Regulations, Prison Discipline, Ste.
London simpkin, Marshall, and Co., Stationers' Hall-court.

In Twenty-one volumes, Quarto, Illustrated by 506 Engravings on

Steel. and many Thousands on Wood, The -
ENCYCLOP/EDIA BRITANNICA.
Seventh Edition. Edited by Professor NAPIER.
An Index of 68,000 References, compiled with great industry and
judgment, is appended to the work, forming a ready koy to its mul-
tifarious contents.

" This is the really cheap Encyclopsadia, for that only is cheap
which is excellent. Now that the country is being deluged with
diluted stuff, compounded from Germany and America, what hope
is there for the science and literature of England, that publishers
dare ever again venture en such another work as this.—Athenmum.
" An Australian or New Zealand settler, who left his home with
no other accomplishment but that of being able to read, write, and
count, might, with such a companion, beguile his long and weary
voyage, and become a well-informed man before he reached his
destination."—Quarterly Review.
Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh; and sold by all Booksellers.

GARDENING.

THE FRUIT, FLOWER, and KITCHEN
GARDEN.

By PATRICK NEILL, LL.D., F.R.h.E., Secretary to the Cale-
donian Horticultural Society. In post Bvo. Third edition, revised
and improved, illustrated with upwards of Sixty Woodcuts. Price Gs.
" One of the best modern books on gardening extant."—Loudon's
Gardener's Magazine.

" Practical gardeners and amateurs owe a debt of gratitude to him
for his excellent work on Horticulture, which is now one of the
standard works on the branch of science of which it treats."—Pro-
fessor Dunbar's Speech in the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
A. and C. Black, Edinburgh ; and sold by all booksellers.

ASYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY,
founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi, in a thick
and closely printed volume, Svo.. Price 305.. strongly bound in cloth.
The Index contains not fewer than 13,500 names, a number very
much greater than is contained in any other modern Geographical
Work. With this important instrument of reference, the book pos-
sesses every recommendation of a Gazeteer, preserving, at the same
time, all the characteristic features of a Systematic Work.
"Executed with masterly ability,"—Atlas.
"A work, the careful elaberation of which is equal to its utility."—
Athenmum.
A. and C. Black, Edinburgh ; Longman and Co., London.

GAS.—From FORTY to SIXTY PER CENT•
SAVED.—CONTRACTS TAKEN for LIGHTING owns,
Villages, Mills, Factories, Lighthouses, Railway Stations, Sig-
nal-lights, Dockyards, Churches, Colleges, Hospitals, Theatres,
Public Institutions, Prisons, Barracks, Asylums, Schools, Union
Poor-houses, Public Gardens, &c., with pure and brilliant GAS, by
FRANCIS' PATENT GAS-LIGHT APPARATUS, either by rental
or purchase. Applications at the office and factory, 112, High
Holtarn, and Eagle-street, Red Lion-square, London. The premises
are lighted up by Gas on the principle of this invention. Can be
seen from Ten till Four daily, and where prospectuses and every
information can be obtainad.

THE UNIVERSAL GAS BURNER.
39 to be per Cent. saved !
Te be had at tho Patentees, 60, Bt. Martin's-lane, Charing-cress.
The Patentees beg to call public attention to the following facts,
the advantages resulting from the invention are ♦arious and
striking. Independently if a saving of 30 to 50 per cent„ the com-
bustion is perfect, and the brilliancy produced superior to any light
hitherto discovered. It emits neither smell nor smoke, and burns
steadily for any period ; and such is its purity, that it neither affects
or soils the most delicate colour or the finest fabric. Objections have
made to the introduction of gas in dwellin: -houses, to the expense of
fittings, to its destruction of furniture, draperies, gold moulding, Sec. ;
these are entirely obviated by the "PATENT UNIVERSAL GAB
illmarza." As the cost of laying on gas is muck lower than is com-
monly supposed, it is adapted for private dwellings, as well as for
club-houses, hotels, manufactories, and publie buildings. One ef the
small burners is amply sufficient to light a good-sized room, at a sum
Immeasurably lower than spirit, oil, or candle, with the avoidance of
waste or trouble.

The merits of the " Burner," its brilliancy and economy surpassing
every ether known light, are shown by the annexed authentic
opinions of the qualities of the UNIVERSAL GAS BURNER.
Extract fern the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Tuesday, 26th May, 1846, Sir JouN Rxistim,Prezident, in the Chair.
"A gas burner of a novel and ingenious construction was exhibited.
The principal novelty was the introduction of a stream of air to the
centre of the flame by a hollow button in the middle of the burner.
rho air passing up through the hollow stem of the button, was
hewed, and passed oat by two series of fire-holes around the periphery,
and impinging with force en the flame of the gas curved it outwards
in the shape of a tulip, while the oxygen if the air, mingling with
the carburetted hydrogen gas, produced a very perfect combustion,
The dame was quite white down the top of the burner, was very steady,
as was amply demonstrated by the excellent light of the Institution,
where these burners have been used. In comparing the consumption
of these burners with that of the concentrio ring burners, and trying
the power of the two lights by the photometer, the new burner gave a
better ght, with a saving of rather more than ene-third."
CERTIFICATE.
U POLTrEcrixte CnEsitcAr. Scnoce..—" In testing Clark, MoNiell,
and C
a,,s Universe :Gas Burner with one of the best shawdowless
burners, it gave a more pure and brilliant light, with a saving of 20
0 25 per cent." GEORGE CRISP, Engineer,
ROUT. LONUBOTTOM, Secretary,
madeup
of n
the Clark, Me Niell, and Co.'s
Tested against
Patent Universaargand burners, Nos.
CERTIFICATE.
"Ina series experiments of
l Gas Burner, its superiority was satisfactorily 'en c
light.
M
esta-
blished fa economy arid thets
quality
4 (12 holes), and 6 (lb holes), it afforded a
saving of at least 25 per cent., and against three s fth -tail burners,
No. 4, 49 per cent. The
colour and brilliancy if the flame is supe-
If
rlor to any other barrier.
T.
W. XEATES, Consulting Chemist,
J, D. PALMER, Mechanical Inspector.
The TNIVERSAL GAS
BURNER is used nightly at the Poly-
technic Institution, and may be had and seen fromll till 4, at the
Patentees,6o, St. Martin's-lane. Charing-cross ; and of all Gas Fitters.

LADIES TRAVELLING.
Visiting the Sea Coast, or otherwise exposed to the scorching rays of
the sun, will find
ROWLAND'S I(ALYDOR a most refreshing
guor anpdrerpe
alarxaatitoionnfoarlitahyeinCgomauplehzieloalt,
and irritability. the cloud of lan-
guor and immedi-
ately afording the pleasing sensation attending restored elasticity of
the Skin. The numerous varieties of Cutaneous Eruptions, Sun-
burn, Freckles, Tan, and Discolourations, are pleasingly eradicated
by the Kalydor, and the skin rendered delicately soft and clear. Its
purifying and refreshing properties have obtained its exclusive selec-
tion by the Court and the Royal Family of Great Britain, and those
of the Continent of Europe, together with the "elite" of the Aris-
tocracy and " Haute Volee," from the sultry climes of India, and the
Drawing-rooms of Calcutta and Madras, to the frozen realms of the
Czar and the Salons of St. Petersburgh and Miscow.—Price 45. 6d.
and As. 6d. per bottle.
it.* Beware of spurious "Kalydors" containing mineral astrin-
gents utterly ruinous to the complexion, and which, by their repel-
ant action, endanger health. The only genuine has the words
•. ftOWLA.I.ID'S KALYDOR" on the wrapper, and A. ROWLAND
and SON, 20, Hatton-garden, is also engraved (by desire of the
Hon. Commissioners) on the Government Stamp affixed on each
bottle.

Sold by the Proprietors, and by respectable Chemists and Per•
tamers.

other "lEstlydorp" Are fraudulent counterfeits.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
A CHEMICAL LECTURE, by Dr. Ryan, daily, and on
the Evenings of Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Also a
LECTURE on the ELECTRO-MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH daily.
MACINTOSH'S REVOLVING ENGINE, COLEMAN'S PATENT
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE, FARRELL'S ARCHISIEDIAN RAIL-
WAY, the ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY, all in action. HALLETTE'S
ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY VALVE. The OPAQUE MICROi-
COPE. The OXY-HYDROGEN MICROSCOPE. A beautiful Series
of DISSOLVING VIEWS. A Selection of MADRIGALS of the
Sixteenth Century will be performed by a Sax-Horn Band, under
the Direction of Dr. Wallis daily, and in the Evenings.
Admission, Is. ; Schools, Half-price.

TIALL OF ROME, GREAT WINDMILL-
STREET, HAYMARKET.
Eight doors from Coventry-street.
Under Distinguished Patronage.—The original Poses Plastiques and
Tableaux Vivans.
Professor TURNOUR, ever anxious to diversify the attractions at
the above splendid theatre, begs most respectfully to inform the
Nobility, Subscribers, and the Public, that he has succeeded in en-
gaging one of the finest Models of the day, who will appear every
afternoon and evening durhig the week in Professor Tumour's cele-
brated groups of Venus Rising from the Sea and the Lute Player.
The new Classical Groupings, which have been acknowledged by the
press as far surpassing anything of the kind ever attempted in this
country, will be repeated during the week, introducing the THREE
COLOURED FEMALE MODELS, natives of Hindoostan, who have
been received with rapturous applause by fashionable and crowded
houses.
Morning Performance at Three o'clock, and Evening at Half-past
Eight.—Stalls, 2s. 6d.; Boxes, 2s. ; Pit, Is.

LEEK. RACES will take place on MONDAY
and TUESDAY, October 19 and 20, 1846, over Birchall
Dale Course—to Start precisely at One o'clock each day.
On Monday will be run for, by any horse, mare, or gelding,
A SWEEPSTAKES of 3 Sovs. each, with a Purse of at least 151.
added from the Race Fund.
Three yrs old to carry 7st 41b ; four yrs old, Bst slb ; five yrs old,
9st 61b ; six yrs old and aged, 9st 121 b. Best of heats, three times
round the Course and a distance. A winner once this year before
the day of entry, to carry 41b; twice, 61b; thrice, 81b extra; mares
and geldings allowed 31b ; half-bred, 71b.

- -
Same day,
A HURDLE RACE of 2 Sovs. each, with a Purse of at least 121.

added from the Race Fund

Three yrs old to carry 9st 21b ; four yrs old, lOst Glb ; five yrs old,
list ; six yrs old and aged, 1 lst 71b. Best of heats, twice round and
at distance. Thorough-bred horses to carry 101 b extra. A winner
once this year to carry 31b ; twice, 51b ; thrice, 71b extra ; usares and
geldings allowed 31b.
On Tuesday will be run for,
THE MOORLAND STAKES of 3 Sovs. each, with a Purse of at
least 151. added from the Race Fund, for horses of all descriptions.
Three yrs old, 7st ; four yrs, Bst 71b ; five yrs, Gst 3W ; six yrs,
9st alb ; aged, 9st 101 b. A winner once this year to carry 31b :
twice, :lb; three times and above, 101 b extra. Half-bred horses al-
lowed 71b. Horses having started three times in public, and never
having won 101., allowed alb.

Same day,
THE TOWN HURDLE RACE, a Free Handicap for Beaten Horses,

of One Pound each, with IW. added, to be handicapped by a person
whom the Stewards may appoint immediately after the last race.
The owner of the second horse in each of the above races to care
his stake.

_J. SQUIRE, Esq.} Stewards.
T. CARR, Esq.
Ordinaries as usual.

OFFICE of the GOVERNOR and COMPANY
of COPPER MINERS in ENGLAND, Old Broad-street,
London, October 7, 1846. —The Court of Assistants of the Governor
and Company of Copper Miners in England hereby give notice, that
a DIVIDEND, up to Michaelmas last, on the Preference Shares
Capital of the Company, will be PAYABLE on and after the 28th
inst. at the rate of 7% per cent. per annum. The scrip certificates,
with lists of the numbers, must be left at the office for registration
three clear days prior to payment. Blank forms of lists may be had
at the office. _ _ . . .

By order of the Court of Assistants,
W. INGLIS, Secretary.

OFFICE of the GOVERNOR and'COMPANY
of COPPER MINERS in ENGLAND, Old Bread-street,
London, October 7, 1846.—The Court of Assistants of the Governor
and Company of Copper Miners in England hereby give notice, that
a DIVIDEND, for the half-year ending at Michaelmas last, has been
this day declared, at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, on the paid-
up capital stock of the Company, and will be PAYABLE at this
office on and after WEDNESDAY, the 28th instant, between the hours
of 11 aid 3.

By order of the Court of. Assistants,
W. INGLIS, Secretary.

BELL and CROWN HOTEL, HOLBORN,
LONDON.—V. RIDLER informs his friends and the public
that, to meet the great increase in his business, he has doubled the
size of his Coffee-room, converted the old coach•yard, &c., into 20
additional sitting and bed-rooms; large rooms for Railway and other
Committees. Also a new and commodious smoking-room, and ether
conveniences, together with an entire new entrance to the Hotel,
which will be conducted with the same moderate charges as
heretofore.

UHE CIGAR WAREHOUSES, LONDON.
Fine FOREIGN CIGARS, of all makers, 175., 185. 6d, 205.,
and 21s. per lb. ; Government Manillas, 17$. 6d. per lb. ; also Brit-
ish made, from the best tobacco Imported ; cheroots, 68.; cigars—
Cuba, Is. ; Havaunah, Is. 6d. and Bs. 6d.; Cabanas, Bs, 6d. ; Silvas,
Bs. 6d. ; Prlncipes, 9s. 6d. ; the union cigar, equal to auy foreign,
12s. 6d. per lb.
At Messrs. TOSSWILL and Co.'s, Commission Merchants, im-
porters, and manufacturers, 6, Pudding-lane, Eastcheap, adjoining
to Gracechurch-street.

11- CANDLES.—Patent
CAMPHINE in sealed half-gallon cans, 4s. 9d. per gallon;
Palmer's Patent Candles, 7/4d. per lb., at WILLIAM S. BURTON'S
(late Bippon and Burton's), 39, Oxford-street, corner of Newman-
street, whose assortment of Camphine, Argand, and Solar Lamps,
and Palmer's Magnum and other Candlesticks, with all the latest
improvements and of the newest and most recherche patterns, is the
largest in existence. All the seasonable novelties are now ready, and
selling from 20 to 30 per cent. under any house with whom quality
and style are considerations. The money returned for every article
not approved of. Detailed catalogues, with engravings, sent (per
post) tree.

FENDERS, STOVES, AND FIRE-IRONS.
The largest assortment of Stoves and Fenders, as wel as
General Ironmongery, in the world, is now on Sale at WILLIAM S.
BURTONII (late RIPPON and BURTON'S) extensive warehouses.
Bright steel fenders, to 4 feet, from 30s. each • ditto ditto, with or-
molu ornaments, from GOs. ; rich bronzed scroll ditto, with steel bar,
103. Gd. ; iron fenders, 3 feet, 4s. 6d. ; 4 feet, 65.; ditto bronzed, and
fitted with standards, 3 feet, 9s. ; 4 feet, I Is. ; a rought iron kitchen
fenders, 3 feet, 4s. Cd. ; 4 feet, Gs. ; bright register stoves, with
bronzed ornaments, and two sets of bars, from 955.; ditto ditto, with
or-molu ornaments, from 91. ; black dining-room register stoves,
2 feet, 18s. ; 3 feet, 275. ; bed room register stoves, 2 feet, 16s. ;
3 feet, 245. The new economical thennio stove, with fender and
radiating hearth-plate, from 81. ; fire-irons for chambers, Is. 9d. per
set ; handsome ditto, with cut heads, 6s. 6d. ; newest pattern, with
elegant bronzed heads, 1 ls. A variety of fire-irons, with or-molu
and richly cut heads, at proportionate prices. Any article in the
furnishing ironmongery 30 per cent. under any other house. The
money returned for every article not approved of. Detailed cata-
logues, with engravings, sent (per post) free.
WILLIAM S. BURTON'S (late RIPPON and BURTON'S) stock
of general furnishing ironmongery is literally the largest in the world,
and as no language can be employed to give a correet idea of its
variety and extent, purchasers are invited to call and inspect it.-
39, Oxford-street (corner of Newman-street). Established in Wells-
stteet 1820.

over
be a
most

-- ---
FIRE AND LOSS OF LIFE AT EAST DRAYCOMBE.—
On Wednesday night a fire broke out on the premises of
J. W. Patterson, Esq., of Wilton House. It was first
discovered by one of the police. The engine from Dray-
combe, and others from Marston and Lityfield soon ar-
rived; but before any efficient means could be brought
to bear upon the flames the fire had made rapid advances,
and by three o'cleck in the morning nearly the entire
edifice was consumed. By Clint of great exertions on
the part of the firemen an extensive range of offices were
preserved. A considerable portion of the furniture and
other effects were saved. The inmates, with the excep-
tion of one of the female servants, succeeded in escaping
from the building uninjured. It is supposed that the
female in:question having delayed leaving the premises
until her escape by the roof was cut off, had sought the
roof, as she was seen upon the leads, and heard from
thence imploring for assistance, which the persons below
were unable to render. There is no doubt but she
perished in the flames, although no portion of her re-
mains have been discovered. Mr. Paterson and family
are at present on the continent. The property is be-
lieved to be fully insured.
SUSPICIOUS DEATH OF A CARLIST GENERAL
OFFlCER.—Yesterday Mr. Bedford received information
of the death of a Spanish refugee named Le Chevalier
Constade de Perez, formerly a Major-General in the
service of Don Carlos, residing at No. 7, Haddon-street,
St. James's, under somewhat suspicious circumstances
It appeared from a statement made by the summoning
officer, that on the breaking up of the Carlist forces the
deceased escaped to this country, where he became a
teacher of languages. Sines the arrival of the Duke de
Montemolin in London, the deceased had become more
than usually animated. On Wednesday last he dined
with a Mr. Zenora, of 13, Maddox-street, Regent-street,
whom be left in good health, and returned to his lodg-
ings. Next morning he was discovered lying in bed life-
less. No vessel containing anything of a deleterious na-
ture was found, but from strong rumours that have got
abroad in the neighbourhood, the coroner has ordered a
post mortem examination of the body to be made prior to
his holding an inquest.
HORRIBLE MILITARY EXECUTION IN RUSSIA.—A
letter from St. Petersburgh gives an account of the exe-
cution of a soldier for the murder of a non-commissioned
officer against whom he had a hatred. The murder was
perpetrated under horrible circumstances. The mur-
derer entered the sleeping-room of his victim, where he
stabbed him with his bayonet, and then cut the body
into pieces with a razor, and putting them into a sack
threw them into a canal. The sentence was, that he
should pass through the ranks of his regiment receiving
blows from sticks until death should ensue. He went
boldly through the first part of his punishment, singing
a war-song, but at length his voice failed and he fell.
The surgeon on examining the body declared that life
was extinct. —French paper.
EADVERTISEMENT.]—SENT INTO THE COUNTRY FREE
UPON APPROBATION.-39, Albemarle-street, Piccadilly. Newly in-
vented Spectacles, powerful Telescopes, Opera Glasses, Microscopes,
&c.—Patronised by his Majesty the King of Hanover, her Grace the
Dowager Duchess of Bedford, their Graces the Archbishops of Can-
terbury. York, and Dublin, the Dukes of Devonshire, Norfolk, Ar-
gyle, Marlborough and Manchester, Bishops of Exeter, Lincoln,
Cork, Kihnore, and Kildare. Messrs. S. and B. Solomons, Oculists
and Opticians have invented Spectacle Lenses upon a new construc-
tion. Immediately they are placed before imperfect vision, either by
day or candlelight, that mist and dullness which appear before the
eyes is at once removed, every object becomes clear and distinct, so
that the most aged defective sight becomes bright and brilliant, and
brought to its youthfUl, natural, and original state. Also the most
powerful Achromatic Telescopes, Opera Glasses, and Microscopes.
Invisible, and all kinds of Acoustic Instruments, for relief of the
most extreme deafness. Caution—Messrs. S. and B. Solomons,
Opticians and Aurists, are not in any way connected with a person
of the sales name in their immediate neighbourhood, nor in any
part of the country, To prevent mistakes, be cautious and observe
Only to be had at 30, Albemarle-street, Ficoadilly, opposite the
York Hotel.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.
TIMES.—In another part of our paper to-day will be
found some observations on the subject of the steam
navy of England, which appears to comprise a consider-
able amount of unwieldy impotence. Our fleet has been
somewhat increased in extent, but not in efficiency. Two
or three ships have been built which are merely so many
expensive encumbrances to our naval service. Our docks
are turned into hospitals for incapacitated vessels, whose
fragile frames have been unable to sustain the wear and
tear of a cruise even in fine weather. It seems that the

Retribution and the Avenger, both ships of enormous
tonnage and tremendous nominal power, are lying at
Spithead at this moment in a state of utter incapacity.
If the Retribution, were suddenly called upon to fulfil
the purpose implied in its name, or if the country had
experienced any insult that the Avenger might be re-
quired to avenge, it would be found that they had
nothing about them more formidable than their titles.
The Retribution is labouring under the fatal complaint
of machinery too powerful for her hull, so that there is
every probability of her some day tearing herself to
pieces. Her spirit, poor thing, is beyond her strength,
and with her eight hundred horse engines she is in the
predicament of a very high mettled racer we have
read of somewhere, that started off " as fast as it
couldn't gallop." The result is, that the Retribution,
like the steed alluded to, is speedily brought to a dead
stand-still. The ships we have mentioned are not the
only two that have been found unequal to the test of the
most ordinary service. The Bulldog and the Scourge,
both of which are sloops of upwards of eleven hundred
tons, are labouring under some internal complaint which
threatened destruction to their respective boilers. The
Bulldog has been afflicted with what is termed a " giving
out." which developes itself in the scattering of steam
the officers and crew of the vessel. The Cat would
more appropriate name for a ship that has this
disagreeable propensity to spitting. It would be
awkward if in the midst of an • action her
force were to begin to evaporate, through the trick her
boilers have of "giving out, which, as our corre-
spondent suggests, would be as bad as " giving
in," when their services are required. The nation may
with reason complain that the ships constructed for the
use of the navy are so inferior to those which are built
for the merchant service. If science had been retro-
grading instead of rapidly advancing—if we found fre-
quent instances of inefficient machinery in the ordinary
steam-vessels devoted to commercial purposes, we might
regret the want of skill which prevented the improve-
ment of our fleet, but we should not have the mortifica-
tion of feeling, as we do now, that the public interests
are needlessly sacrificed. " How comes it," asks our
correspondent, " that the breaks-down complained of
seldom or never occur but in her Majesty's steamers ?"
We have heard of lawyers looking upon a Chancery suit
as a provision for life, if well worked, and of doctors
who contrive to make a patient a constant source of in-
come, by always keeping him a little indisposed; but we
cannot believe that engineers would think it worth their
while to profit by the infirmities of their engines. We
will not suppose for an instant that the derangement
of the inside of the Bulldog is permitted to exist with-
out being wholly cured for the sake of the fees that
must be paid from time to time for doctoring. There
must, however, have been great cause for blame somewhere
in giving the Retribution machinery too powerful for
her hull, since it was the duty of the builder and the
engineer to have bed an understanding relative to the
compatibility of their separate labours. They may,
perhaps, throw the blame upon some higher quarter, by
saying that they received orders respectively to build a
ship of a certain size, and to manufacture engines
of a certain power—an excuse that would shift the
onus of gross mismanagement from their own to some
one else's shoulders. The folly that has been committed
is like that of a man who buys a very large piece of fur-
niture for a very small room, when, after damaging both
of them in order to bring them together, it is found that
one renders the other completely useless. The Retribu-
tion is now lying incapacitated through the violent action
of engines of 800 horse power upon a hull incapable of
sustaining more than a 600 horse power without dan-
ger to its stability. Who would think of fitting up a
Blackwell " bus " with the boiler and other machinery
of a railway locomotive, putting the works of St. Paul's
clock into a library time-piece, or placing' a "rule to
compute " in the hands of the Attorney-General ? Yet
scarcely one of these proceedings would be more absurd
than the folly of fitting up the Retribution with engines so
powerful as to cause well-grounded fears that the vessel
might be hurried to self-destruction.
CHRONICLE.—The grand economical evil of Ire-
land
is the cottier-tenant system. We were on the point
of calling it the grand moral evil also. Neither the
economical nor the moral evils admit of any consider-
able alleviation while that baneful system continues.
This truth is the foundation of the philosophy of Irish
wretchedness and Irish improvement. It is the one thing
to be known, remembered, and perpetually thought of
by all who concern themselves about that country. It is
the conclusion which almost every one who sincerely and
seriously applies his mind to the matter ends by aiming
at. There is hardly any road whereby a conscientious
thinker can approach the subject of Irish distress which
does not lead directly to it. But it is not always clearly
seen in what the radical mischief of this tenure, as it
exists in Ireland, consists. It is often confounded with
the evil of small holdings. Holdings certainly may,
under any system, be too small. But there may be
small holdings without a cottier system; and there may
be a cottier system without small holdings. A cottier
system may be defined, that in which the produce of the
land is divided between two sharers—a landlord on one
side, and labourers on the other; the competition of the
labourers being the regulating principle of the division.
To see this system in the fulness of its pernicious fruits,
t:vo other circumstances must be supposed, both of
which preeminently exist in Ireland:—a country over-
peopled, at least in proportion to the efficiency -of its
industry, and no considerable outlet for labour, other-
wise than in agriculture. In all countries in which the
labouring population have 'no property, their condition
depends upon the intensity of the competition for
employmeat. In England, and most civilised coun-
tries, the pressure of this competition is upon capital;
in Ireland, under the cottier system, it is upon land.
In England, over population produces its effect by
lowering wages; in Ireland, by raising rent. Now, there
is a truth so universally borne out by experience as al-
most to partake of the character of a law of nature; and
it is this. Whenever a population, excessive in propor-
tion to the productive power of its industry, depends for
subsistence wholly upon the occupancy of land, their
competition drives them to offer for the land a rent
merely nominal, a rent greater than the utmost which,
even on the most favourable supposition, they can pos-
sibly pay. A farmer who has capital, who brings some-
thing to the farm, and risks something upon it, will not
bind himself to a higher rent than he thinks he can pay
without, at all events, encroaching on his capital. A
labourer who bids for land, not for the sake of profit, but
for subsistence, and with whom not to have land is to be
without the means of living, will offer anything rather
than be outbid by his neighbour. In such a case, if ,
there is any limit to the nominal amouat of rent, it is to
be found, not in the calculations of the tenant, but in the
moderation of the landlord, his justice, his humanity, or
enlightened perception of self-interest.
HERALD.—We received at a late hour yesterday, by
express, the Peninsular mails, bringing Lisbon letters
down to the 2d of the present month. Our active and
intelligent correspondent at Lisbon has furnished us
with a number of details of the greatest interest to those
engaged in the Portuguese trade, and of a more than
ordinary interest to the general reader. To the three
letters of our correspondent, dated respectively the 30th
of September, and the Ist and 2d of October, we more
especially refer our readers, because many minute cir-
cumstances and facts are set forth in them which it
would be impossible to give in any summary, however
well prepared. Difficulties appear to gather around the
luckless head of the Duko of Palmella; and as that
noble personage is a mere man of routine, without any
original views, and alto nation force or strength of cha-
racter, though an extremely well-informed, sensible,
acute, and accomplished person, it is not to
be supposed he will have the force or energy
necessary to extricate himself. If by any effort
suppleness or flexibility—by any ingenious con-
plain sailing, there is no better
otrfivance, or dexterous expedient—he can creep out
of the Ministry, and place the responsibility on other
than a Pahnella, ; but when the
shoulders, he will, no doubt, do so ; but this is not
a trick to be played twice. So long as affairs go on
olarnaPdndoirttthinsegaa'll‘lwaters are out," to use the words
ministerswinds
thhloy
howl
'of Burke, your Portuguese red tapist is no better than
your English Tadpole or Taper. The Marquis of Sal-
danha is too old a soldier to take the responsibility off
the shoulders of Palmella. He has repeatedly declined
to crash and has evidently no relish to oppose
crash which is sooner or later to come.
himselft take
It seems to be admitted on all hands that the present
Portuguese Ministry cannot last one month after the
dtchaeabbhraaenlipiksit,nsog,
Cortes shall have assembled, and even before the end of
majority of them—
arethis instant October they may be crushed by a financial
difficulty. The monied interests in Portugal—or at
are nut disposed
rahnadnd to the Duke of
Palmella. The authorised suspension of bank pay-
ments ended on the 3d of October, when the bank was
unable to meet its engagements. The directors applied for
a further extension of time, to which the Government
replied by a counter application for a loan of SGO contos,
about 180,000/. British, as the only condition upon which
the required indulgence would be granted. The refusal
sotoillefen
of the bank to grant the loan had very nearly brought
about a ministerial crisis. The Duke of Palmella, the
President of the Council of Ministers, was for resigning,
but the other Ministers refused to tender their resigna-
tions before they had made an attempt to raise the re-
quired sum from another quarter. At the date of the
latest accounts the Ministers had not been successful,
though there was a prospect of their attaining their ob•
ject through a private company, with which the Marquis
of Fayal and Baron Falgosio are connected. Borrowing
however, as Shakespere hath it, dulls the edge of hus-
bandry, and when this sum is gone the Ministers will be
more " heinously unfunded " than before. To add to
their difficulties, paper is depreciated and specie scarce.
The very elements hare even conspired against them, for
there is a deficient harvest, as with ourselves, and a
conserient necessity of getting corn over the frontier
um knows better than the Spaniard

hat a grain does not fill a sievo, though it will help its
companion to do it—Grano no kinche urnero, mas ayuda
tl su companero —and your Spaniard will be paid " down
on the nail" for every ear of wheat, or barley, or rye,
he sends to the Lusitanian. These are the complications
which render the position of Palmella anything bat a
happy or an easy one.
POST.—If the meaning of the British Government is
to let no mistake exist about the novel amount of insult
which our " illustrious ally" has provided for us, it must
be wholly conceded that this ingenuous purpose is well
seconded by a sympathising press. It is not enough that
Europe and America should be told that we have been
choused, cozened, and cheated, out of every one of the
objects with which juvenile Whiggery flattered itself in
its violent interference with Spain; our Ministers are
not satisfied unless the world be made quite aware that,
besides being injured, we are laughed at, and that
nothing remains of the effects of our succour to Chris-
tina, except the privilege of being made game of by
those who co-operated with us in the achievement. "It
is not enough," exclaims a Palmerston print, " for our
Foreign Minister and his Ambassador to be treated
with contumely, their remonstrances (at Madrid) are
met with official silence, and semi-official sneers." Here is
comfortable reflection for a nation jealous of honour ;
a pleasant estimate of the return we have received
for our services in the cause of Liberal experiment
—a reflection, too, suggested by that most modest
and self-diffident statesman who induced us to
the good offices that are so gratefully ac •
knowledged. There is no doubt that our public servants
have been unmercifully outwitted by the anxious pro-
genitor 'of the numerous hopeful scions of Orleans.
That model for heads of families whom our Government
delighted to honour, is probably laughing in his sleeve
at the success of this last pretty fam►ly settlement,
and " it is not enough" that he should have the broad
laugh against us, but the objects of his merriment must
chime in with reminders how entirely we have been
made the butts of his extensive practical jokes. We do
not think his felicitations will be long unalloyed by
certain of the consequences that sometimes follow the
happiest efforts of great wits. There is gathering
again, in Spain, a nucleus for the dissemination of
that loyal spirit which, never extirpated, awaits but
a favourable opportunity for development. The con-
stitutional drama has been worked to such ex-
tremes, that disgust is growing to the height which
often bursts into troublesome action. It is not too
much to say that all the Spaniards are indignantly
hostile to the French "importation," and we have it on
the authority of the greatest supporter of Liberalism,
that " a Carlist dynasty would be preferred" to the con-
sequences of the Montpensier scheme. This Liberal
authority speaks for that section of the nation which
coincides with his own political theories; there is no
necessity to predicate, of the majority in Spain, their
preference for the natural and independent sovereign.
Thus, troublesome indications may interrupt the festivi-
ties with which Louis Philippe is to celebrate his
triumph over England. But, meanwhile, is it nbt edify-
ing to hear the Ministers of our proud nation proclaim-
ing the extent of their calamity and humiliation? Sneers,
contumely, insulting silence, are the conditions of our
glorious entente cordiale with the Tuileries. Contumely
and insult were, in old-fashioned English politics, the
conditions and necessary motives to the most active
measures of chastisement—they are now the conditions
on which we are to preserve our relations of " amity!"
They are the terms on which we are allowed to " co-
operate" in the management of Spanish affairs. They
are the results of our heroic efforts to help Spain to a
system she did not want; they are the crowning re-
wards of our patronage of liberty dynasties in Europe.

THE STEAM NAVY of ENGLAND.
The following letter has been addressed to the editor
of the Times :
Sir,—lf the Prince de Joinville lacks food for another
pamphlet, after stirring us into activity and exertion to
organise a steam navy, which we ran a muck to accom-
plish with all possible speed, there is ample scope for his
talents in exposing the ridiculous figure we cut now that
we have got a steam force upon the waters; as it appears
from incontrovertible evidence that although our war-
steamers are the largest in the world, they are the most
inefficient and expensive encumbrances ever introduced
into the service. There are now lying at Spithead two
kianngdpBroooof-shoorfsethpisowfaecrt,—atnhde
theße Avenger,tribution, ofof
1,4441,641
n
and 650-horse power; both new ships—this their
fitstootrrnsitss: commission, and yet neither of them is at this mo-
ment fit for service. Both have just returned from a
fine weather cruise. Nor are these the only examples
of inefficiency we have to complain of in the war-
steamers; a week or two back the Bulldog sloop, of 1,123
tons, and 500-horse power, broke down when ordered to
leave this harbour for her destination; after a week's
detention, however, she was got to sea, but again became
hors de combat at Plymouth, whero, I believe, she is at
present " fixed." The Scourge sloop, of 1,124 tons, and
420-horse power, was under the engineers hands at the
same time as the Bulldog, her boilers, or some other
vital part of her organisation, having given out.
Whenever these mishaps have taken place, there have
generally appeared in certain prints sneers at " lame
ducks," and other ironical remarks, aimed at the credit
of the constructor of the vessel ; but the real question of
" Who's to blame ?" has been left untouched. It is to
ascertain this important feature, and then provide a
remedy, that I now draw attention to the subject. A
" pretty figure" we should cut,- truly, with our large
steamers, larger in tonnage than many two-deckers of
72 guns, were their boilers to " give out," or their
engines to " give in," when their services were required
in action, reducing the officers and crew to the alterna-
tive of being boiled by their own steam, or becoming
food for the fire of their adversaries, without the power
of helping themselves ; yet in this predicament are they
likely to be placed, unless some more effectual and cer-
tain reliance can be placed upon the working of their
machinery than can at present be calculated upon. That
the fault lies with the engines no one can dispute, at all
events as far as the cases before us are concerned. In the
case of the Retribution, the machinery is too powerful for
the hull of the vessel—in short, the ship is not built
with sufficient stability for such immense straining
as she is subject to. It is believed that engines of. 600-
horse power would propel her faster and safer than those
at present in her. Who is to blame for this? One of
two persons clearly is; either the constructor should
have known his vessel would be ruined and useless if
such tremendous power were given her, or the engineer
should have known that his engines were by far too
powerful for the vessel, and protested against the waste
of his " strength of materials" by having them placed in '
a vessel whose capabilities were not sufficient for their
support. That too much of the fault lies in the parsi-
mony of the Government in contracting for cheap work,
we doubt not, " penny wisp and pound foolish" being
the characteristic of men placed in situations where much
money is at their command, but who have an inadequate
amount of knowledge how to employ it. How comes it
that the breaks-down complained of seldom or never
occur but in her Majesty's steamers? I can only ac-
count for it in this way—that as the proprietors of mer-
chant vessels have less money than the Government to
spare, they are more frugal in its expenditure, and go to
the best market at once for their commodity; they get
well supplied and their maker well paid, thus both em-
ployed and employs are well served; but put the case
vice versa and you have the exact position of the Go-
vernment in the matter.

Besides, I believe the merchant-owner has another
advantage—he holds a bond in a heavy amount with the
maker for the efficient working of his machinery for a
given time, and any defect discovered within that time
is made good at the expense of the contractor. lam not
aware that the Government act so prudently. When
we see the great names of Maudslay, Fawcett, Rennie,
Napier, Seaward, and others equally great in reputa-
tion, upon the machinery of our steam-frigates, we are
apt to associate with them greatness of performance, but
the expectations are not realised. To spend hundreds
of thousands of pounds in making steam-boat machi-
nery, and other hundreds of thousands in making them
work properly, we fancy it is a species of insane foolery,
which even the known softness of John Bull will
not acknowledge much longer. We do not hear
(certainly we have not such facilities of hearing, or
they have better workmen) of the French steamers
continually breaking down. I suppose because they
are more skilful in their application of weights, or
less improvident with their means. I believe too much
encouragement is given to experimentalizing with ma-
chinery ; hence so many failures. How is it the Boulton
and Watt engines do not break down, and are more
durable than others ? Look at the engines of the little
Comet by those famed makers ; they have been in the
vessel ever since she was built, in 1824, and at the pre-
sent time work as easily and as beautifully as ever, and
if a return were called for, it would be discovered she
has not cost the Government 1001. for doctoring during
her existence. In fact, her engines have completely
worn out the vessel. Where, then, are the improvements
in steam-machinery since 1824 ? With regard to
weights, the French Gomer—one of the largest steamers
the Government posses, and which fired our ambition,
or jealousy, to commence steam-frigate building—is pro-
pelled by engines (by Fawcett) of 420 or 450-horse
power, and this is power enough to please even the
steam-invasion fostering Prince de Joinville.
NAUTILUS.

RAILWAY FARES.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
Sin,—On Thursday last I travelled from Manchester
to Preston by the Manchester and Bolton Railway, and.
was charged 6s. 9d. first-class express, the ordinary
trains being ss. 6d. I have been in the habit of travel-
ling on this line for some time past, and was never
charged more than 6s. Is it not too bad the public
should be imposed upon just as it suits the convenience
of the directors ? Your paper being an upholder of
honest and straightforward principles, could you not
advocate some general system to be laid down by Go-
vernment to regulate the charges on all railways ? By
so doing you would confer a benefit on society.
I am, Sir, yours,
A CONSTANT TRAVELLER.

Oct. 8.

CRIME AND ITS PENALTY,—A man, of the name
of Bright, living in North Carolina, lately shot a negro,
wounding him so severely that the poor fellow died
shortly after, ]aright was arrestsd, tried, found guilty,
and sentenced to pad' a fine of 5 dollars,---Patriot,